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"Who was the main actor who played the character Mitch Brenner in the 1963 Hitchcock filme ""The Birds""?"
The o'jays, Birds and Tippi hedren on Pinterest Rod taylor as mitch brenner in the birds. Need a big white sweater. Both looking stylish See More
Rod Taylor
The Kalahari desert covers approximately 70% of which country?
Resale                                                                    Alfred Hitchcock           More than any medium, film creates its own world.  For two hours an audience sits in a darkened auditorium with no distractions save what the filmmaker wishes displayed on the screen ahead.  The audience knows what to expect when they enter that world: the films of Steven Spielberg entertain and mesmerize, in past or future; Woody Allen shares his neuroses for the benefit of others.  But as one of a handful of directors whose name is known to the film-going public at large, the films of Alfred Hitchcock create a special world of their own... Nothing is ever quite what it seems in a Hitchcock film - amiable pillars of society are revealed to be manipulative criminals; seemingly honest, upright citizens are shown to be deceitful villains; an innocent man finds himself at the center of a web of doubt and intrigue. The rug is constantly tugged from beneath the audience's feet.  Hitchcock himself recognized his reputation: "If I made Cinderella, the audience would be looking for a body in the coach!"             In a career spanning half a century Hitchcock made 58 films (we are not including "Number 13", which was never finished, and "The Mountain Eagle", which by all accounts, no longer exists), and carved himself a niche in cinema history.  While audiences kidded themselves they knew what to expect from a Hitchcock film, they were deluding themselves.  Audiences came to Hitchcock films to be scared, thrilled; if there was a lull, it was only to trick the audience into a false sense of security.  In Psycho, his most successful film, the heroine is killed a mere third of the way into the film, and with the star dead that sense of security lapsed even further.  Alfred Hitchcock was one of the few outright geniuses cinema has given us.  His 58 films testify to that; many are as fresh, chilling and invigorating today as they were when first released.  That is the legacy of Hitchcock.  We present the filmography of Alfred Hitchcock. (Many thanks to the Museum of Modern Art, New York.  Much of the narrative contained on this page was taken from MOMA's Alfred Hitchcock exhibition of his films celebrating his 100th Birthday in 1999). Disclaimer             Where indicated, these Alfred Hitchcock movies available for purchase.  Some have been previously viewed... some are new.  Some are reproductions of rare, out-of-print classics.  Descriptions are in black.  Please be sure to order by the red identification numbers.  V = vhs NTSC video. D = dvd. LD = laserdisc. C = ced.  P = vhs PAL video.  All items are subject to prior sale!     Aventure Malgache.   1   First screening 1993 (actually produced 1944).  Phoenix, for the British Ministry of Information (MOI).  31 minutes. B/W.  NR.  The Moliere Players.  Film noir classic about World War II classics of espionage, suspense and murder that was banned by the British government and unavailable for almost fifty years.  (Also see "Bon Voyage" below).  London, 1944.  A company of refugee French actors.  In the dressing room, someone says he's having trouble with his current role.  Another actor, a former barrister, suggests he model himself on "my old friend... Jean Michel, the chief of police in Madagascar" - and tells him that he even looks like Michel.  Then, in a series of flashbacks, he narrates his (reportedly) true story.  Michel, far from being a friend, had sought to expose him as a Resistance leader on Madagascar after Petain had ordered capitulation.  In the end Michel vainly tries to switch sides.  Hitchcock, along with Angus MacPhail, devised the story after observing the bickering among the Free French who had worked with them on "Bon Voyage".     The Birds.     2     First screening: March 1963.  Universal / Alfred Hitchcock Productions.  120  minutes.  COLOR.  PG-13.  Screenplay by Evan Hunter, based on the short story by Daphne du Maurier.  Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren, Jessica Tandy, Suzanne Pleshette.  Melanie Daniels, a wealthy, shallow playgirl, meets Mitch Brenner, a young lawyer, in a San Francisco pet shop.  Stung by his sarcasm, she tracks him down to Bodega Bay, bearing a pair of lovebirds as a gift for his little sister, Cathy.  After a diving seagull gashes Melanie's forehead, she stays overnight with the local schoolteacher, Annie Hayworth.  Next day, Melanie attends Cathy's outdoor  birthday party, where seagulls swoop down on the children, the first of many mass bird attacks, which come in waves, soon devastating the area.  Hitchcock: "In the Birds there is a very light beginning, girl meets boy, and then she walks into a very complicated situation... I deliberately started out with ordinary, inconsequential behavior... I felt it was vital to get to know the people, the mother especially... and we must take our time before the birds  come. Once more, it is fantasy. But everything had to be as real as possible... And the birds themselves had to be domestic birds - no wild birds... I believe that people will rise to the occasion when catastrophe comes... It's like the people in London, during the wartime air raids. In the Birds there are 371 trick shots, and the most difficult was the last shot. That took 32 pieces of film." The Birds was shot in part in Bodega Bay, a village north of San Francisco.  Eerie. Fascinating. Chilling...          Blackmail.   3   First screening: June 1929.  British International Pictures (BIP).  86 minutes. B/W. Sound. NR.  Anny Ondra, John Longden, Sara Allgood, Donald Calthrop, Cyril Ritchard. Screenplay was by Hitchcock, Charles Bennett, Benn W. Levy, and Garnett Weston, based on a play by Bennett. Blackmail seems quintessential Hitchcock.  A blonde heroine, a dull policeman, a chase in and around a familiar public landmark, a killing, suspense, even a cameo performance by the  director himself, together with a number of stylistic "touches' readily ascribable to him.  It was Hitchcock's tenth feature as director, yet only the second of his films to incorporate those features of the 'Hitchcockian' universe we now take for granted. Blackmail was based on a successful West End play but Hitchcock was to open it out and to inject into it a degree of cinematic panache, especially in some of the 'silent' sequences, which pushed well beyond the conventions of theatrical and literary adaptation.  The film features Anny Ondra as Alice White, a naive young woman who murders the man who tries to rape her.  She then finds herself caught between the Scotland Yard detective investigating the case (who also happens to be her boyfriend) and a treacherous blackmailer. Blackmail was released in June 1929.  It was hailed as the 'first British all-talkie film' and was Hitchcock's first sound film.  Ondra, speaking with a central-European accent, had to be dubbed right on the set by Joan Barry.  Hitchcock started shooting the film as a silent film and ended up making two versions: sound and silent.  The trade press at the time called Blackmail a 'film of outstanding merit', a view echoed by reviewers. A note of interest:  Although Hitchcock made a brief appearance in The Lodger, Blackmail represents his first calculated on-screen cameo.  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.        Silent Blackmail.   4  First screening: August 1929.  British International Pictures (BIP).  120 minutes. B/W. Silent.  NR.  Anny Ondra, John Longden, Sara Allgood, Donald Calthrop, Cyril Ritchard.  Blackmail was released in June 1929.  It was hailed as the 'first British all-talkie film'.  The trade press at the time called Blackmail a 'film of outstanding merit', a view echoed by  reviewers.  But in 1929, the sound film was still a novelty, and most cinemas in Britain were yet to be equipped for sound.  As with many films in this transitional period, both European and American, Blackmail was also released in a silent version, although not until the sound version had had a couple of months to impress audiences with its technical innovations.  Understandably, the silent version has been overshadowed by the sound film, although as Charles Barr has noted, various critics - including Paul Rotha at the time and Eric Rohmer, Claude Chabrol and Francois Truffaut subsequently - make reference to it in their discussions of the original release version.         While the sound version of Blackmail is a film of central importance to the history of cinema, many critics consider the silent version a work superior to the sound version.  Availability of the silent version of Blackmail has been almost non-existent since its inception.  We have an excellent copy.  Black & White. 120 minutes, 52 seconds. DVD $45.  (Comments based on BFI Film Classics "Blackmail" by Tom Ryall � 1993).      Bon Voyage.   5  First screening: 1944.  Phoenix, for the British Ministry of Information (MOI).  26 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Film noir classic about World War II classics of espionage, suspense and murder that was banned by the British government and unavailable for almost fifty years.  Story hinges on an escape from a Nazi concentration camp by a professor's daughter accompanied by a "friend" who proves to be a Nazi plant.  (Also see "Aventure Malgache" above).  Both Bon Voyage and Aventure Malgache drew on a group of exiled French actors assembled under the name of the Moliere Players.  As many of the actors had relatives in France who were then active in the Resistance, performances by the Players were anonymous so as not to give possible clues to the occupying forces.  The intention was to distribute both films in the liberated areas of France.       Champagne.   6   First screening: August 1928.  British International Pictures (BIP).  104 minutes. B/W. Silent.  NR.  Betty Balfour, Jean Bradin, Theo von Alten, Gordon Harker.  Screenplay by Hitchcock and Eliot Stannard, based on a story by Walter C. Mycroft.  To keep his daughter out of a fortune hunter's hands, a millionaire pretends to go broke.  Hitchcock later dismissed the movie as "dreadful," yet a critic at the time called it "bright entertainment."  Champagne was made in English and German versions.  The story line is as thin as mountain air and is basically boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy finally gets girl.  Even though Hitchcock thought this was one of his worst films ever, it does have some funny bits, such as a drunk who walks with a stagger from side to side on a ship that is very steady.  When the ship starts to roll, though, the drunk walks straight and everybody else staggers.  The film was trivial but not unlike some of the other losers with which Hitchcock was connected in his early years.  A producer suggested to Hitchcock he make a film about champagne, and so he wrote a mordant and cautionary tale that was transformed into a "dreadful hodge podge."  While Hitchcock believed Champagne to be his career's "lowest ebb," Francois Truffaut thought the film to have some of "the lively quality of D. W. Griffith's comedies." This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.  DVD $39.     Dial M For Murder.    7   First screening: April 1954.  Warner Brothers/ First National.  105  minutes. COLOR / 3-D.  NR.  Ray Milland, Grace Kelly, Robert Cummings, John Williams.  Screenplay by Frederick Knott, based on his play.  Tony Wendice (Milland),  who has played tennis at Wimbledon, lives with his wealthy wife Margot (Kelly) in a small but well-appointed London  flat.  She has always financially supported his tennis career, now abandoned, but a year ago he felt foreboding when she began a friendship with an American mystery writer, Mark Halliday (Cummings).  To secure Margot's money for himself, Tony plans her murder.  Hitchcock's sole venture into the 3-D genre.  (None of the VHS videos or DVDs appearing here are in 3-D).  In an interview with Peter Bogdanovich, Hitchcock remarked of this film, "When your batteries run dry, when you are out creatively, and you have to go on... take a comparatively successful play that requires no great creative effort on your part and make it... I think the whole conception of a play is confinement within the proscenium... In Dial M for Murder I made sure I would go outside as little as possible.  I had a real tile floor laid down, the crack under the door, the shadow of the feet, all part of the stage play and I didn't want to lose that."  Dial M for Murder was the first of three Hitchcock films starring Kelly, his ideal heroine, a contradiction - at once ice and fire, elegance and sauciness.   Downhill.    (American title:  When Boys Leave Home).    8   First screening: 1927. Great Britain.  Downhill, made at Gainsborough Studios (UK) in 1927, was written by its star, Ivor Novello, in collaboration with Constance Collier.  Released in the United States as When Boys Leave Home.  Roddy Berwich (Novello) scores the winning try in an important rugby match at his private school.  Later he's made School Captain.  But his delight is short-lived, for a local waitress accuses him of misconduct.  Out of loyalty to his friend, Tim Wakely (Robin Irvine), Roddy doesn't deny the charge, and is expelled.  Worse, his father thinks he must be guilty - so Roddy leaves home.                   He finds work as a minor actor in a theater.  Things look up when he inherits 30,000 pounds and successfully woos and marries the leading actress (Isabel Jeans).  But secretly  she keeps up an affair with her leading man (Ian Hunter), and when Roddy's money runs out, discards him.  Next he works in a Paris music hall as a gigolo, but quits in disgust. Finally, he ends up delirious in a dockside room in Marseilles.  Some sailors take pity on him and ship him back to London.  He cuts a shabby figure on arriving home.  Meanwhile, his father has learned the truth about the waitress's accusation, and joyfully welcomes his son's return.  In an Old Boys' rugby match, Roddy scores another try.           Alfred Hitchcock experimented with some dream sequences by shooting them in super-impositions and blurred images; this was unlike the work of most other directors of that time except possibly the early work of Rene Clair and Abel Gance.   Starring Ivor Novello, Isabel Jeans, Lilian Braithwaite, Ian Hunter.  Run time: 81:43 minutes. Black and White.  Silent.                We possess an excellent copy of  Downhill, which has never been released commercially in the United States, has French subtitles, and is thought to be in the public domain.  With our state-of-the-art facilities we are offering limited reproductions at  DVD $45 + postage. This reproduction is sold collector to collector.  The seller owns no rights to this movie and no transfer of rights is given or implied.     Easy Virtue.   9   First screening: August 1927.  Gainsborough Pictures (England).  105  minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Eliot Stannard, based on the play by Noel Coward.  Silent with Musical score.  Isabel Jeans, Franklyn Dyall, Eric Bransby Williams, Robin Irvine, Ian Hunter.  The circuitous path of a woman's love life leads her from an older abusive husband to an affair with a young painter to her present marriage to a sweet young man who knows nothing of her past.  Look for crafted fades and close-ups, and dolly shots that anticipate the modern zoom lens.  Even in this "routine" work Hitchcock's dry trickery is evident, for example in the marriage proposal.  Hitchcock believed his version of  the Coward play was notable for having the worst intertitles the filmmaker ever wrote.  This Alfred Hitchcock classic is in the public domain. 9D1 LaserLight DVD 1999 Special Edition. New, never been played. Silent. B&W. DOUBLE FEATURE. Also includes "Blackmail"; B&W. 1929. Includes introduction by Tony Curtis and original theatrical trailer from "Rear Window". Digitally mastered from the best available sources. All codes, will play anywhere in the world. Contains Chapter menus. Menu Languages are English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese. Subtitles in Spanish, Chinese, Japanese. $9.99.      Elstree Calling   10   First screening: 1930.  The first British musical film, consists of a series of all-star vaudeville and review items drawn in part from stage shows then running in London.  A couple of the dance numbers have been stencil-colored.  The film is hosted in mock-formal vein by comedian  Tommy Handley, wearing evening dress, as if it were being transmitted on television from BIP's film studio at Elstree.  At one point, Handley reads the weather forecast.         Though Adrian Brunel was the film's supervisory director, Alfred Hitchcock is credited with "sketches and other interpolated items."  According to the British Film Institute's Monthly Film Bulletin, November 1975, this means in effect that Hitchcock directed the brief sketch "Thriller," in which Jameson Thomas plays a cuckolded husband, the burlesque of The Taming of the Shrew, which features Donald Calthrop and Anna May Wong, and the scenes of Gordon Harker struggling to tune his home-made television set, watched by Hannah Jones as his wife. Incredibly, some of the segments were in color and the storyline loosely centered around putting together a TV show (when TV was really just science fiction at that time)!  Hitchcock had a nostalgia for the music hall, and the film provides a chance to see at least its vestiges; the two numbers sung and danced with a good deal of abandon by Lily Morris for example, or the patter and songs of the Scottish comedian Will Fyffe.                     While Alfred Hitchcock's sequences in  Elstree Calling  can hardly be said to occupy a significant or meaningful place in his peerless career, it is a significant curiosity and many  Hitchcock scholars consider any serious Hitchcock collection would be incomplete without it.  Made in 1930, it is believed to be in the public domain.  UK Comedy / Musical.  Runtime: 81:44 minutes. B/W & color w/mono sound.            We possess an excellent copy of Elstree Calling.  Reproductions at  DVD $35 + postage.  This reproduction is sold collector to collector.  The seller owns no rights to this movie and no transfer of rights is given or implied.     Family Plot.  11  First screening: March 1976.  Universal.  120 minutes. COLOR (filmed in  Technicolor).  PG.  Screenplay by Ernest Lehmen, based on the novel "The Rainbird Pattern", by Victor Canning.  Karen Black, Bruce Dern, Barbara Harris, William Devane.  The master's last film.  In his final film, Hitchcock was intrigued by narrative structure: How could he get two separate plots and two separate groups of people to come together gradually, inevitably, and naturally?  When a wealthy woman unwittingly hires a con man and a  phony psychic to find her missing heir, the results are diabolically funny in Hitchcock's tongue-in-cheek mystery thriller. Bruce Dern and Barbara Harris star as a conniving couple plotting to bilk an old lady out of her fortune by pretending to find her long-lost nephew.  Meanwhile, the nephew, a larcenous jeweler and his beautiful girlfriend (Karen Black) have kidnapped a rich Greek shipping magnate for ransom. Together they're on a non-stop merry-go-round of mystery, murder and mayhem that combines suspense and comedy for unforgettable entertainment.       The Farmer's Wife.   12  First screening: March 1928.  British International Pictures (BIP).  100 minutes. B/W. Silent.  NR.  Screenplay by Hitchcock, based on the play by Eden Philpotts. Jameson Thomas, Lilian Hall-Davis, Gordon Harker.  A recently widowed wealthy English farmer begins entertaining wedding again.  With the help of his housemaid, he considers his local marriage options and creates a list of potential brides - but wait!  The housemaid has ideas of her own!  Hitchcock considered his version of Philpotts's enormously successful comedy dull, "a photograph of a play with lots of titles  instead of dialogue." However, the movie was sufficiently well received to be remade as a sound film in 1940.  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.        Foreign Correspondent.     13   First screening: August 1940.  Walter Wanger/ United Artists.  120 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Joel McCrea, Laraine Day, Herbert Marshall, Ge orge Sanders, Robert Benchley, Edmund Gwenn. Screenplay by Charles Bennett, Joan Harrison, James Hilton and Robert Benchley.  Hitchcock:  "When I am given a locale - and this is very important in my mind - it's got to be used, and used dramatically.  We're in Holland.  What have they got in Holland?  Windmills..."  Hitchcock originally offered the title role to Gary Cooper and felt he was turned down because Americans treat the "thriller-suspense" film as second-rate, while in England "it's part of literature."  McCrea got the role, and the location work was done in Amsterdam.  Getting there from London during wartime was hazardous and the first shipment of equipment was torpedoed by the Germans.  It is said that Goebbels brought in a copy of Foreign Correspondent through Switzerland and enjoyed it enormously.  On the eve of war, American newspaperman Johnnie Jones is assigned to Europe.  In London he talks to an  elderly Dutch diplomat, one of the few people who might yet prevent the war - but who will shortly be kidnapped and tortured while a double is assassinated in Amsterdam as a decoy.  Johnnie attends a luncheon organized by the head of the Universal Peace Party, Fisher, whose daughter he eventually falls in love with and becomes engaged.  Neither knows that her father is a renegade.  When war comes Fisher heads for American, taking his daughter with him.  Then ensues drama on - and above - the high sea.       Frenzy.   14  First screening: May 1972.  Universal.  116 minutes. COLOR (filmed in Technicolor). R.  Jon Finch, Barry Foster, Barbara Leigh-Hunt, Alec McCowen, Billie Whitelaw.  Screenplay by Anthony Shaffer, based on the novel Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square, by Arthur La Bern. Hitchcock goes mad with this blackly comic story about a six criminal - the "Necktie Killer" - plaguing post-Carnaby London.  Naturally, an innocent man who is suspected by police as the murderer must fight to nab the real perpetrator and clear his name.  Working with playwright Shaffer, then celebrated for Sleuth, Hitchcock devised a witty thriller about a psychotic killer and the man he eagerly frames for his crimes.  Although there were dissenters who felt that the style and tone did not redeem the representation of the murders, the majority of critics welcomed Hitchcock at 72 back to his breathless practice of the macabre.     I Confess.   15  First screening: February 1953.  Warner Brothers / First  National.  95 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Montgomery Clift, Anne Baxter, Karl Malden, Brian Aherne.  Screenplay by George Tabori and William Archibald, based on the play Nos deux Consciences, by Paul Anthelme.  A compelling, starkly photographed Hitchcock drama about a priest who hears a confession from a murderer, and later finds himself accused of the crime.  He is then torn between his vows of silence, and his need to clear himself of the charge.  At the time of release the film got mixed reviews but failed at the box office.  Francois Truffaut asks of I Confess, set in Quebec City, "Isn't it a rather formidable coincidence that the murderer who kills a man in order to rob him should happen to confess his crime to the very priest who was being blackmailed by the dead man?... It's the height of the exceptional."  Hitchcock replies, "Let's say it comes under the heading of old-fashioned plot... I believe there are no more plots in recent French films."  The priest, of course, cannot share the murderer's confession with the police, and is himself accused of the crime.     Jamaica  Inn.   16   First screening: May 1939.  Mayflower Pictures.  108 minutes. B/W.  NR. Screenplay by Sidney Gilliat, Joan Harrison and J. B. Priestley, based on the novel by Daphne du Maurier. Charles Laughton, Maureen O'Hara, Leslie Banks, Robert Newton, Emlyn Williams.  Set in 19th-century Cornwall, this tale of a young woman who visits her aunt only to discover she's residing in a haven for throat-slashing pirates, "wreckers" who with false lights enticed ships to break onto rocks so that their cargo became booty, is one of Hitchcock's lesser known films.  It was produced by Charles Laughton who played the village parson, and featured Maureen O'Hara in one of her earlier roles.  Hitchcock thought an audience would immediately calculate that you can't fit a big actor into a small role. "You see, this was like doing a who-done-it and making Charles Laughton the butler." This was the last film Hitchcock made in Britain, and he did it while waiting to begin his contract with David O. Selznick in mid-1939. Like his first American film, Rebecca, it was adapted from a novel by du Maurier. This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.        Juno and the Paycock.   17  First screening: June 1929.  British  International Pictures (BIP).  85 minutes. B/W.  N R.  Sara Allgood, Edward Chapman, Sidney Morgan, John Longden, Barry Fitzgerald. Screenplay by Hitchcock, Alma Reville, and Sean O'Casey, based on the  play by O'Casey.  Dublin in the 1920s.  Hitchcock filmed this Sean O'Casey famous play because he liked its blend of humor and tragedy.  One of the rare occasions in which Hitchcock adapted a substantial literary work rather than a light novel or play.  Admiring the shifts from humor to tragedy, the changing mood, and the well-conceived characters, Hitchcock made Juno and the Paycock because "it was one of my favorite plays so I thought I had to do it." A critic at the time ranked it "amongst the screen masterpieces of the world".  A different kind of tribute was paid the film when a print was burned by Irish nationalists in the streets of Limerick in 1930.     The Lady Vanishes.   18  First screening: August 1938.  Gainsborough Pictures.  97 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Margaret Lockwood, Michael Redgrave, Paul Lukas, Dame May Whitty, Cecil Parker, Mary Clare.  Screenplay by Sidney Gilliat and Frank Launder, based on the novel The Wheel Spins, by Ethel Lina White.  Iris Henderson, vacationing  in central Europe, is about to return home to London and be married.  At the railway station, she is  peaking with a kindly middle-aged governess when a falling window box knocks her out.  When she wakes up, she's on the train with the governess.  The governess, Miss Froy disappears - and no one seems to have ever seen her.  And the search is on!  Critical and popular acclaim was enormous.  Hitchcock won "Best Direction" in the New York Film Critics Awards for the movie. In 1938 Hitchcock, after he had won the New York Film Critics' Award for his direction of The Lady Vanishes, announced that this "will be the last secret agent picture I shall make for a very long time."  The film, whose action takes place on and around a train, was one of Francois Truffaut's favorites.  He admitted to seeing it sometimes twice in one week since it was (and still is) often shown in Paris.  "Since I know it by heart I tell myself each time that I'm going to ignore the plot, to examine the train and see if it's really moving, or to look at the transparencies, or to study the camera movements inside the compartments. But each time I become so absorbed..."  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.      Lifeboat.   19  First screening: January 1944.  Twentieth Century-Fox.  96 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Tallulah Bankhead, William Bendix, Walter Slezak, John Hodiak, Hume Cronyn.  Screenplay by Jo Swerling, based on an original subject by John Steinbeck.   When a freighter is sunk by a U-boat in the mid-Atlantic, the U-boat is itself hit.  Survivors from the freighter gather in an open lifeboat.  They number eight.  Soon they are joined by the U-boat's sole survivor, it commander Willi.  They have a broken compass and limited rations, and hope they are heading for Bermuda.  In fact Willi, who secretly has his own compass, is steering them towards a German supply ship.  Hitchcock told Peter Bogdanovich, "It was really a film without scenery.  I made it for the challenge.  And it was topical... I appeared to make the Nazi stronger than anyone else because in the analogy of war, he was the victor at the time. The others, representing the democracies, hadn't gotten together yet..." A key Hitchcock film.       The Lodger.   20   First screening: September, 1926. Gainsborough Pictures. 100 minutes. B/W.  Silent.  NR.  Ivor Novello, Marie Ault, Arthur Chesney, Malcolm Keen.  Screenplay by Eliot Stannard and Hitchcock, based on the novel by Marie Belloc Lowndes.  Hitchcock's classic thriller of a boarding house lodger suspected of being the notorious Avenger who has slain 7 fairhaired girls, and only on Tuesday nights!  While Jack the Ripper terrorizes London, a landlady comes to believe that one of her tenants is the killer.  Makes good use of two of Hitchcock's favorite themes - mistaken identity and mob pursuit. Hitchcock's third film is the first that the filmmaker thought to carry his distinctive signature.  Hitchcock transformed a stagebound play into a fluid, suspenseful, and atmospheric work.  One of The Master's finest efforts.  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.        Lord Camber's Ladies   21  First screening: 1932.  Produced by Alfred Hitchcock. Directed by Benn Wolf Levy. 80 minutes. Not rated. Drama, Romance. Starring Gerald du Maurier, Gertrude Lawrence, Benita Hume, Nigel Bruce, Clare Greet, A. Bromley Davenport.  In this drama the owner of a flower shop falls in love with one of her patrons. Unfortunately, he is married to a shrewish actress and cannot get out of the marriage. The distraught woman then leaves her shop to become a nurse. Trouble ensues when the actress suddenly appears, accuses the nurse of fooling around with her husband and dies leaving the nurse and the husband to be charged with murder. Fortunately, they are found innocent and they are free to fall in love at last!     The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934).   22  First screening: December  1934.  Gaumont-British Picture Corp.  85 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Leslie Banks, Edna Best, Peter  Lorre.  Screenplay by A. R. Rawlinson, Edwin Greenwood, and Emlyn Williams, based on an original subject by D. B. Wyndham-Lewis and Charles Bennett.  Bob and wife Jill dine with a French skier, who is secretly an anti-terrorist agent.. When he is shot, before dying he tells Jill of the planned assassination of a foreign diplomat in London.  They are slipped a note to keep quiet.  Then their teenage daughter is kidnapped.  Unable to go to the police the start their own search to find their daughter.  You take it from there!  Its thrills, humor and rapid mood-switches make for great entertainment.  It was the first of six British films that by 1939 made Hitchcock one of the best known filmmakers in the world.  Hitchcock himself remade the film in 1956.  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.        The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956).   23  First screening: May 1956.  Paramount/ FilWite Productions.  120 minutes. COLOR / VistaVision. PG.  James Stewart, Doris Day, Hilary Brooke.  Screenplay by John Michael Hayes, based on a story by Charles Bennett and D. B. Wyndham-Lewis.  Ben McKenna, a surgeon from Indianapolis, and wife Jo, a former musical comedy singer, holiday in Marrakesh with young son Hank.  On a bus, they meet Louis Bernard, who is secretly working for the Deuxieme Bureau.  Later, the McKennas attend an Arab restaurant where an English couple, the Draytons introduce themselves.  The next day Bernard, wearing Arab robes, is knifed in the marketplace; dying, he whispers to Ben sketchy details of a planned assassination in London.  Then, to silence Ben, Hank is kidnapped by the Draytons, whom the McKennas chase to London in their quest to rescue Hank.  Que sera, sera...  Hitchcock's only remake.  Peter Bogdanovich asked the filmmaker why he returned to this material after 22 years.  "I felt that for an American audience, it contained sentimental elements that would be more interesting than some of the others.  The second The Man Who Knew Too Much was more carefully worked than the first one."  Shot in part in Marrakech and starring a plucky Day opposite Stewart, the remake also involves a murder - this time a stabbing - a kidnapping, and a concert at Albert Hall that has to be stopped before the cymbals clash...         The Manxman.   24  First screening: January 1928.  British International Pictures (BIP).  100  minutes. B/W. Silent.  NR.  Carl Brisson, Malcolm Keen, Anny Ondra. Screenplay by  Eliot Stannard, based on the novel by Hall Caine.  Poor fisherman Pete (Carl Brisson) is in love with Kate (Anny Ondra) but her father Old Caesar (Randie Ayrton) will not consent to their marriage. Pete leaves for Africa to make his fortune and asked friend Philip to take care of Kate until his return. Kate and Philip fall in love. News comes that Pete was killed and they plan their lives together. The news was not true, however, and Pete returns home a wealthy man. Her father agrees to their marriage and neither she nor Philip have it in them to break Pete's heart so they marry.    Kate is still in love with Philip. She has a daughter. Kate decides to leave Pete and the baby. However, Philip is about to become the island's chief magistrate and is unwilling to give up his career for her. Frustrated, she returns to Pete to take the baby, telling him that he is not the father, but he refuses to believe her or hand the child over. Distraught, Kate leaves and attempts to commit suicide by throwing herself off the quay, a crime on the Isle of Man.    Kate is brought to trial on the first day that Philip serves as Deemster (chief magistrate). He is reluctant to sentence her, and when Pete appears in the courtroom to plead for his wife, he agrees to hand her over to him. Kate refuses to go, and Old Caesar, gets up and condemns Philip for being the "other man". Philip admits this and leaves the court. In the final scene, Philp and Kate prepare to leave the Isle of Man and come to Pete's house to pick up the baby. In a shot reminiscent of the theater, Kate picks up the child, while Philip and Pete stand at opposite ends of the room. She brings the child over to Pete to say one last goodbye, and he breaks down, having lost everything. Philip and Kate leave the cottage to the jeers of the villagers, who have been watching the scene.  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.  (Narrative thanks to Wikipedia).     Marnie.   25  First Screening: June 1964.  Universal / Geoffrey Stanley.  130 minutes. COLOR.  PG.  Tippi Hedren, Sean Connery, Diane Baker, Martin Gabel.  Screenplay by Jay Presson Allen, based on the novel by Winston Graham.  Marnie Edgar is a fly-by-night thief and a loner.  As "Mary Taylor" she obtains clerical work with a Philadelphia publishing company owned by Mark Rutland, a young widower.  Sensing a resemblance between this auburn-haired woman and a brunette who had earlier robbed the company's accountant, he keeps an interested eye on her.  When Marnie empties the Rutland safe and disappears, he tracks her to a riding stables in Maryland, then virtually blackmails her into marrying him.  But the resulting shipboard  honeymoon proves disastrous as Marnie is both deeply disturbed and frigid; she attempts suicide.  Later, back in Philadelphia, Mark's sister-in-law Li does some snooping, informing Mark that Marnie's mother is still  alive, and lives in Baltimore...  On the surface it is a perverse love story with little suspense played against  sets that are at once sumptuous and artificial.  Although the film seems richer now than it did more than 35 years ago, it still is puzzling.  Not popular with critics nor a box-office success initially, "Marnie" has grown well with time and is now a highly regarded Hitchcock classic.     Mary (Sir John greift ein).    26    German version of "Murder!".  Directed by Alfred Hitchcock.  First screening 1930. Great Britain.  80 minutes.  Screenplay by Alma Reville, based on the novel and play "Enter Sir John", by Clemence Dane and Helen Simpson. Adapted by Hitchcock and Walter Mycroft.  Cinematography by John J. Cox. With Alfred Abel, Olga Tchekowa, Paul Graetz, Lotte Stein, and E. Arenot.  Hitchcock, blaming himself for not rewriting according to the nuances of German, felt Mary not to be the success of its English counterpart.  In German without English subtitles.  Alfred Abel plays the role Herbert Marshall played in "Murder!".     Mr. and Mrs. Smith.    27   First screening: January 1941.  RKO Radio Pictures.  95 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Carole Lombard, Robert Montgomery, Gene Raymond, Jack Carson, Sam  Harris.  Screenplay by Norman Krasna.  In spite of its stiletto edge this screwball comedy is an atypical  Hitchcock film.  Lawyer David Smith and wife Ann live in a Park Avenue apartment and sometimes quarrel, as married couples will.  So far they've always made up.  David learns that a technicality means that their marriage is not legal.  Unknown to him, Ann also finds out.  When, without saying why, he decides to romance her all over again, the plan backfires because Ann, insecure and fiery, resents being a potential "squeezed lemon."  She throws him out.  Now he must really win her back but she has tasted independence.  The film played to sell-out crowds at Radio City, and became a solid commercial hit on its general release.  Critics did not like it.  Hitchcock said he made the film "as a gesture to Carole Lombard.  The script was already written and I just came in and did it."      Murder!   28   First screening: October 1930. Great Britain.  British International Pictures (BIP).  100 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Norah Baring, Herbert Marshall, Miles Mander, Esme Percy.  Screenplay by Alma Reville, based on the novel and play Enter Sir John, by Clemence Dane and Helen Simpson.  A jurist (Marshall) is  convinced that a woman convicted of murder is innocent.  His untiring investigation slowly unearths the real killer in typical Hitchcock style.  This was an early field day for Hitchcock and his evolving ideas about the blurring of opposites: reality and illusion, guilt and innocence, observing and doing, men and women.  Of Murder! Hitchcock said "it was the first important who-done-it picture I made. It's the first time I ever used the voice over the face - without the lips moving - for stream-of-consciousness." Some critics considered the movie Hitchcock's masterpiece among his early films.  The director also shot a German version of the film, called "Mary".  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.        North By Northwest.    29   First screening: July 1959.  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. 136 minutes.  COLOR / VistaVision. NR.  Screenplay by Ernest Lehman. Cary Grant, Eva Marie Saint, James Mason, Jessie Royce Landis, Leo G. Carroll, Martin Landau.  When foreign agents mistake Madison Avenue man Roger Thornhill for "George Kaplan" - a non-existent decoy agent - they forcibly take him to a Long Island mansion, where Philip Vandamm orders him killed.  Managing to escape, Thornhill seeks information at the United Nations from a delegate who is promptly knifed, for which he is blamed.  He heads for Chicago, meeting an obliging platinum blonde, Eve Kendall, who unknown to Thornhill, is both Vandamm's mistress and an American counteragent.  The chase goes to a prairie crossroads and climaxing at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.  Breathtaking adventure and wit.  In response to Peter Bogdanovich's query about this being the "final word on the chase film," Hitchcock responded, "It is.  It's the American 'The 39 Steps' - I'd thought about it for a long time.  It's a fantasy.  The whole thing is epitomized in the title - there is no such thing as north-by-northwest on the compass."       Notorious.   30  First screening: July 1946.  RKO Radio Pictures.  100 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Ben Hecht, based on a subject by Hitchcock.  Ingrid Bergman, Cary Grant, Claude Rains, Louis Calhern.  Alicia Huberman (Bergman), the daughter of a convicted traitor, has a reputation for loose living.  Government agent Devlin (Grant) offers her an unspecified assignment in Brazil.  She accepts and they leave immediately for Rio where within days they fall in love.  Now for Alicia's new assignment - renew relations with a former suitor, whose home shelters Nazi scientists and plotters.  Both Devlin and Alicia are torn, but accede.  Alex (Rains) and Alicia get married - to the displeasure of his viperish mother.  The plot deepens...  "Notorious" is considered by many to be the most lucid of Hitchcock's films.  It was a popular film and critically successful.  Said John Russell Taylor - "Notorious is one of Hitch's most romantic, most simple, most secret films.  This is the old love-and-duty theme.  Grant's job is to get Bergman in bed with Rains, the other man.  It's ironic really... and Rains (the villain) was sympathetic because he's the victim of a confidence trick and we always have sympathy for the victim no matter how foolish he is."       Number Seventeen.   31  First screening: July 1932.  British International Pictures (BIP).  65 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Leon M. Lion, Anne Grey, John Stuart, Donald Calthrop.  Screenplay by Alma Reville, Hitchcock, and Rodney Ackland, based on a play by J. Jefferson Farjeon.   Hitchcock uses a staircase quite inventively to create a series of emotional and dramatic thresholds from which to tell a story about a policeman, a hobo, and a gang of jewel thieves.  Hitch turns to models to create an exciting chase-climax between a train and a bus.  The best things about "Number Seventeen" are its liveliness and wit, and the imaginative chase scene.  While Hitchcock was not fond of the picture, the chase between a train and a bus is sustained and brilliant.  Many of Hitchcock's favorite themes are here, including false appearances and mistaken identities.  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.      The Paradine Case.  32  First screening: December 1947.  Selznick International / Vanguard Films.  132 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by David O. Selznick and Alma Reville (adaptation), based on the novel by Robert Hichens.   Gregory Peck, Ann Todd, Charles Laughton, Ethel Barrymore, Charles Coburn, Louis Jourdan, Leo G. Carroll, John Williams.  In post-war London coldly beautiful Maddalena Paradine is charged with having poisoned her blind husband, Colonel Paradine.  The family solicitor engages a famous barrister, Anthony Keane, to defend her.  Keane is happily married to Gay, but from the moment he visits Mrs. Paradine in Holloway Prison he becomes infatuated with his client and convinced of her innocence.  Hitchcock described The Paradine Case as "a love story embedded in the emotional quicksand of a murder trial."  Selznick controlled the casting and wrote the screenplay.  Hitch thought the woman's immorality would have been better represented had the object of her lust been a "manure-smelling stable hand" rather than Louis Jordan.  He also believed that the character played by Peck would have fallen harder for the femme fatale had he been played by someone less earthy and more dignified.     The Pleasure Garden.     33    Alfred Hitchcock's first job as director (aka "Irrgarten der Leidenschaft").  UK/Germany, 1925, Black & White, A Gainsborough Picture.  Screenplay by Eliot Stannard, based on a novel by Oliver Sandys.  Stars  Carmelita Geraghty, Miles Mander,  Nita Naldi and Virginia Valli.  The Pleasure Garden  was a co-production between the Brits and the Germans and was shot in Munich, largely at the Emelka Studios there.  When director Graham Cutts did not want to work with Hitchcock any longer, producer Michael Balcon promoted Hitchcock.  The young Hitchcock directed his first film.  It is undoubtedly this experience, plus a brief stint at Germany's UFA studios as an assistant director that account for the Expressionistic form that a lot of the master's films rely on (the future Mrs. Hitchcock, Alma Reville, assisted with this production).  With this movie Hitchcock's directorial career was on its way.  The Pleasure Garden tells of Patsy Brand (Virginia Valli), a dancer in the chorus of The Pleasure Garden theater, who befriends Jill Cheyne (Carmelita Geraghty), just up from the country,  and helps her get work at the theater.  Jill proves talented but ruthless, determined to be a star.  Engaged to Hugh Fielding (John Stuart), who is about to go to Asia for two years, she invites the attentions of wealthy admirers who may help her, including a supposed Russian prince (C. Falkenburg).                  Meanwhile, Patsy meets Hugh's friend Levett (Miles Mander), who smooth-talks her into marrying him.  They spend their honeymoon at Lake Como in Italy.  Afterwards, both Levett and Hugh leave for the Tropics, where Levett begins living with a native girl (Nita Naldi).  Patsy learns the truth about her husband when, hearing that he's ill with fever, she rushes to join him.  Jill is about to marry the Russian, and refuses to help with the fare.  Confronted, Levett becomes half-mad and drowns the native girl.  Later, he lunges at Patsy with a scimitar, but is shot by the local doctor.  Patsy finally finds love and consolation with Hugh, nursing him through an attack of fever and returning with him to London.           The Pleasure Garden  has never been released commercially on video and is believed to be in the public domain.  We proudly possess an excellent copy of this rare Hitchcock classic:             From the German National Film Archives.  Excellent VHS SP quality, longer version - 67:54 minutes, silent - with accompanying Piano and Ensemble soundtrack - German subtitles.  This is likely the best reproduction of The Pleasure Garden available.  With our state-of-the-art equipment we have available a limited number of  reproductions.  Comes in collector's case.  The cost is DVD $45 + postage.  This reproduction is sold collector to collector.  The seller owns no rights to this movie and no transfer of rights is given or implied. Version II:  The Rohauer Version.  60:51 minutes, silent - with organ accompaniment, composed and performed by Lee Ervin at Carnegie Hall Cinema theater, New York City.     Psycho.   34   First screening: June 1960.  Paramount/ Shamley Productions.  109 minutes.  B/W. Rated R. Screenplay by Joseph Stefano, based on the novel by Robert Bloch.  Anthony  Perkins, Janet Leigh, Vera Miles, John Gavin, Martin Balsam, Patricia Hitchcock.  In Phoenix, Marion Crane steals $40,000 from her boss, then drives towards California.  She just  wants to marry Sam Loomis, but her mad act of theft will prove fatal.  Exhausted from driving, she stops at a lonely motel run by the youthful Norman Bates.  As she eats supper, he tells her that he lives with his mother, an invalid, in the  brooding old house behind the motel.  Later, as Marion takes a shower before retiring... well you take it from there.  Psycho exploded notions of acceptability.  By surprising the audience with such ferocity,  and then sustaining an intense suspense for the hour following, it may have even changed the way audiences reacted to film.  It certainly turned the familiar world topsy-turvy and it did so with a salutary wink.  Hitchcock, aware that the  maverick film company American - International was turning out profit-making, inexpensive horror films aimed at a youth market, decided he too would give the public what it wanted.  He made his horror film inexpensively, deftly, and superlatively, keeping the narrative secret not only from the press, but for the first half hour of the film from his audiences, who had no idea what would happen to them once Leigh stepped into the shower.  Incredible cast - fascinating, and historic movie!  Recently selected by the American Film Institute (AFI) as the  Number One thriller in the history of motion pictures.          Rear Window.    35   First screening: July 1954.  Paramount / Patron.  112 minutes. COLOR.  PG.  Screenplay by John Michael Hayes, based on the short story by Cornell Woolrich.  James Stewart, Grace Kelly, Wendell Corey, Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr as Lars Thorwald.  Photographer L. B. Jefferies finds himself confined by a broken leg to a wheelchair in his Greenwich Village apartment.  Each day, and often into the night, he has little to do but gaze out of his rear window at the activities of his neighbors in the surrounding apartments.  Jeff's main visitors are his fiancee Lisa, a high-fashion model, and Stella, a wiry insurance company nurse.  When Jeff says he suspects that his neighbor directly opposite, costume jewelry salesman Lars Thorwald has murdered his wife, no one pays much attention at first.  Then things really change...  Hitchcock explains that Rear Window, one of Truffaut's favorite Hitchcock films, presented "the possibility of doing an absolutely cinematic film. You have an immobilized man looking out. That's one part of the film. The second part shows what he sees and the third part shows how he reacts."  The favorite of more Hitchcock fans than any other! .        Rebecca.   36   First screening: March 1940.  Selznick International Pictures.  130 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Robert E. Sherwood, Joan Harrison, Philip MacDonald and Michael Hogan, based on the novel by Daphne du Maurier.  Laurence Olivier, Joan Fontaine, George Sanders, Judith Anderson, Nigel Bruce, Leo G. Carroll.  Maxim de Winter's beautiful wife Rebecca had drowned and he want to "blot out the past."  He meets a young woman, the future Mrs. de Winter.  Maxim proposes and the couple go home to his mansion, Manderley.  The housekeeper, Mrs. Danvers, was devoted to Rebecca and quickly shows her resentment of the new Mrs. de Winter.  In his first year in America, Hitchcock made two films, Rebecca and Foreign Correspondent, both of which were nominated for Academy Awards.  Rebecca won, and Hitchcock immediately became one of Hollywood's leading filmmakers.  Hitch did not consider Rebecca, a lush David O. Selznick production, really his, but thought it "a Bronte thing really, a romantic Victorian novel in modern dress."  The film was a tremendous success with the American public and critics alike.        Rich and Strange.  (American title: East of Shanghai).    37    First screening: March 1932.  British International Pictures (BIP). Great Britain. 92 minutes. NR.  Screenplay by Val Valentine, Alma Reville, and Hitchcock. Based on the novel by Dale Collins. Henry Kendall, Joan Barry, Betty Amann.  Young, bored marrieds inherit money and set off on a trip around the world, only to discover - after having respective affairs - that money can't buy happiness.  Part silent, part talkie. Neither critics nor the public much like "Rich and Strange" when it appeared, but Hitchcock always retained a fondness for it. Hitchcock noted, "It wasn't a thriller. It was just an adventure story. A young couple take a trip around the world. I actually sent a crew around the world to cover everything. There is an amusing sequence at the end. The cargo ship is wrecked... Then, after it's all over, they meet me in the lounge. This is my most devastating appearance in a picture. They tell me their story and I say, 'No, I don't think it will make a movie." And it didn't".  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.        The Ring.   38  First screening: October 1927.  British International Pictures (BIP).  110 minutes. B/W. Silent.  Screenplay by Hitchcock.  NR. Starring Carl Brisson, Lilian Hall-Davis, Ian Hunter, Gordon Harker.  This tale of two boxers in love with the same girl includes an elaborate montage sequence that was greeted with applause at its first screenings.  Hitchcock told Peter Bogdanovich, "I used to go to the Albert Hall.  I think the thing, strangely enough, that fascinated me about boxing in those days was that the English audience would go all dressed up in black tie to sit around the ring.  It wasn't the boxing I was interested in... all the details connected with it. Like pouring champagne over the head of the boxer at the thirteenth round..."  A fast paced thriller.  The film was a success with the critics but not at the box office.  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.        Rope.    39   First screening: August 1948.  Transatlantic Pictures.  80 minutes. COLOR. PG.  Screenplay by Arthur Laurents and Hume Cronyn, based on the play by Patrick Hamilton.  Starring James Stewart, John Dall, Farley Granger, Joan Chandler,  Cedric Hardwicke,  Constance Collier.  One afternoon, in an elegant upstairs New York apartment, a Harvard undergraduate is strangled to death with a piece of rope by two killers scarcely older than he is and influenced by the Superman ideas of Nietzsche.  They put the body in a chest.  Then, to crown their demonstration of "superiority," they hold a party in the same  room.  Those attending include some of the dead student's family and friends and publisher Rupert Cadell, who had been their housemaster at prep school, and has influenced their thinking.  Cadell soon feels that something is amiss...  In a 1948 interview for Popular Photography magazine, Hitchcock called Rope his most exciting picture to make.  "A long time ago I said I would like to film in two hours a fictional story that actually happens in two hours with no time lapses... in which the camera never stops... In Rope I got my wish... the entire action takes place between the setting of the sun and the hour of darkness.  There are a murder, a party, mounting tension, detailed psychological characterization, the gradual discovery of the crime and the solution."  Rope was Hitchcock's first Technicolor feature and the first film he made from a screenplay - written by Broadway veteran Laurents - that was not divided into scenes.  The film appears to be made in one continuous take.     Sabotage.  (American title: The Woman Alone).   40   First Screening: December 1936.  Gaumont-British Picture Corp.  76 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Charles Bennett, Alma Reville, Ian Hay and Helen Simpson, based on the novel The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad.  Sylvia Sidney, Oscar Homolka, John Loder.  A saboteur briefly plunges Long into darkness.  The man responsible, Verloc, returns home to the shabby East End cinema he runs with his wife.  The wife becomes friendly with Ted from the greengrocer's shop next door, who is actually an undercover Scotland Yard man. and she begins to suspect her husband is the  saboteur.  Mrs. Verloc's young brother carries a package across London; he doesn't know what the audience does - that it is timed to explode. He dawdles, he boards a crowded bus... For this extended sequence Hitchcock built London "in a field... True I still had my traffic and pedestrians but I could control them..."  Although Sabotage is freely adapted from Conrad's novel, The Secret Agent, it should not be  confused either with Hitchcock's previous film, The Secret Agent, nor his later American work Saboteur.  Great movie.  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.      Saboteur.    41    First screening: April 1942.  A Frank Lloyd Production / Universal Pictures.  109 minutes. B/W.  PG. Screenplay by Peter Viertel, Joan Harrison and Dorothy Parker, based on an original subject by Hitchcock.  Robert Cummings, Priscilla Lane, Otto Kruger, Norman Lloyd.  A young worker in a government aircraft factory in California, Barry Kane, is a horrified witness to the death of a friend in a fire caused by sabotage.  Barry guesses that a worker named Fry is responsible, but Fry has disappeared.  Barry himself comes under suspicion, so, remembering an address on an envelope dropped by Fry, he hitchhikes to a ranch owned by a Charles Tobin.  The truth is that Barry has stumbled onto a network of fifth columnists, and Tobin is one of its leaders.  Eluding Tobin, he is joined by Patricia and seeks out a ghost town called Soda City.  There he encounters other saboteurs, tells them Tobin has sent him, and rides with them to New York.  Famous confrontation on the Statue of Liberty.  During the making of the film Pearl Harbor was bombed and America entered World War II.     Secret Agent.   42   First screening: January 1936.  Gaumont-British Picture  Corp.  83 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Charles Bennett, Ian Hay and Jesse Lasky, Jr., based on the play by Campbell Dixon, adapted from the novel Ashenden, by W. Somerset Maugham.   Madeleine Carroll, John Gielgud, Peter Lorre, Robert Young, Lilli Palmer, Michael Redgrave.  London, 1916: A distinguished soldier and novelist, with two assistants, is sent to Geneva to kill an unknown German agent who is leaving for Arabia.  Then the wrong man is assassinated!  Then the German spy is among the group!  Hold on tight for this one!  Already a celebrated stage actor, Gielgud, despite misgivings about acting in films, allowed Hitchcock to woo him for the role of John Brodie, a World War I secret agent, who takes the alias Richard Ashenden.  Secret Agent is replete with false and mistaken identities, fatal blunders, and existential crisis.  A superior spy film by Hitchcock. This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.      Shadow Of A Doubt.   43   First screening: January 1943.  Universal / Skirball  Productions.  B&W. NR.  Screenplay by Thornton Wilder, Alma Reville and Sally Benson, based on an original story by Gordon McDonnell.  Joseph Cotten, Teresa Wright, Macdonald Carey, Patricia Collinge, Hume Cronyn, Wallace Ford.  Hitchcock's personal favorite of all his films.  Wealthy Charles Oakley travels by train to Santa Rosa, Northern California, to stay with his sister Emma and her family.  Emma's husband, Joe, works in the local bank.  His hobby is reading detective stories, which he discusses with  next-door neighbor Herb.  Emma's daughter, the girl Charlie, feels that her family is in a rut, and hopes that Uncle Charlie, her namesake, can help them.  But the teenager is in for a shock. Her uncle is the Merry Widow Murderer!  Hmmm...  Said Hitchcock - "This was a most satisfying picture for me because for once there was time to get characters into it."  Shadow of a Doubt is a meticulous representation of small town life and also portrays the dread flowing beneath the picture postcard surface.       The Skin Game.   44   First screening: June 1931.  British International Pictures (BIP).  89 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Hitchcock and Alma Reville, based on the play by John Galsworthy.  Edmund Gwenn, Jill Edmond, John Longden, Helen Haye.  A "skin game" means a swindle, trick, or scam.  The movie starts with Hornblower buying property from the proud, proper English landowner Hillcrest, assuring him that the tenant farmers would be allowed to stay.  Soon Hornblower evicts them to build factories, because he is a man of progress and industry.  Hillcrest is outraged, and sets out to stop Hornblower's efforts to buy up more land.  Galsworthy's play about feuding neighbors had been filmed as a silent in 1921.  In this, Hitchcock's sound remake, Gwenn, who played Hornblower ten years earlier, returns in the same role.       Spellbound.   45   First screening: October 1945.  Selznick International.  110 minutes.  B/W. NR.  Screenplay by Ben Hecht, Angus Machail, suggested by The House of Dr. Edwardes by Francis Beeding.  Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck, Rhonda Fleming, Leo G. Carroll, Norman Lloyd, Wallace Ford.  Green Manors, Vermont, a mental hospital is headed by Dr. Murchison, who is about to retire.  His young successor, Dr. Edwardes, arrives and promptly begins an affair with the brilliant but hitherto rather cold Dr. Petersen.  She soon detects that her lover, though he's a medical doctor, isn't Edwardes, but an amnesiac, J. B., who may have killed Edwardes.  In the original book a lunatic is put in charge of an asylum. Hitchcock wanted something "more sensible" and asked Hecht, "who was in constant touch with prominent psychoanalysts," to provide some psychological basis for the melodrama. What emerged according to Hitchcock was "just another manhunt story wrapped up in pseudo-psychoanalysis." Spellbound is noteworthy for the collaboration between Hitchcock and Salvador Dali, who Hitchcock asked to design the vivid dream sequences.  In "Spellbound", Hitchcock and screenwriter Ben Hecht set out to make the first Hollywood film about psychoanalysis.       Stage Fright.   46   First screening: February 1950.  Warner Brothers/ First National.  110 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Whitfield Cook and Alma Reville, based on a anovel by Selwyn  Jepson. Starring Marlene Dietrich, Jane Wyman, Michael Wilding, Richard  Todd, Alastair Sim, Patricia Hitchcock.  Eve Gill is a student at London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.  A friend Jonathan, a chorus dancer, asks her to shelter him from the police.  It  seems that his mistress has killed her no-good husband and he is suspected.  Eve hides Jonathan in the home of her father.  She meets Inspector Wilfred Smith, a Scotland Yard detective assigned to the case, who soon falls in love with her.  Naturally this causes complications, to say the least...  Hitchcock tried to get Wyman to look homely, but with Dietrich as co-star, Wyman resisted and kept making herself look glamorous. This subverted the story. However, what really did the film in, according to Hitchcock, was that it broke an unwritten law: "The more successful the villains, the more successful the picture," for in Stage Fright the villains themselves were frightened.     Strangers On A Train.   47   First screening: June 1951.  Warner Brothers / First  National.  100 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Raymond Chandler, Czenzi Ormonde and Whitfield Cook, based on the novel by Patricia Highsmith.  Farley Granger, Robert Walker, Ruth Roman, Leo G. Carroll, Patricia Hitchcock.  Professional tennis player Guy Haines wants to divorce the trampish Miriam so that he can marry a senator's daughter, Anne Morton.  On a train from Washington, D.C., Guy encounters Bruno Anthony, a rich young eccentric.  Bruno suggests they "swap murders"; he'll kill Miriam if Guy will kill Bruno's hated father.  Guy merely laughs, and alights.  But Miriam again refuses to divorce him, and is later found strangled at a fair.  Guy is unable to give the police a firm alibi for the time of the murder, and soon comes under pressure from Bruno, the real killer, to complete their so-called bargain.  Incredible  climax on a carousel.  The film marks not only Hitchcock's spectacular return to form, but the beginning of his  collaboration with cameraman Robert Burks who, until his accidental death after Marnie,        Suspicion.   48   First screening: September 1941.  RKO Pictures.  100 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Samson Raphaelson, Joan Harrison and Alma Reville, based on the novel Before the Fact by Francis Iles.  Cary Grant, Joan Fontaine, Cedric Hardwicke, Nigel Bruce, Dame May Whitty, Leo G. Carroll.  A train enters a tunnel.  In the dark, Johnny Aysgarth brushes against the leg of a stranger, Lina.  He eventually is attracted to her and proceeds to sweep her off her feet.  Against her father's wishes they marry and settle near the Sussex coast.  In the ensuing months Lina learns much about her husband that deeply disturbs her, including his capacity to lie, embezzle, and perhaps even to murder.  She even begins to fear for her life.  When "Suspicion" was released it was an immediate huge box-office success.  Hitchcock thought Suspicion to be the second English picture he made in Hollywood because "the actors, the atmosphere, and the novel on which it's based were all British."       The 39 Steps.  49   First screening: September 1935.  Gaumont-British Picture Corp.  81 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Charles Bennett and Ian Hay based on the novel by John Buchan.  Robert Donat, Madeleine Carroll, Peggy Ashcroft, Helen Haye.  The classic  Hitchcock thriller of a man on vacation who becomes embroiled in a spy hunt.   A classic chase film, a fast-moving entertainment that leaps from one incident to another; in many ways it anticipates North by Northwest.  One of Hitchcock's great crowd-pleasers and a considerable box office success. Peter Bogdanovich asked Hitchcock why he always has the hero fleeing from both the police and the criminals. He replied, "The audience must be in tremendous sympathy with the man on the run. But the basic reason is that the audience will wonder 'Why doesn't he go to the police?' Well, the police are after him, so he can't go to them, can he?"  John Russell Taylor in The Life and Times of Alfred Hitchcock observes that the "MacGuffin," the irrelevant but necessary reason for the brouhaha, seemed "to have entered Hitchcock's vocabulary with The 39 Steps."  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.    To  Catch A Thief.   50   First screening: July 1955.  Paramount.  97 minutes. COLOR / VistaVision.  NR.  Screenplay by John Michael Hayes, based on a novel by David Dodge.   Cary Grant, Grace Kelly, Jessie Royce Landis, John Williams.  American John Robie, a retired cat burglar, has never married and now raises flowers and grapes on the French  Riviera.  A recent outbreak of jewel robberies makes the police suspect Robie of breaking his parole, but he avoids being taken in.  He feels he must catch the real thief and he and an insurance agent with Lloyds of London set a trap in Cannes.  Cary Grant and Grace Kelly... ah, me...  Hitchcock's first film shot in France, on the Riviera, is a champagne romance between a retired jewel thief and a woman who loves the idea that her man may be the  criminal. Hitchcock, Grant, and Kelly so enjoyed making of this film that the director, usually in  total control, allowed his cast latitude to improvise dialogue, and playfully pushed the metaphor for sexual congress so outrageously that from this movie on, fireworks have meant only one thrilling thing.       Topaz.   51   First screening: December 1969.  Universal.  126 minutes. COLOR. NR. Frederick   Stafford, John Forsythe, Dany Robin.  Screenplay by Samuel Taylor, based on the novel by Leon Uris.  Leo Uris' spy novel, Topaz, was on the national best seller list for an incredible 50 straight weeks.  And in 1969, the Master of Suspense, Alfred Hitchcock brought this intricate thriller to the screen.  John Forsythe stars as an American CIA agent who learns of Cuban missiles and a NATO spy by the code name of TOPAZ from a defecting Russian. He enlists the aid of a French agent named Devereaux (Frederick Stafford), who helps him uncover the espionage, but leaves in his wake a trail of shaken governments, murder, betrayal, and suicide. In the words of Hitchcock, "It lies between Suspicion and North by Northwest. It has the same elements, the same wide-spread action. What makes it all the more delicious is that it actually happened, and despite French disapproval, the only thing we had to change was a reference to De Gaulle."       Torn Curtain.   52   First screening: July 1966.  Universal.  128 minutes. COLOR. PG.  Screenplay by Brian Moore.  Paul Newman, Julie Andrews.  One of the recurring themes of Alfred Hitchcock's movies is the plight of a common, decent man caught in uncommon circumstances. Torn Curtain is no exception. In this reaction to James Bondism, Paul Newman plays world famous scientist Michael Armstrong who goes to an international congress of physics in Copenhagen with his fianc�e/assistant Sarah Sherman (Julie Andrews). While there, she mistakenly picks up a message meant for him, and discovers that he is defecting to East Berlin, in order to get funding for his pet project. Or is he? That's the answer Sarah and the audience discover as "Hitch" directs this action thriller behind the Iron Curtain.  Armstrong must kill a man silently with what is available in the kitchen of an isolated farm.  Said Hitchcock - "I thought it was time to show that it was very difficult, very painful, and it takes a very long time to kill a man."        The Trouble With Harry.   53   First screening: October 1955.  Paramount/Alfred  Hitchcock Productions.  99 minutes. COLOR / VistaVision.  PG.  Screenplay by John Michael Hayes based on the novel by John Trevor Story.  Edmund Gwenn, John Forsythe,  introducing Shirley MacLaine, Mildred Natwick, Jerry Mathers (The Beaver Cleaver!), Mildred Dunnock.  The Master of Suspense directs a delightful comedy-mystery set in New England. It marks the screen debut of Shirley MacLaine. What is The Trouble With Harry? Well, it's the fact that he's dead, and while no one really minds, everybody thinks they are responsible.  After several unearthings of the corpse, plenty of  humor a la Hitchcock, and love affairs between the major characters, the real cause of  death is revealed, and Harry troubles no one again. It's a delightful romp and a decidedly different movie from Sir Alfred.  (Upon learning that MacLaine had never acted in a movie before, Hitchcock reportedly told the young actress, "I shall have fewer knots to untie. You are hired.")  Hitchcock told Peter Bogdanovich that The Trouble with Harry "is very personal to me because it involves my own sense of humor about the macabre."  The film's distributors were perplexed and didn't know how to handle the very dark comedy for which Hitchcock cast two unknowns as the romantic leads - MacLaine and Forsythe.         Under Capricorn.   54   First screening: September 1949.  Transatlantic Pictures.  118 minutes. COLOR. NR.  Screenplay by James Bridie and Hume Cronyn, based on the novel by Helen Simpson.  Ingrid Bergman, Joseph Cotten, Michael Wilding, Margaret Leighton, Cecil Parker.  Australia, 1831.  A new Governor has arrived.  With him is his nephew, Charles Adare, who soon finds himself invited to dinner by Sam Flusky, a prospering ex-convict, and his wife Lady Henrietta, who had been a friend of Charles's sister in Ireland.  The Fluskys are childless and Henrietta is an alcoholic.  Charles undertakes to try and rehabilitate Henrietta.  Emotions flare.  Flusky becomes jealous of Charles, accidentally shooting and seriously wounding him.  It gets deeper...  Rope was Hitchcock's first film as producer, Under Capricorn his second.  He believed it was his "juvenile" behavior that sent his company, Transatlantic Pictures, into bankruptcy. Under Capricorn was shot in England (standing in for 1830s Australia), and Hitchcock, seduced by the idea of returning to England with Hollywood's biggest star, arrived in London, flashbulbs popping, with Ingrid Bergman in tow.  Her presence proved too costly. Audiences expecting excitement from Hitchcock were frustrated to discover a costume love story. True, it was beautifully photographed, but it was not a thriller.  Out of Print.  A real sought-after rarity.       Vertigo.   55   First screening: May 1958.  Paramount/ Alfred Hitchcock Productions.  128 minutes. COLOR / VistaVision.  PG.  Screenplay by Alec Coppel and Samuel Taylor, based  on the novel D'entre les Morts, by Pierre Boileau and Thomas Narcejac.  James Stewart, Kim Novak,  Barbara Bel Geddes,  Ellen Corby, and the gorgeous Rolles-Royce!  When a colleague of policeman Scottie Ferguson plunges off a San Francisco rooftop, the acrophobic Scottie blames himself, and resigns.  One day, an acquaintance, Gavin Elster, hires Scottie to shadow his wife Madeleine, whose behavior has become strange and potentially suicidal. After rescuing Madeleine from  attempted drowning, Scottie falls in love with her.  But because of his fear of heights, he later watches helplessly as she plummets to  her death from a mission tower... or did she?  It is a morbid love story, creepy in its intensity, and uninflected in style. The authors of the novel wrote it in hopes that Hitchcock would buy it. Hitchcock insisted on letting the audience in on a revelation early in the film's second part because he felt "one of the fatal things... in all suspense films is to have a mind that is confused. Otherwise the audience won't emote. Clarify, clarify, clarify. Don't let them say, 'I don't know which woman that is..."  One of The  Master's finest, and certainly deepest, masterpieces.       Waltzes From Vienna. (Strauss' Great Waltz).   56   First screening: May 1933.  Screenplay by Alma Reville and Guy Bolton, based on the play by Dr. A. M. Willner, Heinz Reichert and Ernst Marischka.  Johann Strauss Jr. (Esmond Knight) is the son of the famous conductor and composer, and plays the violin in his father's orchestra.  He hasn't had any of his own compositions performed or published because Strauss Sr. (Edmund Gwenn) sternly discourages it.  Not dismayed, Strauss Jr.  gives singing lessons to his gifted sweetheart  Rasi (Jessie Matthews), a pastry chef's daughter, and dedicates all  his songs to her.               Then he meets a Countess (Fay Compton) who has written some verses and asks his help in setting them to music.  When her husband, the prince (Frank Vosper), hears from a servant that a young man is upstairs with his wife, he storms into the music room, but the name of Strauss placates him.  Later,  Rasi isn't so easily placated, for she senses a rival. However, the Countess essentially has Strauss Jr's best interests at heart.  With a publisher friend, she successfully plots to have the elder Strauss delayed one night so that  Jr's new composition, "The Blue Danube", may receive a performance.  Strauss Jr. conducts the waltz himself, becoming the sensation of Vienna.  Soon afterwards, though the Prince's suspicions have briefly been aroused again, everyone is finally reconciled.             While  Alfred Hitchcock  himself did not consider   Waltzes From Vienna  one of his masterpieces, others have found the movie "rather charming".  This is the French Version and a real charmer, a nice touch to add to your collection of the works of The Master.  Shot in 1933 B&W by Gaumont-British, G.F.D., UK.  Aka "Strauss' Great Waltz".  Music by Johann Strauss the Elder &  Johann Strauss the Younger.  Stars Jessie Matthews,  Esmond Knight, Frank Vosper, Fay Compton and Edmund Gwenn.  52:45 minutes.                 This French version of  Waltzes From Vienna  has never been released commercially in the US and is believed to be in the public domain.  We possess a very good copy of this great classic and make available reproductions.  The cost is DVD $40 + US shipping $1 first class. International us$3.  This reproduction is sold collector to collector.  The seller does not own rights to this movie and no transfer of rights is given or implied.     The Wrong Man.   57   First screening: December 1956.  Warner Brothers.  105 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Maxwell Anderson and Angus McPhail, based on The True Story of Christopher Emmanuel Balestrero, by Maxwell Anderson.  Henry Fonda, Vera Miles, Anthony Quayle, Harold J. Stone, Nehemiah Persoff.  A bleak and powerful drama about an innocent man accused of a crime committed by a close look-alike.  This film was based on an actual incident as reported by Life Magazine, and represents the only documentary style film Hitchcock ever made.  Hitchcock observed: "I enjoyed making this film because, after all, this is my greatest fear - fear of the police... In truth perhaps The Wrong Man should have been done as a documentary..." Hitchcock did try to make the film look as real as possible, shooting on locations where the events took place and using some of those originally involved. Fonda played the Everyman caught in a nightmare and Miles his fragile wife, whose descent into hysteria Hitchcock felt diverted the narrative.  Splendid music score by Bernard Herrmann.          Young & Innocent.  (American title: The Girl Was Young).   58   First screening:  November 1937.  Gainsborough Pictures. Great Britain. 82 minutes. B/W.  NR.  Screenplay by Charles Bennett, Edwin Greenwood, Anthony Armstrong, and Gerald Savory. Based on the novel "A Shilling For Candles" by Josephine Tey. Derrick de Marney, John Longden, Nova Pilbeam.  A police chief's plucky teenage daughter assists a charming, wrongfully accused fugitive seeking to clear his name and catch the real murderer, and in one of Hitchcock's most memorable tracking shots - a bravura cinematic moment - they do.  Of "Young and Innocent", John Russell Taylor writes: "... is a sheer delight, a perfect Hitchcockian demonstration that  less is more. The featherweight plot... is a simple chase... It is perfectly crisp and clear and pure and to the point...".  Seen today, the film justifies Hitchcock's own high estimation of it.  This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain.   
i don't know
"Which organisation, founded in 1905, has the motto ""Indocilis Privata Loqui"" which translates as ""nor apt to disclose secrets""?"
Free Flashcards about GK 9 Which science-fiction writer coined the term "cyberspace"? William Gibson What is a male swan known as? Cob What is a female swan known as? Pen Which giant screen film projection system, which gives an enhanced visual impact, has its origins in Montreal's Expo 67? IMAX Which actress was born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, in 1908? Joan Crawford Which military leader poisoned himself in Bithynia in Asia Minor in around 182BCE? Hannibal What is the branch of astronomy that is concerned solely with the moon called? Selenology The mouflon, native to Corsica and Sardinia, is a small, wild form of which animal? Sheep Which religion, founded in 3rdC CE Persia, at its 3rd-7thC height one of the world's biggest, taught an elaborate dualistic cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness? Manichaeism The Loyalty Islands in the Pacific are part of which territory? New Caledonia Which orchestral march by William Walton was first performed at the coronation of King George VI, and was used as the recessional music at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in 2011? Crown Imperial What was the real name of 'Dr Seuss'? Theodore Geisel The sixth labour of Hercules involved defeating what sort of creatures who were destroying the countryside around Lake Stymphalia? Birds The address of which constituent college of the University of London is: Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE? London School of Economics Extending from 500 to 10,000 kilometres above the earth’s surface, what is the uppermost layer of the earth’s atmosphere called – beyond which there is only outer space? Exosphere Which species of cat, with scientific name Acinonyx jubatus, is found in much of Africa, can be known as the hunting leopard, and is unusual among cats in having claws which are not fully retractable? Cheetah At the Academy Awards held in February 2015, Ida became the first film from which nation to win the award for Best Foreign Language Film? Poland What shrub gave its name to the revolution which saw Zine El Abidine Ben Ali overthrown as President of Tunisia in 2011? Jasmine Which musical features numbers including "Gee, Officer Krupke" and "I Feel Pretty"? West Side Story What flower gave its name to the revolution which saw Askar Akayev overthrown as President of Kyrgyzstan in 2005? Tulip What name is given to the Persian language in Afghanistan? Dari How was the Amu Darya river known in Ancient times? Oxus Which mountain range divides the Amu Darya and Indus valleys? Hindu Kush Give a year in the rule of the Achaemenid Empire. 550-330BCE Which large snake-like lake monster said to live in Lake Seljord in Seljord, Telemark, Norway? Selma Which parliament is located in Karasjok, Norway? Sami parliament Which Norwegian figure skater and film star was a three-time Olympic Champion (1928, 1932, 1936) in Ladies' Singles, a ten-time World Champion (1927–1936) and a six-time European Champion (1931–1936)? Sonja Henie Johann Koss of Norway won four Winter Olympic golds at what sporting event? Speed skating Who won a total of 29 medals in the Olympics and World Championships in the period between 1991 and 1999, making him the most successful cross-country skier in history? Bjorn Daehlie Which Dutch city is the home of Rabobank? Utrecht The bulk of the Great Pyramids at Giza are constructed in which stone? Limestone Which Theban king reunited Egypt after the First Intermediate Period and started the Middle Kingdom? Mentuhotep II Which group of "foreign princes" ruled a part of Northern Egypt during the latter Middle Kingdom at the Second Intermediate Period, from their capital at Avaris? Hyksos Which Egyptian deity was god of the afterlife, the underworld and the dead? Osiris What two-word term indicated the "life-force" in Ancient Egypt that would be reunited with the soul by the process of mummification? Ka Hatshepshut was the widow of which Egyptian king who preceded her as ruler? Tuthmosis II In which century was Tutankhamun's rule of Egypt? Fourteenth BCE (1333-1323BCE) Ramses II fought the Hittites at which battle in 1274BCE? Kadesh Phaistos, Mallios and Zakros were all towns located in the territory of which ancient civilisation? Minoan Linear B was the script used by which ancient peoples? Mycenaeans Where is the intermittent Ghaggar-Hakra river, once critical to an ancient civilisation? Between India and Pakistan (IVC) Dilmun or Tilmun was an ancient area that centred on which modern-day nation? Bahrain The ancient Yangshao culture of China, which lasted c.5000-3000BCE was centred on which river? Yellow River Who excavated the palace at Knossos between 1900 and 1932? Arthur Evans As yet undeciphered, what was the script used by the Minoan civilisation? Linear A Which dynasty ruled China from 1600-1046BCE? Shang Which Neolithic henge and stone circle is about 6 miles north-east of Stromness? Ring of Brodgar When was Skara Brae exposed by a storm? 1850 Who was the first US Vice-President to become President upon the death of their predecessor? John Tyler (on death of Harrison) Father Edward Daly is best known for a photograph taken during which notorious event? Bloody Sunday (he waves a blood-stained white handkerchief as he trie sto escort a mortally-wounded person to safety) What is the name of the detective in 'Bleak House'? Inspector Bucket In 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' who does Helena marry? Demetrius In 'A Midsummer Night's Dream', what job is done by Peter Quince? Carpenter In 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' what job is done by Robin Starveling? Tailor Based on the four 'humors' what four personality types were proposed by Galen? Phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, melancholic Which Frenchman (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794) was called 'The Father Of Modern Chemistry'? Antoine Lavoisier Which chemical element, atomic number 20, can be used to make orange fireworks? Calcium Name either of the two chemical elements, atomic numbers 29 or 56, that can be used to make green fireworks? Barium, Copper Lithium or Potassium generally produce which colour of fireworks? Purple What type of food has varieties called "Loch Ness", "Masterpiece" and "Tendergreen"? French Beans Which chemical element is named for the capital of Sweden? Holmium Procyon is the brightest star in which constellation? Canis Minor Spica is the brightest star in which constellation? Virgo Vega is the brightest star in which constellation? Lyra What is the collective name for toads? Knot Which mollusc is lined with mother-of-pearl? Abalone What is the approximate gestation period of a rabbit? One month/30 days What is the approximate gestation period of a dog? Two months/60 days What name is given to a horse that is black and white in colour? Piebald What name is given to a golden horse with a pale mane? Palomino What type of foodstuff has varieties called "Early Market", "Lyon Prizetaker" and "Royal Favourite"? Leek Which animal's name translates as "no drink"? Koala What name is given to subatomic particles without a whole number spin value? Fermions What are the fundamental, force-carrying bosons called? Gauge Boson Which element's name means "inactive" or "inert"? Argon What is the translation of the constellation 'lyra? Harp Bar the Sun, which is the nearest star to Earth? Proxima Centauri Which is the next brightest star in the sky after the Sun? Sirius Which French king, who reigned for just one year, was betrothed to Mary Queen of Scots? Francois II Who was the wife of Henri II of France? Catherine de Medici Which playwright wrote "Tartuffe", "L'Ecole Des Femmes", and "Le Misanthrope"? Moliere What was the name of the salon hostess (1634-92) who was also an author, writing "Le Grand Cyrus" and "Clelie"? Madame De Lafayette Who (8 July 1621 – 13 April 1695) was the most famous French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century? Jean de la Fontaine Which opera composer was born in Florence in 1632, and died at the peak of his powers in Paris in 1687? Jean-Baptiste Lully Who was the stage designer (1631-1713) responsible for the 'Enchanted Isle' at Versailles? Carlo Vigarani As of 2015, who enjoyed the longest unbroken reign of any European monarch? Louis XIV (72 years) What relation was Louis XV to Louis XIV of France? Great-grandson Who acted as regent to Louis XV of France? Philippe d'Orleans Which opera by Gheorghe Enescu, usually considered his masterpiece, received its world premiere in Paris on 13 March 1936, and features a musical saw? Oedipe Which city's German name is Kronstadt? Brasov What is the highest peak in Romania (2544m)? Moldoveanu Which Romanian town, home to 'Dracula's Castle' is also known as Torzburg? Bran Which King of Romania succeeded Carol I in 1914? Ferdinand What is Romania's biggest ski resort? Poiana Brasov Which church in Brasov, is the largest Gothic church between Vienna and Istanbul? Black Church What is the Romanian/Transylvanian name for a vampire, or the undead? Strigoi Who had a 1994 hit with the song "As If We Never Said Goodbye" from Sunset Boulevard? Barbara Streisand In which year were dog licences abolished? 1988 What is produced by a female donkey and a male horse? Hinny What is the largest rodent native to Europe? Coypu Who was the Greek Muse of song and oratory? Polyhymnia In Greek myth, which place was the heroes' paradise? Elysian Fields Who killed Procrustes in Greek myth? Theseus Who is the heroine of Wagner's opera 'Lohengrin'? Elsa Which chemical element's name means 'unstable' in Greek? Astatine What is immediately below 'diamond', on the Mohs scale, signifying number 9? Corundum What is a yaffle, specifically? Green woodpecker What is the spin value of the Higgs boson? Zero What type of particle, defined as an elementary, half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) particle that does not undergo strong interactions, is an electron? Lepton What does QANTAS stand for? Queensland and Northern Territory Air Service Which has been the world's busiest airport, by passenger numbers, from 1998 to 2015? Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, Atlanta (accept Atlanta) Which airport reclaimed the 'most take-offs and landings annually' title in 2014? O'Hare, Chicago As of winter 2012/2013, which airport served 264 destinations in 113 countries, making it the airport with the most international destinations in the world; it is normally the third busiest in Europe? Frankfurt Who (September 22, 1904 – August 22, 1965) was the first female flight attendant? Ellen Church What type of fruit are "Russet" and "Laxton's Superb"? Apples What is the SI unit of magnetic flux? Weber Which three chemical elements are present in Britannia Metal? Tin, Antimony, Copper What does EPBM, sometimes seen on cutlery, stand for? Electro-plated Britannia Metal What food stuff are "Duncan" and "Marsh" varieties of? Grapefruit What are the three species of swan native to the UK? Whooper, Bewick's, Mute What name is given to fuel used in UK agricultural vehicles that has a significantly reduced tax levy compared to un-dyed fuel used in ordinary road vehicles? Red diesel Which radiation has wavelengths that lie between visible radiation and X-rays? Ultraviolet What is the name of the space-time point at which matter is compressed to an infinite density? Singularity What is the angular momentum quantum number of an electron in the S-orbital? Zero In molecular science, for what does MFP stand? Mean Free Path Lucy Ashton and Edgar are the doomed lovers in which opera? Lucia di Lammermoor What is the real name of 'Madame Butterfly' in the Puccini opera? Cio Cio San In Puccini's "Madame Butterfly", which American does the titular character fall in love with? Lt Pinkerton Which musical show features the songs "Nice Work If You Can Get It" and "I Got Rhythm"? An American In Paris In myth, who opened Pandora's box? Epimetheus Which musical work, by Erik Satie, features a piece that is to be repeated 840 times? Vexations Which work by Stravinsky has gone into history as 'causing a riot' at its premiere, though as usual, the truth is a little more complex? The Rite of Spring What is the proper name for Bach's "Air On A G string"? Air From Suite No 3 In myth, who were the parents of Dionysus? Zeus and Selene What was the name of the island upon which Sean Connery's James Bond confronts "Dr No"? Crab Key Which building overtook the Eiffel Tower as the world's highest? Chrysler Building Which port is the largest cargo handler in the UK? Felixstowe In which English county is the onshore oil field of Palmers Wood? Surrey In which county is Felixstowe? Suffolk Which stadium is used by QPR? Loftus Road Who won their first Davis Cup in 2014? Switzerland Since 2006, where have Doncaster Rovers played? Keepmoat Stadium Which Wakefield RLFC player died of a heart attack at the gym in 2008, aged just 31? Adam Watene What is the name given to the symbol of a snake devouring its own tail? Ouroboros What substance speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being chemically altered? Catalyst What is the chemical symbol for lead? Pb Which valued decorative substance is largely made of China Clay? Porcelain What is the name given to a compound with the same formula but different properties to another? Isomer Which bird nests by barricading itself in a hollow tree? Hornbill What type of bird is an 'Openbill', whose beak never fully closes? Stork What is the largest bird of prey in the UK? Golden Eagle Which bird, native to the UK, buries acorns for later retrieval? Jay What is an alternate, one-word name for lines of longitude? Meridians What, in degrees, are the upper and lower limits of latitude on Earth? 90 (N & S) What is an alternate, one-word name for lines of latitude? Parallels Into what further unit are degrees of angle subdivided? Arc minutes To the nearest thousand, what is the approximate circumference of the Earth in miles? 25000 Which term means "of the stars"? Sidereal What name is given to the temporal interval that it takes for an object to reappear at the same point in relation to two or more other objects, e.g. when the Moon relative to the Sun as observed from Earth returns to the same illumination phase? Synodic Period What is the alternative name for sengis? Elephant Shrews Anteaters, sloths and armadillos form which 'superorder'? Xenarthra Which IUCN conversation rating lies between 'endangered' and 'lower risk'? Vulnerable In the IUCN conservation ratings 'lower risk' is itself divided into which two categories? Near Threatened and Least Concern Which animal has the scientific name 'vulpes vulpes'? Red fox What are "Gillyflower", "Gladstone" and "White Transparent"? Apples What is 'relative atomic mass' also called? Atomic weight Keynes' "General Theory" was published in which year? 1936 Herbert Croly co-founded which influential paper? The New Republic Give a year in the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. 1901-09 Which party did Teddy Roosevelt run for in the 1912 US presidential election? Progressive Party Which 1942 man's eponymous 'report' helped paved the way for the modern British welfare state? Beveridge The 1944 Education Act raised the school leaving age to what in the UK? 15 In which year was the UK NHS Act? 1948 What was the ECSC, a forerunner of the EU? European Coal and Steel Community What relation was Liszt to Wagner? Father-in-law Which religious group are baptised into the 'Khalsa'? Sikhs What was Leo Sayer's only UK number 1 single? When I Need You Mussorgsky's "Picture At An Exhibition" was written for which musical instrument? Piano Who orchestrated Mussorgsky's "Picture At An Exhibition"? Ravel Who was the high priest of Judea at the time of Christ's crucifixion? Caiaphas What is Pennsylvania's state capital? Harrisburg What is the highest square number in the Fibonacci sequence? 144 Who wrote "Prologomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Present Itself as a Science"? Immanuel Kant Which Depeche Mode song was inspired by Priscilla Presley's memoir "Elvis and Me"? Personal Jesus What are the forenames of the historian AN Wilson? Andrew Norman Who wrote the famous 1859 work "Self-Help"? Samuel Smiles Which writer of adventure novels was brought up by a Billingsgate Fish Market porter? R Horatio Edgar Wallace Who wrote the Maigret novels? Georges Simenon Which Shakespeare play features the line "we few, we happy few, we band of brothers"? Henry V The seafarer Jack Aubrey was created by which writer? Patrick O'Brian Which was the first Conan Doyle story to feature Sherlock Holmes? A Study In Scarlet Which artist joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later left due to contracting typhoid? Claude Monet Who, in 1999, became the first Children's Laureate? Quentin Blake What does the Latin phrase "ora pro nobis" mean? Pray For Us Which poet and novelist wrote the "Barrack Room Ballads"? Rudyard Kipling Who was the Poet Laureate from 1790 to 1813? Henry James Pye Complete the saying: "Curses, like chickens...."? Come home to roost Complete the saying: "Desperate diseases..."? Must have desperate remedies Which NFL team won the 2014 Superbowl but then lost the 2015 game? Seahawks As of 2015, which two NFL teams have exactly won 5 Superbowls, joint second to the Steelers with six? Cowboys, 49ers Which lake forms a large part of the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia? Kariba The Victoria Falls lie on which river? Zambezi Averaging 13cm tall, what is the smallest dog breed? Chihuahua In DIY, what is 'MDF' short for? Medium density fibreboard A tenon is a type of what tool? Hammer Where are espadrilles worn? The feet (they are shoes) John Laing and Taylor Woodrow (until the latter merged with another company) were both famous companies in which field? Construction - Taylor Woodrow merged with Wimpey On the coin used until 2008, what does Britannia hold on a 50p piece? Trident and an olive branch Who wrote 1936 work "Mathematical Theory of Computing"? Alan Turing What is a fear of heights called? Acrophobia "We go about our daily lives understanding almost nothing of the world" is the opening sentence in which book, said to be one of the least-read of all bestsellers? A Brief History of Time Which surrealist and Dadist posed the question "who am I" in the opening sentence of his 1928 novel Nadja? Andre Breton What colour links the common names of the canons of the Premonstratensian order, founded by St Norbert, and the Carmelites? White Who wrote "The Red Shoes"? Hans Christian Andersen "The Lollipop Shoes" is the sequel to which novel? Chocolat by Joanne Harris "Blue Shoes and Happiness" is the seventh in a series of novels by which author? Alexander McCall Smith Who did Fanny Caplan attempt to assassinate in 1918? Lenin Created on December 20, 1917, which Russian security service was a forerunner of the KGB? Cheka So shrouded in legend that even his birth and death dates are unknown (c. 1870 – c. 1880 – c. 1925), which British agent was known as the 'Ace of Spies'? Sidney Reilly Who was Oscar nominated for his performance as Solomon Northup in "12 Years A Slave"? Chiwetel Ejiofor Who directed "Chariots of Fire"? Hugh Hudson Who played the titular role in Dennis Potter's TV play "The Singing Detective"? Michael Gambon Who was the first actor to play Albus Dumbledore in the Harry Potter films? Richard Harris Who directed the film "8½"? Fellini Ivan Owen provided the voice of which TV puppet until his retirement in 2000? Basil Brush Which actress played the devil in 2000 film "Bedazzled"? Elizabeth Hurley Who was the doctor who controversially tended to Michael Jackson, including supplying the propofol that killed him? Conrad Murray What was the name of the character John Cleese played in the bond films? R What was the name of the tortoise in "Bill and Ben: The Flowerpot Men"? Slowcoach Which actor wrote the autobiography "In and Out Of Character"? Basil Rathbone Which actor was the subject of biographies "The Fourth Musketeer" and "His Majesty The American"? Douglas Fairbanks Sr What does CBS stand for in the name of the US TV network? Columbia Broadcasting System Which 1929 movie was the first feature film with an all-black cast? Hallelujah Who played Dr No in the 1962 film - he died in October 2009? Joseph Wiseman Where is there a 240m World Trade Center with two towers and three wind turbines in between them? Bahrain Which famous man, an inventor, (1771-1833) was born in Camborne? Richard Trevithick Which castle, built by Henry VIII, between 1540 and 1542, is near Falmouth? Pendennis On which river is the Tarbela Dam in Pakistan? Indus What is the correct full name of Westminister Abbey? Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster Which US Army officer (1858-1928) supervised the construction of the Panama Canal? George Washington Goethals Which canal in France links the Atlantic to the Mediterranean? Canal Du Midi Who was the consort of Richard I of England? Berengaria of Navarre Which crusade was Richard I part of? Third In which deal did Richard I surrender feudal claims to Scotland for money? Quitclaim of Canterbury Which European king held Richard I to ransom? Leopold of Austria In which month and year did the UK go decimal? February 1971 (15th to be exact) The Danes were defeated, losing 14000 troops, at which battle of 1710, marking their last invasion of Sweden? Helsingborg In 1804, 'Black' George Petrovic led an uprising of which people against the Ottomans? Serbs Who defeated Mike Tyson in February 1990 and became Heavyweight Champion of The World, despite being 42-1 to win the fight? James "Buster" Douglas In 303, which Roman Emperor ordered a persecution of Christians, including apparently the martyrdom of St Sebastian, who was a member of his Praetorian Guard? Diocletian Who was murdered in Dumfries' Greyfriars Kirk on 10th February 1306 by Robert the Bruce, the culmination of a bitter feud for control of Scotland? John "Red" Comyn In the Iliad, who killed Hector? Achilles Who, in Homeric myth, was Hector's father? Priam Hebe was the Greek goddess of what? Youth Who was the Roman equivalent of Greek goddess Hebe? Juventus Which playwright wrote that Helen of Troy's face "launched a thousand ships"? Marlowe Dom Perignon belonged to which monastic order? Benedictine What is a cor anglais? Oboe Which religion were most of the USSR'S "refuseniks" who were denied permission to emigrate? Jews Masahiro Nakai, Takuya Kimura, Goro Inagaki, Tsuyoshi Kusanagi, and Shingo Katori are the members of which Japanese boy band? SMAP In myth, who was the father of Lohengrin? Parsifal Who composed string quartets called The Joke, The Bird, The Rider and the Emperor? Haydn Which Turkish dish features leaves wrapped around a filling? Dolmades In the Old Testament, to whom was Joseph sold for 20 pieces of silver? Ishmaelites Which musical instrument's name literally means "soft loud"? Pianoforte "Don't Bring Me Down" and "Evil Woman" were 1970s hits for who? ELO Which bird is associated with the Greek goddess Athena? Owl Who are the two lead characters in La Boheme? Mimi and Rodolfo In the opera, who kills Carmen? Don Jose In the opera, with which toreador does Carmen run away? Escamillo Who were the backing band of Herb Alpert? Tijuana Brass Who were the backing band of Captain Beefheart? Magic Band In which city is the Stedelijk Museum of Modern Art located? Amsterdam A French term , what name is given to a metalworking technique in which a malleable metal is ornamented or shaped by hammering from the reverse side to create a design in low relief? Repoussé or repoussage Which painting technique, used mostly in oil painting, sees layers of wet paint applied to previously administered layers of wet paint? Alla prima (sometimes 'wet on wet') From the Latin for 'gypsum' what is a white paint mixture consisting of a binder mixed with chalk, gypsum, pigment, or any combination of these? Gesso Which French term is used for a painting executed entirely in shades of grey or of another neutral greyish colour, particularly used in large decorative schemes in imitation of sculpture? Grisaille The Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences, was published in 1638, the final work of who? Galileo Galilei Who discovered both Saturn's ring and its moon Titan? Christiaan Huygens Which Polish astronomer (28 January 1611 – 28 January 1687) gained a reputation as "the founder of lunar topography" and described ten new constellations, seven of which are still recognized by astronomers? Johannes Hevelius Who is the hero of the Roman novel 'The Golden Ass'? Lucius Who wrote the Roman novel popularly known as 'The Golden Ass' - albeit its proper title is Metamorphoses? Apuleius Renowned for his wealth, who was the king of Lydia who, according to Herodotus, reigned for fourteen years: from 560 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 546 BC? Croesus Who, in Greek myth, was the son of Oecles and Hypermnestra, and husband of Eriphyle? He was the King of Argos along with Adrastus— the brother of his wife, Eriphyle— and Iphis? Amphiaraus Who, in ancient Roman religion, was the protector of grains, represented by a grain seed? Consus The Sphinx in Giza is thought to represent the Pharoah Chephren fused with which God? Horus The Biblical place On is better known by what name? Memphis, Egypt "Golden Twigs" is a work by which controversial figure? Aleister Crowley The ancient site of Ur, birthplace of Abraham, is in which modern-day country? Iraq Who wrote "The Magic Mountain", published in 1924? Thomas Mann Which author wrote 'The Sandman' series of graphic novels? Neil Gaiman The Rosetta Stone was written in which three languages? Demotic, Greek, Hieroglyphics Who wrote the graphic novel 'Promethea'? Alan Moore Irenaeus described who as 'the father of all heresies'? Simon Magus Which Japanese airport is located on an artificial island in the middle of Osaka Bay, 38 km (24 mi) southwest of Ōsaka Station? Kansai International Airport What is a name given by archaeologists to a distinctive type of stone knapping developed by precursors to modern humans during the Palaeolithic period, named after a place in France? Levallois Technique Give a year In the life of St Augustine. 354-430CE Who became President of Iran in 2013? Hassan Rohani What name is given to a device that "stores" static electricity between two electrodes on the inside and outside of a glass jar? Leyden jar Which disease of cattle was declared officially eradicated in 2011? Rinderpest Which jazz trombonist and bandleader, whose real first name was Edouard, was an important force in reviving interest in New Orleans jazz, making popular 1940s radio broadcasts—among them a number of slots on The Orson Welles Almanac program? Kid Ory Where was a meeting convened in January 1604, for discussion between King James I of England and representatives of the Church of England, including leading English Puritans? Hampton Court (Hampton Court Conference) If the books of the Hebrew Bible are removed from the Septaugint, what is left? Apocrypha Karlstadt am Main lies in which German lander? Bavaria How are the Biblical books James 1-2, Peter 1-3 and John collectively known? Catholic Epistles How are the Biblical books 1&2 Timothy and Titus collectively known? Pastoral Epistles The apocryphal book of 'Jubilees' is a retelling of which book in the Hebrew Bible? Genesis What is the second-largest city in Zimbabwe? Bulawayo Who wrote the infamous 1992 tract "The End of History & The Last Man'? Francis Fukuyama The 7/7 atrocity occurred in which year? 2005 HL Mencken was a famous name in which field? Journalism Originally developed by UK manufacturer Hawker Siddeley in the 1960s, what emerged as the only truly successful design of the many vertical/short takeoff aircraft attempted during that era? Harrier jump jet What is the name of the manufacturer of the Tornado, a family of twin-engine, variable-sweep wing combat aircraft? Panavia There are four ways of measuring time: solar, dynamical, international sidereal, and which other? Atomic What is the collective name for moles? A labour What was invented by Robert Whitehead in 1866? Self-propelled torpedo What is an 'Acme Thunderer'? A whistle What is the Swahili word for 'master'? Bwana Which shops, by tradition, feature the Medici coat of arms? Pawnbrokers What is made by a cordwainer? Shoes Whose portrait appears on a US $5 bill? Abraham Lincoln Which is the nearest galaxy to our own Milky Way? Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Which precious stone can be said to be 'of the first water'? Diamond (a way of assessing their translucence) The now-extinct solitaire was what type of creature? A bird What was the first message sent by Morse telegraph? What hath God wrought In which part of the world did the hamster originate? Middle East A Russian sled or carriage drawn by three horses harnessed side-by-side Which chemical element comes first alphabetically? Actinium Which man created the periodic Table? Mendeleyev What are the five halogen elements? Iodine, Chlorine, Fluorine, Astatine, Bromine How many feet are there in a yard? Three Which chemical element takes its name from a word meaning 'heavy'? Barium Which chemical element takes its name from the German for 'goblin'? Cobalt What is the proper anatomical name for the Achilles tendon? Calcaneal tendon Amino acids are linked together by what type of bond? Peptide What does 'hydrogen' mean in the original Greek? Water-producing Which metal has the highest boiling point of all? Tungsten Who discovered the chemical element hydrogen? Henry Cavendish Which bird takes its name from the Spanish for 'fool'? Booby Which acronym has been used for 2 police computer systems, one introduced in 1985 and its successor in 2000? HOLMES Who discovered helium in 1895? William Ramsay What paper size is 210x297mm? A4 Smithson Tennant discovered which element and metal, in 1803? Osmium What is the UK's largest native carnivore? Grey seal Who plays the main villain, opposite Wesley Snipes, in 1998 film "Blade"? Stephen Dorff Which comedian's "Good News" show started on BBC3 in 2009? Russell Howard In which country is the Ridley Scott film "Black Rain" set? Japan In which film does Liam Neeson search Paris for his kidnapped daughter? Taken Which character was played by Peter Capaldi in "The Thick Of It"? Malcolm Tucker Who directed "The Truman Show"? Peter Weir Who played the character Kay Adams in all three Godfather films? Diane Keaton Who played Robin Hood in 1981 film "Time Bandits"? John Cleese In The Waltons, what was Grandpa Walton's first name? Zeb In which year did badminton become an Olympic sport? 1992 What size is a badminton singles court? 44 x 17 feet Who became only the fourth nation, after Indonesia, Malaysia and China, to win the Thomas Cup with victory in 2014? Japan The winner of a men's badminton game is the first player to reach how many points? 15 The winner of a women's badminton game is the first player to reach how many points? 11 How many feathers must protrude from the base of a badminton shuttlecock? Sixteen Which European nation have been Thomas Cup runners-up eight times, as of 2015, but never won it? Denmark Who won the Tour de France in 2007 and 2009, but was stripped of his 2010 title for doping? Alberto Contador How many counters are on the board at the start of a game of backgammon? Thirty Which Lancashire batsman hit Malcolm Nash for 34 in a single over in 1977? Frank Hayes Highgrove House has been the residence of which Royal since 1980? Prince Charles What is the Gloucestershire residence of Princess Anne? Gatcombe Park How was the Hoover Dam formerly known, before being re-named for the ex-US President? Boulder Dam What is the more correct title for the building that contains the Houses of Parliament? The Palace of Westminister The Itaipu Dam lies on which river? Parana Which writer created the word 'yahoo'? Jonathan Swift David LaChapelle is a famous name in which field, he has been called the 'Fellini of' this field? Photography Which newspaper is nicknamed The Gray Lady? The New York Times Poet Pablo Neruda hailed from which country? Chile First published in 1867, what was Emile Zola's breakthrough novel? Therese Raquin Wordsworth wrote five poems between 1798 and 1801 dedicated to which girl - the poems are now collectively known by her name? Lucy Meaning 'splinter' which word refers to an artist's studio? Atelier Which author, born in Rhodesia in 1933, wrote novels that featured the Courtney and Ballantyne families? Wilbur Smith Which playwright married Antonia Fraser in 1980? Harold Pinter Who wrote "The Good Earth", that won the 1932 Pulitzer Prize? Pearl S. Buck Who presented the Hope Diamond to Louis XIV? Tavernier In which year was the first cash machine opened, in Enfield? 1967 Who kidnapped James I when he was 15 years old, a crime for which he was later beheaded for high treason? William Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie James I's book "Basilikon Doron" was an extended defence of which principle? The Monarch's divine right Which monarch of England faced the Monmouth Rebellion? James II In which year did citizens of Washington DC attain full voting rights? 1961 Which British government special advisor and press officer resigned after an infamous "bury bad news" comment following 9/11? Jo Moore Which member of the British Royal Family held a 21st birthday party in 2002 in Windsor dungeons? Zara Philipps What was the cause of death, a probable suicide, of Alan Turing? Cyanide poisoning In Greek myth, who created the labyrinth on the island of Crete? Daedalus "I Feel Pretty" and "Maria" are songs from which musical? West Side Story Who were Buddy Holly's backing band? The Crickets Who were Tommy James's backing band? The Shondelles Give a year in the life of musical conductor Henry Wood. 1869-1944 Which Russian composer was a naval officer, composing while he sailed on a two-year-and-eight-month cruise aboard the clipper Almaz in late 1862? Rimsky-Korsakov Florestan & Leonara are characters in which opera? Fidelio "Cheek to Cheek" and "Isn't This A Lovely Day" are songs in which musical? Top Hat "Honeysuckle Rose" and "The Sheikh of Araby" are songs from which musical? Tin Pan Alley Biologically, what determines whether an individual of a species is female or male? Individuals with the larger sex cells (gametes) are female The Epistles of Wisdom is the foundational text of which faith? Druze What was the last silent film made by Charlie Chaplin? Modern Times Who did John Wayne play in "Stagecoach"? The Ringo Kid Who played Heathcliff in the 1938 film version of "Wuthering Heights"? Laurence Olivier Who did the choreography for 1933 film "Footlight Parade", as well as creating the musical numbers? Busby Berkeley Who played Grusinskaya, a dancer, in the 1931 film "Grand Hotel"? Greta Grabo In which movie did "Garbo talk" for the first time? Anna Christie Which real-life gangster was the movie "Scarface" based on? Al Capone What profession was held by Mr Chipperfield in the classic movie "Goodbye Mr Chips"? Teacher/schoolmaster Which character is the lead heroine in "Gone With The Wind" - she was played by Vivienne Leigh in the 1938 film? Scarlett O'Hara Edward Fox portrayed Edward VIII in the 1978 TV series 'Edward and Mrs Simpson', and the assassin in which 1973 film? The Day Of The Jackal Louis Nicolas Vauquelin discovered beryllium, and which other chemical element? Chromium From Latin for 'do the whole thing' what name is given to an employee who has multiple tasks? Factotum Severino Antinori is an Italian doctor known for his controversial views in which field? IVF and/or human cloning (accept fertility) Which dog breed, originally used in fox-hunting was named after a 19th century clergyman, born 1795? Jack Russell Terrier Red, Sugar and Japanese are all types of what tree? Maple Hilbert's eighth problem, which unsolved hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers? Riemann Hypothesis Which free language-learning platform was founded by professor Luis von Ahn and his graduate student Severin Hacker? Duolingo In science and philosophy, and from the Greek for 'pattern', what is defined as 'is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field'? Paradigm In office since 2006, which President of Liberia became the first elected head of state in Africa? Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Serving as President from 2006 to 2010 (and then, again, from 2014) who was Chile's first female President? Michelle Bachelet Mentioned throughout the Hebrew Bible and once in the New Testament, what name is given to winged angelic beings who are considered to attend on the Abrahamic God in biblical tradition? Cherubim Held from 1414 to 1418 which Roman Catholic ecumenical council ended the Western schism? Council of Constance/Konstanz Give a year in the life of chemist Robert Boyle. 1627-91 Which German Scholastic philosopher, theologian and mathematician (1325 – 11 February 1397) wrote 7 works on astronomy, 18 treatises on the Western schism, seventeen polemics, 50 ascetical treatises, and 12 epistles, sermons and pamphlets? Henry of Langenstein Which capital city's airport is located at Katunayake? Colombo What is the largest working waterwheel in the world? Laxey Wheel, isle of Man The Shwedagon Pagoda dominates the skyline of which city? Yangon/Rangoon What is the longest undersea tunnel in the world, although the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France has a longer undersea portion? Seikan Tunnel, Japan Who was the father of the Biblical Abraham? Teran The early Egyptian God Khnum is usually depicted with the head of which animal? Ram Where did a genocidal massacre against the Kurdish people take place on March 16, 1988 that killed between 3,200 and 5,000 people and injured 7,000 to 10,000 more using chemical weapons? Halabja The Fox Moth was a successful small biplane passenger aircraft from the 1930s, manufactured by who? de Havilland Which division of non-vascular bryophyte land plants are also referred to as hepatics, and are similar to mosses? Liverworts On what date did Roald Amundsen become the first man to reach the South Pole? 14th December 1911 One of the safest harbours in Antarctica, in which archipelago is Deception Island? South Shetlands Regarded as the "father of geodesy" which scholar of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also wrote a History of India after a 1017 trip there? Al-Biruni The FARC is a guerrilla movement that primarally operated/operates in which country? Colombia What is the highest peak in the Brecon Beacons? Pen-Y-Fan What name is shared by both a town in Cornwall, and the second city of Tasmania? Launceston Which is the second largest city in New Zealand? Christchurch On which island was the Celtic 'Hendy Head' found? Anglesey Deadwood, where Wild Bill Hickock was killed, is in which US state? South Dakota Which is the only French department beginning with an F? Finistère Which motorway links the M4 to Bristol city centre? M32 Which UNESCO World Heritage Site near Chongqing, features a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings, dating back as far as the 7th century AD? Dazu Rock Carvings Who designed the wide boulevards of Paris in the 1850s and 1860s? Haussmann Where are the HQ of the African Union, seat of the African Union Commission? Addis Ababa What does the word 'cenotaph' translate as? Empty tomb Where are the headquarters of OPEC? Vienna Which two islands are separated by the Cook Strait? New Zealand's North and South Islands Apapa Quays are part of the port of which African city? Lagos What was the name of Hong Kong's old airport, in use until the 1990s? Kai Tak In which national park is the lowest elevation in North America? Death Valley In which country is the lowest elevation in South America? Argentina Jamaica, Surrey and Yorkshire all share a town or city with what name? Kingston Sir Edward Burnett Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan were pioneering figures in which field? Anthropology What is the systematic study of people and cultures, designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study? Ethnography What is by far the most frequently used ethnic term in the Bible, commonly described as a people who had been annihilated by the Israelites? Canaanites What was the official religion of Persia and its distant subdivisions from 600 BCE to 650 CE? Zoroastrianism What language spoken by Zoroaster, used for composing the Yasna Haptanghaiti and the Gathas? Avestan Who is the one universal, transcendent, supreme god in Zoroastrianism? Ahura Mazda The Hardknott Pass lies at the east end of which Lake District valley? Eskdale Give a year in the life of Petrarch. 1304-74 For what does 'DNB' stand? Dictionary of National Biography Who wrote 'Exodus', a 1958 historical novel about the founding of Israel? Leon Uris In poetry which month "comes in like a lion, and goes out like a lamb"? March In Pinter's "The Caretaker" what is the name of the tramp offered the titular role? Davies In which play does the character Gwendoline Fairfax appear? The Importance Of Being Earnest What is "i.e." actually short for? It est Bagot, Bushy and Green are characters in which Shakespeare play? Richard II Which architect designed Banqueting House at Whitehall and the portico of St Paul's that was destroyed in the Great Fire? Inigo Jones Who wrote the play "The Entertainer"? Osborne Which Shakespeare play features the line "neither a borrower nor a lender be"? Hamlet Thomas Wakley founded which journal? The Lancet Give a year in the life of William Wordsworth. 1770-1850 In which city was the Chartist newspaper "The Northern Star" founded? Leeds Who painted "Slavers Throwing Overboard The Dead & Dying: Typhoon Coming Up"? Turner Disraeli's trilogy of novels are "Coningsby", "Sybil" and which other? Tangred Who wrote "Pippa Passes"? Browning Which Australian Rugby League player played for Wigan in 1984-5, won 4 premierships with Parramatta and was voted the world's best player in 1986? Brett Kenny Which British sailor broke the world record for the fastest solo circumnavigation of the globe twice, in 2005 and 2008? Ellen MacArthur Who did Jacques Rogge succeed as IOC President? Juan Antonio Samaranch In which US State is Valhalla Golf Course? Kentucky Who coached the 2009 British and Irish Lions team to South Africa? Ian MacGeechan Who designed Valhalla Golf Course? Jack Nicklaus Who coached 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia? Warren Gatland What are tatami, hitori, fillomino and futoshiki? Japanese number puzzles In which year did Fabio Capello score a Wembley winner for Italy against England? 1973 As of 2015, what is the most populous country in the world never to have won an Olympic medal? Bangladesh Maurice Flitcroft achieved brief notoriety in which sport in 1976? Golf (he hoaxed as a professional golfer, and hit a score of 121 in the qualifying competition for the 1976 Open Championship) In which two months of the year can the 2000 Guineas be held? April/May How old are horses that run in the 2000 Guineas, St Leger and Derby? Three Which WW2 commander died on 23rd March 1944 in a plane crash near Bishnupur, Manipur State, India? Orde Wingate Which battle took place in Europe on 13th March 1704? Blenheim Rudolphs and Randolphs are types of what in trampolining? Front Somersaults The pet of George V, Charlotte, was what type of creature? Parrot Which international force fought for the left-wing Republicans in the Spanish Civil War? International Brigades In the Spanish Civil War, what was the name of the Nationalists' German-sponsored air division? Condor Legion Where was the 2016 Superbowl, between the Carolina Panthers and Denver Broncos, held? Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara In 1920 Berbers in which mainly mountainous region of northern Morocco revolted against Spain? Rif Which philosopher interoduced the 'felicific calculus' algorithm, for calculating the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to cause? Bentham In medieval times, what were 'Winchester Geese'? Prostitutes What is the meaning of the name Honolulu in the local language? Sheltered bay What is the maximum number of people allowed into a pod on the London Eye? 25 The World's Columbian Exposition was held in 1893 in which city? Chicago Which architect took a leading role in creating master plans for a number of cities, including Chicago, Manila and Washington, D.C, and also designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building in NYC and Union Station in Washington? Daniel Burnham 'Broadacre City' was a hypothetical planned city designed by who? Frank Lloyd Wright Which Israeli-American psychologist, the author of "Thinking Fast And Slow" is one of the few non-economists to win a Nobel Prize in Economics? Daniel Kahneman Who (29 January 1850 – 1 May 1928) was the English founder of the garden city movement? Ebenezer Howard In which year did the original Disneyland theme park in Anaheim open? 1955 What is a spigot? A (usually outdoor) tap (faucet) Which archipelago lies in the northwest corner of the contiguous United States between the U.S. mainland and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada? San Juan Islands In the contest to name Athens, in myth, which god or goddess lost out to Athena? Poseidon In myth, Athena won the contest to have Athens named after her because her gift to the city was deemed more useful than her competitor's - what was that gift? An olive tree Which order of column was used in the Parthenon? Doric Which element in classical and neoclassical architecture consists of a gable, originally of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the entablature, typically supported by columns? Pediment In classical architecture, what name is given to a rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze? Metope The Beulé Gate lies at the entrance to which tourist attraction? Acropolis Which man (1880-1930) popularised continental drift theory? Alfred Wegener What was the name of the character played by Dustin Hoffman in 'The Graduate'? Benjamin Braddock For which two films did Dustin Hoffman win a best actor Oscar? Rain Man, Kramer v Kramer Which opera do the sisters Fiordoligi and Dorabella appear in? Cosi Fan Tutte Which German abbess (1098 – 17 September 1179), wrote innovative 12th Century plainsong and is considered to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany? Hildegard of Bingen Who were the backing group of Joan Jett? The Blackhearts Who were the backing group of Country Joe? Fish Which conductor used the pseudonym Paul Klenovsky? Henry Wood Which composer married Constance Weber? Mozart Which composer was nicknamed "The Red Priest"? Vivaldi Which three British composers died in 1936? Elgar, Holst, Delius In which city was JS Bach Cantor of St Thomas? Leipzig Which composer of 'An Irish Symphony' was the conductor of the Halle Orchestra from 1920-33? Hamilton Harty Which character, in Greek myth, was turned into a laurel tree? Daphne Which fellow composer down the music of Frederick Delius when the composer was blind and paralysed? Eric Fenby Which mythical Greek herald had a famously loud voice, so much so that his name lives on as an English adjective? Stentor In Germanic myth, who said that she would only marry a man that was stronger than she was? Brunnhilde In Greek myth, who slew Medusa? Perseus What is a vertical bar dividing a window called? Mullion Which 1843 ship was the first to be propelled by the turn of a screw? Great Britain Howard Hughes bought 25% of which airline in 1938? TWA What does OECD stand for? Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Which class of birds are flightless ones? Ratites What is the SI unit of electrical capacitance? Farad What is the SI unit of electrical charge? Coulomb How many inches are in a cubit? 18 Which city is served by Boryspil Airport? Kiev What is the highest mountain in Ukraine? Mt Hoverla In which month and year was the Chernobyl Accident? (26th) April 1986 Kiev stands on which river? Dnipro In which year was the month-long Sino-Indian War over a disputed Himalayan border? 1962 Which battle of 15 June 1389 cemented Ottoman rule over Serbia? Battle of Kosovo (or Kosovo Polje) The flag of Kosovo features a map of the country surmounted by how many white stars? Six The third-largest city in Afghanistan, what is the capital of Balkh province? Mazar-i-Sharif How many time zones are there in Russia? Eleven Charles XII of which country led a failed attack on Russia in 1708? Sweden All 4 members of which band were killed in a car crash outside Stockholm in February 2016? Viola Beach Which former Eastern Bloc nation joined NATO in 2009? Albania Ivan The Terrible was Tsar in which century? Sixteenth (1547-84) Which Tsar founded the Russian Empire in 1721? Peter the Great As of Feb 2016, who were the 5 members of the Eurasian Economic Union? Armenia, Belarus, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia What was the fourth, chronologically, of Hercules' labours? Capturing the Erymanthian Boar What was the fifth, chronologically, of Hercules' labours? Cleaning the Augean Stables What was the sixth, chronologically, of Hercules' labours? Killing the Stymphanalean Birds Which 17th century musician died from gangrene, having accidentally struck his foot with his long conducting staff during a performance of his Te Deum? Jean-Baptiste Lully Which Spanish composer was killed when the SS Sussex was torpedoed in 1916? Enrique Granados Written in 1607 for a court performance during the annual Carnival at Mantua, what is the earliest surviving opera that is still regularly performed today. Moneverdi's "L'Orfeo" (Peri's "Dafne" is older but not regularly performed) Who wrote opera "The Silken Ladder"? Rossini Who was the composer of operas "Don Pasquale" and "Lucia Di Lammermoor"? Donizetti First produced at La Scala in Milan on 26 December 1831, which is Bellini's most oft-performed opera? Norma Give a year In the life of composer Vincenzo Bellini. 1801-35 Who composed the short opera "I Pagliacci"? Leoncavello Who were the backing band of John Mayall? The Bluesbreakers Who were the backing band of Gary Numan? The Tubeway Army Who were the backing band of Gary Puckett? Union Gap Brian Poole was the lead singer of which band? The Tremoloes Which British conductor of Polish and Irish descent, born 1882, spurned a baton when performing? Leopold Stokowski Who, in myth, was the Greek Muse of Epic Poetry? Calliope How many symphonies were written, in total, by Leonard Bernstein? Three In which city did Rudolf Nureyev defect in 1961? Paris Which musical features the song "Another Suitcase In Another Hall"? Evita A false attributation, that persisted for many years, had a Charles Moncke as the alleged inventor of what? Monkey Wrench (in fact he never existed) Luke Howard (1772-1864) developed the nomenclature for what, still used today? Clouds What can be classified into 'hesperiodea' and 'papilonoidea'? Butterflies Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus all belong to which "infraorder" of dinosaurs? Sauropods Which breed of dog is understood to have the best sense of smell? Bloodhound Which was the first iPod to be sold without a scroll wheel? iShuffle Dental amalgam is traditionally around 50% comprised of which metal? Mercury What were first successfully marketed in around 1904 by shop merchant Thomas Sullivan from New York? Tea bags Waldo Hanchett patented which aid to dentistry in 1848? Dentist's chair Which structure connects the larynx to the lungs? Trachea Which company was founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land? Polaroid The first commercially available iPod had how many GB of memory available for use? 5GB Bill Moggridge's GRiD Compass 1101 is generally regarded as the first ever example of what? Laptop What symbol shares a key with '4' on a computer keyboard? $ What is the name given to a cross between a male false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) and a female common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)? Wolphin Which bird has the scientific name "struthio camelus", meaning "sparrow camel"? Ostrich What communication method was first successfully used in the USA in March 1955? Fax Who led the Visigoths that sacked Rome in 410CE? Alaric What also goes by the name Sagarmatha, in the language of its native country? Mt Everest (in Nepal) Which Pre-Socratic was nicknamed 'the weeping philosopher'? Heraclitus The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lasted from which year until 1795? 1569 The Church of England parish church of Saint Giles in which village near Slough claims to have been the setting for Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"? Stoke Poges Who was Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 until August 431, when the emperor Theodosius II confirmed his condemnation by the Council of Ephesus on 22 June, for teaching the disunity between Christ's human and divine natures? Nestorius Which battle took place in AD 451 between a coalition led by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I, against the Huns and their allies commanded by their leader Attila? Chalons (or Catalaunian Plains) What was a cithara? Ancient Greek lyre-like instrument Which 6th century historian's most notable work was his Decem Libri Historiarum or Ten Books of Histories, better known as the Historia Francorum ("History of the Franks"), a title given to it by later chroniclers? Gregory of Tours Who was the last of the western Roman Emperors? Romulus Augustulus Which city had the Roman name Burdigala? Bordeaux At which battle of 507 did Clovis of the Franks defeat the Visigoths under Alaric, thus taking the territory of Tolosa and setting the stage for the unification of France? Battle of Vouillé What is the largest town on the Isle of Bute? Rothesay Which hills, with a high point at Duncolm, stretch from Dumbarton to Strathblane? Kilpatrick Hills Which UK TV series was set in the fictional village of Portwenn? Doc Martin Which BBC journalist won the 2005 Paul Foot award and attracted controversy for a row during the filming of "Scientology and Me", a 2007 Panorama investigation into Scientology? John Sweeney For which film did Jon Voight win a Best Actor Oscar? Coming Home For which film did Richard Dreyfuss win a Best Actor Oscar? The Goodbye Girl Who won a Best Actor Oscar for the film "A Double Life" in 1948? Ronald Colman In which century is the original 'Star Trek' series set? 23rd Which famous author and playwright was born and buried in Kirriemuir, Scotland, which he called "Thrums" in some of his early novels? JM Barrie Who lived at Hughenden Manor, Bucks between 1848 and his death in 1881? Benjamin Disraeli What is the summer residence of the French President? Fontainebleau In which country is there a 24.51 km tunnel that became the world's longest road tunnel upon opening in 2000? Norway Who played Alex Cross in both 1997's "Kiss The Girls" and 2001's "Along Came A Spider"? Morgan Freeman The Brummie Kevin Turby was a comic creation of which actor? Rik Mayall MGM Cartoon character "Droopy" was what type of animal? Dog Who created the characters Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Droopy, and Screwy Squirrel? Tex Avery Who played Dr Watson to Basil Rathbone's Sherlock Holmes from 1939 to 1946? Nigel Bruce In Doctor Who, which assistant to the Doctor was played by both Mary Tamm and Lalla Ward? Romana What was the original title of "The Phil Silvers Show"? You'll Never Get Rich In which film of 1963, adapted from a novel, does Tom Courtenay play an undertaker's clerk? Billy Liar In the original "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)", who played Randall? Mike Pratt Who played both Carol in "The Rag Trade" and Grace Pulman in "New Tricks"? Sheila Hancock Who played the murderer Franz Becket in Fritz Lang's "M"? Peter Lorre In whih 1993 film does Tom Cruise work in a Memphis law firm with Mafia connections? The Firm Who was the first male non-pro dancer, and the first sportsperson, in 2005, to win "Strictly Come Dancing"? Darren Gough Who was born Julia Wells on 1 October 1935? Julie Andrews Which 2001 film starring Joseph Fiennes, Ed Harris and Jude Law is set during the Battle of Stalingrad? Enemy At The Gates In 1942 patriotic war film "In Which We Serve", who played Captain E.V. Kinross, captain of the HMS Torrin? Noel Coward The Propylaea, Arrephorion and Erechtheum are all structures that can be found together in which specific place? Acropolis of Athens The Al-Azhar Mosque is an influential mosque, established 972, in which city? Cairo Who is Big Ben named after? Benjamin Hall (civil engineer and politician) In which country is the Cahora Bassa Dam? Mozambique Christ the Redeemer of the Andes, a monument high in the Andes at 3,832 metres (12,572 ft) above mean sea level, lies on the border of which two countries? Chile and Argentina Built from 1555–61 on orders from Ivan the Terrible, to whom is the famous multi-domed cathedral on Red Square dedicated? St Basil (Vasily) The Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew, built between 1175 and 1490 is more commonly known by what name, that includes the name of its small cathedral city in Somerset? Wells Cathedral Opened for traffic on 17 September 1871, which is the oldest of the large rail tunnels through the Alps? Fréjus Rail Tunnel (also called Mont Cenis Tunnel) From which city was London's Cleopatra's Needle taken? Alexandria For what, in the UK, does CCHQ stand? Conservative Campaign Headquarters Hadrian's Wall ran between which two towns? Bowness and Wallsend In which country is the Kariba Dam? Zambia The Altamira caves lie 30km west of which Spanish city? Santander The prehistoric statue the 'Venus of Willendorf' was named after a village in which country? Austria Which company, founded 1851, is the major operator of passenger and vehicle ferries, and ferry services, between the mainland of Scotland and 22 of the major islands on Scotland's west coast? Caledonian MacBrayne (CalMac) Which Yorkshire race course was known for staging only National Hunt racing but staged its first Flat racing fixture in April 2015? Wetherby Which are the two major suits in Bridge? Hearts, Spades Who was the World Snooker Champion in 1970, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1978? Ray Reardon Irving Saladino was a 2008 Olympic Gold medallist in which event? Long jump In which county is Kempton Park Racecourse? Surrey In which year were the Snooker World Championships first held at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield? 1977 Who won the 2015 World Snooker Championships at the Crucible aged 38, the first trophy in his 20-year career? Stuart Bingham Irving Saladino, in 2008, became which country's first and - as of 2015 - only Olympic gold medallist? Panama Give a year in the life of Jan Van Eyck? 1394-1441 The word 'quark' originated in which novel? Finnegan's Wake 1945 Nobel Literature prize winner Gabriela Mistral was from which country? Chile Give a year in the life of Daniel Defoe 1660-1731 For which novel did Ian McEwan first win the Booker Prize? Amsterdam Who wrote "Memoirs Of An Infantry Officer" in 1930? Sassoon Who wrote "The American Way Of Death"? Jessica Mitford Which Shakespeare play features the phrase "the world is mine oyster"? The Merry Wives of Windsor Which plant 's leaves appear on a Corinthian column? Acanthus On waking, which author regularly said "good, another day's pipe smoking"? JRR Tolkien Who was the oldest of the Mitford sisters? Nancy Mitford (b. 1904) The most recent to die, in 2014, who was the youngest Mitford sister? Deborah Mitford Which author won the 2005 Booker prize with his novel "The Sea"? John Banville What is the forename of Charles Saatchi's brother, with whom he co-founded Saatchi & Saatchi? Maurice Who wrote the novel "Enigma of Arrival"? VS Naipaul The novel "World's End" which featured the Van Brunt family, set over 300 years in New York, was written by who? TC Boyle What is the name given to a right to silence warning given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial interrogation)? Miranda Warning Whose work was "Grace Abounding To The Chief Of Sinners"? John Bunyan Who was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005? Gerhard Schroeder Who was the leading member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and 1960s, convicted of plotting the assassination of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and executed by hanging in 1966? Sayyid Qutb The anthropological hoax involving the supposedly-untouched Tarasay people occurred in which country? Philippines What name was given to statement issued on 25 January 1981 by Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams, confirming they were to leave the Labour Party and join the SDP? Limehouse Declaration The first commercially successful cultured pearls were grown in which country? Japan What is the currency of Bahrain? Bahraini Dinar The first species ever to have its status changed from "Extinct In The Wild" to "Vulnerable", after a successful reintroduction programme, what is the national animal of Bahrain? Arabian Oryx What is the name of the rosewater drink sprayed in place of champagne at F1 Grands Prix in Bahrain? Waard Later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology, who was the Sumerian God of Wisdom, Mischief and Water, named in the Epic of Gilgamesh? Enki Who was the first winner of a Bahrain Grand Prix, when the inaugural event took place in 2004? Michael Schumacher Principally a fertility goddess, and found in the Epic of Gilgamesh, who was a mother goddess of the mountains, and one of the seven great deities of Sumer? Ninhursag (accept Ninh) From 1521-1602 which country ruled over Bahrain? Portugal Revered by Muslims as an Islamic relic which, according to Muslim tradition, dates back to the time of Adam and Eve, what can be found at the Easternmost corner of the Qaaba? Black stone Which term, from the Latin for "containing a thousand", is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed? Millenarianism What is the national air carrier of Bahrain? Gulf Air The sooty, Amur, and Eleonara's, are all species of what? Falcon Now destroyed, which monument in the centre of a roundabout was the focus of the Bahraini uprisings in 2011? Pearl Monument Which Christological doctrine that emphasizes the disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus is named after the Patriarch of Constantinople from 428–431? Nestorianism In which decade did Bahrain become independent? 1970s (1971) The rhim gazelle favours which type of environment? Desert What is is the first month of the Islamic calendar? Muharram The Day of Ashura, the tenth day of the first month in the Islamic calendar, which marks the climax of the Remembrance of Muharram, marks - for Shia - Muslims, whose death? Husayn, the grandson of Mohammed Visited by approximately 50,000 tourists every year, in which country is there a mesquite tree called The Tree Of Life, in legend said to be the only remainder of the Garden of Eden? Bahrain What is the main international airport of Berlin? Tegel Airport Who wrote "The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry"? Rachel Joyce Deposed 1806, who was the last Holy Roman Emperor? Francis II Which Holy Roman Emperor, sharing a name and regnal number with a later great king, lived 1194-1250, and controlled a vast swathe of Europe? Frederick II Seen as an enormous turning point in history, a which 732 battle did Frankish and Burgundian forces under Austrasian Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel defeat an Islamic army keen to subjugate Europe? Battle of Tours The Sack of Rome on 6 May 1527 was a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of which Holy Roman Emperor? Charles V What was the name of the alliance of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, England, the Duchy of Milan and Republic of Florence that fought the Habsburgs from 1526-30? League of Cognac What popular name has been given to a failed coup attempt by the Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler — along with Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders — to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, during 8–9 November 1923? Beer Hall Putsch Who was the last Ottoman sultan, reigning until 1922? Mehmet VI How was the mobster born Salvatore Lucania better known? Lucky Luciano Known to its native speakers in Ireland as De Gammon, what is the language of Irish travellers, spoken particularly in Ireland, the USA and Great Britain? Shelta Which (c. 1572 – 25 August 1632) English Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer wrote The Shoemaker's Holiday (1599), his acknowledged masterpiece? Thomas Dekker Which English Jacobean playwright and poet (1580 – July 1627) wrote plays " A Chaste Maid in Cheapside", "A Game At Chess" and "The Revenger's Tragedy", and was apparently called on to help revise "Macbeth" and "Measure for Measure"? Thomas Middleton In 2015, Justin Bieber became the first solo male artist to simultaneously occupy positions 1,2 and 3 on the UK singles chart, as well as achieving Number 1 with each of the 3 songs involved; what were the three songs? What Do You Mean, Sorry, Love Yourself The first step in winemaking, what name is given to freshly pressed grape juice before it becomes alcoholic? Must Who wrote the satirical 1956 novel "Noblesse Oblige"? Nancy Mitford Which US detective fiction author, who worked extensively on the HBO series The Wire, created the characters Nick Stefanos and Spero Lucas? George Pelecanos Which Hungarian–French artist's 1930S work "Zebra" is considered by some to be one of the earliest examples of op art? Victor Vasarely The pedestrianized Strøget is a street and tourist attraction in which European city? Copenhagen Lucia Costa and Oscar Niemeyer were together responsible for the design of which city? Brasilia In which decade were university constituencies abolished in the UK? 1940s (1948) What title was possessed by George IV before he assumed the throne? Duke of York What title did Anthony Eden take on elevation to the peerage? Earl of Avon Which Prime Minister became the Earl of Stockton on elevation to the peerage? Harold MacMillan What name was given to the period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US and Canadian prairies during the 1930s? Dustbowl Which sea battle fought on 24 June 1340 was one of the opening conflicts of the Hundred Years' War between England and France? Battle of Sluys Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough was a close friend and the confidante of which British monarch? Queen Anne Which company introduced tea bags to the UK? Tetley What is the most popular non-alcoholic beverage in the world (excluding water)? Coffee What position was held by Anders Fogh Rasmussen from 2009 to 2014? NATO secretary-general In 2009, Kirsty Moore became the first female to be appointed to which post? Pilot for the Red Arrows In post 1952-57, who was the first NATO secretary-general? Hastings Ismay What nationality is Jens Stoltenberg, appointed Nato secretary-general in 2014? Norwegian Who were the two consorts of King John of England? Isabella of Angouleme; Isabella of Gloucester In popular legend, where did King John lose many of his crown jewels? The Wash What colour robes are worn by Fransciscan monks? Grey Which order of monks ran Fountains Abbey? Cistercians In myth, who was the father of the giant "Albion", brother of Bergion? Poseidon/Neptune Born in Uganda, who became the 97th Archbishop of York in 2005, and famously skydived for charity? John Sentamu What is the name given to the sticks used to stir cocktails? Swizzle sticks How is a blood pudding also known? Black pudding The song "Stranger In Paradise" is taken from which musical? Kismet In myth, who killed Agamemnon? Either his wife's lover Aegisthus, or his wife, Clytemnestra Who were the two children of Agamemnon who avenged their father's death, in Greek myth? Orestes and Electra In Greek myth, who was Oedipus' father? Laius In Greek myth, who was Oedipus' mother? Jocasta In Greek myth, who was the mother of Eros? Aphrodite Anu was the supreme god in the mythology of which ancient civilisation? Babylonian Give a year in the life of JS Bach. 1685-1750 What was the forename of JS Bach's first wife? Barbara Clifford Chance, Slaughter & May and Linklaters are all companies specialising in what? Law On which number is the duodecimal system based? 12 What is the profession of a cordwainer? Shoe-maker What is the profession of a loriner? Makers of metal parts for bridles, harnesses, spurs and other horse apparel What is a pricket? Which three word term refers to a temporary recovery in share prices after a fall? Dead cat bounce What term is given for interest added to the principal of a deposit or loan so that the added interest also earns interest from then on.? Compund interest What name is given to the end product of a mathematical division? Quotient In the AS level in schools, what does AS stand for? Advanced supplementary What appeared on the reverse of a five pence piece from 1971 to 2008? Thistle Who thought to be the first English person to work as a printer and the first to introduce a printing press into England? William Caxton What was designed by Claude (Claudius) Honoré Desiré Dornier? Aeroplanes Who, in the UK, are the DWI, based in Whitehall? Drinking Water Inspectorate Up to what value are 5p and 10p pieces technically legal tender? £5 Which is the lowest value British coin that is legal tender for an unlimited amount? £1 Eau de Nil is a pale shade of which colour? Green On which earlier plane were Nimrods modelled? DeHavilland Comet What is the name given to a vertical partition separating a ship's compartments? Bulkhead Erythema Pernio is another name for which condition? Chilblains In photography, what does DPI stand for when referring to a camera's resolution? Dots Per Inch What were the forenames of the five Marx brothers? Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Zeppo, Gummo Which class of nuclear submarine is slated to replace both the Swiftsure and Trafalgar class in the UK Navy? Astute Who wrote "The Four Million", his second collection of published stories, and coined the term "banana republic"? O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) Who created Mutt and Jeff, the first successful daily comic strip in the United States? Bud Fisher Which newspaper, that was published between 1865 and 1932, was known as "The Pink 'Un"? The Sporting Times "Guys and Dolls" was based on which newspaperman's two stories, "The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown" and "Blood Pressure"? Damon Runyon Controversially used in 1996 by the Oakland School Board, which portmanteau word is a symonym for African American Vernacular English? Ebonics Who originally coined the phrase "Dark Ages"? Petrarch Their name memorialised in a Welsh poem, which P-Celtic speaking Brittonic people of north-eastern Britannia's territory, in post-Roman times, included Dùn Éideann, later Edinburgh? Gododdin Which battle, fought around AD 600 between a force raised by Brittonic people from the "Old North" of Britain, and the Angles, ended in a catastrophic defeat for the former, and paved the way for the Angles to colonise much Brittonic territory? Battle of Catraeth (possibly Catterick) Which Roman word signified the area between Hadrian's and the Antonine Walls? Intervallum Which city was known to the Romans as Luguvalium? Carlisle Intimately associated with the king Urien, which kingdom of the Hen Ogledd ("Old North"), the Brittonic-speaking region of what is now Northern England and southern Scotland, included Cumbria and the Solway Firth? Rheged Which city was known to the Romans as Pons Aeilius? Newcastle What was tanistry? A Gaelic system for passing on titles and lands Which German-born painter who moved to Flanders lived 1430-1494, and painted "Scenes from the Passion of Christ" in the Galleria Sabauda of Turin and the "Advent and Triumph of Christ" in the Pinakothek of Munich? Hans Memling What is Britain's smallest historic county, often nicknamed "The Wee County"? Clackmannanshire Which major victory for the Anglo Saxons over the native Britons in the early 7th century saw Æthelfrith of Northumbria annihilated a combined force from the Welsh kingdoms of Powys, Rhôs (a cantref of the Kingdom of Gwynedd) and possibly Mercia? Battle of Chester What name is given to a stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin, becoming nativized by children as their first language, with the accompanying effect of a fully developed vocabulary and system of grammar? Creole The 1932 film "Horse Feathers" was a vehicle for who? Marx Brothers What did Robert Falconer Keith do on 31st May 1911? Launch the RMS Titanic What, as of 2016, is the deposit for standing as a candidate for the European parliament? £5000 How is Vitamin B3 also known? Niacin Who had a UK Number 1 album in 1992 with "Wish"? The Cure There are two main types of coffee bean sold worldwide, accounting for over 96% of production, which two? Arabica and Robusta The wind known as the 'Doctor' blows in which country? Australia Steinlager is produced in which country? New Zealand Otoplasty is the correction of deformities of which body part? Ears Whose motto is "Indocilis Privata Loqui (not apt to disclose secrets)"? The Magic Circle Who plays the title role in TV series "Endeavour"? John Evans Whose motto is "Regnum Defende (Defence of the Realm)"? MI5 Who wrote the Booker Prize winner "A Brief History of Seven Killings"? Marlon James Which currency was used in Qatar before 1966? Indian Rupee In which country of the UK is Big Dog Forest? Northern Ireland What are the components of a B&B Cocktail? Brandy and Bendictine In which city was Anne Frank born? Frankfurt Who was the first British monarch to visit the UK? George VI Accuracy International make which product? Guns Who sang the theme tune to "To Sir With Love"? Lulu Camembert cheese is made in which region of France? Normandy Jimmies and sooks are the males and females of what species? Blue crabs The Ralph Reader Gang Show had what signature tune? On The Crest Of A Wave The Lakeside Hammers are a team in which UK sport? Speedway Where would a Mexican wear huaraches? Feet In which London building is the round reading room? British Museum The River Len is found in which English county? Kent What is the currency of Botswana? Pula The Bell X1 plane that first broke the sound barrier had what nickname? Glamorous Glennis Which US president had the middle name Birchard? Rutherford B Hayes Which actor and produced was married to Anne Bancroft from 1964 until her death in 2005? Mel Brooks Anne Bancroft won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her lead role in which 1962 film? The Miracle Worker Who played Bottom in the 1935 film version of "A Midsummer Night's Dream"? Jimmy Cagney Which director of 2006's "Marie Antoinette" also received the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the comedy-drama "Lost in Translation"? Sofia Coppola What was the theme tune for "Octopussy"? All Time High Who was the first actress to earn $1,000,000 for a single film? Elizabeth Taylor Which character unsuccessfully hunts Bugs Bunny? Elmer J Fudd Which TV show regularly ended with "the story you have seen is true, only the names have been changed to protect the innocent"? Dragnet What was the first animated film to be nominated for a Best Picture Academy Award? Beauty and The Beast Who appeared in more "Carry On" films than anyone else? Joan Sims Which 1998 American fantasy romance film, loosely based on the 1934 film Death Takes a Holiday, was the second pairing of Antony Hopkins and Brad Pitt after their 1994 film Legends of the Fall? Meet Joe Black Which film re-united as its two lead actors the Pretty Woman stars Richard Gere and Julia Roberts? Runaway Bride Which two Carry On films were the only two not to have "Carry On" in the original title? Don't Lose Your Head and Follow That Camel How is Hiram B Hackenbacker better known? Brains in "Thunderbirds" What is Lady Penelope's surname? Creighton-Ward What is James Bond's family motto? The World Is Not Enough Who played L.B. "Jeff" Jefferies' (played by James Stewart) girlfriend Lisa Carol Fremont in "Rear Window"? Grace Kelly Who played the main female role opposite Cary Grant in "North by Northwest"? Eva Marie Saint What was the first name of Dorien's husband in "Birds Of A Feather"? Marcus What is the real name of Cliff Richard? Harry Webb Who, as of 2016, is the most nominated director in Academy Awards history with 12 nominations? William Wyler Which US newsreader was well known for his departing catchphrase "And that's the way it is," followed by the broadcast's date? Walter Cronkite The Kalahari lies mainly in which country? Botswana What was the more northern of two supercontinents (the other being Gondwana) that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent around 300 to 200 million years ago? Laurasia What name is given to a geographical dictionary or directory used in conjunction with a map or atlas? Gazetteer What name is given to a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and which forms igneous rocks? Magma What is the one-word alternative name for a rhumb line, an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle? Loxodrome What represents a youth hostel on an Ordnance Survey map? Red Triangle What name is given to a narrow strip connecting two land masses? Isthmus What is the Cumbrian name for a small lake or large pond? Tarn Where do Cowdenbeath FC play home games? Central Park Which Irish Olympic bronze-winning boxer was found hanged in London by Frank (later Kellie) Maloney in 2009? Darren Sutherland As of 2016, which cricketer holds the record for most Test dismissals by a wicket-keeper, with 532 catches and 23 stumpings? Mark Boucher (SA) Who defeated Jim Corbett in 1897 to become World Heavyweight Champion? Bob Fitzimmons In which city did Tyson Fury defeat Wladimir Klitschko for WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, IBO and The Ring Heavyweight titles? Dusseldorf Who founded Taoism? Lao-Zi Also known as the Classic of Changes or Book of Changes in English, what name is given to the ancient divination text that is the oldest of the Chinese classics? I Ching What is the southernmost district of Sweden, that lends its name to a vehicle manufacturer and a dialect? Scania Which island, to the east of most of Denmark, south of Sweden, northeast of Germany and northwest of Poland, contains the ruin of Hammershus? Bornholm What is the largest island in the Baltic Sea? Gotland Hammershus, Scandinavia's largest medieval fortification, was probably built for which King, who reigned 1202-41? Valdemar II (the Victorious) of Denmark The island of Inchgalbraith lies on which body of water? Loch Lomond Which Roman poet and astrologer was the author of a poem in five books called Astronomica? Marcus Manilius Which Roman senator of the late 1st century AD is best known to the post-Classical world as an author of technical treatises, especially "De Aquaeductu", dealing with the aqueducts of Rome.? Frontinus Regarded as the patron of Portuguese exploration, which man - a Duke of Viseu - lived from 1394 to 1460 and was the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discoveries? Henry the Navigator The moon rises how many minutes later than the day before each day? Fifty Which Jesuit polymath (1602-80) has been described as "The Last Renaissance Man", and wrote treatises on volcanoes, fossils, automatons, China, comparative religion and medicine, although his claim to have deciphered hieroglyphics was nonsense? Athanasius Kircher Which language did Jesus Christ speak during his public ministry? Aramaic What feat did aviator Hubert Wilkins achieve in 1928? Flew across the Arctic and Antarctic Who was the first man to reach the South Pole by air - he also claimed to have been the first to do the same to the North Pole, but this claim is disputed? Richard E Byrd Who was the Brazilian partner of journalist Glenn Greenwald, controversially detained at Heathrow in 2013 under Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000? David Miranda The Lockheed Martin F-35 is better known by what name? Lightning II Which Bible edition took its name from a misspelling of the word 'vinyard' in Luke 22? Vinegar Bible What important misprint led to the 1631 'Wicked Bible' being recalled to the printers? It omitted 'not' in "Thou shalt not commit adultery" The Jewish War (c.75CE) was a work of history by which man? Josephus Which infectious viral disease of cattle was declared eradicated worldwide in 2011? Rinderpest Which man, the mentor and teacher of Louis Armstrong, wrote many tunes still played today including "Dippermouth Blues", "Sweet Like This", "Canal Street Blues", and "Doctor Jazz"? Joe 'King' Oliver Which Black US author wrote a series of Harlem Detective novels featuring Coffin Ed Johnson and Gravedigger Jones, New York City police detectives in Harlem, and "If He Hollers Let Him Go"? In 1958 he won France's Grand Prix de Littérature Policière. Chester Himes Both Presocratic philosophers Parmenides, and his pupil Xeno (of paradox fame), hailed from which Greek colony in Southern Italy? Elea As of 2016, who has won six Grammy Awards, five Brit Awards – 2 for Outstanding Contribution to Music and the first Brits Icon in 2013 for his "lasting impact on British culture", an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, a Tony Award & a Disney Legend Award? Elton John Who wrote "Of Time and the River", "You Can't Go Home Again" and "The Web and the Rock", before dying aged 37 from TB? Thomas Wolfe What is the function of the website Zoosk? Dating Which NBA team won 6 championships in the 1990s but none before, or as of 2016, since? Chicago Bulls Why was the Stanley Cup not awarded in 1919? Spanish flu Which team won a record 17th NBA championship in 2008? Boston Celtics Which NBA team, previously based in Philadelphia and San Francisco, won the 2015 championships while based in Oakland? Golden State Warriors In the Gospel of Luke, Luke reports that Jesus appeared, after his death and resurrection, before two of his disciples while they were walking on the road to where? Emmaus What is the most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in aviation history and the most-produced combat aircraft since the Korean War? MiG 21 Observed lunging out of the water to grab pigeons on land, what is the other name of a sheatfish? Wels catfish In 2005, Barry J Marshall and J Robin Warren of Australia won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for discovering the role of what in causing disease? Helicobacter Pylori Eleven people on the ground were killed and several others were injured, including the pilot of the plane when a plane crashed onto the A27 during which 2015 airshow? Shoreham Airshow Which song, released April 6, 2015, became the then-second most viewed YouTube video with 1517 million views as of March 4th 2016? See You Again by Wiz Khalifa feat Charlie Puth "Lean On" was a critical and commercial success, peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and at number two on the UK Singles Chart, for which electronic music group? Major Lazer Which founder of the school of individual psychology (1870-1937) coined the term "inferiority complex", recognized as an isolating element which plays a key role in personality development? Alfred Adler Poem collections "Pomes Penyeach" (1927) and "Chamber Music" (1907) were written by who? James Joyce In The Odyssey, on which island did Calypso detain Odysseus for 7 years? Ogygia Which 2015 French crime drama film directed by Jacques Audiard won the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival? Dheepan Which period of Chinese history lasted for 255 years between 476BC and 221 BC? Warring States period Which is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany? Schleswig-Holstein What is the capital city of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, also known as Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in English? Schwerin Frankfurt am Main is the largest city in which German state? Hesse The flag of Monaco is virtually identical to which other - considerably larger - country's flag? Indonesia Wild Bill Hickok was murdered by who in 1876? Jack McCall Stephanus pagination is a system of reference and organization used in modern editions and translations of whose works? Plato Suspiria de profundis (a Latin phrase meaning "sighs from the depths") is one of the best-known and most distinctive literary works of which English essayist? Thomas De Quincey Born into slavery, the African-American abolitionist Sojourner Truth is best-remembered today for a speech she made in Akron, Ohio in 1851 which is now universally known by which title, a question repeated several times during the speech? Ain't I A Woman? Which popular Egyptian condiment, consisting of a mixture of herbs, nuts, and spices, has a name derived from the Arabic for 'to pound'? Duqqa Barack Obama's father was a member of which African ethnic group, the third largest in Kenya (after the Kikuyu and the Luhya), and also found in Uganda and Tanzania, and in smaller numbers in Sudan and Ethiopia? Luo Built upon the orders of Trajan, a famous bridge on the Tagus river is to be found in which Spanish city with a name aptly meaning 'the bridge' in Arabic? Alcantara At the men's football event at the 2015 Pacific Games, which country made headlines by losing 30-0 to Tahiti, 38-0 to Fiji, and 46-0 to Vanuatu? Micronesia The only person to have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, a Tony, a Pulitzer Prize, and a Golden Globe is which composer responsible for the scores to films such as The Way We Were, Ordinary People, and Sophie's Choice? Marvin Hamlisch The oldest motorcycle speedway race in the world - known as the Golden Helmet - has been hosted annually since 1929 in which Czech city? Pardubice Founded in 1725, the Sobrino de Botín in Madrid is the world's oldest example of which type of establishment still in existence? Restaurant The soprano Fanny Salvini-Donatelli is best-remembered today for being the first person to take the role of which courtesan - the central character in Verdi's La Traviata? Violetta Valery Which 1977 Sam Peckinpah film - set during World War II - is based on Willi Heinrich's 1956 novel The Willing Flesh? Cross of Iron Andrija Mohorovičić gives his name to the discontinuity forming the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle, but which German geophysicist gives his name to the discontinuity forming the boundary between the lower mantle and the outer core? Beno Gutenberg The only painting by Leonardo da Vinci on public display in the Americas is a portrait of which woman on show at the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC? Ginevra de Benci Islamic State is a jihadist organisation with a political ideology based on which ultra-conservative movement within Sunni Islam with a name derived from the Arabic for 'pious forefathers'? Salafism As of 2015, which driver won the most F1 Grands Prix without ever being crowned champion (16)? Stirling Moss Rose Atoll is the southernmost point belonging to the USA. It is to be found within which territory? American Samoa Which Malian kora player is probably best-known for his work recorded with his Symmetric Orchestra composed of griots from the across the old Mande Empire of west Africa? Toumani Diabate Which tiny filamental structures found in rocks and sediments are about 10% the size of bacteria, leading to claims that they are the smallest known life. This is controversial, however, and many biologists believe them to be crystalline structures. Nanobes The first German book ever to top the New York Times best-seller list, Der Vorleser (The Reader) was a 1995 novel by which law professor and judge? Bernhard Schlink natural nuclear fission reactor is a uranium deposit where self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions have occurred. The first such reactor was discovered in 1972 in Oklo province in which African country? Gabon Inspiring an American TV series written by Stephen King, which 1994 Danish television miniseries - created by Lars von Trier - follows a number of characters as they encounter bizarre phenomena in the neurological ward of a Copenhagen hospital? The Kingdom Summer of 1915 is the subtitle of which work for voice and orchestra by Samuel Barber? The piece is named for the city in Tennessee in which the Pulitzer Prize-winning author James Agee (on whose work the music was based) was born. Knoxville The best-known of the Nag Hammadi texts is almost certainly a gospel consisting of 114 sayings attributed to Jesus. This gospel is named for which of the Twelve Apostles who, according to the text's introduction, authored it? St Thomas Gauguin's 1889 painting The Yellow Christ is often cited as the quintessential work of which style of post-impressionist painting in which bold, flat forms are separated by dark contours? Cloissonism What is the name of the cowboy known to 'shoot faster than his shadow' who was created by Belgian cartoonist Maurice De Bevere - better known as Morris – and at one time written by René Goscinny? Lucky Luke Which Portland Thorns forward featured on the cover of the US edition of the FIFA 16 video game? Alex Morgan Who wrote "Goodbye To All That"? Robert Graves Who wrote "The Happy Hooker" in 1971? Xavier Hollander Who wrote "Inside The Third Reich" (first published in German in 1969, in English in 1970)? Albert Speer Imprisoned in Germany, whose biography was published in the United States in 1941 under the title "I Paid Hitler"? Fritz Thyssen Alfred E Neumann is a recurring character who appears in which magazine? MAD The Scrovegni Chapel in which Italian town or city was designed by Giotto? Padua The artist Duccio hailed from which city? Siena In which building did John Bunyan write "A Pilgrim's Progress"? Bedford Gaol Who wrote epistolatory novels "Clarissa" and "Pamela"? Samuel Richardson Which painter, who lived from 1284-1344, born in Siena, was a major figure in the development of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the development of the International Gothic style, and was believed to be a pupil of Duccio? Simone Martini Which structure in Florence, its first stone laid in 334, was designed by Giotto and is often named after him? Campanile/Giotto's Campanile In which country is the Braslau Lakes National Park? Belarus Gamla Stan is the central, old town part of which European city? Stockholm Which theory, devised in 1992 by economist Hyman Minsky, received greater attention in the media following the subprime mortgage crisis of the late 2000s? Financial Instability Hypothesis Which shell beads were traditionally used by the north-eastern Native Americans as a form of gift exchange, and mistaken for currency by early colonists? Wampum In which decade was the US dollar uncoupled to the gold standard? 1970s (1971) The Lotos-Eaters (sic) was an 1832 poem by who? Alfred, Lord Tennyson Which country was named by Ruy López de Villalobos? Philippines In which English county was Francis Drake born? Devon What is the capital and largest city of Cape Verde? Praia Francis Drake's ship "The Golden Hind" had what original name? Pelican Located in Djurgardens, Stockholm, what is the world's first open-air museum, designed by Arthur Hazelius, and opened in 1891? Skansen Which Swiss-born visual artist who works with video, film, and moving images which are often displayed as projections, won the Joan Miró Prize in 2009, and created the works Pepperminta, I'm Not The Girl Who Misses Much, Pickleporno and Ever is Over All? Pipilotti Rist What was the surname of the father and son Swedish architects (1615-81, and 1654-1728) who designed, among other things, the Drottningholm Palace? Tessin (both called Nicodemus) The assassination of Swedish king Gustav III in 1792 formed the basis for which of Verdi's operas? A Masked Ball What was the old name for Taiwan, taken from the Portuguese for 'beautiful island'? Formosa What the most populous city in Flanders, with around 510,000 inhabitants? Antwerp Give a year in the life of the man sometimes described as Scotland's first king, Kenneth MacAlpin. 810-858 Which American jazz clarinetist and saxophonist from Chicago, Illinois (1899-1972), briefly the manager of Louis Armstrong, is remembered for being a colorful character, as portrayed in his autobiography Really the Blues, as for his music? Mezz Mezzrow Arabella and Benjamin Allen are siblings that appear in which Dickens novel? The Pickwick Papers Based on the number of participating athletes, what is the second most popular winter sport in the world? Bandy In which year did Queen Victoria come to the throne? 1837 Who was US President on 1st January 1900? William McKinley In which year did British VAT rise from 15% to 17.5%? 1991 Who was forced to resign as Austrian Chancellor in 1848? Metternich What was a sepoy, historically? The designation given to an Indian soldier (today it is a private in various armies of the subcontinent) Which pioneering British photographer took pictures of the Crimean War, including a series entitled The Valley of the Shadow of Death? Roger Fenton Which colonel seized power in the military coup d'état that took place in Greece on 21 April 1967? Georgios Papadopoulos Enoch Powell was the MP for a constituency in which town from 1950 to 1974? Wolverhampton In the traditional office, which hymn is sung at the end of Matins on all days when the Gloria is said at Mass; those days are all Sundays outside Advent, Septuagesima, Lent, and Passiontide; on all feasts and on all ferias during Eastertide? Te Deum Which British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration, (born 1938) was influential in creating the idea of the political "Third Way" embraced by Tony Blair? Anthony Giddens Give a year in the reign of Henry III of England. 1216-72. What is the name of the Israeli parliament? Knesset Which Israeli Prime Minister's brother died leading Operation Entebbe? Benjamin Netanyahu Modelled after the British Army's Special Air Service, what is the name of the Israeli Special Forces unit created in 1952? Sayeret Matkal Former Taoiseach of Ireland Charles Haughey was tried but acquitted of what offence in 1970? Gunrunning Who first entered the UK Parliament in 1982 as MP for Peckham? Harriet Harman From 1949 to 1957, Sidney Holland was the PM of which country? New Zealand Which man, credited with devising the concept of sending greetings cards at Christmas time, also assisted Prince Albert in organising the 1851 Great Exhibition? Henry Cole Robert Peel died three days after what accident befell him? Falling off his horse At which battle was Ethelred I of England killed (or sustained wounds that led to his death)? Merton Which architect designed Edinburgh's Charlotte Square? Robert Adam Which portrait painter, portraitist to King George IV in Scotland was Scotland's first significant portrait painter since the Union to remain based in Scotland? Sir Henry Raeburn Which Scottish artist (1877-1931) lived in the USA between ages 15 and 30, was a member of the four Scottish Colourists and is among the most popular Scottish artists, his paintings critically acclaimed for their treatment of light? Leslie Hunter Sir George Frederick Harvey, born 1806 in Stiring, dying in Edinburgh in 1876, was famed in what field? Painting/art The Great Rhetra was the oral - and quasi-mythical - constitution of Sparta, believed to have been formulated and established by which legendary lawgiver in accordance with the Oracle at Delphi? Lycurgus Annie Clark, of St Vincent, was formerly a member of which collective or band? The Polyphonic Spree Robert Pershing Wadlow is the tallest man ever to have lived whose height has been medically verified. But second on that list, standing at 8'10", was which African-American (1865-1905)? John Rogan Dating from pre-Columbian times, tepache is a popular Mexican fermented beverage made from which fruit? Pineapple Which physical law states that the rate at which a fluid flows through a permeable medium is directly proportional to the drop in elevation between two places in the medium and inversely proportional to the distance between them? Darcy's Law Which peninsula in Senegal serves as the most westerly point on mainland Africa? Cap-vert
Magic circle (disambiguation)
Which seven letter word is the medical word used for the shoulder blade?
SPAMOSPHERE: David Devant – Multi-Talented Magician (1868 to 1941) Friday, 26 July 2013 David Devant – Multi-Talented Magician (1868 to 1941) “[Magic] is an art by means of which a man can exercise, as it were, a spell over others and persuade them into believing that they have seen some natural law disobeyed"                                                   David Devant David Devant is largely considered the best British stage illusionist and practitioner of magic of his era, although his talents weren’t restricted to conjuring.  He was gifted with irrepressible creativity and counted the making and exhibition of films, shadowgraphy, inventing, writing, acting and animation amongst the many strings to his bow.  As a magician, he was an engaging and witty showman and possessed exceptional skill which, coupled with superb technique, captivated audiences of all ages. Early Life Born David Wighton in north London on 22 February 1868, he became enamoured with conjuring when, as a 10-year old boy, he watched a travelling magician called Dr Holden perform.  This so inspired him that he rushed out and purchased a selection of tricks that he practised diligently, using his siblings as a test audience.  From that point onward David immersed himself all things magical, poring over books such as Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin’s Masterpieces and Modern Magic by Professor Hoffman, and regularly attending shows at the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly to watch and learn from performing magicians as they confounded their audiences. Into Magic While visiting an art gallery with his father, David was particularly drawn to a painting entitled David Devant Goliath and decided that this would make for a great stage name.  And so a soon-to-be legend was born.  While managing a tour of the British Isles with the two famous American midgets, General and Mrs Mite, David began performing his magic act and in 1888 met his future wife, who caught his eye after he allegedly saw her reflection in a mirror.  Three months later, Marion Melville became not only Mrs David Devant but also a part of one of her husband’s illusions known as Vice Versa.  It was this very illusion that Devant invited John Nevil Maskelyne, owner of the Egyptian Hall, to view at the Trocadero after he learned that one of Maskelyne’s illusionists (Charles Morritt) was no longer with the company.  After seeing David in action, Maskelyne challenged the bright young magician to create a new illusion specifically for the Egyptian Hall and less than a fortnight later, Devant presented Artist’s Dream to Maskelyne.  Artist’s Dream was a rather poignant illusion in which an artist, clearly still mourning his recently deceased wife, painted a full length portrait of her through which she magically came to life.  Maskelyne opted to add a script and music and the role of the artist was given to an actor, while Marion played the woman in the painting.  David was taken on at the Egyptian Hall as a conjurer in his own right.  Finally!  He was now employed at the very theatre in which he’d studied and learned from the tricks of other magicians as a younger man. David’s reputation grew, as did his audiences and in March 1896 he exhibited the first animated photographs at the Egyptian Hall.  He got his hands on one of Robert Paul's Theatrograph projectors and, at his own expense, introduced it to the theatre’s performances.  Apparently Maskelyne, who’d been initially apprehensive about the introduction of the Theatrograph, soon realised its potential and began to enthusiastically introduce each performance!  A review of the first performance read: “The first moving scene announced by Mr Nevil Maskelyne is a band practise.  The music of the march that one may imagine is being played is given on the pianoforte by Mr F. Cramer.” David certainly didn’t rest on his laurels and industriously continued creating new illusions and tricks to keep his show original and exciting.  He delighted audiences with tricks like “The Magic Kettle", from which multiple alcoholic beverages suggested by the audience were poured, as well as the fantastic “Mascot Moth” illusion.  This was one of his best, in which a female assistant (wearing a silk dress with beautiful wings attached to her arms) weaved around Devant, who held a lit candle in his hand while trying to entice the beautiful moth-woman toward him.  Just as Devant drew the candle to the moth-woman’s wings, she literally disappeared with a flash right in front of the gobsmacked audience. (“Mascot Moth” was actually inspired by a curious dream that Devant had one night.  He recalled the incident: “My wife saw me get up and light a candle and go through all the actions, which were afterwards performed on the stage, with my eyes wide open, although I was obviously asleep.  The next morning I awoke with a clear conception of the illusion, complete with new principle, with the exception of a few mechanical details which were supplied by my friend Bate”. Even Nevil Maskelyne was bamboozled by this illusion and described it as “the trickiest trick” he’d ever witnessed) Another of David's most popular tricks was called The Egg Trick, although he didn't invent it.  A young volunteer was invited up onto the stage to assist David as he rapidly produced a seemingly never-ending quantity of eggs from an empty top hat.  The charm of the trick was the almost slapstick humour that came from it: the boy or girl couldn't possibly hold as many eggs as were materialising from the hat, resulting in eggs being smashed all over the stage as the hapless young volunteer battled to retain all of them. The Magic Circle The Magic Circle was formed in 1905 after 23 magicians met at Pinoli's Restaurant on Wardour Street with the aim of creating a society that would further and preserve the interests of magic.  The initial meeting was chaired by Servais Le Roy, a Belgian magician, and The Green Man pub in Soho played host to their first official meeting.  The meetings were later moved to St George’s Hall on Langham Place which was, fittingly, the venue that Maskelyne and Devant moved the company to after performing at the Egyptian Hall so many years previously.  By this point, Devant wasn’t just working for Maskelyne but alongside him as a partner, with their company now known as Maskelyne and Devant’s Mysteries. (Image used with the kind permission of Mr Matthew Lloyd at www.arthurlloyd.co.uk ) The following year, The Magic Circle published a magazine called The Magic Circular, first edited by Maskelyne with a monthly edition distributed to its members.  It was Maskelyne who proposed the society’s motto “Indocilis Privata Loqui".  This is Latin for "not apt to disclose secrets" and is pretty much the organisation’s Golden Rule.   This rule of preserving the secrecy of the mechanics behind tricks and illusions was (and still is) vitally important and was supported in the Society’s set of rules, first drawn up by Neil Weaver (the son of an amateur magician and one of the founding members of the organisation).  I imagine that this Golden Rule was akin to the 1905 conjurers’ version of the film Fight Club: “The first rule of The Magic Circle is: You do not talk about the mechanics behind your magic”.  Any member caught intentionally revealing magical secrets to anyone other than fellow magicians or students of magic would suffer the indignity of an enforced resignation from the society (or were they ‘ex-spelled’?). Scandal Part I Bearing in mind The Magic Circle’s motto, I’m sure you can imagine the furore when a member of the society committed the cardinal sin of showing the layman how to perform tricks.  Worse, the guilty party was none other than David Devant himself, one of the organisations founding members and its first President!  Devant had contributed to a series of articles called Tricks for Everyone, published in The Royal Magazine from 1908 to 1909.  As the title suggests, the articles made magic more accessible to the reader but David’s contribution to the publication was construed as being a a flagrant breach of The Magic Circle's secrecy rule (this was despite David trying, but failing, to stop the production of the magazine).  It was an incident that split the magic community in two and Devant resigned on 05 April 1910.  He was reinstated two years later. Devant’s contribution to these articles wasn’t motivated by spite or the desire to expose his fellow magicians - he’d contributed them because he truly believed that the articles would benefit the art of magic, an opinion that his friend, former stage partner and current President of the society, Nevil Maskelyne, supported (it appears that both Devant and Maskelyne believed that technological advancements could be used not only to benefit their performances but also to expose frauds and potential faults – see Additional Notes on Nevil Maskelyne). Translucidation In 1909, David and his sister Dora utterly baffled audiences with a mind reading trick called Transludication.  Six audience members were each passed a blank visiting card and were invited to write a message on the card without anybody else seeing it.  Each card was placed into an envelope and sealed, and all sealed envelopes were collected in a black bag, which was to be brought to the front of the stage where Dora (who was completely blindfolded) sat near the footlights, surrounded by a semi-circle of volunteers behind her.  However, something completely unexpected happened that even Devant himself couldn’t have anticipated.  As the person collecting the envelopes approached the seat of Sir Oliver Lodge, the eminent physicist, Sir Oliver stood up and insisted that his own card, written at home before the performance, be added to the bag and challenged Dora to 'read' it. Sir Oliver's card was dropped into the bag with the others and the bag then bought to the stage and placed into Dora’s lap by her brother.  David stepped away from his sister and explained to the audience that what they were about to do involved no trickery or fraud and could be done by anyone in the auditorium.  The anticipation in the room was palpable as Dora reached into the bag and, one by one, drew each sealed envelope up to her forehead and ‘read’ the message within while still blindfolded.  The unopened cards were then returned to their owners, each of whom confirmed that Dora had just relayed the messages on each card absolutely correctly, including Sir Lodge’s.  Sir Lodge stood up in his seat, appealed for silence from the stunned audience and then said, “I do not understand by what means this marvel has been accomplished.  I know nothing in science that could account for it, and although the lady herself may be unaware of the supernatural powers she is exercising, I believe that the intervention of such power alone could offer a solution.” David Devant himself said afterwards of the incident, “I saw him after the performance and tried to assure him it was trickery but he frankly said that he did not believe it”. The Royal Command Performance David was invited to appear at the very first Royal Command Performance, in July of 1912, for King George V and Queen Mary, an enormous honour given that it was the monarchs who decided who would perform and who wouldn’t.  This glittering event was held at the London Palace Theatre and was a terribly extravagant affair, with the entire theatre and all the boxes being decked out with three million roses.  David performed alongside not only vaudeville star Wilkie Bard (who, coincidentally, is also interred at Highgate Cemetery East) but other entertainment heavyweights such as Harry Lauder, Clarice Mayne, George Robey and Fanny Fields but to name a few. (Incidentally, this was the same Royal Command Performance to which the music hall legend Marie Lloyd was scandalously not invited, due to her act being considered far too salacious at a time when music hall was supposedly regaining a respectable reputation.  Marie was positively adored by the public but was considered too common to perform in front of royalty because, scandalously, she’d had the temerity to marry three times.  Oh how times have changed… Elizabeth Taylor, who famously married eight times, was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II in 1999) A promotional poster for David's The Little Chocolate Soldier illusion Ill Health By 1919 at the age of 52, David’s health was failing.  He’d noticed that his hands had begun to shake while performing and he was diagnosed with ‘paralysis agitans’, or what we now know as Parkinson’s disease.  The main symptoms of this debilitating condition are stiffness and rigidity of the limbs, shaking and loss of agility.  In some cases, the disease can cause speech and communication problems and can also adversely affect the memory.  For someone who’d based his entire life’s work on sleight of hand, mental dexterity  and constant interaction with audiences, this diagnosis must have been absolutely devastating to David. By 1928 Marion Devant passed away from alcoholism and, by this point, David was unable to walk or control his hand movements.  Although he was confined to a wheelchair, David continued to write books and teach magic.   Scandal II In 1931, David wrote an autobiography called My Magic Life, which was followed up with Secrets of My Magic four years later.  An excerpt from the latter entitled “Illusion and Disillusion” was published in the Windsor Magazine in December 1935 and once again, David found himself in hot water with The Magic Circle for contravention of Rule No. 13.  He was forced to resign in 1936 and said of his expulsion: “The tricks I had exposed were my own, so I did not think I had broken any rule.  I owe it to posterity to give to the world my secrets before I die.  I don’t think I shall live much longer. Exposing tricks or illusions—providing they are not someone else’s new invention—is good for the profession. It stimulates public interest in magic and forces magicians to seek new tricks rather than to stagnate with some that are centuries old.  The Magic Circle seems to think that it is the mechanics of a trick that are the secrets of its success. In my view, it is only the artistry of the performer that can make it magic.” Death & Burial By 1937, David had been placed in the care of the Royal Home for Incurables in south west London, and was presented an Honorary Life Membership by The Magic Circle the same year.  Every year following his admittance to the hospital, a group of magicians from The Magic Circle performed for David at his bedside, a tradition that has continued long after his death 1941.  He is buried in Highgate Cemetery in the Dissenters’ section of the West cemetery.  The grave is not accessible by guided tour because it’s in a rather tricky spot to locate but is cared for by The Magic Circle. The grave number is 16167, in square 23, and the Right of Burial granted 11 August 1868 to Matilda Wighton, 8 Grosvenor Road, Holloway for the sum of £3.3.0.  The plot itself is 2’6 by 6’6 and is unconsecrated.  The Wighton family members in the plot are: David Wighton (died 1868)
i don't know
Wikipedia is a familiar internet website, but specifically which film is the subject of the website Wookieepedia?
Wookieepedia | Wookieepedia | Fandom powered by Wikia "So we'd call it Wookiepedia? [sic]" ―Chad Barbry, first suggesting the name of the Star Wars Wiki [src] Steven Greenwood at Celebration IV Wikipedia is a collaboratively developed, free content encyclopedia. It is a general-knowledge encyclopedia, rather than being specific to one topic (as Wookieepedia is Star Wars –specific). Because of this, it is not always particularly friendly to in-depth knowledge specific to a given fictional universe. Founded in 2001 , Wikipedia allows anyone to edit it. Due to the broad nature of its editors, the site covers a wide variety of topics, and has millions of articles. Chad Barbry, under the screenname of " Cbarbry ," was a regular contributor to Wikipedia, participating in a number of different subjects within the online encyclopedia, including Biblical history and technology since October 17 , 2004 . [1] In January of 2005 , Steven Greenwood joined Wikipedia under the screenname of " Riffsyphon1024 ," adding articles in the subject of geography and popular culture. Immediately after working on these articles of interest, he took the job of sorting the various Star Wars articles on the site. As Wikipedia was concerned, only notable items would have complete articles, with the rest of the minor subjects with descriptions on a giant list. Planets, characters, weapons, and vehicles were all done in this manner. Over a short period of time, Steven found that he disliked this format and sought another way to gather and place information on the saga and its Expanded Universe. On January 21 , Steven posted on a section on a talk page regarding the creation of a new Star Wars Portal, but suggested that instead of a portal it should be a wiki. [2] Chad Barbry Two days later, Chad entered the discussion and began working out ideas with Steven. Both agreed that this new project would run alongside Wikipedia as a separate, but equal entity—something more than simply a WikiProject . It was here in the discussion that Chad proposed the new nickname of "Wookieepedia," which caught on with Steven and others immediately, and the idea was trailblazed (Steven's request of "Wicketpedia" was an alternate name which did not work nearly as well). However, since Steven was not sure how a new wiki would be created, Chad contacted Angela of then Wikicities (now Wikia) and requested the creation of the new wiki. Wiki creation The very first Star Wars Wiki logo (5–22 March 2005) The second Star Wars Wiki logo (22 March 2005 – 8 January 2006) Other Wikipedia contributors seemed to be getting more hostile toward new Star Wars articles, so in February 2005, Chad decided to make a request of the Wikipedia Board of Trustees to make a "Star Wars Wiki." His intent was more than just another WikiProject, but an official sister project similar to Wikiquotes. He thought the best solution was a separate, but linked project—a project that was separate enough for the "anti-cruft" Wikipedians, but still one that was officially Wikipedia, so there would be no need for redundant articles between the projects. In early March 2005, after meeting, the board came back with their answer. They did not want to move Wikipedia the direction proposed by Chad, but recommended creating a Star Wars Wikia. Angela of Wikia was on the Board of Trustees, and contacted Chad to let him know of the board's decision and to set up the new Star Wars Wiki. [3] Part of the process that Angela set up was creating interwiki links so Wikipedia could link to Star Wars Wiki articles and vice versa. The wiki came online on March 4, 2005, though it sat idle for a few days. Chad, now under the screen name of "WhiteBoy," [3] was the first user to officially edit the new wiki on March 9 , starting with the logo and the moving of articles from Wikipedia to Star Wars Wiki space. The next day, Steven joined the site, using his previous Wikipedia screenname. [4] A third Wikipedian edited that day as well, and was able to add some key image templates to the wiki, before leaving the project altogether. [5] By the first few months, numbers of editors from both Wikipedia and across the web would dramatically increase. For a brief time, there was some confusion as to how to move articles over from Wikipedia. Chad devised a template for use on Wikipedia to place on talk pages of articles of interest, alerting users that the article would be redirected or moved entirely. The idea was to move as many existing articles from Wikipedia to the new wiki, under the GFDL , making sure to save those under threat of deletion first, and then "wookify" them to the new wiki's standards. The hope was that, though separate, Wikipedians would begin to put the more obscure articles (essentially anything but the most encyclopedic of articles) in the Star Wars Wiki. Main articles, such as Luke Skywalker , would remain at Wikipedia. Wikipedians in general ultimately saw the Star Wars Wiki as an external site, one not affiliated with Wikipedia enough to actually " transwiki " articles over, like one would with Wikibooks or Wikirecipe. Creating redirects to the Star Wars Wiki was not what the Wikipedians had in mind, and they requested that Chad and Steve immediately cease what they believed was legal transwikification; [6] however, articles could still be copied and pasted under the GFDL copyleft license and then "wookified" to fit the scheme of the Star Wars–themed wiki, making sure to place an in-universe article in past tense, or remove redundant sentences. In this aspect, it was decided to have all articles, not just those that were more trivial, lesser known, or more detailed, at the wiki. Later articles were copied in this fashion and the originals were left alone on Wikipedia for its users to edit under its rules. Eventually Wookieepedia would develop so many articles that Wikipedia would no longer have any to copy. It should also be noted that Wookieepedia was created independently of the Wikimedia Foundation and of any events occurring on Wikipedia. Great LucasCruft Purge In March of 2005, perhaps unaware of the formation of the new wiki, a Wikipedian (considered by some a deletionist who wished to prove a point) began to place several Star Wars articles in the Votes for Deletion system (now Articles for Deletion ) in an attempt to get these articles deleted from Wikipedia. The purge was later dubbed the "Great LucasCruft Purge" by Steven himself. [7] It was Steven's goal to save as many articles from this individual before the damage was made permanent, and would then impede Star Wars Wiki's ability to grow as it did within the first month. One such article that became a focus of this battle was Order D6-66 , which became one of the first stub articles added to the new wiki via the "transwiki" process. The purge garnered the Star Wars Wiki a great deal of public attention, which gave some the erroneous impression that Wookieepedia was created because of the purge. By year Master Qui-Gon, more to say, have you? It is requested that this article, or a section of this article, be expanded. See the request on the listing or on this article's talk page . Once the improvements have been completed, you may remove this notice and the page's listing. 2005 Just days after the official founding, administrative powers were given to Steven ( Riffsyphon1024 ) by Chad ( WhiteBoy ). This set up the dual administrator system until the adminships of the users QuentinGeorge , Aidje , and SparqMan later in the year. The wiki, now going under the moniker of "Wookieepedia," developed a steady rate of contributions by new members from all over, and over time lost its reliance on Wikipedia. Eventually Wookieepedia became the primary name for the wiki and an official renaming took place with the creation of a new logo by Tracy Duncan . Wookieepedian of the Month (WOTM) was first started in June 2005, with Imperialles as the first user to be recognized by the community for his contributions. As of April 2014, 106 different users have been recognized as WOTM. In April 2014 the user Cavalier One was the first to be voted WOTM for a second time. [8] July brought the first Quotes of the Day on Wookieepedia. Though now considered minuscule in comparison to the current number of quotes now passed through four subcategories, it was a sufficient means to create a new feature on the wiki. Today, QotD/In-Universe is the most edited page of Wookieepedia. [9] Pages such as these show the significant growth of each area over the course of only a few years. In the same month, Wookieepedia's largest ever boost came when an explosion of editors hit the site, sending the wiki's article count over 10,000. Factors to this expansion could be attributed to advertising and the release of Revenge of the Sith . (See wiki growth table below.) In September 2005, Did You Know? was experimentally created and added to the Main Page, where it has remained as an active feature since. Consensus Track , a voting and discussion system designed to improve site-wide policies and practices, was formed onto a single page in October 2005. In the same month, Eric Przybylski of Nav-Computer.com allowed Wookieepedia to use his fan-made sector maps on certain articles. His maps have since been replaced with versions directly from canon sources. 2006 The first bot, known here as a " droid ," was released onto Wookieepedia on February 8 . R2-D2 was designed to clean up instances of repeating words, categories, as well as clean the sandbox page. Since then, another bot named Whistler has made over 150,000 total edits on Wookieepedia. [10] A new Forum area dubbed the Senate Hall was constructed in March 2006 as part of Wikia's MediaWiki updates, and as a result, the Community Portal talk page no longer was the primary form of wikiwide discussion. Senate Hall was chosen as a name that would not be considered too cliché or overly used for a Star Wars name. Consensus Track was subsequently moved into the forums, and becoming its own section, used specifically for policy creation and alteration on the wiki. 2007 On February 20 , 2007, the first Wookiee-Cast was posted. The podcast was parody and commentary by Thefourdotelipsis on subjects relating to Wookieepedia and Star Wars in general. It did not, however, represent the official views of the wiki. The Wookiee-Cast podcasts were released throughout 2007 , but have since been on hiatus. Also in February, the Inquisitorius was formed to handle the structure of the featured article system. See this essay on a history of the Featured Article movement from 2007 onward. Wookieepedia's Reference desk became the new Knowledge Bank within the forums, where general questions on Star Wars not relating specifically to articles or Wookieepedia could be asked. Over the course of the spring leading up the 30th anniversary of Star Wars, Wookieepedia held votes for the Coolest thing ever! and Lamest thing ever! with Darth Vader and SuperShadow winning respectively. A group of Wookieepedians after the Stump the Wookiee contest at Celebration IV In May, at least ten Wookieepedians from across the globe attended Celebration IV to help monitor Wookieepedia's table alongside The Completely Unofficial Star Wars Encyclopedia founder Bob Vitas , advertise the wiki, and host a trivia contest named "Stump the Wookiee." In the months before the convention, admins and users came across a notice by Mary Franklin that a group could obtain a table at CIV for free. Immediately the wiki reacted and set up a page for those interested as well as other details of the event. By February, it was known that Wookieepedia won the table and final preparations were made. Some users and administrators that attended and helped man the table alongside Vitas included Riffsyphon1024, Xwing328 , jSarek , LtNOWIS , Ozzel , Graestan , Taybo20 , Azizlight , Adamwankenobi and Lord Hydronium . As a result of Wookieepedia's appearance and contest at Celebration IV, it was mentioned by the official site for the first time, marking another level of awareness in the Star Wars community. In addition, the event allowed the wiki to express itself to the fans directly. Also in May, the Votes for Deletion page was renamed to the more in-universe-sounding Trash compactor . In 2007, the wiki's Main Page underwent a major change, which allowed for exploration of the Star Wars universe within films, Expanded Universe , and in-universe categories to be hidden on a subpage with the use of Javascript. In addition, the single search icon in Wookieepedia's sidebar was upgraded in April to include rotating search icons . 2008 In late February 2008, a Facebook fan page for Wookieepedia was started by Riffsyphon1024. As of April 2014, it has over 67,000 fans. Wookieepedia began its fourth year on March 4, 2008 . A new project of Wookieepedia was the interview process with established authors, artists, actors, and anyone else related to the creation of the Star Wars universe in order to gain more insight for its articles. Some of Wookieepedia's first interviews were given to authors Kevin J. Anderson and Tom Veitch and artist Christian Gossett . This project, however, was short-lived in gaining access to interviewees. By August of 2008, the wiki had reached 60,000 articles. [11] 2009 As with many wikis over time, certain features render other ones redundant or useless. Such was the case during what was described by some Wookieepedians as the "Great List Purge" that occurred in late December 2008 and early January 2009 , where many old lists created years before were simply out of date as categories had accumulated a far greater number of articles on each topic. The start of 2009 also saw the addition of an official blog to Wookieepedia, named the Wookieepedia Newsnet . The blog began regular entries in January, with regular features summarizing monthly Featured Article output, Consensus Track results, Wookieepedian of the Month interviews, and Canon Updates. An RSS feed for the blog was added to the Main Page on April 1st, 2009, with the blog receiving an impressive 1,072 hits on that day. 2010 Wookieepedia's Main Page in the Wikia skin. July 2010 brought forth a new classification of article, partly inspired by Wikipedia practices. Improvement of minor articles and stubs would lead to the creation of comprehensive articles , those which were complete topics, but too small to be either Good Articles or Featured Articles. In October 2010, Wookieepedia underwent another skin change by Wikia (see right). 2011 In September 2011, an overhaul at StarWars.com resulted in a new Encyclopedia with every entry linking to a Wookieepedia article. By November, the Senate Hall was altered to include listings for sticky threads , which would stick to the top of a separate list. 2012 Wookieepedia attended a table at Celebration VI in Orlando, Florida and was interviewed by The Dork Night Podcast. [12] In February, the wiki surpassed 90,000 articles. 2013 On January 10 , Wookieepedia surpassed 100,000 articles, with the creation of the article Jela Reneke . 2014 With Lucasfilm Ltd. 's announcement on April 25 , 2014 to replace the Expanded Universe with the " Legends " brand, members of Wookieepedia subsequently discussed and voted to retain all information within Star Wars media, [13] but split applicable articles into their respective canonical parts—Canon and Legends—with the use of tabs. [14] Editors on the site began creating new articles reflecting information only relevant to the new system of canon and by October 21 had created over 1000 in-universe canon articles . 2015
Star Wars
Which jockey rode 100/1 outsider Foinavon to victory in the 1967 Grand National following a mass pile-up at the 23rd fence?
Wikipedia:AFDLIST - WikiVisually WP:GAFD Deletion of a Wikipedia page removes the complete page (and all previous versions) from public view. Deletion happens when a page is unsuitable, unhelpful, or does not meet the required criteria. Two further deletion processes exist to address undesirable material that may have been added to a page or visible in a log. The deletion policy explains when deletion is acceptable. This page explains the processes available, and how deletion discussions work. You may have come here because a deletion notice of some kind was added to an article that you wrote. Please read this guide to see what happens now and how you can be involved in the decision. Summary of deletion processes[ edit ] Deleting an entire Wikipedia page or file: Any user may suggest deletion of a page for good cause. However, pages may only be deleted summarily via the speedy deletion process if certain criteria are met. In cases of a borderline article, a notice of proposed deletion may be used, giving time for response. In all other cases where removal of an entire page is being considered, a "deletion discussion" happens. The main deletion process for encyclopedia articles is known as " articles for deletion " (AFD). Other kinds of pages have similar processes . An "appeal" process ( deletion review ) also exists. Deleting specific text within a page: Undesirable text can be removed by anyone by editing the page . However, the text will remain publicly accessible in the article history. If this is unacceptable, then an administrator can permanently delete the content, and it will only be visible to administrators. This is called "revision deletion"; to request it, see how to request revision deletion . A form of extreme deletion known as Oversight also exists, which is operated by a very few specially authorized users. Users with Oversight access can often remove certain serious privacy-breaching and defamatory material so that even administrators cannot see the material. This is requested by email via requests for oversight . Overview of the AFD deletion process[ edit ] All text created in the Wikipedia main namespace is subject to several important rules, including three cardinal content policies ( Wikipedia:Neutral point of view , Wikipedia:Verifiability , and Wikipedia:No original research ) and the copyright policy ( Wikipedia:Copyrights ). Together, these policies govern the admissibility of text in the main body of the encyclopedia, and only text conforming to all four policies is allowed in the main namespace. A failure to conform to a neutral point of view is usually remedied through editing for neutrality, but text that does not conform to any of the remaining three policies is usually removed from Wikipedia, either by removing a passage or section of an otherwise satisfactory article or by removing an entire article if nothing can be salvaged. This guide deals with the process of addressing articles that contravene Wikipedia:Verifiability and Wikipedia:No original research , which are often listed or " nominated " on Wikipedia:Articles for deletion . Articles that violate Wikipedia:Copyrights are listed on the project page for copyright problems for further action. When an article is nominated for deletion, the Wikipedia community may discuss its merits for a period usually no less than seven days, in order to come to a public rough consensus about whether the article is unsuited to Wikipedia. Following seven days of discussion, an experienced Wikipedian will determine if a consensus was reached and will " close " the discussion accordingly. Other kinds of pages[ edit ] A list of similar processes for other kinds of pages, including user pages, templates, categories, and redirects, is here . General advice[ edit ] Pages in user space[ edit ] If the page is in your own user space (i.e. starts with "User:YourName/" or "User talk:YourName/"), then you can request immediate deletion of the page at any time. Simply edit the page and put the template {{db-u1}} at the top of the page. An administrator will see that the page is in your own user space and delete it. Please do not take it personally[ edit ] Please remember that the deletion process is about the appropriateness of the article for inclusion in Wikipedia. A deletion nomination is not a rejection of the author or an attack on his/her value as a member of the Wikipedia community. Therefore, please do not take it personally if an article you've contributed to is nominated for deletion. Over time, Wikipedians have invested a great deal of thought in the question of what may and may not be included in the encyclopedia. The cardinal article policies mentioned above form the core requirements for textual contributions to the mainspace. However, some Wikipedians have also written a number of standards and guidelines that are intended to provide guidance in specific areas; note that such guidelines cannot supersede the requirements of the above policies. Please take the time to review the standards Wikipedians abide by in evaluating content. Wikipedia:Companies, corporations and economic information/Notability and inclusion guidelines Please be tolerant of others[ edit ] Please remember that AFD is a busy and repetitive place. The people who volunteer to work the AFD process may seem terse, gruff and abrupt. They are not (usually) being intentionally rude. We value civility and always try to assume good faith . However, oftentimes over a hundred articles are nominated for deletion each day. Experienced Wikipedians have been through thousands of deletion discussions and have read and thought through many of the same arguments many times before. For speed, some employ shorthands (described below) rather than typing out the same reasoning and arguments again and again. They are trying to be efficient, not rude. Deletion discussions follow the normal Wikipedia talk page etiquette. Please be familiar with the policies of not biting the newcomers , Wikiquette , no personal attacks , biographies of living persons and civility before contributing. Sockpuppeting is not tolerated[ edit ] WP:AFDSOCK A sockpuppet is a fake account created by a vandal or bad-faith contributor in an attempt to bias the deletion decision process. A close variation is the " meatpuppet ", people recruited from outside Wikipedia to try to alter the result of a discussion (for example, if my article about a web forum is up for deletion and I post a call for other forum members to "help keep our website in Wikipedia"). Because these tactics are common, comments by new users in deletion discussions may sometimes be viewed with suspicion. These users are difficult to distinguish from legitimate new users who are interested in improving the project. If someone notes that you are a new user, please take it in the spirit it was intended—a fact to be weighed by the closing admin, not an attack on the person. The deletion decision is ultimately made at the discretion of the closing admin after considering the contribution history and pattern of comments. Civil comments and logical arguments are often given the benefit of the doubt while hostile comments are presumed to be bad-faith. Verifiable facts and evidence are welcome from anybody and will be considered during the closing process. You may edit the article during the discussion[ edit ] WP:EDITATAFD You and others are welcome to continue editing the article during the discussion period. Indeed, if you can address the points raised during the discussion by improving the article, you are encouraged to edit a nominated article (noting in the discussion that you have done so if your edits are significant ones). There are, however, a few restrictions upon how you may edit an article: You must not blank the article (unless it is a copyright infringement). You must not modify or remove the Articles for deletion notice (AfD notice). You should not turn the article into a redirect. A functioning redirect will overwrite the AfD notice. It may also be interpreted as an attempt to "hide" the old content from scrutiny by the community. Moving the article while it is being discussed can produce confusion (both during the discussion and when closing using semi-automated closing scripts ). If you do this, please note it on the deletion discussion page, preferably both at the top of the discussion (for new participants) and as a new comment at the bottom (for the benefit of the closing administrator). Participants in deletion discussions should not circumvent consensus by merging or copying material to another article unilaterally before the debate closes. Such action may cause contention, extra process steps, and additional administrative work if undoing any copying is necessary. If you wish to merge or copy material, it is preferable to offer a specific proposal in the deletion discussion, negotiate with the other participants, and wait for the discussion to be closed. Even if the article is ultimately deleted, you can ask the closing administrator for a copy of the material to reuse, and the administrator can also advise you on any further steps that you may need to perform in order to reuse the content. Main article: Wikipedia:Deletion policy Deletion of articles from Wikipedia occurs through one of four processes. So-called speedy deletion involves the scrutiny of only a few people before an article is deleted. The allowable criteria for speedy-deletion are deliberately very narrow. The list of candidates for speedy deletion can be viewed at Category:Candidates for speedy deletion . Another quick method is the use of proposed deletion : simply add {{subst: prod |reason goes here}} to the top of the article. This is meant for articles where the deletion is believed to be uncontroversial, yet does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion. A proposed deletion can be contested by any user by removing the {{prod}} tag within seven days, and if anyone still wants the article deleted the full Articles for deletion process is required. For unsourced articles about living persons created after 18 March 2010, adding {{subst: prod blp }} will propose the BLP for deletion . If sources are not added within 10 days, the article may be deleted. Articles which do not meet the narrow criteria for speedy deletion and whose deletion is (or might be) contested are discussed by the community through the Articles for deletion (AfD) process. Before nominating an article for Articles for deletion (AfD), please: Strongly consider if an alternative deletion process ( speedy deletion , or proposed deletion ) should be used. Check the deletion policy to see what things are not reasons for deletion. Consider whether you actually want the article to be merged , expanded , or cleaned up rather than deleted, and use the appropriate mechanism instead of AfD. Before nominating a recently created article, please consider that many good articles started their Wikilife in pretty bad shape. Unless it is obviously a hopeless case , consider sharing your reservations with the article creator, mentioning your concerns on the article's discussion page, and/or adding a "cleanup" template , instead of bringing the article to AfD. The pages Wikipedia:Notability (people) , Wikipedia:Conflict of interest , Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies) , Wikipedia:Notability (music) , Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources , Wikipedia:Notability (web) , and Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not are frequently cited in deletion discussions. Familiarize yourself with the ones relevant to the article in question. Consider adding a tag such as {{ cleanup }}, {{ disputed }} or {{ expert-subject }} instead; this may be preferable if the article has some useful content. Consider making the page a useful redirect or proposing it be merged rather than deleted. Neither of these actions requires an AfD. If an article content happens to fit any of our sister wikis , consider copying it there before proceeding. You can replace an article with a soft redirect to a sister wiki in some cases. Investigate the possibility of rewriting the article yourself (or at least creating a stub on the topic and requesting expansion) instead of deleting it. First do the necessary homework and look for sources yourself, and invite discussion on the talk page by using the {{ notability }} template, if you are disputing the notability of an article's subject. The fact that you haven't heard of something, or don't personally consider it worthy, are not criteria for deletion. You must look for, and demonstrate that you couldn't find, any independent sources of sufficient depth. Check the "what links here" link to see how the article is being used within Wikipedia. Check interwiki links to pages "in other languages" which may provide additional material for translation. Read the article's talk page , which may provide reasons why the article should or should not be deleted. Check that what you wish to delete is an article. Templates , categories , images , redirects and pages not in the main article space (including user and Wikipedia namespace pages) have their own deletion processes separate from AfD. Note that if you are editing under an IP address because you have not yet created a user account , you will not be able to complete the AfD process, as anonymous contributors are currently unable to create new pages (as required by step 2 of "How to list pages for deletion," below). If this is the case, consider creating a user account before listing an article on AfD. How to list pages for deletion[ edit ] WP:AFDLIST After reviewing the above section, if you still think the article should be deleted, you must nominate it and open the AfD discussion. Nomination is a three-stage process. Please carefully follow the instructions on the Articles for deletion page. You must perform all three stages of the process (they are listed under the single page instructions). Nominations follow a very specific format because we transclude the discussion page onto a consolidated list of deletion discussions. This makes it more efficient for other participants to find the discussion and to determine if they have anything relevant to add. Incomplete nominations may be discarded or ignored. If you need help, ask. It is generally considered civil to notify the good-faith creator and any main contributors of the articles that you are nominating for deletion. Do not notify bot accounts or people who have made only insignificant 'minor' edits. To find the main contributors, look in the page history or talk page of the article. For your convenience, you may use {{subst: Adw |Article title}}. To avoid confusing newcomers, the reasons given for deletion should avoid Wikipedia-specific acronyms. Place a notification on significant pages that link to your nomination, to enable those with related knowledge to participate in the debate. If recommending that an article be speedily deleted, please give the criterion or criteria that it meets, such as "A7" or "biography not asserting importance". Anyone can make a nomination, though anonymous users can not complete the process without help from a logged-in user. The nomination, however, must be in good faith. Nominations that are clearly vandalism may be discarded. Anonymous users cannot complete the process, as they are technically prohibited from creating new pages. Nominations already imply a recommendation to delete the article, unless the nominator specifically says otherwise, and to avoid confusion nominators should refrain from explicitly indicating this recommendation again in the bulleted list of recommendations. (Some nominations are performed by experienced users on behalf of others, either because they are inexperienced with the AfD process or because the deletion recommendation was the result of a separate discussion.) WP:AFDDISCUSS Discussion occurs on a dedicated discussion page, a sub-page of Wikipedia:Articles for deletion named after the article. Unlike speedy deletion, which can potentially involve just a single editor, AfD involves multiple editors. The purpose of this is in part to ensure that articles are not erroneously deleted or kept. Editors are not expected to know everything. AfD is designed to place "multiple layers of swiss cheese" (see the Swiss Cheese model ) in the process, to reduce the possibility of an erroneous conclusion being reached. Other editors can find things that one editor has overlooked or not been aware of. This process does not work when editors merely echo the rationales of others, and do not double-check things for themselves. The best way to help AfD to continue to work is always to check things out for yourself before presenting a rationale. (For example: If the assertion is that the subject is unverifiable, have a look yourself to see whether you can find sources that other editors may have missed.) Anyone acting in good faith can contribute to the discussion. The author of the article can make his/her case like everyone else. As discussed above , relevant facts and evidence are welcome from anyone but the opinions of anonymous and/or suspiciously new users may be discounted by the closing admin. Please bear in mind that administrators will discount any obviously bad faith contributions to the discussion when closing the discussion. On the other hand, a user who makes a well-argued, fact-based case based upon Wikipedia policy and does so in a civil manner may well sway the discussion despite being anonymous. Formatting[ edit ] For consistency, the form for the discussion is a bulleted list below the nomination text. You may indent the discussion by using multiple bullets. Mixing of bullets and other forms of indentation is discouraged because it makes the discussion much harder for subsequent readers to follow. Sign any contribution that you make by adding ~~~~ to the comment. Unsigned contributions may be discounted at the discretion of the volunteer who closes the discussion. Please do not refactor the discussion into lists or tables of recommendations, however much you may think that this helps the process. Both the context and the order of the comments are essential to understanding the intents of contributors, both at the discussion closure and during the discussion. Refactoring actually makes the job of making the decision at the closure of discussion much harder, not easier. Behavior[ edit ] Always explain your reasoning. This allows others to challenge or support facts, suggest compromises or identify alternative courses of action that might not yet have been considered. It also allows administrators to determine at the end of the discussion, whether your concerns have been addressed and whether your comments still apply if the article was significantly rewritten during the discussion period. "Votes" without rationales may be discounted at the discretion of the closing admin. The purpose of the discussion is to achieve consensus upon a course of action. Individuals will express strong opinions and may even "vote". To the extent that voting occurs (see meta:Polls are evil ), the votes are merely a means to gauge the degree of consensus reached so far. Wikipedia is not a democracy and majority voting is not the determining factor in whether a nomination succeeds or not. Please do not "spam" the discussion with the same comment multiple times. Make your case clearly and let other users decide for themselves. Experienced AfD participants re-visit discussions that they have already participated in. They are looking for new facts, evidence or changes to the article which might change their initial conclusion. In this situation, strike through your previous comment using <s>...</s> (if you are changing your mind) or to explicitly comment "no change" to confirm that you have considered the new evidence but remain unconvinced. Do not remove or modify other people's comments even if you believe them to be in bad faith—unless the user has been banned from editing the relevant pages, or is making a blatantly offensive personal attack or a defamatory comment about a living person . [1] [2] It is acceptable to correct the formatting in order to retain consistency with the bulleted indentation. It is also acceptable to note the contribution history of a new user or suspected sockpuppet as an aid to the closing admin. If, in a deletion discussion, you refer to Wikipedia policies or guidelines , you are responsible for making a good faith effort to represent those policies or guidelines accurately. Policies and guidelines reflect widespread community consensus . If you disagree with a guideline, you should raise your concern on the guideline's talk page; contradicting or misrepresenting policies and guidelines in deletion discussions is disruptive of the discussion process. Main articles: Wikipedia:Deletion guidelines for administrators and Wikipedia:Deletion process After seven days, links to discussions are automatically moved from Wikipedia:Articles for deletion#Current discussions to the below section Old discussions . Depending on the backlog, a discussion may remain open for several more days, during which it is still acceptable to add comments to the discussion. A volunteer (the "closing admin") will review the article, carefully read the discussion, weigh all the facts, evidence and arguments presented and determine if consensus was reached on the fate of the article. The desired standard is rough consensus , not perfect consensus . Please also note that closing admins are expected and required to exercise their judgment in order to make sure that the decision complies with the spirit of all Wikipedia policy and with the project goal. A good admin will transparently explain how the decision was reached. A decision is either to "keep" or "delete" the article. Discussions which fail to reach rough consensus default to "keep". The decision may also include a strong recommendation for an additional action such as a "merge" or "redirect". In many cases, the decision to "keep" or "delete" may be conditional on the community's acceptance of the additional action. These recommendations do represent the community consensus and also should not be overturned lightly. However, these are actions which can be taken by any editor and do not require "admin powers". If they are challenged, the decision should be discussed and decided on the respective article Talk pages. A second deletion discussion is unnecessary. The discussion is preserved for future reference in accordance with the deletion process , both for consultation as non-binding precedent and for determining when a previously deleted article has been re-created. In some rare cases in the past, deletion discussions have been blanked as a courtesy, leaving the history available (example: the 2005 deletion discussion for Rational objectivism ); however, discussions are no longer indexed by web search engines .) The closing admin will also perform any necessary actions to carry out the decision. If the consensus is to merge the article and the merger would be non-trivial, it is acceptable for the admin to only begin the article merger process by tagging the article. Recommendations and outcomes[ edit ] Delete means simply that the user thinks the article should be deleted. He or she may state reasons or simply leave it at this statement. Because the deletion process is a discussion and not a vote, simply stating "delete" without any further comment is discouraged. Keep means simply that the user thinks the article should not be deleted. He or she may state reasons or simply leave it at this statement. Because the deletion process is a discussion and not a vote, simply stating "keep" without any further comment is discouraged. Merge is a recommendation to keep the article's content but to move it into some more appropriate article. It is either inappropriate or insufficient for a stand-alone article. After the merger, the article will be replaced with a redirect to the target article (in order to preserve the attribution history). Redirect is a recommendation to keep the article's history but to blank the content and replace it with a redirect . Users who want to see the article's history destroyed should explicitly recommend Delete then Redirect. Transwiki is a recommendation to copy the article to a sister project in Wikimedia (such as Wiktionary , Wikisource , Wikibooks , or one of the foreign language projects) and remove it from Wikipedia, either by deleting it or redirecting it to another article. It has also been used to recommend a transfer to a wiki aimed at a more specific audience (for example, Wookieepedia for Star Wars topics, WikiFur for furry fandom topics). Userfy is a recommendation to move the article to the author's user page. Wikipedia allows greater leniency in the userspace than the main article space. The resultant redirect is always deleted. Delete 100% ^ If necessary, the resulting redirect may be removed per Wikipedia:Merge and delete . While editors are encouraged to discuss the deletion, a bolded AfD recommendation ("Delete", "Keep", etc) should be left only once by an editor in a deletion discussion unless the previous one is struck . Editors may leave multiple recommendations as alternatives when unsure, for instance "Merge or redirect". If you disagree with the consensus[ edit ] The consensus opinion of the community about an article's disposition is generally respected, and should not be overturned or disregarded lightly. Sometimes, however, users disagree with the consensus opinion arrived at in the AFD quite strongly. If you disagree with the consensus opinion, it is a good idea to first try to understand why the community made its decision. You may find that its reasoning was sensible. However, if you remain unsatisfied with the consensus decision, there are a few options open to you. If you think that an article was wrongly kept after the AFD, you could wait to see if the article is improved to overcome your objections; if it isn't, you can renominate it for deletion. If and when you do renominate, be careful to say why you think the reasons proffered for keeping the article are poor, and why you think the article must be deleted. If you think that an article was wrongly deleted, you can recreate the article. If you do decide to recreate it, pay careful attention to the reasons that were proffered for deletion. Overcome the objections, and show that your new, improved work meets Wikipedia article policies. It can help to write down the reasons you think the article belongs on Wikipedia on the article's discussion page. If you manage to improve on the earlier version of the article and overcome its (perceived) shortcomings, the new article cannot be speedily deleted , and any attempt to remove it again must be settled before the community, on AFD. Finally, if you are unsatisfied with the outcome of an AFD because you believe that a procedural issue interfered with the AFD or with the execution of its decision, you can appeal the decision at Wikipedia:Deletion review , where deletion decisions are reviewed by the community over a period of around seven days. The review has the authority to overturn AFD decisions. Note, however, that by long tradition and consensus, deletion review only addresses procedural problems that may have hampered an AFD. For example, if the participants of an AFD arrived at one decision but the closing administrator wrongly executed another, Deletion Review can opt to overturn the administrator's action. It must be emphasized that the review exists to address procedural (or "process") problems in AFDs that either made it difficult for the community to achieve a consensus, or prevented a consensus that was achieved from being correctly applied. It does not exist to override community consensus. If an AFD decision was arrived at fairly and applied adequately, it is unlikely that the decision will be overturned at the Review. For more information, please see Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Deletion review . Can I recreate an article that was deleted in the past?[ edit ] Articles that have been deleted in the past generally should not be re-created unless the reason for deletion is specifically addressed (for information on determining the reason why the page was deleted, see Wikipedia:Why was the page I created deleted? ). If the article was deleted at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion , you should read the full deletion discussion before re-creating. Articles that are re-created without any substantial changes can be re-deleted immediately (see CSD G4 ). This applies regardless of whether you wrote the original article. If you are uncertain whether your new article will adequately address the original reasons for deletion, you may wish to create a draft version of it in your sandbox and then request feedback at deletion review . Some example scenarios: If an article was deleted because it infringes copyright ( G12 ), it may be recreated if you rewrite the article entirely in your own words. See Wikipedia:Copy-paste . If an article was deleted because it was advertising or promotion ( G11 ), it may be recreated if it is rewritten from a neutral point of view , avoiding any promotional language. If an article was deleted because it included no assertion of significance ( A7 ), it may be recreated if you include an explanation of why the subject is important or significant. If an article was deleted because the subject was not notable , but since that time many more independent reliable sources discussing them have been found or published, you can re-create the article if you include these new additional sources. patent nonsense ( G1 ), vandalism ( G3 ), test page ( G2 ), author requested deletion ( G7 ), attack page ( G10 ), no context ( A1 ), no content ( A3 ) In some cases, articles may be deleted for erroneous reasons. For example, the deletion summary may claim that the article included no assertion of significance, but in fact the article did explain why the subject is significant. In this case, contact the administrator who deleted it, or request undeletion at deletion review . Note that if you copy and paste text from a deleted article (that you did not write yourself) into a new article, you should visit Wikipedia:Cut and paste move repair holding pen to request an administrator to repair the history and correctly give credit to all authors. Articles that are restored via deletion review will automatically include the original history. Articles that are deleted by the Wikimedia Foundation for legal reasons (see Wikipedia:Office actions ) should never be re-created without the Foundation's explicit approval. See also: Wikipedia:Glossary As discussed above, experienced Wikipedians use specialized jargon in an effort to communicate efficiently. Often, if a Wikipedian uses capitalized letter abbreviations, you can find what they are talking about by affixing WP: in front of their capitalized abbreviation and searching for an article of that name. "NPOV", for example, can be found at WP:NPOV . Be sure to match capitalization. Other examples of shorthand in general include: Copyvio or CV means that the user thinks the article is a copyright violation . In general, the copyvio deletion process takes precedence over the AFD process. -cruft (for example, " fancruft ", "gamecruft" or "forumcruft") is shorthand for "This article is trivia of interest only to hardcore fans of a specific film, television series, book, game, pop singer, web forum, etc." Delete means simply that the user thinks the article should be deleted. He or she may state reasons or simply leave it at this statement. Because the deletion process is a discussion and not a vote, simply stating "delete" without any further comment is discouraged. Deprodded means the article was proposed for deletion (or "prodded", see below), but someone contested this by removing the {{ prod }} message from the article. Patent nonsense refers to Wikipedia:patent nonsense . Per nomination, per nominator, or simply per nom means the user agrees with and wishes to express the same viewpoint as the user who nominated the article for deletion. per <user> means that the user agrees with the reasoning or comments of the other user named, who will have commented earlier in the discussion, and wishes to express the same opinion. POV means that the user considers the article's title and/or the article's mere existence to be inherently biased and to violate Wikipedia's neutral-point-of-view policy . POV fork is shorthand for "This article is on the same topic as an existing article and was created in an attempt to evade the spirit of WP:NPOV ." Prodded means the article was previously proposed for deletion , a half-way house between speedy deletion and Articles for deletion for uncontroversial proposals. The name comes from the {{ prod }} template the process uses. 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See also: Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion . Speedy keep is rarely but thoroughly used. It implies that the user thinks the nomination was in bad-faith (vandalism, disruption, edits by banned users, and so forth) and that the deletion discussion can be closed early. See also Wikipedia:Speedy keep . It is sometimes, even more rarely, used for cases where a discussion has led to all parties being in favour of keeping. However, that is usually not indicated by a third party coming along and using a shorthand. Snowball is a request for application of the Wikipedia:snowball clause (for either keeping or deletion). However, an AfD should be closed early only by reference to Wikipedia:Speedy keep or Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion . Transwiki is a recommendation to copy the article to a sister project in Wikimedia (such as Wiktionary , Wikisource , Wikibooks , or one of the foreign language projects) and remove it from Wikipedia, either by deleting it or redirecting it to another article. It has also been used to recommend a transfer to a wiki aimed at a more specific audience (for example, Wookieepedia for Star Wars topics, WikiFur for furry fandom topics). Userfy is a recommendation to move the article to the author's user page. Wikipedia allows somewhat greater leniency in the userspace than the main article space. The resultant redirect is always deleted. Vanity suggests that an article was created to promote the author or some topic associated with the author. This term is discouraged because it is easy to interpret as an attack against the author, and has led to negative press. [3] WP:POINT refers to the rule that one should not disrupt Wikipedia to make a point. Without prejudice . When used in Wikipedia AfD debates, it suggests that the result of this particular debate does not preclude a particular option (for example, without prejudice of re-creation) and should NOT be used as an example in other and future AfD debates due to its unique situation or issues. As a courtesy, when dealing with articles written by new contributors, one should avoid shorthand to facilitate their learning Wikipedia policy and improve their future contributions. Miscellaneous advice[ edit ] If you are the nominator of an article for deletion, your desire to delete it is assumed (unless you specify that you are neutral, and nominating for other reasons). Because of this, you do not get to !vote (that is, for the second time) in your own AfD. If you expect the AfD page will be edited by newcomers to Wikipedia (perhaps because the article is linked from some visible place outside Wikipedia), or if you notice this happening, you might want to insert the {{ Not a ballot }} template into it. If you are not logged in, you will not be able to create the AfD discussion page. You could either log in, sign up , or request an account first, or request that a logged in user complete the nomination on the article talk page. It is recommended that you describe the steps you have taken to check that your nomination is appropriate, including any search for reliable sources you have done. This may avoid duplication of effort and prevent your nomination from being labelled as spurious or thoughtless.
i don't know
Which bank had the advertising slogan 'The bank that likes to say yes'?
Database of slogans. Advertising slogans for banks. Bank, banking slogan Trustee Savings Bank ( now - Lloyds TSB) Ad slogan: The bank that likes to say Yes The Royal Bank of Scotland Advertising slogans: Make it happen.      Where people matter Advertising slogan: Your Life. Anything is possible. Be with AIB Barclays bank Slogans: Barclays. Fluent in finance  It's our business to know your business Chase Manhattan Bank Tagline: Chase. The right relationship is everything Commonwealth Bank of Australia Advertising slogan: Commonwealth. Make it happen ING Direct bank Marketing slogan: ING Direct. Save Your Money! ABN AMRO bank Advertising slogan: ABN AMRO. Making more possible Scotiabank, Canada
TSB
In chess notation, which is the only piece that is represented by a letter that does not begin the name of the piece it represents?
TSB becomes eighth biggest high street bank overnight | This is Money comments TSB has become Britain’s eighth biggest high street bank overnight after it relaunched today as a standalone brand 18 years after disappearing when it merged with Lloyds. Lloyds Banking Group has transferred more than 4.6million customers to the revived TSB brand after it was forced to offload more than 600 branches by the European Commission. TSB was famous for its 1980s slogan, ‘the bank that likes to say yes.' However, after much fanfare for the new bank, TSB was hit by an embarrassing glitch on its first day, with its website crashing and leaving customers struggling to access online accounts and potential joiners unable to investigate deals. New bank: The new TSB branches have popped up around the country and open for the first time today Heavy advertising from TSB has appeared this morning with the slogan: 'welcome back to local banking.' The bank will float on the stock market next year, finalising the split from Lloyds. TSB’s website went live last month but customers holding one of its eight million accounts were not  able to log in until yesterday, a day before the launch. Their passwords will remain the same. However, as of 10am this morning websites for Halifax, Lloyds and TSB had crashed leaving customers without access to online banking. The problems, according to the group, have been ironed out as of lunchtime.   BANK ON CHANGE: Reborn TSB will support local borrowers and businesses, boss pledges The bank’s new mission statement echoes similar sentiment from the founding of the Trustee Savings Bank movement more than 200 years ago when the Reverend Henry Duncan created a ‘bank for hard-working local people.’ TSB’s logo featuring white lettering on blue circles has replaced the Lloyds black horse emblem as well as the Cheltenham and Gloucester brand at 631 branches. It says its focus on purely individual and small business customers seeks to align it firmly with the image of the dependable high street bank manager rather than the risk-taking ‘casino’ traders of investment banking largely blamed for the financial crisis. With 8,000 members of staff, TSB will have offices in Birmingham, Gloucester, Edinburgh, London and Bristol, with call centres in Swansea, Sunderland, Edinburgh and Gloucester. Local claims: Heavy advertising - including this in Bristol - has run with the slogan 'welcome back to local banking' However, despite the new brand emerging, experts have pointed out that savings rates on TSB products will retain the same paltry ones as their old savings deals.  For example, TSB is offering an Easy-Access Saver account paying 0.75 per cent, which includes a whopping 0.55 percentage point bonus for a year. It means that after 12 months, customers will be earning 0.2 per cent if they don’t switch. At present, the best easy-access rate, which comes without a bonus, is offered by Coventry Building Society at 1.6 per cent.   Lloyds chief executive Antonio Horta-Osorio has said the retail and commercial business will be a ‘real challenger on the high street’. He has described it as a ‘completely clean bank’ untainted by the turbulence that has threatened to overwhelm the financial sector in recent years. Unlike its parent, TSB will not be encumbered by claims over mis-selling of payment protection insurance or complex interest rate swap products. It will also be free of the toxic assets acquired by Lloyds’ acquisition of HBOS at the height of the financial crisis and ultimately saw it being bailed out by the taxpayer. Lloyds Banking Group remains 39 per cent state-owned and its disposal of TSB is a legacy of its troubled recent past when it was compelled to spin off the branches as part of EU rules on state aid. Executives managing the disposal of the network - dubbed Project Verde - will be hoping for a headache-free transition after plans to sell it to the Co-op collapsed earlier this year. It should mark the latest step on the road to recovery for Lloyds, which said last month that it was ready for the Government to fire the starting gun on the sale of its stake after swinging out of the red with half-year profits of more than £2 billion. TSB boss: Paul Pester is facing his biggest challenge yet and says his bank will support local people and businesses. Unhappy customers can stay with Lloyds if they choose Lloyds plans to float the business in the middle of next year. For the time being it will offer the same products as its parent, with new deals expected later. Any customers unhappy about moving to TSB have been told they can choose to stay with Lloyds - and 4,000 have already done so. However, 600 have made an unprompted decision to switch to the new bank. TSB says it can trace its heritage back to the foundation of a self-supporting savings bank in 1810 by the Reverend Henry Duncan in Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire. Savings banks operated independently until they were brought together in the 1970s, followed by a stock exchange flotation in 1986 and the creation of TSB Group. The group merged with Lloyds Bank in 1995 to form Lloyds TSB. Its chief executive, Paul Pester, previously led the team that created Virgin Money banking brand in the UK. You can read an exclusive interview with him here. TSB has its own banking licence Kevin Mountford, head of banking at comparison website Moneysupermarket, said: ‘The launch of TSB bank today can only be good news for consumers as it creates greater competition on the high street. ‘Entering the market with the eighth largest branch network in the UK, this brand immediately has the scale to be a meaningful challenger to the big four banks. ‘Deposits up to £85,000 are protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme and TSB has its own banking licence so if a customer has deposits with the both TSB and Lloyds Banking Group, they will be protected separately. ‘This said, TSB over time will need to create its own identity in terms of culture, service and product innovation.’  
i don't know
"The organisation ""Sons of the desert"" is an official international appreciation society that is devoted to which film characters?"
Film Studies Film Studies Me and My Movies What genre have I chosen? The genre I have chosen to do is comedy, the reason I have chosen this genre is because I think everyone loves a good comedy, plus laughing releases endorphin’s which make you feel good on the inside. Comedies are a type of genre where you can watch them over and over again and not get bored where as if you were watching a horror film you already know what happens and the suspense is gone but with comedies it’s all about having a laugh. Fandom The term Pepperpots refers to the middle- aged, matronly types played by the men in Monty Python. A Pepperpot is normally overweight and wears old fashioned hats. Pepperpots are given different names in various sketches such as Mrs Premise, Mrs Nesbitt, Mrs Smoker, Mrs Conclusion and Mrs Non- Smoker. Another Fandom is Laurel and Hardy’s The Sons of the Desert; they are the official international appreciation society. It began in Birmingham in 1953 when a meeting between Laurel and Hardy and a young American student called John McCabe, a friendship began between these three and when John suggested to Stan Laurel that an organisation should be made to promote the study and show the work, The Sons of the Desert was formed. Intertextuality Intertextuality is when you reference text with another text. How is it used? It’s used a lot in comedy films; the most famous film that uses Intertextuality is the scary movie franchise. Scary is basically a whole intertextual film because it’s a parody of a selection of horror films and copy’s scenes and situations from famous horror films. Another film that uses a lot of intertextuality is Epic Movie, this also depicts scenes from other films such as The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Tim Burton’s rendition of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Harold and Kumar Get the Munchies. Social Network Social networking is a huge part of marketing for films, and is used often, especially in the comedy genre; there are official Facebook pages for films such as The Hangover, Superbad, Bridget Jones, Identity Thief and Silver Linings Playbook. Some of these pages have millions of likes and Facebook also tells you how many people are talking about it so the page creator knows how many people are talking the film. I also went on twitter and looked for comedy actors and I found a twitter account for Happy Madison which is Adam Sandler’s production company and found that they promoted their films by uploading trailers and posters and progress with new films coming out such as Grown-ups 2, they also have an Instagram account which contains photos of posters, actors and them on set which then builds a buzz around the film which then flocks in the audience to see the film. Preview/Post Experience I looked at the film Hot Fuzz and went on www.totalfilm.com and looked at what was written before the film came out, on this website it seems as though there is a lot of hype for this film and people seemed excited for this film, even Total Film itself! They have uploaded trailers and posters to get the word about. When I looked at a video on YouTube I also looked at the comments below and the ones from before the film came out are about how good it looks but the more recent comments state that the trailer shows all the best bits of the film, unfortunately this happens with most trailers but there is also comments saying that the film is amazing. I also had another look on Facebook to see what had been said and it was basically just full of fans posting how much they love the film even now, the last post was on the 12th of May 13 so even 6 years after the film’s release its still a big hit. Bibliography Laurel and Hardy Photo- aramblingguy.wordpress.com Scary Movie Photo- doblaje.wikia.com The Angels Share How was it promoted? I looked on twitter and the director Ken Loach doesn’t have a twitter but The Angels Share is still being promoted by Ken Loach’s fans and organisations like ‘Siskel Film Center’, ‘World Magazine’ and ‘Kendall Cinema’. The world premiere of The Angels Share was at Cannes Film Festival, Cannes is probably the biggest film festival and the most recognisable festival. It also won the Jury Prize and was nominated for the Palme d’Or so that in itself is a massive promotional step. When the film was released Facebook was the big social network site so they were quite clever with setting up a Facebook page because everybody was logging on and seeing people on their friend’s lists liking this page and sharing pictures of the posters so word starts spreading round about the film and a buzz starts to be formed. The Angels Share has won 4 awards and has been nominated for 7, 4 of which were won. The main character in The Angels Share is Paul Brannigan who on his twitter page promotes the film by retweeting what people have said about it and tweeting about it himself The Angels share is available on sites such as Amazon, Netflix, LOVEFiLM and Sky Go; it’s also available to watch on online sites such as movie2k and 1channel. This opens a lot of doors for the film because it wasn’t shown in many cinemas but was released in many countries so all the people who couldn’t get into the cinema to watch it can just click a few buttons and watch it in the comfort of their own home. Interviews have been conducted for this film; Paul Brannigan has done an interview to promote it on a video blog channel called ‘heyuguysblog’ on YouTube, there is also an interview with the director Ken Loach and the screenwriter Paul Laverty. Theres also interviews on ‘RedCarpetNewsTV’ and ‘KenLoachFilms’ Target Audience As this film has got a certificate of 15 my opinion is that the film is ranged for people aged 15-24 because of the humour used in this film, plus the characters in this film are relatively young so you can relate with these characters. Also 16-24 year olds have the highest unemployment rate on record and the main characters in the film are unemployed so they can relate with the stresses of trying to keep your head above water, especially when they have children and are trying to provide for them.   How did the film do? Unfortunately there were no records of how much the film actually cost to make but it did make $18,837 in the opening weekend with only 3 screens so I think considering there was only 3 screens that’s quite good but unfortunately without no records of the budget I can’t actually make an assumption on how much profit the film made.  Bibliography A nightmare on Elm Street I am going to write about the film A nightmare on Elm Street. What is the film about? The original film is set in the 1980’s, a psychopath who goes by the name of Freddy Krueger (also known as the Springwood Slasher) murdered several children using a glove with razor blades attached to each finger. Nancy Thompson is the daughter of the police officer who arrested Krueger. Krueger is on the warpath and wants revenge on Nancy and her friends so he starts stalking them in terrifying nightmares. When Nancy’s friends start dying in their dreams after confrontations with Krueger, Nancy realises she has to find a way to stop Krueger.   There are lots of differences between the original (1984) and the remake (2010) Names The names in the remake have been changed, Nancy Thompson (1984) is Nancy Holbrook in the remake, Rod Lane (1984) is Jesse Braun in the remake, Glen Lantz (1984) is Jesse Braun in the remake, Nancy’s mother Marge Thompson (1984) is now Gwen Holbrook and Tina Grey (1984) is now Kristen Fowles. I think the names have been changed because it brings something new and fresh to the film and the names have been much more modernised because it was remade in 2010 and popular names have changed a lot since 1984. Storyline . In the original film Krueger is a child murderer but in the remake he is a convicted child molester. . The 2010 remake features a blogging nightmare to capture modern day technology. .In the 1984 version you see Nancy’s mother die twice, once when she burns in her bed and when she gets pulled through the front door of her house but in the remake she gets stabbed through her eye sockets and pulled into the mirror behind her. . In the remake Kris Fowles (Tina in the original) dreams about Freddy killing her dog Rufus and supposedly awakes from her dream only to find Freddy lying beside her instead of Freddy chasing her from her house into some bin bags which turns into her bed. . The scene where Nancy gets pulled through the water hole in the bath tub has been replaced with Freddy’s glove appearing and then leaving upon hearing Nancy’s mother’s voice. I also think these changes have been made to make it more fresh and so they can use more special effects than the original and for example the scene with the blogging nightmare wouldn’t have existed and these days there are lots of bloggers, especially younger people so the audience would be able to relate with this part of the storyline.   $1,271,000 (USA) ( 11 November 1984 ) (165 Screens) As you can see it didn’t do that well in the opening weekend but that doesn’t mean there’s no hope, in fact it actually made $25, 504,513. Not bad at all, from that moment on wards it was known as a classic so it was typically going to be a choice for a remake. There is lots of technology used in modern day films and this remake is no exception, when you watch the original and then the remake back to back you see the difference in quality almost as if it’s been digitally re mastered. CGI has been used in the remake but I think it’s been used too much and they should have used more of the techniques that were used in the original. The reason I believe there is much more CGI used in this film is because modern day blockbusters use a hell of a lot of special effects and this film is basically trying to make as much money as possible so uses modern day technology to be known as a blockbuster film and make a huge profit. Here is some statistics for A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010) £1,342,837 (UK) ( 9 May 2010 ) (354 Screens) As you can see the opening weekend didn’t do well either, this seems like a pattern is occurring because overall it made $113,400,000 (Worldwide) ( 8 August 2010 ) Marketing The original A Nightmare on Elm Street has a large franchise which includes a series produced by New Line Cinema; there are comic books and a novel so there was a whole load of money to be made off the back of the film. In 2010 after the remake came out the National Entertainment Collectibles Association released two new action figures of Freddy, they also released a replica of Freddy’s clawed glove. Also a game was released in which a young girl had to keep herself awake using coffee, self-mutilation, cold showers and other means to stay awake to keep her safe from Freddy.  
Laurel and Hardy
"Which organisation, formed in 1824, has the motto ""Train one, save many""?"
Latest 'Laurel and Hardy' News PAST NEWS - BUT STILL INTERESTING   MAY 14th - �LAUREL & HARDY" IN MILWAUKEE -CAN YOU HELP? I have just received this request from Michael Ehret in Germany -Can anybody help? Hello, I am presenting the rare colour footage of the "Driver`s Licence Sketch" performed in Milwaukee in 1940 at ROLDUC Convention together with some other rare film & audio material on Friday, 10th of June 2011. I obtained the original 8mm home movie and then digitized & restored it, see the before and after image above. I am now compiling a documentary with all kinds of material about the footage: film, text and photos.  I am trying to find some more photos of their performance in Milwaukee (1940).  If anybody has a high resolution photo of Laurel & Hardy performing the "Driver`s Licence Sketch" (no matter where it was performed)  I would love to obtain a scan.  I would of course credit the owner in my presentation at the Convention . Please send me an Email:  [email protected] Thank you, MICHAEL EHRET MAY 8th - �LAUREL & HARDY CONVENTION� THANK YOU FOR COMING ALONG Well it�s been week since the Convention, and we are just about recovered. It�s unbelievable how much energy just a one-day event can burn up. But, judging from your emails and cards, it was all worth it. Here is just one �Thank You� which covers most of the points raised. (Others can be found on our �Convention Report� page along with photographs. Go to this link: ) Hi Rob, Just wanted to say what a fab Laurel and Hardy Convention - well done indeed! It was truly amazing. It was wonderfully organised and made for a most enjoyable and full day of fun. I particularly enjoyed meeting the authors, Ray Andrew, Glenn Mitchell and of course the wonderful 'A.J' Marriot who gave such a wonderful and comical presentation on a preview of his forthcoming book the 'USA Tours' - which made it ever so special. It was really interesting to see L&H on the ipad/iphone from Russell Babidge - so I can't wait to hear more details on any future launch. I must also mention the Hotel which was really excellent and most comfortable, a lovely warm pool and pleasant atmosphere all round. Everything was spot on and couldn't have been better. Once again � many, many thanks Rob to you and your team. Kind regards, Darrin Kent -----0----- APRIL 24th -  DOCTOR WHO - UPDATED Doctor Who returned to our screens last night with a nice surprise for �Laurel and Hardy� buffs. The Doctor (Matt Smith) appeared in with �the Boys� in a short clip from �Flying Deuces� wearing his Fez!   MARCH 31st  2011 - �LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE� - MAILED TODAY Our next quarterly A5 colour Laurel & Hardy Magazine ( VOL. 8 No.5 ) was mailed today to all subscribers worldwide. Once again we have managed to come up with several snippets of information we believe you didn�t know, and lots of photos you haven�t seen before, all on the subject of our comedy heroes - Laurel and Hardy. We find that Stan Laurel�s �lost� brother fell out of a different tree; unearth some scandalous politics; solve the mystery of Stan and Ollie demonstrating �table etiquette;� catch the Boys reading magazines on-set; and find out the set-up behind a newspaper drawing competition. Then we have our regular features; �Who, What, Where, When,� which is split into two sections in this issue; and �Meet the Collector� in which we reveal a man with the largest known collection of Laurel and Hardy merchandise. All this � and much more! The Helpmates Laurel & Hardy Convention WHEN: Sunday 1st May 2011 (Bank Holiday Weekend) WHERE: The Holiday Inn, Maidstone Road, Chatham, Kent. ME5 9SF (next to Chatham/Rochester Airport). WHAT TIME: Arrive from 11a.m. onwards. Programme 12 noon - till late. WHAT�S ON: Two Films Rooms, screening Laurel & Hardy films and rare footage - supervised by Richard Ellis; Memorabilia Displays, Raffle, Restaurant, Bar and Lounge; plus Sales Room - with merchandise from around the world. WHAT SPECIAL ATTRACTIONS ARE THERE? Our own �A.J� Marriot will be giving a presentation on �Laurel and Hardy�s U.S. Tours,� with rare and unseen photos and footage, assisted by film historian Dave Wyatt. Autograph expert Dave Tomlinson will have an impressive display of Laurel and Hardy autographs, and will give advice on how to spot fake signatures. Antony Mitchell-Waite will be there to chat about his next work, �Laurel and Hardy in Advertising,� and Ray Andrew, author of �On the Trail of Charlie Hall� will have a fine display of rare Charlie Hall memorabilia. Film expert Trevor Dorman is flying in from Ireland to present some specially restored films; and Russell Babidge from �The Laurel and Hardy Archive� will be doing a special presentation and display. Film expert, Glenn Mitchell will also have copies of his Encyclopedia to sell and sign. Plus, you never know who else may turn up!! WHO CAN COME: Our event is open to all members of all Tents, their family and friends. HOW MUCH WILL IT COST: Just �10 for adults and �5 for Children (15 and under) gives you full access to all the Convention rooms; including our own Private Bar where, as well as buying drinks, you will be able to order Bar Meals. HOW MUCH TO STAY AT THE HOTEL: At the time of going to press, we still have some rooms available at a Special Convention Rate of �59 per room - whether it is a single, twin, or double - Breakfast included. Those staying at the hotel also have full access to the Swimming Pool and other Leisure Facilities. For HOTEL ROOMS you must book direct, by calling the hotel on 01634 673543 (Mon-Fri 09.00-17.30) quoting the Group reference LH1. You will need to give your Credit/Debit Card details to guarantee the booking, but you won�t be charged until the day itself. CAN WE JUST TURN UP ON THE DAY: Yes! but tickets will cost a little more: ADULTS �12.50 - CHILDREN �6. The hotel restaurant will also be offering a 3-Course Sunday Lunch Carvery for those who wish to book it, details will be sent with the tickets. We can provide full directions and rail times for those who need them. Please note that high-speed trains now run from St. Pancras, which may save some of you from travelling to Victoria. We do hope you will make every effort to join us, as we shall be making every effort to ensure you have a great day. Whether you wish to keep your own company, or find friends old and new, we can guarantee you a safe, secure, and friendly environment. To watch Laurel & Hardy films on DVD at home is one thing, but to watch them on a big screen, in a room filled with scores of other fans laughing out loud, makes for one heck of a great atmosphere. DON�T MISS IT! FOR FULL CONVENTION DETAILS AND BOOKING PAGE NOW ONLINE - GO HERE: CONVENTION Where are they now?   When we attend the Laurel & Hardy Convention, in Chatham, on Sunday 1st May, it would be great if we could make it even more special by having a reunion of those who haven�t been to a convention for a number of years. Over the years we regularly topped the two-hundred mark in attendance, and even broke three-hundred on occasions. Then what about the 30 Sons 'AJ' took to Amsterdam in 1988; the 80+ Helpmates we took to several USA Conventions; the two Leeds Castle Banquets, and many other extra events we have organised? Where are those members now? Let�s see if we can get everybody together again for one big HELPMATES REUNION. But, we also would like to see some NEW FACES attend, as we have had many members who have joined us since our last event, so we are asking YOU to come along to join us too. And remember, this event is open to ANY fans of 'Laurel & Hardy', family and friends. We are very pleased with the advance ticket sales for our event so far.  We are now getting very close to using up our quota of reserved rooms, so we would advise you to book ASAP if you wish to stay at the hotel. FOR FULL CONVENTION DETAILS AND BOOKING PAGE NOW ONLINE - GO HERE: CONVENTION March 22nd. 2011 -STANS HOME FOR SALE /  FILM RESTORATION Stan Laurel's home to be auctioned A HOUSE where comic Stan Laurel once lived will be auctioned this month. The two-bedroomed property in Bishop Auckland where Laurel, one half of duo Laurel and Hardy, lived with his thespian parents when he was a baby, is up for auction through Keith Pattinson estate agents. Bids for the unoccupied house, thought to have been used as a rental property, start at �40,000. Although Laurel was born in Cumbria, he spent much of his childhood in Bishop Auckland and was educated at King James Grammar School, in the town. There is a blue commemorative plaque from the Bishop Auckland Civic Society above the front door of the mid-terraced house, which reads: �Stan Laurel (Arthur Stanley Jefferson) of Laurel and Hardy lived in this house with his parents. He was baptised in St Peter�s Church on 21st October 1891�.  The �Sons of the Dessert� society organised for the plaque to be installed on the front of the building several years ago and some of Stan�s relatives came up to unveil it.� Bishop Auckland county councillor Sam Zair stressed the importance of maintaining Bishop Auckland�s links with Laurel. He said: �The Stan Laurel link is vastly important to Bishop Auckland and one that we need to keep going because it is such a vital part of the town�s heritage." Big news from Stan Taffel, Grand Sheik, Hollywood Party Tent that will be of major interest to all fans of the Boys. The UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) is undergoing a restoration of all the Hal Roach Laurel & Hardy titles in their collection.  The films, all on nitrate stock, will take several years to restore.  Chris Horak, the head of UCLA's film & television archive, told me that the goal is to find every original camera negative in existence and go from there. Features and shorts from the Hal Roach years is the target. This Sunday, UCLA will have a website devoted to this new project and they will be asking for donations to help fund this massive undertaking. Jeff Joseph, formerly of Sabucat, has pledged 100,000 dollars over the next five years.  I am going to donate as well and encourage all Sons to do the same. I am preparing an article about this effort and how we all can help. If you have some or all the films on DVD, remember that this project is to restore and preserve the "Original" elements for all time.  The negatives have been worn down to a shadow of their former selves and this is the first time that all the damage will be fixed and bring the films to a new level of preservation. Your old VHS, DVD and even 8mm & 16mm prints have imperfections in them, copied and duped into subsequent releases over the decades.  This work is intended to fix all the wrongs, restore all the original titles, remove all the pops and crackles in the soundtracks and restore the picture to a quality unseen since the initial releases of these motion pictures. March 17th. 2011 -  CONVENTION UPDATE / ATOLL K. Laurel & Hardy Convention , Sunday May 1st (Bank Holiday Weekend) , CHATHAM, KENT - IMPORTANT UPDATE I have just heard from the Holiday Inn Hotel, they have informed me that all the rooms that I held (at our special reduced rate) have been taken. However, I have negotiated for another 5 to 10 rooms. BUT, these will only be held at our special rate until the end of this month. So if you are thinking about staying at the hotel I would suggest you book NOW. I will be sending out Convention tickets and extra details to all those who booked on Friday. There are a handful of names on the hotel reservation list that have not obtained their event tickets as yet.  So it would help us if have got a room at the hotel to make sure you have your tickets as well. Of course you can still book tickets for the actual event, even if you do not intend to stay at the hotel. FOR FULL CONVENTION DETAILS AND BOOKING PAGE NOW ONLINE - GO HERE: CONVENTION Hunt on for witnesses of classic film shoot In the summer of 1950 Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy washed up on the shore of the Cote d�Azur to shoot what was to be their last film, Atoll K. A number of scenes were shot on the Riviera, on Cap Roux for example, in the port of Marseille and in the Studios de cinema de La Victorine in Nice. Now a television production company from Germany are making a documentary about two of the most celebrated film comedians of all time and are on the hunt for people who witnessed the classic film being made firsthand. The team of documentary makers, in the South of France from the first to the fourth of April, hope to interview some of those who worked with the Hollywood stars on the movie or who saw them or met them whilst they were based in the region for the shoot. They are also interested in finding photographs and film-footage (professional or homemade) taken on the set of Atoll K or of Laurel and Hardy in France, and also of other general items connected to the movie like scripts, props and costumes. Anyone who can help should contact Andreas Baum of Exit Film  email: [email protected] January 8th. 2011 -  NEWS UPDATE Many thanks to all of you who contacted �A.J� and myself with your kind comments about our recent WINTER SPECIAL magazine. I was pleased to learn it arrived at most destinations prior to Christmas, despite the bad weather holding up a lot of mail. Judging by the fast rate of renewal forms coming in, you can�t wait till the next issue!! Well what�s in store for 2011? We have had so many bookings for our 1st May Convention that we have had to reserve another block of rooms at the hotel. You do not have to pay a deposit to secure your room, as you pay the full amount when you check out, so I would advise you to book your room ASAP, as the hotel cannot guarantee our low rate for the Sunday night. For more details, follow the links below. FOR FULL CONVENTION DETAILS AND BOOKING PAGE NOW ONLINE - GO HERE: CONVENTION -----0----- As of yet, I have not booked any Memorabilia Shows for 2011, as I want to concentrate all my efforts on the Helpmates� Convention. If we do book anything later in the year we will let you know. More News as-and-when! December 17th. 2010 -  WINTER SPECIAL - �LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE� - MAILED TODAY The next issue of the �Laurel & Hardy Magazine� � our A4 �WINTER SPECIAL� - has just been mailed to all subscribers today . Hopefully UK member / subscribers should get theirs early next week (snow permitting), overseas subscribers will take longer due to the Christmas mail.   In it, we follow up the article on Viola Richard, with more previously unknown facts. There�s a write-up on the Fred Karno Centenary Celebrations, and an illustrated aerial photo of the Hal Roach Studios layout. We reveal new information of some �missing� scenes from �Duck Soup,� and some rare snapshots taken during filming of �Atoll K.� We present even more rare snapshots, which Laurel had sent to a relative. Add to this our usual mix of exclusive articles and rare photographs � including two in glorious colour, and you have yet another �Festival Special� to save and enjoy.   HELPMATES CONVENTION UPDATE. We have just been in negotiations with the hotel concerning room rates for our 1st MAY 2011 Convention, and I am delighted to inform you that the rate they gave us was lower than the one we had 3 years ago. This is great news for those of you wanting to stay over for one night, or more. Once we have signed the contract, our web page will go up and you will be able to start booking your hotel rooms and buying entry tickets for the Convention itself.   CHRISTMAS Thinking of Christmas? Then I would strongly advise that, if you require presents, you order them sooner, rather than later, as it gets busy the nearer we get to the day itself. Plus, some of our items are specially made to order, such as Neil Sims’ Laurel & Hardy busts. Neil is busy at the moment preparing our show order, so we will have a nice selection of his busts on our stall at the NEC.  GO HERE FOR OUR: ONLINE CATALOGUE More News when it comes in. OCTOBER 18th 2010 - FIXER UPPERS BUSTS / HELPMATES CONVENTION Neil Sims has done it again, he has made a new set of busts with a Winter theme.  I was very pleased when I opened his email with an image of the new set of the NEW FIXER UPPERS BUSTS. I must admit that I was VERY IMPRESSED when I saw them, again Neil has captured their likenesses perfectly. Why not take a look: FIXER UPPERS BUSTS.  I have been stocking up on rare items for our stall at the NOVEMBER MEMORABILIA show at the NEC BIRMINGHAM. This is the event to attend if you like anything do with FILMS, TV and SPORT. It has 1,000 sales stalls! Why not come along to the NEC: GO HERE: Holiday Inn Hotel, Chatham, Kent. ME5 9SF – Sunday 1st May 2011 We are pleased to announce that the next 'Laurel & Hardy Helpmates Convention' will be on SUNDAY 1st May 2011. As this is a Bank Holiday weekend, you will have no need to worry about getting to work on the Monday. Again, we are hosting it at the ever-popular Holiday Inn (former Crest, and Posthouse THF), next to the Chatham/Rochester Airport. We have secured many extra function rooms, where we will be hosting a diversity of entertainment and attractions, completely private from any other hotel guests. There will be two Film Rooms running concurrently, from midday - till late, screening Laurel & Hardy films on the Big Screen. The films will be interspersed by talks and rare material from some of our regular Helpmates' Laurel & Hardy experts. “A.J” MARRIOT, DAVE WYATT, TREVOR DORMAN, and THE LAUREL & HARDY ARCHIVE, will all be doing presentations. At our events, you can choose how you spend your time. Some people like to chat at the bar, or socialise in one of the lounge areas; while others pick and choose which Laurel & Hardy films or presentations to watch in our two screening rooms. And for the very many of you who love to collect Laurel & Hardy Memorabilia, our well-stocked Sales Room will be open all day with enough goodies to satisfy everyone from the smallest, to the biggest, collectors. If you are the shy type, don't worry as YOU do what YOU want to do. You can stay on your own and go where you like, or there will be "Helpmates' Hosts" on hand to introduce you to other members, if you so wish. The Hotel will also offer special Reduced Rates on rooms, for those of you who wish to stay overnight. For those of you who want to make a weekend break of it, there is lots to see in and around the MEDWAY area, including DICKENS WORLD indoor theme park. This event will be open to ALL 'Laurel and Hardy' buffs. i.e. you do not have to be a member of the Helpmates to attend. We will issue an on-line booking page nearer the time, and in our December “Laurel & Hardy Special.” Keep watching this space!! OCTOBER 5th 2010 - SIR NORMAN WISDOM RIP The legendary, and well-loved, British comedian Norman Wisdom passed away yesterday (October 4th) evening at a nursing home, on the Isle of Man. Norman, who retired from acting in 2004, became Britain's favourite screen-comic in the 1950s, starting with the film "Trouble In Store," followed by others where the little man fails to fit in, such as: "The Bulldog Breed," "A Square Peg," "On the Beat," and "A Stitch In Time." His last acting role was in the TV series "Last of the Summer Wine." He was also a theatre act, and played scores of Summer Seasons, and Pantomimes, which carried on long after his film career. He was 95. There will be a full tribute in our next magazine. Meanwhile, go to this link for a special article on "Norman Wisdom Meets Laurel & Hardy." - http://www.laurelandhardythebritishtours.com/saysir.html   - “LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE” MAILED TODAY/ WHERE WAS STAN BORN? Tourism office makes 'fine mess' getting Stan Laurel birthplace wrong Tourism bosses made a 'fine mess' by printing 50,000 copies of a brochure claiming comedian Stan Laurel was born in their county. County Durham tourism office claimed he was born in Bishop Auckland when in fact he was born in Ulverston, Cumbria. Bosses have now apologised for the blunder but said they cannot correct the mistake on the leaflet and map because of funding restrictions. The leaflet says: "Bet you didn't know that Bishop Auckland was the birthplace of Arthur Stanley Jefferson, better known as Stan Laurel." I must admit that I did not know anything about the mishap until BBC Radio Kent rang me up this afternoon for a live interview. They had people ringing their station saying that Stan was born in London and other locations, so they wanted me to confirm it was indeed Ulverston. The sad thing is that the error is going to stay in the brochures until next time they are reprinted...DOHHHHH!! MAGAZINES IN THE MAIL. The September issue of the “Laurel & Hardy Magazine” has been mailed out today to all paid up subscribers. In “Who Where What When” we present a mystery photo of Roach beauty Viola Richard. This ties in well with a great biography on Viola, written by American Helpmate BRad Farrell. Another American Son, has written an informative article on the history of the hats Laurel and Hardy wore in their films. On the home front we have a tribute to the late- Ray Alan, and one to Laurel’s English nephew, Huntley Jefferson Woods. Anthony Waite switches from covering “Laurel & Hardy in Cartoons” to an appeal for “The Boys in adverts.” Add to this our usual mix of Letters; rare stills, and merchandise, and you have yet another pure Laurel & Hardy-packed issue. If you are a new member, or you wish to bring your subscriptions up-to-date, follow the links below: SEPTEMBER 13th 2010  - NEXT MEMORABILIA SHOW. NOVEMBER MEMORABILIA SHOW  I can now confirm we will be attending the November Memorabilia Show at the NEC Birmingham, it will be held on Saturday 20th and Sunday 21st. Last year we had quite a few members travel from all over the UK, so we do hope you can make it. Some members even book into a hotel and make a full weekend of it, there are plenty of hotels next door to the NEC complex. SEPTEMBER 9th 2010  - "Laurel and Hardy" By Tom McGrath - American Premiere "Laurel and Hardy" By Tom McGrath - American Premiere Milwaukee Repertory Theatre, Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA, September 24 - November 14, 2010 Starring Gerard Neugent and Bill Theisen, Directed by Laura Gordon, Music Direction by Paul Helm This witty and moving play pays a loving homage to the world's best-known comedy double-act as they reunite for a look back on their roller-coaster career. Chock-full of the duo's slapstick humour, as well as their world-famous routines and well-loved songs - including "Shine on Harvest Moon," "At the Ball, That's All" and "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine," LAUREL AND HARDY skilfully reveals the men behind the laughs, as well as the events that shaped their rise to Hollywood stardom. A treat for the whole family! For more information, visit www.milwaukeerep.com . AUGUST 22nd 2010  - HUNTLEY JEFFERSON WOODS R.I.P.  It is with deep sadness that we announce the death of Stan's Laurel nephew, Huntley Jefferson Woods. Huntley was a lovely, gentle man, and a talented musician. He lost his battle for life on Friday 20th August, having just reached his 88th Birthday. A full tribute will be in the next Laurel & Hardy Magazine.   AUGUST 14th 2010 - BONNIE SCOTLAND ON DVD IN THE UK   I have lost count how many times I have been asked when ‘Bonnie Scotland’ will be officially released over here in the UK. It has been available in the USA for some time where it has a lot of desirable extras plus the feature Fra Diavolo.  However, 'Bonnie Scotland' (on its own) has just been released by ORBIT MEDIA as an HMV EXCLUSIVE release.  You can get it post free direct from their web site for £5.99 or from their stores. It will be on General release in November, as amazon.co.uk are taking advance orders. 'Hollywood Party' will be released via ORBIT/HMV in December. Let’s hope 'AIR RAID WARDENS' and 'NOTHING BUT TROUBLE' are released in the future. Click here for a few more selected UK Laurel and Hardy DVDS . JULY 27th 2010 - JIGSAW PUZZLES / LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE BACK ISSUES As you can imagine, over the years we have produced many quality ‘Laurel & Hardy Magazines’.  Back issues are often sought after, especially the older issues.  I have now updated and made another BACK ISSUES web page, so now all available issues are on offer. GO TO: FRED KARNO - CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS In September 2010, biographer “A.J” Marriot is hosting an event to commemorate the Centenary of the 1910 Karno Company which sailed to America to play in Vaudeville. In the company were Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel, but the celebrations will acknowledge all 15 Karno members. Click on this link to discover if you may qualify for a personal invite. ------0------ Richard Ellis Snr. - R.I.P.  We have just heard the very sad news from Richard Ellis Jnr. that his father Richard Ellis Snr. Had passed away, aged 92. Both Richards have been very loyal and strong supporters of the Helpmates. For many years they supplied and ran all the films and projection equipment at our events. This involved getting there the night before, and spending many hours setting up their equipment. And on the day itself, they would spend the whole time running the films, with never a thought for themselves. We will certainly miss seeing Richard Snr., who never passed one comment of complaint, nor ever asked for one of praise. He is certainly deserving of our praise and thanks for the pleasure he gave to all the many Laurel & Hardy fans who attended these Conventions. Our thoughts are with Richard Jnr. at this time. JUNE 18th 2010 - DOROTHY DEBORBA R.I.P. – STANNIE’S BIRTHDAY Apologies if you thought we’d missed out two recent events: the sad passing of “Our Gang” actress Dorothy Deborba, and the 120th Anniversary of Stan’s birth, but I have only recently returned from my holiday. Since then, “A.J” Marriot and I have been busy compiling the next “Laurel & Hardy Magazine” and so a full tribute to Dorothy will be in the mag’, plus a special feature on Stan’s birthday. More news will follow soon, when the magazine goes to press. Meanwhile, make sure you are up-to-date with your subs’ as it promises to be another cracking issue. ------0------ “Thank you” to all those who supported the recent ‘Collectormania Show’ at Milton Keynes. It was nice to meet up and have a chat. During my holiday, which followed, we visited the TV, RADIO, and TOY MUSEUM, in Montacute, which was very interesting indeed; with its TV Memorabilia going right back to when “television was still in its infancy!” Display items included several original “FILM FUN” annuals with Laurel and Hardy on the cover. So if you are ever in the Somerset or Dorset area, then it’s well worth a visit. For the full address and details go to their web site. www.montacutemuseum.co.uk It is that time of year to keep a lookout for ‘Laurel and Hardy’ items tucked away in seaside shops. I saw some nice, but BIG, busts and figures in a shop in SWANAGE, Dorset. It is getting harder to find collectables on ‘The Boys’ - this is why we have our CATALOGUE , where items that would be spread out in all different sources, can be brought to you in one simple location. In association with “The LAUREL & HARDY ARCHIVE” we have added a new club pin-badge to our badges range, which will be going out with our end of June issue to those of you who have recently renewed. However we do have a few extra badges which collectors can purchase. Go to this link: PIN BADGES Some new metal-figures will be added in a week’s time, so do check back. MAY 24th 2010 - RAY ALAN / COLLECTORMANIA MILTON KEYNES Kevin Doig has just emailed me with some sad news. Ventriloquist Ray Alan has died suddenly at the age of 79. Ray Alan was technically a brilliant ventriloquist and was very funny indeed with Lord Charles. He worked with Laurel and Hardy when they were touring the UK. He was so in awe that he could not bring himself to even talk to them!  He was right at the bottom of the bill so, as is customary, his dressing room was right at the top of the theatre.  One day, he answered a knock at his door and when he opened it he saw that the elderly Stan Laurel and very overweight Oliver Hardy, they had climbed all the stairs to see him. "I'm Mr Hardy," Oliver apparently said to him, "and this is Mr Laurel."  Ray Alan was struck dumb!  Lord Charles face is said to be modelled on Stan Laurel's (though I cannot really see it!). I was a big fan and am sorry to see him go. I FULLY RECOMMEND THIS BOOK: JUST CLICK BELOW: APRIL 23rd 2010 - LAUREL & WHO? / NEWS UPDATES Firstly, many thanks for all the kind comments sent to both “A.J” Marriot and myself regarding the March issue of ‘The Laurel and Hardy Magazine.’ We are so pleased you enjoyed it. Between writing for the magazine, A.J is busy working away at his next epic volume on Laurel and Hardy’s stage tours, provisionally titled: ‘Laurel and Hardy the World Tours’. I have been privileged to see sneak previews of it, and I must say that the content is outstanding, with most of the material never before published. This book will be well worth the wait. When it comes out, we will have a special Helpmates launch, so make sure to keep your subscriptions up-to-date, then you don’t miss out. Talking of books, I have heard from Russell Babidge regarding the second instalment of his 3-part reprint of the Laurel and Hardy ‘bible.’ Although the first book (THE SOUND SHORTS) was very well received, Russ still needs to sell more copies, to finance this second volume. In fact, if sales were to increase sufficiently, Russ would produce BOTH the second and third volumes - the SILENT SHORTS and the SOUND FEATURES – simultaneously. So if you haven’t yet bought the first volume, be sure to do so right away, which will in turn assist the release of the other two. DOCTOR WHO?   “Doctor Who” producer Steven Moffat recently made the following quote about new ‘Doctor’ Matt Smith: "Both Chris [Eccleston] and David [Tennant] were quite cool Doctors, and while Matt certainly isn't short on cool, he has an amazing clumsiness. Smith brings back the Doctor's silliness at times. We find out he's a bit rubbish at flying the Tardis, and he trips over his feet and breaks things. He's halfway between Indiana Jones and Stan Laurel.” I suppose Stan would have summed it up as “Matt Who??” ---0--- We were saddened to hear that long-time ‘Son of the Desert’ Bob Stowell passed away this month. Bob was the Grand Sheik of the ‘Rogue Song’ Tent and was instrumental in the early days of the ‘Sons.’ He also wrote several articles for the ‘Laurel and Hardy Magazine,’ covering his search for the missing ‘Rogue Song’ film. €He was thrilled to have attended a ‘Way Out West’ banquet last year, and meeting up with his old friends there was something he talked about constantly. €Bob had visited Stan Laurel a number of times and corresponded with him often. When Stan died, he actually attended the funeral. Here is a nice photograph of once such meeting.   ---0--- We are lucky to have two talented artists associated with the Helpmates ‘Tent.’ Firstly, sculptor Neil Sims, whose current pieces include superb figures of the ‘Boys’ from a CHUMP AT OXFORD. The detail in these is outstanding. T he other is Leon Garcia, who has drawn many images for us over the years, produced on all sorts of collectibles. He not only draws ‘Laurel and Hardy,’ but many other film and TV and film stars as well, some of which can be found in our off-shoot ‘FILM FUNSTERS’ on-line store. To see the new pages featuring the current range of Leon’s ‘KITCHENALEA’ just follow the links below. CHUMP AT OXFORD FIGURES  /   LEON'S KITCHENALEA ---0--- The UNIVERSAL 21 DVD box set has been re-released, but in different packaging. The box is now HALF the size of the original, as the DVDs are in slim-line cases and not the silver-foil blocked ones. Missing too is the booklet with notes about each film. HMV still sells them in the original LARGE BOX format, while Amazon has gone over to the smaller version.   “LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE” MAILED TODAY We are pleased to inform you that next ‘Laurel & Hardy Magazine’ (Vol.8 No.2) was mailed today to all subscribers worldwide . It’s an A5 issue, but you’ll be pleasantly surprised at the number and quality of photos in it. In “Focus on a Photo” Stan and Babe make a skyscraper disappear. We follow up the surprise in “Foxy Lady” in the last issue, with an update of the lady in question. We introduce a new column called “Cutting Comments,” which features contemporary newspaper articles about the lives of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy. The series on “Transport” has been revised, with a twist; and “A.J” Marriot gives Part 1 of his recent travels to the U.S. and the Caribbean. We have more amazing finds of the Laurel & Hardy characters being used in cartoons; and in ‘Media News’ we inform you of the latest merchandise on the market, and in the media. Then there are our regular Editorial columns; plus our “Letters” page returns. Added to all of this are some wonderful rare stills, which make this yet another issue full of amazing Features, Finds and Photos. MARCH 17th 2010  NEXT YEARS OFFICIAL LAUREL & HARDY CALENDAR Y our thoughts may be only of Spring, but if you want next year’s 2011 Laurel & Hardy Calendar we suggest that you place a pre-order NOW!! These always sell out well before December.   The theme of the 2011 Calendar is ‘LAUREL & HARDY - The Later Years,’ and charts a period often overlooked in the histories of the two comedians. It is a thirteen month calendar, with rare photographs complemented by interesting and informative text by author Glenn Mitchell. Produced in association with our Laurel & Hardy Magazine, it will be available in two versions:- the LARGE SQUARE calendar, and the SLIM version. GO HERE:  TWO NEW BOOKS .   Antony Mitchell-Waite has emailed us to let us know about his new book, which is titled LAUREL & HARDY'S ANIMATED ANTICS. It has been updated and improved, the book contains a full reference guide about 'the Boys' in cartoons , it now has 160 pages. Now available to pre-order before its release at Easter! Price £8.99 plus £2.00 postage (UK) Europe €15 (including postage) / US $20 (including postage) Cheques and PO's payable to A. Mitchell-Waite PayPal payments to [email protected] ">[email protected] Please state if you want the book dedicating. Order via e-mail, or post from 100 Reeves Avenue, Upper Milehouse, Newcastle, Staffs, ST5 9LA. "Otay!"The Billy "Buckwheat" Thomas Story Just Released in Hard Back and Soft Back Versions William Thomas, the man known as "Buckwheat," one of the most beloved characters in the history of the Our Gang and Little Rascals films, rose from obscurity to become an American icon. Billy's heritage grew to be more than the ninety-three comedies in which he appeared as Buckwheat. He was a husband, father, and soldier. Several generations have come to know Buckwheat as if he was a real person, but few knew Billy, the man behind the myth. In "Otay!" The Billy "Buckwheat" Thomas Story, William Thomas, Jr., Billy's son, joins with acclaimed author David W. Menefee to brush back the sands of time and unearth the facts beneath the fable. For the first time, the true story is told how producer Hal Roach, Sr. plucked three-year-old Billy from hundreds of children and raised him on a pedestal before an adoring public. For a decade, Billy was the most prominent Black American in motion pictures, but World War Two brought an end to the famous comedy series and a halt to his film career. Billy went on to live a private, nearly normal life, married, fathered an adorable child, and then answered the call to arms and enlisted in the US Army during the Korean War. Years later, imposters attempted to steal his limelight, but Billy forgave the offense with his characteristic, childlike good humour. In an era when most Black American actors were struggling to gain a foothold in Hollywood, Billy achieved a lasting legacy. Enjoy the timeless tale of a baby superstar, who once shown brightly on movie screens during Hollywood's "Golden Years" and still fascinates audiences today. JANUARY 20th 2010 to all subscribers worldwide . Because of its larger size we have, as usual, concentrated less on text, and more on nice big photos. These are shown off to best vantage in “Focus on a Photo” - in which we feature a photograph which DOES seem to lie; in “Who Where What When” - where we have not one, but TWO great photos; and in a special feature on “Transport” - where we have a whole gallery of photos showing very rare shots of Stan and Babe. Trevor Dorman presents his findings of the film “The Rogue Song,” and Michael Ehret has some exciting news about the recently discovered footage of Laurel and Hardy on stage. And we give you the promised surprise ending to the 2-part article “Dig For Victory – featuring a mysterious Hollywood starlet. To round off the photos and illustrations are some sample pages from a Laurel & Hardy press-book. All-in-all it’s full of eye-pleasing presentations.   Stanlio e Ollio - Due teste senza cervello Laurel & Hardy (Stanlio e Ollio) have always been very popular in Italy, where they have a huge present-day following. The Italian website www.laurel-e-hardy.it has had over 300,000 hits. There is also an Italian branch of the "Sons of the Desert" - "Noi Siamo le Colonne", Oasis #165. And sticking with Italy: Many of you know about "Cuckoo," the 90-minute BBC documentary special, narrated by Morecambe & Wise, about "The Life and Comedy of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy." It was a first-class production, with rare clips, and interviews with people who were a part of the Boys' history. But what you probably did not know is that there was a comparable 4-hour TV special aired from RAI TV Italy around in 1985. I remember seeing it on VHS, all in Italian, and wishing it could be in English. So you can imagine how surprised I was when a package arrived from the Italian Tent, containing two DVD's of this documentary, and a book ( in Italian) all in a nice box-set. The great news is that my wish of nearly twenty-five years ago has finally been realised, as it has been released in an English Language version (as well as Italian). This is the first documentary of merit about Laurel & Hardy ever issued on DVD. Interviewees include Hal Roach, T. Marvin Hatley, Felix Knight, John McCabe, Richard W. Bann, and William K. Everson. Some sequences were filmed at the New York 'Sons of the Desert' meeting of 1984, which is great to see, as you can spot several of Laurel & Hardy's co-stars along with Stan's valet, the late- Jimmy Murphy. To top it all, the documentary includes extracts from Laurel & Hardy films, plus rare stills, and home-movie footage. Details: Double-DVD box (4 hours of running time, Region ALL, PAL system). Book: 143 pages (only Italian language) Size: 19 x 13.5 cm It is released only in Italy, and will be available for a limited period only. However, thanks to our Italian Tent, I may be able to get some copies for our Laurel & Hardy Magazine subscribers .  In fact, I am hoping some will arrive in time for Memorabilia 2009 The NEC Birmingham  . If you want one, send me a self addressed stamped envelope, or EMAIL US  and I will let you know if and when I get any. OCTOBER  31st 2009 LAUREL & HARDY BOOKAZINE NOW OUT (UK ONLY) "The Lighter Side of LAUREL & HARDY" BOOKAZINE  Released October 2009.      Although it is a potted history of Stan and Babe, from life to death, there are many diversions along the way which take us to new and interesting aspects of the Boys' careers and private lives. Topics include: The Solo Films, Shorts, Features, Forties, and Foreign releases - which ends with a very useful Filmography. Then comes some fantastic Gallery pages showing candid shots, deleted scenes, off-camera shots, and gag-shots. Refreshingly, there are also some excellent feature articles, covering the UK, US, and European stage tours; plus a section on "Collecting Laurel & Hardy Memorabilia." In the later pages we get more photo-galleries of Stan and Babe at play; with their wives; and in their twilight years. And to round it all off there are four great double-page reprints from 1930 film magazines. Throughout, the text is punctuated with new information, and side comments, as are the captions, which one must take the time to fully read. "The Lighter Side of LAUREL & HARDY" is richly laced with almost 300 photos and illustrations, - many of them previously unseen, and all accompanied by informative and often amusing captions. It is a perfect introduction to anyone not too familiar with Laurel & Hardy in print, whilst still containing more than enough new material to satisfy even the most ardent buff. 132 pages. £7.99p PLEASE NOTE: The only way to obtain a copy is direct from a W H Smith store at this point in time. Or if you are a PAID UP subscriber of our magazine. Our members have been informed on how to obtain a copy. I can now confirm that we are booked for MEMORABILIA at the NEC Birmingham on November 21st and 22nd. SEPTEMBER 27th 2009 WIKIPEDIA / NEW ITEMS INTER-NET – BETTER-NOT I thought I would notify you of a disturbing find, concerning the online encyclopaedia ‘Wikipedia,’ which is that anybody can edit it, and put in whatever they wish to. That’s fine if our experts supply the information, but it’s downright annoying when idiots get in there and start writing rubbish. When I looked the other day, some plonker had made up a whole paragraph perpetuating the silly myth that Clint Eastwood is Stan Laurel’s son. I quickly removed it. But, the overall worry is “How many more idiots have tampered with this site” as, when you search for ‘Laurel & Hardy’ on ‘Google,’ ‘Wikipedia’ comes up in the top three searches. So do keep an eye on it, in case of any further sabotage. To find out where this myth originated, go to our STAN/EASTWOOD page.   SALES UPDATE We have added several new pages to our 'LAUREL & HARDY CATALOGUE' . First is a range of GLASSWARE from Leon Garcia plus a new page of posters from PERRYS POSTERS . From 'GOOD SOLDIERS' we have some nice metal figures added to COLLECTIBLES page. At the Glasgow show we launched a SPECIAL variation of Neil Sims busts, it was 'the Boys' as depicted in the 'FLYING DEUCES'. As several of you asked me if you could get hold of these, we have decided to release them for a limited time so that you can add them to your collections: FLYING DEUCES BUSTS I must draw your attention to the SLIM Appointment Calendar VERSION (ideal for your kitchen), the cover has been changed to be different from the SQUARE version. I have the SLIM VERSIONS in stock ready to go.   Go Here for our AUTOGRAPH GUIDE .   - LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE MAILED TODAY - DVD NEWS I have just had this news from Vic Pratt, who is a member of the Helpmates tent and is also the curator at the BFI (BRITISH FILM INSTITUTE). "I wanted to let you know about a new DVD that we're releasing at the beginning of August. It features two very rare early Peter Sellers / Goon films, PENNY POINTS TO PARADISE and LET'S GO CRAZY, in new BFI restorations (funded by a very generous benefactor, Sellers aficionado Laura Camuti). I think these may well be of interest to Sons of the Desert in their own right (Dave Wyatt and Tony Saffrey both kindly lent us material for the restoration), but I wanted to make sure you knew about the "bonus extra" on the disc, which is particularly relevant to fans of The Boys, THE SLAPPIEST DAYS OF OUR LIVES. This odd film is a compilation of clips from silent comedies, featuring Stan, Babe and Fin in early solo appearances, with a new voiceover by Peter Sellers - who does a very convincing Stan Laurel impression (in fact, he adopts the persona of Stan for much of the film). It's not a masterpiece by any means but this forgotten film will surely interest all Sons."   IT ON THE WAY- MAGAZINE MAILED TODAY! Our latest A5 colour Laurel & Hardy Magazine ( VOL. 7 No 12 ) was mailed today to all subscribers worldwide. Again, we have come up with some rare and exciting finds, all professionally presented - with great text and features. In “Meet the Boys” we feature candid shots of Stan and Babe with one of the most popular stars in Hollywood history; and in “Trains and Boats and Planes” we have Part 2 of “Boats” - wherein Laurel and Hardy meet three Queens of England. Then there’s Part 1 of “Laurel & Hardy in Cartoons,” and, for “What, Where, When,” we have not one, not two, but THREE mystery photographs showing Stan and Babe visiting what appear to be printworks. There’s a report of the statue unveiling in Ulverston; and a “fishy tale” regarding two that didn’t get away. All this, plus ‘Fraternally Yours’ and ‘Tell me That Again.’ There’s also an invite to come on a Caribbean Cruise, and retrace Stan and Babe’s “Flying Showboat” tour of the 1940s. JUNE 16th 2009- STANS BIRTHDAY UPDATE / NEW PIN /BOOK NEWS We have started sending the next issue of the 'Laurel & Hardy Magazine' to our printers, again we have had some very interesting contributions from members . And our own A J Marriot has been beavering away producing some more interesting features that not only bring you rare photographs, but the stories behind the them. As regular members know, we produce four different club membership pin/badges each year that are sent our to members who renew each quarter. When we produce a pin/badge we run ONLY 50 over the top for our collectors, once they are gone we never run them again. For our end of June issue we have produced a nice SWISS MISS POSTER metal pin/badge, the good news is that they have arrived early, so you can order one one right now from our TANKARDS PAGE (scroll down for the pin). I should say that on our regular BADGES PAGE some of the pins are now down as low as just 4 each left, so again I would say get them while you still can. I have been asked many times for LARGE A4 binders to store your special 'Laurel & Hardy Magazines' in. The good news is that we will be offering these for the very first time. Each binder will store 12 of our Large A4 size magazines to form a book. The binders have the SONS LOGO on the front and Laurel and Hardy on the spine blocked in gold foil. Go to this NEW page for the BINDERS (both A5 and A4 )and other new items: BINDERS PAGE BOOK NEWS For those of you wondering about the next "SILENT SHORTS" book, here is a message from Russell Babidge who runs the laurelandhardyarchive.com Firstly, many thanks for all the emails and messages regarding our "SOUND SHORTS" hardback. I am pleased that everybody who wrote in liked it. Also, many thanks for the various suggestions to improve the final two editions. I have taken these comments on board and they will add even more to the next two books. The "SILENT SHORTS" was meant to be released during June, however, this has now been put back because of David Wyatt's indisposition. Dave was going to help with many parts of the 'Silents' book, and I was reluctant to go ahead without his input, so I would rather hang on until he is up to it. I am so pleased that Dave is now out of hospital and I wish him well. I will of course keep you all posted as to when the next edition will be released. There will be many changes from the original Laurel & Hardy 'Bible' - including the availability of all the stills from "Bacon Grabbers" and "Flying Elephants" - and many other rare images from the early silent films. The latter have been taken from the original Hal Roach existing files and the collection of Peter Mikkelsen of Denmark. And from Dave Wyatt's collection, will be images from "Now I'll Tell One." These will make for a very exciting update to the original 'Bible,' along with all the 'Behind the Scenes' and additional information updated and unavailable at the time of printing of the 1975 version. MAY 12th 2009- MAGAZINE BINDERS I have lost count how many times I have been asked for these binders to store your magazines in. Well, the good news is that we can now offer them again. Each binder will store 12 of our SMALL A5 size magazines to form a book. The binders have the SONS LOGO on the front and Laurel and Hardy on the spine blocked in gold foil. Leon Garcia has come up with another nice little display item, this time for your car, so go to this NEW page for the BINDERS and new items: APRIL 20th 2009- LAUREL & HARDY UNVEILED! The big day finally came yesterday when the Laurel and Hardy statue was unveiled in Ulverston by Ken Dodd. Hundreds of people attended the unveiling, including members of The Sons of the Desert fan club who helped raise funds for the sculptures. A special tip of the FEZ should go to Eric Woods who coordinated and looked after the mammoth fund raising task. Ken Dodd said he was "tickled" to be chosen to unveil the memorial. "Laurel and Hardy made the world laugh. They were the kings of comedy," he said. The unveiling kick started media interest for 'the Boys' as I was asked to be on BBC Radio Kent this morning. I thought I was going to be interviewed over the phone, so imagine my surprise when their radio car turned up outside my home and a 30ft mast shot up from the roof. Then I realised it was a live interview, but I am pleased to say it went off well. Now click below and watch the unveiling for yourself: PHOTOS OF THE DAY TAKEN BY STEPHEN NEALE : - NEXT LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE – MAILED TODAY Vol.7 Number 11 of our printed 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine' has just been mailed to all subscribers today . Hopefully UK member / subscribers should get theirs early next week, overseas subscribers allow 10 days from now. After our “30th Anniversary Special” in December, we have a lot to follow but, again, we have come up with some rare and exciting finds, all presented nicely with great text and features. We start with ‘Fraternally Yours’ which gives feedback on comments you sent in about your memories over the last 30 years. For “Focus on a Photo” we have an extremely rare shot of Laurel and Hardy awaiting a celestial happening! What you might call “Hollywood Stars looking at Heavenly Stars.” In “Who, What, Where, When” we solve the mystery of a set of photographs which we featured fourteen years ago, but which no-one was able to identify – until now. In “Tell Me That Again” are details of how you can help with a new research project being done on Laurel and Hardy’s U.S. and European Tours; and we have Part 2 in our series of articles, based around the theme of Stan and Babe’s usage of “Trains and Boats, and Planes” – this one being “Boats.” “Auction Watch” catches up with numerous items of Laurel and Hardy memorabilia, which have been sold recently, and also gives a stern warning about buying at auction. Then we have features sent in by two of our overseas members. One covers Laurel and Hardy’s 1947 appearances in Sweden; and the other details an amazing new discovery of some 1940 colour footage of Laurel & Hardy performing on stage. We also have a brand new feature titled: “Meet the Boys” – in which we show rare photos of Stan and Ollie meeting other Hollywood Stars. JANUARY  20th 2009   COPIES OF LAUREL & HARDY AUTOGRAPHS SOLD AS THE REAL THING! Our Sherlock Holmes of  FAKE 'Laurel and Hardy' autographs, Dave Tomlinson,  brings you this scam for you to be aware of. Preprints being sold as Genuine Autographs Preprints are essentially photographed copies of an original signed photograph, in the last year, we have noticed a marked rise in the number of preprinted autographs being sold as genuine on a certain internet (ebay) auction site. In most cases, we have been able to contact and correct the sellers and avoid a purchase from being made. However, there still remains a criminal element who knowingly sell preprints as 100% genuine (or at least in a shroud of uncertainty) after they have been tipped them off with all the evidence. Most preprints sold in this way are presented in some form of picture frame and under glass. This prevents a buyer from performing checks to see if the autographs are on the surface or preprinted in the surface of the photographic emulsion - a check which can be done under a strong light.   However, recently we have seen a rogue trader con a buyer out of £270 for what is a common "Double Derbie pose" preprint without a frame. In "delayed response" communications with the seller he argued that there were indentations in the emulsion that proved it was genuine. However, faced with a mountain of evidence against him, he continued to sell to a buyer who I could not tip off due to the internet auction site`s policy to keep buyers anonymous. The photo appears relatively modern and the autographs are not as fine as other copies I`ve seen - I suspect that the seller has traced the autographs with a dummy pen or may have used a little fountain pen ink to give some form of credibility. This particular preprint has been circulating for many years, it has appeared in various sizes up to 14x10 inches, in grey or sepia tone usually presented in a cheap wooden picture frame. The LHS edge may be cropped to remove the "Sam" inscription. Most are sold for what they are, - preprinted photos of the Boys . However, sadly I`ve now seen quite a few of these sold in more expensive frames as genuine. Please buyer be aware of this common type of preprint, preprints in general and autograph purchases under glass. At a future date we`ll put together a gallery of preprints which have been mistaken for genuine. Dave Tomlinson Yobs deface Stan Laurel statue Published Date: 07 November 2008 THE SOUTH SHIELDS GAZETTE REPORTS: THERE was nothing fine about the mess caused by vandals during an attack on a statue of Stan Laurel. The bronze figure, created by South Shields artist Bob Olley was unveiled in Bishop Auckland, County Durham, just 10 weeks ago. Now vandals have daubed the tribute to the comic genius with a graffiti moustache and obscenities. The £37,000 statue stands on the corner of Theatre Corner, where Stan's father Arthur Jefferson ran the Eden Theatre a century ago. Tony Hillman,  a grand sheik of the Laurel and Hardy Appreciation Society, said he failed to find anything funny about the attack. He said: "I think it is absolutely disgraceful that such a well-loved character has been targeted, especially after the trouble and expense that the council has gone to." A spokesman for Wear Valley District Council said the statue was cleaned as soon as the vandalism was reported. OCTOBER 28th-   WILD POSES ON DVD(in USA)/SITE CHANGES Just to let you all know that our very first original web site hosted on AOL (http://members.aol.com/oxford0614/) will close on October 31st. This is because AOL will close all sites listed on its free web space, it will also affect many sites around the world. Our early site served us well over the years and still gets many hits. I have fond memories of making my first ever web site and extending it over the years. However, THE GOOD NEWS IS. ... that our site has been running on its own domain (HERE) now for well over a year and all the content from our original AOL site has all finally been moved over and a whole lot more added. So please make sure that you have http://www.laurelandhardy.org bookmarked as your main entry page from now on. OH, if any of you have blogs, web sites or FACEBOOK, then feel free to add our link. As Christmas is approaching fast, now is a good time to remind you it's a good idea to order anything from our ONLINE STORE Just a reminder that we have BOTH versions of the OFFICIAL LAUREL & HARDY CALENDARS IN STOCK AUGUST 18th- BEWARE FAKE AUTOGRAPHS ON EBAY / COLLECTORMANIA As we promised, Dave Tomlinson has now finished his report into the recent spate of FAKE 'Laurel and Hardy Autographs' on ebay. It makes a very interesting read, and proves you can not trust images that you see on ebay. For the full illustrated story, just go here: FAKES ON EBAY   AUGUST 8th- STAN & OLLIDAY REPORT ONLINE Just to let you know that 'AJ' Marriot's splendid BRITISH TOURS SITE now has photographs and a write up covering his STAN & OLLIDAY weekend. Why not take a look to see what you missed? Go to this page, to see the photos and then scroll down for Howard Parker's write up: STAN & OLLIDAY   BEWARE OF FAKE LAUREL & HARDY AUTOGRAPHS ON EBAY If there is one subject that really winds me up, it is the selling of FAKE Laurel and Hardy autographs on ebay. It had been fairly quiet for a while on ebay after the news got out of a successful prosecution for selling a fake Stan Laurel autograph by trading standards officers. The seller was fully investigated and they found many more forgeries, it made quite a lot of newspapers. RED ALERT. Our 'expert ' has been finding quite a few fake 'Laurel and Hardy Autographs' on ebay and several people have been stung already. This new scam is related to fake autographs on autograph book pages, many with copied vignette stickers. We will reveal the story soon on all 'Laurel and Hardy News outlets', so in the meantime play safe, and visit our guide page. BUT...some of these are CLEVER (well not that clever as they were spotted ) fakes, so personally I would not take a chance. Nothing gets round 'our experts' detective work and he knows who the prime forger is. All I can say is they are risking TRADING STANDARDS officers knocking on their door. We will not let up our crusade against fakes; so do visit our guide page to help you:   - LAUREL & HARDY ENCYCLOPEDIA / LARRY HARMON Great news, Glenn Mitchell's Laurel & Hardy  Encyclopedia has now been published  -Now revised and updated. As promised our stock has been sent direct from the printers -HOT OFF THE PRESS. I will send out all those who have pre-ordered on Monday . My first impressions when I opened the box was , hey, a new cover design and a more easier to handle size. But overall, a very impressive book. Ranging from Academy Awards to Zoos by way of Another Fine Mess, Hats Off and ties, The Laurel & Hardy Encyclopedia is the one and only complete reference guide to cinema's greatest comedy partnership. Now re-issued in a more accessible format, the book includes: * synopses and critiques of all the Laurel & Hardy films * comprehensive biographical information * influences - from Valentino to music hall * details of the duo's solo film careers * stage, radio and television appearances * co-stars, directors and gag men behind the partnership * stills and promotional artwork With over 600 entries, The Laurel & Hardy Encyclopedia provides both the opportunity for endless browsing and the chance to discover a new slant on cinema's best-loved comedy duo. Glenn Mitchell has been a loyal member since the early days of 'HELPMATES UK' . Now he is a renowned author and historian of silent cinema and the early talkies, and a popular comedy scriptwriter for both radio and television. NOW IN STOCK Laurel & Hardy Books LARRY HARMON LOS ANGELES - Larry Harmon, who was known to ' Sons' for owning the 'character' rights to 'Laurel and Hardy' , died Thursday of congestive heart failure. He was 83 and was best known for being BOZO THE CLOWN, for the full story go here: - LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE – MAILED TODAY I was recently asked if I could get some more copies of the popular 'AVALON BOYS' CD. The good news is that I have got hold of just EIGHT more copies, I feel once these are gone, that's it! So if you want one, go to our AUDIO PAGE . Vol.7 Number 9 of our printed 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine' has just been mailed to all subscribers . Hopefully UK member / subscribers should get theirs around Saturday / Monday, overseas subscribers allow 10 days from now. "A.J" Marriot and I have received a larger than usual content of material about Sons, written by Sons, but have managed to balance this with some extremely rare items from the "World of Laurel and Hardy." In the last issue we had some previously unseen early photographs of Babe Hardy. This time around it's Laurel's turn, with two publicity photos from his pre-Hardy films made by Joe Rock. In 'Focus on a Photo" we reveal the details behind a photo taken during one of Stan and Babe's European Tours; and in Auction Watch we reveal some amazing items of memorabilia that recently went up for sale. Our main feature is a report and photos from the tremendously successful May Bank "Stan & Olliday" at Butlins Skegness. We also have a short review on the play about Stan Laurel, titled 'Please Stand Up,' and news of yet another statue of Laurel and Hardy about to be erected. Then there is Part 2 of 'Laurel & Hardy in Cartoons'; plus our regular items 'Fraternally Yours,' Media News, and 'Readers' Letters.' I have been giving our 'Laurel and Hardy Catalogue' a clean up and deleting some pages but adding others, so why not take another spin round. The cover of next years 'Laurel and Hardy Calendar' has been slightly modified, we are pleased to present the final passed and approved version on our order page. APRIL 19th - The Laurel & Hardy Museum- On the move! The original Laurel and Hardy museum in Cumbria, which commemorates the world's most famous comedy double acts, is to be expanded. The Laurel and Hardy Museum, in Stan Laurel's home town of  Ulverston, has been granted planning permission to move to larger premises. The decision by South Lakeland Council was welcomed by museum manager, Bill Cubin's daughter Marion Grave as "an exciting opportunity". Items of Memorabilia will now be moved to a disused warehouse at Heron Glass, near to Booths supermarket. Marion said: "We want to create a environment which is easy for the public to enjoy" . Until the decision to relocate was granted the museum had limited space and struggled to cope with visitor numbers. She added: "We will now be able to accommodate coach loads as well as individual visitors" As you all know Stan Laurel was born in a three-bedroom terrace in the town's Argyle Street which is still there today. If you plan to visit Ulverston, you will find these two pages helpful: PLACES TO VISIT and ULVERSTON by Kevin Doig. APRIL 5th - LAUREL & HARDY NEWS UPDATE Peter Mikkelsen has compiled a list of foreign titles for the missing 'Laurel and Hardy' films, these may help everybody with their research in trying to locate them; MISSING FILMS Well, a week has gone by already since last weekends Memorabilia show at the NEC Birmingham. I would like to say a special to all those who made the effort to come along and enjoy the show. Ace Laurel and Hardy look-a-likes Gary (STAN) Slade and Rob (OLLIE) Graham were there both days entertaining the crowds and were very popular indeed. In fact they have put up a gallery on their site: LOOKALIKES and MAGIC. , then click on the videos and photos page. I have been busy adjusting our sales pages of our site, I do have just a few copies of HARRY HOPPE'S superb 'LIFE & MAGIC' book in stock, in fact if you look on amazon, they want £73 for a second hand soft cover copy, we are offing brand new hardbacks for £24…BUT, I do only have 10 left. Go to our BOOKS PAGE. Our Laurel and Hardy Magazine Back issues page has also been updated. I have also added a nice James Finlayson mug to our 'FIN PAGE'. Since I put the catalogue up exchange rates have changed, the Euro has become stronger, whilst the Dollar is weaker against the pound. So I will be going through our whole site making price adjustments. How many of you saw a copy of HATS OFF listed on ebay on …yes, APRIL 1st. Even though the date would put most people on high alert it is being investigated by members…just in case…but I doubt it. Many thanks for all the compliments we have received for our recent issue, the speed of the subscription renewals coming in also reinforces how much you enjoy reading our printed magazine. MARCH 20th - MARCH LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE – MAILED TODAY Vol.7 Number 8 of our printed 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine' has just been mailed to all subscribers a few days ahead of schedule! Hopefully UK member/subscribers should get theirs around Tues./Weds.(due to the Easter break) , overseas subscribers allow 10 days from now. “A.J” Marriot and I have brought it out earlier than scheduled, so that we could incorporate news of two time-sensitive events:– The Birmingham NEC Memorabilia Film Fair , and the “Stan & Olliday” at Butlins Skegness. Further details of both events are in the magazine, and also on this website. STOP PRESS: I can now confirm that ace Laurel and Hardy look-a-likes Stan (Slade) and Rob (Ollie) Graham will be attending both days at The Birmingham NEC Memorabilia Film Fair . Among the attractions in the March magazine are:- a look at the current fate of one of the locations for the film The Flying Deuces; a huge feature on ‘Laurel & Hardy in Cartoons’; a review of the Tom McGrath play ‘Laurel and Hardy’; news of some newly-found found footage from Our Relations; a report on the tribute to Ronnie Hazlehurst; our photo features ‘Focus on a Photo” and “Where, What, When?” plus some extremely rare and early shots of Babe Hardy - relaxing at a beach house. All this plus our regular items ‘Fraternally Yours’ and ‘Readers’ Letters.’ MARCH 5th - LAUREL AND HARDY PLAY by Tom McGrath Review. As many of you know if you read our LATEST NEWS page, this play is now touring the South East of England. I had heard from member Nick Rich how good it was, in fact I have seen it twice over the years. Loyal member Adrian Scott enjoyed it so much that he sent in this review, as it was too late to go in our next magazine (which is at the printers right now), we have turned it into a web page for you all to read: - OFFICIAL 2009 CALENDAR / MARCH MEMORABILIA SHOW / MAGAZINE I am pleased to be able to exclusively reveal next years 2009 Laurel & Hardy Calendar cover, plus to avoid disappointment we are taking ADVANCE ORDERS now. 2009 CALENDAR GOOD NEWS. I am pleased to confirm that we will definitely be attending the BIG NEC MEMORABILIA SHOW at the NEC BIRMINGHAM on Saturday March 29th and Sunday March 30th. This is a show not to be missed, it was great fun at the November show, especially when Ace Laurel and Hardy look-a-likes Stan (Slade) and Rob(Ollie) Graham turned up, they were a BIG hit. They also hope to attend this March show. You can get plenty of bargains, for instance, I am collecting the Gerry Anderson diecasts, these sell at around £39 in the shops and I got them from £15 to £20 at the last show. So its worth coming not just for our 'Laurel and Hardy' sales stall..but for everything else as well. See what you missed last time: SHOW GALLERY. We have already started send material to our printers for the NEXT issue of our printed 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine' (VOL 7 No. 8) . It still amazes us that we find even more rare photographs, but in this issue we guarantee we will have rare photographs that you have not seen before!! FEBRUARY 19th - A TRIBUTE TO RONNIE HAZLEHURST Last week Del Kempster, Chris Coffey and myself were invited to the BBC for a tribute to our honorary member Ronnie Hazlehurst. Del Kempster has written a  full report about the show along with his own fitting tribute to Ronnie . GO DIRECT TO THE PAGE: Laurel & Hardy Watches FEBRUARY 8th Laurel and Hardy WHATS ON / FAKE AUTOGRAPHS / OLLIDAY LAUREL AND HARDY PLAY by Tom McGrath is touring the SOUTH EAST of England. Tom McGrath’s acclaimed play Laurel and Hardy captures the very essence of their unique relationship: although we all recognise their film personas - the assured and pompous Ollie with his hapless sidekick, Stan - paradoxically their roles were often reversed in real life. In McGrath's play, Stan and Ollie - stuck in a limbo-like waiting room between this life and the next - must revisit the story of their lives before they can move on. As they retrace their steps through the high points and pitfalls of their long careers, they bicker and make up, swap gags, adopt different roles and occasionally break into a popular comic routine or two. For the full list of venues all over Kent and  Sussex go here : This news item is in all major newspapers today: Businessmen 'forged' sports memorabilia Two businessmen "systematically" forged the autographs of such leading sports personalities as David Beckham, Steven Gerrard and Sir Alex Ferguson, a court has heard. Michael Owen, the England striker, and Jonny Wilkinson, the rugby fly half, are also alleged to have had their signatures forged. All the forgeries are said to have been used to help offload a complete catalogue of counterfeit goods that were sold around the country. The items included photographs and "poorly made" replicas of England international caps. Graeme Walker, 45, is now on trial at Chester Crown Court, accused of more than 50 counts of cheating customers of his shop, Sporting Icons Ltd. The jurors were told that Sporting Icons did not just sell sporting memorabilia. They were shown photographs of the shop and print-outs from its website depicting framed autographs and pictures of Laurel and Hardy, Rock Hudson, Sylvester Stallone and Muhammad Ali. Other stars featured included The Beatles, Queen and Nat King Cole. Mr Thomas said the bulk of the fraud took place in 2005 when Wilkinson helped England win the Rugby World Cup with a celebrated drop-kick and Liverpool FC achieved their historic fifth Champions' League victory. "The defendants were involved in selling effectively worthless items to the public" FOR THE FULL STORY: Telegraph.co.uk and   THE SUN As you probably know FAKE 'Laurel and Hardy' Autographs are rife on the Internet auction sites, so we were pleased to read this news. For a full guide on collecting 'Laurel & Hardy Autographs' GO HERE: BUYER BEWARE ******************************************************************************************** GLOSSY PHOTO PAGE FOUR       LAUREL & HARDY LOBBY CARDS     RARE & PRESS SET And do not forget there will be plenty of events to look forward to. At the moment it looks like we will be doing Collectormania in Coventry on March 1st and 2nd. We will confirm that nearer the date. Then there is AJ Marriot's Stan & Olliday event at the end of May. If you are thinking of going, then now is the time to book, as you would not want to miss out. Now that Universal has renewed their contract for 'Laurel and Hardy' on DVD you can expect more releases later this year. It's all hush, hush at the moment and nothing has really been decided. However, their Laurel and Hardy 21 DVD BOX SETS are now in plentiful supply in all major stores, some at bargain prices. I should point out that these 21 DVD Sets are slightly different from the original release. The silver foil lettering in each sleeve has been replaced with black ink, the slipcases are black and not white and they do not have the information booklets written by Glenn Mitchell inside each DVD. However, they are still a bargain, grab them while you can. o-o-o-0-o-o-o - PHOTO HELP Just to let you all know that YOURS MAGAZINE has just been published this week; it has a full-page article on Laurel and Hardy by our honorary member Roy Hudd. Roy has been a member of HELPMATES for many years, so I was pleased when he told me he was going to do a page on 'Laurel and Hardy'. During our recent HELPMATES Convention I was so busy making sure the event ran smoothly that I did not get a chance to take many photos. If you took some photos of our look-a-likes,etc. Could you email as I am looking for a couple more images for our Christmas Special magazine. The WINTER Memorabilia Show sounds like it is going to be the biggest yet. This is one not to miss, especially if you want any usual Christmas gifts. You can get plenty of bargains, for instance I am collecting the Gerry Anderson diecasts, these sell at around £39 in the shops and I got them from £15 to £20 at the last show. So its worth coming not just for our 'Laurel and Hardy' sales stall..but for everything else as well. 24th & 25th November   Memorabilia 2007 The NEC Birmingham We had two films running continuously throughout the day, this would not have been possible without Richard Ellis and all his equipment. Its dedicated members like Richard and his father who have helped make these events run smoothly. We shan’t be hosting a Helpmates Convention at the Holiday Inn Chatham in 2008, BUT, we are delighted to be giving our full support to “A.J” Marriot’s 3-day May Bank Holiday 2008 event, being held at a major holiday centre 23-26 May (Fri-Mon). It will be a three day holiday, with a little bit of Laurel & Hardy thrown in for good measure. A.J. has titled it a “STAN & OLLIDAY.” I’ve seen the programme for this and, believe me, it’s going to be something you won’t want to miss out on. WATCH THIS SPACE. MORE MAGIC FROM LAST WEEKEND These video's were filmed by movie cameraman Ray Andrew, author of the 'On The Trail Of Charlie Hall' book. SANTA BUSTS You can order Stan and Ollie in Santa outfits NOW, as Neil will be producing them alongside his other busts in the range. They will make a nice decoration for Christmas and certainly will be nice for your collection. BUT ORDER EARLY for pre-Christmas delivery. RONNIE HAZLEHURST (1928-2007) We are saddened to hear the news that our Honorary Helpmates Member Ronnie Hazlehurst passed away last week, in a Guernsey hospital, after suffering a stroke. Ronnie wrote many famous theme tunes for television shows such as Only Fools and Horses, and Last of the Summer Wine, among others. He was a former Musical Director at the BBC and, as such, was closely involved with the Eurovision Song Contest and actually conducted the UK entry on no less than seven occasions. He also had a great love for not only the films of Laurel & Hardy, but also the musical compositions of Marvin Hatley and Leroy Shields, which compliment them so brilliantly. I always recall watching BBC's The Generation Game and hearing familiar Laurel and Hardy music being played in the background during the games by Ronnie and his Orchestra. One day Tony Hawes, another Helpmates member, took the late- Peter Elkins and me behind the scenes of ITV's Looks Familiar show, and introduced us to Ronnie, which is how he also came to be a member. With encouragement from myself and other Sons Ronnie researched into the music of the Laurel and Hardy films and then produced his first album - Laurel and Hardy's Music Box Vol. 1. He used his best BBC musicians and did a wonderful job; something I witnessed first-hand as I was fortunate enough to be invited to sit in on the actual recording. We then launched the album at our Helpmates' Convention in 1979, at Leeds Castle. Ronnie then joined us for the Hollywood 80 trip, where he actually met the man himself - Marvin T Hatley. Marvin was moved to tears when Ronnie played him the album. This led to a second "Music Box" album which was later released on CD along with Vol.1. Ronnie performed live at another one of our Leeds Castle events, with his whole Orchestra, which made it a great night for all present. Conventioneers in the USA also had the pleasure of seeing and hearing Ronnie, when he played 'live' at the Las Vegas 92 Convention. I have been to many events with Ronnie in the past, so I was very sad indeed to hear this news. However, Ronnie's memory will live on through his music, and be enjoyed by Sons everywhere - which is something that pleased him more than anything. GO HERE FOR BBC NEWS VIDEO: These two photographs of Ronnie were taken during the recording of 'Laurel and Hardy's Music Box' Vol. 1. SEPTEMBER 28th- MAGAZINE MAILED TODAY Vol.7 Number 7 of our printed 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine' has just been mailed to all subscribers a few days ahead of schedule! Hopefully UK member/subscribers should get theirs around Tues./Weds. , overseas subscribers allow 10 days from now. Again, the Laurel & Hardy Magazine is in FULL-COLOUR and, to cater for the huge amount of material, we have had to make it EIGHT PAGES longer than our quota. SEPTEMBER 21st- NEW PAGE ADDED Trevor Dorman has written a follow up to his research on the lost films of Laurel and Hardy, you can also play film clips from this new addition to our ever expanding web site: A Guide to the Lost Films of Laurel and Hardy - Upda ted WEB SITE NEXT MAGAZINE I have been busy adjusting our sales catalogues deleting a few versions of the 'Laurel and Hardy Busts' by Neil Sims. So if you are after any of these, now is the time to buy them, as when Neil releases a new set....an earlier set will be deleted. Our next magazine is now at the printers, and will be sent out at the end of September. Once again I’m sure you will be astounded at the amount of material that A.J. Marriot and I have unearthed since the last one. Articles include: a review of a Disney DVD featuring cartoons containing Laurel & Hardy; a report on the 60th Anniversary Celebrations at the Romney Hythe and Dymchurch Railway, back in June; and some very interesting Letters from our Readers. Our regular feature “ Focus on a Photo ” is a rare shot of Stan in a pub with his sister – but it’s not her pub. And in the series “ Stan’s Single Thoughts ” Stan gives his thoughts on " Laurel & Hardy sketches on TV ." Our star piece is a previously undocumented account of Laurel & Hardy’s 1950 Visit to Rome. Plus, of course, many Rare Photos from our Archives. Again, the Laurel & Hardy Magazine is in FULL-COLOUR and, to cater for the huge amount of material, we have had to make it EIGHT PAGES longer than our quota. AUGUST 13th- SONS OF THE DESERT CONVENTIONS BOOK / COLLECTORMANIA I have just received a copy of the book, 'SONS OF THE DESERT- THE CONVENTIONS' by Savannah Furman. I must say that I am very impressed, I was expecting a small thin book, but this  is a large format thick quality book . Well, what's it all about ? It covers the International Conventions with photographs and stories and its a fun read, it includes everything, the celebrities, events, locations, personal stories and even the things that went wrong. In fact, every 'Son' should buy a copy as it is a job well done. Just go to this special page to order a copy: SONS OF THE DESERT- THE CONVENTIONS I will have some copies on our sales stall at the GLASGOW COLLECTORMANIA show which is coming up soon on SATURDAY 25TH AND SUNDAY 26TH AUGUST 2007 . I am looking forward to meeting members from North of the Border :-) But I do know of some members making special trips to the event from other parts of the UK. So why not come along?? Our NEW set of 72 black and white trading cards is called the ‘Press and Rare Photos Collection' ( the proofs look great) are being printed this week and are on schedule to be launched at the Collectormania Show. All pre-orders will be mailed as soon as I return from the Glasgow event. Finally, bookings are coming in at a steady pace for our October Convention, we have updated our Convention page with more news of what to look forward to. I suggest that you book early for this one: JULY 25 th -Calendars NOW OUT - NEW CD- NEW CARD SET Next years 2008 'Laurel and Hardy Calendar' has arrived in stock ahead of schedule, in fact I have been busy mailing them out to all those who pre ordered. If you have not ordered yours yet, then just click the image below. Our NEW set of 72 black and white trading cards is called the ‘Press and Rare Photos Collection', as the set features many rare Laurel and Hardy images from around the world. Not only will this set look very nice, it will also provide you with some images you have not seen before. We now have a web page up for these, just click on the centre image. REMEMBER WHEN… WEEK ENDING 20th DECEMBER 1975, Laurel and Hardy were number two in the UK pop charts with 'On the Trail of the Lonesome Pine'. The 'Boys' were very popular at the time with BBC 2 TV screening their shorts every day. So to capitalise on their popularity, United Artists were quick to release two 12" Vinyl LP compilation records. Of course these were very popular indeed as they were skillfully mixed dialogue and music sequences . They were a delight to listen to. The original Vinyl's are long gone but are still sought after collectors items. Well, the good news is that you can now enjoy those LPs again on a digitally Remastered CD Just go to our MUSIC CD PAGE or click on the CD cover below. JULY 17th - Railway Day Souvenir Web Page / Laurel and Hardy Play Sunday July 8th saw members of the 'Sons of the Desert' descend on the Romney Hythe and Dymchurch Railway in Kent. It was a FANTASTIC day out, I know we enjoyed it along with everybody who turned up. To commemorate this event we have put up a special web page with a full gallery and even video, so if you were there or could not make it, then take a look at this page:   The New Vic Theatre presents Laurel and Hardy- By Tom McGrath Fri 27 July – Sat 11 August In a side-splitting New Vic production, Stan and Ollie are re-born for the stage in Tom McGrath’s affectionate, fascinating and very, very funny play. Brilliantly re-creating some of their greatest ever routines with amazing precision, the theatre in the round looks set for a season of slapstick heaven with the finest comedy double-act in history. TV’s own Ollie, Mike Goodenough, will be returning to the stage as Hardy following his success in the popular BBC 4 drama Stan. Seeing off fierce competition from the cream of the entertainment industry to star in the TV special, Mike’s appearance at the New Vic will be a showbiz first. Joining Mike is acclaimed comedy actor Stephen Harper as Laurel. A clowning buff and master of physical theatre – not to mention a talented National Theatre actor – Stephen’s latest role demands all his expertise, as he and Mike bring the comedy legends to life. Making his debut at the New Vic theatre, director Paul Warwick leads the creative team. New Vic Theatre, Etruria Road, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, ST5 0JG Tickets for Laurel and Hardy, which cost £7.50 – £16.50, can be booked by calling the New Vic’s Box Office on 01782 717962, or online at June 23rd LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE MAILED TODAY - FILM EVENING LANARK Vol. 7. number 6 of our 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine' has just been mailed to all subscribers two weeks ahead of schedule! Hopefully UK member/subscribers should get theirs around Tues./Weds. , overseas subscribers allow 10 days from now.  We moved this issue forward so that we could advertise Roger Robinson's 100th meeting celebrations in July ( see above RHDR Railway link). Ross Owen has just informed us about a special evening of  'Laurel and Hardy ' films to be held in the last original art deco single screen cinema in Scotland, the THE REGAL CINEMA, Bannatyne street, Lanark, Scotland, ML11 7JS on Sunday August 5th:   MORE DETAILS June 6th   NEIL SIMS BUSTS- LAST ORDERS ON SOME SETS!! OH DEAR...some sad news for all of us who collect the superb 'Laurel and Hardy' busts by Neil Sims. Due the rising costs of the marble resin and materials, it is no longer viable for Neil to make and offer the full range. To be honest, they should really cost a whole lot more than what we offer them for as each set is made and painstakingly painted by Neil. BUT GOOD NEWS....So that he can keep producing a new set every six months, each set will be limited to just 200 units. The price for existing and new sets will be raised slightly to cover time and costs producing them. After July 30th these sets will be permantely deleted: THE CHUMP AT OXFORD FIGURES,THE ORIGINAL SET OF BUSTS, TWICE TWO SET and all 54mm figure sets. If you want any of these, then I suggest you get your orders in. But to be fair for all those loyal collectors who have purchased any in the past, Neil is giving us until JULY 30th to place your last orders.  Member James Prideaux asked us to put some of our new JUMBO FRIDGE magnets on our online store, so I have. Go here for   SALES PAGES ADJUSTED I have just been adjusting our sales pages adding TWO NEW sets of COLOUR POSTCARDS , our new DOUBLE DERBY PIN and finally the NEW LAUGHTOONS CD . Just follow those links or go direct to the main CATALOGUE as all the pages are now there along with the new BLOCKHEADS BUSTS . MARCH 24th- MAGAZINE MAILED The latest issue (Vol.7. No.5) of the 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine' was mailed this morning to all destinations. Hopefully UK members should get yours around Tues/Weds, overseas subscribers allow 10 days from now. From The Times March 22, 2007 Blaze guts Stan Laurel’s school BISHOP AUCKLAND Arson is suspected in a blaze that has all but destroyed the school attended from 1903 by Stan Laurel, the comedian. The roof and spire of the Laurel Building, at Bishop Auckland Grammar School, Co Durham, collapsed and most of the upper floor and a quarter of the ground floor were destroyed. The Grade II listed building, unused since 2000, may now be demolished. Youths were said to have been seen in the building before the fire. NEW BLOCKHEADS SET - TRAILER FOUND - LOCATIONS I have just passed the proofs for our next issue of 'The Laurel and Hardy Magazine', so if all goes well it will be printed Thursday, bound Friday and back to me for envelope stuffing over the weekend. I hope to mail them on Monday! Neil Sims has just sent me the first picture of his new 'BLOCKHEADS BUSTS', I must say that they look great! We will be launching them at the next MEMORABILIA  SHOW coming soon on 31st March & 1st April NEC Birmingham:  Details: MEMORABILIA So we do hope to see as many of you there as possible, its a GREAT DAY OUT. However, you can be FIRST to pre-order your set of these busts now by going direct to our BLOCKHEADS PAGE. BEAU HUNKS TRAILER Good news for film collectors from Film Archivist Stan Taffel ,Grand Sheik of the Hollywood Party Tent of California. Yesterday, I received news that another Laurel and Hardy trailer was discovered. What makes this discovery doubly exciting is that it is from a film that previously wasn't available in trailer form AND it's from a short subject! It is the ONLY trailer from any Hal Roach short that has been found. The trailer is from Beau Hunks (1931) and runs 54 seconds. It isn't in perfect shape; some splices and lines but it is complete AND it's from 35mm. This is a great addition to the film world of the boys. Trailers are hard to find from films of the early 30's and until now, impossible to find for short subjects. Now it can be documented. And the search continues............. Here are a couple of frame grabs below. FROM WOLFGANG IN GERMANY Hi Friends, we hope that we meet a lot of you next year in Amsterdam. If you are planning to visit us, see the museum and travel around you now have a helper. A couple of weeks ago a book was published called the Wupper Valley. It is written in English by Roy Kift, a British journalist and covers all the attractions in the Bergisch Land area. Of course, the Laurel & Hardy Museum is featured too. You can get it by Amazon or other book stores, the ISBN No. is: 3-89861-520-0. Pom-Pom Wolfgang ************************************************** ON THE TRAIL OF CHARLIE HALL Several years ago loyal member Ray Andrew researched and produced a book about Laurel and Hardy's nemesis Charlie Hall. He unearthed many unseen and rare photographs. The book was very popular and sold out years ago. Since then second hand copies have occasionally surfaced on Internet auctions for as high as £56. Well, knowing there will be a demand Ray  has produced a limited run of 1000 copies in soft cover costing £12.50 (or $30) post paid. Ray is pleased to say that his PAYPAL shopping cart on his site is now fully operational , so you can now buy this book online. NOVEMBER 20th- UPDATE I have just received my copy of the NEW colorised 'March of the Wooden Soldiers', it is SUPERB and well worth adding to your collection. Just click this link to see the trailer: March of the Wooden Soldiers Trailer . Just go here to order a copy : REGION ONE/ZERO ORDER PAGE   Our BIG A4 size CHRISTMAS SPECIAL 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine' has now been delivered to the printers, we hope to mail this out on schedule around Dec. 18th so you get it just in front of Christmas. October 8th - MORE AUTOGRAPH TIPS Our expert ,Dave Tomlinson has provided us with some very interesting information regarding buying autographs online: Recently, we have seen a number of fake, or at best dubious, Laurel & Hardy autographs on Ebay that are claimed to be verified as genuine by external third-party authenticators. On further investigation it was found that some of the authenticators did not exist or were known to be disreputable. We also found some sellers were using COA's (Certificates of Authenticity) from companies that were under FBI investigation and prohibited under Ebay.com rules! We have also seen dubious material being sold by known dodgy sellers that have been surprisingly authenticated by so-called reputable companies. Also, sadly, at the moment the autograph press is full of stories on corruption between dealers and authenticators. It should be remembered that, at best, even the most reputable authenticator can only provide an opinion, which is based on forensics. That is, looking for characteristics that would dismiss the item as fake (e.g. paper age, ink stability, flow, autograph shape). The authenticator does not normally look at signing behaviours (e.g. material type, inscriptions, placement, ink type and colour), which would only come from some knowledge of the Boys autographs. So, an authenticator can only prove an item is fake or judge if an item is possibly/probably genuine. If you want to buy a L&H autograph our best tip is to do your homework; get to know the autographs supported by opinions from experienced collectors, buy from a reputable source, go for A1 perfect items and preferably seek out its provenance. So, buyer beware . You can also pre-order AIR RAID WARDENS + NOTHING BUT TROUBLE on DVD On November 21, Warner Home Video (REGION ONE USA) will release "Air Raid Wardens"/"Nothing but Trouble" on DVD for just $11.19 , just go to our : REGION ONE/ZERO ORDER PAGE Laurel and Hardy Versus the Automobile Following on from the River Wye 'Babes at War' sub set, we have produced another mini set of Trading Cards: This collection features Movie Stills of Laurel and Hardy fun with various Automobiles. Produced on high quality 400gm laminated card . This is a strictly Limited 9 card Sub Set production . This set would make a nice addition to any of our existing card sets. We have produced these for our trading card collectors. GO HERE : NEW TRADING CARD MINI- SUB SET ‘Babes at War’ Special Tribute Edition Set As a follow on to their blockbusting WW2 ‘D-Day’ Trading Card Release River Wye have produced a tie-in release for WW2 collectors and Laurel and Hardy Fans. The ‘Babes at War’ Special Tribute Edition. This special Limited Edition pays tribute to the war efforts of the worlds greatest comic duo, who brightened the hearts of the world with their unforgettable humour and slapstick style of comedy. The collection features Movie Stills and Candids of the Babes at War. Produced on high quality 400gm laminated card in full colour. This is a strictly Limited 9 card Set production with each set Individually Numbered. GO TO: Babes at War’ Special Tribute Edition MEMBERS AREA . Paid up magazine subscribers can now download THE FLYING DEUCES PRESS BOOK and Hal Roach Studio Stationary, listen to 3 radio shows and read a feature on 'Laurel & Hardy and Magic'...recently added. BUT you have to subscribe to get access: If you a past subscriber who has let their membership lapse, then why not RENEW now . To subscribe to 'The Laurel & Hardy Magazine' l   For members who wish to renew via PAYPAL laura September 2nd- BACK ISSUES It is nice to see our back issue magazines offered on auction sites and fetching high prices. But, why look for them there when we have a whole page full of back issues on offer. In fact I have fully updated the page today adding our more recent magazines. GO TO: BACK ISSUES August 24th- Laurel and Hardy Films in HD- MEMBERS AREA This information came through my newsfeed yesterday: "Classic Black & White films like film noir, comedies and westerns set for revival as upgrade to Hi-Def brings out the shading and textures not seen since original release. Blue Ray Group acquires 1,000-title film library for B&W Hi-Def release." It is amazing that almost all of the Laurel and Hardy films are now out on DVD. Many members over the years purchased them on the old 8mm (and other home formats) then moved on to VHS and buying them all. Most fans seeing their VHS collections redundant shelled out and purchased them on DVD. Many collectors are more than happy (apart from the odd quibble from the die-hards) with their 'Laurel and Hardy' collection. The Blue Ray Group has acquired libraries totalling 1,000 film titles that are being culled for re-mastering and hi-def release on Blu-ray Disc (BD). Laurel & Hardy (HMM..I wonder what titles they mean??) and Hopalong Cassidy will be among the first B&W titles from new division BRG Classics. Personally, at the moment I am more than happy with my DVD Collection and, as yet, I have not moved into High Definition TV. However I do feel HD TV suits the wide screen modern movies of today and I am not sure about a 4:3 B/W image in the middle of a big plasma screen. I will have to see a demo first to see if it blows me away with enough enthusiasm to go and buy a Blue ray DVD machine along with a HD TV...only time will tell. MEMBERS AREA As you know, for our paid up subscribers we have a member's area on our site with extra pages. At the moment, I am constructing a NEW members area with even more material. I am archiving interesting features and articles from old back issues of our printed magazine going way back. As I only have these in the printed form, I am scanning all the pages with OCR (optical character recognition software) to change them into text I can work with for the web site, this is a very time consuming process. Of course being online I can add more pictures and material to add even more to those original articles. Once I have enough material up on our new area, I will email all our PAID UP subscribers to let them have new passwords and the link ...more later. CONVENTION Bookings are coming in at a steady pace for our HELPMATES CONVENTION on October 28th, we are already putting together a great programme of 'Laurel and Hardy Rarities' to show. We would suggest that you book sooner....rather than later, especially if you intend staying at the hotel. August 16th- AIR RAID WARDENS + NOTHING BUT TROUBLE on DVD On November 21, Warner Home Video (REGION ONE USA) will  release the "Classic Comedy Teams Collection," featuring six classic comedies from three of Hollywood's legendary comedy teams - The Three Stooges, Abbott and Costello, and Laurel and Hardy. The three double-feature discs include "Meet the Baron"/"Gold Raiders," "Air Raid Wardens"/"Nothing but Trouble" and "Lost in a Harem"/"Abbott and Costello in Hollywood." The Collection will sell for $28.98 SRP with the individual double features of each team available for $14.97 SRP. Lets hope they follow FOX's example and release these in Europe. I will post USA ordering links and cover artwork as soon as I have them. LOTTERY TICKETS? Look out for 'Laurel and Hardy' Lottery tickets as Pollard Banknote Limited Partnership ("Pollard Banknote") has made a multi-year deal with Larry Harmon Pictures Corporation for the worldwide rights to introduce the Laurel & Hardy(TM) brand to the lottery industry. August 10th -DVD-ON THE TRAIL OF CHARLIE HALL-DVD NEWS CHARLIE HALL Several years ago loyal member Ray Andrew researched and produced a book about Laurel and Hardy's nemesis Charlie Hall. He unearthed many unseen and rare photographs. The book was very popular and sold out years ago. Since then second hand copies have occasionally surfaced on Internet auctions for as high as £56. Well, knowing there will be a demand Ray  has produced a limited run of 1000 copies in soft cover. If you would like to obtain a copy then go to : ON THE TRAIL OF CHARLIE HALL DVD NEWS Both of the FOX DVD Box sets are due for release in the UK in October. We will provide a link once pre orders are being taken via our amazon store links later. Computer-colorized films have been around for some time now. In fact we actually screened the first ever colorized film 'HELPMATES' when we co hosted the 1984 International Convention. Helpmates was primitive by today's standards. So I was more than impressed when 'March of the Wooden Soldiers' was released in glorious colour in the 1990's. In my eyes the colorization was superb…. until now… Recently an American company 'Legend Films' who specialise in the restoration and colorization of old black and white films, has announced that they will be bringing out March of the Wooden Soldiers with today's even better technology. This will be an even better version of ' Babes in Toyland'  from 1934. Judging by the work that Legend has released so far this will be a DVD to look forward to. Due out around November. GOING DUTCH I have just heard from Bram Reijnhoudt (PERFECT DAY TENT ) that the next International Convention will be in Amsterdam, July 9-13, 2008. Bram will be attending our HELPMATES CONVENTION on October 28th, so anybody interested will be able to ask Bram all about it. http://www.tellmethatagain.info/ June 22nd - HELPMATES CONVENTION OCTOBER- FOX VOL 2 DVD RELEASE DATE We are pleased to announce that, after a long break, we are about to host a 'Laurel & Hardy Helpmates Convention', at the ever-popular Holiday Inn (former Crest, and Posthouse THF), Chatham, on Saturday 28th October 2006. GO HERE: HELPMATES CONVENTION We strongly suggest that you book in advance and also secure your hotel room(s) , we have block held a limited number of rooms, so get in first! Thanks to one of our regular visitors , Andrea Ippoliti , we can now tell you the actual release of the next FOX DVD SET 20th Century Fox  Laurel and Hardy Giftset  VOL.2 Fox Home Entertainment have announced the Region 1 DVD release of The Laurel & Hardy Collection Volume 2 for 12th September 2006 priced at $34.98 SRP. This set contains 3 classic Features + more! But ORDER it NOW for just:Price: $24.49 TO PRE ORDER NOW GO TO OUR : REGION ONE/ZERO ORDER PAGE June 11th - A HAUNTING WE WILL GO....BUSTS and DVD NEWS Talented Sculptor, Neil Sims has just produced his latest set of Laurel and Hardy busts....A HAUNTING WE WILL GO! I must admit they look superb from the prototype images. We are now taking orders from this special page: http://www.laurelandhardy.org/Haunting.html Talking of A HAUNTING WE WILL GO, we can now tell you the release date and contents of the NEXT FOX (USA) Box set. The Laurel & Hardy Collection Volume 2 for 12th September 2006 priced at $34.98 SRP. This set contains 3 classic comedies… MAY 29/ 30th- WEB SITE ON THE MOVE  / BBC 4 UPDATE /NEXT MAGAZINE Our web site started way back hosted on our AOL web space, since then it has just grown and grown and has become very popular. However, there is a limit to how much free space we had and we were bordering on using it all up. We own the domain www.laurelandhardy.org and since 1992 we have had an automatic pointer that sent surfers to our site on AOL. Well, the good news is that we now have a FULL hosting package directly under our web address of: www.laurelandhardy.org. We now have a huge amount of disc space to use, so expect even more pages to be added. However my first task is to duplicate our whole site under its new home, already I have most of our feature pages up. While I was uploading to our new space I tweaked some pages and expanded them with more info. Our AOL site will also remain in place, but we would now advise you to go direct to www.laurelandhardy.org and bookmark it as your new entry point. BEWARE PIRATE DVDS on Ebay As you all probably know by now, ebay is a haven for FAKE AUTOGRAPHS of 'Laurel and Hardy'; there are fakes for sale every week. We have also noticed a spate of PIRATE DVD copies of Universals 21 DVD set for sale. Member Dave Tomlinson and I have been able to spot these as their descriptions are a dead giveaway, but most would not see the tell tale signs. Of course these have all been reported and in most cases we have got them removed. In fact we have done the pirates a favour, as they could have got into more serious trouble. Sellers think they can hide behind their ebay ID's, not so. Major copyright holders patrol ebay for copyright infringements, they will even pose as a customer to buy items for evidence. Ebay has to provide the sellers home details in any dispute. So the pirates could end up with a knock on the door from FACT (Federation of Copyright Theft). Believe me they DO take action as I personally know of two cases. AJ Marriot and I have now started to compile the next printed issue of  'The Laurel and Hardy Magazine'. It is not due out until the last week of June/1st week of July, but it does take a lot of advance work. MAY 3rd - NEW KINGS OF COMEDY SET We can now offer a new mini set of standard (cigarette) size cards featuring colour portraits of some of the legends of film and TV comedy. Eric Morecambe, Spike Milligan, Terry Thomas, W. C. Fields, Eric Sykes, Norman Wisdom,Tony Hancock, Jimmy Edwards, Laurel & Hardy, Tommy Cooper all feature. They are on offer within our NEW ONLINE STORE. The reverse sides give details of these great stars' lives. I have just received both the new Laurel and Hardy DVD box sets from the USA; I must say that I am VERY IMPRESSED. The Laurel and Hardy Gift set from Fox had newsreel footage that I had never see before. I enjoyed watching the award winning documentary, THE REVENGE OF THE SONS OF THE DESERT on the extras. Meanwhile the new WARNER BOX set has a HOST of extras including a documentary about Comedy Shorts, narrated by Chevy Chase. I found this very interesting indeed along with all the extracts from, THE ROGUE SONG. HOLLYWOOD PARTY, HOLLYWOOD REVUE of 1929 and PICK A STAR. The Laurel and Hardy sequence from the OUR GANG short WILD POSES is featured in the documentary. If you have not ordered these, then do not miss them.( Go HERE TO ORDER!! )  . Michael Agee ( HAL ROACH STUDIOS) has been keeping me informed about his restoration work on his new updated DVD BOX SET, he has found even more pristine material to include. There will be more details on this site as soon as Micheal is ready to release the news. From what I know already, boy, you are in for a treat. APRIL 14th- LAUREL & HARDY TRADING CARDS/ I recently met up with Robin Welch of CMA CARDS (River Wye productions) and purchased his entire remaining stock of Laurel and Hardy Cards. In the batch was a few sets of both his PREMIER and MILLENNIUM Sets of Trading cards, plus a selection of bonus cards and some rarities. So for a limited time (as some stock is very low), I can offer the full range, plus of course we have another three sets on offer. Take a look, just in case you want to fill some gaps in your collection: LAUREL & HARDY TRADING CARDS I have also added some more pin badges to our site: PIN BADGES IMPORTANT NEWS  FOR LAUREL & HARDY TRADING CARD COLLECTORS The original set ONE 'Laurel and Hardy Trading Cards' from CMA  have now been officially retired. Of course some of the special BONUS cards ran out before the sets. However, here is the good news, I am buying the entire remaining stock of both SET ONE and SET TWO (The Millennium Collection). This small supply that includes some of those deleted bonus cards. But the MOST SOUGHT AFTER will be the Stanley Motion Card.  Also included in this purchased are some gems such us uncut OLLIE MOTION CARDS and Uncut Gold Foil signature cards. CMA has pulled together an interesting range of odds and rare cards. I will pick up the stock next Wednesday. Following that I will revamp our Trading card pages. For a short period I should be able to offer the entire range, but some cards are in VERY Short supply. If you would like me to email you as soon as I put up those limited cards, then The updated card offers will only appear in the NEW VERSION of our ONLINE STORE. Do take a look round all the pages as some new items have been added: Go here for all your Laurel and Hardy Collectables FAKE AUTOGRAPHS ON EBAY THICKER THAN WATER-AUCTION NEWS Over the past few weeks we have been patrolling the online ebay auctions, as usual fakes are rife. We have successfully managed to get some removed, but not all. Sadly, there are some poor people have purchased fakes, but as these unscrupulous dealers hide the buyers names we cannot contact them to tell them they have got a dud. You may have watched the Laurel and Hardy film 'THICKER THAN WATER', where they are inside an auction room. Unaware, Stan and Ollie end up bidding against each other pushing the price up of a Grandfather Clock and then winning it themselves. Well, some unscrupulous dealers use a similar activity we frown upon. This is the practice of SHILL BIDDING where the price of an item is artificially pushed higher by a person bidding on his own item under another ID or getting a friend to bid. The practice of SHILLING is still going on, it does not take Einstein to work out that an autograph  ( even if its a nice genuine item) is being shilled. A Shiller normally puts in a really high bid to sucker bidders in, then he pulls out his high bid leaving the other high bidders like sitting ducks. Shillers think they can hide from our experts, but we go back and see where the false bidders are located and see what they have bid for and when. It does not take long to find a pattern emerge. There is also a CLEAR FAKE Stan Laurel up at the moment, so far three of our team have tackled the seller and he gave us differing replies. PLUS looking back through his history it looks like he is a Shill bidder himself. If you are new to the Internet, let me say be VERY VERY careful of Internet auctions as fakes or copies of originals (passed off as the real thing) are RIFE. As a guide go to our BUYER BEWARE page. If you want the real think then come to a show like MEMORABILIA at the NEC BIRMINGHAM , come and see me on our stall and we will point you to some trusted dealers. MARCH 7th- CATALOGUE I have been adjusting our online 'Laurel and Hardy Catalogue' , we now have this new version that operates with frames and drop down menus:   NEW CATALOGUE . But we will also keep our original no frames versions for older browsers: ORIGINAL CATALOGUE . However, the same shopping cart is linked to both Catalogues and the rest of our site, so it does not matter what version you jump to your cart remains the same. FEBRUARY 21st- MORE FOX DVD NEWS Just as we were going to press today with our next printed 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine', we heard that the second Fox release will be a Volume 2 set that will include The Dancing Masters, The Bullfighters, and A-Haunting We Will  Go. Author of "Laurel and Hardy, From The Forties Forward," Scott MacGillivray, has recorded the commentaries. As yet, there is no news about the other bonus materials, or the release date, but it certainly sounds like another set worth adding to your collection. Susan Marshall e-mailed me to tell us that the "The Revenge of the Sons of the Desert," a fun documentary about the Philadelphia International Laurel & Hardy Convention, will be included as an extra on the soon-to-be released Laurel & Hardy DVD collection, by 20th Century Fox. It was made by Alexander Marshall, who won an Emmy for it, and which features interviews with Laurel & Hardy co-stars; plus the fun and antics of an International Laurel & Hardy event - and more. This information was backed up by Michael Agee (Hal Roach Studios) who told me he had been contacted by Fox regarding his material used in the documentary. This is a possible extra on this second FOX DVD set, you can go HERE TO PRE ORDER  the first FOX DVD set coming out in April. Since our last update I have changed our whole LAUREL AND HARDY CATALOGUE entry page, hopefully to make it far more easier to use. Some new items have been added and some items deleted.   SITE UPDATES T oday I had the great delight of being present when the management of T.T. Litho (who also print our magazine) presented "A.J" Marriot with the first batch of his book "CHAPLIN - Stage by Stage." Not only that, but I had the honour of receiving the first signed copy. Talk about "hot off the press." I must admit at being very impressed with the overall quality of the book, it is packed full of information and very rare photographs. It is common knowledge that Stan Laurel was a Karno Comedian for a few years, but how much do you know about those years? For starters, just how many years was it? And just how much of that time was spent in the UK, and how much in the US? It's also widely known that Laurel was understudy to Chaplin in the sketch Mumming Birds, but is this the only Karno sketch in which these two played together? Well now, for the first time ever, you can discover exactly when, where, and with whom Laurel spent his time in the Karno Company. [Early in November] I spent the weekend in Glasgow, to attend the Glasgow Memorabilia Show. People ask me why I bother to go to these Fairs, when I could stay at home and use our online catalogue. Well, I would never get to meet all the many Laurel & Hardy buffs who come to our stall. This year we had even more 'Sons' through the doors as several members of the new Fra Diavolo tent turned up, including their Grand Sheik, Ross Owen.  Ross came away from the show happy as he managed to buy autographs of the Roach Stars: James Finlayson, Billy Gilbert and Charles Middleton. AND, being a 'Son of the Desert,' he got a big discount from the sellers - Autographs Ink. See what a little kindness can do? So, as you have just read many bargains can be found at these shows if you look around. Coming up soon is the biggest Memorabilia show of them all to be held at the NEC Birmingham on November 26th / 27th . Again we will be there with our FULL 'Laurel and Hardy' sales stall. We are on stands A52 and A53 near their stage area. This show is so big that it takes over both HALLS 11 and 12 at the NEC. I have just got stocks in of the brand new LEONARDO 2005 range of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy figures. They stand over 12" tall and are VERY NICE indeed. The first chance you will have to obtain these will be at this forthcoming Memorabilia Show. They come very well packed in nice boxes and are quite sturdy and solid. So if you want to add these to your collection, then do come along to the MEMORABILIA SHOW  .  If you want to make sure you get a set, then just CLICK HERE TO EMAIL US  and we will hold you a set behind the stall for pick up at the show. We have just added a another new page under our DVD Review section, this one covers Retour De Flamme. the latest edition of Serge Bromberg's DVD series, Retour de Flamme, includes a (mostly) unknown Laurel & Hardy film, never shown to the general public. Dubbed in French, the film, A Galaxy of Stars, is a promotional film intended for MGM exhibitors in Europe and Africa. This page includes a FULL GALLERY plus a description of the action. Just go direct to: A GALAXY of STARS . Almost all of our next LARGE FORMAT (A4 size) Christmas Special issue of 'The Laurel & Hardy Magazine' is now at our printers. Again it will be full of rare photographs and more, so if you have not subscribed, then now is the time to consider joining/subscribing. OCTOBER 5th - RONNIE BARKER We were very sad to hear that TV comedian Ronnie Barker has died after a long illness on Monday of this week. He will be remembered for his many TV shows including The Two Ronnies, Porridge and Open All Hours. We have fond memories of Ronnie playing Oliver Hardy with the late Roy Castle playing Stan in 'Another Fine Mess', which was a short comedy in Ronnie Barker's series Seven Of One . The good news is that it will be out on DVD later this year and makes a fitting tribute to his many comedy talents. To pay our own tribute to Ronnie we have put up a special page from last year when Ronnie told us his memories of 'Laurel and Hardy'. We have also revised a few of our sales pages and added a few new items: THE LAUREL & HARDY CATALOGUE THE LAUREL & HARDY MAGAZINE VOL 7 No 1 I passed the proofs for this issue on Monday and it is being printed right now. Check back to this page and we will tell you when it has been mailed. Also the cover of the current issue will change on our home page when it has been mailed. AUGUST 27th- AVENUE OF STARS / WESTMINSTER/ SHILL BIDDERS / DVD NEWS Britain's Avenue of the Stars to be Unveiled in Covent Garden Stan Laurel will be among 100 legendary British and Commonwealth stars to receive silver plaques in the The Avenue Of The Stars located in Covent Garden, London. Chris Tarrant will present an ITV1 tribute, which will include the unveiling of the Avenue of the Stars, on September 18. "It will be intriguing to see who makes the list and who doesn't. "With so many names to choose from, there are bound to be some surprising omissions, as well as names that will raise a few eyebrows", Tarrant said. The ceremony, set to honour one hundred celebrities will take place in Covent Garden. The silver stars will be placed outside St Paul's, The Actors' Church, in Covent Garden, where many celebrities had been invited to attend the launch, and also to perform on the live program. According to press sources, Stan Laurel's daughter Lois is upset she has not been invited to the opening. One online news report quotes: A friend says, "Lois found out about it only a couple of days ago and hit the roof. She couldn't understand why no one had told her or why none of the family had been invited. The ceremony, set to honour one hundred celebrities will take place in Covent Garden. The first 18 recipients announced include Sir Laurence Olivier, Sir Charlie Chaplin, Sir Alfred Hitchcock, but also Nicole Kidman, who has unveiled her Hollywood star in 2003. As this will be devoted to British celebrities, sadly Oliver Hardy will not have a star as he was born in the USA. THICKER THAN WATER-AUCTION NEWS Over the past few weeks we have been patrolling the online ebay auctions, as usual fakes are rife. We have successfully managed to get some removed, but not all. Sadly, there are some poor people have purchased fakes, but as these unscrupulous dealers hide the buyers names we cannot contact them to tell them they have got a dud. You may have watched the Laurel and Hardy film 'THICKER THAN WATER', where they are inside an auction room. Unaware, they end up bidding against each other pushing the price up of a Grandfather Clock and then winning it themselves. Well, some unscrupulous dealers use a similar activity we frown upon. This is the practice of SHILL BIDDING where the price of an item is artificially pushed higher by a person bidding on his own item under another ID or getting a friend to bid. Sadly we recently detected a genuine autographed 'Laurel & Hardy' postcard that was bid up in price by the seller. We just happened to know both of this sellers ID's so he was caught out. Upon being detected he tried to claim he only put another bid in to find out how high his bids have gone (pull the other one). That excuse did not wash with us because we looked into his bidding history and see he actually bid on his own (not a Grandfather Clock) items earlier, but slipped up and won them himself for £411 (how dumb can you get). Not only did he pay listing fees, he also paid a commission on the sale. To avoid embarrassment we will not name the SHILLER, as he now knows what he has done is against ebay rules, but our team will be watching closely. Ebay reacted when one of our team complained and shut down his other ebay ID. We have come across this practice a few times, even with fakes being bid up in price, so again it certainly is BUYER BEWARE . As you know we offer the largest selection of 'Laurel and Hardy Collectables' anywhere. Many of the items are exclusive to our site and Magazine only. After some thought we have now modified all of our DVD PAGES to direct you to the best offers. DVD's will be the only items that you will not be able to buy direct from us. As our site has visitors literally from around the globe every day, we now direct you to the best place to buy each title. We have added an extra page that covers the most frequently asked questions about DVD formats and how to buy them in different countries, plus tips on Multi region players. Go to our new: DVD INTRODUCTION AN INFORMATION PAGE. But, for everything else on our site and CATALOGUE , you just carry on and use our secure PAYPAL SHOPPING cart system. Its safe and easy to use, we have three CART BUTTONS, one for the UK (POUNDS), one for EUROPE (EUROS) and USA/REST OF WORLD (Dollars). Just use the cart relevant to where you are located as all our prices include postage and packing. The price you see is what you pay. July 12th- NEW PAGE ADDED I have just added another page to our ever expanding site: BERTH MARKS at ULVERSTON by Kevin Doig. May 26th- NEW MUSIC BOX BUSTS FROM NEIL SIMS We have started working on our next printed 'Laurel and Hardy Magazine' full of interesting photographs and news. In this forthcoming issue we will bring you another Internet auction watch. We have seen fake autographs ,Bowler Hats, Fezes...and now we have seen a caravan that the seller says was owned by Oliver Hardy. But they tripped up by faking a photo of Ollie standing in front of it. The photo of Ollie came from the 1930's...but the caravan was built in 1953!! More news in our next issue. Neil Sims has now completed the master moulds for his next set of Laurel and Hardy Busts. This time its 'Stan and Ollie' their Music Box garb. As these will be very popular Neil has already started making sets ready for when orders are placed. Take a look at our more detailed images : NOW OUT! MARCH 20th- BEWARE OF FAKE L&H AUTOGRAPHS As many visitors to our site are aware, we have been warning about FAKE 'Laurel and Hardy' autographs being sold on internet auction sites for some time. Dave Tomlinson constantly monitors ebay and finds fake almost every week. One poor person has just won the examples below ( for £325/ $625) . These were on a still for FLYING DEUCES, in fact it looks like an original still with the date stamp on the back. This is a ploy that fakers often use, they buy old stills, but fake the signatures on them. We have a more details on our BUYER BEWARE PAGE full of information about all the tricks fakers employ, or just click on the above image. I can't reveal anything yet, but Universal are working on another L&H project for future release......more later. FEBRUARY 14th- 'BABE' and 'THE COMEDY WORLD OF STAN LAUREL' back in print! I have lost count how many time over the past year or so that I have been asked for these two books: 'BABE THE LIFE STORY OF OLIVER HARDY' and 'THE COMEDY WORLD OF STAN LAUREL' both by John McCabe. Well, they have indeed been republished, in fact they slipped out rather quietly. I only noticed when the publishers sent me their latest catalogue. The nice thing is that both these NEW editions have matching book covers! The good news is that we have now added them on to our BOOKS SALES PAGE and are now taking orders. Also Mr Laurel and Mr Hardy by John McCabe is also back in print. FEBRUARY 4th- Laurel & Hardy Locations-BIG BUSINESS HOUSE Then & Now. FEBRUARY 1st- SITE UPDATES I have been going through our site page by page, perhaps slightly tweaking a page here and there that has out of date information. I gave our PLACES TO VISIT page a complete revamp as it was quite out of date. If you know of any L&H related places to visit,then drop me and email and I will add it. JANUARY 8th- WAY OUT WEST USA RELEASE- SITE UPDATES I have lost count how many times I have been asked by USA members and visitors to our site asking for WAY OUT WEST on REGION ONE DVD. Well your wait will soon be over, as on March 15th 2005, HALLMARK (Lionsgate) will be releasing another Laurel and Hardy DVD. It will contain ,Way Out West, Block-Heads and Chickens Come Home. You can pre order it now,just CLICK HERE for details or go to our USA DVD PAGE . I have just added another GALLERY to our ever expanding web site, this page is a dedicated gallery for  the FOX FEATURE JITTERBUGS . I am still working my way through the whole site updating pages, I have just updated our BADGES PAGE and our BACK ISSUES PAGE . Also some sales items have been deleted and new ones added to our other sales pages,so do check those out too. Why not subscribe to 'The Laurel & Hardy Magazine
i don't know
The Gobi desert is situated in China and which other country?
Where is the Gobi Desert located? | Reference.com Where is the Gobi Desert located? A: Quick Answer The Gobi Desert is located in Asia in northern and northwestern China as well as parts of southern Mongolia. It has several distinct features including the Eastern Gobi Desert Steppe, the Alaskan Plateau and the Gobi Lakes Valley. Full Answer The Gobi Desert is 932 miles long and 497 miles wide, covering more than 500,000 square miles in Asia. The Eastern Gobi Desert Steppe is 100,000 square miles, and is the most eastern point of the desert, located in both China and Mongolia. The Alaskan Plateau covers more than 250,000 square miles, and contains the Great Gobi National Park in Mongolia. The Gobi Lakes Valley is located north of the Alaskan Plateau, and covers 53,800 square miles between mountain ranges.
Mongolia
In a game of scrabble, the letter V is worth how many points?
Mongolia travel guide - Wikitravel Understand[ edit ] With only 1.7 people per km², Mongolia has the lowest population density among all independent countries in the world, and it is this vast and majestic emptiness that is the country's enduring appeal, bringing the traveller, as it does, into a close communion with nature and its nomadic inhabitants. Mongolia is entirely landlocked, between China and Russia . For several letters, the ISO 9 standard transliteration of Cyrillic is not widely used and there is no consensus either in Mongolia nor in Wikitravel. Specially, the same Cyrillic letter "х" is transliterated "h" or "kh", the letter "ө" is transliterated "ô", "ö", "o" or "u", but Latin "o" is also the transliteration of the Cyrillic "о", and Latin "u" is also the transliteration of Cyrillic "у" and "ү" (the latter should be transliterated "ù" according to ISO 9, but this is rarely done). So, if you can't find a name as you wrote it, try other spellings.        See also: Mongolian phrasebook Climate[ edit ] Mongolia's nickname is the "Land of Blue Skies," and with good reason: there are said to be about 250 sunny days throughout each year, so you will need good UV protection. During winter, protect your eyes, and during summer, protect your skin. The weather is bitterly cold during the winter, dropping down to -40º in some parts. With many types of terrain--from desert to verdant mountains--the weather during the summer varies from region to region, but is generally hot. Outside of the Gobi desert, this time of year is marked with many rains in some areas, and it can become quite cool at night. The ideal Mongolia travel season starts in May and hits its highest peak in July, during the Naadam holiday, and in August when the weather is most favourable for travelling. This is the best time if you like the culture and can bear the crowds of other tourists. It is not a good time if you want to get away from your busy lifestyle because you will experience traffic, busy schedules, waiting in lines, etc. September is also a very good time to visit, and October is not too late to travel to Mongolia. It is still warm during the days but a bit chilly during the nights. In the autumn, Mongolia is not very crowded, and this is time for late-comers and last-minute, unplanned trips. You will get to sightsee, enjoy the culture, and taste mare's milk, a bitter and at first somewhat unpleasant drink, throughout the country. For visitors not afraid of cold or fermented mare's milk, travelling to Mongolia from November till the Lunar New Year is still an option. Winter tourism is a developing area of the Mongolian tourism industry. The most rewarding experience will be visiting the nomads, as this is the time when you will experience their culture first-hand during "Tsagaan Sar" or the traditional (Lunar) New Year celebration. Travellers will have the opportunity to watch lots of cultural activities: singing, dancing, wrestling, and winter horse racing. History[ edit ] History of ancient Mongolia dates back to third century BC when the Xiongnu came to power among many other nomadic tribes. Due to illiteracy and nomadic lifestyle, little was recorded by Huns of themselves. They first appear in recorded Chinese history as "Barbarians" against whom the walls were built. Those walls later became known as the Great Wall of China. There have been several Empires in Mongolia after the Hun Nu. For example, the A Tureg Empire around 650AD, with its capital approximately 110km north of Har Horin (Kharkhorum). There was also the Uighur Empire, with its capital Har Bulgas (Khar Bulgas or Xar Bulgas) near Har Horin. The Khitans who controlled North China around 1000AD as the Liao Dynasty had an administrative center (Har Bukh) 120km to the northeast. The Government of Turkey has been promoting some Turkish Empire monuments and there is a museum full of artifacts at the Bilge Khaan site. The struggle for mere existence and power over other tribes kept going until the time of Genghis Khan. Chinggis Khan, as he is known in Mongolia, came to power and united the warring tribes under the Great Mongol Empire in 1206. He was proclaimed Genghis Khan (Chingis Haan), meaning ruler of all Mongol tribes. The Mongolian Empire was extended all the way to eastern Europe under Genghis Khan and to all of China and Central Asia, among other parts under his sucessors (including his grandson Kublai Khan), eventually becoming the largest continuous empire in history with thirty-three million square kilometers (about thirteen million square miles) of extension. After years of hegemony and exercise of a great connection between Eastern and Western civilizations, the empire suffered a collapse and split into four kingdoms (or Khanates) through Eurasia, each of which lately achieved nearly total independence. The easternmost of these kingdoms was called the Yuan dinasty and included Mongol native land and much of China. After times of dominance over China, the Mongols were driven back to the steppes by the Chinese Ming Dynasty under Emperor Hongwu. They were later conquered by the Manchurian-Chinese Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. An independent Mongol nation would only emerge again in 1924 but was not recognised by China until 1945, as the Chinese were forced to grant independence to Outer Mongolia by the Soviet Union, in exchange for Soviet assistance in fighting the Japanese invasion. Thus, the historic region of Mongolia was split into two, with Outer Mongolia becoming the independent nation of Mongolia, while Inner Mongolia remained a province of China. Since that time, Mongolia has had a close relationship with the Soviet Union (and Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union). Mongolia even replaced its traditional script with the cyrillic alphabet. (The traditional script, however, continues to be used by ethnic Mongols in China). As Inner Mongolia was the more populated area before the partition, to this day the number of ethnic Mongols living in China outnumbers the population of Mongolia. The Secret History of the Mongols is one of the great recordings of Mongolian history. Every Mongolian reads the book in the modern Mongolian language. This is one of the the oldest books in the Mongolian language. There are vivid similarities with the Bible in literary style, wording and story telling. It is speculated that the author could have been a Christian or at least was very knowledgeable about the Bible. According to Hugh Kemp, Qadag (pp 85-90, Steppe by Step) is the most likely candidate for authorship of Secret History of the Mongols. He writes about the history of ancient Mongolia and connects the modern reality with the ancient world. Even though the book is about the history of Christianity in Mongolia, it paints a view of ancient Mongolia from the height of 21st century. The "History of Mongolia" by B. Baabar is a good source for the Modern History of Mongolia. On the trail of Marco Polo covers some travel through the Mongol Empire in the time of Genghis' grandson, Kublai Khan. People[ edit ] Mongolia is more than twice as big as Texas and nearly the same size as Alaska. Its area is 1.6 million km² (603,000 mi²), four times the size of Japan and almost double that of Eastern Europe. This makes Mongolia the sixth-largest country in Asia and 19th in the world, but the population is only 2,727,966 (as of 09 November 2009), which makes Mongolia one of the least densely populated areas in Asia. If you consider that 40% of the population lives in the capital city of Ulan Bator or Ulaanbaatar that leaves lots of room for you to travel in the outback. Of course, Gobi is even less densely populated. Almost another 40% of population are scattered all over Mongolia with their 56 million head of sheep, goats, cattle, horses and camels. There are 21 provinces, called aimag. Each aimag has a central city or town and about 15-22 sub-provinces called soum, so you will know which aimag and which soum you are in. 70% of Mongolia is under the age of 35 and the genders are pretty well balanced. 84% are Khalkha Mongols, 6% Kazakhs and 10% other groups. The majority of the Mongolian population; 90% follow a mixture of Tibetan Buddhism and shamanism while the remaining 10% follow a diverse range of different faiths, mainly Islam and Christianity. Holidays and festivals[ edit ] Naadam festival celebrations. Mongolia is home to the "three manly sports": wrestling, horse racing, and archery, and these are the same three sporting events that take place every year at the Naadam festival. Naadam is the National Holiday of Mongolia celebrated on 11-13 Jul. During these days all of Mongolia watches or listens to the whole event which takes place in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar through Mongolia's National Television and Radio. Many other smaller Naadam festivals take place in different aimags (provinces) around the country throughout the month of July, and it is at these Naadam festivals that you are able to get a much closer look at the action. It is believed that Naadam celebrations started with the rise of the Great Mongolian Empire as Chinggis (also known as Genghis) Khan's strategy to keep his warriors strictly fit. After the fall of the empire, the contests were held during religious festivals, and since the communist revolution it was celebrated on its anniversary. The legend says that in old times a woman dressed like a man won a wrestling competition once. That is why open chest and long sleeve wrestling costumes, called "zodog", are meant to show that every participant is male. Wrestlers wear short trunks, "shuudag", and Mongolian boots, "gutal". The yellow stripes on the tails of wrestlers' hats will indicate the number of times the wrestler became a champion in Naadam. Only Naadam gives official titles to the wrestlers. Mongolian wrestling tournaments have 9 or 10 rounds depending on the number of 512 or 1024 wrestlers registered for the competition that year. If the wrestler wins 5 rounds, he will be awarded the title "Nachin" (bird), 6 rounds - Hartsaga (hawk), 7 rounds - Zaan (elephant), 8 rounds - Garuda (Eagle), 9 rounds - Arslan (lion) and 10 - Avarga (Titan). In 2006, Zaan (Elephant) Sumyabazar won 9 rounds that made him Garuda but that year 1024 wrestlers had 10 rounds which he won all. This entitled him to Avarga. Or Arslan (Lion) must win 2 in a row to become Avarga (Titan). The titles are for life. If Avarga (Titan) keeps winning at Naadam more and more attributes will be added to his title. There are no weight categories in Mongolian Wrestling tournaments but there is a time limit of 30 min, if the wrestlers can not overthrow each other, referees use lots for better position which often settles the match. One who falls or his body touches the ground loses the match. Mongolian Wrestling matches are attended by seconds whose role is to assist their wrestlers in all matters and to encourage them to win by spanking on their buttocks. They also sing praise songs and titles to the leading wrestlers of both wings, west and east, after 5 and 7 rounds. The referees monitor the rules but the people and the fans are the final judges. They will speak and spread the word of mouth about who is who till the next year. The Golden Eagle Festival in Ölgii on the first weekend of October is the largest gathering in the world of eagle hunters. The event typically has 60 to 70 Kazakh eagle hunters displaying their skills. The events include having their golden eagles fly to them on command and catching a fox fur being pulled by a horse from a perch on a nearby mountain. The event also features traditional Kazakh games like Kokpar (tug-of-war over a goat carcass while on horseback), Tiyn Teru (a timed race to pick up a coin on the ground while on horseback), and Kyz Kuar ("girl chase," is a race between a man and woman where the woman whips the man while he tries to hold on). The festival also has a traditional Kazakh concert, camel race, and displays of Kazakh art. A smaller eagle festival is held on 22 Sep in the nearby village of Sagsai. Nauryz Festival also in Ölgii is the traditional new years celebration of Kazakhs held on 22 March. There is a parade, concert, and horse races during the several days of celebrating. Though most of the celebration involves visiting friends and relatives to eat Nauryz Koje (soup) and boiled mutton and horse meat. The camel festival is an annual celebration held in the southern Gobi organised by a local NGO to help protect the Bactrian camel and the essential role it plays in the lives of the nomadic herders in the region. Highlights include camel races, camel polo competitions and traditional performances of Mongolian music and dance. Those that want to will be able to travel to the festival by camel, dressed in your Mongolian best including a traditional deel. Regions[ edit ] The country can be categorized into five distinct regions based on culture and geography. These regions are further divided into 21 provinces and one special municipality. Mongolia regions For up to 14 days: Hong Kong SAR , Singapore For other foreign nationals, the process for obtaining a thirty day visa or tourist visa is relatively painless, requiring a visa application form, a small fee at your local Mongolian embassy and an invitation letter that is arranged through tour companies. Licensed tour companies can issue this invitation letter for you. However, the citizens of Indonesia, Russia, China and Taiwan and some other countries needs to get an official invitation letter that is issued by the Consular Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after confirmation by the tour company or firm or individual who is inviting you. Longer visas are available; it requires an invitation letter from a Mongolian company or individual. Citizens of countries where a Mongolian Embassy or Honorary consulate of Mongolia doesn't exist, can apply for a Mongolian visa at the Mongolian borders - Chinggis Khaan Airport , Zamyn - Uud and Altanbulag . It requires your official permission letter that is issued by Immigration Office in Ulaanbaatar according to your invited person or entity's request, exact arrival date and time, flight or train number. Once you got the permission, you have to bring the copy of permission, passport sized photo and visa fee of c. US$105 per applicant and then you can get the visa at the airport. For most cases, it is easy to seek a help from licensed travel company that can get permission for you from Immigration Office in Ulaanbaatar. Also, it is possible to acquire an expedited visa in a matter of hours at the Mongolian consulate in Erlian, though there is a steep $50 US fee for this service. A similar service is available in the Mongolian consulate in the Russian city of Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude . Indian nationals are required to apply for a visa, although the visa fee is waived. You won't get more than 30 days on a tourist visa. In Mongolia you can extend your visa for another 30 days maximum. The Embassy of Mongolia in the UK website is useful for updates. The Embassy of Mongolia in China website allows you to print off the application form you will need if you are applying for your Mongolian visa in China, although the consulate does have them too. If you going to stay more than 30 days you have to get registered at Mongolia Immigration. As of September 2013, the consulate in Irkutsk does not require an invitation letter any more and will issue even one year multiple entry visas without a fuss. By plane[ edit ] There are a few places with flights into the capital, Ulaanbaatar. National air carrier MIAT Mongolian airlines operates daily flights (during some peak season - twice a day) from Beijing and Seoul, twice a week flights from Hong Kong, Berlin, Moscow and Tokyo (during some peak season - from Narita). During peak summer season it increases flight frequencies and operates direct flights from Berlin. There are branch offices in Berlin, Moscow, Hong Kong, Seoul, Tokyo and Beijing. North American branch office is in Denver, CO and can be reached via Air Bridge There are almost daily flights from Seoul on Korean Air as well as other flights through Beijing. It is also possible to fly to Ulaanbaatar through Tokyo's Narita Airport. There are also direct flights from Istanbul with Turkish Airlines. Don't buy a non-refundable or unchangeable ticket if you are going to Mongolia, because flights don't always actually happen. You can also fly in from Beijing, with MIAT Mongolian airlines being the cheapest, then Air China after that. You may find the cheapest air ticket to Mongolia from travel agents. Hunnu Air , a Mongolian Airline, offers flights from Hong Kong, Shanghai, Bangkok to Ulaanbaatar. Once you are in the country you can also fly to all the provincial capitals. Plane flights between the capitals may be hard to find though. But air travel agents, guest houses, and hotels can help you to obtain your domestic air ticket in Mongolia. As of 24th September 2014 MIAT has started cheap (relatively) flights from Singapore to Ulan Bator twice a week (Wednesdays and Saturday). The Trans-Mongolian Line of the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway links Mongolia's capital Ulaanbaatar with Moscow and Vladivostok , Russia and Beijing , China How to travel from Beijing to Ulaanbataar on budget (September 2016). Every Wednesday train number K3 and every Saturday train number K23 (Legendary Trans Mongolian train) runs all way to Ulaanbataar, but if you buy ticket only for Erlian (the border town) you will pay 130RMB for hard sleeper, this is cheaper than overnight uncomfortable bus from Beijing . The train leaves at 11:22AM from Beijing and arrive at Erlian (Erenhot) at 21:48. Stay overnight in one of the cheap hotels in Erlian around train station (double bed with bathroom from 60 RMB). Next day pick up one of the old jeeps from the main park (50-70 RMB) or there is local bus from the bus station which runs between Erlian and Zamiid Uud, this bus has clear sign on the front Mongolia, leaves when full (40RMB). The bus and the jeep will drop you off in front of train station in Zamiid Uud. There is daily local overnight train from Zamiid Uud to Ulaanbataar at 18:15. Very comfortable first class bed (soft sleeper) is 33950 MNT (4 beds in closed compartment, ask for bottom bunk) and second class (hard sleeper) 24000 MNT. There is hard seat option, which is very cheap. You will arrive around 9.30am to Ulaanbataar. From Russia[ edit ] The Trans-Mongolian train crosses the Russia/Mongolia border at the town of Naushki , Russia. Those interested in saving money can book one way elektrichka (regional train) tickets from Irkutsk or Ulan Ude to Naushki. In Naushki, one can spend the night in the recently (June 2009) renovated train resting rooms (komnati otdiha) for US$.50 per hour. From there, it is possible to take a marshrutka to the land border crossing town of Kyakhta , Russia. Walking across the border is prohibited, but travelers have no problems arranging for Mongolia bound cars to take them across the border, either for a small fee or for free. Upon crossing into Mongolia it is relatively easy to hitchhike, taxi, or bus to Sukhbaator or UB, as all southbound traffic is headed towards those cities. From the West, from Russia, it is possible to cross at the land border in Tsagaannuur . There are daily petrol and wheat-carrying Russian Kamaz trucks headed to Olgii and it is possible to hitchhike to Tsagaannuur or even Olgii . Regular buses and marshrutkas also operate from the border, though service is unpredictable due to the lack of a schedule. From China[ edit ] Trans Mongolian Railway[ edit ] 2nd class (hard sleeper) costs about US$200 (Mar 2011) from Beijing to Ulaanbaatar . The ride takes almost 30 hours, but you are given a berth in a sleeper-car. The train leaves twice per week from Beijing. Currently, as of Mar 2011, tickets cannot be purchased from the Beijing station. Instead you will be directed to the China International Tour Service (CITS) office at 2nd floor of the Beijing International Hotel (10 min. walk north of the station, large, white building). Local Trains[ edit ] Beijing to the border: If the Beijing - Ulaanbaatar train is sold out, as seems to be common, or you need a more frequent option, you can make your way from Beijing to the border at Erlian by local train as described below, and then on to Ulaanbaatar by bus and train. You may also try looking on eLong.com for flights from Beijing to Erlian (Elianhaote on eLong). As of March 2011, there are morning flights from Beijing to Erlian out of Capital Airport Terminal 1 that only cost 160Y, which is cheaper than the bus. Trains run daily from Beijing to Jining (Inner Mongolia) or Hohhot . You can change there for a train to the border town of Erlian near the Mongolian-Chinese border. The K89 leaves Beijing in the morning and arrives at Jining in the evening. Jining has many hotels near the train station and has karaoke bars to keep you entertained while you wait. From Jining to Erlian there is a slow train that leaves in the morning, passes the great wall multiple times, and arrives in the early evening. For up to date train times and costs see China Guide . Note that this will take a night longer than getting the sleeper bus as described in "By Bus". Crossing the border Be wary of scams at the border where people in uniform will attempt to sell you "required travel insurance." There is no such thing and you can safely ignore them. You should then cross the border from Erlian in China to Zamiin-Uud in Mongolia as described in Erlian to and from Mongolia . In Erlian you can cross the border in a Jeep or by Bus. The bus goes everyday. In the bus station look for the international ticket window. Once in Zamin-Uud, the only option is the train. From the border to Ulaanbaatar Once you have crossed the border, you will need to get from Zamiin-Uud to Ulaanbaatar as described in Zamiin-Uud get in . This website here has a full write up (including maps, times, specific details, etc.) of how you can get from Beijing to Mongolia. It was updated in 2016 and I just took this trip so I think the prices/times here are the most accurate for now since they seem to change a lot. To China[ edit ] From Ulaanbaatar there are several options. Firstly, the International train. Tickets at the International ticket office located across the street from the train station. The ticket office is on the second floor in the VIP lounge. The second option is to get on the Hohhot international train and transfer at Erlian or Jining (Inner Mongolia) . The third option is to take the daily train to Zamiin-Uud , Mongolia at the border and take a bus or jeep to China. You can then go to the bus or train station in Erlian , China. By bus[ edit ] From Beijing to Erlian by bus costs 180 RMB and takes 12hrs. Several buses leave different bus stations in Beijing bound for Erlian: Liuliqiao long-distance bus station (六里桥客运主枢纽 or lìu lǐ qiáo kè yùn zhǔ shū nǐu）, phone 010-83831716, address: A1, Liuliqiao Nan Li, Fengtai District. Departure at 16:30. These are supposed to run every day, but may not. You can phone at 10:00 on the morning of departure to see if the bus is running and to reserve a place. Muxiyuan long-distance bus station ( 木樨园才华长途汽车站 ), phone 010-67267149, location: go to Liujiayao Metro Station and get a cab. Departs 17:00. Lizeqiao long-distance bus station ( 丽泽桥长途汽车站 ), phone ( 丽泽桥长途汽车站 ) Address 中国, 北京市丰台区北京市丰台区西三环丽泽桥东 010-63403408, address 中国, 北京市丰台区北京市丰台区西三环丽泽桥东. Location is difficult to get to. Departs 17:00. From Hohhot by bus cost 88 RMB and takes 6 - 7 hrs. There are several buses each day. Once you've got to Erlian you should then follow the Crossing the border and From the border to Ulaanbaatar steps above. Should you be travelling at a busy time (i.e. around Naadam on the 11th/12th July) and want to be sure of getting tickets for the last leg of the trip in Mongolia, you could take one of the packages from the guesthouses in Beijing. These cost around 570 RMB (July 2009). They include will include a taxi to the coach station in Beijing, Beijing to Erlian by sleeper coach, a bed in the hotel in the bus station for a few hours, a bus from Erlian to Zamyn-Uud across the border, then soft sleeper overnight from Zamyn-Uud to Ulaanbaatar . Purchased separately the tickets cost about 360 RMB. The Saga guesthouse in Beijing sells these, and although they insist til they're blue in the face the train is hard sleeper it's actually soft sleeper! From Russia[ edit ] A daily bus goes from Ulan-Ude to Ulanbaatar . The ticket is priced at 1500 Roubles (As on July, 2015) but it is better to take help of various tour companies which can buy the tickets for you. The tickets bear your name and Passport number so may be used for visa purpose as well. The companies may charge anywhere between 1700 Roubles to 1900 Roubles for each ticket. The bus leaves at 7:30 AM from South Bus Station in Ulan Ude and reaches Ulanbaatar at about 10:00 PM, depending on the time taken at border. It drops passengers at Dragon Bus Station. Try getting window seat for enjoying beautiful scenery on your way. By thumb[ edit ] The road stops at the border town of Zamyn-Uud and gives way to an open desert, with tracks going in various directions but generally heading north toward the capital city. Hitchhiking in Mongolia is not easy and a little bit of money can be expected. There is an average of one car every hour heading into the desert. Expect a bumpy road with not much to see -- but this is the real Mongolian steppe. Get around[ edit ] If you plan to travel around the countryside without a guide, take a GPS and get some maps. The "Mongolia Road Atlas" is available in many bookstores, it is over 60 pages and covers the whole country: note there is a latin character version and cyrillic character version, in the countryside most people won't understand the latin version. More detailed maps are available at the Mongolian Government Map Store. These maps are 1:500,000. Also some other special purpose maps and a very good map of downtown Ulaanbaatar. The map store is on Ih Toiruu St. Go west from the State Department store on the main street, called Peace, Peace and Friendship, or Ekhtavan Ave, two blocks to the large intersection with traffic lights, Turn right (North) and the map store is about half way along the block. There is an Elba electronic appliance store set back from the street, a yellow and blue building, the next building is a large Russian style office building 4 floors in height, the map store entrance is on the west side, toward the south end of the building, it lines up with the North wall of the Elba building. Whichever method of long-distance travel is chosen, keep in mind that everything in Mongolia has a tendency to break down. Don't be shocked if part of the suspension breaks and the driver jimmy-rigs a carved wooden block in the place of a mount. For more serious breakdowns, it can easily take an entire day or longer for somebody to come along and help, so leave plenty of slack in itineraries. Finally, Mongolians are rather notorious for being late. A bus that is scheduled to leave at 08:00 will probably not be out of the city till almost 11:00. By plane[ edit ] Domestic flight to the popular capital city in the province is available. There are 3 domestic airline companies including Aero Mongolia , Eznis Airways , and Hunnu Air . All websites have online booking system but Aero Mongolia does not accept last name less than 3 letters. Hunnu Air's online booking system can process for sure. Contacting travel agents for booking flight tickets is another way to get the domestic flight ticket in advance. By car[ edit ] Road accidents are frequent. The bigger the vehicle is, the safer it is. Outside of the capital, there are few paved roads. The easiest way to travel long distance is using AeroMongolia. AeroMongolia uses Fokker-50 turboprops. Air travel in Mongolia involves a two-tier price structure, with the costs for foreigners being significantly higher than for locals. For the budget conscious, Russian Jeeps and 4WD Mini-buses act as a public transport system. About 85,000 tugrik pays for the all-day trip from UB to Tsetserleg (the regional capital of Arkhangai). Note that this involves being crammed into a Jeep with about nine locals (some of whom may be drunk) and spending the entire day racing over very bumpy dirt trails. Bus is a better option. By motorbike[ edit ] Having read the above statement about road safety in Mongolia you might be put off by touring the country by motorcycle but you would be missing out on some of the best motorbike touring in the world: open steppes, freedom and a culture of hospitality make Mongolia one of the best motorcycle touring destinations - period. If you haven't brought your own you can rent them for as little as 13 Euro per day in UB. Alternatively, you can arrange buy-sell back agreements with motorbike sellers of Chinese motorbikes at motorbike markets like the Black Market that will often end up being cheaper than renting if you plan on biking for two weeks or more. Plus, you will ride a brand new bike as opposed to the often quite run-down rental bikes. New Chinese Mustang bikes sell for 725 USD and can be sold back for about 2/3 the original price, depending on your negotiating skills. Registration of the motorbike is a must and must be done by a Mongolian or a person holding a visa of 90 days or longer. By bus[ edit ] Travelling by local bus is also an option, though these buses tend only to connect the provincial capital with UB, and it is quite difficult to find any public transportation linking one provincial capital with another. Lately the Bus situation is much better. Most cities and towns are refered to in two ways, their name or the name of the Aimag (province) or Sum (county). e.g. Dornod or Dornod Aimag or Choybalsan (the actual city name). Most buses have their destination on a card in the front window. If you have either name written down in Mongolian Cyrillic, you can just show to the drivers or helpers and they will get you on the right bus. There are two types of buses, micro vans and large buses (some large buses are old Russian types and some are modern western type), depending on the road. The large buses run on schedule, but the micro-buses are much more lax. In Ulaanbaatar, there are two bus stations, one on the west near the Dragon Shopping Center and one on the East near the Botanical Gardens. Get local to write directions. For the large buses buy your tickets the day before. In the Aimag centres, there will be service to Ulaanbaatar and to local suems (small county seats) and usually the next Aimag Center. However, all locations may not be available at one location. Ask for help from the locals. For example, In Ondorkhaan, the capital of Khentii Province, there is bus service between Ondorkhaan and UB from a central bus station, however the through buses going to/from UB to Dornad and Sukhbaatar Aimags (Choybalsan and Baruun-Urt) will stop at a gas station on the North side of the city. Bus tickets[ edit ] You purchase your ticket at the station, not in the coach. Don't expect any cashier, driver or conductor to speak anything but Mongolian and, possibly, Russian. It's not possible to pay by credit card. Your passport is required to buy a ticket. If you have a luggage exceeding the standard (written in your ticket) in weight or size, you'll be asked for an extra fee by the conductor. You can negotiate this one. Inside a bus[ edit ] On some destinations, the driver and the conductor illegally add extra passengers and get the money for themselves. They might even try to make 3 people sit on 2 seats, for instance: you can protest in such a case. Your ticket gives you the right to a full seat and this is what you get in most coaches. The coaches for different destinations have normally 20-40 passenger seats. The coach will usually stop for a rather quick lunch or dinner at a local snack or canteen. By train[ edit ] There is only one railway company in Mongolia, owned by the Russian and Mongolian States. It is probably the best way to experience something of the communist time, even if it has evolved a bit since then. The railway network is poor, consisting mainly in the Irkutsk-Beijing trans-mongolian way with a few extensions. The rolling stock consist of 30–40 year old Soviet cars. Trains are extremely slow. They usually leave on time, and arrive on time or less than 20 min late. Don't expect to encounter any English-speaking staff. Conductors and cashiers speak only Mongolian, and if you're lucky, also a little bit Russian. The local trains stop at many small stations in the countryside. For example, there is the small town of Batsumber, located about 34km north of Ulaanbaatar (as the crow flies) longer on the train. Take your camping gear and hike to the mountains about 10km east of the town. There are two streams flowing west out of the mountains, hike and camp along the streams. There is a small restaurant, and food shops in the town. See train timetable and ticket prices on the company website [2] (only in Mongolian). Train tickets[ edit ] Mongolian trains are cheap, even in comparison with Russian and Chinese trains. You pay an extra fee if you book in advance, and also an extra fee if you buy it in the train, which is the only possibility left if there are less than 10 min left before the train departure. Your passport is required to buy a ticket. There are 3 classes: tasalgaat, untlagyn, and niytiyn, they directly correspond to the Russian train classes kupeyniy, platskartniy and obshchiy. Tasalgaat class is the only one with closed compartments, with 4 berths for each. You'll be charged for MNT200o for compulsory bed sheets inside the train (Aug 2013). Untlagyn cars have open compartments with 6 berths. Niytiyn class is the cheapest, but definitely not recommended. You have to spend your night sitting and even with little space on crowded days. The tickets are numbered, but, when the seats are exhausted, the company overbooks public seats with tickets numbered "0", at the same price. Inside a national train[ edit ] There is a small water boiler at the end of each train car which dispenses free hot water, so it's a good idea to stock up on instant noodles and tea for the trip. You will be offered drinks and Mongolian food inside the train, both by official sellers of the company and, at the big stations with long stops, from private people getting in the train for that purpose. Be careful of your belongings: thefts are not rare. But there are policemen in each train. On a long trip, your ticket will be checked again and again, and you'll be woken up in the middle of the night for that. Nobody will wake you if you have to get off during the trip, but if you get off at the terminus, you'll be woken up, even more than one hour before arrival, depending on the agent. The train toilets officially close 30 min before the terminus, sometimes even before that. By minivan[ edit ] Public countryside taxis and minivans offer more destinations than coaches and many more than train, especially between provinces. They are more dangerous than coaches and trains. Most drivers don't respect the traffic rules. Countryside taxis and minivans leave when full. They always say they will go "now" ("odo") but it's rarely true and you can wait hours before they really go. See how many people are already sitting inside the vehicle to have an idea of how long you'll wait. By chartered jeep[ edit ] It is also possible to charter a Jeep and driver for private use. Prices are typically negotiated by the kilometre. While far more expensive than sharing a ride with the locals, this means of transport is considerably more convenient and allows you to visit more remote sites. It can also be quite convenient to hire a guide to use during the length of your stay. Doing so can allow you to travel without worrying about taxi drivers wanting to overcharge up to 10X just for being a foreigner. By taxi[ edit ] In the cities, taxis should charge about MNT800/km. The drivers will set their trip meter and charge accordingly. By horse[ edit ] For local travel, horse-back is a good option. Note, however, that Mongolians ride on wooden saddles, so if you value your buttocks it's probably a good idea to pick up a leather, Russian saddle in UB. By foot[ edit ] Another great alternative is to simply walk. Since camping is possible anywhere, resting is never a problem. Wherever there is water there are nomads, and if you stick to the major dirt-roads you will encounter plenty of guanz, who can provide huge cheap meals to keep you going. Adopting the Mongolian style of sleeping outdoors is also an option - wrap yourself in wool blankets and then cover yourself with a Russian raincoat (essentially a tarp in the form of a trench coat), and simply plop yourself down on the ground. One night sleeping this way gives a whole new appreciation for the wonders of sleeping bags and bivvy sacks/tents.        See also: Mongolian phrasebook With the exception of the westernmost province where Kazakh is spoken, everybody in the country speaks Mongolian . The language is extremely difficult for Westerners to learn and speak, even after multiple months of being immersed in the culture. Westerners typically take a minimum of 9-18 months of full time Mongolian language study to be conversant. Most locals will appreciate attempts to speak phrases in Mongolian, although the traveller will inevitably pronounce them wrong (be careful when ordering water in a restaurant - the word for water [pronounced "oos"] is indistinguishable for that of "hair" to the English ear! Makes for a good laugh over and over ...). Picking up a phrasebook and practising a few phrases will help. The numbering system is regular, and fairly easy to learn. Despite the government's efforts to promote the Mongolian writing system, the Cyrillic system is still the standard and being able to read it might help you. If you can speak Russian you should not have any major problems communicating. Mongolia has had a long history of alliance with the Soviet Union, and Russia after the break up of the Soviet Union, so Russian is compulsory in all Mongolian schools and widely spoken in urban areas. English is not widely spoken, although it's been getting more popular lately. Foreigners able to speak German should give it a try, as especially in the older generations there are folks that do speak it due to Mongolia's ties to the G.D.R. that caused many Mongolians to work and study in East Berlin. See[ edit ][ add listing ] Mongolia is a big country with bad transportation means, so trying to see too many provinces you would spend your holidays inside vehicles. Hôvsgôl (or "Hövsgöl") lake, in Hövsgöl province, is very beautiful. There is not much architecture in Mongolia, but Amarbaysgalant monastery, Selenge province, in the middle of nowhere, is worth seeing. Interested by the economical aspect? See Erdenet 's open copper mine, the biggest copper mine in Asia, in Orhon province. The Trans-Mongolian Railway passes through the country. Mongolia Canoeing, ☎ 976-99826883, [3] . River Tours, Canoe down some of Mongolia's major rivers   edit visit Reindeer Herders (Tsaatan Community), Tsagaan nuur, Khovsgol (West of Khovsgol lake, From Moron drive WNW, Past the Airport, Go to Ulaan Uul and continue north. High water can make the roads difficult.), [4] . Reindeer herders living in High Alpine mountains. Must ride horses or reindeer from Tsagaan nuur. It can be a long hard ride.   edit Local Bonda Lake Camp in Khatgal village near Lake Khovsgol offers various nature and cultural featuring: fishing, hiking, winter tours, nomad visits, horse back riding, visiting reindeer herders and Darhad valley. Horse riding, you have chance discover Lake Khovsgol and its beautiful waters, meet Tsataan (nomadic reindeer herders) living in yurts in the north of Khovsgol area. This region is incredibly scenic, perched at 1645 m altitude in green mountains, covered with thick pine forests and lush meadows with grazing yaks and horses, and rich with wildlife: the lake has 9 species of fish and its surroundings are full of sheep, goats, elk and more than 430 species of birds. There are 5 different Mongolian tribes nearby: Khalh, Darhad, Buriad, Hotgoid, & Urianhai. The Camp has a hot shower, sauna, internet and a restaurant with Mongolian and European meals. Shopping[ edit ] Mongolian cashmere is known as the best in the world. Garments and blankets made of cashmere. You can find lots of stores that sells cashmere products. Mongolia is famous for its copper mines Erdenet and Oyu Tolgoi. Copper bookmark is one of the ideal souvenirs and you can easily find this USD1 metal souvenir in Ulaanbaatar souvenir shops. Paintings by local artists are excellent buys in Mongolia(local painting center gps coordinate: 47.928958, 106.928024 , "N+106°55'40.9"E/@47.9289438,106.9280278,15 ). You can find felt poker-work in Erdenet . Note that it is illegal to take antiques out of the country without a special permit. The huge open-air market, Narantuul ("The Black Market") in Ulaanbaatar offers the lowest prices on just about anything you could want. Be very careful of the many pickpockets and even attackers there. This can be a great place to get a good pair of riding boots. You can opt for a variety of Mongolian styles, from fancy to the more practical, or even get a good set of Russian style boots. In Erdenet is a ISO 9 001 certified carpet factory, making and selling also slippers made in carpet. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] The main diet in rural Mongolia is mutton or sheep. Beef might also hit the menu occasionally. Here, about MNT8,000-10,000 will buy you a large platter heaped with fried noodles and slivers of mutton. On the side will be a large bottle of ketchup. A tasty and greasy dish served is khuushuur (huushoor), which is a fried pancake stuffed with bits of mutton and onion. Three to four make a typical meal. Also, the ubiquitous buuz (booz) can be had at any canteen in town or the countryside. Buuz are similar to khuushuur in that they are big dumplings stuffed with mutton and onion, however they are steamed rather than fried. About 6 buuz cost MNT3,000-4,000 (USD2.15-2.87) and serves one. The boodog or goat/marmot barbecue, is particularly worth experiencing. For about MNT30,000-40,000, a nomad will head out with his gun, shoot a marmot, and then cook it for you using hot stones in its skin without a pot. Along the same lines as boodog is khorkhog (made of mutton), which is prepared like so: build a fire; toss stones into fire until red hot; place water, hot stones, onions, potatoes, carrots, and, finally, mutton chops, into a large vacuum-sealed kettle; let the kettle simmer over a fire for 30-60 minutes; open kettle carefully, as the top will inevitably explode, sending hot juices flying everywhere; once the kettle is opened, and all injuries have been tended to, eat contents of kettle, including the salty broth. This cooking method makes mutton taste tender and juicy, like slow-roasted turkey. Ask your guide if he or she can arrange one (but only during summer). The boodog is also made of other meat, usually goat, and is similar to the khorhog with one major difference: the meat, vegetables, water and stones are cooked inside the skin of the animal. They skin it very carefully, and then tie off the holes at the legs and back side, put the food and hot stones inside, tie off the throat, and let it cook for about 30 minutes. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] The legal drinking/purchasing age of alcoholic beverages is 18. The national drink is called Airag. (It is available in for example in traditional mongolian "ger" tents in Ulan Bator at the main entrance of Gandantegchinlen Monastery, GPS decimal coordinates N47.92069 E106.89467 for 1500T and a the West Market N47.91118 E106.83569 for MNT1000 per bowl as of September 2010) This is a summer seasonal drink made from fermented mare's milk, and is certainly an acquired taste. The alcohol content is less than that of beer, but can have noticeable effects. Be careful, if you aren't accustomed to drinking sour milk products the first time might give you diarrhea as your stomach gets accustomed to it. This should only happen the first time though. Once you've completed the ritual, your digestive system shouldn't complain again. There are numerous ways to describe the taste, from bile-like to a mixture of lemonade and sour cream. The texture can also be offputting to some people since it can be slightly gritty. It is worth keeping in mind that Airag is milk and a source of nutrients. After a day of riding it can actually be quite refreshing, once acquiring a taste for it. The first thing you will be served every time you visit a ger will be milk tea, which is essentially a cup of boiled milk and water, sometimes with a couple pieces of tea leaf thrown in for good measure. You might want to build up your tolerance by drinking lots of milk in preparation for your stay because they don't drink much else, except perhaps boiled water if you specially request it during a longer stay. Also, most traditional nomadic foods such as dried yogurt and the like require acclimatization to milk as well. Cold drinks don't actually exist in the countryside (unless you intend to drink straight out of a river, generally not recommended). If you are in Mongolia especially in the country side try their National Home Made Vodka. It's usually made from distilled yogurt or milk. It doesn't have any weird taste. After you have your first shot of the vodka you won't feel anything, but few minutes later it will get to your head. Most people in Mongolia usually drink this for medical reasons. First you heat up the vodka then put in a little bit of special oil which is also made from milk. Careful don't overheat it, you might get blind. Mongolians call their national vodka nermel areehk ("distilled vodka") or changa yum ("tight stuff"). There are lots of Russian type Vodkas sold all over the country. The best ones are Chinggis Khaan vodka, Soyombo and Golden Chinggis. In Ulaanbaataar you can find most of Western beers, from Miller to Heineken. They sell Budweiser -- not American Bud but the Czech Budweiser. Local beer, such as Chingiss, Gem Grand, Borgio or Sengur is fine. Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ] Some western-style accommodations are available in Ulaanbaatar , but they go for western prices. There are a few nice guest houses in UB for less than US$10 per night (even as cheap as 3,000 tugrik if you're willing to share a room), but they are crowded during the tourist season and hard to get into. Out in the countryside, most of the hotels are rundown leftovers from the Soviet era. A better option is tourist ger, set up by various entrepreneurial locals. Staying at one of these costs about MNT5,000 per person per night. They often include breakfast and dinner as well. When staying in one of these guest ger, the usual gift-giving customs can be skipped. Finally, there are also ger-camps. Set up by tour-companies, they do occasional rent out space to independent travellers. Unfortunately, they tend to be both expensive (35 US$ per person per night with 3 meals) and out of the way. Except for the cities and larger towns, all of the land is publicly owned. This means you can pitch a tent pretty much anywhere. Courtesy dictates that you keep your distance from existing nomad encampments. Common-sense dictates that you don't pitch a tent in the middle of or too close to a road. In Mongolia, nowadays there are more 300 hotels and these are graded between 1 to 5 stars in the international standards Hotels holding 3 stars or more are for tourist service. 3 – 5 star holders must obtain special permission in order to operate. “Accommodation grading committee” consisting of the Ministry, travel industry associations and tourism researchers categorize an accommodation according to Mongolian standards. Currently, 4 five star hotels: Shangri-La Hotel, Best Western Premier Tuushin Hotel (one of the Best Western international chain hotels, located next to the Mongolian parliament building), Terelj Hotel (set in the natural environment of the popular Terelj National Park, around 70km from Ulaanbaatar.) and Ulaanbaatar Hotel, three 4 star hotels: Chinggis, Kempinski hotel Khan Palace (German-based Kempinski Hotels took over the management of Khan Palace, renaming it Kempinski Hotel Khan Palace.) Ramada Hotel and Bayangol hotel. Three stars 30 hotels and other hotels have one or two stars hotels are operating. Most hotels offered on a bed and breakfast basis and hotels have three types of rooms: a deluxe, a semiluxe, and a standard. Learn[ edit ] There are some language schools in the capital. The two best known ones to foreigners are Bridge School and Friends School. Both schools offer group study classes or individual tutors. Also the National University of Mongolia offers courses. It usually takes Westerners about 9 to 18 months before they acquire good conversational abilities in Mongolian. Speakers of Turkic languages, such as Turks or Kazakhs, tend to pick it up quicker due to the similarities in grammatical structure. Work[ edit ] There is a huge demand for "Native" English speakers as English teachers. Anyone who is interested in teaching English will have no trouble getting employment and a work visa through a school or organization. However, the pay is generally low compared to other countries. Though it'll usually be just enough for room and board plus a little extra. Local English-language media are another source of employment for native English speakers, offering work as editors, proof-readers or photojournalists. Volunteer work is available teaching English, assisting with charity work and joining archaeological digs. These jobs are easy to find and are very rewarding. Stay safe[ edit ] Apart from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia is generally a safe place to travel. However, incidences of pick pocketing and bag slashing have been on the rise in recent years, so always keep your personal belongings in a safe place (money belts are highly recommended), especially in crowded areas or in places where your attention is diverted, such as internet cafes . Notorious places for theft are the Black Market (bazaar), the railway station and crowded bus stops. Violent crime is uncommon outside the capital city, but still caution is required at night, and dark or deserted alleys and streets, in particular, should be avoided. Unfortunately, Xenophobia is rampant, and violence towards foreigners can happen and avoid anyone who is intoxicated, they may want to start a fight. Corruption is a huge problem in Mongolia, and locals are convinced that the police are not to be trusted. There are small bands of Mongolian ultra nationalists that style themselves as neo-Nazis who assault foreigners so be cautious. Be careful when travelling by horse as it is not unknown for groups to follow tourists and then steal their goods, including the horses, while they sleep at night. Many tourists are injured from falling off of horses. Mongolian herders are expert riders, thus their idea of a horse suitable for riding is quite different from most casual riders. Also, the horses are trained differently than in the west. If you are injured in Mongolia, you may be hundreds of kilometres from medical aid and ambulance service may be hard to obtain and consist of a Russian minivan. Medical evacuation insurance is advisable. Dogs in Mongolia can be aggressive and may run in packs. It is a good idea to be wary of them since they are not likely to be as tame as domestic dogs elsewhere and they may be rabid. Stay healthy[ edit ] Nomads' dogs may have rabies. As a precaution, consider having a rabies shots before coming. Marmots should not be eaten at certain times of the year because they can carry pnemonia. That said, the disease is carried by the marmot's fleas so the afflicted tend to be fur traders, and marmot is not a mainstream dish even in Mongolia. Hepatitis and tuberculosis are common throughout Mongolia. The USA Center for Disease Control, [5] . Country by country warnings and advice   edit Respect[ edit ] Mongols traditionally live on the steppes, breeding horses, just like their ancestor Genghis Khan. Not surprisingly, following Western pleasantries will not have the intended effect in Mongolia. That being said, there are still a few rules to follow. Always receive items with the right hand, palm facing up. Drink from the right hand with the palm up as well. It is very rude to refuse a gift. If offered a plate of hospitality munchies, take at least a small nibble from something. You should never point anyone with your index finger since it implies disrespect. Whenever you approach a nomadic family, or enter a ger, you will, without knowing, break one or several of the many traditional, religious and superstitious customs. If you do become confused, don't panic, minor indiscretions will be tolerated and forgiven. The following do's and don'ts will help minimize cultural differences. Contact[ edit ] There are plenty of Internet cafés in the capital. The postal service is slow and most people have a PO Box if they want to get anything. It is possible to buy phone cards that can be used to call abroad very cheaply from domestic phones, but not all phones can do this. (You can ask for MiCom or MobiCom cards). In the countryside, don't expect to be staying in contact with anyone. Most Aimag Centers (Province Capitals) have an Internet Café in the post office. To make local calls in Ulaanbaatar use a phone of one of the many entrepreneurs with cellular telephones on the street corners. Expect to pay MNT800-1000/h (June 2009 prices).
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Home National Bank – We’ve Got It! HomeTown Bank – It’s good to be home HSBC – The world’s local bank. Huntington – A bank invested in people. Hudson City Savings Bank – Bank on Better Values Hudson River Community Credit Union – Making Life Better Hyperion Bank – Experience Banking in HyperDrive I-C Credit Union – It’s all about YOU! ICICI – We Invest in Your Dreams Icon Credit Union – With us. You can. Idaho Central Credit Union – Your money. Your trusted choice. Idaho Central Credit Union – Expect More. Inecobank – Value Your Time Interior Savings Credit Union – We’re here for you. Industrial Credit Union – It pays to be a member. IndyMac – Raise your expectations IBC Bank – We Do More IBM Southeast Employees FCU – Your time. Your money. Your future. IMB – Better Value Banking Industrial Credit Union – In Your Corner ING – Spend your life well ING Direct – save your money Innovations FCU – Spark Change Interior Savings – your life. your way. 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For everything else, there’s Mastercard. Mastercard – Priceless. Mauch Chunk Trust Company – Neighbors you know, bankers you trust MAX Credit Union – It’s Banking, Only Smarter. Mazuma Credit Union – We’re all about you. MB – My bank. Meadville Area Federal Credit Union – Banking… But Better Mechanics Bank – Commitment That Lasts Generations (current) Mechanics Bank – A Smarter Way to Bank Since 1905 MECU – Putting you first Meijer Credit Union – It’s all about YOU! Mellon Financial – The Difference is Measurable Members First Credit Union – Our Name Says It All! Members Cooperative Credit Union – The Strength of ME. Mercantil Commercebank – Empowering your World Mercantile Bank of Michigan – Our focus is on you. Merchants Bank – Way Better Banking Merchants National Bank – Relationship Banking Since 1921 Meridian Credit Union – Your money. Your way. Imagine that. Meridian Credit Union – Big Enough to Help… Small Enough to Care! Meridian Trust FCU – Today. Tomorrow. For a lifetime. Merrill Lynch – Total Merrill Merrill Lynch – We see your financial life in total. Merrill Lynch – Be Bullish Metairie Bank – The Bank of Personal Service Metairie Bank – We Connect with You Metlife – Have You Met Life Today? Metlife – For the if in life. Metlife – Get Met. It pays. Metro Bank – Moving You Forward Metro Bank – Love Your Bank At Last MetroOne Credit Union – A New Way of Banking Michigan First Credit Union – The only place to do your banking. Mid City Bank – The Bank With A Big Heart MidAmerica Bank – Paying a higher rate of attention Middleburg Bank – Neighbors You Can Bank On. Middlesex Savings Bank – Where You’re Worth More Midland Bank – The listening bank. MilePost Credit Union – Your goals. Your path. Midfirst Bank – True to your money Midwest Heritage Bank – Helping You Balance It All MidWestOne Bank – You’re the One Milford Bank – Always There. Mills42 FCU – Build from here Mission FCU – Banking smarter. That’s your mission. Missouri Bank –  Be the difference Missouri Credit Union – Our Money’s On You Montana 1st Credit Union – Boring since 1931 Monterey FCU – Let our style-of-banking improve your style-of-life. Mountain High FCU – Our Highest Interest is you! Mountain Pacific Bank – Keeping it local Mountain View Credit Union – Owners win! Morgan Stanley – One client at a time. Morgan Stanley – World Wise MSU Federal Credit Union – Building Dreams Together Mt. Washington Bank – My Hometown Bank Municipal Credit Union – Strong Trusted Growing Mutual Bank – Go ahead…live a better life! Mutual Savings Credit Union – You Can Do That NAB – A little word for a big life. NAB – more give, less take National Bank – The enterprising bank. National City – Banking Made Simple National City – It’s not just banking. It’s National City. Nationwide – Nationwide is on your side. NatWest Bank – Another way. NatWest Bank – To save and invest, talk to Natwest. 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North Shore Trust & Savings –  Safe,Sound, Secure since 1921 North Side Community FCU – Helping Build Your Financial Future Northern Credit Union – Banking on Excellence Northern Trust – What really matters. Northfield Savings Bank – Your family. Your neighborhood. Your bank. Northrim Bank – Customer First Service Northstar Bank of Texas – Banking on the future of North Texas NorthStar Credit Union – Focused on your future. Northwest Georgia Credit Union – Unbanking. Unbelievable. Northwest Savings Bank – Where People Make the Difference Numark Credit Union – Where You Are Family Numerica Credit Union – Life moves. Live well. Numerica Credit Union – Hometown banking. Real value. Numerica Credit Union – We might just be what you need. Nutmeg State Financial Credit Union – Banking Awesome NuVision FCU – Enjoy life. Bank easier. NUVO Bank & Trust – Bank Responsibly NVE Bank – You belong here. Nymeo FCU – a new way to look at money NZCU – Succeeding Together O Bee Credit Union – Refreshingly Familiar. Oak Valley Community Bank – Deep Roots ~ Strong Branches Ohio Heritage Bank – Where Service Still Matters Old National Bank – Your bank. For life. Omaha State Bank – Community Banking at its best! OmniAmerican Bank –  Omni for Me One Nevada Credit Union – Our one focus is you. OnPoint Credit Union – Real. Smart. Value. Orange County’s Credit Union – With you all the way Orange Credit Union – people first Oregon Community Credit Union – NICE. Remarkably nice. Oregon Pacific Bank – We’re in good company. Oregon Pioneer FCU – Big enough to server you, small enough to know you. Orion FCU – Live. Save. Shine. ORNL Federal Credit Union – borrow smart…save smarter Orrstown Bank – A Tradition of Excellence Otero FCU – We Make Loans Simple and Fast! PA Central FCU – Our Goal Is Your Trust Pacific Capital Bank – Above & Beyond Banking PenFinancial – let’s grow together. Partners FCU – Banking with Character Peach State FCU – A Smart Place to Bank PenFinancial Credit Union – let’s grow together. Pentagon FCU – Superior Rates. Proven Service. Peoples Bank – A Legacy Of Doing More. Peoples Bank (KS/NM) – Banking Unusual Peoples Bank (OH/WV) – Working Together. Building Success. Peoples Bank (IN) – You First Banking Peoples Bank & Trust Co. – The Friendly Bank… People Serving People People’s Community FCU – A fresh approach to banking People’s Trust FCU – Happy Un-banking People’s United Bank – What know-how can do PeoplesBank – A passion for what is possible Pacific Life – The power to help you succeed. PFF Bank – Customers First Pinnacle Bank – Get the edge. Pinnacle Bank – The way banking should be Pinnacle Bank – Reach Higher Pinnacle FCU – Better Banking·Personal Touch Pioneer FCU – Moving Your Money Forward Piper Jaffray – Guides for the journey Placer Sierra Bank – Real People·Real Service·Real Difference Planters Bank – All About You! Planters Bank – Expect Great Things Plus4 Credit Union – Count on it. PNC Bank – For the Achiever in You PNC Bank – The Thinking Behind the Money PNC Bank – Leading the way. Point Loma Credit Union – Guiding you to your future. Polam Federal Credit Union – Exceptional Banking FOR Exceptional People Post Oak Bank – Your life. Your business. Your bank. Power Financial Credit Union – Great rates. Smart banking. ProGrowth Bank – Growth. For You. For Life. ProMedica Federal Credit Union – Your Financial Health. Our Mission. Prosperity One – You First. Money Second. Provident Bank (OH) – We provide answers Provident Bank (NJ) – Commitment you can count on Provident Bank (NY) – Your Connection. Provident Bank (NY) – Connecting People with Opportunities Provident Bank (DC) – Just the right size for you. 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Service. Excellence. Tata Capital – We only do whats right for you. TBA Credit Union – Locally connected. Personally invested. TC Bank – For Ordinary People With Extraordinary Dreams TCF Bank – your convenience bank TD Bank – America’s Most Convenient Bank « ARTICLE » TD Canada Trust – Banking can be this comfortable. TD Waterhouse – Wealth of Experience Team One Credit Union – Banking… Only Better for Over 75 Years Teche Federal Savings Bank – Serving Since 1934 Telhio Credit Union – Believe In Banking Again Telhio Credit Union – own it. Texans Credit Union – There’s something about Texans. Texas Bank & Trust – Strength. Stability. Service. Texas Bank & Trust – People Who Make a Difference Texas Bay Area Credit Union – Our Financial Strength Is In Our Service! Texas Dow Employees Credit Union – Improving Lives Thrivent – Let’s thrive. TIAA CREF – Financial Services for the Greater Good TierOne Bank – Taking the extra step Timberland Bank – Plant your future here TNBank – Hometown Banking Toronto Dominion – The Bank Where People Make the Difference TotalBank – Bring Us Your Dreams Town and Country Bank & Trust – Our Roots Run Deep Transamerica – The power of the pyramid. Tri Counties Bank – With You. Every Step. TruGrocer Credit Union – Just for you. Truliant FCU – Life Improved Truliant FCU – Enhancing Your Life Trustmark – People you trust. Advice that works. TruWest Credit Union – Going your way. TSB Bank – You first. Tucker Federal Bank – Not too big. Not too small. Just right. Tucson Federal Credit Union – Better than a Bank Tuscaloosa VA Federal Credit Union –  Committed to You TwinStar Credit Union – Bright Solutions Two River Bancorp – Your Community. Your Bank. UBS – You & us. UBS. UBS – Here today. Here tomorrow. UBS – We will not rest. UMB – Count on more. UMe Credit Union – Because banking is personal. 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U.S. Eagle Federal Credit Union – Where Everyone Belongs U.S. Employees Credit Union – We’re Here For You U.S. First Credit Union – NOT A BANK US Bank – All of US Serving You US Bank – Every Day You See US US Bank – Five Star Service Guaranteed US Bank – Yes, the future looks brighter with US USA Fed – 180° from banking. USA Federal Credit Union – Get there. Start here. USAA – We know what it means to serve. USSCO Federal Credit Union – Strong Community Roots. Not Just Branches. USSCO Federal Credit Union – Experience the USSCO difference for yourself USSCO Federal Credit Union – Ask us. We can help. USSCO Federal Credit Union – People Just Like You Utah First Credit Union – Help you can bank on. Utah First Credit Union – Different by design. UW Credit Union – Your best interest always comes first. Vancity – We All Profit Vantus Bank – It’s that simple. Vermont FCU – Local Values. Unexpected Advantages. Via Credit Union – Success takes direction. Vibrant Credit Union – Banking Reimagined Visa – It’s everywhere you want to be. Visa – Life takes Visa. Vision Bank – Your Dreams – Our Vision VIST Bank – Locally focused. A world of possibilities. Visterra Credit Union – Truly you. Vijaya Bank – A friend you can bank on VyStar Credit Union – We never forget that it’s your money Wachovia – Uncommon Wisdom Wanigas Credit Union – It’s Time For You To Shine! Washington Federal Savings – invested here Washington Mutual – More human interest. Washington Mutual – The friend of the family. Watermark Credit Union – You can count on us. WaterStone Bank – It’s all here for you. Webster Bank – We Find a Way Wells Fargo – Life’s Better When We’re Connected Wells Fargo – Fast then. Fast now. Wells Fargo – The next stage. Wells Fargo – Together we’ll go far Wells Fargo – With You When Weokie Credit Union – We Make Banking Better WESLA Federal Credit Union – What Your Bank Oughta Be West Bank – Decidedly Different. West Bend Savings Bank – Here to Help West Gate Bank – Large Enough To Serve You. Small Enough to Care. West Gate Bank – Lincoln’s Bank Westbury Bank – Working with you, for you WestEdge Credit Union – Solutions not excuses Western Sun FCU – The Loan Leader WESTconsin Credit Union – We belong to you. Westminster Savings – Achieve better balance Westpac – Unstoppable You
Midland Hotel, Manchester
"Which jockey rode 50/1 outsider ""Last Suspect"" to victory in the 1985 Grand National?"
List of Taglines and Slogans | Alphabetical List of Taglines and Slogans| Strategic Name Development List of Taglines and Slogans List of Taglines and Slogans by Category King of the V-8 motorcycles. Apollo Vredestein Vredestein. Designed to protect you. Arnold Clark People can tell........When you Autobell. Autopia We're number two. We try harder. Bimota Blaupunkt. The advantage in your car. BMW - 3 Series BMW. The ultimate driving machine. Bridgestone At Bristol Street it's easy. Carcraft Carcraft. We make it nice and easy. CarMax CarMax. The way car buying should be. CarShock CarShock. New cars at shocking prices. Centerline Centerline. Design fused with technology. Chevron - Havoline Havoline. Add more life to your car. Chrysler - Dodge Dodge. Grab life by the horns. Chrysler - Jeep If you find a better car, buy it! Cooper Tires Cooper. Don't give up a thing. Daimler - Mercedes-Benz Engineered to move the human spirit. Daimler - Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz. 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General Motors - Buick Isn't it time for a real car? General Motors - Buick Today the discriminating family finds it absolutely necessary to own two or more motor cars. (1950) General Motors - Buick Park Avenue Buick Park Avenue. The power of understatement. General Motors - Buick Riviera Standard of the world. General Motors - Cadillac The new Cadillac is so practical to own and so economical to operate that it is acknowledged motordom’s wisest investment. (1961) General Motors - Cadillac Baseball, hot dogs, apple pie and Chevrolet. General Motors - Chevrolet Eye it - try it - buy it! General Motors - Chevrolet See the USA in your Chevrolet. General Motors - Chevrolet The road isn't built that can make it breathe hard! General Motors - Chevrolet Trucks This is not your father’s Oldsmobile. General Motors - Oldsmobile Saturn. Like always. Like never before. General Motors - Vauxhall Vauxhall. Put the fun back into driving. 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Rockford Fosgate Rockford Fosgate. Car audio for fanatics. Ronal - Light Alloy Wheels Ronal… made for the best. SA Peugeot Citroën - Citroën Just imagine what Citroën can do for you. SA Peugeot Citroën - Peugeot The best kept automotive secret in America. SA Peugeot Citroën - Peugeot The drive of your life. SA Peugeot Citroën - Peugeot The lion goes from strength to strength. SA Peugeot Citroën - Peugeot 607 Peugeot 607. More feline than ever. Seat - Ibiza Seat Ibiza. Different rituals, same spirit. Seat Splash. Love your car... Drive it clean. Studebaker-Packard - Packard Ask the man who owns one. Swedish Automobile - SAAB Welcome to the state of independence Tata Motors - Jaguar Don't dream it. Drive it! Tata Motors - Jaguar Jaguar. The art of performance. Tata Motors - Jaguar Tata Motors - Jaguar X-type Sportwagon The new Jag generation. Range Rover. It's how the smooth take the rough. Tata Motors - Range Rover Rover. A class of its own. Thrifty Car Rental Toyota Corolla. 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Built to protect. Volkswagen - Skoda Put your money on the Favorit. Volkswagen For the love of the car. Volkswagen The beer drinker's light beer Anheuser-Busch - Bass Bass. A little bit of better. Anheuser-Busch - Bass Boddingtons. It's a bit gorgeous. Anheuser-Busch - Bud Light Be yourself and make it a Bud Light. Anheuser-Busch - Bud Light Fresh. Smooth. Real. It's all here. Anheuser-Busch - Budweiser For all you do, this Bud's for you. Anheuser-Busch - Budweiser When you say Budweiser, you've said it all. Anheuser-Busch - Budweiser Where there's life, there's Bud. Anheuser-Busch - Hemeling Give him a right good Hemeling tonight Anheuser-Busch - Hemeling Wouldn't you rather be Hemeling? Anheuser-Busch - Michelob AmberBock Michelob AmberBock. Rich and smooth. Anheuser-Busch - Michelob Ultra Lose the carbs. Not the taste. Anheuser-Busch - Rolling Rock Put her on a pedestal, or a coaster Anheuser-Busch - St. Pauli Girl St. Pauli Girl. The original party girl. Anheuser-Busch - St. Pauli Girl You never forget your first girl. Anheuser-Busch - Stella Artois Anheuser-Busch - Stella Artois in a plastic bottle Looks ugly. Tastes great. Busch Beer. Head for the mountains. Asgaard - Lowenbrau Here’s to good friends… Tonight, tonight, let it be Lowenbrau. Asgaard Asgaard. Cheers to the Vikings! Bacardi - Martini & Rossi For people who share a taste for excitement Bacardi You know when it's Bacardi. Bad Frog Beer The beer so good it's bad. Bavaria And now, for a Bavaria. Brau - Paulaner From our plantation to your cup! California Milk Processor Board It might just make you feel better Campbell's - V-8 Veggie juice that's full of "vrooom" Carlsberg - Double Diamond A Double Diamond works wonders. Carlsberg - Double Diamond I'm only here for the beer. Carlsberg - Kronenbourg 1664 1664. A good year for beer. Carlsberg - Tuborg Carlsberg. Probably the best beer in the world. Carlton & United - Carlton Cold Nothing's as fresh as a coldie Carlton & United - Victoria Bitter brand, Australia A hard earned thirst needs a big cold beer and the best cold beer is Vic. Victoria Bitter. Carlton & United Australians wouldn't give a XXXX for anything else Chivas Brothers - Chivas Regal Isn’t that a lot for a bottle of scotch? Coca-Cola - Burn DASANI water. Can't live without it. Coca-Cola - Dasani Dasani. Treat yourself well. Everyday. Coca-Cola - Diet Coke Create your own Diet Coke break. Coca-Cola - Diet Coke Just for the fun of it, Diet Coke. Coca-Cola - Diet Coke Just for the taste of it, Diet Coke. Coca-Cola - Diet Coke Light on calories. Loaded with taste. Coca-Cola - Powerade Sport is what you make it. Coca-Cola - Sprite Have a coke and smile. Coca-Cola I’d like to teach the world to sing in perfect harmony... Coca-Cola The best friend thirst ever had (1939) Coca-Cola There’s a delicious freshness to the taste of Coca-Cola (1971) Coca-Cola Things go better with Coke. Coca-Cola Thirst and taste for Coca-Cola are the same thing (1926) Coca-Cola Thirst reminds you. Drink Coca-Cola (1926) Coca-Cola Twist the cap to refreshment Coca-Cola We’ve got a taste for you. Desnoes & Gedders - Red Stripe Jamaican lager It's beer. Hooray beer! Scotch and the single girl Diageo - Johnnie Walker If you want to impress someone, put him on your black list Diageo - Johnnie Walker Good things come to those who wait. Diageo - Guinness Guinness is good for you Diageo - Guinness Guinnless isn't good for you. Diageo - Guinness It's got to be Guinness Diageo - Guinness Out of the darkness comes light. Diageo - Guinness The most natural thing in the world Diageo - Harp Irish Harp puts out the fire Dr Pepper Snapple Group - Dr Pepper I’m a pepper, he’s a pepper, she’s a pepper... Dr Pepper Snapple Group - Hawaiian Punch Hey! How about a nice Hawaiian Punch? Dr Pepper Snapple Group - Schweppes Schhh! You know who? Dr Pepper Snapple Group - Snapple Made from the best stuff on Earth. E & J Gallo - Bartles & Jaymes Thank you for your support. F. & M. Schaefer - Schaefer Schaefer. America's oldest lager beer. Folgers The best part of waking up is Folger’s in your cup. Foster's - Cascade Premium It all starts with "V". Gaymer - Blackthorn Gold All that glitters is not gold. General Foods - Brim Fill it to the rim with Brim General Foods Celebrate the moments of your life. George Ballantine & Son - Ballantine's When you see the three-ring-sign, ask the man for Ballantine. GlaxoSmithKline - Lucozade Sport Some things get better given longer. Green King - Abbot Ale Would you say no to another? Greene King - Greene King IPA Beer to dine for. Greene King - Greene King IPA Greene King IPA. A tasty change from the usual. Groupo Modelo - Corona Corona. Miles away from ordinary Heineken - Amstel Sooner or later you'll get it. Heineken - John Smith's Bitter Newcastle Brown Ale. The other side of dark. Heineken - Newcastle Brown Ale A better beer deserves a better can. Heineken Heineken refreshes the parts other beers cannot reach. Heineken It's all about the beer. Heineken Lager beer at its best. InBev - Mackeson Mackeson beer. It looks good, it tastes good, and by golly it does you good. Kraft - Maxwell House Good to the last drop! Kraft - Maxwell House Taste as good as it smells Kraft - Sanka Coffee One fiddler you won't have to pay Kraft - Sanka Coffee Sanka...Everything you love about coffee. Labatt - Kokanee Glacier Kokanee. Straight from the Kootenays. Labatt - Kokanee Gold Pure Gold. From the heart of the Kootenays Labatt - Labatt Blue A whole lot can happen, out of the Blue. Labatt - Labatt Blue If I wanted water, I would have asked for water. Labatt For the love of beer Lion Nathan - Toohey's How do you feel? I feel like a Toohey's. Living Essentials - 5-Hour Energy 5 Hour Energy. Drink it in seconds. Feel it in minutes. Lasts for hours. Merrydown - Shloer Shloer. The grown-up soft drink. Mexican Brewery The beer that made Milwaukee jealous ... MillerCoors - Carling Brewed with pure rocky mountain spring water. MillerCoors - Coors The coldest tasting beer in the world MillerCoors - Coors Light From the land of sky-blue waters. MillerCoors - High Life The champagne of bottled beers MillerCoors - Miller If you've got the time, we've got the beer. Miller Beer. MillerCoors - Miller No matter what what's-his-name says, I'm the prettiest and Lite's the greatest. MillerCoors - Miller Lite Everything you always wanted in a beer. And less. MillerCoors - Miller Lite It won't slow you down MillerCoors - Miller Lite 100% juice for 100% kids. Nestlé - Juicy Juice The very best juice for the very best kids. Nestlé - Nescafé One thing leads to another Nestlé - Nescafé Start the day with great taste Nestlé - Nescafé Blend 43 There's definitely something in it Ocean Spray Ocean Spray. Crave the wave. Pabst - Old Milwaukee It doesn't get any better than this! Pabst - Old Milwaukee Old Milwaukee. Taste as great as it's name. Pabst - Schlitz Schlitz. The beer that made Milwaukee famous. Pabst - Schlitz When you’re out of Schlitz, you’re out of beer. Paulig - Presidentti Before every moment, there is a moment. Pepsi - AMP AMP. Have the life you want. Pepsi - AMP Aquafina bottled water. Purity guaranteed Pepsi - Aquafina Make your body happy. Drink more water. Pepsi - Aquafina So pure, we promise nothing Pepsi - Diet Mountain Dew Yeah, it tastes that good Pepsi - Diet Pepsi The taste that's generations ahead (1988) Pepsi - Gatorade Gatorade. Is it in you? Pepsi - Gatorade Life's a sport. Drink it up. Pepsi - Mountain Dew If it tasted any fresher it would still be on the tree. Pepsi - Tropicana Orange juice direct from oranges, not from concentrate. Pepsi - Tropicana Specially made for healthy bodies, healthy lives, healthy kids Pepsi - Tropicana Tropicana. Straight from the fruit. Pepsi - Tropicana Tropicana's got the taste that shows on your face. Pepsi Any weather is Pepsi weather (1950) Pepsi Come alive! You’re in the Pepsi generation. Pepsi More bounce to the ounce (1950) Pepsi Pepsi, for those who think young. Pepsi Pepsi's got your taste for life (1981) Pepsi Summer time is Pepsi time (2011) Pepsi The choice of a new generation. Red Bull Red Bull. Vitalizes body and mind. SABMiller - Dreher It's what's inside that truly counts. Dreher. SABMiller - Foster's He who thinks Australian, drinks Australian SABMiller - Pilsner Urquell Pilsner Urquell. The world's first golden beer. Saxby's - Stone Ginger Sapporo. Drink in the world. Sleeman - Sapporo Sociedade Central de Cervejas - Sagres Dark Beer Sagres. Spot the difference Norrlands Guld. Be yourself for a while. Starbucks - DoubleShot Starbucks DoubleShot. Bring on the day Starbucks - Frappuccino Smooth out your day, everyday Starbucks - Frappuccino Starbucks Frappuccino. Work can wait. Staropramen Staropramen. Get a taste of Prague. Tata Coffee - Eight O'Clock Wake up. It's Eight O'Clock Tchibo A new experience every week Tchibo The Boston Beer Company - Samuel Adams Samuel Adams. America's world class beer. The Wine Group - Almaden Vineyards Grapes, like children, need love and affection (1957) The Wine Group - Paul Masson We will sell no wine before its time. Unilever - Lipton Iced Tea 100% natural and 100% real tea. Unilever - Lipton Tea Lipton. We can do that. Unilever - Lipton Tea Lipton's gets into more hot water than anything. Unilever - Lipton Tea It's what your right arm's for. Wells & Young - Courage Creating value through true convergence. American Media, Inc. - OK! Magazine OK! First For celebrity news. Arnoldo Mondadori Editorie - Grazia A lot can happen in a week. Arnoldo Mondadori Editorie - Grazia Let your fingers do the walking. AT&T How many bars do you have? AT&T Reach out and touch someone. AT&T The world’s networking company. Biznick Business networking that doesn’t suck CBS - ZDNet If it wasn't in VOGUE, it wasn't in vogue. Daily Mail and General Trust - The Mail On Sunday A newspaper, not a snooze paper Doubleday - The American Home American Home has an edifice complex. Dow Jones - Barron's Barron's. News before the market knows. Dow Jones - Barron's How the smart money gets that way. Editora Global - Auto Esporte For those who get turned on by cars. FIRST FIRST. The conversation starts here. Forbes - Forbes.com Home page for the world's business leaders Forbes Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S. - Metropolitan Home Magazine Mode for your abode. We know where you live Motorola Have you ever wished you were better informed? News Corporation - The Times Top people take the Times. News Corporation - The Times When The Times speaks, the world listens. News International - Sunday Times Sunday isn't Sunday without the Sunday Times Newsquest - The Sunday Herald Sunday Herald. Seven days. One paper. Nokia What will you do with it? Nokia North Jersey Media Company - Herald newspaper Herald. If it matters to you, it matters to us. O2 The future's bright - the future's Orange. Pearson - Financial Times The Spectator. Champagne for the brain. Progressive Digital Media - New Statesman Expand your mind, change your world. Qwest The phone that does it all. Samsung Telegraph Media Group - The Daily Telegraph We've got the greatest writers. The Economist Free enterprise with every issue. The Economist The New York Times - The New York Times All the news that's fit to print Time - Fortune Every FORTUNE tells the story. Time - Fortune For the men in charge of change. Time - Money Magazine Reap the rewards of Money. Time - Time Magazine What's in it for you? Trinity Mirror - Daily Mirror Daily Mirror. Be part of it U.S. News & World Report Can you hear me now?...Good! Verizon We never stop working for you. Vodaphone Make the most of now Wine Communications - Wine Business Monthly News, unlike wine, does not improve with age. Yahoo! - Personals 1,000 songs in your pocket. Apple - Mac Pro Everything is easier on a Mac. Apple - iPhoto Apple iPhoto. Shoot it. Save it. Share it Apple Apple Macintosh. The computer for the rest of us. Apple Macintosh. It does more. It costs less. It's that simple. Apple The power to be your best. Apple FileMaker. Effortlessly manages all your information. FileMaker Fujitsu Siemens. We make sure. Google - Android A bare-knuckled bucket of does Hewlett Packard IBM. Computers help people help people. IBM Solutions for a small planet. IBM Is it live or is it Memorex? Intel - Core 2 Duo Great computing starts with Intel inside. Intel - Microprocessors Where do you want to go today? Microsoft See, hear and feel the difference. Nikon At the heart of the image. Onida Oracle. Software powers the Internet. Oracle Runs faster. Costs less. And never breaks. Oracle Slightly ahead of its time. Phillips The best-run businesses run SAP. Schneider Electric - APC Siebel. It's all about the customer. Sony Take Toshiba, take the world. Zenith Arizona State University College of Law Assist, analyze, and discern. Arizona State University College of Law Legal education in the future tense. Atlanta Fulton Public Library System Take your dreams off the shelf. Calgary Public Library Bringing law school into your home. Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science Pioneering in health and education. China Europe International Business School China depth, global breadth. Cofrin Library, University of Wisconsin Your guide to answers. College of Business Administration at San Diego State University Leadership for the global marketplace. Colorado State University Conestoga. Connect life and learning. Dalhousie University District of Columbia Public Library Check it out! East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania Stay close… Go far. Deep learning. Growing faith. Real life. Greenwood Public Library HEC Paris. The more you know, the more you dare. Hult International Business School Get plugged into the world. Imperial College Shaping global leaders for tomorrow. Memphis Theological Seminary Grounded in tradition...open to the Spirit Michigan State University Where you're a name, not a number. Oregon Center for Public Policy Because facts matter. Oregon Health and Science University Where healing, teaching and discovery come together. Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at Clemson University Because curiosity knows no age limit Richmond Public Library Go anywhere. Learn anything. Read every day. San Diego Public Library Your link to the past & gateway to the future. Stanford University Grasp the forces driving the change. Stratford Career Institute The affordable way to train at home. Surrey Libraries The University Of West Los Angeles School Of Law (UWLA) Change your life - become an attorney! University of Minnesota Medicine of the highest order. University of Wisconsin Every day, a new discovery. Washington College What becomes a legend most? Clarks - Bostonian Shoes Next to myself, I like BVD best. Levi Strauss & Co. - Dockers It's hard to be nice if you don't feel comfortable. FGX International - Foster Grant Who’s that behind those foster grants? Grotto S.p.A. - Gas Fashion is nothing without people. Grotto S.p.A. - Gas H.I.S. Textile Ltd. - H.I.S. Jeans HIS Denim. Made for pleasure. Pacific Brands - Holeproof Computer Socks They fall up not down. Pacific Brands - Holeproof socks Helping Australia get back on its feet. Perry Ellis International - Jantzen All girls are gorgeous in Jantzen. Perry Ellis International - Jantzen Jantzen. Keep our beaches beautiful. Perry Ellis International - Jantzen Jantzen. The national swimming suit. Pacific Brands - KingGee KingGee. Workwear you can trust. JCPenney - Liz Claibornie women's underwear Liz. As delicate as a caress. Iconix Brand Group - Mudd jeans Mudd. Better when it's on you. Iconix Brand Group - Mudd jeans Our name is Mudd. Designed for fit. Loved for style. KAN Enterprises - Peaches uniforms Designed to work as hard as you. Hanes - Playtex Cross-Your-Heart Bra Playtex. Real solutions for today’s women. Adidas - Reebok I am what I am. Pentland - Speedo Speedo. Born in the water. Pentland - Speedo The one and only Wonderbra. Hanes - Wonderbra Alexandra. Clothes that mean business. Asprey For the art of giving. Clarks Clarks. Shoes designed for living. Clarks Clarks. Shoes to live in. Clarks For all the places you'll go. Columbia The most innovative company in the outdoors. Columbia Where art and science collide Cotton The fabric of our lives De Beers Shoes designed to move you. Ex Officio Ex Officio. Clothes for a big planet. Ex Officio Ex Officio. Expect more from your clothes. Ex Officio The ultimate clothing to see the world in. Falke Fox River. Clever engineering you can feel. Garrard The crown jewellers for 150 years. GoldToe H2O Velocity. Fit to win. Kay Jewelers Every kiss begins with Kay. Levi Strauss & Co. A style for every story. Levi Strauss & Co. Levis. Original jeans. Original people. Levi Strauss & Co. Our models can beat up their models. Levi Strauss & Co. Quality never goes out of style. Mark's Mustang Jeans never die. They just fade away. Mustang Jeans Isn't it time you got an Oscar? Paula Lishman Abbey. More ideas for your money. Abbey National Bank Turning banking on its head. ABSA ABSA. Your 1st choice in home loans. Aflac AFLAC. Without it, no insurance is complete. Aflac Ask about it at work. Aflac Insuring over fourty million people worldwide. AIB Your Life. Anything is possible. Be with AIB AIG Are you in good hands? Allstate You're in good hands With Allstate. American Express Don’t leave home without it. American Express Making the American dream come true. American National The company To remember for life. Ameriquest Don’t judge too quickly. We won’t. Amica Amica. We keep our promises to you. Amica We make our customers' problems our problems. AmSouth Bank Aviva. Taking care of what's important. AXA Go ahead. You can rely on us. Bank of America Bank of America. Higher standards Bank of America Think what we can do for you Bank of America We won't make a mountain out of your mortgage. Bank of China A century of global services. BankSA BankSA. The bank of South Australians. Banque Populaire A bank and popular at the same time Barclays - Barclaycard Credit Card It's our business to know your business Baron Mortgage Corporation Baron Mortgage Corp. Your lender for life. BECU We are turning the financial world right side up BNP Paribas BNP Paribas. The bank for a changing world Capital One What’s in your wallet? Centurion Bank Centurion Bank. We value your time Chase - ATM If there’s a corner, we’re around it Chase Chase. The right relationship is everything Citibank Because the Citi never sleeps Citibank The whole world in one bank. Citibank Commerce Bank. Ask. Listen. Solve. Commerzbank COOP. The clean Swiss bank. Credit Suisse It's time for an expert. Credit Suisse Deutsche Bank. A passion to perform. Deutsche Bank Dexia, the bank for sustainable development Dexia When your money is safe everything is too Discover - Diners Club Diners Club. The card is key. Discover Dresdner Bank. Advice you can bank on East West Mortgage East/West Mortgage. "We put people into homes!" Ernst & Young Quality in everything we do. Evergreen Federal Bank Evergreen bank. Where you know your banker and your banker knows you Fannie Mae Our business is the American dream. Farmers Farmers. Gets you back where you belong. First Eastern Mortgage We bring New England home. First Mortgage How can we help you? Fortis Bank Fortis. Solid partners, flexible solutions. Garanti Bank Garanti Bank. The bank in your mind Geico I just saved a bunch of money on my car insurance Georgia Federal Two words to the wise. Gerber Life Give your child an advantage for life. Greater Building Society Ease your cost of living. Guardian Guardian. Enriching the lives of people we touch. Halifax Get a little extra help from the Halifax Halifax Halifax. Always giving you extra. Hope Funding Group HSBC. The world's local bank. HypoVereinsbank You live. We'll take care of the details iKobo ING Direct. Save your money! JPMorgan Chase The right relationship is everything. KPMG It’s time for clarity. Lake Mortgage Company Bringing people and homes together for over 50 years. LendingTree When banks compete, you win. Lloyds TSB The bank that likes to say yes (1984) Lloyds TSB - Life Insurance Cash if you die. Cash if you don't. Lloyds TSB There are some things that money can’t buy. For everything else there’s MasterCard. Maybank Maybank. Making every moment count Merrill-Lynch Merrill-Lynch is bullish on America. MetLife Have you met life today? MetLife Metropolitan service is as local as Main Street… as close as your phone… Midland Bank Midland Bank. Come and talk to the listening bank Midland Bank Together we make a great team Moneybookers Morgan Stanley. One client at a time. MorganStanley We make the money the old-fashioned way - we earn it Natwest To save and invest, talk to NatWest. New York Life New York Life. The company you keep. Newedge Let us quote you happy. Norwich Union Ready for tomorrow? Make sense of it with Norwich Union. Norwich Union The power to help you succeed. PNC The thinking behind the money Prudential Get a piece of the rock. Pruett & Associates Helping your plan for tomorrow... today. Rome Insurance Agency Scotiabank. Life. Money. Balance both. State Farm Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there. State Farm We live where you live. SunTrust SunTrust. How can we help you? The Nicholas Group The people in the pyramid are working for you. U.S. Bank U.S. Bank. Five star service guaranteed. UBS UBS. Here today. Here tomorrow. UBS Our quest to make banking better starts here. Visa - Carte Bleue The future chooses Carte Bleu Visa Visa Could be cheap. Could be expensive. Visa. All you need. Visa It's everywhere you want to be Visa Wherever it takes you, the future takes Visa Wachovia Washington Mutual. More human interest Washington Mutual Washington Mutual. The power of yes. Wausau Insurance Bottom line, a better value. Wells Fargo Wells Fargo. The next stage in banking Western Union The fastest way to send money – worldwide. Western Union Western Union. Sending so much more than money. Xoom Xoom. The smarter way to send money. Zurich A&W. All American food Alpen Behold the power of cheese. American Egg Board Anchor. Tastes the way nature intended. Applebee's Applebee's. Eatin' good in the neighborhood Arby's Arby's. Now that your tastes have grown up!  Arby's What are you eating today? Arla Foods - Apetina Feta Because feta can be so much better. Arla - Cravendale Cravendale. The cows want it back. Bahlsen Bakers delight. Your local caker. Batchelor's Beech-Nut. Small is big here. Blue Bell Blue Bell. We eat all we can and sell the rest  Blue Bell Have yourself a Blue Bell country day Blue Diamond Almonds A can a week, that’s all we ask. Bumpers Drive-In America loves burgers and we're America's Burger King Burger King Best food for fast times Burger King Burger King, home of the Whopper Burger King Pure cane sugar from Hawaii. Campbell's M’m! M’m! Good! Campbell's - Chunky It fills you up right. Campbell's - Chunky Soup That Eats Like a Meal.  Campbell's - Select Why settle when you can Select. Cheese Council Anyway you please it, cheese it Chicago Town A million miles from humdrum. Chicken of the Sea What’s the best tuna? Chicken of the Sea. Chicken of the Sea Chili's grill & bar family restaurant Chipotle Eaters start your orders Chiquita - Bananas I’m Chiquita Banana and I’ve come to say – bananas have to ripen in a certain way. ConAgra Foods ConAgra. The right kind of food company. ConAgra Foods - Blue Bonnet Everything's better with Blue Bonnet on it! ConAgra Foods - Egg Beaters Egg Beaters. Taste the healthy side of eggs. ConAgra Foods - Hebrew National We answer to a higher authority. ConAgra Foods - Hunt's Better tomatoes make better ketchup. Pick Hunt's.  ConAgra Foods - Hunt's Only the best tomatoes grow up to be Hunt's  Daily Grill For great American food… Think daily Dairygold The taste of dairy goodness. Danone Danone - Actimel probiotic yogurt drink A little every day goes a long, long way. Danone - Actimel probiotic yogurt drink The Actimel challenge. Give it a go. Danone - Activia Danacol. Cholesterol hates it. You'll love it. Denny’s Domino's. The pizza delivery experts Domino's Get the door. It's Domino's Dunkin Donuts Time to make the doughnuts. EarthGrains Earth Grains. Discover a healthier slice of life! El Pollo Loco When you’re crazy for chicken. Florida Orange Juice Growers Association It’s not just for breakfast anymore. Fonterra Tip Top. Real ice creamier Frito Lay - Cracker Jack The more you eat, the more you want General Mills - Betty Crocker Something good always comes of it General Mills - Cheerios I go cuckoo for Cocoa Puffs! General Mills - Green Giant In the valley of the jolly--ho-ho-ho!--Green Giant. General Mills - Pilsbury Nothin’ says lovin’ like somthin’ from the oven General Mills - Yoplait Yop drinking yogurt Yop. For when the morning comes. General Mills - Yoplait Yop drinking yogurt Yop. Skip & jump. Heinz. Good food every day. H. J. Heinz Company - Ketchup  A good meal out deserves a great ketchup. Insist on Heinz  H. J. Heinz Company - Ketchup  You can't eat without it  H. J. Heinz Company - Kick'rs ketchup Caution: ketchup has kick Hain Celestrial Group - Alba Dry Milk Skim milk does not come from skinny cows. Ham's Ham's restaurant. A good time. Hardee's Where the food's the star. Harvester Just how you like it. Hershey's The great American chocolate bar Hooters - Hooters Where’s the cream filling? IHOP IHOP restaurant. Come hungry. Leave happy. Irish Pride Irish Pride. It's a matter of pride. Irsh Dairy Board - Kerrygold Kerrygold. It's all pure butter. Irsh Dairy Board - Kerrygold One of life's pure pleasures. Jack in the Box We don't make it until you order it. Kellogg's It tastes like a chocolate milkshake, only crunchy! Kellogg's - Corn Pops Keebler. Uncommonly made, uncommonly good. Kellogg's - Pop-Tarts Because that's the kind of Mom you are. Kellogg's - Rice Krispies Snap! Crackle! Pop! Rice Krispies. Kellogg's - Rice Krispies Nobody does chicken like KFC. KFC There's fast food, then there's KFC.  KFC I wish I were an Oscar Mayer Wiener. Kraft - Oscar Mayer My bologna has a first name, it’s O-S-C-A-R. Kraft - A1 A1. Yeah, it's that important. Kraft - Cadbury Crème Egg Pardon me, do you have any Grey Poupon? Kraft - Jell-O America’s most famous dessert. Kraft - Jell-O Jell-O makes me mellow and the wiggle makes me giggle. Kraft - Jell-O There’s always room for J-E-L-L-0. Kraft - Terry's Chocolate Orange Smash it to pieces, love it to bits Lea & Perrins - Worcestershire Sauce How did you discover it?  Lea & Perrins - Worcestershire Sauce Lea & Perrins. The burger booster  Lea & Perrins - Worcestershire Sauce Steak sauce only a cow could hate. Lea & Perrins - Worcestershire Sauce LiDestri Food & Beverage - Francesco Rinaldi Made by Italians. Enjoyed by everyone. Maple Leaf Foods - Dempster's Did somebody say McDonald’s? McDonald's It's a good time for the great taste of McDonalds McDonald's Nothing can do it like McDonald's McDonald's Two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun McDonald's We love to see you smile McDonald's What you want is what you get  McDonald's You deserve a break today Meltin' Pot Devondale. Tastes like real milk because it is. Nabisco - Chiffon Margarine If you think it's butter, but it's not, it's Chiffon. Nabisco - Chiffon Margarine It's not nice to fool Mother Nature. Nabisco - Chips Ahoy National Cattlemen’s Beef Association Beef. It’s what’s for dinner. National Diary Board Milk. It does a body good National Pork Board Pork. The other white meat. Nestlé N-E-S-T-L-E-S, Nestles makes the very best...chocolate. Nestlé Nestle. Good Food, Good Life. Nestlé - Buitoni cooking sauces Buitoni. All the freshness of Little Italy. Nestle - Butterfinger Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger Nestlé - Butterfinger Break out of the ordinary. Nestlé - Crunch Stixx Give your afternoon a lift. Nestlé - Gerber Shouldn’t your baby be a Gerber baby? Nestle - Kit-Kat Have a break.  Have a Kit-Kat Nestle - Nescafe What's a life without surprises?! Nestlé - Peters Entice ice cream tub Clearly it's going to Entice Olive Garden When you're here, you're family Outback Steakhouse Papa John's. Better ingredients. Better pizza. Penguin Point Penguin Point. The people pleasing place Pepsi - Lay's potato chips Betcha can't eat just one Pier 49 Pizza Pier 49 Pizza. Fall in love with pizza again! Pinnacle Foods - Duncan Hines So rich. So moist. So very Duncan Hines. Premier Foods - Homepride sauces Qdoba. Not just big burritos. Big flavors. Quiznos M’m, m’m, m’m, m’m, m’m...toasty! Quiznos Raisio Group - Benecol yogurt drink Benecol. Keep cholesterol at bay. Reckitt Benckiser - Frank's RedHot Frank's RedHot. A thrill a bite. Red Lobster Red Lobster. Life on land is dry Red Lobster Rock bottom. Good friends. Great food. Great beer. Sara Lee Nobody doesn’t like Sara Lee. Schlotzky’s Deli Freschetta. The fresh taste sensation. Smucker's - Jif Snyder's of Hanover - Jay's potato chips Jays... can't stop eating 'em! Subway The way a sandwich should be Taco Bell Make a run for the border Taco Bell The Steak Escape. Americas favorite cheesesteak Unilever - Breyers Breyers. Tastes so good… Still good for you. Unilever - Colman's C'mon Colman's, light my fire Unilever - Good Humor Good Humor. Return to the classics Unilever - Hellmann's A taste too good to waste Unilever - Hellmann's Bring out the Helmann’s and bring out the best Unilever - Hellmann's Unilever - I Can't Believe It's Not Butter More butter taste! Little yellow tub. Great big taste! Village Inn Satisfying people's hunger for life's simple pleasures Wendy's  Wendy's. Quality is our recipe. Wendy's  White Castle. What you crave WindMill Improving life, one breath at a time Barack Obama Political Campaign (2008) Change we need Telling stories that make a difference Building Future Builders All building starts with a foundation Can Do Canines Our assistance dogs fetch amazing things Canine Companions for Independence Help is a four-legged word CASA of Southwest Missouri Stand up for a child Charity Navigator Your guide to intelligent giving Coffee House Press Where good books are brewing. Common Cause Because the earth needs a good lawyer EngAGE The art of active aging Episcopal Relief & Development Nothing stops a bullet like a job Houston Food Bank Helping preserve the places you cherish Montana Historical Society Big sky. Big land. Big history. National Crime Prevention Council Take a bite out of crime. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration You could learn a lot from a dummy. Buckle up! Nothing But Nets Send a net. Save a life. NYC Theatre Spaces Where actors find their space. Partnership for a Drug-Free America This is your brain. This is your brain on drugs. Pennsylvania Breast Cancer Coalition Finding a cure now...so our daughters won't have to. Red Cross The greatest tradegy is indifference Religions for Peace Save the Strays Animal Rescue Finding good homes for great dogs Students In Free Enterprise (SIFE) A head for business. A heart for the world. Texas Non Profits Building community deep in the hearts of Texans The Cleveland Foundation If you want to be remembered, do something memorable. The Greater Cincinnati Foundation Make the most of your giving The People of The United Methodist Church Open hearts. Open minds. Open doors. The United Negro College Fund A mind is a terrible thing to waste U.S. Army Be all that you can be. U.S. Army I want YOU for the US Army U.S. Army Some of our best men are women. U.S. Dept. of Transportation Friends don’t let friends drive drunk. U.S. Forest Service Give a hoot, don’t pollute. 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i don't know
Which eleven letter word is used to describe a person who performs on a tightrope?
Circus Vocabulary an athlete who performs acts requiring skill and agility and coordination applaud clap one's hands or shout after performances to indicate approval amusement park a commercially operated park with stalls and shows for amusement announcement a public statement about something that is happening or going to happen audience a gathering of spectators or listeners at a public performance balancer an acrobat who balances himself or other objects in difficult positions band a group of musicians playing music for dancing booth a small shop at a fair for selling goods or entertainment bow a decorative interlacing of ribbons bow bend the head or the upper part of the body in a gesture of respect or greeting bicycle a cycle that has two wheels and that are moved by foot pedals bumping cars electric cars on a ring which people can ride and bump in each other for fun cannon a large artillery gun that is usually on wheels caravan a camper equipped with living quarters carousel large mechanical merry-go-round with seats for children to ride on cashier an employee who receives and pays out money clown a person who amuses others by funny behavior confetti small pieces or streamers of coloured paper that are thrown around on festive occasions costume the dress worn during a show culprit someone who did something wrong elephant one of the animals usually found performing circus tricks entertainment an activity that amuses you Ferris wheel rotating mechanism consisting of a large upright wheel with suspended seats that remain upright as the wheel turns; provides a ride at an amusement park flaming hoops a circular band with fire used at the circus for animals to jump through hoola hoop a rigid circular band of plastic or wood horse one of the animals usually found performing circus tricks juggler a performer who juggles objects and performs tricks of manual facility lion tamer an animal trainer who tames wild animals lorry a large truck designed to carry heavy loads magician someone who performs magic tricks to amuse an audience monocycle a cycle with a single wheel that is driven by pedals moustache an unshaved growth of hair on the upper lip musical instruments various devices that can be used to produce musical tones or sounds performance a play or a piece of music or other entertainment performer an entertainer who performs a dramatic or musical work for an audience parade a procession of people walking together pins a club-shaped wooden object used by jugglers ring the middle part of the circus tent where the show takes part ringmaster the person in charge of performances in a circus ring roller coaster elevated railway in an amusement park usually with sharp curves and steep inclines seal one of the animals usually found performing circus tricks, especially with balls, hoola hoops and pins. spectator someone who looks at something star someone who is very skilled in what he or she does swing a mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth tawny of a light brown to brownish orange colour technicolour a portable shelter in which there is the circus show tiger one of the animals usually found performing circus tricks tightrope tightly stretched rope or wire on which acrobats perform high above the ground top hat a man's hat with a tall crown trapeze a circus acrobat using swings trick a funny act done for fun or amusement which can sometimes be illusory to be thought of as magical troupe a travelling group of circus performers trunk a large strong case used when traveling or for storage unicycle a cycle with a single wheel that is driven by pedals vanish
Tightrope walking
In Greek mythology, what was the name of the giant with 100 eyes who was slain by Hermes?
Circus Vocabulary an athlete who performs acts requiring skill and agility and coordination applaud clap one's hands or shout after performances to indicate approval amusement park a commercially operated park with stalls and shows for amusement announcement a public statement about something that is happening or going to happen audience a gathering of spectators or listeners at a public performance balancer an acrobat who balances himself or other objects in difficult positions band a group of musicians playing music for dancing booth a small shop at a fair for selling goods or entertainment bow a decorative interlacing of ribbons bow bend the head or the upper part of the body in a gesture of respect or greeting bicycle a cycle that has two wheels and that are moved by foot pedals bumping cars electric cars on a ring which people can ride and bump in each other for fun cannon a large artillery gun that is usually on wheels caravan a camper equipped with living quarters carousel large mechanical merry-go-round with seats for children to ride on cashier an employee who receives and pays out money clown a person who amuses others by funny behavior confetti small pieces or streamers of coloured paper that are thrown around on festive occasions costume the dress worn during a show culprit someone who did something wrong elephant one of the animals usually found performing circus tricks entertainment an activity that amuses you Ferris wheel rotating mechanism consisting of a large upright wheel with suspended seats that remain upright as the wheel turns; provides a ride at an amusement park flaming hoops a circular band with fire used at the circus for animals to jump through hoola hoop a rigid circular band of plastic or wood horse one of the animals usually found performing circus tricks juggler a performer who juggles objects and performs tricks of manual facility lion tamer an animal trainer who tames wild animals lorry a large truck designed to carry heavy loads magician someone who performs magic tricks to amuse an audience monocycle a cycle with a single wheel that is driven by pedals moustache an unshaved growth of hair on the upper lip musical instruments various devices that can be used to produce musical tones or sounds performance a play or a piece of music or other entertainment performer an entertainer who performs a dramatic or musical work for an audience parade a procession of people walking together pins a club-shaped wooden object used by jugglers ring the middle part of the circus tent where the show takes part ringmaster the person in charge of performances in a circus ring roller coaster elevated railway in an amusement park usually with sharp curves and steep inclines seal one of the animals usually found performing circus tricks, especially with balls, hoola hoops and pins. spectator someone who looks at something star someone who is very skilled in what he or she does swing a mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth tawny of a light brown to brownish orange colour technicolour a portable shelter in which there is the circus show tiger one of the animals usually found performing circus tricks tightrope tightly stretched rope or wire on which acrobats perform high above the ground top hat a man's hat with a tall crown trapeze a circus acrobat using swings trick a funny act done for fun or amusement which can sometimes be illusory to be thought of as magical troupe a travelling group of circus performers trunk a large strong case used when traveling or for storage unicycle a cycle with a single wheel that is driven by pedals vanish
i don't know
The flag of Haiti consists of which two colours?
Haiti | VexiWiki | Fandom powered by Wikia 3:5 [3] The flag of Haiti consists of two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centred white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE ("Union Makes Strength"). [4] The Flag Day is celebrated in Haiti on May 18th. It commemorates the events of 1803 when the national leaders Dessalines and Petion in the city of Arcahaie agreed on an official flag. [5] Civil flag and ensign Edit The colours on the flag depict the French tricolour . The top part of the flag is blue in colour which signifies the coloured population and its African connection. The red colour of Haiti flag is the symbol of the multi ethnic race of the country. The blue and red bands represent the union of black and mulatto Haitians. [3] History Edit The ideas of the French Revolution of 1789 permeated Haitian society, then under French rule, and eventually led to a slave revolt in 1791. At first the French Tricolor was used as a symbol of belief in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. In 1803, however, Haitians removed the white stripe from the Tricolor, and the new blue-red flag, representing the black and mulatto populations only, became the symbol of the Haitian masses. Through the 19th century different flags were in use by independent Haitian states, although the basic designs were either vertical stripes of black and red or horizontal stripes of blue and red with distinctive coats of arms added in the centre. After the overthrow of Emperor Faustin-Élie Soulouque in 1859, Haiti remained under the blue-red flag. In 1936, during the Olympic Games in Berlin it was discovered that the civil flag of Haiti is identical to the flag of Liechtenstein . To avoid confusion, Liechtenstein decided to modify its flag (a yellow crown was added). [6] When François ("Papa Doc") Duvalier came to power. He spoke of a "black revolution" for the nation and in 1964 altered the national flag to the black-red vertical stripes that had been used by Faustin-Élie, King Henry I, and Emperor Jacques I. Duvalier was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude ("Baby Doc"), but the latter was forced to flee the country in 1986. As of February 25 of that year the old blue-red flag was re-established. [7] Haitian rebels (1791)
blue and red
"Which group, on May 18th 1974, reached number one in the UK charts with the record ""Sugar Baby Love"", staying there for four weeks?"
flag of the Dominican Republic | Britannica.com Flag of the Dominican Republic Written By: national flag that is quartered blue-red-blue-red with a central white cross; when the flag is used for official purposes, it incorporates the coat of arms . The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 5 to 8. Related Topics flag of New Zealand Christopher Columbus visited the island of Hispaniola in 1492, claiming it for the Spanish monarchy. However, French colonists in the 17th century established a state known as Saint-Domingue (Saint-Dominique) in the western part of the island, which subsequently became Haiti. The Spanish-speaking area in the east was conquered by the newly independent Republic of Haiti in 1822. One of the national flags of Haiti had equal horizontal stripes of blue and red, and it was that flag that formed the basis for the revolutionary banner eventually raised in the Spanish-speaking areas. The Dominican revolutionary group known as La Trinitaria emphasized its Christian heritage by placing a white cross on the background of the blue-red flag. The revolution led by La Trinitaria broke out on February 27, 1844, and the flag, designed by Juan Pablo Duarte , was hoisted the next day. The success of the independence movement led to a constitution for the country, which established the official flag on November 6, 1844. The order of the colours at the fly end was reversed, so that henceforth the blue and red would alternate, with the white cross between them. The coat of arms incorporates on its central shield the national flag, a Bible , and a cross, together with branches of laurel and palm, the name of the country, and the motto “Dios, patria, libertad” (“God, fatherland, liberty”). With some artistic variations, the flag has continued in use to the present day.
i don't know
In Greek mythology, what was the name of the three headed dog that guards the gates of the Underworld?
CERBERUS (Kerberos) - Three-Headed Hound of Hades of Greek Mythology Death-Darkness? Heracles and Cerberus the hound of Hades, Caeretan black-figure hydria C6th B.C., Musée du Louvre KERBEROS (Cerberus) was the gigantic, three-headed hound of Haides which guarded the gates of the underworld and prevented the escape of the shades of the dead. Kerberos was depicted as a three-headed dog with a serpent's tail, mane of snakes, and a lion's claws. According to some he had fifty heads although this count may have included the serpents of his mane. Herakles (Heracles) was sent to fetch Kerberos as one of his twelve labours, a task which he accomplished with the aid of the goddess Persephone . Kerberos' name perhaps means "Death-Daemon of the Dark" from the ancient Greek words kêr and erebos. FAMILY OF CERBERUS [1.1] TYPHOEUS & EKHIDNA (Hesiod Theogony 310, Quintus Smyrnaeus 6.260, Hyginus Pref & Fab 30) [1.2] EKHIDNA (Bacchylides Frag 5, Ovid Metamorphoses 7.412) ENCYCLOPEDIA CE′RBERUS (Kerberos), the many-headed dog that guarded the entrance of Hades, is mentioned as early as the Homeric poems, but simply as "the dog," and without the name of Cerberus. (Il. viii. 368, Od. xi. 623.) Hesiod, who is the first that gives his name and origin, calls him (Theog. 311) fifty-headed and a son of Typhaon and Echidna. Later writers describe him as a monster with only three heads, with the tail of a serpent and a mane consisting of the heads of various snakes. (Apollod. ii. 5. § 12; Eurip. Here. fur. 24, 611; Virg. Aen. vi. 417; Ov. Met. iv. 449.) Some poets again call him many-headed or hundred-headed. (Horat. Carm. ii. 13. 34; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 678; Senec. Here. fur. 784.) The place where Cerberus kept watch was according to some at the mouth of the Acheron, and according to others at the gates of Hades, into which he admitted the shades, but never let them out again. Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. ALTERNATE NAMES Heracles, Cerberus and Hecate, Apulian red-figure volute krater C4th B.C., Staatliche Antikensammlungen Homer, Iliad 8. 366 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "If in the wiliness of my heart I [Athene] had had thoughts like his, when Herakles (Heracles) was sent down to Haides of the Gates, to hale back from Erebos (the Dark) the hound of the grisly death god (Haides Stygeros), never would he have got clear of the steep-dripping water Styx." [N.B. In Homer the dog is just called "the hound of Haides." Hesiod is the first author to give it the name Kerberos (Cerberus).] Homer, Odyssey 11. 623 ff (trans. Shewring) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "[The ghost of Herakles addresses Odysseus in Hades :] ‘He [Eurystheus] once sent me even here [to Haides] to fetch away the hound of Haides, for he thought no task could be more fearsome for me than that. But I brought the hound out of Haides' house and up to earth, because Hermes helped me on my way, and gleaming-eyed Athene.’" Hesiod, Theogony 310 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "Typhaon [Typhoeus] . . . was joined in love to her [Ekhidna (Echidna)] . . . And next again she bore the unspeakable, unmanageable Kerberos (Cerberus), the savage, the bronze-barking dog of Haides, fifty-headed, and powerful, and without pity." Hesiod, Theogony 769 ff : "And before them [the halls of Haides and Persephone] a dreaded hound (deinos kunos) [Kerberos (Cerberus)], on watch, who has no pity, but a vile stratagem : as people go in he fawns on all, with actions of his tail and both ears, but he will not let them go back out, but lies in wait for them and eats them up, when he catches any going back through the gates." Bacchylides, Fragment 5 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "Once, they say, the gate-wrecking, unconquerable son [Herakles] of thunder-flashing Zeus went down to the house of slender-ankled Persephone to fetch up to the light from Hades the jagged-toothed dog [Kerberos (Cerberus)], son of unapproachable Ekhidna (Echidna). There he perceived the spirits of wretched mortals by the waters of Kokytos (Cocytus), like the leaves buffeted by the wind over the bright sheep-grazed headlands of Ida." Aristophanes, Peace 315 ff (trans. O'Neill) (Greek comedy C5th to 4th B.C.) : "[Comedy Play in which Eirene (Irene), goddess of peace, has been trapped in a deep pit :] Let us beware lest the cursed Kerberos (Cerberus) prevent us even from the nethermost hell from delivering the goddess by his furious howling, just as he did when on earth." Aristophanes, Frogs 468 ff : "[Comedy-Play in which Aiakos (Aeacus), the gateman of Haides, berates Herakles :] ‘O, you most shameless desperate ruffian, you O, villain, villain, arrant vilest villain! Who seized our Kerberos (Cerberus) by the throat, and fled, and ran, and rushed, and bolted, haling of the dog, my charge!’" Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2, 125 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "Herakles asked Pouton (Pluton) [Haides] for Kerberos (Cerberus), and was told to take the hound if he could overpower it without using any of the weapons he had brought with him. He found Kerberos at the gates of Akheron (Acheron), and there, pressed inside his armour and totally covered by the lion's skin, he threw his arms round its head and hung on, despite bites from the serpent-tail, until he convinced the beast with his choke-hold. Then, with it in tow, he made his ascent through Troizenos (Troezen). After showing Kerberos to Eurystheus, he took it back to Haides' realm." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 122 : "As a twelfth labour Herakles was to fetch Kerberos (Cerberus) from Haides' realm. Kerberos had three dog-heads, a serpent for a tail, and along his back the heads of all kinds of snakes." Callimachus, Fragment 515 (trans. Trypanis) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "The foreigner [Herakles] bringing the monstrous son [Kerberos (Cerberus)] of Ekhidna (Echidna) from below." Euphorion, Fragments (trans. Page, Vol. Select Papyri III, No. 121 (1)) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) : "Behind, under his [Kerberos (Cerberus)] shaggy belly cowering, the serpents that were his tail darted their tongues about his ribs. Within his eyes, a beam flashed darkly. Truly in the Forges or in Meligounis leap such sparks into the air, when iron is beaten with hammers, and the anvil roars beneath might blows,--or up inside smoke Aitna (Etna), lair of Asteropos. Still, he came alive to Tiryns out of Haides, the last of twelve labours, for the pleasure of malignant Eurystheus; and at the crossways of Mideia, rich in barley, trembling women with their children looked upon him." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 6. 260 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) : "[Depicted on the shield of Herakles' son Eurypylos (Eurypylus) :] And there, a dread sight even for gods to see, was Kerberos (Cerberus), whom Ekhidna (Echidna, the Loathly Worm) had borne to Typhon [Typhoeus] in a craggy cavern's gloom close on the borders of Eternal Night (Erebos), a hideous monster, warder of the Gate of Haides, home of Wailing, jailer-hound of dead folk in the shadowy Gulf of Doom. But lightly Zeus' son [Herakles] with his crashing blows tamed him, and haled him from the cataract flood of Styx, with heavy-drooping head, and dragged the Dog sore loth to the strange upper air all dauntlessly." Heracles and Cerberus, Athenian red-figure amphora C6th B.C., Musée du Louvre Plato, Republic 588c (trans. Shorey) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) : "One of those natures that the ancient fables tell of, as that of the Khimaira (Chimera) or Skylla (Scylla) or Kerberos (Cerberus), and the numerous other examples that are told of many forms grown together in one." Strabo, Geography 8. 5. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "A headland that projects into the sea, Tainaron (Taenarum), with its temple of Poseidon situated in a grove; and secondly, near by, to the cavern through which, according to the myth writers, Kerberos (Cerberus) was brought up from Haides by Herakles." Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 35. 10 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "[At Hermione in Argolis] are three places which the Hermionians call that of Klymenos (Clymenus, the Famous One) [i.e. of Haides], that of Plouton (Pluton, of Wealth) [Haides], and the Lake Akherousia (Acherusia). All are surrounded by fences of stones, while in the place of Klymenos there is also a chasm in the earth. Through this according to the legend of the Hermionians, Herakles brought up the Hound of Haides [Kerberos (Cerberus)]." Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 25. 5 - 7 : "On the promontory [of Tainaron (Taenarum), Lakonia] is a temple like a cave, with a statue of Poseidon in front of it. Some of the Greek poets state that Herakles brought up the Hound of Haides (Haidou kuna) [Kerberos (Cerberus)] here, though there is no road that leads underground through the cave, and it is not easy to believe that the gods possess any underground dwelling where the souls collect. But Hekataios (Hecataeus) of Miletos gave a plausible explanation, stating that a terrible serpent lived on Tainaron, and was called the Hound of Hades, because any one bitten was bound to die of the poison at once, and it was this snake, he said, that was brought by Herakles to Eurystheus. But Homer, who was the first to call the creature brought by Herakles the Hound of Haides, did not give it a name or describe it as of manifold form, as he did the Khimaira (Chimera). Late poets gave the name Kerberos, and though in other respects they made him resemble a dog, they say that he had three heads. Homer, however, does not imply that he was a dog, the friend of man, any more than if he called a real serpent the Hound of Hades." Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 31. 2 : "[In the temple of Artemis at Troizenos (Troezen) in Argolis :] . . . are altars to the gods said to rule under the earth. It is here that they say . . . that Herakles dragged up the Hound of Haides [Kerberos (Cerberus)]." Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 18. 10 - 16 : "[Illustrated on the throne of the statue of Apollon at Amyklai (Amyclae) near Sparta :] On the left stand Ekhidna (Echidna) and Typhos [Typhoeus], on the right Tritones . . . Next to these have been wrought two of the exploits of Herakles--his slaying of the Hydra, and his bringing up the Hound of Hell (kuna ton Haidou) [Kerberos (Cerberus)]." Pausanias, Description of Greece5. 26. 7 : "By the smaller offerings of Mikythos (Micythus) [at Olympia] . . . are some of the exploits of Herakles, including what he did to the Nemeian Lion , the Hydra, the Hound of Hell (kuna tou Haidou) [Kerberos (Cerberus)], and the boar by the river Erymanthos." Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 34. 5 : "Here [on Mount Laphystios in Boiotia], say the Boiotians, Herakles ascended with the hound of Hades (kuna Haidou) [Kerberos (Cerberus)]." Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 25. 1 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) : "He [Herakles] received a command from Eurystheus to bring Kerberos (Cerberus) up from Hades to the light of day. And assuming that it would be to his advantage for the accomplishment of this Labour, he went to Athens and took part in the Eleusinian Mysteries, Musaios (Musaeus), the son of Orpheus, being at that time in charge of the initiatory rites . . . Herakles then, according to the myths which have come down to us, descended into the realm of Hades, and being welcomed like a brother by Persephone brought Theseus and Peirithous back to the upper world after freeing them from their bonds. This he accomplished by the favour of Persephone, and receiving the dog Kerberos in chains he carried him away to the amazement of all and exhibited him to men." Plutarch, Life of Nisias 1. 3 (trans. Perrin) (Greek historian C1st to C2nd A.D.) : "The goddess Kore (Core) [Persephone] who delivered Kerberos (Cerberus) into his [Herakles'] hands." Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "From Typhon and Echidna [was born] . . . Cerberus." Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 30 : "He [Herakles (Heracles)] brought from the Lower World for the king to see, the dog Cerberus, offspring of Typhon." - Hyginus, Fabulae 30 Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 32 : "Hercules had been sent for the three-headed dog [Cerberus] by King Eurystheus." Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 151 : "From Typhon the giant and Echidna were born . . . the three-headed dog Cerberus." Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 251 : "Those who, by permission of the Parcae (Fates) [Moirai], returned from the lower world . . . Hercules, son of Jove [Zeus], to bring up the dog Cerberus." Heracles, Hermes and Cerberus, Athenian red-figure kylix C6th B.C., Museum of Fine Arts Boston Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 450 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "The Stygian city and the cruel court of swarthy Dis [Haides] . . . she [the goddess Juno-Hera] entered and the threshold groaned under the holy tread. Immediately Cerberus sprang at her with his three heads and gave three barks together." Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.500 ff : "[The Erinys] Tisiphone brought with her poisons too of magic power [to cause madness] : lip-froth of Cerberus, the Echidna's venom, wild deliriums, blindnesses of the brain, and crime and tears, and maddened lust for murder; all ground up, mixed with fresh blood, boiled in a pan of bronze, and stirred with a green hemlock stick." Ovid, Metamorphoses 7. 412 : "For that son's [Theseus'] death Medea mixed her poisoned aconite, brought with her long ago from Scythicae's (Scythia's) shores, said to be slobbered by Echidnaea [i.e. Kerberos (Cerberus), son of Ekhidna]. There is a cavern yawning dark and deep, and there a falling track where Hero Tirynthius [Herakles of Tiryns] dragged struggling, blinking, screwing up his eyes against the sunlight and the blinding day, the hell-hound Cerberus, fast on a chain of adamant. His three throats filled the air with triple barking, barks of frenzied rage, and spattered the green meadows with white spume. This, so men think, congealed and, nourished by the rich rank soil, gained poisonous properties. And since they grow and thrive on hard bare rocks the farm folk call them ‘flintworts’--aconites. This poison Aegeus, by Medea's guile, offered to Theseus as his enemy, father to son." Ovid, Metamorphoses 9. 184 : "I [Herakles (Heracles) ] faced unafraid Cerberus' triple heads." Ovid, Metamorphoses 10. 21 ff : "[Orpheus addresses Haides, king of the underworld :] ‘I have come down not with intent to see the glooms of Tartara, nor to enchain the triple-snaked necks of Medusaeum [Kerberos (Cerberus)].’" Ovid, Metamorphoses 10. 65 ff : "His wits were stolen away, like him [unknown man] who saw in dread [Kerberos (Cerberus)] the three-necked hound of Hell with chains fast round his middle neck, and never lost his terror till he lost his nature too and turned to stone." Ovid, Heroides 9. 37 ff (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "[Deianeira, wife of Herakles, laments :] ‘My lord is ever absent from me . . . ever pursuing monsters and dreadful beasts. I myself, at home and widowed, am busied with chaste prayers, in torment lest my husband fall by the savage foe; with serpents and with boars and ravening lions my imaginings are full, and with hounds three-throated [i.e. Kerberos (Cerberus)] hard upon the prey.’" Ovid, Heroides 9. 87 ff : "[Herakles] told of the deeds . . . Cerberus, branching from one trunk into a three-fold dog, his hair inwoven with the threatening snake." Virgil, Aeneid 6. 417 ff (trans. Day-Lewis) (Roman epic C1st B.C.) : "Huge Cerberus, monstrously couched in a cave confronting them, made the whole region echo with this three-throated barking. The Sibyl, seeing the snakes bristling upon his neck now, threw him for bait a cake for honey and wheat infused with sedative drugs. The creature, crazy with hunger, opened its three mouths, gobbled the bait; then its huge body relaxed and lay, sprawled out on the ground, the whole length of its cave kennel. Aeneas, passing its entrance, the watch-dog neutralize, strode rapidly from the bank of that river [Styx] of no return." Virgil, Georgics 4. 471 ff (trans. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B.C.) : "Stirred by his [Orpheus'] song, up from the lowest realms of Erebeus came the unsubstantial shades . . . Still more: the very house of Death and deepest abysses of Tartarus were spellbound, and the Eumenides [Erinyes] with livid snakes entwined in their hair; Cerberus stood agape and his triple jaws forgot to bark." Propertius, Elegies 3. 5 (trans. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B.C.) : "Cerberus guards the cave of hell with his three throats." Propertius, Elegies 3. 18 : "Hither [to Haides] all shall come, hither the highest and the lowest class: evil it is, but it is a path that all must tread; all must assuage the three heads of the barking guard-dog [Kerberos (Cerberus)] and embark on the grisly greybeard's [Kharon's (Charon's)] boat that no one misses." Propertius, Elegies 4. 5 : "May your spirit find no peace with your ashes, but may avenging Cerberus terrify your vile bones with hungry howl." Propertius, Elegies 4. 7 : "Spurn not the dreams that come through the Righteous Gate [from the dead]: when righteous dreams come, they have the weight of truth. By night we [the ghosts of the dead] drift abroad, night frees imprisoned Shades, and even Cerberus casts aside his chains and strays." Propertius, Elegies 4. 9 : "Only to one mortal [Herakles] has the Stygian darkness become light and Cerberus has howled to find himself dragged off against the will of Dis [Haides]?" Propertius, Elegies 4. 11 : "Let fierce Cerberus rush at no Shades today, but let his chain hang slack from a silent bolt." Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3. 17 (trans. Rackham) (Roman rhetorician C1st B.C.) : "Orcus [Haides] is also a god; and the fabled streams of the lower world, Acheron, Cocytus and Pyriphlegethon, and also Charon and also Cerberus are to be deemed gods. No, you say, we must draw the line at that; well then, Orcus is not a god either." Cerberus, Laconian black-figure kylix C6th B.C., National Archaeological Museum of Taranto Seneca, Hercules Furens 46 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st A.D.) : "[Hera complains about Herakles :] ‘Nor is earth vast enough for him [Herakles (Heracles)]; behold, he has broken down the doors of infernal Jove [Haides], and brings back to the upper world the spoils of a conquered king [i.e. the hound Kerberos (Cerberus)]. I myself saw, yes, saw him, the shadows of nether night dispersed and Dis [Haides] overthrown, proudly displaying to his father [Zeus] a brother's spoils. Why does he not drag forth, bound and loaded down with fetters, Pluto [Haides] himself, who drew a lot equal to Jove's [Zeus']? Why does he not lord it over conquered Erebus and lay bare the Styx? It is not enough merely to return; the law of the shades has been annulled, a way back has been opened from the lowest ghosts, and the mysteries of dread Death lie bared. But he, exultant at having burst the prison of the shades, triumphs over me, and with arrogant hand leads through the cities of Greece that dusky hound. I saw the daylight shrink at sight of Cerberus, and the sun pale with fear; upon me, too, terror came, and as I gazed upon the three necks of the conquered monster I trembled at my own command.’" Seneca, Hercules Furens 598 & 782 ff : "[Herakles upon returning with Kerberos (Cerberus) describes his journey to the underworld :] ‘Whoever [of the gods] from on high looks down on things of earth, and would not be defiled by a strange, new sight, let him turn away his gaze, lift his eyes to heaven, and shun the portent. Let only two look on this monster [Kerberos (Cerberus)]--him who brought and her who ordered it. To appoint me penalties and tasks earth is not broad enough for Juno's [Hera's] hate. I have seen places unapproached by any, unknown to Phoebus [the sun], those gloomy spaces which the baser pole hath yielded to infernal Jove [Haides]; and if the regions of the third estate pleased me, I might have reigned. The chaos of everlasting night, and something worse than night, and the grim gods and the fates--all these I saw and, having flouted death, I have come back. What else remains? I have seen and revealed the lower world. If aught is left to do, give it to me, O Juno [Hera]; too long already dost thou let my hands lie idle. What dost thou bid me conquer?’ [Amphitryon addresses Theseus :] ‘. . . Unfold his heroic deeds in order; tell how long a way leads to the gloomy shades, and how the Tartarean dog bore his galling bonds.’ [Theseus :] ‘Next after this [the boat of Kharon (Charon)] there appears the palace of greedy Dis [Haides]. Here the savage Stygian dog [Kerberos (Cerberus)] frightens the shades; tossing back and forth his triple heads, with huge bayings he guards the realm. Around his head, foul with corruption, serpents lap, his shaggy man bristles with vipers, and in his twisted tail a long snake hisses. His rage matches his shape. Soon as he feels the stir of feet he raises his head, rough with darting snakes, and with ears erect catches at the onsped sound, wont as he is to hear even the shades. When [Herakles] the son of Jove stood closer, within his cave the dog crouches hesitant and feels a touch of fear. Then suddenly, with deep bayings, he terrifies the silent places; the snakes hiss threateningly along all his shoulders. The clamour of his dreadful voice, issuing from triple throats, fills even the blessed shades with dread. Then from his left arm the hero looses the fierce-grinning jaws, thrusts out before him the Cleonaean head and, beneath that huge shield crouching, plies his mighty club with victorious right hand. Now here, now there, with unremitting blows he whirls it, redoubling the strokes. At last the dog, vanquished ceases his threatenings and, spent with struggle, lowers all his heads and yields all wardship of his cavern. Both rulers [Haides and Persephone] shiver on their throne, and bid lead the dog away. Me also [Theseus trapped in Haides] they give as boon to Alcides' prayer. ‘Then, stroking the monster's sullen necks, he binds him with chains of adamant. Forgetful of himself, the watchful guardian of the dusky realm droops his ears, trembling and willing to be led, owns his master, and with muzzle lowered follows after, beating both his sides with snaky tail. But when he came to the Taenarian borders, and the strange gleam of unknown light smote on his eyes, though conquered he regained his courage and in frenzy shook his ponderous chains. Almost he bore his conqueror away, back dragging him, forward bent, and forced him to give ground. Then even to my aid Alcides [Herakles] looked, and with our twofold strength we drew the dog along, mad with rage and attempting fruitless war, and brought him out to earth. But when he saw the bright light of day and viewed the clear spaces of the shining sky, black night rose over him and he turned his gaze to ground, closed tight his eyes and shut out the hated light; backward he turned his face and with all his necks sought the earth; then in the shadow of Hercules he hid his head.’" Seneca, Hercules Furens 984 ff : "Cruel Tisiphone [one of the Erinyes (Furies)] . . . since the dog [Kerberos (Cerberus)] was stolen away [by Herakles] has blocked the empty gate [of Haides] with her outstretched torch." Seneca, Hercules Furens 1107 ff : "Fierce Cerberus, crouching in his lowest cave, his necks still bound with chains." Seneca, Oedipus 160 ff : "[Drought and pestilence ravage the city of Thebes :] They have burst the bars of abysmal Erebus, the throng of sisters with Tartarean torch [i.e. the Erinyes, (Furies)] . . . Dark Mors (Death) [Thanatos], death opens wide his greedy, gaping jaws and unfolds all his wings . . . Nay more, they say that the dog [Kerberos (Cerberus)] has burst his chains of Taenarian iron, and is wandering through our fields; that the earth has rumbled; that ghosts go stealing through the groves, larger than mortal forms." Seneca, Oedipus 559 ff : "[The Theban seer Teiresias (Tiresias) performs the rites of necromancy :] Then he summons the spirits of the dead, and thee who rulest the spirits [Haides], and him [Kerberos (Cerberus)] who blocks the entrance to the Lethaean stream; o'er and o'er and o'er he repeats a magic rune, and fiercely, with frenzied lips, he chants a charm which either appeases or compels the flitting ghosts . . . the whole place was shaken and the ground was stricken from below . . . blind Chaos is burst open, and for the tribes of Dis [Haides] a way is given to the upper world . . . in mad rage three-headed Cerberus shook his heavy chains." Seneca, Phaedra 222 ff : "Trust not in Dis [Haides]. Though he bar his realm, and though the Stygian dog [Kerberos (Cerberus)] keep guard o'er the grim doors, Theseus alone finds out forbidden ways." Seneca, Phaedra 843 ff : "Alcides [Herakles] . . . when he dragged the dog [Kerberos (Cerberus)] by violence out of Tartarus, brought me [Theseus], too, along with him to the upper world." Seneca, Troades 402 ff : "Taenarus and the cruel tyrant's [Haides] kingdom and Cerberus, guarding the portal of no easy passage." Hermes, Cerberus and Heracles, Athenian black-figure hydria C6th B.C., Toledo Museum of Art Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 3. 224 (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) : "[The Titan] Coeus in the lowest pit [of Tartaros] burst the adamantine bonds and trailing Jove's [Zeus'] fettering chains . . . conceives a hope of scaling heaven, yet though he repass the rivers and the gloom [Kerberos (Cerberus)] the hound of the Furiai (Furies) [Erinyes] and the sprawling Hydra's crest [the two guardians of Haides] repel him." Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 6. 110 ff : "Baying [of Hounds] loud as that which rings at the grim gate of Dis [Haides] [i.e. the bark of Kerberos, Cerberus] or from Hecate's escort to the world above." Statius, Thebaid 2. 27 (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) : "Cerberus lying on the murky threshold perceived them, and reared up with all his mouths wide agape, fierce even to entering folk; but now his black neck swelled up all threatening, now had he torn and scattered their bones upon the ground, had not the god [Hermes] with branch Lethaean soothed his bristling frame and quelled with threefold slumber the steely glare." Statius, Thebaid 2. 52 ff : "The baying of death's tri-formed warder [Kerberos (Cerberus)] has scared the rustics from the fields [around the entrance to Haides at Tainaron]." Statius, Thebaid 4. 410 ff : "[Teiresias (Tiresias) performs the rites of nekromankia summoning ghosts from the underworld :] ‘Nor let Cerberus interpose his heads, and turn aside the ghosts that lack the light.’" Statius, Thebaid 8. 53 ff : "Fierce Alcides [Herakles] [provoked Haides], when the iron threshold of Cerberus' gate fell silent, its guardian removed." Statius, Silvae 2. 1. 183 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A.D.) : "Lay aside thy fears [for the beloved dead], and be no more in dread of threatening Letus (Death) [Thanatos]: Cerberus with triple jaws will not bark at him." Statius, Silvae 2. 1. 228 ff : "Neither the ferryman [Kharon (Charon)] nor the comrade [the Hydra] of the cruel beast [Kerberos (Cerberus)] bars the way [to the Underworld] to innocent souls." Statius, Silvae 3. 3. 21 ff : "Tis a happy shade that is coming, ay, too happy, for his son laments him. Avaunt, ye hissing Furiae (Furies) [Erinyes], avaunt the threefold guardian [Kerberos (Cerberus)]! Let the long road lie clear for the peerless spirits." Statius, Silvae 5. 3. 260 ff : "But do ye, O monarchs of the dead and thou, Ennean Juno [Persephone], if ye approve my prayer [provide a peaceful journey for the soul of my dead father] . . . let the warder of the gate [Kerberos (Cerberus)] make no fierce barking." Apuleius, The Golden Ass 1. 15 ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.) : "At that moment, as I recall, the earth yawned open [by the power of witches]. I caught a glimpse of Tartarus deep below, and of Cerberus waiting to make a meal of me to relive his hunger." Apuleius, The Golden Ass 6. 19 ff : "[Psykhe (Psyche) is given instructions for her journey down into the underworld :] When you have crossed the river [Akheron (Acheron)] and have advanced a little further, some aged women weaving at the loom will beg you to lend a hand for a short time. But you are not permitted to touch that either, for all these and many other distractions are part of the ambush which Venus [Aphrodite] will set to induce you to release one of the cakes from your hands. Do not imaging that the loss of a mere barley cake is a trivial matter, for if you relinquish either of them, the daylight of this world above will be totally denied you. Posted there is [Kerberos (Cerberus)] a massive hound with a huge, triple-formed head. This monstrous, fearsome brute confronts the dead with thunderous barking, though his menaces are futile since he can do them no harm. He keeps constant guard before the very threshold and the dark hall of Proserpina [Persephone], protecting that deserted abode of Dis [Haides]. You must disarm him by offering him a cake as his spoils. Then you can easily pass him, and gain immediate access to Proserpina herself . . . When you have obtained what she gives you, you must make your way back, using the remaining cake to neutralize the dog's savagery." ANCIENT GREEK ART
Cerberus
The flag of Tunisia consists of which two colours?
Cerberus: Legendary Hell Hound of the Underworld | Ancient Origins 29 May, 2015 - 03:27 Bryan Hill Cerberus: Legendary Hell Hound of the Underworld (Read the article on one page) In ancient Greek mythology, there exists a three headed dog called Cerberus that guards the entrance to Hades, a misty and gloomy underworld in which spirits of the dead are permitted to enter but none are allowed to leave.  In the ancient world, dogs were often depicted as wild animals that defied domestication, roamed the streets in packs and scavenged on the edge of town.  The mythical Cerberus incorporated not only the feared qualities of the ancient canine, but was a strange mixture of several creatures in one and a nightmarish sight to behold. The name Cerberus comes from the Greek "Kerberos" meaning “spotted.”  To the Greeks, Cerberus was a monstrous three-headed dog, or "hellhound" with a serpent's tail, a mane of snakes, and a lion's claws.  His three heads were thought to represent the past, the present, and the future while other sources suggest they were symbolic of birth, youth, and old age.  The most potent ability of Cerberus was his look, which was so dreadful that anyone who looked upon him was immediately turned into stone.  It was said that Cerberus had razor sharp teeth and a poisonous bite.  The poison that drips onto the ground sprung up as a plant that is known as the wolf’s bane. Five incredible funerary practices from the ancient world The father of Cerberus was Typhon, the mightiest and deadliest monster in Greek mythology (as well as a god).  A huge fire breathing dragon said to have glowing red eyes, a hundred heads and a hundred wings, the Olympian gods were terrified of him.  Everywhere Typhon went, he spread fear and disaster with his mission being to destroy the world and to put obstacles for Zeus along his path to the Kingdom of Heaven.  Cerberus' mother, was Echidna, a half-woman, half-snake creature known as the "mother of all monsters".  Had black eyes, the head and torso of a beautiful woman and the lower body of a serpent.  In a cave is where she dwelt luring men in with her body before she ate them raw. Cerberus primary role was the watchdog of the Greek underworld and faithful servant to the god Hades.  His main haunt was along banks of the river Styx, a river forming the boundary between Earth and the Underworld.  He guarded the gates of Hades and prevented the dead from escaping and the living from entering without his master's permission.  Chained to the entrance gates of Acheron, another river of the Underworld, Cerberus fawned on the dead or new spirits as they entered, but would savagely eat anyone trying to pass back through the gates and return to the land of the living. The Charon known as the ferryman taking souls to the river Styx and through to Hades. Artist: Alexander Litovchenko. 1860. ( en.wikipedia.org ) Cerberus is featured in several mythological stories as “hell’s watchdog” and there are even a couple of myths in Greek mythology where a hero gets the better of the beast.  The first is when Orpheus, the famed musician of Greek mythology, sneaks into the underworld by lulling the normally alert and aggressive Cerberus to sleep with his lyre (a type of harp).  The Thracian singer was revered in Greece and happily married to the nymph, Eurydice.  One day she was bitten by a snake and died.  Orpheus was so grief stricken by his loss that he stopped singing and playing all together.  He then decided to risk his own life in a desperate journey to the Underworld to try and rescue Eurydice.  His playing enchanted Charon, the ferryman who carried the souls of the dead across the river Styx and he agreed to take Orpheus across the river, even though he was still living.  When he encountered Cerberus, the three headed monster lay down meekly to the strains of Orpheus's lyre after which Orpheus was able to gain passage.  Hades and his wife Persephone, granted Eurydice back to Orpheus under one condition:  Eurydice must walk behind him as they ascended back to the upper world, and Orpheus was forbidden to look at her.  Just before they reached the surface, Orpheus was so overcome with passion that he turned around to look at Orpheus.  She was immediately turned into a ghost and sent back to the underworld forever.  Orpheus' own fate was to be dismembered by Thracian maenads, the female worshipers of Dionysus. Orpheus leading Eurydice out of the underworld after having played his lyre for Cerberus. Painting by Edward Poytner, 1862. ( Wikimedia Commons)
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Oberon is a moon of which planet in our solar system?
Uranus's Moon Oberon - Universe Today   Universe Today by Matt Williams In 1610, Galileo’s observed four satellites orbiting the distant gas giant of Jupiter. This discovery would ignite a revolution in astronomy, and encouraged further examinations of the outer Solar System to see what other mysteries it held. In the centuries that followed, astronomers not only discovered that other gas giants had similar systems of moons, but that these systems were rather extensive. For example, Uranus has a system of 27 confirmed satellites. Of these, Oberon is the outermost satellite, as well as the second largest and second most-massive. Named in honor of a mythical king of fairies, it is also the ninth most massive moon in the Solar System. Discovery and Naming: Discovered in 1787 by Sir William Herschel, Oberon was one of two major satellites discovered in a single day (the other being Uranus’ moon of Titania). At the time, he reported observing four other moons; however, the Royal Astronomical Society would later determine that these were spurious. It would be almost five decades after the moons were discovered that an astronomer other than Herschel observed them. Initially, Oberon was referred to as “the second satellite of Uranus”, and in 1848, was given the designation Uranus II by William Lassell. In 1851, Lassell discovered Uranus’ other two moons – later named Ariel and Miranda – and began numbering them based on their distance from the planet . Oberon was thus given the designation of Uranus IV. Size comparison between the Earth, the Moon, and Uranus’ moon of Oberon. Credit: Tom.Reding/Public Domain By 1852, Herschel’s son John suggested naming the moon’s his father observed Oberon and Titania , at the request of Lassell himself. All of these names were taken from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, with the name Oberon being derived from the King of the Fairies in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Size, Mass and Orbit: With a diameter of approx. 1,523 kilometers, a surface area of 7,285,000 km², and a mass of 3.014 ± 0.075 x 10²¹ kilograms, Oberon is the second largest, and second most massive of Uranus’ moons. It is also the ninth most massive moon in the solar system. At a distance of 584,000 km from Uranus, it is the farthest of the five major moons from Uranus. However, this distance is subject to change, as Oberon has a small orbital eccentricity and inclination relative to Uranus’ equator. It has an orbital period of about 13.5 days, coincident with its rotational period. This means that Oberon is a tidally-locked, synchronous satellite with one face always pointing toward the planet. Since (like all of Uranus’ moons) Oberon orbits the planet around its equatorial plane, and Uranus orbits the Sun almost on its side, the moon experiences a rather extreme seasonal cycle. Essentially, both the northern and southern poles spend a period of 42 years in complete darkness or complete sunlight – with the sun rising close to the zenith over one of the poles at each solstice. Voyager 2: So far, the only close-up images of Oberon have been provided by the Voyager 2 probe, which photographed the moon during its flyby of Uranus in January 1986.  The images cover about 40% of the surface, but only 25% of the surface was imaged with a resolution that allows geological mapping. In addition, the time of the flyby coincided with the southern hemisphere’s summer solstice, when nearly the entire northern hemisphere was in darkness. This prevented the northern hemisphere from being studied in any detail. No other spacecraft has visited the Uranian system before or since, and no missions to the planet are currently being planned. Composition: Oberon’s density is higher than the typical density of Uranus’ satellites, at 1.63 g/cm³. This would indicate that the moon consists of roughly equal proportions of water ice and a dense non-ice component. The latter could be made of rock and carbonaceous material including heavy organic compounds. Spectroscopic observations have confirmed the presence of crystalline water ice in the surface of the moon. It is believed that Oberon, much like the other Uranian moons, consists of an icy mantle surrounding a rocky core. If this is true, then the radius of the core (480 km) would be equal to approx. 63% of the radius of the moon, and its mass would be around 54% of the moon’s mass. False-color image of Oberon, showing the Hamlet and Othello craters (right of center and lower left) and the Mommur Chasma (upper left). Credit: USGS Astrogeology Research Program Currently, the full composition of the icy mantle is unknown. However, it it were to contain enough ammonia or other antifreeze compounds, the moon may possess a liquid ocean layer at the core–mantle boundary. The thickness of this ocean, if it exists, would be up to 40 km and its temperature would be around 180 K. It is unlikely that at these temperatures, such an ocean could support life. But assuming that hydrothermal vents exist in the interior, it is possible life could exist in small patches near the core. However, the internal structure of Oberon depends heavily on its thermal history, which is poorly known at present. Interesting Facts: Oberon is the second-darkest large moon of Uranus (after Umbriel), with a surface that appears to be generally red in color – except where fresh impact deposits have left neutral or slightly blue colors. In fact, Oberon is the reddest moon amongst its peers, with a trailing hemisphere that is significantly redder than its leading hemisphere. The reddening of the surfaces is often a result of space weathering caused by bombardment of the surface by charged particles and micrometeorites over many millions of years. However, the color asymmetry of Oberon is more likely caused by accretion of a reddish material spiraling in from outer parts of the Uranian system. Oberon’s surface is the most heavily cratered of all the Uranian moons, which would indicate that Oberon has the most ancient surface among them. Consistent with the planet’s name, these surface features are named after characters in Shakespearean plays. The largest known crater, Hamlet, measures 206 kilometers in diameter, while the Macbeth, Romeo, and Othello craters measure 203, 159, and 114 km respectively. Uranus and its five major moons. Credit: space.com Other prominent surface features are what is known as chasmata – steep-sided depressions that are comparable to rift valleys or escarpments here on Earth. The largest known chasmata on Oberon is the Mommur Chasma, which measures 537 km in diameter and takes its name from the enchanted forest in French folklore that was ruled by Oberon. As you can plainly see, there is much that remains unknown about this satellite. Much like its peers, how they came to be, and what secrets may lurk beneath their surfaces, is still open to speculation. One can only hope that future generations will choose to mount another Voyager-like expedition to the Outer Solar System for the sake of studying the Uranian satellites. For more information, check out Oberon and the moon Oberon . Astronomy Cast has an episode on Uranus . Reference:
Uranus
Which city will host the 2014 Commonwealth Games?
Top 10 Largest Planetary Moons in Our Solar System Home » For Amazing » Top 10 Largest Planetary Moons in Our Solar System Top 10 Largest Planetary Moons in Our Solar System Moon is the one and only natural satellite of our earth. But the rest of the planets of our solar system do have various moons. Some of them are extremely large while others are little. The moons revolve around their specific planets in the same way the planets revolve around the sun in their own orbits. This is how our solar system is formed, in combination of different planets, their moons and the gigantic sun. Here are the top 10 largest planetary moons in our solar system. 10. Titan, Saturn: Titan is also famous with the name of Saturn VI. This is one of the biggest moons of Saturn and is composed of liquid and rocks. Its estimated diameter is 5100 km. Titan is a discovery of Christian Huygens. 9. Ganymede, Jupiter: Gantmede is a natural planetary moon of Jupiter. Its approximate diameter is 5200 km. This planet is about two to four times bigger than the moon of earth. It was discovered in January, 1611. Most of its part is made of iron and liquids. 8. Oberon, Uranus: Oberon is a gigantic moon of Uranus. It is also known as Uranus IV and is the outermost moon of this planet. A British astronomer first discovered this moon in 17th century. It is heavy and made of rocks and ice. The most of Oberon’s parts is of ice this is why chances are there that there exists some life over there. 7. Triton, Neptune: Triton is an unusually big and large moon of Neptune. William Lassell first got to know about this moon’s existence in 1845. It structure and shape is unusual and revolves in its retrogrades’ orbit. This moon has an estimated diameter of 5400 km. It has most of frozen nitrogen and volcanic plains this is why remains warm from one side and extremely cold from the other side. 6. Rhea, Saturn: Rhea is known as Saturn V and is about 1600 km in diameter. This moon had been discovered by G. Cassini. It resembles to its sister moon Tethys and Diono. It has low water density and various craters on its surface. 5. Titania, Uranus: Titania is the biggest moon of Uranus. Its approximate diameter is 1700 km. its surface is icy clean and this moon is able to reflect infrared rays. The presence of carbon dioxide on its surface was pointed out in 2002’s discovery. 4. Europa, Jupiter: Jupiter II (formally known as Europa) is the tiniest moon of Galilean satellites. It was first discovered by Galileo in 1959. This moon has an approximate diameter of 3100 km and its surface is made of iron and silicon. The presence of water has also been predicted on this moon. 3. Moon, Earth: The moon is the one and only natural satellite of our earth. It has a low density and reflects the light of the sun. This is why, we see the moon shining in the skies during the night time. Its surface is rocky and solid and it has an estimated diameter of 3300 km. 2. Callisto, Jupiter: Callisto is considered to be the biggest moon of our solar system. Galileo discovered this moon in 1612. Its diameter is about 6500 km and has a giant surface area. Its surface is composed of rocks and water, thus chances are there that the life might be present in its waters. 1. Lo, Jupiter: Lo has 3400 km diameter and is named after its discoverer, Lo. This is the natural satellite of Jupiter. It has about 500 times highly dangerous volcanoes than what are present on the earth. 2014-06-12
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Which eleven letter word is used to describe the study of weather?
Weather Wiz Kids weather information for kids   Weather Words Advisory - A forecast issued by the National Weather Service to highlight conditions that require caution, but are not thought to be immediately life threatening. Air - The mixture of gases, which form the atmosphere of the Earth. Air Pollution – Chemicals or substances in the atmosphere that are directly or indirectly harmful to living things. Air Pressure - The weight of air pressing down on earth. Air pressure can change from place to place, and this causes air to move, flowing from areas of high pressure toward areas of low pressure. It’s the same as barometric pressure. Alberta Clipper - A fast-moving low pressure system that occurs during the winter and sweeps southeast from Alberta, Canada, across the northern Great Plains and Midwest of the United States. These storms usually bring a few inches of snow. Almanac - A calendar that uses astronomical information and weather data. Almanacs list tide data, give the positions of the stars and forecast weather each day. Alto - A prefix to cloud-type names for clouds generally found between 3000 and 7000 meters. Alto comes from the Latin word meaning "middle". Anemometer - A weather instrument that measures the wind speed. Anticyclone - A high-pressure system that moves in a clockwise motion. These bring you sunny skies. Arctic Air - An air mass that originates over Canada and brings us cold temperatures. Atmosphere - A layer of gases surrounding a planet. The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into five layers: exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere. Aurora Borealis - It’s often called the "northern lights". It occurs 50 to 100 miles above the earth, when energetic particles from a solar storm cause the gases in the upper atmosphere to glow. Auroras can last between a few minutes to several hours. It’s common across Alaska and northern Canada. Autumn - The season of the year that occurs after summer and before winter. Autumn officially begins in late September. Avalanche - A large body of snow, ice or rock and debris sliding down a mountain. Worldwide, about one million snow avalanches occur per year. Backing Wind - A wind that changes its direction in a counter clockwise motion. For example, a northwest wind changing to a west wind. Barometer - An instrument that measures air pressure. Barometric Pressure - It’s the same as air pressure. The pressure exerted by the atmosphere at a given point. Beaufort Wind Scale - A system of estimating and reporting wind speeds. It is based on the Beaufort Force or Number, which is composed of the wind speed, a descriptive term, and the visible effects upon land objects and/or sea surfaces. The scale was devised by Sir Francis Beaufort (1777-1857), hydrographer to the British Royal Navy. Bermuda High - It’s a weather system that often dominates the eastern United States during the summer. A semi-permanent subtropical high-pressure system over the North Atlantic Ocean brings in warm and humid air for many days or weeks at a time. It gets its name because it is sometimes centered near Bermuda. It contributes to U.S. heatwaves when it extends west into the Gulf of Mexico and across the Deep South. Blizzard - An intense winter storm with winds of 35 m.p.h. or higher with falling and/or blowing snow to reduce visibility below 1/4 mile for at least three hours. Blowing Snow Advisory - When wind driven snow reduces the surface visibility causing dangerous driving conditions. Blowing snow can be falling or snow that has already accumulated on the ground but is picked up and blown by strong winds. Breeze - A light wind. Ceiling - The height of the lowest layer of broken or overcast cloud layer. Cirro - A prefix to cloud-type names for clouds that are at high altitudes and composed of ice crystals. Cirrus Clouds - Thin, wispy clouds that form high in the atmosphere as their water vapor freezes into ice crystals. Cirrus clouds are a principle cloud type. Clear Sky - When the sky has no clouds. Climate - It describes the average weather conditions in a certain place or during a certain season. Weather may change from day to day, but climate changes only over hundreds or thousands of years. Many animals and plants need one kind of climate to survive. Dolphins and palm trees can live only in a warm climate, while polar bears and spruce trees need a cold climate. Clouds - A visible collection of tiny water droplets or, at colder temperatures, ice crystals floating in the air above the surface. Clouds come in many different sizes and shapes. Clouds can form at ground level, which is fog, at great heights in the atmosphere, and everywhere in between. Clouds offer important clues to understanding and forecasting the weather. Coastal Flooding - It’s when winds and/or tides cause a rise in the sea level that floods coastal areas. Coastal Flood Warning - Land areas along the coast are expected to become, or have become, inundated by sea water above the typical tide action. Coastal Flood Watch - The possibility exists for the inundation of land areas along the coast within the next 12 to 36 hours. Cold Front - A boundary between two air masses, one cold and the other warm, moving so that the colder air replaces the warmer air. Condensation - The change of water vapor to liquid water, as when fog or dew forms. Contrails - Long, narrow, ice-crystal clouds that form behind jet planes flying at high altitudes in below-freezing temperatures. They result from the condensation of water vapor remaining in jet exhaust. Convection - Motions in a fluid that transport and mix the properties of the fluid. These properties could be heat and/or moisture. When used to imply only upward vertical motion, it is then the opposite of subsidence. Coriolis Force - A force that deflects moving objects to one side because of the Earth’s rotation. The object is still going straight but the Earth moves underneath it, making it look like it is moving to one side. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis Force deflects objects to the right. Cumulonimbus - A dense and vertically developed cloud that produces thunderstorms. The cloud can bring heavy showers, hail, lightning, high winds and sometimes tornadoes. Cumulus Clouds - Fluffy, mid-level clouds that develop in towering shapes and signal fair weather. Cumulus clouds are a principle cloud type. Cyclone - A low pressure system. It is a term variously applied to tornadoes, waterspouts, dust storms, hurricanes and even to any strong wind. Dense Fog - Its fog that reduces horizontal visibility to 1/4 mile or less. Dense fog usually creates traveling problems and delays. Dense Fog Advisory - It’s issued when dense fog covers a widespread area and reduces visibility to ¼ of a mile or less. Dew - Water that forms on objects close to the ground when its temperature falls below the dew point of the surface air. Dew Point - The temperature at which water starts to condense out of a particular air mass. The dew point temperature changes only when the moisture content of the air changes. The higher the dew point, the greater the moisture content is in the air. Disturbance - A low pressure system, a tropical area of storminess, or any area in which the weather is in a state of cloudiness, precipitation or wind. Downburst - A strong downward rush of air, which produces a blast of damaging, winds on or close to the surface. Drifting Snow - An uneven amount of snowfall or existing snow on the ground caused by strong winds. Drifting snow can be very dangerous for drivers. Drizzle - Light rain consisting of water droplets that are very small. Drought - A period when a region has a lack of rainfall. Droughts can affect a fairly small area for a season or an entire continent for years. Too little rainfall can cause shortages in the water supply, destroy crops, and cause widespread hunger. Droughts also dry up soil, which then gets picked up by the wind and causes dust storms. Dry Line - A boundary that separates warm, dry air from warm, moist air. The differences in the two air masses may be significant. The dry line is usually a boundary where thunderstorms form. Dust Devil - Small whirlwinds of dust that form in dry areas like deserts. They may look like tornadoes, but dust devils are not formed by thunderstorms and do not drop from the sky. Dust devils are caused by swirling winds that rise with the warm air found over the ground. Earth - The third planet from the sun and is our home. Earthquake - The shaking or movement of a portion of the Earth's surface. El Niño - The unusual warming of the surface waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It causes changes in wind patterns that have major effects on weather all across the globe. Environment - The external conditions and surroundings, especially those that affect the quality of life of plants, animals and human beings. Equator - The imaginary great circle of 0 degrees latitude on the Earth's surface, separating the Northern Hemisphere from the Southern Hemisphere. Erosion - The wearing away of the Earth’s surface by the action of the sea, running water, moving ice, precipitation or wind. Evaporation - The process of changing a liquid (like water) to a vapor. It’s the opposite of condensation. Excessive Heat Warning - It’s issued within 12 hours of the onset of the heat conditions listed in the excessive heat watch. Excessive Heat Watch - It’s issued when the following conditions occur within 12-36 hours: a heat index of at least 105 degrees for more than 3 hours per day for 2 consecutive days or a heat index more than 115 degrees for any period of time. Flash Flood - Sudden flooding that occurs when floodwaters rise swiftly with no warning within several hours of an intense rain. They often occur after intense rainfall from slow moving thunderstorms. In narrow canyons and valleys, floodwaters flow faster than on flatter ground and can be quite destructive. Flash Flood Warning - It’s issued to alert the public, emergency management, and other cooperating agencies that flash flooding is in progress or is likely to happen. Flood - It results from days of heavy rain and/or melting snows, when rivers rise and go over their banks. Flood Plain - The lowland that borders a river, usually dry but subject to flooding when the river is high. Flood Stage - The level at which a stream, river or other body of water begins to or will begin to leave its banks. Fog - A cloud on the ground that reduces visibility. Freeze - It occurs when the temperature falls below 32 degrees over a large area for an extended period of time. Freeze Warning - It’s issued during the growing season when the temperature falls below 32 degrees over a large area for an extended period of time. A freeze can destroy crops. Freezing Rain - Rain that falls in liquid form but freezes upon impact to form a coating of glaze on the ground and on exposed objects. Front - A boundary between two different air masses, resulting in stormy weather. A front usually is a line of separation between warm and cold air masses. Frost - White ice crystals that form on a surface, like the ground or leaves of a plant. Frost is created when the air temperature drops below freezing and the water vapor in the air freezes into ice crystals. Frost Advisory - It’s issued during the growing season when a widespread frost is expected over an extensive area. Temperatures are usually in the mid 30’s. Frostbite - It happens when you have excessive exposure to extremely cold weather. It usually affects the toes, fingers, ears, and tip of the nose. Frostbite is rendered more dangerous because there is no sensation of pain, and the victim may not even know that they have been frostbitten. Fujita Scale - The scale that measures the strength of tornadoes based upon wind speed. F0: winds 40-72 m.p.h. - (Light damage) Branches broken off trees F1: winds 73-112 m.p.h. - (Moderate damage) Trees snapped and mobile home pushed off foundations F2: winds 113-157 m.p.h. - (Considerable damage) Mobile homes demolished and trees uprooted F3: winds 158-206 m.p.h. - (Severe damage) Trains overturned and cars lifted off the ground F4: winds 207-260 m.p.h. - (Devastating damage) Houses leveled and cars thrown some distance F5: winds 261-318 m.p.h. - (Incredible damage) Houses lifted and thrown some distance Funnel Cloud - A tornado that doesn’t reach the ground. It has a rotating cone-shaped column of air extending downward from the base of a cumulonimbus or thunderstorm cloud, but whose circulation does not make contact with the ground. Glacier - A large piece of ice that survives for many years, slowly carving out the face of earth. Glaze - A coating of ice, usually clear and smooth, formed on exposed objects by the freezing of rain, drizzle, or fog. Global Warming - The theory that increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are causing the Earth’s surface temperature to warm. Greenhouse Effect - The heating effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere acts like a greenhouse because sunlight freely passes through it and warms the surface, but the Earth's re-radiated heat is slowed in its escape from the planet back into space. Ground Clutter - A pattern of radar echoes from stationary objects like buildings near the radar site. Ground clutter can hide or confuse precipitation echoes near the radar antenna. Ground Fog - A shallow layer of fog on the ground that reduces visibility more in the horizontal than in the vertical. Gulf Stream - A warm swift current in the Atlantic Ocean that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the eastern coast of the United States and then northeast toward Europe. Gustnado - It’s just a gust front tornado. It’s a small and weak tornado that occurs along the gust front of a thunderstorm and doesn’t stay on the ground for long periods of time. Hail - A mixture of liquid and frozen precipitation. Hailstones are composed of layers of ice and can become quite large when strong gusts of upward-moving air keep them inside the cloud. As they move around inside the cloud they collide with raindrops, adding layers and growing before they fall to earth. Hard Freeze - A freeze when the air temperature is 26 degrees or colder for at least four consecutive hours. It usually means that seasonal vegetation will be destroyed. Haze - Tiny particles of dust, smoke, salt or pollution droplets that are scattered through the air. The particles are too small to be seen or felt individually, but they diminish visibility. Heat Advisory - It’s issued within 12 hours of the onset of the following conditions: a heat index of at least 105 degrees but less than 115 degrees for less than 3 hours per day or if nighttime lows remain above 80 degrees for 2 consecutive days. Heat Index - It’s the ‘feel like’ temperature on a hot day. The heat index is a number that expresses the warming effect of humidity at different temperatures. Only air temperature and relative humidity are used in the calculation of heat index. Heat Lightning - There is no such thing as heat lightning. Heat lightning is just ordinary lightning, except that it is too far away for its thunder to be heard or the cloud producing it to be seen. Heavy Snow Warning - It’s issued when a snowfall totaling 6 inches or more in 12 hours or less is expected. Also, it’s issued when there is 8 inches or more of snow in 24 hours or less. High Pressure System - A whirling mass of cool, dry air that generally brings fair weather and light winds. When viewed from above, winds spiral out of a high-pressure center in a clockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere. These bring sunny skies. High Wind Warning - It’s issued when winds of 40 mph or greater are occurring or expected to occur for at least one hour. It also occurs if winds of 58 mph or greater are expected. High Wind Watch - It’s issued when conditions are favorable of the development of high winds. Humidity - The amount of water vapor in the air. Hurricane - They are intense storms with swirling winds up to 150 miles per hour. Usually around 300 miles across, hurricanes are 1,000-5,000 times larger than tornadoes. Hurricanes are known by different names around the world. In Japan they are Typhoons, while Australians call them Willy-Willys. Hurricane Season - A six-month period from June 1 to Nov. 30, when conditions are favorable for hurricane development. Hygrometer - An instrument that measures the water vapor content of air or the humidity. Ice - A water substance in the solid phase. Ice Storms - They occur when temperatures below a raining cloud are very cold, causing the raindrops to become supercooled (less than 32 degrees Fahrenheit). Freezing rain covers streets, houses, and trees with heavy layers of ice, causing concern for dangerous driving, and damage from the weight of the ice. Ice Storm Warning - It’s issued when damaging accumulations of ice are expected during a freezing rain event. Indian Summer - A warm, tranquil spell of weather in the autumn, especially after a period of cold weather. The term is used most often in the Midwest and New England. Inversion - A layer in the atmosphere where the temperature increases with height. Isobar - A line connecting equal points of pressure. Jet Stream - A strong high level wind found in the atmosphere that can reach speeds in excess of 200 mph, usually occurring 6 to 9 miles above the ground. These winds often steer the movement of surface air masses and weather systems. La Niña - A widespread cooling of the surface waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It’s the opposite of El Niño. Lake Effect Snow - Localized snow that forms on the downwind side of large lakes. It’s common in the late fall and winter in the Great Lakes region when cold, dry air picks up moisture from the unfrozen lake surfaces. Latitude - The position of the Earth’s surface north or south of the equator. Leeward Side - The side of an object that is facing away from the direction that the wind is blowing. Lightning - An enormous and very hot spark of electricity produced by thunderstorms. The lightning bolt itself can heat the air through which it travels to 54,000° F. Longitude - The position of the Earth’s surface east or west of the Greenwich meridian. Low Pressure System - A whirling mass of warm, moist air that generally brings stormy weather with strong winds. When viewed from above, winds spiral into a low-pressure center in a counterclockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere. Macroburst - A large downdraft of air with an outflow diameter of 2.5 miles or greater and damaging winds lasting from 5 to 20 minutes. This may reach tornado intensity. Microburst - A small downdraft of air with an outflow diameter of less than 2.5 miles with the peak winds lasting from 2 to 5 minutes. This can effect a planes performance. Meridional Flow - It’s when the winds in the upper levels of the atmosphere blow from a North to South component which usually creates a buckling effect in the jet stream. Meteor - It’s a shooting star. The brief streak of light as an object from space plunges into the Earth's atmosphere. Meteor Shower - An event when hundreds of meteors or shooting stars appear in the sky at a specific time. Meteorite - It's a meteor that reaches the Earth's surface. Meteorologist - A scientist who studies and predicts the weather. Meteorologists use sophisticated equipment, like Doppler radar and supercomputers, but they also rely on old-fashioned sky watching. Meteorology - The study of the atmosphere and all its phenomena, including weather and how to forecast it. Mist - Water droplets so small that they are floating in the air. Because mist droplets do not fall, mist is a type of fog. Monsoon - A seasonal wind, found especially in Asia that reverses direction between summer and winter and often brings heavy rains. Muggy - The description of warm and humid air. National Hurricane Center - They issue watches, warnings, forecasts, and analyses of hazardous tropical weather. National Weather Service - The federal agency that provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States. Nexrad - It’s the "NEXt generation weather RADar", a nationwide network of 120 Doppler radars being used by National Weather Service meteorologists to detect precipitation, to measure atmospheric motions and to issue warnings of severe weather. Nimbus - The Latin word for "rain" used to describe a cloud or group of clouds from which rain is falling. Nor'easter - A powerful low-pressure system that moves north along the Atlantic Coast. It’s called a Nor’easter because the coastal winds are from the northeast. Heavy rain, snow and high surf often occur. Occluded Front - A combination of two fronts that form when a cold front catches up and overtakes a warm front. Overcast - When a widespread layer of clouds covers all of the sky. There may be thin or bright spots in the cloud layer, but no openings. Overrunning - A condition that happens when an air mass moves up and over a denser air mass on the surface. This creates low clouds, fog and steady, light precipitation. Ozone - A form of oxygen that has a weak chlorine odor. Ozone heats the upper atmosphere by absorbing ultraviolet from sunlight. In the troposphere, ozone is a pollutant, but in the stratosphere it filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation. Precipitation - General name for water in any form falling from clouds. This includes rain, drizzle, hail, snow and sleet. Although, dew, frost and fog are not considered to be precipitation. Radar - An electronic instrument, which determines the direction and distance of objects that, reflect radio energy back to the radar site. This is what meteorologists use to see rain or snow. Rain - Liquid precipitation in the form of water drops that falls from clouds for several hours. Rainbow - They are one of the most common but most spectacular sky displays. Rainbows are caused by the reflection and refraction (bending) of sunlight passing through raindrops. In heavy rains a double rainbow can often be seen. The sequence of a rainbows color is red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Rain Gauge - An instrument used to measure the amount of rain that has fallen. Measurement is done in hundredths of inches (0.01"). Relative Humidity - The ratio of water vapor contained in the air compared to the maximum amount of moisture that the air can hold at that specific temperature and pressure. Ridge - It’s an elongated area of high pressure. Saffir-Simpson Scale - A hurricane intensity scale that relates hurricane damage to wind speeds and central air pressures. Category 1: wind speeds 74-95 m.p.h. Category 2: wind speeds 96-110 m.p.h. Category 3: wind speeds 111-130 m.p.h. Category 4: wind speeds 131-155 m.p.h. Category 5: wind speeds over 155 m.p.h. Sandstorm - A strong wind which carries sand through the air. Usually occurs in desert regions, often among sand dunes. Seasons - The earth's position in relation to the sun is always changing. The earth spins around its axis, an imaginary line that runs between the north and south poles. One complete spin takes 24 hours, and at any moment, half of the earth is lit and warm (day), while the other half faces away from the sun (night). While it spins the earth also moves around the sun in a circle, called an orbit, and the orbit takes one year to complete. As the earth moves and spins it is tilted in one direction at an angle of 23 degrees. It stays tilted all the time as it orbits the sun, so that each area of earth receives different amounts of the sun's energy at different times of the year. This is why we have seasons. Sea Breeze - An daytime coastal breeze that blows onshore, from the sea to the land. It is caused by the temperature difference when the surface of the land is warmer than the adjacent body of water. Predominate during the day, it reaches its maximum early to mid afternoon. It blows in the opposite direction of a land breeze. Severe Thunderstorm - A thunderstorm with winds of 58 mph or greater and/or with hail ¾ inch in diameter or larger. Severe Thunderstorm Warning - It’s issued to warn the public, emergency management, and other cooperating agencies when a severe thunderstorm is forecast to occur or is occurring. The warning will include where the storm was occurring, its direction of movement and the primary threat from the storm. Severe Thunderstorm Watch - It’s issued when conditions are favorable for the development of severe thunderstorms. Severe Weather - Its any kind of destructive or life-threatening weather event. Thunderstorms that can be destructive, while tornadoes, high winds, hail, excessive rainfall and lightning can be life threatening. Showers - It’s just rain falling from the sky causing puddles to form on the ground. Shear - It’s just a variation in the wind speed and/or direction over a short distance. Shortwave - It’s basically a trough. It’s an elongated area of low pressure. These can form stormy weather. Sleet - Solid precipitation in the form of ice pellets form when raindrops, originating in warmer air aloft, freeze as they fall through subfreezing air near the surface of the Earth. Sleet Warning - It’s issued when accumulations of sleet in excess of a half inch are expected. This is very rare. Slush - It’s snow or ice on the ground that has been reduced to a soft, watery mixture by rain or warm temperatures. Small Craft Advisory - A small craft advisory is a type of warning issued by the National Weather Service, most frequently in coastal areas. It is issued when winds have reached, or are expected to reach within 12 hours, a speed marginally less than that which is considered gale force, usually 25-38 mph. Smog - It’s visible air pollution in urban areas. It looks like dirty fog in large cities. Snow - Precipitation that is composed of white ice crystals that fall from clouds. Snow may stick together to form snowflakes, which have a hexagonal or six-sided shape. Snow Accumulation - The actual depth of snow on the ground at any instant. This occurs during or after a snowstorm storm. Snow Advisory - It’s issued when a snowfall is expected to exceed 2 inches but no more than 5 inches. Snow Flurries - Brief occurrences of very light snow, which produce little or no accumulation. Snow Showers - Brief occurrences of light to moderate snow, which could produce some snowfall accumulations. Snowflakes - Packets of falling snow formed when at least a few ice crystals are matted together. The largest snowflakes tend to occur when temperatures are near freezing. Snowflakes have a hexagonal or six-sided shape. Spring - The season between winter and summer. Spring officially begins in late March and lasts until late June. Sprinkle - A very light shower of rain just barely wetting the ground. Squall Line - A line of thunderstorms sometimes several hundred miles long that can produce strong thunderstorms and sometimes severe weather. Stable Air - Air that is colder than its surroundings and is resistant to upward movement. Stationary Front - A boundary between two air masses that more or less doesn’t move, but some stationary fronts can wobble back and forth for several hundred miles a day. Storm - Any disturbed state of the atmosphere that creates unpleasant weather like rain, lightning, thunder, hail, snow, sleet, and freezing rain. Stratus Clouds - Low-lying, gray and sheetlike clouds that often produce drizzle. Stratus clouds are a principle cloud type. Strato - A prefix to cloud-type names for clouds generally found low in the atmosphere. Sublimation - The process of a solid (ice) changing directly into a gas (water vapor), or water vapor changing directly into ice, at the same temperature, without ever going through the liquid state (water). Summer - The warmest season of the year. Summer officially begins in late June and last until late September. Sun - It’s responsible for most of the earth's weather, even though it is 93 million miles away. The Sun’s intense heat gives energy to the earth's atmosphere and sets it in motion. The Sun is a star, 868,000 miles across, in the center of our solar system. Sunrise - The time the sun appears above the horizon. Sunset - The time the sun disappears below the horizon. Supercell - A severe thunderstorm whose updrafts and downdrafts are in near balance for several hours. Supercells often produce large hail and tornadoes. Temperature - The measurement of how hot or cold something is. Thermometer - The instrument that measures temperature. Thunder - The explosive sound of air expanding as it is heated by lightning. Thunderstorm - A storm produced by a cumulonimbus cloud and always has lightning and thunder. Rain, hail and high winds may or may not occur. Tide - The regular rise and fall of the Earth's oceans caused by the actions of the moon's and sun's gravitation acting on the rotating Earth. Tidal Range - The difference in water level between high tide and low tide at a given place. Tidal Wave - A destructive and high rise of water along a seashore. Tidal waves are caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanoes or landslides, and have nothing to do with tides. Tornado - It begins as a funnel cloud with spinning columns of air that drop down from a severe thunderstorm. When they reach the ground they become tornadoes. Tornadoes are between 300 and 2,000 feet wide and travel at speeds of 20 to 45 miles per hour. They usually only last a few minutes, but their spinning winds, up to 300 miles per hour, can lift houses into the air and rip trees from the ground. Tornado Warning - It’s issued to warn the public, emergency management, and other cooperating agencies when a tornado is forecast to occur or is occurring. The warning will include where the storm was occurring and where it’s expected to travel. Tornado Watch - It’s issued when conditions are favorable for the development of tornadoes. Tornado Alley - The portion of the United States where tornadoes occur most frequently. Tornado alley is between the Plains area from the Rocky Mountains on the west to the Appalachian Mountains on the east. Trade Winds - Winds which blow from tropical high pressure belts toward the equatorial region of low pressure. In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds blow from the northeast. Transpiration - The process by which water in plants is transferred as water vapor to the atmosphere. Tropical Storm - It’s a low-pressure disturbance that forms over warm tropical ocean waters. In the United States, a tropical storm has winds between 39-73 m.p.h. Tropical Depression - It’s a low-pressure disturbance that forms over warm tropical ocean waters and produces winds of 38 m.p.h. or less. Troposphere - It’s the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor and aerosols. Day to day weather occurs in the troposphere. Trough - It’s an elongated area of low pressure. Tsunami - A Japanese term for an unusually large ocean wave caused by undersea earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption. Only a few inches high in the open ocean, tsunamis steepen and rise in shallow water and can reach heights of 200 feet. Typhoon - A hurricane in the western Pacific Ocean. Unstable Air - Air that is warmer than its surroundings and tends to rise, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation. Veering Wind - A wind that changes its direction in a clockwise motion. For example, a west wind changing to a northwest wind. Virga - Rain or snow that falls from a cloud but evaporates before it reaches the ground. Visibility - The greatest distance that is possible for a person to see with their eyes. When fog occurs, a persons visibility is lowered. Volcano - It’s any place where lave, ash or volcanic gases escape to the surface. Volcanoes come in all kinds of shapes and sizes. Wall Cloud - It’s an area of clouds that extends underneath a thunderstorm. If a wall cloud rotates, it might form a tornado. Warm Front - The boundary between two air masses, one cool and the other warm, moving so that the warmer air replaces the cooler air. Warning - A forecast issued by the National Weather Service indicating that a specific weather event is actually occurring. Watch - A forecast issued by the National Weather Service indicating that conditions are favorable for a particular weather hazard. Water Vapor - It’s a gas in the atmosphere. There is very little of it in the air. Water vapor is only 1 to 4% of the atmosphere, but without it we would have no clouds, rain, or snow. Water vapor is one of the greenhouse gases, which help to trap the earth's heat. Waterspout - A tornado occurring over water. Weather - It describes the condition of the air at a particular time and place. Weather also tells how the air moves (wind) and describes anything it might be carrying such as rain, snow or clouds. Thunder, lightning, rainbows, haze and other special events are all part of weather. Whiteout - It results from extreme blizzard conditions in which blowing snow or falling snow reduces visibility so that the sky, air, and ground becomes indistinguishable. Everything appears white and can be extremely dangerous for drivers. Wind - The movement of air relative to the surface of the earth. It’s considered to be severe if 58 m.p.h. or greater. Hurricane winds are 74 m.p.h or greater and the highest tornado winds are about 318 m.p.h. Wind Advisory - An advisory from the National Weather Service when the winds are between 29-38 m.p.h. lasting more than one hour, or when wind gusts are between 44-57 m.p.h. Wind Chill - It’s the ‘feel like’ temperature on a cold day when you factor in the winds. Wind Chill Factor - It’s a number that expresses the cooling effect of moving air at different temperatures. Only air temperature and wind speed is used in the calculation of wind chill temperatures. A wind chill temperature of 30 degrees below zero or colder on exposed skin can cause frostbite in a very short period of time. Wind Chill Advisory - It’s issued when winds of 10 m.p.h. or greater are expected to create wind chill factors of 30 degrees below zero or more. Windward Side - The side of an object that is facing into the direction that the wind is coming from. Winter - The coldest season of the year. Winter officially begins in late December to late March. Winter Storm Warning - It’s issued when hazardous winter weather is occurring or is likely over a specific area. Hazardous winter weather includes heavy snows, blizzards, ice storms, freezing rain, freezing drizzle and sleet. Winter Weather Advisory - It’s issued for winter weather situations that could lead into hazardous conditions. Zonal Flow - It’s when the winds in the upper levels of the atmosphere blow from coast to coast with little or no deviation. In other words, the jest stream creates a straight line.  
Meteorology
In which northern British city can you find Waverley Railway Station?
Weather Words Weather Words ablation: The loss of snow cover from any snow or ice surface by melting, evaporation, or calving. abrupt climate change: Climate change occurring so rapidly that human and natural systems have difficulty adapting. absolute humidity: The actual weight of water vapor within a unit of volume of air. absolute zero: The lowest temperature possible; -273.15 Celsius and -459.67 Fahrenheit. acclimation: The process by which an organism adapts to climate changes in the environment. acid rain: Sulfuric acid in raindrops due to atmospheric pollution from sulfur dioxide. advisory: A forecast issued by the National Weather Service regarding weather conditions that might require caution. air: The mixture of gases that forms the atmosphere of the Earth. air pollution: Substances in the atmosphere that directly or indirectly causes harm to living things and property. air pressure: Air has weight. Air pressure is the weight of the air, or atmosphere, pushing down on Earth. The closer you are to sea level, the higher the air pressure because there’s that much air above you. The higher you are, there is less air pressure. Barometers measure air pressure. almanac: A calendar with astronomical and weather data. altitude: Height expressed above sea level or ground level. aridity: The level at which a climate does not receive enough life-promoting moisture. atmosphere: The gaseous fluid surrounding a planet. aurora: A luminous phenomenon seen in the night sky, caused by the interaction of solar wind and Earth’s magnetic field. Aurora Australis: The aurora, or southern lights, of the Southern Hemisphere. Aurora Borealis: The aurora, or northern lights, of the Northern Hemisphere. autumn: Season of the year marking the transition from summer to winter. average: arithmetical mean. barometer: An instrument that measure air pressure. barometric pressure: Air pressure. black ice: Invisible ice. blizzard : A major snowstorm with strong winds of 35 miles per hour or more. The most notorious blizzard was the “Great White Hurricane” that paralyized the East Coast of the United States in 1888. (See also Major Storms timeline. ) blustery: Strong winds generally 20 miles per hour or more. breeze: A light wind ranging from 4 to 31 miles per hour. brisk: Weather that feels invigorating. A-B | C-G | H-S | T-Z calm The absence of any motion of the air. Celsius: Zero degrees is the melting point of ice (32 degrees Fahrenheit), while its 100-degrees is the boiling point of water (212 degrees Fahrenheit). The Celsius scale replaced the Centigrade scale in 1948. Centigrade: This scale is now known as the Celsius scale.. chill: A moderate, but penetrating coldness. chilly: A sensation of coldness severe enough to cause shivering. clear: A sky without any visible clouds. cloud : Little drops of water hanging in the atmosphere. Clouds come in a variety of shapes. The major types of clouds are cirrus (thin, feathery), cirrocumulus (small patches of white), cirrostratus (thin, white sheets), stratus (a low, gray blanket), cumulous (flat-bottomed, white, putty), and cumulonimbus (mountains of dark, heavy clouds). (See also What Kind of Cloudy Is It? ) condensation: The change of water vapor to liquid. deluge: Extremely heavy rainfall that results in flooding. depression: A low pressure area in the atmosphere. desertification: The formation or increase of desert like conditions in a region. drought : A long period of no rainfall in a region. Droughts can destroy crops, dry up water supplies, and sometimes lead to widespread hunger or famine. The lack of moisture in the soil can also cause dust storms. (See also Droughts and Heat Waves .) dry: very little precipitation or moisture, as in a dry-climate. Fahrenheit: A temperature scale in which the melting of ice is at 32 degrees (0 degrees Celsius), and water boils at 212 degrees (100 degrees Celsius). flood: a great flowing or overflowing of water, esp. over land not usually submerged. freeze: A condition that exists when the air temperature remains consistently below 0 degrees C (32 degrees F). Global warming : The theory that the Earth's temperature is growing warmer. In the future, global warming is expected to have damaging consequences to human life and the Earth's ecosystems. Many climatologists believe that increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gasses” in the atmosphere are the cause of global warming. Green house effect: an atmospheric heating phenomenon, caused by short-wave solar radiation being readily transmitted inward through the earth's atmosphere but longer-wavelength heat radiation less readily transmitted outward, owing to its absorption by atmospheric carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and other gases; thus, the rising level of carbon dioxide is viewed with concern. A-B | C-G | H-S | T-Z hail : Pellets of ice and snow created within clouds, that then fall to Earth. Hailstones can sometimes be quite large and can cause significant damage. The largest hailstone ever recorded in the U.S. was found in Aurora, Neb., on June 22, 2003. It measured 7 in. in diameter and 18.7 in. in circumference. The costliest U.S. hailstorm took place on July 11, 1990, in Denver, Colorado. The total damage was $625 million. humidity : The amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity is the amount of water in the air compared to the amount of water the air can hold at that temperature. When the relative humidity reaches 100%, the air has reached its dew point. Once the air reaches this point, the water vapor turns back into water in the form of rain, snow, clouds or fog. Hurricane : Major storms with strong winds ranging from 40 m.p.h. to 150 m.p.h. Violent storms occurring in the region of the Atlantic Ocean are known as hurricanes. When they appear in the Pacific they are called typhoons. (See also Hurricane Season. ) ice: The solid phase of water. The volume of ice is about 10 percent greater than when the ice melts into liquid form. jet stream: Occurring about 6 to 9 miles above the ground, the jet stream is a belt of very strong winds. lightning : Flashes of electrical discharges moving through the atmosphere during thunderstorms . There are different types of lightning: forked lightning (a jagged streak), sheet or streak lighting (a broad flash across the sky), and very rarely as a ball lightning (an illuminated ball). (See also Lightning Advice. ) Meteorologist: A person professionally employed in the study or practice of meteorology. Meteorology: The study of the atmosphere and all its phenomenon. muggy: Calm air that is warm and extremely humid. overcast: The sky covered by layers of clouds with no openings. precipitation : Condensed moisture that falls to the earth as rain, sleet, snow, frost, or dew. rain: liquid precipitation in the form of water droplets. rainbow : The refraction (bending) of sunlight passing through raindrops or fog sometimes causes a beautiful arc of colors to appear in the sky for a brief period. The sun, the arc, and the person observing it must be aligned just so in order for the rainbow to be visible. sleet : A mixture of falling rain and snow, or rain and ice pellets. snow : When clouds become too heavy with humidity, water falls from them. In colder clouds, this water forms ice crystals that fall from the sky as snow. spring: The season of the year marking the transition from winter to summer. sultry: Oppressive weather characterized by calm air that is high in temperature and humidity. summer: The season of the year marking the transition from spring to autumn. sun: The closest star to the Earth (93 million miles). A-B | C-G | H-S | T-Z thermometer: An instrument that measures temperature. thunder : The loud noise that follows lightning during a thunderstorm . You can estimate how many miles away a storm is by counting the number of seconds between the flash of lightning and the clap of thunder. Divide the number of seconds by five to get the distance in miles. The lightning is seen before the thunder is heard because light travels faster than sound. tornado : A tornado is a dark funnel-shaped cloud made up of violently rotating winds that can reach speeds of up to 300 m.p.h. The diameter of a tornado can vary between a few feet and a mile, and its track can extend from less than a mile to several hundred miles. (See also Tornadoes. ) tsunami: Sea waves caused by earthquakes, submerged volcanic eruptions, or other under-sea disturbances. typhoon : A hurricane taking place in the Pacific Ocean. water cycle: The process of water changing from one state to another and its movement from one place to another. For example, when it rains, water drops fall to Earth. This water evaporates from the surface of Earth and enters the atmosphere as water vapor. The water vapor then condenses into droplets that form clouds. wind chill : The wind chill temperature indicates how cold people feel when outside. As the wind increases, it draws heat from the body, driving down skin temperature and eventually the internal body temperature. The wind therefore makes it feel much colder. If, for example, the temperature is 0°F and the wind is blowing at 15 mph, the wind chill is –19°F. At this wind chill temperature, exposed skin can freeze in 30 minutes. (See also Revised Wind Chill Factor. ) winter: The season of the year marking the transition from Autumn to Spring.
i don't know
What was the famous name of English singer Terence Edward Parsons? Born in 1930, he once represented the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest.
- Matt Monro - The singers singer - Biography A singer once said "his pitch was right on the nose: his word enunciations letter perfect: his understanding of a song thorough. He will be missed very much not only by myself, but by his fans all over the world". The singer was the legendary Frank Sinatra. The man he spoke about: the irreplaceable Matt Monro High praise indeed then for a boy whose early years knew him under such auspicious names as Terry Fitzgerald, Al Jordan, Fred Flange and his true birth name Terence Edward Parsons. Born on 1st December 1930 in Shoreditch, London, he was the youngest in a family of five. He left school at the age of fourteen and landed his first job as "offal boy" with the Imperial Tobacco Company. Thus followed a string of such jobs. At the tender age of seventeen and a half, he volunteered for the army for twelve years. After two years he volunteered for overseas duty and was posted to Hong Kong. He entered a series of popular talent shows and won seven times. The winner got a half-hour programme on Redifusion, which was Hong Kong's local commercial radio station. He was considered good enough to be booked as a resident guest on the radio station and eventually Redifusion gave him his own programme, "Terry Parson's Sings". After being demobilised in 1953, Terence returned to Britain. To make ends meet he joined London Transport as a bus driver. He became friendly with a couple of musicians and talked them into going to a studio with him. This was the first disc Terry Parsons recorded. It was made in a Glasgow sound studio and entitled "Polka Dots and Moonbeams". While working on a Number 27 bus during the day - he sought to establish himself as a band singer at night. He sang first as Terry Fitzgerald and then as Al Jordan. His biggest break over that period was with the popular Harry Leader Band. Meanwhile copies of his Glasgow disc were sent throughout the music business and came to the attention of Winifred Atwell. She was so impressed that she arranged an introduction to Decca Records and an audition followed. They took the practically unheard of step of launching a new singer with an LP and a recording contract. It was called "Blue and Sentimental". Decca decided he needed a new name. Matt Monro was born. Following on from the contract with Decca, there followed a series of Radio Luxembourg broadcasts with Winifred Atwell and Cyril Stapleton signed Matt for the Show Band Show series. He was asked to record a T.V jingle for a soap firm. This was just the start of what were to feature heavily in Matt's life. During a twelve year span Matt recorded over 40 commercials for notable companies. It was a demonstration disc that eventually turned the tide. Record producer George Martin wanted Matt to record a take-off of Sinatra for one of the tracks on the second Peter Sellers album he was working on. Sellers, himself a master of impersonation admitted that he could never approach Sinatra's style so accurately and suggested they use Matt's version. It became the opening track for the new album "Songs for Swingin Sellers". Matt's version of the track "You Keep Me Swingin", was used on the LP under the name Fred Flange. A lot of interest was stirred up over the mysterious singer and eventually the secret leaked out. Matt was in demand. He was booked for cabaret all over England which led to television and radio dates plus a trip to the U.S.A. Everyone associated with the recording was impressed, especially George Martin, who asked if Matt would record under his own name. He gave Matt a Parlophone contract and became his recording manager. Matt's first disc was the little known "Love Walked In" coupled with "I'll Know Her", but the whole picture changed when he made his second recording, the unforgettable "Portrait of My Love", it reached number three in the charts and stayed there for months Next followed "My Kind of Girl", a hit on both sides of the Atlantic, followed by Matt's first Parlophone LP "Love is the Same Anywhere". In June 1961, Redifusion gave Matt his own television series. The hit records continued "Gonna Build a Mountain", "Softly As I Leave You", "When Love Comes Along", "My Love and Devotion". All helped to cement the ever-growing popularity of someone who was being hailed as "Britain's No 1 male singer". Another British phenomenon of the early 60's was the James Bond movie and Matt's voice was to feature on the soundtrack of "From Russia With Love", the second Bond film. Matt was elected by the B.B.C. for the Eurovision Song Contest, with the entry "I Love The Little Things" vying against the Austrian entry "Warum Nur Warum". Matt's song came second and "Warum Nur Warum" was unplaced. Matt thought the Austrian entry very powerful and wanted an English lyric for it. "Walk Away" was born quickly followed by the highly successful "Born Free". Matt's popularity became assured not only in Britain, but also in United States of America. "My Kind Of Girl" had just entered the US charts. Matt became a constant traveller appearing in cabaret and concerts worldwide. Matt enjoyed his tenure in the U.S. Special highlights included appearances in some of the biggest stateside cities in America. The Roundtable and Persian Room in New York. The Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans, the Fairmont Hotel and the Louise Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco. Harold's in Reno, Harvey's in Lake Tahoe, Century Plaza Hotel and The Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. Ilakai Hotel in Honolulu, The Resorts International Hotel in Atlantic City. Gigs in Las Vegas at the Freemont Hotel, the Tropicana, the Sands and on one of these occasions, accompanied by the Woody Herman Band and an unforgettable time when he worked with Jack Benny at the Sahara. His television appearances in America read like a who's who including Johnny Carson, Merv Griffin, Red Skelton, Pat Boone, Gypsy Rose Lee, Nelson Riddle, Liberace, Dick Cavett, and Ed Sullivan a staggering four times. His world-wide audience was simply phenomenal and he had an enormous following in South America and delighted his fans with whole albums in Spanish. It was an album in this foreign tongue that actually produced his first Platinum disc. Matt's rise to fame coincided with the Beatles era and although their styles were very different he had great success with several Lennon/McCartney songs. Matt became the first artist to cover "Yesterday", and took the song to No. 8. There came numerous cabaret appearances in Britain including a record-breaking 10 sell out seasons at London's Talk of the Town. He was constantly victorious in popularity polls as Britain's No. 1 Male Vocalist, but his biggest highs came from working with such illustrious names as Quincy Jones, Nelson Riddle, Billy May, Ted Heath, Mantovani, Michel LeGrand, Robert Farnon, Henry Mancini and the London Philamonic Orchestra. Matt's last hit single came in 1973, when "And You Smiled" made the Top 30. Although Matt was a stranger to the charts in later years, the "Heartbreakers" compilation in 1980 proved that the Monro magic still worked. The album went gold within a few days. One of his last performances was at the Barbican, London, a sell out night and one that was highly praised by critics and public alike. With a standing ovation of over seven minutes, Matt was overcome with emotion. In 1984 Matt became ill and died shortly after at the age of 54. It was a tragic loss to the music business. Thankfully he has left us with a wealth of beautiful recordings. Copyright 2005 - Michele Monro
Matt Monro
Who was the captain of the English Cricket Team during the controversial Bodyline series of 1932 and 1933?
The Singer's Singer: The Life and Music of Matt Monro: Amazon.co.uk: Michele Monro: 9781848566187: Books Matt Monro: The Singer's Singer: The Life and Music of Matt Monro Matt Monro: The Singer's Singer : The Life and Music of Matt Monro- Special Reserve The Singers Singer - The Life and Music of Matt Monro I love the book. It has the perfect cover, with a large and handsome photo of Matt Monro with his name and title below. It cannot fail to attract the buyer's eye. This exceptionally researched true story holds the reader spellbound all along the way wanting to know more. Matt Monro's life story is fascinating, from a childhood of poverty in the East End of London, all the way along his journey to super stardom, conquering many countries of the world. The long awaited story of Britain's best ever singer. The detailed research in the book is exceptional, and the many quotes and anecdotes from people who he worked with, loved and laughed with, add another dimension to the man, that distinguishes this book from the usual biography. The many photographs throughout the book add to the story greatly, as they show pictures relevant to the story and are there on every few pages to illustrate his life's journey. Read more ›
i don't know
Which shade of brownish purple takes its name from the Spanish for flea?
Puke « The Word Detective Puke The Immortal Barf? Dear Word Detective: What does the word “puke” mean in the following sentence: “Wilt thou rob this leathern jerkin, crystal-button, not-pated, agate-ring, puke-stocking, caddis-garter, smooth-tongue, Spanish pouch…”? — George. Hmm. For some reason, I have the odd feeling I’ve wandered into an episode of Jeopardy. Well, OK, what is King Henry the Fourth, Part One, by William Shakespeare? I’d like to expound on that answer, but I must admit that the play in question is not my strong suit. I can, however, recite large chunks of both Hamlet and Macbeth from memory should the need arise further down the page. In any case, our boy Willie certainly had a way with words, and that passage, although probably perfectly intelligible to his contemporaries, presents us with a smorgasbord of mysterious terms. “Leathern jerkin” is fairly simple, meaning a tunic or short jacket made of leather. “Crystal button” and “agate ring” are easily understood indications of wealth and refinement. “Not-pated” is genuinely odd to our ears, since “pate” generally refers to the human head, and Shakespeare cannot have meant that the person under discussion was headless. As it happens, however, the now-obsolete English dialect term “not” (more commonly spelled “nott”) meant “short-haired” or, as is more likely in this case, “bald.” The reference to “caddis-garter” means the man’s stockings were secured with garters made of caddis ribbon, “caddis” being a type of wool cloth. The phrase “puke-stocking” does give one pause. Read with our modern understanding of “puke,” it would seem to imply the unfortunate aftermath of either excess drinking or food poisoning. But there is, fortunately, an entirely different sort of “puke” involved in this passage. In 1598, when Shakespeare wrote his play, “puke” was a very fine grade of woolen cloth, often used to make stockings as well as other garments. This kind of “puke” first appeared in English in the mid-15th century, derived from the Middle Dutch word “puuc,” meaning “the best grade of cloth.” Interestingly, “puke” cloth was, in Shakespeare’s day, usually dyed deep bluish-black or dark brown, leading to the term “puke color.” This “puke,” however, is unrelated to the brownish-purple color we know today as “puce,” which takes its name from the French word for “flea.” Apparently if one looks very, very closely at fleas (I’ll pass, thanks), they are purple-brown in color. Incidentally, our modern “puke” meaning “vomit” is almost as old as the fabric sort of “puke,” first appearing as a verb around 1600. It is thought to be “imitative” in origin, evocative of the sound itself, though it may also have been borrowed from the Dutch “spugen,” meaning “to spit.”
Puce
In which English city did entertainer Jimmy Saville sadly pass away recently?
color | ferrebeekeeper | Page 4 December 11, 2013 in China , Color , History , Poison | Tags: bowl , celadon , China , color , glaze , Green , lovely , magic , myth , pale , perfect , Porcelain | by Wayne | 7 comments Song Dynasty celadon vase (circa 1100 AD) Celadon is a lovely muted shade of pale green which became famous as a porcelain glaze long ago in ancient dynastic China.  Although the technique for making the glaze was invented during the Tang dynasty, the zenith of celadon porcelain making was attained during the Sung dynasty when so many of the aesthetic conventions of Chinese culture came into flower. A ‘longquan’ celadon ‘lotus’ bowl. Song dynasty. photo Sotheby’s The perfect serenity of well-made celadon vessels has been compared to Buddhist enlightenment. Additionally, according to ancient folklore, celadon serviceware and drinking vessels would change color in the presence of poison.  Sadly this latter fact is an outright myth, however if the lie resulted in more celadon being produced then perhaps it was worth a few surprised dead Chinese nobles.  Celadon porcelain is magnificent. A Longquan meiping vase with celadon glaze, (Early Ming dynasty) November 25, 2013 in Color , History , Trees | Tags: ancient , Buddhist , color , Dye , gamboge , gum , monks , orange , robes , Thanksgiving , Theravada , tree , warm , yellow | by Wayne | 2 comments Here is a gorgeous warm earth color for Thanksgiving week.  Gamboge is a deep yellow/pale orange color of tremendous antiquity.  By ancient tradition, Theravada monks dye their robes this distinctive color to show their devotion to the middle path.  The color is named after the Latin word for Cambodia, “Gambogia”, which was (and is) a center of Theravada spirituality as well as a major source of milky sap from Gamboge trees (genus Garcinia). Such sap is dried into a brown gum resin which is the main constituent of gamboge dye. Because the color plays such a large role in the religious life of South Asia, it is well known throughout the world. Gamboge is a lovely and vibrant color in its own right—a perfect medium between orange and yellow.  All sorts of animals, fruit, and flowers can be described as gamboge.  Although Thanksgiving has no color scheme per say, the fallen autumn leaves usually inspire decorations in some combination of gamboge, sienna, and russet. September 18, 2013 in Color , History , Politics , Uncategorized | Tags: Braunschweig , British , Brunswick , color , dark , Green , industrialization , manufactured , Racing , Saxony , trains | by Wayne | 3 comments Brunswick green is an old and beautiful color with a long history of use in England and Germany.  The color was first manufactured from copper compounds in Braunschweig, Germany (a historical city in Lower Saxony which is known as Brunswick in English).  Brunswick green is traditionally a very dark yellowish green which can look almost black.  The color was first mass manufactured in the middle of the 18th century and it became an important color for machinery during the industrial revolution.  Railroads in particular tended to use various shades of Brunswick green to paint their rolling stock.  The color would start out black and then weather to a brighter green as the copper compounds oxidized. 60163 Tornado Locomotive England has deep and ancient ties to Old Saxony (the homeland of the Saxons, which includes the modern state of Lower Saxony), however the United Kingdom and Germany have sometimes fallen out rather badly (!).  Thus in 1923 after the horrors of World War I, Brunswick green was renamed English Green (which just goes to show that “freedom fries” and suchlike political bowdlerization of names is hardly a uniquely American phenomena). July 23, 2013 in Color , Mollusca , Opinion | Tags: color , exile , fringe , Israel , Jew , Judaism , lost , murex , prayer shawl , priest , sacred , Snail , Talmud , Tekhelet | by Wayne | Leave a comment Hey! It’s the flag of Irsael: a blue Star of David on a white background between two blue stripes.  What’s the story with all of that blue anyway?  Well, like most stories involving Judaism, the story goes back a long, long way to the Holy Temple of Jerusalem, where the high priests wore a robe dyed a deep midnight blue.  In fact, this color, known as tekhelet, was a sacred color which appeared in temple hangings and in the twined fringes known as tzitzit which hang from the corners of Jewish prayer shawls. A High Priest with Tekhelet Robe The Tanahk (the sacred books of Judaism) are pretty specific about tekhelet.  It is mentioned nearly 50 times and it is specifically and explicitly stated that the special blue dye must be made from a shellfish called chilazon (rather than from the less expensive indigo).   And so it was for many lives of men.  Unfortunately everything went wrong in the first and second centuries AD when the Roman Empire destroyed the temple, defeated a Jewish revolt and exiled Jews from Jerusalem.  During this period of chaos and diaspora, the fine nuances of dyes were not of tantamount importance, and the way to make tekhelet were lost as was knowledge of exactly what sort of mollusk a chilazon actually is. Oh, also, during travel, the Ark of the Covenant was supposed to be covered in a cloth of tekhelet The Talmud demands that tekhelet be used for crafting the fringes of prayer shawls and it stipulates that counterfeit dyes must not be (knowingly) used.  This has left devout Jews with a conundrum as to how to proceed.  Since the Roman exile, Orthodox Jews have most commonly setteld plain white tzitzit, however there have also been several attempts to rediscover the mysterious chilazon and recreate tekhelet.   In the late nineteenth century the Grand Rabbi Gershon Henoch Leiner researched the subject and proclaimed that the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, was the missing mollusk.  The dye he created, however, did not seem to fit Talmudic descriptions and chemists later determined it was simply Prussian blue (although the holy man proudly wore his blue fringes, as did many of his followers). Common cuttlefish – Sepia officinalis (photo by David Nicholson) Hexaplex trunculus Another Talmudic scholar cross referenced his ancient religious text with modern malacology texts and concluded that the chilazon was actually Hexaplex trunculus, a murex snail which is a close relative of  Murex brandaris (the source of Tyrian purple ).   The dye which he created from the secretions of Hexaplex trunculus was also purple and thus did not seem to fit the bill.  Only with the help of a chemist in the 1980s was it determined that the proper blue color could be obtained by exposing a solution of the snail slime dye to sunlight.  So if you are an orthodox Jew (or a high priest of the Temple) you might want to look into getting some tekhelet clothing. Actual Tekhelet dyed wool (probably…)   May 29, 2013 in China , Color , Farm , History | Tags: aquaculture , China , coastal , color , dark , Haidai , Japan , kelp , Kombu , Laminaria japonica , umami | by Wayne | 2 comments Dried Kombu Kombu (Laminaria japonica) is a sort of edible brown algae.  This kelp grows from 2 to 5 meters long (6 to 15 feet) but in perfect conditions it can grow to be 10 meters (30 feet) in length.  Kombu is native to the coasts of Japan and it has been eaten there since the Jōmon era (a prehistoric era when Japan was inhabited by hunter-gatherers). The seaweed is famous for its rich umami flavor and it is nutritionally valuable as a source of protein, fat, fiber, and minerals. Underwater Kombu bed (on a synthetic reef in Korea) During the 1920s, Kombu was exported to China where it is known as Haidai—it is particularly popular in northern China (where green vegetables are scarce in winter).  The seaweed has also been traded extensively to Korea. Kombu (Haidai) being cultivated along the Chinese coast Kombu was originally harvested wild from cold rich coastal ocean waters where it attaches to sub-littoral rocks but the 2 year growing season was frustrating to consumers. Today Kombu is grown in immense industrial scale on aquaculture plantations around China, Korea, and Japan. Brown algae cultivation involves sophisticated manipulation of alternation of generations (the metagenetic reproductive cycle of plants). Converse All Star Suede shoes in “Kombu Green” There is a dark chartreuse (yellow-green) color, Kombu green which takes its name from the beloved kelp. April 15, 2013 in Color | Tags: blood , brown , color , confusing , dried , Flea , Marie Antoinette , pink , purple , red , reddish | by Wayne | 2 comments Puce flea on pale puce background There is a lot of misunderstanding about the color puce.  The American definition is a middle tone brownish purple-pink, however, in France, where the name originated, puce describes a much darker and sterner red-brown.  Other fashion sources occasionally also use the word puce to describe a murky shade of green horror created by mixing orange and blue (although I personally regard such a concept as misguided on many levels). A Puce Sari The dreadful sounding name has an equally vile origin.  The French word for a flea is “une puce”.  Puce was the term used for the brownish red dried blood stains left on sheets or clothing when a person was badly bitten by fleas:  so puce has its origin in bloodstains.  I suppose we are lucky it isn’t called “crime scene” or “parasite”.  Despite the confusion regarding the nature of the color, it has had periods of real popularity.  Marie Antoinette”s favorite color was said to be puce (although I can’t find any portraits of her wearing it).  The color seems to be favored by the great and powerful–it is also the boss’ favorite color in Dilbert. French puce suede oxfords (from “Pointer” if you must have them) March 11, 2013 in Color , Uncategorized | Tags: ashy , birds , cinereous , color , hiddem , invisible , sight , tetrachromats , trichromats , ultraviolet , unknown , visible , vision , wavelength | by Wayne | 4 comments Cinereous Bunting (Emberiza cineracea) Photo copyright Mark S Jobling. In Latin, ashes are called cinis and , similarly, the Latin word for ashy gray or ash-like is cinereous.  English borrowed this word in the 17th century and it has long been used to describe the color which is dark gray tinged with brown shininess.  As with many Latin color names (like fulvous and icterine ) the word cinereous is often used in the scientific name of birds which are very prone to be this drab color. Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus)–photo by Esquire Magazine(really?) However, the concept of color is not quite as simple as it first seems.  Different items produce ocular sensations as a result of the way they reflect or emit light, yet different wavelengths of light are visible to different eyes.  Humans are trichromats.  We have photoreceptor cells capable of seeing blue, green, and red.  Most birds are tetrachromats and can apprehend electromagnetic wavelengths in the ultraviolet spectrum as well.  Many of the dull cinereous birds we witness may glow and sparkle with colors unknown to the human eye and unnamed by the human tongue. The wing of an owl to us The wing of an owl to ultraviolet film   March 4, 2013 in Art , Color , Farm , Gardens , Trees | Tags: ancestor , ancient , aromatic , Citron , citrus , color , domesticated , fruit , hybridized , Islam , Jewish , lemon , medecine , Mediterranean , New Caledonia , origin , perfume , sacred , sukkot | by Wayne | Leave a comment The Citron Fruit (Citron Medica) People love citrus fruit!  What could be more delightful than limes, grapefruits, tangerines, kumquats, clementines, blood oranges, and lemons?   This line of thought led me to ask where lemons come from, and I was surprised to find that lemons–and many other citrus fruits–were created by humans by hybridizing inedible or unpalatable natural species of trees.  Lemons, oranges, and limes are medieval inventions!  The original wild citrus fruits were very different from the big sweet juicy fruits you find in today’s supermarkets.  All of today’s familiar citrus fruits come from increasingly complicated hybridization (and attendant artificial selection) of citrons, pomelos , mandarins, and papedas.  It seems the first of these fruits to be widely cultivated was the citron (Citrus Medicus) which reached the Mediterranean world in the Biblical/Classical era. Large Citron in a Landscape (Bartolomeo Bimbi, ca. 1690s, oil on canvas) The citron superficially resembles a modern lemon, but whereas the lemon has juicy segments beneath the peel, citrons consist only of aromatic pulp (and possibly a tiny wisp of bland liquid).  Although it is not much a food source, the pulp and peel of citrus smells incredibly appealing–so much so that the fruit was carried across the world in ancient (or even prehistoric times).  Ancient Mediterranean writers believed that the citron had originated in India, but that is only because it traveled through India to reach them.  Genetic testing and field botany now seem to indicate that citrons (and the other wild citrus fruits) originated in New Guinea, New Caledonia and Australia. In ancient times citrons were prized for use in medicine, perfume, and religious ritual.  The fruits were purported to combat various pulmonary and gastronomic ills.  Citrons are mentioned in the Torah and in the major hadiths of Sunni Muslims.  In fact the fruit is used during the Jewish festival of Sukkot (although it is profane to use citrons grown from grafted branches). “Um, how do you tell if this has been grafted?” (Image from Abir Sultan / EPA) Since citron has been domesticated for such a long time, there are many exotic variations of the fruit which have textured peels with nubs, ribs, or bumps: there is even a variety with multiple finger-like appendages (I apologize if that sentence sounded like it came off of a machine in a truck-stop lavatory but the following illustration will demonstrate what I mean). Varieties of Citron Fruit Citron remains widely used for Citrus zest (the scrapings of the outer skin used as a flavoring ingredient) and the pith is candied and made into succade.  In English the word citron is also used to designate a pretty color which is a mixture of green and orange.  I have writted about citrons to better explain the domestication of some of my favorite citrus fruits (all of which seem to have citrons as ancestors) but I still haven’t tried the actual thing.  I will head over to one of the Jewish quarters of Brooklyn as soon as autumn rolls around (and Sukkot draws near) so I can report to you.  In the mean time has anyone out there experienced the first domesticated citrus? The color citron February 22, 2013 in Color | Tags: color , Greek , Ictarine , jaundice , ornithology , warbler , yellow | by Wayne | 4 comments Icterine Some colors are very beautiful yet lack beautiful names.  Such is the case with icterine, which sounds like a particularly nasty fruit, but turns out to be a lovely pale yellow.  Although the bright spring color is pretty enough, the roots of its ghastly name are also ugly.  The name is derived from the ancient Greek word “ikteros” which means jaundice.  The color icterine is used by ornithologists to describe birds with pale yellow feathers and there are several birds with icterine in their common or scientific name.  The color is not limited to birds: searching through internet images, one discovers various garments, iphone covers, and other consumer goods in shades of icterine, but it seems to be more popular in Europe than in the Americas. The Icterine Warbler (Hippolais icterina)
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"The TV cartoon ""Scooby Doo, Where Are You"" featured the adventures of Scooby Doo and his three human friends Daphne, Velma and Shaggy and which other character, famous for his strikingly blond hair?"
The Scooby Story The Scooby Story INTRODUCTION: Who would ever imagine: A cowardly canine who's afraid of his own shadow, and created as a desperate experiment in new cartoon ideas, rises to [cartoon] superstardom, and inspires a generation of cartoons to follow. The way it would usually start, is with a group of four teenagers and a dog, who are simply on their way to such normal teenage activities as concerts, parties or the beach, in their colorful flower painted van. They would stumble across shady, or supposedly supernatural events, which they would curiously get more involved in and investigate. This would lead them to all sorts of creepy mansions or other seemingly haunted places where they would encounter ghosts and other creepy characters, often associated with some legend or myth, who would chase them around as they found clues to the mystery. Then, they would eventually set a trap, often using their cowardly pet as bait to capture the villain, who would always turn out to be an ordinary human crook in disguise with their intention of scaring people away from the scene of his crime, or from some hidden treasure or other asset he's trying to steal. The theme worked well. On the heels of Scooby, CBS and the other networks clamored for more. Hanna Barbera produced Josie and the Pussycats, which had real villains, but was similar in the idea of teenage sleuths. Then, even more in the line of the Scooby Doo Mystery was a whole plethora of mystery crime-solvers-- the Globetrotters, the Funky Phantom, Clan Chan, Goober and the Ghost Chasers, featuring another cowardly canine, Speed Buggy, Hong Kong Phooey, the Clue Club, featuring two more cowardly canines and Captain Caveman. Scooby's actual creators, Joe Ruby and Ken Spears opened their own studio in the late 70's, and continued the pattern, with Fang Face, Plastic Man, and even later a series of popular video-game characters, such as Donkey Kong and Frogger, and even a living animated Rubik's Cube-- all with crime-solving formats with phony monsters unmasked in the end, who "only did it to scare everyone away". Meanwhile, Scooby himself remained steady foiling ghosts as his fame increased. Soon, famous celebrities would join him in his adventures. The act got so hot that his canine relatives gradually joined him, as monsters got weirder and weirder and his travels spread to all around the world. Scooby then took a few years off from crime solving, only to wind up in such fantastical places as Atlantis and Wonderland, where he finds that the monsters, witches and other mythical characters are no longer phony crooks, but are quite real. He quickly returned to phony ghosts, climbing the corporate ladder of the crime-solving industry to get his own detective agency, and then came the ultimate challenge, as he and his friends teamed up with Vincent Price, king of horror films (in animated form, of course) to capture the 13 most terrifying ghosts of all, which Scooby himself had accidentally released from a chest. Scooby's illustrious career, running longer than any other cartoon show, would end in the nostalgic kick we are in today, where Scooby at times received more air-play than any other cartoon character, and finally has his own live action feature. OUTLINE Scooby's history is divided into the following eras: BOOK 1 Era 1: "Mystery Five" 1969, 70 "Scooby Doo, Where Are You?: 25 (17 first season + 8, 2nd season) half-hour episodes 1972, 73 The Scooby Doo Movies: 24(16+8) hour long episodes featuring famous guests 1976 Scooby Doo/Dynomutt: 16 half-hr episodes, plus "Dynomutt". 1977 Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics: 8 additional half-hour episodes, plus "Laff-A-Lympics" 1978 Scooby's All-stars: 16 half-hr episodes, plus reruns, and other shows 1979 Scooby and Scrappy Doo: 16 half-hr episodes featuring whole gang plus Scrappy Era II: Scooby, Scrappy, and Shaggy (Intermission) 1980-1 "The Scary Scooby Funnies": 60 7 min. episodes (3 per hr, part of "Richie Rich") 1982 The Fearless Detective Agency: 26 7 min. episodes, plus Scrappy and Yabba Doo Era III: The New Scooby Doo: Mini-mysteries, Mini-gang: 1983 All New Scooby and Scrappy Doo: 22 10 min. episodes + 2 half-hr 2-part (13 half-hr shows) 1984 New Scooby Doo Mysteries: 14 10 min. episodes + 6 half-hr 2 part (13 half-hr shows) IV Close of first age 1985 Thirteen Ghosts of Scooby Doo: 13 half-hour episodes 1987-8 The Hanna Barbera Superstar 10: 3 feature length movies 1988-90 Pup named Scooby Doo: 23 half-hour episodes + 7 short episodes. BOOK 2 V: The '90's/Turn of the Milennium Nostalgic Revival 1993/4 Scooby's Arabian Nights: Scooby and Shaggy in adventure as prince's food tasters, tell him stories, featuring Yogi and friends in Aladdin, and Magilla Gorilla as Sinbad (videocassette and TBS) 1994-6 Joins Cartoon Network, appears in dozens of promotionals 1997 "Bravo Dooby Doo": gang reunites in episode of a Cartoon Network original cartoon series 1998 "Scooby on Zombie Island": New Feature, plus "Those Meddling Kids" segments, and more CN promotionals and bumpers 1999 Scooby and the Witch's Ghost; "The Scooby Doo Project" segments (parody of Blair Witch Project) 2000 "Scooby and the Alien Invaders" 2001 "Scooby and the Cyberchase" VI: Scooby Hits Big Time: Live Action Movies, New Series; More animated Features 2002, summer "Scooby Doo", LIVE ACTION feature finally released 2002, Fall, "What's New Scooby Doo" -- NEW SERIES-- 13 episodes plus holiday special! 2003 Nicole Jaffe returns as Velma for "scooby Doo and The Legend Of Vampire Rock", and "Scooby Doo and the Monster of Mexico". Second Season of "What's New Scooby Doo", 14 additional episodes. 2004 Live Action sequel "Scooby Doo 2", and animated "scooby Doo and the Loch Ness Monster"; third season of "what's New Scooby Doo" with 14 more episodes for total of 42 2005 "Aloha, Scooby-Doo!" and "Scooby Doo in Where's My Mummy?" 2006 "Scooby Doo in Pirates Ahoy!" 2007 "Chill Out, Scooby-Doo!" (Another "Snow Ghost" story; but this time in the actual Himalayas). 2008 "Scooby-Doo and the Goblin King" VII "Shaggy and Scooby Doo: Get A Clue!" (2006-8): 26 episodes of an all new format. Scooby and Shaggy (with occasional appearances of the rest of the gang) must stop an evil scientist and his agents, and rescue Shaggy's uncle. A legend is born 1969, the height of the age of hippies and Woodstock. A beatnik teenager (aptly named "Shaggy") is walking with his dog, a Great Dane, on a spooky night. They come across a truck with a suit of armor in the drivers seat, the driver having mysteriously vanished. Enter their 3 friends, a handsome blond, with a pair of opposite-extreme females; a pretty but ditzy redhead, and a less attractive, but brainy genius. They arrive in a green van decorated with orange flowers and words "The Mystery Machine". And their curiosity leads them to the spooky museum where the suit of armor was to be delivered. There they discover the legend of the Black Knight, the suit of armor, which soon comes to life and confronts them. This began a 30 year quest into the supernatural that would take them all around the world, and into superstardom. Before Scooby The show was a new idea, greatly needed because of the pressure the cartoon industry was under to tone down violence-- from the slapstick violence of the old theatrical cartoons and 60's TV cartoon series to the blast-'em-up action of super adventure type cartoons that were popular in the few years leading up to this point. Hanna Barbera's offerings in these three areas included Tom & Jerry, Yogi, Quick Draw, the Flintstones, Space Ghost, Birdman and Mightor. The predecessors of the Scooby idea were the super adventures, nearly all of them co-starring kids and their pets who get into trouble with villains and alert and aid the hero. The most notable was Moby Dick-- with a seal interestingly enough named "Scooby", and with the same voice by Don Messick! The predecessor of these, Johnny Quest (HB's very first "realistic people" cartoon) also was similar to Scooby in some ways, including a strong mystery element and traveling around the world, but also had violent action. The next step was 1968, which was the "missing link" between the slapstick and super adventures of the preceding years, and the upcoming Scooby and its influenced shows. Wacky Races, Gulliver, Huck Finn, and the Banana Splits Show, which included cartoon shorts of Three Musketeers, Arabian Knights, The Micro Venture, and the live action Danger Island (Hanna Barbera's first!) combined elements of the prior formats with those of the future Scooby type shows. Some of the music you may associate with Scooby was even used here, as well as pieces from the past. Violence began to be toned down, and scripts became more realistic and people oriented. All of this pressure may also have been a reaction to both the recent wars and assassinations of the Kennedy's and Martin Luther King. This was now the age of "flower power", and of "peace" and "all you need is love" and new cartoon formats would be greatly influenced by this. Yet in 1968, none of the new shows were big hits. (Wacky Races came close, with two spinoffs the following season, and its villains becoming widely used later on). Many of them have been hard to find over the years, and only thanks to the Boomerang channel that one can now see them regularly. A winning formula was yet to be discovered. ENTER SCOOBY The following year, CBS president Fred Silverman came up with another new idea. Originally, it was titled "Mystery Five", and featured an entirely different cast (five teens Geoff, Mike, Kelly, Linda, and Linda's brother "W.W.", and a different dog, "Too Much"), who were a rock music band which solved mysteries on the side. This may have been partly influenced by the cartoon adaptation of the Archies, which was a music band with comedy on the side, and had become a big hit by the upstart rival studio Filmation the prior season. This format would influence many cartoons in the decade to come. The new show would consist of "fifteen-minute cliff-hanger episodes with love interests, jealousies, parents, school, etc." similar to the Archies, as well. A big cowardly dog was chosen over a small feisty dog. However, the choices for the big dog were between a Great Dane and a sheep dog. The Great Dane was actually conceived first, but this raised concern that it would be too much like Marmaduke from the comic strips. So the sheep dog was initially chosen. The notion of a cowardly hero who "when there was danger, as scared as he was, he always came through" was taken from old Bob Hope movies. The gang went through several changes, with one kid dropped (actually Geoff and Mike merged into another, named Ronnie), and the others gradually taking the shape of the four kids we would eventually see. Kelly by now looked like Daphne, but without the hair barette. Ronnie looked like Alan from the later Josie adaptation, but with Fred's Ascot. W.W and Linda still looked completely different from Shaggy and Velma; W.W. more resembled the "young sidekick or hero" from the earlier "Super Adventures" (such as Young Samson when not transformed into Super Samson), with a neat dress shirt and hair; and Linda was as pretty as Kelly; basically the same look, with long hair, but more curl. At that point, they were still trying to decide whether Too Much would be a sheep dog or a Great Dane. The bongo-playing sheepdog was finally ruled out, because it would be too similar to Hot Dog from the Archies. However, Scooby's creator, Iwao Takomoto decided to break the dog-show rules for a prize-winning Great Dane, and we ended up with the features that would distinguish the dog we would later love. While Scooby and Marmaduke do bear a good resemblance, Joseph Barbera assured Ruby and Spears that it would not be a problem, and it never was. Meanwhile, the title was being decided upon as well, and after the character changes, the next proposal for the name of the show was "Who's S-S-Scared?". When the show (including a short completed animation of the "flour sequence" with Shaggy and Scooby that became part of the episode "Mine Your Own Business") was at first presented to and rejected by CBS executives for fear that it would be too "frightening" to children, based on the artwork; Ruby and Spears further reworked the show, dropped the rock band format, and made it more comedic, focusing more on the dog and his master. The dog was renamed after a vocal scat line in a Frank Sinatra song "Strangers in the Night": "Scooby Dooby Doo", which Silverman had listened to while flying out to the meeting! The kids were of course also renamed to the present version somewhere along the line, with "Freddy" being named after Silverman at his own request! When "Scooby Doo, Where Are You?" was finally presented again to the executives, it was approved, and the Cartoon world would never be the same again! The same year, Filmation produced a mystery series based on the Hardy Boys, but this never caught on like Scooby did. Scooby was a totally fresh cartoon concept that would eventually capture the culture. More details on the Evolution of Scooby Doo: Some more details on the evolution of the gang, including "The different faces of Velma" and Casting of the gang Basic Descriptions of the show Compared to other cartoons, the show was realistic. No more characters getting killed and then coming back without a scratch. The ghosts and other mythical supernatural characters were always phony-- a crook scaring people away from the scene so he could carry out his crime. Scooby talked, but only as a dog would talk if he could-- almost all words beginning with 'R', as if he was barking them. This made for a recognizable, unique character (though it was already used for Astro on the Jetsons, also voiced by Messick). Yet there were many cartoon-style gags, utterly impossible in real life, but logical in cartoon life, such as flapping garbage can lids to fly, or attaching a washing machine to an ironing board and fan, drinking a potion that turns you into a frog; using your dog as a motorcycle, with his ears as the throttle, or if he's already fled, pulling your own belt buckle like a lawnmower cord; "motorizing" your feet. Many of the traps were what are known as "Rube Goldberg" type contraptions: one action causes a chain reaction. This was popular in the classic cartoons of the golden age. There were also gags like the haunted bone: the only "haunted thing" unexplained (and also the only haunted thing Scooby's not afraid of!) Most violence was accidental, like Scooby or Daphne hitting Shaggy on the head, but sometimes they did have to trip up the ghosts to escape, and some villains try to hit them, such as the hunchback phantom who tries to knock off Velma's glasses so he would have an excuse to hit her (she then kicks him in the shin), and the caveman who tries to bash Shaggy and Scooby with a club. But even this toned down violence would disappear as the series went on. One of the best things about Scooby was its educational value. Part of the criticism of cartoons was not just the violence, but also lack of substance. In this age, watchdogs demanded education for the children, and many of the new cartoons adapted in ways that came across as preachy, and were a turnoff for many kids, especially looking back (think Yogi's Ark and others, including the more recent Captain Planet). But Scooby got across much knowledge in a way that blended well into the story. The biggest method was the many logical explanations and big words offered by Velma, in the course of solving the case. There was a wide variety of settings after the Black Knight. We had the most elemental of ghostly foes, a plain-sheeted "phantom" in a castle on Skull Island, and later three classic movie monsters-- Dracula, Frankenstein, and a werewolf, in another castle. There was a witch and zombie in a swamp, a mummy who comes to life in another museum, a sea-going scuba diver ghost, an old miner in a western gold-rush town, the ghost of Geronimo with a dog-napping witch doctor, an ape-man on a movie set, a robot in a closed amusement park, a "ghost clown" haunting a circus, a ghost who turns people old, a shadowy cloaked puppet master in a theater, a space alien on an abandoned airfield, a ghost pirate on a ghost ship, shadow phantoms, who become green ghosts in an old mansion the gang had to spend the night in, and the ghost of the legendary Yeti in a snowy forest. Nice fitting "spooky" score was created for the show, most of it a variation of the Scooby Doo theme (the instrumental one, that is; not the familiar sung one). Others were borrowed from the previous season's Gulliver, Huck Finn, Three Musketeers and Arabian Knights (early episodes consist largely of this); an athletic sounding piece used here and there was borrowed from Wacky Races, and some score from still even earlier shows occasionally appear. (Decoy For a Dognapper has a lot of this). A couple of tunes, such as one often used at the end of the mystery, were shared with Cattanooga Cats, also from 1969. The second season continued the pattern in 8 additional episodes. They have an encounter with a descendant of Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde, who supposedly has the same problems. Then they run into a Chinese ghost and zombies in Chinatown, a phantom called "the Creeper" on a farm, a frozen caveman near an aquarium, and a headless specter in a haunted house. For the first time they begin traveling abroad, to Hawaii, where they encounter a Tiki god and witch doctor. (In later years, they would expand their adventures to places all over the world). Finally, there is another werewolf, and a wax phantom in a TV station. The big addition this season were the musical interludes-- chase scenes where contemporary style rock songs would play, and there was almost no dialogue. ("Tiki Scare is no Fair" is the exception; not having an interlude). This feature, dropped from the original concept, had become apart of a fad of this time, as other cartoons this season, such as Josie and the Pussycats featured bands playing. What many people don't realize, is that this season was the first for Heather North as Daphne. In the first season, she was voiced by Stephenianna Christopherson. Someone has said that they were really the same person (name change), but the voices do sound a little different. Scooby can be brave! Over all, these first two seasons established the team of kids and dog that we would all grow up with, and would eventually take a big place in pop-culture. The many variations were now to begin. The signature statement of this period was when asked by the crook why they didn't mind their own business: "Hunting dog nappers is our business. After all, Scooby is a dog, and we love him, very much! The [New] Scooby Doo [Comedy] Movies After the success of Scooby's first two seasons, he was big enough to host celebrity guests on his show, who would lend their voices and talents, appearing in the stories in animated form. The personalities of Don Knots (twice), Jonathan Winters, Phyllis Diller, Sandy Duncan, The Monkees' Davy Jones, Jerry Reed, Sonny & Cher, Don Adams, Tim Conway, Mamas and Papas singer Cass Elliot and Dick Van Dyke all thought enough of the Scooby series to appear in person with the cowardly crime solver. Also featured were voice impersonations of the Harlem Globetrotters (3x), Three Stooges (2x), Laurel and Hardy, and the fictional characters Batman and Robin, (2x) The Addams Family, Jeannie and Babu, Speed Buggy, and similar gang Josie and the Pussycats. Most of these were either contracted to CBS, or owned by Hanna Barbera. (The Batman episodes were Hanna Barbera's first use of DC superheroes, the rights to which began to be gradually transferred from Filmation). The episodes were now an hour long, making for some good, more-developed plots. Some were extensions of original "Where are You" episodes. "Ghost of the Red Baron" (The second with the 3 Stooges) has the same basic plot as "Kooky Space Kook": an old airfield, about to be expanded into a jet field, is "haunted" so a crook can buy the surrounding land cheap and sell it back to the county at a profit. Only now, there is much more to the story. The Ghostly Creep from the Deep (first with Globetrotters) and Go Away Ghost Ship use the same exact ghost: Redbeard the Pirate (although with different voices, and colored in the first incarnation, but all white now), and parallels can be drawn between Scooby Meets Laurel and Hardy (with Bigfoot), and That's Snow Ghost; first episode Ghastly Ghost Town (with 3 stooges), and Mine Your Own Business; Phantom of Country Music Hall, and Backstage Rage; and the Haunted Horseman of Hagglethorn Hall bears a resemblance to the Black Knight. The best episode of all has to be Dynamic Scooby Doo Affair, the first with Batman, where both Scooby and the gang, and the Dynamic Duo are baffled by an elusive old lady, her mysteriously vanishing house, and the Joker and Penguin's role in a counterfeiting operation. They drive the heroes out of their wits in a haunted funhouse they use as their hideout. In this, and in "Frickert Fracas", the plot thickens midway through the episode, as the captured suspects turn out not to be the brain behind the crime. In Loch Ness Mess, Scooby and the Globetrotters are faced with glowing colonial ghosts by land and a fire breathing serpent by sea during a visit to Shaggy's uncle's house. Jeannie has them magically transported to ancient Persia to tackle an evil genie who wants revenge for being bottled for 10,000 years. Even though this spirit was real, the basic format of a human crook trying to steal an inheritance was not abandoned, as the genie's master was a jealous uncle trying to inherit the sultanate. They have the scariest time of all in the deliberately haunted house of the Addams Family. Scooby and Shaggy wind up in the belly of a live dinosaur skeleton, and run into various other spooky Addams household items, as they try to rescue daughter Wednesday from a creepy vulture, which turns out to be a couple of neighbors trying to scare the spooky family away (one of the few examples where the culprits are not villains and not arrested. Another is "Mystery of Haunted Island", where various haunted getups are rigged by a rival basketball team, trying to make the Globetrotters lose sleep so they'll be too tired to play. But Scooby and Shaggy are able to wake them up with ice on the court, so the crooked team leaders still lose in the end). The music score was similar with the 1969 pieces created for Scooby used, and new pieces based on the Scooby themes. The borrowed 1968 stock that appears in the first two seasons was rarely used, however, but similar Josie score, and some other borrowed tunes were added which fit perfectly. Scooby, Dynomutt, and the Laff-A-Lympics After a 2 year break, Scooby switched networks, from CBS, to ABC, where he remained the rest of his network career, and returned to the original format of the half-hour mystery. But by this time, the whole mystery format was getting worn, having already been copied by dozens of other shows. At this period, Hanna Barbera stopped including title screens in most cartoons, so the titles did not appear. In the new episodes, the first 16 appearing in the Scooby Doo/Dynomutt hour, and the last 8 in Scooby's All Star Laff-A-Lympics the following season, there were some specific themes such as the Bi-Centennial, the Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the Superbowl, and the Hatfields and McCoys (a witch is the last McCoy, who turns the Hatfields into frogs), but by in large, they were an uninspired rehash of previously used ideas. Where the series originally was highlighted by Scooby's bravery despite his fear, Scooby and Shaggy are now unrespectable chickens. The focus of the episodes seems to be more and more on the two of them and their chase gags, with weirder monsters such as the 10,000 Volt Ghost and the Steamin' Demon. One set of ghosts even takes on the colors of flavored ice cream! Where in the earlier series, there was more of a unity between the four teenagers and the dog in busting the cases, now Freddy and the girls become more the mystery solvers, finding most if not all of the clues, while Shaggy and Scooby are simply the comedy relief, running from the ghosts, donning ridiculous disguises, and being the bait for Freddy and Velma's traps, and a few times they don't even know what's going on at the end of the story, when the others begin explaining the mystery. In split-ups, Velma travels with Fred and Daphne much more than she does with Shaggy and Scooby. (Modern fans have forgotten this, with everyone, including new productions making a big deal of Fred and Daphne as partners, to the point that they are assumed to be romantically involved). New, ill fitting music score (shared with Dynomutt and others)*, poor sound and a new voice for Velma (by Pat Stevens, replacing Nicole Jaffe)** also took away from the magic of the earlier series. The best things about this period were the verbal and sight gags, such as Scooby's giant chicken suit or literally morphing into a big "fraidy cat" to try to get out of scary assignments, and lines like "when it comes to checkin', we're chicken". What would become another of his trademark lines: "I don't get it", realized after laughing along at one of Shaggy's puns, also had it's beginning here. In "Curse of Viking Lake" Shaggy and Scooby construct the "Scooby Dooby bike-a-copter" (a bike with peddle-controlled propellers) in a trash bin to escape the Vikings. A lot of the realism (which also helped make Scooby so identifiable to real life) also began fading; like what a toy duplicating machine actually makes a room full of copies of Scooby (which then eat up all the food in the cafeteria). *(Many episodes did use mostly old score, but this was heavily accented on the "Clue For Scooby Doo" type stock, giving them the feel of that episode (a seafaring adventure), which differed from that of the others. Much of this was not originally from Scooby at all, but from 1968's "Gulliver" and others. A lot of the 1968 score had been used in the original series, and some in the 1972-3 "movies", but some fit spooky land mysteries better than others, and what is used a lot here clearly is a more "seafaring" type score. Meanwhile, a few of the classic 1969 pieces were not used at all. Added to this were several 1974 "Valley of the Dinosaurs" cues. The sound also was a factor, meaning the way the score, voices and sound effects were mixed and equalized. Here it is not done well, giving many of these episodes a "stuffy" or "tinny" sound, so even when the original score was used (often sped up a bit), it still does not sound the same. The music was not edited as well either, with certain pieces overused and some of the classic pieces used in different type scenes than what they fit best in. All of this together lacked the edge of the earlier episodes in which the score and sound worked together to create the "spooky" atmosphere that made Scooby mysteries great. ** Stevens' Velma voice had a similar "twang" ("forced inflection") to it as Jaffe's original voice, but was deeper, and notably changed the personality of the character. As one of the highlights of the show was Velma's dialogue, this change really affected the show, as well as Velma not even having as many such brilliant lines as in the earlier series. All of these factors greatly affected the quality of the show. Overall, the series began to take on the feel and sound of an action adventure show (interlaced with comedy) more than a spooky ghost mystery, and this should be kept in mind when assessing the major changes that lied ahead in the show. Dynomutt was super-adventure with a comedic twist to it (The malfunctioning robot dog's antics), and the new score that appeared in Scooby fit the Dynomutt episodes much better. Scooby and the gang even made guest appearances to help out in three episodes: Everybody Hyde, What Now, Lowbrow and The Wizard of Ooze. (In one other episode, Dynomutt accidentally makes a sculpture of Scooby's head). These cameos were actually a much better useage of Scooby and the gang than the new crop of Scooby episodes. In four episodes, a cousin (also referred to as a brother) of Scooby appears, Scooby Dum, a brave, but dopey Mortimer Snerd-like detective. (He continues to look for "clues" even after the mystery is over). In the last of these another cousin, Scooby Dee appears as a canine movie-star. (She's a cousin, but also a girlfriend the two males compete for. In the 80's there were said to be plans to bring her back as Scooby's girlfriend. Perhaps this is because they are dogs, and likewise, Dum being both cousin and brother!). The most hilarious scene is when a vampire appears in a room. Scooby jumps into Shaggy's arms (as usual), and Scooby Dum jumps into the arms of the vampire (the person closest to him)! The best story of this period is "Chiller Diller Movie Thriller", in which movie star Scooby Dee is being transported by the gang by train. She gets kidnapped in a town they pass through, and replaced by a phony Dee which actually fools the gang, until she has to kiss Scooby Doo and Dum (she uses a plunger). (These two and "Harum Scarum Sanitarium" come closest to the spirit of the first four seasons). After solving the case of the High Rise Hair Raiser, he is a rewarded as "Honorary Police Dog" with a pizza plaque, which he still gobbles up, rather than keep as a trophy. The 1977 "Laff-A-Lympics", itself was one of the best cartoon ideas ever, featuring Shaggy, Scooby, Scooby Dum, Blue Falcon and Dynomutt, and old fellow crime solvers Babu, Speed Buggy, Hong Kong Phooey, and the new Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels in one team, the "Scooby Doobies"; Yogi and most of his early 60's friends in their team the "Yogi Yahooeys", and a bunch of miscellaneous bad guys in a third team, the "Really Rottens", led by "Mumbly". (Actually "Muttley" who was renamed; and Dick Dastardly replaced by the similar "Dread Baron", because they were owned by the Heatter-Quigley company, and Hanna Barbera did not have the rights to the characters at this time. In the 80's and 90's they would reappear, as HB and its new owner Turner got permanent rights to Heatter-Quigley property). Laffalympics only used Hanna-Barbera's own created characters, which explains why Babu appeared without Jeannie. So other than the Dalton Brothers (from Quick Draw McGraw) and the Creepleys (from the Flintstones), the members of this last team were mostly new. The announcers were Snagglepuss and Mildew Wolf (originally the villain in the 1969 show "It's the Wolf"). The three teams competed all around the world in track and field athletics. Scooby and Shaggy's chase antics became the highlight of the show In 1978, 16 new mysteries were introduced following the same vein, but with new title screens, as part of "Scooby's All-stars" (actually the second season of the Laff-A Lympics). Some thought they were a revival ("lost episodes", even!) of the original "Scooby Doo, Where are You" show, including Jeff Lenburg's Cartoon Encyclopedia. This view would persist to the point that they would even be packaged as such on the DVD release. This confusion probably comes from the fact that the original show was also rebroadcast as part of "Scooby's All-stars"). But actually, they were basically a continuation of the 1976-7 episodes with increasingly weirder monsters, much more fitting for a super adventure cartoon, such as the Moon Monster, Cat Creature, Disc Demon, and 7-foot insect. Themes include the Salem Witch Hunt, the Bermuda Triangle and the Loch Ness Monster. Even newer, Superfriends style score (with original score hardly used at all) drove the series ever further from the original. And Scooby and Shaggy's chase antics continued to be the highlight of the show; some times they spend most of the episode apart from the rest of the gang, who've by now pretty much fallen into the role of spectators. In a couple of seasons, Freddy and the girls would be dropped altogether, and new formats would consist entirely of chase gags. These three seasons would be syndicated as "The Scooby Doo Show", with a modified "Scooby Doo/Dynomutt" opening sequence (with references to Dynomutt removed. See below). The theme music was a total departure from the earlier "Scooby Dooby Doo" based themes, containing not even a reference or resemblance to them, and further makes these seasons lack the feel of classic Scooby. Three later episodes, "The Menace in Venice", the "Beast is Awake in Bottomless Lake", and "Warlock of Wimbledon" were for some reason never syndicated, and after this last season would not be seen until a decade later, on cable. "The Scooby Doo Show" We got it all together for a brand new show Scooby Doo is here, and yet away we go While Scooby Doo is haunted by a spooky Ghost Shaggy is a-doin' what he does the most Hey come on, get involved, 'till the mystery is solved Hang around for Scooby Doo... etc. ♪ They've got it all together, and do you know what? Scooby Doo is hangin' 'round with Dynomutt! While Scooby Doo is tangling with a spooky Ghost Dynomutt is doin' what he does the most They make a super pair, with a super show to share Scooby Doo and Dynomutt... "Why are we running this way, Uncle Scooby; the ghost went the other way!" SCOOBY AND SCRAPPY DOO "Put 'em up, prepare to splat"; "Tata-ta ta ta-ta, Puppy Power", were the battle cries of the feisty little pup who joined the gang in 1979 (for Scooby's 10th anniversary). Amazingly, this has become probably the most hated cartoon character of all time, at least on the Internet. In the early days of the Internet's commonplace usage, hardly a Usenet news group discussion on Scooby went by without someone taking pot-shots at Scrappy, plus whole other websites trashing him, even coming up with a sort of death ribbon as their symbol (similar to the familiar "Breast Cancer Awareness" ribbon, but with pictures of Scrappy on it). Jumptheshark.com, which chronicles people's opinion on the downfall of TV shows, lists him as the number one example of the category "New Kid In Town". Worse yet, latter day productions would begin to cast him as a total menace to everyone. Many "Scooby purists" find him not only annoying, but also feel he is the downfall of the show. (And even Scooby haters also seem to have an added hatred for him). Yet the series would continue for almost a solid decade (skipping only 1986) after that. It has also been pointed out that the ratings did not suffer at all but remained as strong as ever (which is why they would keep making new Scooby shows year after year). To skip over this period (as some suggest), is to cut out the entire middle decade-- a whole third of Scooby's career! Some of his greatest moments were during this time! Mark Evanier, who wrote for the series during this time has even been quoted as saying "The network kept threatening to cancel it every year or two, so every season they had to add a new element to the show to keep it fresh". We see they had already toyed with a new character in Scooby Dum, so change was inevitable. So, Scrappy was simply part of a cartoon fad of the time, where popular characters were given little sidekicks after a few seasons. So Plastic Man got Baby Plas, Fangface got Fang Puss, Godzilla got Godzookey, and Scooby got Scrappy, his nephew by his sister Ruby Doo. (This will be revealed the following season). A fad like this had already occurred even back in the golden age of theatrical cartoons, with annoying young nephews being given to characters (sparked off by Huey, Dewey & Louie of Donald Duck Fame). Many of them are similar in personality to Scrappy, and in fact, Evanier had even patterned his personality largely after popular Looney Tune character Henery Hawk (who always challenges roosters or dogs much bigger than him), after Barbera described the concept to him, and after rumor spread of an ABC executive being easily sold on series that could be perceived as having some lineage with classic Warner Brothers cartoons. ( "Scrappy Days" ; part one ) Aside from the fearlessness, another aspect of Scrappy would resemble Sylvester Jr. (Who always urges his wimpy father to action), and also bulldog Spike's sidekick Chester (who does both). None of these other sidekicks got the hostility leveled at Scrappy. People's aversion to these little characters seems to be that they make shows lame, "cutesy", "mushy" or "gooey" and thus more child-oriented, but Scrappy was actually the least like this of all these characters! Still, Scrappy drew more villification, perhaps because he was the longest running of them, and on the greatest cartoon series ever, as has been pointed out. However, recall that one of the original ideas for Scooby besides a big cowardly dog was a small feisty dog! "Scooby-Doo Still Going Strong on DVD" by John Latchem, Home Media Magazine, Oct. 20, 2007 http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=11404 even confirms that he "...bore a resemblance to Spears� and Ruby�s initial idea for a feisty little dog". So Scrappy may not even be as unoriginal to the series as we thought! Most fans will agree that Scooby's first four seasons were far superior, but looking at the lackluster episodes of the subsequent three seasons, this addition actually breathed new life into the show, with most of the attention going to Scrappy, who thinks he's 'bad' enough to whip monsters 10 times his size. This was a total contrast to Scooby and Shaggy, who always wanted to run away. This actually keeps with the format of the show, because in the earlier episodes, Freddy and Velma were the contrast Shaggy and Scooby needed to keep them from running away, abandoning the mystery altogether. (And if Scrappy is such an annoying troublemaker, don't forget the similar role of "danger-prone Daphne", in the original series). This now finalized a permanent division between "Freddy and the girls", and "Shaggy and the dogs". In the final episode, Freddy and the girls make only brief appearances, dropping off and picking up Shaggy and the dogs in New York City, and are otherwise absent from the story, which for the first time is not a mystery (a shadow of things to come). Velma, in this transitional episode is completely silent, and in the four episodes before that, had a third voice, by Maria Frumkin (who would return for four episodes in 1984). One hilarious scene has Shaggy and Scooby barricading a door to lose the snake demon, only to have Scrappy carry the creature (above his head) in the other door. ("Look guys, I've found him!"). But once again, only seeing this as annoying, the critics don't appreciate how funny it is. Otherwise, the series was a continuation of the '76-78 series, and reflected the late 70's culture with such villains as the Neon Phantom of the Roller Disco, and the Star Creature. Adding to people's dislike of this period, most stories were weak, and some elements were downright corny (Lady Vampire of the Bay, Sky Skeleton, Devil Bear). They were clearly running out of ideas! Once again, Scrappy cannot be blamed for this (it was already going this way), and producing the same episodes without him would not have helped. The format was old and needed a rest. There were a few new ideas, such as "Night Ghoul Of Wonderland", about an amusement park where Velma plays out a Sherlock Holmes fantasy mystery, which then becomes a real crime case. One story people generally like is the opener, about a comic book super hero who comes to life as a super villain. The original 1969 score is completely absent now, but fresh new music replaced most of the other score. This early Scrappy was often naive, and admittedly, kind of annoying. Sometimes, he actually would get hurt if not snatched away in time by the others, like in the first episode "The Scarab Lives". (When told not to move, he continues to stand still even as a heavy stone statue is plummeting toward him from a roof). He often pounces on the wrong people, claiming "but I'm just a puppy". And his "Scrappy Traps", snare like contraptions, always seem to catch Shaggy and Scooby instead of the bad guy. (Finding Shaggy in it one time, even asks if he's the villain!) He did get on Shaggy and Scooby's nerves sometimes, and once, when trapped in something, Shaggy jokingly suggests leaving him in there. But the critics fail to realize that in the following seasons, Scrappy would mature a lot, which will eliminate his annoyingness, and add to his funniness. Also this season, was a prime-time hour long special "Scooby Goes Hollywood", in which Scooby tries to become a star. (Scrappy is not present, even though this was produced at the same time as the regular season episodes, and uses some of the new score.) A NEW DIRECTION After 105 episodes in 10 years of mystery solving and dozens of copycat shows, Scooby took a totally different turn in 1980. Originally airing as part of the *Richie-Rich/Scooby Doo hour, the new Scooby cartoons marked a total departure from his established format. Episode length was reduced from the usual half-hour to 7 minutes, the standard length of cartoon shorts, with 3 fitting in a half hour. The by now played out mystery format was totally dropped, as were Freddy and the girls, and now, Scooby, Scrappy and Shaggy, who were obviously the main attractions of the show, took off on their own in a series of slapstick chase adventures and fairy tale spoofs reminiscent of the great theatrical shorts of old. Ghosts and monsters were now real, no longer crooks in disguise, and settings would range from a day in the park to such fantasy places as "Ahz", Atlantis, Jack's Beanstalk, Alice's "Wonderland", the pre-historic past, a Jetsons-like future, and even outer space. The series could have been played by any three characters, but it is still interesting to see Shaggy and Scooby in this new setting. They are still their same old selves, always crying "Zoinks", and "yow", as they always had in the mysteries. This shows that Scooby was very versatile; being able to exist in a totally different format. Freddy and the girls and the mystery format were at this point no longer useful, (They had stuck together so much, that they could easily have been replaced by a single character, and this is essentially what was done here) and it is as if they had cut all the chase scenes with Shaggy and the dogs out of the mysteries and framed them into their own mini-episodes. This was an appreciable relief to a theme that was well worn by then. It was simply the logical conclusion of the direction the series was going in. (But the series would eventually go full circle back around to the original format). This was admittedly a very dark period for Scooby. Not only was nearly every elemental feature of the original Scooby format gone, but for the first and only time, Scooby now had second billing to another cartoon star (Richie Rich)! And all of this may not have been completely avoidable. 1980 was apparently a hectic year in the industry. A voice actors strike even pushed back the fall season to November, and many cartoons were forced to have a limited voice cast! (There apparently had already been a problem keeping Velma's role steadily casted, and now perhaps they could only get Don Messick and Casey Kasem to do the series). Hanna Barbera also seemed to make only short cartoons during this period. The Mystery Machine, ironically, is still around, now driven by Shaggy. In fact, one feature of the old show that had returned is Shaggy's ability to be serious at times. In the early series, while Shaggy would often be just as scared as Scooby, at some times, he would talk sense into him, and even order him to the task at hand, or to stop being scared. So Shaggy was a bit more like the other kids back then. Over time, this disappeared, as both Shaggy and Scooby were constantly written as being cowardly together, and it was Freddy and Velma ordering them around. But now, as the de-facto leader of the gang, Shaggy once again talks sense into Scooby at times, especially when Scooby sees the ghost first. Once Shaggy sees it, then he becomes scared and runs away with Scooby. An examples is "Scooby Ghosts West". He of course also tries to talk sense into Scrappy, as in Waxworld. (though for the opposite reason than for Scooby, of course). Scrappy has matured some, just as brave as before, but now knowing what he is doing, and this time able to carry out his threats and actually splat the bad guy. Shaggy and Scooby constantly grab him away from characters that he could really handle himself if left alone. This makes him at his funniest in the series. When bullies and other creeps attack Scooby, Scrappy shouts "nobody does that to my Uncle Scooby", calls "Puppy Power", and splats the meanie good if Scooby doesn't snatch him away first. People criticize him for being so small and "all talk", yet now he could put his money where his mouth was! For instance, when Shaggy and Scooby are tired of being chased by a lava monster, and Shaggy wishes he would go "back to where he came from", Scrappy says "Well, why didn't you say so?" and simply picks up the creature, carries him off and throws him back into the volcano. This is not the naive brat of the first season, whom the critics can't seem to see past. Helping to improve the character, his new Don Messick voice (similar to Ricochet Rabbit) suited him much better than the crotchety Lennie Weinrib voice (similar to Shaggy's uncle Nat) of the first season. And he no longer barked like he did in the first season. In fact, the Scrappys of the first and second (& later) seasons are almost like two totally different characters, and if people had given him a chance after the first season, maybe we wouldn't have the rampant hatred of him afterward. He did get the others in trouble by repeatedly giving away their disguises (trying to fight the bad guy), as in "Lighthouse keeper Scooby" and "Waxworld", but this was hilarious, not annoying (except to Shaggy and Scooby). Cartoon characters are supposed to do silly things that cause trouble. The adventure begins with "Close Encounters with the Strange Kind", which begins very similarly to the prior season's mystery, "Close Encounters of a Scooby Kind". A UFO soars through the evening sky, lands, and it's alien pilots are seen. We cut to Scooby, Shaggy and Scrappy, on a camping trip, who soon encounter the aliens. In the former episode, they go and get Freddy and the girls, as usual, and their later trip into space turns out to be phony (a movie type prop). But now, in this season, the aliens actually do kidnap Shaggy into space, and Scooby and Scrappy follow, and the chase begins to get Shaggy back to earth. This time, the aliens are not unmasked; they simply abandon their earth-specimen mission, and the episode ends as they drop the gang off back on earth and head back to their planet. Next, the gang has their first encounter with a real vampire in "A Fit Night for Bats". They tackle one last phony ghost in "Chinese Food Factory", and for the next 57 episodes will encounter a real mummy, real sorcerers, witches, monsters, ghosts, and other legendary characters, ending the series with an encounter with a real Bigfoot! As in other cartoons, the reality of these characters is not questioned. While the old Scooby format tried to be fairly realistic, in this series, anything is possible. One ghost even turns out to be the spirit of Scooby's great-grandpa, a civil war dog trying to rid Scooby Manor of the cowardly Scooby and his grandpa. (He is proud of Scrappy, though). In "Scooby's Luck of the Irish", they try to get gold from a smart-alecky leprechaun they had captured. Not all episodes involve supernatural or mythical adversaries. In "Way Out Scooby", they wind up on Mars, and are confronted by a US robot whom they think is a Martian. Scooby is pitted against a jealous bully bulldog in "Scooby's Swiss Miss" and "Strongman Scooby". He also runs into a bullfight, an army training base, a restaurant that refuses to serve dogs, "Nazrat" of the jungle, spies in "Surprised Spies" (the other of the series only 2 crime plots), and a rival football team. Not all episodes even had bad guys. In "Scooby Dooby Goo", Shaggy and Scooby are turned into babies by a steam bath, and are entered into a baby contest by Scrappy, only to have him win when they change back to normal. They get carried away on a hang glider in "Hang in there Scooby". "Scrappy's Birthday" retells Scrappy's birth to Scooby's sister Ruby Doo. In 1984, episodes were rebroadcast under the title "Scary Scooby Funnies", with a new opening sequence similar to the New Scooby Doo Mysteries they aired with, and this is how they are referred. 1980 was also the season the older episodes entered syndication. So Scooby fans unimpressed with Scrappy could now enjoy their old favorites five days a week. While the original CBS series had been rebroadcast on ABC, the hour long Movies hadn't, and were now seen for the first time since the CBS run, aired in 2 half-hour parts. Generally, the schedule was Monday, "Scooby Doo, Where Are You" (1969); Tues/Wed., Comedy Movie pt. 1, 2; Thurs., "Where Are You" (1970); Fri., "Scooby Doo Show" (1976-78). Of course, local stations could change this around. The subsequent seasons debuting during this period would gradually be added to the syndication package in the latter half of the decade. *The current opening for this season's episodes is simply the first season episode opening, with a scene toward the end, of Scrappy carrying Scooby into a room where the whole gang is sitting, replaced by a clip from "The Ghoul, the Bat and The Ugly" showing Scooby and Shaggy running and clinging to each other in fear. But if you watch Richie Rich, notice the opening sequence begins with a brief reference to the Scooby Doo theme. The closing sequence contains the entire Scooby theme. This is a remnant of the original opening, (which featured clips of "Scooby Nocchio" and "Lighthousekeeper Scooby" and Scrappy standing in front of the show's title saying "and Scrappy too!") and the entire closing. SCOOBY AND YABBA The Scooby and Scrappy Doo/Puppy show of 1982 was a joint venture between Hanna Barbera and their former storymen Ruby and Spears' company (which had been taken over by HB's parent company Taft), joining Ruby Spears' Petey the Puppy with new episodes of Scooby and Scrappy, plus the western adventures of Scrappy and another Doo relative, Sheriff Yabba (sort of a canine Quick Draw McGraw), and a western counterpart to Shaggy, Deputy Dusty. Because of the joint production, different, non-HB sound effects (such as the old Warner Brothers whipoorwhil, used for running), can be heard in the show. Scooby episodes were similar to the Scary Scooby's, but now there was a semi-return to a crime-solving format, as in half of the episodes the three work at Shaggy's Uncle Fearless' detective agency, where they get called onto new cases. It's still not quite the old mystery routine, as such crooks as the Cat Lady and others were their true identities. ("Capt. Canine Caper", "Catfish Burglar Caper", "Comic Book Caper", and "Snow Job Too Small" are the exceptions, with the crooks unmasked in the end). The other episodes feature our heroes dealing with other teens in teenage type situations such as teen center sports, the beach and dating. (The bulldog we saw twice before is now given a teenaged master, and aliens and genies and others are now distinctively teen.) Scrappy is pretty much the same, but is now becoming less prominent in the show, not confronting bullies as much, as the focus is gradually being shifted back to Shaggy and Scooby. Over all, these episodes, more people-oriented than the Scary Scoobies, did make for a nice series of cute comedies, and three of the Fearless cartoons ("Maltese Mackerel", Stakeout at the Takeout", and "Beauty Contest Caper") even featured original 1969 score, unused for several seasons by now. This series now uses the same modified "Scooby and Scrappy" opening sequence as the last season's series, but the closing sequence is the original from this season, including Dean Elliot's "Petey the Puppy" theme. THE ALL NEW SCOOBY AND SCRAPPY In 1983, Scooby returned to his old tried and true domain of ghost-catching. The opening sequence begins with bats flying off, in the fashion of the original series' opening. Everything now though, was a scaled down version of before. Half-hour shows consisted of 2 mini-mystery episodes. There were a couple of end-season two-parters that filled a half hour each. Daphne returned, looking and sounding like before, but now was no longer ditzy, but instead, has taken over Velma's role as the intelligent female of the gang. She now drives the Mystery Machine, working as a "snoopy reporter" for a magazine, and bringing the gang to her cases. Scrappy is now even more matured, and totally softened down from before, having amuch bigger sense of danger. He will even back down if a monster growls loud enough, and can even be seen shivering in fear and crying for help; unthinkable in his earlier life. He is now basically the "new Freddy", solving the mystery with Daphne, while Shaggy and Scooby return to their prior role as the comedy relief who only keep the ghosts busy while Scrappy and Daphne find the clues. Still, they make for cute little mysteries, with a lot of fresh new ideas brought in. New villains include a dinosaur, the Hound of the Scoobyvilles (Scooby himself gets suspected), and the Creature from Chem-Lab. Once again, phony characters were unmasked in the end, but "Scoobygeist", "Wizards and Warlocks" and "Who's Minding the Monster" follow the Scary Scooby pattern of real monsters. "The Mark of Scooby" is a takeoff of Zorro, set in a Spanish village (actually a dream). The two-part "Where is Scooby Doo" has a "murder on the Orient Express" plot, and the final "Wedding Bell Boos", feature much of Scooby and Shaggy's families, including the ghost (supposedly) of one of Shaggy's ancestors, who tries to wreck Shaggy's sister's wedding. Even more new score was added-- modern, but creating a comparable "mystery" atmosphere to the original. 1984's "The New Scooby Doo Mysteries" is a continuation of the All New Scooby and Scrappy except that Scooby now has his own company, the Scooby Doo Detective Agency. The show is heavily influenced by the movie "Ghostbusters" (The gang is even called this a few times!), and the opening sequence is set to a hip-hop beat with rapped lyrics, and has the gang and six classic monsters (Dracula, Medusa, Frankenstein, Igor, werewolf and sea demon) dancing to the beat. The funny new ideas continue as the gang runs into the "Hands of Horror" (mechanical floating hands), and as the "Bee Team"(takeoff of TV's "The A Team") tackle giant killer bees. There is even a caricature of scientist Carl Sagan as a scientist in "South Pole Vault". The highlight of the season was the six two part episodes featuring the guest appearances of Freddy (now a mystery writer) and/or Velma (now a researcher with NASA). The first is the season opener, "Happy Birthday Scooby", a 15th anniversary tribute, set to the theme of "This is Your Life". The final episode is a Christmas special, based on the "Nutcracker" play. Scooby becomes "Sherlock Doo" in one, and even helps out the President in another, and "Halloween Hassle in Dracula's Castle", and "Ghosts of the Ancient Astronauts" feature real ghosts and monsters, and recaptures some of the magic of the original series. In these two seasons, our gang receives their last names: Daphne Blake (though this was first used for her uncle in "A Bum Steer for Scooby"), Shaggy Rogers, Freddy Jones (mistakenly called "Rogers" in his initial introduction in "Happy Birthday Scooby") , and Velma Dinkley.) THE THIRTEEN GHOSTS OF SCOOBY DOO Scooby entered another era in 1985 with the Thirteen Ghosts of Scooby Doo. Everything has now been updated. The new Mystery Machine is a modern sleek red high-tech van, and there is also a Flying Mystery Machine-- the gang's own private plane! Daphne has a totally new look with a new hairstyle and new outfits, and Shaggy's T-shirt has changed from green to orange. This series is based on "Ghostbusters", as in the first episode, Scooby has been tricked into opening the "Chest of Demons", containing the 13 worst ghosts of all, which now scatter all around the earth. Scooby and the gang (the trimmed down gang� Raggy, Rappy, Raphne) now must travel the globe tracking down these ghosts and trapping them in the chest. (They use vacuum-like devices similar to the Ghostbusters). They are joined by a haggling little kid, Flim-Flam, and his wizard friend Vincent Van-Ghoul (Vincent Price). Aiding the demons are a pair of bungling ghosts voiced by Arte Johnson and Howard Morris, and one episode replaces them with three bungling witches (a female "Three Stooges"). Once again, these ghosts are real, and the show features seances and the gang communicates with Vincent through his crystal ball. He can also magically appear on the scene to help the gang. A few times we get a new feature: "program interruptions"-- comical newsbrief type bits. In "Scoobra Cadoobra" a caricature of children's TV watchdog Peggy Charren demands a scene with a dragon be cut out. Scrappy (as the dragon's attorney) protests that she has something against dragons, and that he has to feed his family too. This idea would be heavily used in the upcoming "A Pup named Scooby Doo". In "It's a Wonderful Scoob", a caricature of President Reagan appears in one of these spots, urging Scooby to return to ghost-chasing. He had gotten so tired of ghosts that he quit and went back to his parents, to be replaced by a dopey St. Bernard. Then, in the fashion of both "It's a Wonderful Life" and Dickens' "A Christmas Carol", Scooby is shown glimpses of what the world would be like without him, as the ghost Time Slime takes over and creates a dark future. But as always, Scooby eventually overcomes his fear and gains enough courage to come back and save the day. In another episode, the gang is actually trapped in the pages of the funny papers, and in still another, they get trapped in a warped mirror dimension. The opener, "To all the Ghouls I've Loved Before", and "Me and My Shadow Demon" dig out both some original 1969 score, and 1978 "Superfriends" score. HANNA BARBERA SUPERSTAR 10 MOVIES In 1987 and 1988, Hanna Barbera released ten 2 hour movies for syndication, featuring their top stars, and this included three for Scooby Doo: Scooby and the Ghoul School, Scooby and the Boo Brothers, and Scooby and the Reluctant Werewolf. In all three, Scooby, Shaggy and Scrappy run into adventures with real ghosts and monsters (sort of like extended "Scary Scooby Funnies" cartoons). However, The Boo Brothers does have such elements of the traditional mystery format as searching for clues, and a phony ghost unmasked in the end. Carried over from the 13 Ghosts are the new Mystery Machine and Shaggy's orange T-shirt. (In the Boo Brothers, Shaggy drives a jeep colored the same green as the old Mystery Machine). By this time, Hanna-Barbera had ceased using Hoyt Curtin/Ted Nichols music score, so all the older score was retired for good. The Ghoul School is a school for the daughters of Dracula and other monsters, and the gang winds up as their gym teacher. They must battle against a rival military style boy's academy, and a witch who thinks the monsters have softened. In the Reluctant Werewolf, Shaggy becomes a werewolf (it runs in his family, as we first saw in the Scary Scooby episode "Moonlight Madness"), and Dracula tries to make him lose an auto race of monsters so he can remain a werewolf and replace the old werewolf who has quit the monster lifestyle. (Shaggy also has a girlfriend, Googie, who helps him out). Obstacles along the way include the Shlockness Monster and the Grim Creeper). The Boo Brothers are a ghostly Three Stooges (so many incarnations of this comedy Trio in the Scooby series!), the gang employs to catch ghosts while searching for hidden family treasure on a plantation Shaggy had inherited. A PUP NAMED SCOOBY DOO In the late 70's we saw the cartoon fad of giving stars little sidekicks, which brought Scrappy onto the scene. Now, a decade later-- the late 80's, the new fad was now younger childhood versions of the stars. Hanna Barbera had Yo Yo Yogi, with the bear and his friends, and villains Dastardly and Muttley as teenagers, the Flintstone Kids, the Tom & Jerry Kids, and Popeye and Son. Other studios had The New Archies, The Muppet Babies, Little Rosie and Tiny Toons-- a "new generation" of Looney Tunes stars. So once again, the Scooby series joined the act in 1988 with A Pup named Scooby Doo-- the young Scooby, plus childhood versions of the original gang-- Shaggy, Freddy, Velma and Daphne. A new regular was added: Red Herring, the neighborhood bully. This show was basically a spoof of the original show, with frequent comedic references to such original themes as Freddy's "Let's split up", Scooby's "I don't get it", and the villains' "I would have gotten away with it if it wasn't for those kids" (Scooby harumphs and the villain remembers "...oh, and that puppy!") Scooby snacks now come in all kinds of flavors. Continued are the "special announcements" introduced in the 13 Ghosts. The setting is an interesting mixture of both the 50's and the 80's, with early rock-type opening and chase music and modern high-tech gadgetry. Typical late 80's and 90's style animation, with tonsils and huge eyeballs popping out with the blood veins visible when startled, are frequent (this was in the spirit of the late great Tex Avery and Bob Clampett of Golden Age theatrical cartoon fame). In the first episode, they slide down a chute, like in the classic series, but now a sign on it reads "standard cartoon chute gag", as you would see in an Avery cartoon. Villains include the Ghostly Dog Catcher, the Headless Skateboarder, the Cheddar Monster and Chickenstein. Shaggy and Scooby are their same old selves, of course, using the same voices, but the other voices and personalities were changed. Velma is still the brain, but now barely talks at all, some episodes saying nothing but her trademark "jinkies" (which alerts the gang that she's found a clue). Freddy and Daphne's personalities have been all but reversed. Daphne is now a loud smart-mouthed snotty type rich kid (voiced by Kellie Martin), and always calling her butler Jenkins to remove Red or clean dirt off her clothes. She also seems as a bit tom-boyish, compared to the highly feminine "damsel in distress" she was in the original series. She has taken a lot of the wit Velma had, and it is she who frequently reminds everyone that "There's no such things as ghosts!" (Martin would have been a good Velma, as she sounds a lot like the original Jaffe voice). Freddy is a ridiculously nerdy dweeb who even tops Shaggy in weirdness. He reads the "National Exaggerator" believing all its stories, and thus constantly fears Martian invasions and such. He comes up with ridiculous ideas and hypotheses, and even put everyone to sleep listing 200 suspects of the crime, and always suspects Red Herring, even when he is not in the story. (He's the one picked on the most by Red. The name, by the way, is an expression for a misleading clue). Otherwise, the series marked the return to the established format, the weird animation and monsters being the centerpiece. We see Shaggy's baby sister (but renamed "Shoogie" from the "Maggie" used in "Wedding Bell Boos"), and learn his real name is Norville! (And Scooby's full first name is "Scoobert"!) Two more seasons would include a few additional episodes, some of them short, at two per show, and one of them a slapstick comedy featuring Shaggy and Scooby only. THE 90'-- DEATH AND REBIRTH As the 80's drew to a close and the 90's drew on, Scooby ended his 20+ year run (or reign) on network TV. During this time, the older episodes moved from syndication to the USA cable network, which at the time had most of the Hanna Barbera and Ruby Spears cartoons. Ted Turner, who already owned the MGM library (including Hanna and Barbera's old Tom & Jerry films) now began eyeing the HB library for the new Cartoon Network cable channel he would launch in 1992. It immediately got A Pup Named Scooby Doo (which was not apart of USA's package), but it would take another 2 years for that network's contract on the rest of the episodes to expire. In the meantime, a new Scooby feature, Scooby's Arabian Nights was released on videocassette in 1993, but this was more a Yogi and Friends story being told by Shaggy and Scooby, than it was a Scooby story. It went largely unnoticed. Upon Turner's acquisition of the entire Scooby series, new promotionals were produced, featuring Don Messick resuming his role as Scooby advertising his arrival on the "Rartoon Retwork". In this early one, Shaggy, shouting "Scooby Doo, Where are you?", had a different voice. But soon enough, Casey Kasem returned; the most notable promo being the Pulp Fiction style piece with Shaggy and Droopy Dog discussing Cartoon Network around the world. With the increasing popularity of computer rotoscoping of animated cells, (copying them off of cartoons and pasting them onto new backgrounds) Scooby was also included on almost every other promo produced for the network, such as the Cartoon Network rap, the CGI backgrounded Cartoon Network Library, and the excellent "Boo Boo, Baba, Dee Dee". Another promo linked Velma to every other cartoon, making her "the center of the Cartoon Universe", (Betty Rubble --→ Judy Jetson (same exercises) --→ Astro --→ Scooby --→ Velma; Brainy Smurf --→ Azrael --→ Sebastian --→ The Pussycats --→ Alan ��→ Freddy --→ Velma; Space Ghost --→ Zorak, who was reused on an episode of Jabberjaw, with Clamhead, who looks like Shaggy --→ Velma). By now, Scooby was really on the upswing again. The network began airing the show several times a day, and there were still Turner's other networks, TBS and TNT (which had cartoons until Fall, 1998). An annual tradition developed with a 25 hour marathon of Scooby (the 25 original episodes played one after the other, twice) during daylight savings time weekend, and then plenty were played right after that on Halloween. (There have also been Scooby Movie marathons). Two years in a row, there was a "Dog Bowl" on Super Bowl weekend, in which various dog cartoons would be played, and the "winner" would be chosen by callers. Scooby won both years, rendering any future "Dog Bowls" unnecessary. The darkest moment came in October of 1997, when Don Messick, Scooby's voice, died. In the style of the "Silence" animation poster, showing Looney Tunes characters mourning the death of Mel Blanc, their voice, Warner Brothers, by now the owner of Turner/HB, put out one with Shaggy and Scooby mourning Messick. (This understandably drew criticism, since it ignored all the other cartoon stars voiced by Messick.). Scooby would never be quite the same again. But as it is always darkest before dawn, a revival of 70's nostalgia in the late 90's (just like the 50's nostalgia in the 70's; 60's nostalgia in the 80's-- it's a 20 year cycle as the children of those decades grow up and become nostalgic about their young lives.) further elevated Scooby back into the limelight. New animation was on the way, and a new voice would soon take over. One of Turner's original visions for the Cartoon Network was "World Premiere Toons". The Hanna Barbera studios (later renamed Cartoon Network Studios) brought in a bright new generation of young cartoon directors and animators who created new 7 minute shorts. It was hailed as a throwback to the golden age of theatrical cartoons, where there was freedom from the demands of a Saturday morning network series schedule to allow total creativity. Whichever cartoons were well received soon became new series. One of those series, Johnny Bravo, would include a spoof of the Scooby mystery format that featured the original gang. Kasem, Welker and North returned, though the new Scooby and Velma voices (by Scott Innes and B.J Ward) just were no where near the original. The episode even featured a musical chase sequence, reminiscent of the second season (1970) episodes. At the end, several masks were pulled off of the "ghostly gardener", revealing old characters Professor Hyde White (Hey, he wasn't a villain, he was the victim!), Harry the Hypnotist, Don Knotts, Bigfoot (from the Laurel & Hardy episode), and Joe Barbera (Bravo: "Who's that?") (It turns out to be Bravo's aunt, trying to scare him out of the house). Also are hints of what cynical 90's fans had been suspecting: romantic involvement between Fred and Daphne (since they are the ones who usually go together on split-ups). She treated Bravo coldly just like all of the other women he hits on. But he and Velma liked each other, as was elaborated on in a later CN promotional. Other promotionals featured the gang as well, such as them waiting for Velma to find her orange socks. Burger King sold Scooby toys, and produced a commercial featuring a live action Mystery Machine driven by an animated Shaggy. (You could even start to see vans painted as the Mystery Machine around this time). Look out for a live Mystery Machine on a street near you! He was really back on a roll now, and a new full-length videocassette feature, Scooby on Zombie's Island, quickly followed. For some reason, Casey Kasem and Heather North bowed out at this point, leaving Frank Welker (Freddy) as the last original voice. (Rumor has it that Kasem stopped playing the meat-loving Shaggy because of a falling out with WB over the afroementioned Burger King ad campaign due to his vegetarianism. Hid did return to play Robin of Batman fame in a promo about cartoon sidekicks, though). The new Shaggy voice, by Billy West, of Ren & Stimpy, was at times pretty good (especially in the deep whispering and high tone, where it sounded just like the original), but at other times was pitched wrong. The new Daphne (Mary Kay Bergman) was fairly OK. This movie, and the ones after it, do not really have the feel of the original series. Perhaps, the real monsters and the occult atmosphere are what the producers feel is the essence of the whole Scooby mystery format. It was even noticed that the animation looks more WB than HB. Like the various Justice League related movies and series being produced beginning at this time, (and probably inspired by them) the new Scooby animation would not have the cartoony music and sound effects of earlier animation, but would sound more like standard non-animated features. But despite the big changes in voice and animation, many Scooby fans were satisfied, feeling the original spirit of the show was back, because it was the whole gang and no Scrappy. The mystery Machine is a more modern mini-van now (with side windows), but painted in the original colors. Picking up on ideas introduced in "Bravo Dooby Doo", Freddy and Daphne get jealous when they meet other men/women. This relationship between those two would become a new pattern in most new productions. Daphne, a modern woman, does a talk show "Coast to Coast", and after telling many stories of unmasking phony ghosts, wants to catch a real one. Velma sells mysteries (novels), which she says is harder than solving them. Shaggy and Scooby are shiftless menial workers who have trouble keeping jobs. The gang gets back together, and are told of a real haunted house on Moonstone island in Louisiana, and go and investigate. Freddy figures it's just someone trying to scare kids away, and there are plenty of references to "mechanical claws", "holograms" and all the other phony "haunting" gadgets they were so familiar with. They even try to pull "masks" off of some zombies, and find that they are real. Before and after the release of the movie, Scooby CN bumpers exploded, with a new set appearing seemingly every few weeks. (They all featured the intro to Carl Stalling's "Powerhouse" piece from the 1940's Looney Tunes, which then led into the original Scooby title theme. This in fact was done on all other cartoons as well, signaling that the Turner/HB/MGM library has been grafted into the Warner Brothers family.) Ones released right after the movie featured Freddy and the new Shaggy with "We'll be right back" messages reminiscent of the long forgotten original CBS bumpers with Freddy and Shaggy ("Don't fly the coop, we'll be right back with the troops"; Don't go away, we'll be right back in a flash"). Less than a month later, on Halloween, 1998, the movie would premiere on CN's Cartoon Theatre. (CN had recently acquired the Hanna Barbera Superstar 10, including the other 3 Scooby features from the Disney Channel, plus Scooby's Arabian Knights, which all were airing on this program.). New promotionals for the Network's broadcast of Zombie Island featured Shaggy as a prowler/crank phone caller harassing Daphne at home. A week before Halloween, on the daylight savings time marathon, new voices and reused animation (and some new drawings) were framed into 8 "interviews" entitled "TMK" (Those Meddling Kids). They featured the gang sharing facts about themselves and each other, and pictures from childhood. In the first "case", we see it was Daphne's father who originally financed the gang, and drove them around in his car ("Seven Days a Week" playing on the radio). When he forbids her to go into a haunted house, the gang decided to travel on their own. The next 5 cases feature each of the 5 members. The next case after those interview various captured villains, and the final one is "the Gang, Reunited" (a summary). In all of these, we learn that it was Shaggy who found the Mystery Machine, Velma has won dozens of achievement awards and inspired the gang with her "jinkies" call, and Daphne claims to be just as smart as her, getting all A's in school. She early on aspired to be a crime solver (as well as fashion model) to the shock of her parents. She and Freddy also deny their romantic involvement, which Scooby gives away by blowing kisses. These segments originally aired during the commercials during that marathon, and afterwards had been used as bumpers at the end of Scooby programs. Scooby Turns 30 and enters New Millennium with more DTV movies For Scooby's 30th anniversary in 1999, a second new feature was released, "Scooby and the Witch's Ghost", also for videocassette in the Fall, and aired on the Network around Halloween. West left leaving Innes to take over Shaggy's voice. It sounded pretty much the same, just having too much of a rough edge compared to the original. Leading up to this is "The Scooby Doo Project", including a 24 hour marathon of original episodes one weekend, followed by the five prior 2 hour movies the next, and even a Scrappy Doo marathon. This year, in place of the "TMK" segments, were bits parodying the movie "Blair Witch Project". The animated gang drives the real life Mystery Machine around in the real world interviewing real people in the area about strange goings on. They camp out in an old cemetery in the forest and encounter a monster (actually reused from a bumper introduced years before). All of this was advertized by parts of some of the bits, plus "footage" of the sheriff (also live action) having found all of the episodes in a briefcase and the abandoned Mystery Machine in the woods. Around this time, General Mills also added Scooby, Shaggy and Mystery Machine marshmallows to its "monster cereals": Count Chocula/Franken Berry/Boo Berry. Cartoon Network also celebrated by adding a four hour Saturday block (Noon-4) during the summer, featuring two original episodes, two Scooby & Scrappy, one Comedy Movie, New Scooby Doo Mystery, and A Pup Named Scooby. (This was also done the following summer). Many CN viewers began crying "enough Scooby already", especially fans of anime and action-adventure, which they felt had been crowded out for Scooby or "Cartoon Cartoons" (the former "World Premiere Toon" series). Scooby was now shown more than any other cartoon, beside the new cartoons, leading some to proclaim it the "Scooby Doo Network"). Scooby entered the new millennium with another animated feature, "Scooby and the Alien Invaders" the following Fall. He even won the Cartoon Network's 2000 cartoon Presidential election! All of his movies ran as "Presidential Movies for the People" on July 4th weekend. In Fall 2001, another videocassette movie was released "Scooby's Cyber Chase" about the gang getting trapped inside a computer. It was a pretty interesting story, in which they help a college computer scientist who has made a game featuring the gang, and is then troubled by a living "virus" monster who traps the gang inside the program. There have to play several levels, in which they must find the box of Scooby snacks, amidst being challenged by the virus. On the final stage, they meet their digital selves, who wear the original outfits except for Shaggy who has the orange T-shirt from the late 80's. Their colors are also duller, like the old series. They also are chased by five villains from the 70's� Creeper, Jaguaro, Gator Ghoul, Iron Face and the Tar Monster, who are now "real" and not disguised. (It was supposed to be "every villain we've ever captured". It would have been nice if they had put in more of them, especially from the more classical episodes). Bergman had died and was replaced, by Grey DeLisle. For the Halloween Marathon, a new "mystery" was created, "Night of the Living Doo", which was a "Comedy Movie" parody starring an animated Gary Coleman, David Cross and the band Big Bad Voodoo Daddy (Both shown in the flashlight title screen taken from the Comedy Movies) and a cameo by Mark Hamill. Jabberjaw winds up as the villain, jealous of all the attention Scooby got instead of him. It aired in parts as the commercial bumpers, then was broadcast whole at 11:30 pm. The Cyber Chase movie was shown the weekend after Thanksgiving. With all of this, the greatest moments were still yet to come. WHAT'S NEW, SCOOBY DOO? Live Action Movie and new series finally arrive for 2002! Next in line was a live action feature, following the Flintstones and various other cartoons (the late 90's/millennium fad) which was filmed in Australia, and released June 14th 2002. It has live actors for the gang, and a computer amimated Scooby. Real life lovers Freddie Prinze Jr. and Sarah Michelle Gellar played Fred and Daphne. Matthew Liliard plays Shaggy, and Linda Cardellini plays Velma. The voices were done reasonably well. The CGI Scooby fit in with the live action excellently, though his somewhat sharper looking face, smaller recessed eyes (with shadows), and realistic pointy dog teeth make him look a bit too "real", and more like a Doberman Pinscher. Of course, you saw promotionals of the movie everywhere (no longer just on Cartoon Network), along with all the posters, billboards, internet ads, etc. in the months leading up to its release. The movie also has a soundtrack, of course. Scooby had truly captured the entertainment world this year. Anticipating the added Scooby-mania, the Kids WB network began playing the classic series, bringing Scooby back to regular broadcast ("air") television for the first time in over a decade. (Hour long Movies were once again showed in 2 parts). In the beginning, Casey Kasem even did the promotionals for the show! This version featured new popup information, such as countdowns to important clues, the gang's sayings or traits ("zoinks", "jinkies", Velma losing her glasses, etc.) or other significant information, and even viewer comments. Cartoon Network's new retro-oriented Boomerang channel launched and became another vehicle of the Scooby series. According to various sources, there were some veiled references to sex and sexuality that were edited out, to not compromise the PG rating. Some lighter ones remained, along with an allusion to drugs ("Pass the Dutchie" playing in the van with smoke coming out of it). It seems hard for modern society to fathom a bunch of teens, especially a beatnik one, travelling around in a van in the 60's and 70's, were living clean. But that's what made the original show so innocent. Actually, Fred and Daphne only share one kiss at the end, and otherwise, there is not that much else about their supposed romance. They mainly dis each other throughout the story (like quarreling lovers). Shaggy finds a girlfriend and Velma has an admirer, though. Fred was very egotistical and self-absorbed. To this day, his character has never quite recovered from "A Pup Named Scooby Doo". Daphne was also a bit similar to "A Pup Named Scooby" (even down to the boots), though more feminine and not as loud and obnoxious, and is hung up with being the "damsel in distress" which Fred and Velma rub in her face. (At one point, she grabs Velma's glasses: "Who's helpless now?!") Velma is resentful about being "last" in the group. They all argue about who really gets the credit for solving the mysteries. Shaggy and Scooby have a burping and gas passing contest, and in one look back, Scrappy (whom Velma calls the "nut" of the group) urinates on Daphne (which seemed to be something he did alot), and then demands to be the leader of the gang. They then leave him out in the desert. (A sign points to Yucca Flats, where the "Scrappy and Yabba Doo" series took place). It is an understatement to say that the anti-Scrappy mentality had truly triumphed in this film, as this is nothing compared to the other reference to him in the movie, addressed on the Scrappy page (link below). Basically, all of this is vastly different from the original concept, in which the gang members (including Scrappy) would mildly annoy one another at times, but nowhere near what we see here. (We were slowly led up to this point through the animated features). But this is apparently what it takes for a story to be a big screen picture today. Innocence is out and cynical quarreling, raciness and sophomoric grossness is in. So this, like A Pup Named Scooby and Bravo Dooby Doo is more of a spoof of the original series. What would have really been nice is a good old-fashioned haunted-house mystery with plain ghosts. (The beginning of the movie starts out somewhat like this, in which they chase the "Luna Ghost" seen on publicity posters and promos. That would have made a more "classic Scooby" type story). Many of the props from the original were nicely represented, such as them hiding in a barrel and suits of armor, or secret passages behind bookcases. And you had the "been there, seen that" references to "holograms" and other getups showing the gang is no longer fooled by that stuff once again. The basic story picks up where the gang breaks up the first time. They solve their last case and then the internal conflicts escalate until one by one they quit. Shaggy and Scooby take off on their own in the Mystery Machine. Two years later, they all get letters asking them to come to this amusement park island. They bump into each other in the airport, revealing their new careers (Fred as mystery writer� the book is about himself, though, and Velma working for NASA, as we learned in the first "reunion", 1984's "Happy Birthday Scooby") On the Island, they go their own separate ways again, but then soon run into each other in a creepy castle. This is where they battle various monsters and human characters until they catch the mastermind. Pretty interesting, and pretty shocking in some respects. Scooby and the gang were also featured in the new Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law show episode "Shaggy Busted", which plays on the "Shaggy-as-drugged-out" theme. (actual clips of the old series showing things like clouds of dust in the Mystery Machine are taken as "evidence" of drug use). Snausages introduced an actual "Scooby Snacks" brand of dog treats, with beef flavor Bone, cheese flavor Cheese, chicken flavor Drumstick, and bacon flavor Pizza shaped treats! Kelloggs introduced Scooby Doo Cinnamon Marshmallow cereal around the same time as well. And this still is not all! A rumored new series debuted in the Fall! There was a lot of great news! 13 episodes of "What's New Scooby Doo" aired on Kids WB, plus a Christmas special. To a large extent, it is similar to the animated movies. Animation is a cross between the new WB style and the classic HB style. Modern cultural references are still present, such as Velma's laptop and Daphne's cellphone. Some criticize this, but remember, the gang always had the latest technology of the day (such as all the Mystery Machine radar equipment in Decoy for a Dognapper). In at least one instance it came quite in handy. When Daphne gets lost, Fred and Velma go off to search the old fashioned way, while Shaggy suddenly gets the idea to phone her cell, thus leading him right to her. This is the type of ingenuity that made the old series so good. There was really a great effort in creating an element of surprise in revealing who the culrpits are. One time, Velma gets a person to confess; he is taken away, the gang drives off (with Shaggy and Scooby digging into the food, as usual), and then suddenly it dawns on Velma that that wasn't the culprit after all, and one later clue they had found wasn't accounted for. They drive back and catch the real cuprit in action. Some of the villains seem lame, however some are reminiscent of the classic episodes, while some stories overdo it and come across as ripoffs (the first episode seems to be a rehash of "That's Snow Ghost" for example). The gang has pretty much regained their original outfits, with a couple of modifications. Fred's sweater has a thick horizontal blue stripe, and gone is the ascot. (a promotional for the shows rebroadcast on Cartoon Network later, would play on this). Gone also is Daphne's green scarf and purple stockings, and the dress is similar except that the top opens like a robe. Velma's skirt has only a single pleat in the front, and her hair seems a bit ruffled (a modern style now). The Mystery Machine is once again the original van, not the minivan of the movies. One episode involves its previous owners, a musical group called the "Mystery Kids" whose tour bus it was. They are questioned when the van itself seems to become haunted by the ghost of a rock star. The new opening song "What's New Scooby Doo", is a definite throwback to the original "Scooby Doo Where are You", but done in a modern Ska style. The best news is that Casey Kasem returned as Shaggy, and Welker does both Fred and Scooby! Welker's Scooby sounds markedly better on sounds such as giggling and "huh". Mindy Cohn from The Facts of Life took over as Velma. She was a logical choice, since Cohn had a similar "inflection" as the original Jaffe voice. In fact, when one listens to Jaffe, she sounds a lot like Cohn. Yet, when Cohn does Velma, it still is a bit more "mature" sounding, as with Stevens and the other voices after Jaffe, though it is much better on the range of tones. (Cohn's voice has matured a bit since her teenage TV role). Grey DeLisle continues to do Daphne. As she is mostly about "looks" rather than speech, the differences of voices for her haven't been as detrimental. She is always pretty much herself no matter who plays her. It seems many of the episodes had the makings of classic Scooby type adventures, but the thing that needed the most improvement is the music score. Score was very important in creating the feel of the original, and even some of the later shows, such as the 83-4 season, the Superstar 10 movies and even A Pup Named Scooby created new score that fit well for a "spooky mystery" feel. The score used in the new series is standard modern cartoon score similar to the movies and other action cartoons. Some episodes do use remakes of a couple of the original pieces, but these are scattered and not enough to color the episode. There were also musical chase scores, and this was usually hard rock. Meanwhile, Scooby marked his official move from Cartoon Network to Boomerang with a killer 368 hour marathon of every Scooby episode from 1969 to 1991, spread over four weekends in October '02! (originally entitled "Much Ado about Scooby", and repeated subsequent Octobers under other names). Scooby was afterwards down to only two daily slots on CN, -an hour block in the morning entitled "Scooby Universe" of two half hour programs, one of which was repeated late nights followed by an hour long Comedy Movie; but was then shown more on Boomerang. However, if the new series was not quite satisfying, then the greatest news yet was to come! The next animated feature Legend of Vampire Rock was released the following Spring, and both Heather North and at long last, even NICOLE JAFFE had returned! Plus the return of the old H-B sound effects and remakes of the original music cues, and art & background style. This was the best thing to happen to Scooby in 30 years; in theory, an almost complete return to the spirit of the original that many fans had been dying for! It does still resemble the new TV series, with crisp clear graphics (almost like Web Toon or other 2-D computer graphics), but the gang had their original outfits back, as well as the original Mystery Machine and people's faces are generally drawn as they would have been in the original. The vampire however, is a typical new style monster (like in the other movies) that looks nothing like the classic mysteries. Sort of like "Moon Monster Extreme". And there is still the great emphasis on action and effects that have colored most new productions. Also, this is another "abroad" location, when a good stateside haunted house mystery in the vein of "Night of Fright" or "Haunted House Hangup" would have been the perfect premise for this attempt at recreating the old series. But the voices and score (which is used throughout, rather than occasionally, as in the new TV series) certainly make it watchable. It was sure great hearing Jaffe's unique voice coming from Velma again after 30 years! She had just never been the same with the others. Shaggy and Scooby play their own video game (based on "What a Night for a Knight") in one of those new drop down LCD car TV screens, and Velma still has her laptop. So there is something for everyone; both fans of the old and new styles. In the story, the gang travels to Australia; on the cruise ship we see a replay of the original opening begining with bats flying off (original sound); Scooby gulps and then quickly reverses, the gang and their shadow, a ghost comes out of a secret passage, a hand grabs at Daphne, Fred, sitting and reading, falls back through a panel, etc. while they are chased by three ghosts (very similar to actual ones from the classic series) to the remade original opening song. Shaggy and Scooby wind up on a phony sea serpent, which Scooby deflates and lands trapping the ghosts (like on "Loch Ness Mess") They then unmask them, solving their latest case, the "Sea Serpent Smugglers" on the way to what was supposed to be their vacation. They spot the harborside attractions of Sydney, and then soon hit Bondi Beach, where a shark chews Shaggy and Scooby's surf board (as in "There's a Demon Shark In the Foggy Dark") and Fred gets steamed watching several Aussie beach dudes gawk at Daphne ("What a Sheila!"), vainly posing on the beach. (the only reference to this modern Fred/Daphne thing, thank goodness!) They go to a a rock festival contest called "Vampire Rock" after the huge mountain it takes place on, where the legendary vampire, called "Yawie Yahoo" has his cave, and is believed to have caused the mysterious disappearance of a rock band. A second animated movie after that, "Scooby Doo and the Monster of Mexico" was released October '03, following the same pattern, but seemed a bit better. The Chupacabra (set in Mexico, instead of Puerto Rico where the real legend is from. A Dexter episode had it set in South America) looks like the Jaguaro with a new head. Original score is recreated with a mexican flavor, some of the 1968 and a couple of older pieces (including one that was never used in Scooby) are recreated as well. The movie begins with the gang having an IM conversation on their laptops, where they decide to go to Mexico. Also was a new season of What's New Scooby Doo and the live action sequel "Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed". This sequel was also better then the first live action movie, and like "the Cyber Chase" featured comebacks of several of the old villains (still heavy on the "Scooby Doo Show" era; nil on the Scooby Doo Movies, but at least there were more from the original series this time). One episode of this new season of the series, "Uncle Scooby and Antarctica" raised questions among internet posters of whether Scrappy was making an appearance. But it actually turned out to refer to a group of little penguins who called Scooby "uncle". (The story ironically was similar to the Scrappy episode "South Pole Vault", in which Scooby befriended a penguin). Soon, What's New Scooby Doo made it's move to Cartoon Network, airing in Cartoon, Cartoon Fridays, and a couple of other places. Still later, it finally moved to Boomerang, which created a new bumper for it, showing the gang riding around in a toy Mystery Machine (with Scrappy banished to the back), followed by a "B" logo on wheels, colored like the Mystery Machine. On Kids WB, a third season would follow in 2004, for a total of 42 episodes. (One even reused A Pup Named Scooby Doo version of the characters, in a look back at the gang's youth). This also marked Scooby's entry into the Guinness Book of World Records for having the most episodes of an animated franchise! The next animated movie "Scooby Doo and the Loch Ness Monster" was released in 2004, and reverts back to the "What's New Scooby Doo" voice cast, and the other original references such as the outfits and score cues of the previous two videos are dropped for the new style again. So this and the animated movies afterward are basically 90 minute "What's New Sscooby Doo" episodes. It seems another Loch Ness story was not really needed, but as we see, a lot of old ground is being covered again. This time, we see, it is Daphne who has relatives in the Loch area! Following were a new Hawaiian Tiki story: "Aloha, Scooby-Doo!" (2005), then another mummy story: "Scooby Doo in Where's My Mummy?" (2005) another pirate story: "Scooby Doo in Pirates Ahoy!" (2006), and another "Snow Ghost/Big Foot/Abominable Snowman" story: ("Chill Out, Scooby Doo). Finally, in 2008, we would get a new story idea: Scooby Doo and the Goblin King, which takes place in a carnival, and features real magic, and an evil magician, and Shaggy and Scooby must go into the world of magic, get the scepter from the Goblin King before the magician can, and return home before sunrise, or else they will be trapped in the magic world forever. Also, during this time, as DVD box sets had become an increasingly popular venue of classic television, several DVD's were released for Scooby, including the entire "Scooby Doo Where are You series", The Scooby Doo Movies, (both individual guests, and later the whole series) and even the Scooby Doo Dynomutt Show, the 1978 episodes (packaged as "the third season" of "Scooby Doo Where are You"), and eventually, "What's New Scooby Doo"; plus many other collections of various episodes from the early years. To everyone's shock, "The Richie Rich-Scooby Doo Hour" first volume was even slipped out in 2008 (containing 39 of the 60 Scary Scooby Funnies). This one would have thought would have been the last Scooby show released to DVD, if ever. The show in which Richie Rich's name was above Scooby's, and Freddy and the girls were dropped and Scrappy's antics took center stage. But like the DVD releases of the three Superstar 10 movies, there were no references to Scrappy on the package! The practice had become to completely cover him up in whichever releases included him. Still missing are the eight "Scooby Doo show' episodes from 1977. (People are expecting they might be on a "Laffalympics" DVD whenever it is released. These would have made a better "Third Season" set than the 1978 season), and the rest of the Scrappy era series. A live action Scooby Doo III had also been rumored in the past, but the cast members from the first two movies gradually dropped out, and it is now being produced as a prequel to the other movies, portraying the gang's beginning (It was earlier speculated to be based on "Pup Named Scooby", but it is now going to take place in their high school years). SURPRISE: Another Total Revamping With hundreds of stories, in dozens of TV shows and movies over the course of 37 years, just as it seemed Scooby might finally be winding down, word of a totally new Scooby series for Sept. 2006 suddenly begins surfacing only a few months before. "Shaggy and Scooby Doo: Get A Clue" would be produced for the Kids WB Saturday morning block, now on the new CW network formed by the merger of UPN and WB. (Since it is half owned by CBS, which had acquired UPN in an earlier merger, Scooby has in a "half-way" sense returned to his original network roots!) Fans had decades earlier received a shock when Scrappy was added and then the format was completely revamped with the removal of Fred and the girls and the mystery premise. This had been the biggest change in the series ever, which many have loathed to this day. This was followed by the biggest character redesign: the conversion of the gang to pre-teens for a Pup Named Scooby Doo. Afterwards, the characters were restored to original form, but with new style drawings (with shadowing on the faces, etc), animation, backgrounds, outfits and voices. It felt a bit different, but still, Scooby had come full circle, and fans were happy to have the original format back! This new change tops all of that put together, and is totally different from anything we have ever seen! It figures, when you look at the increasing reuse of villain and story ideas of the DTV's and even "What's New Scooby Doo" and realize that the writers have once again run out of ideas, as had happened nearly 3 decades earlier when the first major change was made. But just as then, it is better to have all new ideas, then endless rehashes of old ones, so time will tell if this series is good. The premise is that one of Shaggy's rich relatives (he has a bunch of them, as we have seen over the years) has disappeared and left him his mansion and fortune. Uncle Albert Shaggleford was an inventor, and Shag & Scoob discover his secret lab, and computer mentioning his top secret invention, a formula for "nano-technology" which allows one to transform into "amazing stuff". (It is in the development stage and only safe for testing on animals, however). But "a bunch of really bad guys" are after this, and this gives Shaggy and Scooby their new mission: to "use their mystery solving skills" to find the formula and protect it. Albert had gone into hiding, fearing his life was "in extreme dange...", and that no one would be safe until Shaggy's mission was complete. The villain, Dr. Phinneas Phibes is based on Dr. Evil from the Austin Powers movies; and with his crazy looking fliptop hairpiece looks like a cross between him and old Josie villains such as Greenthumb. He is supposed to be the perennial evil scientst "driven mad by all my failures in science". For his henchmen, Field Agents 1-13 (addressed by their numbers), think of grownup knockoffs of Cartoon Network's Codename: Kids Next Door. (Some of the score is even like what you would hear on CKND). So the basic plotline of the show is Phibes either sending his agents to try to destroy Shaggy and Scooby and get from them the formula, or Albert sending Shaggy and Scooby to various locations to foil Phibes' latest plots, which usually involves capturing scientists. The agents bungle and bicker amongst each other (and Phibes, when he is present), for the comedy effect. The formula, they quickly figure out in first episode "Shags to Riches", is in a batch of "New Improved" Scooby Snacks, which in this instance turns Scooby invisible; allowing him to foil the bad guys. They last until digested, indicated by a loud burp. The Mystery Machine is not only changed again (though the original one is used for scene changes in the first episode) but now it is also given transforming capabilities, sort of like the Chan Clan van. Again, Fred and the Girls are basically dropped from the stories, though they do make appearances, such as a the end of the pilot, where they meet in a diner and discuss whether Shaggy and Scooby even need them to help solve cases anymore! They do promise they can "always be be counted on for help", but basically, Shaggy and Scooby have "grown up" and shown that they "have what it takes", to work on their own for awhile, or at least until they find Uncle Albert. So the series in that respect is like a cross between the Uncle Fearless episodes, and the "New Scooby Doo Mysteries" show two seasons later. The biggest change of all is the complete redesign of the characters and backgrounds. They appear to be based largely on the live action movies, with small eyes for Scooby, updated hairstyles, and outfits (except for Velma who has her original outfit). Daphne in particular looks a lot like Sarah Michelle Gellar, the live action counterpart. Both girls have the pointed chins most new cartoon females have taken on, due to the influence of anime in American animation, and otherwise there are more new style rough edges drawn on the characters, such as the hair. Gone is the "What's New Scooy Doo" style realistic look, in favor of a sharp 2D style on the characters and most background objects, like you would find on Codename: Kids Next door and other new, less serious cartoons. Overall, it also resembles somewhat the Paper Mario game graphics. The opening theme is a new Thrash style with a rhythm not much different from the previous series. The voices are the same for Scooby, Freddy and the Girls as the previous show, but Shaggy is now voiced by Scott Menville (who voiced Red Herring from A Pup Named Scooby). It basically sounds like all the other Shaggy's compared to Kasem, who apparently left again because of increased references to Shaggy being a meat-eater. He voices Uncle Albert, however. So once again, Fred remains the sole original voice, and even he sounds a bit higher pitched. The series would continue for a second season, with a suprising conclusion as Uncle Albert is found. The show may have been scheduled for a third season, (As Phibes states 'I will be back, more powerful and feared than before!', leaving it open for a new plot). But it was apparently sidelined by the entire Kids WB block being discontinued in spring 2008 in favor of a new block programmed by 4Kids Entertainment (which has since dropped all Warner Bros. programming) There is speculation that if it does resume, it would be on Cartoon Network or even as a Web toon. Scooby has come a long way across the last three decades. He is now taken his permanent place as one of the greatest icons of modern culture! Complete Episode Guide SOME MORE INTERESTING FACTS Beginning with "Never Ape an Ape Man", we begin meeting the gang's family members. Over the course of the years, we would meet several of Scooby's relatives, and can put together a family tree! The first two relatives we saw shared the name Scooby-- namely Dum and Dee. Beginning with Scrappy, relatives shared the name Doo. We saw two more "Scooby" relatives in "Scooby's Roots", then the rest after that were all "Doo"s. Since parents Mumsy and Dada and siblings Scooby and Ruby, and her son Scrappy bear the "Doo" name, we can deduce that Doo is the name of Dada's side of the family, and "Scooby" was the maiden name Mumsy had from her side of the family. From this, Scooby's family tree falls into place! Scooby's family tree Ruby (3, 8) Scrappy Dixie Doo (6) Dooby Doo (7)Skippy Doo (8), Howdy Doo(8) Uncle Horton Doo (9) episode featured or mentioned 1 Gruesome Game of the Gator Ghoul, Headless Horseman of Halloween (1976), Vampires, Bats & Scaredy cats (1977), and 2 Chiller Diller Movie Thriller (1977) 3 Scrappy's Birthday (1980) 4 Scooby's Roots (1981) 5 Wedding Bell Boos (1983) *Scooby's parents were also on several later episodes from 1984-1988 6 Showboat Scooby (1984) 7 Dooby Dooby Doo Ado (1984) 8 Curse of the Collar (1988) 9 Weredog of Doo Manor (1991) The rest of the gang's families: DAPHNE: uncle John Maxwell "Never Ape an Ape Man" (1969) Uncle Dave Blake "A Bum Steer For Scooby" (1976) Aunt Olivia "The Cat Creature" (1978) Cousin Jennifer "Creature From Chem-Lab" (1983) Parents "No Thanx, Masked Manx" (1983, and on A Pup Named Scooby Doo). VELMA Uncle Dave Walton "Curse of Viking Lake" (1977) uncle John "Watch out, It's The Willawaw" (1978) Uncle Cosmo "Ghosts of the Ancient Astronauts" (1984) Aunt Thelma and parents appear in A Pup Named Scooby Doo SHAGGY: Uncle Nat, pictures of other aunts and uncles "Loch Ness Mess" (1972) Uncle Shagworthy "Scared A lot in Camelot" (1976) Pictures of various ancestors, "Moonlight Madness" (1980) Cousin Betty Lou Shagbilly "Hoe-down Showdown" (1982) Uncle Fearless Shagofurth, "Disappearing Car Caper" (1982) Parents, cousins, sister "Wedding Bell Boos" (1983), parents and sister also in A Pup Named Scooby Doo Uncle Albert Shaggleford "Shaggy and Scooby Doo: Get a Clue" (2006 series) FREDDY was the picture of manliness and independence, so no relatives of his were ever shown, until A Pup Named Scooby (where he wasn't so manly). His uncle appears in "Chickenstein Lives" What is "Mysteries, Inc"? All over the web, and now in the movies, you see references to the original gang as "Mysteries, Inc." or "Mystery Inc". (Including even the childhood gang), as if they were already a formally organized detective agency. But the gang was never called this, in the original show. Remember, they were meddling kids; just average teens on typical outings, who stumbled across crimes and the ghost-getups used to cover them up. This is what they were all the way through 1979. Three years later, Scooby got a job working at the Fearless Detective agency, owned by Shaggy's uncle. A year later, Daphne was working as a reporter and returned to the gang, taking them along on her cases. Still "meddling kids" with no organization of their own. It was not until 1984 when Scooby got his own crime solving business, the Scooby Doo Detective Agency. Scooby slowly worked his way up to the status of an official detective! (The childhood SDDA, was not an official organization, of course.) "Mysteries Inc." was originally the name of a cartoon block on the Cartoon Network. It had never even included Scooby! (Though he did appear in some of its promotionals). Scooby was too big to be apart of such a collection of cartoons shows. That one was for the copycat shows, like Jabberjaw, Hong Kong Phooey and the Chan Clan. Interesting split-ups In the earlier series, the split ups would be pretty symmetrical: the manly man and feminine girl in one group, and the misfit girl and boy with the dog in the other. In sleeping arrangements, and a few really dangerous missions, it would be boy-boy/girl-girl. A recent Scooby comic book joked about the idea of the switching of partners. But did you know that this actually was done once? In "The Spooky Fog", Velma and Freddy go out alone to investigate the fog, leaving Shaggy, Scooby, Don Knotts and a sheriff behind in the office with Daphne (Shaggy, Scooby and Don are hiding under a table and not seen with her, though, but are nevertheless in the same room.) This scene was cut out by Turner to make room for a cartoon short at the end. (Now when Fred and Velma go out alone, you next see the rest of the gang with them. This was actually a later scene after Fred and Velma had returned and brought the others back with them). Later in the episode, Velma and Freddy go alone again, leaving Daphne with Scooby, and Shaggy with Don. "A Frightened Hound Meets Demons Underground" has Shaggy and Scooby find Daphne in a player piano. "Hassle in the Castle" has Shaggy find Daphne, and Scooby with Fred & Daphne on a magic carpet ride. In "Happy Birthday Scooby", in a mystery flashback, we see Fred and Scooby go off together, leaving Shaggy with the girls. When the villain confronts them, both Freddy and Scooby shout "Yikes/Yow" in unison and run off, the way Shaggy and Scooby always did. This looks and sounds highly strange, but was done to support the plot of the story, in which the returning Fred is suspected of being the villain, (and thus having turned to crime during the years away from the gang) but in actuality the real villain was framing him and trying to destroy Scooby in revenge for the two of them catching him as shown in the flashback. Fred and Daphne as lovers? In the Josie and Funky Phantom gangs there was jealousy over which boy goes with which girl, but the Scooby series never had any such distraction. while perhaps the original conception of "Mysteries Five" may have had such interaction; in the form we have all come to love, it wasn't about that, which added to its charm. (The only time Shaggy ever asked to go with the girls was to avoid dangerous assignments, not to try to score with them or compete with Fred!) The gang made known their outside romantic interests, and seemed uninterested in each other. Shaggy figured Daphne was trying to "scare up a couple of new boyfriends" when she bought the Mystery Mask. She also liked Robin from Batman, and one of the musicians in the Momba Womba mystery. But now in the new Milennium, the tendency became to pair Daphne and Fred together as a couple. This is based on the earliest episodes, when Fred and Daphne would go off alone, and then the attention would focus on Shaggy, Scooby and Velma. They did split up like that at first, but everyone forgets that later on, Fred would almost always take both of the girls. Even in most of the older episodes there is at least one split in which he has both of the girls. This increased as it was becoming clear that Shaggy and Scooby together were the main attractions. And ironically, in most newer productions, even as they are presumed to be romantically inclined; it is still Freddy and both of the girls and Shaggy and Scooby in most splitups again, not just Daphne. Trading of characteristic lines! In "A Tiki Scare is no Fair", when Shaggy shows the gang a supposed ghost drum (turns out to be Scooby), Freddy and the girls cry "Zoinks!" Jonathan Winters also says it (Shaggy has to show him how to say it) In "Dynamic Scooby Doo Affair", Shaggy runs into a toy tent in the warehouse. He sees the hooded man and cries "jinkies!" In "Decoy For a Dognapper", after an exhausting escape from bats, Shaggy bumps into Scooby, who says "Ri, Raggy", and Shaggy responds in Scooby talk "Ri, Rooby"! In "Wizards and Warlocks" Shaggy and Scooby actually come across a sign in Scooby talk: "Rhird Revel, Rots of Ruck", and Scooby actually reads it, pronouncing the th and l's, as "Third Level, Lots of Luck". Neither of them understand what he has just read! FIRST VILLAIN to utter a form of "I WOULD HAVE GOTTEN AWAY WITH IT...": (Highlight):Big Bob Oakley, in "A Gaggle of Galloping Ghosts" "I DON'T GET IT" This line was spoofed heavily in A Pup Named Scooby, but does anyone remember when it was first used? You would think this was from the original series, but it actually began with "Hang In there, Scooby Doo" (1977), when Shaggy says "Those stone-agers love rock music! Get it?", Scooby laughs, "yeah" and then suddenly realizes he doesn't get it! Scooby vs. Inspector Gadget Many people have criticized Scooby as being the same old plot, and the author has even been teased for criticizing Inspector Gadget, but liking Scooby. But while the basic premise is the same, the settings, villains and storylines varied a lot. It did start to get worn out later, but then new ideas continued to be added. Inspector Gadget, however seems to have nearly the same exact script or storyboards for each episode! They get the message from the Chief, it always self destructs, and every single time, Gadget manages to blow the hiding chief up with it; then as Gadget searches for the single enemy, the Claw, the girl sends the dog out in disguise to watch him, and he winds up following the dog throughout the whole story thinking it is the Claw, and it is the girl who actually foils the Claw's plot, (but he always escapes). Scooby was much more diversified than this! (though the Gadget format was eventually changed a bit after several seasons). When mention is made of the completely different Scooby episodes of '80-82, however, these critics still don't seem impressed. Quick clue to identity of villain The villain in the story is usually voiced by the same person as the ghost he is disguised as, although the voice may be higher or lower in pitch. A perfect example of this is Tiki Scare: The witch doctor is John Stephenson speaking in a high pitched voice, and the culprit, Mr. Simms is Stephenson in his normal voice. You can imagine either saying "Flintstone, you're fired!", as Stephenson is most recognizable as Mr. Slate. The main suspect throughout the episode was the little old man, but his growls were voiced by Casey Kasem (as was Lt. Tamuro, who he turned out to be). Kasem also voiced a lot of other characters, such as the Creeper. If a character sounds like Shaggy (with a deeper voice), it was Kasem. Don Messick also voiced probably a majority of villains along with Stephenson. Messick had a wide range of voices, and most were more highly pitched than Scooby, so you have to know the different voices he can do to know whether it is him. Examples of his villainous voices would be Dr. Najib (aka the Mummy) and Bluestone the Great (aka the Phantom), which was an even lower voice than Scooby. In one case, classic WB voice June Foray was brought in to voice the female gypsy which was one of four disguises used by one male villain, (who was otherwise voiced by Stephenson). Some less known voices also did villains, such as Vic Perrin (The Puppet Master in "Backstage Rage"; think "You have learned my secret, now you shall NEVER leave!"), and Keye Luke, who performed the Chinese Ghosts in "Mystery Mask Mixup" (Think "we want the Mask!" or "I will build a new store room!"). These voices were used in other Hanna Barbera cartoons at the time. Luke for instance, was the original voice for Brak from the Space Ghost series (who became a popular figure in the 90's, though with a totally different voice and personality). The Evolution of the Scooby Theme. The original theme seems to be the instrumental piece that is occasionally used in some of the 1969 episodes; especially the earlier ones. It is the extended version of the piece used on the titles of most episodes from 1969-1972. You can still hear the whole theme toward the end of Mystery Mask Mixup, when the ghost steps in and is carried away by the toy train trap. It is also the tune that is used in much of the original score in different forms, and new versions of it were even introduced in 1972. Then, the more familar "Scooby Dooby Doo, Where Are You?" song opening was added. The first bar ("Scoo-by Doo-by Doo...") would be reused on the new Scooby Doo Movie opening of 1972. But now instead of "...Where are You? We got some work to do now", it was "...Lookin' for you; Scoo-by Dooby Doo, Where are you?" plus all the later lines of the song were changed, and now a refrain was added: "Scoo-by: Scoo-ba-dee-Doo; Scoo-by: Scoo-ba-dee-Doo". This was what would become the universal theme of Scooby for the next 13 years. The first part was used in several score pieces in both 1972 and even newer ones in 1976. A shorter version then was used on the new title screens of 1978, and even newer versions of this from 1979-1985. In the Scrappy period, both "Scooby Dooby Doo", and "Scooby: Scoo-ba-dee-Doo" came to be used a lot in both opening themes and new score pieces. Afterwards, the theme was dropped on all new productions. The movies of the last few years now feature the original Scooby Dooby Doo, Where Are You? song in the openings redone in contemporary styles. "What's New Scooby Doo?" has a similar melody to the original. Believe it or not, there was a piece of score with a "Scooby Dooby Doo" melody that was never actually used in a Scooby episode!. It is in cut-time and the "Scooby Dooby Doo" notes are played with an Oriental percussion or string instrument, followed by a pair of descending arpeggios on flute on the beats. This is then repeated in a slightly higher scale, followed by "Scooby Dooby Doo, Where Are You" in the Oriental instrument again, then three quick descending arpeggios on the flute again. The whole sequence is usually repeated. This is a sort of Oriental version of the Scooby theme that was apprently created for Chan Clan, and also appears in Hong Kong Phooey. There is a similar piece, but without the Oriental sound that appears in Guess Who's Knott Coming to Dinner, when Don first sneezes and Scooby sees his disguise come off, and in Sandy Duncan's Jeckyll and Hydes when Scooby first falls in love with her and jumps into her arms. Some pics courtesy of Yoinks.com and Ronn Webb at WingnutToons.com Great Hanna Barbera, Scooby, and "Other Toons" pages Scooby and all related characters trademarks of Hanna Barbera and Cartoon Network (An AOL/Time-Warner Company)
Freddie
What was the name of the Nottinghamshire fast bowler appointed as the main bowler for England in the Bodyline series of 1932 and 1933?
Scoobycool9 and LuckycoolHawk9 | FanFiction Scoobycool9 and LuckycoolHawk9 Poll: Which story should I work on? Vote Now! Poll Which story should I work on? 1 First encounter with Chase Hunter ( Must i say why?) 3 Scooby doo in the real world. View Poll Result . Please vote for one of the choices. Favorite Joined 07-14-11, id: 3070412, Profile Updated: 12-20-15 Author has written 34 stories for Spider-Man, Nightmare Before Christmas, Teen Titans, Cartoon X-overs, X-overs, Fairy Tales, Scooby Doo, Fangface, Disney, Hunger Games, Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog, Super Smash Brothers, Frozen, Assassin's Creed, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Thundermans, Quantico, Captain America, Halloweentown, and Total Drama series. main stories in progress (frequent updates) Total drama action solving- season 2 of my total drama stories. What is in store for our contesants? The Family issues of light and dark magic- Alexander is the son of Maleficent and Yen Sid, he has always been the good guy, the perfect guy, but with his old powers resurfacing and his mother and Chernabog destroying the parks,he is torn. What will he do to stop them???( On hiatus until Late December main stories in progress (not so frequent updates) The first encounter with Chase Hunter-Lives hang in the balance. it is up to seven ehroes to save the world( Updates whenever) Scooby Doo in the real world- What could possibly go wrong with one wish? A whole lot of things. modern time fairytales- Watch as I attempt to rewrite Pinocchio, Cindrella,snow white, Sleeping beauty, red riding hood and beauty and the beast in modern times and a connceting post story( Start as soon as I edit the old one. Beauty and the spiderman-A crossover of spiderman and scooby doo. (half way done, i have four more remix chapters, one major fight scenec and the roginal mysteyr woith the revealing of the narrator) Christmas story in the works. All we need is a miracle- Puggsy is a powerful CEO who only cares about money and wants to have more power. Shaggy is a poor worker whose dog is inflicted with a disease and has lost all hope. James is a down-on his luck playwright who can't get a single play he writes approved. All of them need a miracle, even if they don't realize it. Alternate Reality/ Alternate Timeline to RT and all of its spin-off. Set in New York. Redemption- When Apocalypse rises back to power is in town and she has defeated all the heroes right before Christmas. They are all wounded or in a critical condition. Who can stop this old threat? Well, the villains of course. Watch as Landon, Ice King, Gunther, Rogue, the Superior Spiderman and Jean Gray must work together to defeat this threat. My next projects The Things I know- Scott has just been turned and Derek had just become an Alpha when he disappears. He find himself ten years in the future where he learns a lot about things that he is told that he can't change, but he won't listen. Scott has made it his sworn decision to build a better future with the things he knows. AU. Dead Man Walking- All he could remember was the name Oliver, he decided to name himself Thomas. When Thomas goes to Starling City, he felt that he has already been there. Oliver is still grieving Tommy's death, when a man who looks like him arrives in term. Is this his friend or has he finally lost it? Half-known suspects- There was a crime involving a new ghost robbing a Jewelery store. The only problem is that the only witness Mystery Incoporated have is a half-blind and half-deaf child. Can he help them? Post RT4. When the band was made- Find out how Josie and her friends made their band and stop their first psycho. A mystery for Scooby Doo- While everyone else in Mystery incorporated is kidnapped, it is up to Scooby to solve a mystery all by himself. Can he figure who is this master villain or will he lose it? A musical caper for Scooby Doo- Alternate Timeline. James is competing in the musical reality show: Make it as you go finals. The reality show seems to be haunted by the ghost of the winner of last year's who died before they could get the price. With James competing, it is up to Scooby to solve the mystery. Will it be curtains for him and James? Fangface and Puggsy's versus Landon- It is up to Fangface and Puggsy to stop a psychopath from turning the world into his minions. The Darkness in matter- James, Steven Junior Twiggy Rose, Jason Knight and Peter Parker and Mary Jane travel to the Avenger world to find Steven's father, the infamous Captain America. All is not well though, Dark Matter is there with a new friend, a female one named Lucy Kali. It is now up to the avengers and James to stop the villains. Rescued by the Hood- His mother and father were killed in the eastern side of the Glades, Philip wouldn't have made it either, except for one thing. The man in the Hood saved him, he rescued him before vanishing. He was in the system, until Oliver Queen adopts him. Why does this man care so much for him? Who is he? Oliver/Felicity, Thea/Roy. Post season 1. AR. Josie and the King Pin- Josie and the gang must face a psycho, bent on turning the whole world into shadows so he can rule it. To be a Guardian- Warner was a regular single 21 bachelor guy living in our world. He didn't know it yet, but he is a Guardian. A person who guarded characters against the deadly Eraser. Watch as his life is turned upside down by this, somehow he has to manage living with two werwolves, a dog, a deadly turtle and a bratty five year old. . . this couldn't get any worse. Teen Wolf: the darkness within him- AU. What happened if Scott did kill the Alpha but after the first blood moon? he becomes the new Alpha but at what price? He has a darkness inside him. A darkness he can't control. AllisonxScott, StilesxLydia, EricaxIssac Teen Wolf: Power struggle. - AU. Sequel to the darkness within him. Scott had changed Beacon Hills back into a beacon and with it comes demons. When a demon takes over Stiles, it wishes to take control of Beacon Hills. Scott is not going without a fight. Beacon Hills has become a battleground. KiraxScott, AllisonxIssac, StilesxLydia, EthanxDanny, AidanxErica. Scooby Doo crossovers Scooby doo and the avengers too: What would happen if Mystery inc did turn themselves in? And how do the avengers fit in all of this? A city in ruins- Johanthan Jacobo is back and out for revenge. If that wasn't bad enough, so is Loki. Scooby doo and avengers crossover. Scooby doo and the avengers- What happens when Loki escapes to the tooniverse... crazy stuff for sure! stories on Hiatus and why the nigtmare before halloweentown- Marnie is now engaged to Ethan,her last boyfriend and everything id going well until Kal comes back to turn Marnie's life upside down. Jack skellingotn is now engaged to Sally and life's is going fine untiil oggie's children come back along with oggie boogie somehow back from the dead and sends Jack and sally into a brand new world. Marnie and ethan are also sent into a brand new wordld by Kal. now it is up to Dylan piper and Zero with the power of the gift to set things right before Halloween is changed forever because halloween is approaching and i don't have the time! My ocs Twiggy/Nightclaw- An assassin who is the sister of the Brielle ( Wherever Girl's OC), friends with Ryan Rose, is married to Cassandra Rose due to a drunk vegas incident, Has a son named Eric/Nightslasher and a daughter... He is a werewolf who has black fur and blond hair and a crescent moon-shaped chain. The portal ghost- A ghost that creates real interdimensional portals. his real identity is unknown. Ryan Rose- a friend of Twiggy Thorn and the father of Ryan Rose Junior. He is an alantian who loves swimming. Jasper Knight- Mater of the sahdows and tens to screly help Lucky on his adventures. Experiment 629 aka Ryan Rose Junior- the 629 experiment jumba created. He has a alien form similar to stitch except he is all balck. He can change into any aline speice and subdue them . he has a major crush on Lilo an use an older form of the dead Ryan Rose Junior. Ryan Rose Junior-He was a childhood friend of Lilo who she liked and he like her back. he died in a hit and run at thirteen years old. Javier Jekyll(JJ)- the son of the orignial doctor Jekyll. He is senn in beauty and the spiderman. Velma is his girlfriend/fiancee/possible wife. The flame ghost- A ghost that burns down jails and hospitals Hawk- Raven's half-brother. He has a black cloak and has raven power and fire power. He has the same father as Raven. His real name is Henry and he has ice powers along with incredible healing. Jacqueline Mouse- the adopted mother of James Hunter and the daughter of Mickey Mouse and Minnie mouse Alexander Yen Sid (Disney)-the adopted dad of James Hunter and a disney due to being adopted/ Erica fangsworth- Baby Fangs twin sister. She is similiar to fangs but is braver. She likes Flim-Flam Claw- Erica werewolf half. It is similiar to fangsface except she is less goofy in pesonality. Dark Matter- a demon who embodies darkness himself. He is powered by the darkness in objects Chase Hunter the third- A vampire werewolf who wishes to take over the world but has a good side Cassandra Rose- the assassin parthner of Twiggy and his wife due to a vegas weddingg Aquaslasher- Ryan's werewolf half. Dark Wolf- an ex friend of Ryan and a human killer PLUS SECRETL RYAN'S TWIN BROTHER Brute force- Alex Rider's kretin half ( I do not own Alex Rider) Shadowslasher- Cassandra's werewolf half Eric/Nightslasher- the son of Twiggy and Cassandra and of Nightclaw and shadowslasher. He is a mix of his two parents. James Hunter- He is a vampire-werewolf, Master of Death, can create and destroys objects at will, psychic power and can see into the past(spoiler for rt4) and he is a Time Lord (double spoiler). His overportectness and ego are one of his many flaws. He is the son of Chase Hunter the third/Chris Howard and Sami Rodgers/Life Rose. Aaron Hunter - He is an ex-human and currently his brother's nobody. He has a strong disdain for his brother due to being the reason for his death. He is skilled with keyblades and can kill with no remorse. James Knight/ Night Assassin- the son of Adam Knight aand na unknown woman. He is a highly skilled Assassin and always gets his targets. Jason Knight- The guardian angel of James Hunter and will protect him till the end. Daniel Hunter - he is the younger brother of the other two Hunter's. He is in love with Tiny Tina. Alex Hunter- He is the other younger brother of James and Aaron. He is also skilled with keybaldes. Thomas Hunter( Eon)- the youngest Hunter child. He kills to protect his family. Antonio " Rift" Knight- He is the future son of Sarah Rose and Jason Knight, he is half-angel and half-human. He has the ability to creates rifts with his mind. He is Ally's best friend and love interest. She nicknamed him Tonio. He has angel powers locked inside of him that he can not use. Allison " Ally" Hunter -She is the future daughter of James Hunter and Lucy. She is skilled with a keyblade like her uncle. She is a vampire-werewolf when she is eighteen. She is humor and uses sacarsm. She is in love with her best friend. Lucky Hunter (Misfortune)- He is the older brother of Ally Hunter. He had four children but one was killed. Due to the death of his son, dark energy started to become a part of him and he became a dark version of himself. He has no control over his dark energy and it sometimes controls him. Robert Hunter- He is the second older brother of Ally. He is a psychic and has the abilties of one. Steven "Silver" Rose/MindMaster- He is the future son of Ryan Rose. He is a master psychic and is very powerful. He does not kill and he accepts defeat. Sidney Falcon- She is a girl with a deformed face. She was transformed by Dark Matter and falls for his younger son and is the cousin of Antonio " Raven" Falcon . Dominick Matthews the second- A son of Dark Matter. He is a Master of Death through bloodline. He does not have any other powers besides those. Darren Matthews- He is the older brother of Dominick. He is very interested in learning dark magic. He has his father's dark powers. Antonio " Raven" Falcon- a very stelath kid who is also half-demon. Dream Caster/Leo Howard- the older brother of Chris Howard/Chase Hunter and can controls dreams. Time Lord- The main antagonist of RT4. He has a very dark past. Time Warp- he is the son of Time Lord. Twiggy Falcon- He is the human half of the Torterra, he has the spirit of a falcon and has great powers. Original Twiggy- He is the son of the Golden Warrior. He has a brother named Matthew Hunter or Matt. He has a mass variety of powers. Matthew(Matt) Hunter- He is the brother of the Original Twiggy. Matthew(Matt) is a highly skilled assassin and has very little interaction with people. Steven (Rodgers) Junior Lasket- He is believed to be the son of Captain America, but he is a failed experiment. He is truly Steven Junior Lasket, the twenty year son of a dead millionaire. a failed experiment turned him into ten years old. He is truly twenty, has brown hair, gold eyes, musuclar, six feet three inches, broad face and wears a gray t-shirt, green leather jacket and jeans. Other people Oc's Liz Fangsworth- She is the future daughter of Sherman "Fangs" Fangsworth/ Fangface and Kassandra "Kassy" Fangsworth/ Hunter. She is also a werewolf who is a very skilled tracker. Laura/Luna- She is the long-lost sister of Biff. She has lived in both the real world and the tooniverse since she is a carton-bird. She is helpful in our adventures and has a high streak of killing zombies. Alexia Rose/ Sarah Rose - she is the daughters of Twiggy/Nightclaw and Cassandra/ Shadowslasher. She has electric abilities and can deal high damage. She is acttually two people into one since she could not survive in the world, Sarah fused with her sister. Sarah loves Jason Knight but has had a slight crush on James while Alexia likes James Knight/ Night Assassin. Inventions that my OC'S created Time Watch- This invention was made by James Hunter. It allows the user to time travel into the past or present. Lava surfer- an invention which allows people to tread on lava. Dimensional portal- A portal which can connect to any dimension. It is also an ability. OBITUARY FOR THE LATE MR. COMMON SENSE Today we mourn the passing of a beloved old friend, Common Sense, who has been with us for many years. No one knows for sure how old he was, since his birth records were long ago lost in bureaucratic red tape. He will be remembered as having cultivated such valuable lessons as: Knowing when to come in out of the rain; why the early bird gets the worm; Life isn't always fair; and Maybe it was my fault. Common Sense lived by simple, sound financial policies (don't spend more than you can earn) and reliable strategies (adults, not children, are in charge). His health began to deteriorate rapidly when well-intentioned but overbearing regulations were set in place. Reports of a 6 year-old boy charged with sexual harassment for kissing a classmate; teens suspended from school for using mouthwash after lunch; and a teacher fired for reprimanding an unruly student, only worsened his condition. Common Sense lost ground when parents attacked teachers for doing the job that they themselves had failed to do in disciplining their unruly children. It declined even further when schools were required to get Parental consent to administer Calpol, sun lotion or a band-aid to a student; but could not inform parents when a student became pregnant and wanted to have an abortion. Common Sense lost the will to live as the Ten Commandments became contraband; churches became businesses; and criminals received better treatment than their victims. Common Sense took a beating when you couldn't defend yourself from a burglar in your own home and the burglar could sue you for assault. Common Sense finally gave up the will to live, after a woman failed to realize that a steaming cup of coffee was hot. She spilled a little in her lap, and was promptly awarded a huge settlement. Common Sense was preceded in death by his parents, Truth and Trust; his wife, Discretion; his daughter, Responsibility; and his son, Reason. He is survived by his 3 stepbrothers; I Know My Rights, Someone Else Is To Blame, and I'm A Victim. Not many attended his funeral because so few realized he was gone. If you still remember him, pass this on. If not, join the majority and do nothing. 7 reasons not to mess with kids Reason 1 A little girl was talking to her teacher about whales. The teacher said it was physically impossible for a whale to swallow a human because even though it was a very large mammal its throat was very small. The little girl stated that Jonah was swallowed by a whale. Irritated, the teacher reiterated that a whale could not swallow a human; it was physically impossible. The little girl said, “When I get to heaven I will ask Jonah.” The teacher asked, ” What if Jonah went to hell?” The little girl replied, “Then you ask him”. Reason 2 A Kindergarten teacher was observing her classroom of children while they were drawing. She would occasionally walk around to see each child’s work. As she got to one little girl who was working diligently, she asked what the drawing was. The girl replied, “I’m drawing God.” The teacher paused and said, “But no one knows what God looks like.” Without missing a beat, or looking up from her drawing, the girl replied, “They will in a minute.” Reason 3 A Sunday school teacher was discussing the Ten Commandments with her five and six year old After explaining the commandment to “honor” thy Father and thy Mother, she asked, “Is there a commandment that teaches us how to treat our brothers and sisters?” Without missing a beat one little boy (the oldest of a family) answered, “Thou shall not kill.” Reason 4 One day a little girl was sitting and watching her mother do the dishes at the kitchen sink. She suddenly noticed that her mother had several strands of white hair sticking out in contrast on her brunette head. She looked at her mother and inquisitively asked, “Why are some of your hairs white, Mom?” Her mother replied, “Well, every time that you do something wrong and make me cry or unhappy, one of my hairs turns white.” The little girl thought about this revelation for a while and then said, “Momma, how come ALL of grandma’s hairs are white?” Reason 5 The children had all been photographed, and the teacher was trying to persuade them each to buy a copy of the group picture. “Just think how nice it will be to look at it when you are all grown up and say, ‘There’s Jennifer, she’s a lawyer,’ or ‘That’s Michael, he’s a doctor.’ A small voice at the back of the room rang out,”And there’s the teacher, she’s dead. ” Reason 6 A teacher was giving a lesson on the circulation of the blood. Trying to make the matter clearer, she said, “Now, class, if I stood on my head, the blood, as you know, would run into it, and I would turn red in the face..” “Yes,” the class said. “Then why is it that while I am standing upright in the ordinary position the blood doesn’t run into my feet?” A little fellow shouted, “Cause your feet ain’t empty.” Reason 7 The children were lined up in the cafeteria of a Catholic elementary school for lunch. At the head of the table was a large pile of apples. The nun made a note, and posted on the apple tray: “Take only ONE. God is watching.” Moving further along the lunch line, at the other end of the table was a large pile of chocolate chip cookies. A child had written a note, “Take all you want - God is watching the apples. " There are a million ways we should've died before today. And a million ways we could die before tomorrow. But we fight . . . for every second we get to spend with each other. Whether its two minutes. . . Or two days.. . We don't give that up. - Riley, Last of Us, Left Behind "There's no such thing as perfect. You're beautiful as you are Courage. With all your imperfections you can do anything." - Courage the cowardly Dog, Perfect Inkheart Trilogy, my favorite quotes “Books have to be heavy because the whole world's inside them.” "Writing stories is a kind of magic, too.” -InkHeart “So what? All writers are lunatics!” “Stories never really end...even if the books like to pretend they do. Stories always go on. They don't end on the last page, any more than they begin on the first page.” ― Cornelia Funke, Inkspell “A reader doesn't really see the characters in a story; he feels them.” “You really don't understand the first thing about writing...for one thing, early in the morning is the worst possible time. the brain is like a wet sponge at that hour. And for another, real writing is a question of staring into space and waiting for the right ideas.” ― Cornelia Funke , Inkdeath "Because, as an author I have immense power. I can make anything happen with a simple movement of my hand. I can make worlds from nothing, then reduce them to ashes in a sentence. I have power over emotions, thoughts, actions. I can create new races, genetics beyond the mind of science as we know it. I have mastered life, death, and the in-between. I can do anything. I am an AUTHOR." -KnK, Ange and Neo's hostile takeover. " If you're a better me than I am, then who am I?" - Velma Dinkley, ,Scooby Doo! Moon Monster Madness. "Lord, we know what we are but know not what we may be." -Ophelia, Hamlet. " I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity." - Poe CHARCTERS I Couple My main OC WITH James Hunter x Lucy( Chronicles of Narnia) ( The standard for original fanfiction stoires and some crossovers but the msot seen though) Daniel Hunterx Tiny Tina( My coupling for my oc I use the msot except for rare stories) completed stories Reality twisted- When the gang encounter Chase Hunter the third he twists their reality and change it but that is not all since Ansem fused Luckycool9 and Scoobycool9 and erased their memories. It is up to Lucy fused with Xion, Roxas, Axel, Scooby, Fangface,Speed Buggy, Luckycool9 Junior, Scoobycool9 Junior, Tiny Tina and Josie to save the old reality before this reality becomes the permant one!( Udpated daily) Shaggy's a girl- What happens when a spell gone a wary by Scoobycool9 turns shaggy into a woman how will the coupling dynamics change and how the heck will s\Scooby react.Fredx Samatha(Shaggy's woman half), Velmax JJ, Scooby dooxscooby dee, DaphnexPeter parker/spiderman.(Semi-slash) Twiggy orgins- a story which focuses on my fangface oc Reality twisted 2:Targeted through dreams- When Marluxia comes up witha plan for revenge, It involves bringing everyoen to a twisted reality, one by one with the help of Hunter and Xemnas who wish to make sure he succeds. After almost everyone is capturred it is up to Daniel and Scooby to save the day! Total drama Mystery solving-When , Scooby, Speed Buggy, Fangface and their firends are kidnapped by Chris, they mus compete for their freedom. The truth hurts more than the lies- Secrets are pletnful for people but what secrets are James ,Aaron alexia and the rest of mystery incoporated hiding and what secret are Twiggy and Cassandra hiding? Reality twisted 4:All to do with Time - the epic conclusion to end the rt series and has many shockers... and the true timeline! Pokemon i use in my stories Twiggy-My beastly torterra who knows earhquake,leaf storm razor leaf and cut Danny-My simisear who knows great moves Hydropump-my blastostite Lord shadow- My godly Zekrom Blazequil- my typholsion Rick and dante- twin typolyshin brothers Typolyshion- an idotic pokemon who is dumb and loves blowing things up! Aquaqueen- A female samuroot with great moves Snipes- My serpior with epic move Stories in the editing room Christmas and Demons too Scoobycool9's trigon and brother blood togehter- WHen Tirgon teams up with brother blood it could only be bad news for the teen titans and Scoobycool9. RaexBB,CyborgxBumblebee, Robx starfire,kid flashx Jinx, hawk xTerra( Update daily) coupling that make me shudder Shelma- why would Shaggy and Velma date? They have no chemistry. Shapne- They don't mix well Princess Tournament: Fight to the Death by AkwardChit reviews The Disney Princesses have been captured. Now the Princesses' old enemies, led by Maleficent, are forcing them to fight each other. All of villainy is watching to see which Princesses will go down, and which will make it to the next round. The catch? The girls befriend each other in the dungeon. And now they're forced to fight. To the death. [T for violence and language] Disney - Rated: T - English - Drama - Chapters: 32 - Words: 103,734 - Reviews: 278 - Favs: 56 - Follows: 65 - Updated: 1/17 - Published: 9/21/2014 Misconceptions by Sandstorm3D reviews The city of Townsville...was in ruins and the rest of the world wasn't far behind. Mojo Jojo had seized control, the Simian Empire was on the rise, and the only thing capable of stopping them are the Powerpuff Girls! There's only one small problem...how were they supposed to save the day when they had no powers? COMPLETED! Powerpuff Girls - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 148 - Words: 1,101,470 - Reviews: 1935 - Favs: 211 - Follows: 177 - Updated: 1/11 - Published: 2/2/2013 - Complete The Great Disney Adventure III:Heroes and Villains by talking2myself reviews When Kelsey vanishes it is up to Rob and her friends to complete her plan of creating an alliance of heroes to defeat The Thirteen. Plans change when a new villain enters the picture. One who knows more about Kelsey than anyone could have predicted. Disney - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 111 - Words: 271,115 - Reviews: 1056 - Favs: 135 - Follows: 106 - Updated: 1/8 - Published: 4/28/2010 Animaniacs: Nocturnus by CrankshaftRabbit reviews After their initial series run, the Warners are graced with a new 'Best Friend' after a film director turned mad scientist forcibly warps her into their world. At first passing her off as a 'wanna-be', they quickly discover that her self destructive nature is dangerous to herself and others. Thus begins a saga of healing and zany epic adventure. Animaniacs - Rated: T - English - Humor/Supernatural - Chapters: 118 - Words: 221,072 - Reviews: 748 - Favs: 112 - Follows: 100 - Updated: 1/8 - Published: 5/2/2012 Déjà vu by Titans4life reviews During a battle with Control Freak, the Titans are accedentaly sent into OUR world, and have to figure out how to get back to their world. But when they realize who they are in our world with the help of a girl named Nikki, the Titans have a Déjà vu experience! YOU'LL SEE WHY IT'S BBXTERRA PAIRING IN CH. 17 Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 29 - Words: 25,098 - Reviews: 62 - Favs: 45 - Follows: 56 - Updated: 1/7 - Published: 1/18/2012 - Beast Boy, Terra, OC Biles Bilinski, Agent of SHIELD by Paradoqz reviews There's more to life than Beacon Hills Crossover - Teen Wolf & Avengers - Rated: K - English - Chapters: 13 - Words: 23,473 - Reviews: 34 - Favs: 122 - Follows: 204 - Updated: 1/2 - Published: 7/18/2012 - Stiles, Agent Phil Coulson Old Meets New by RockSunner reviews This is a Scooby-Doo to Scooby-Doo cross-over in which the original Mystery Inc. SDWAY through WNSD comes to Crystal Cove. Spoilers to the end of SDMI. Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Adventure - Chapters: 28 - Words: 54,785 - Reviews: 43 - Favs: 59 - Follows: 53 - Updated: 12/31/2016 - Published: 11/5/2011 - [Fred, Daphne] Velma, Shaggy The Littlest Wolves by Rivershade of NightClan reviews Derek takes in two injured little wolves, only to find out their pack has been wiped out by the twins, Ethan and Aiden. With their own agenda and secrets, the little wolves join Derek and help him and his pack to overcome common enemy's. But when their loyalty is put to the test, will they side with Derek? Or perhaps their loyalty belongs to someone else? Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Friendship - Chapters: 54 - Words: 150,775 - Reviews: 167 - Favs: 66 - Follows: 61 - Updated: 12/28/2016 - Published: 2/15/2014 - Stiles, Derek H., Ethan, Aiden Not What It Seems by chilibreath reviews Nearly half a year had passed since the events of Weirdmageddon. The Grunkles are having a blast out on the open sea. In Piedmont, Dipper and Mabel are about to enjoy a week-long break from school. In Gravity Falls, Soos and Melody are having fun running the Mystery Shack...until they hear the first BOOM. Gravity Falls - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 29 - Words: 84,706 - Reviews: 60 - Favs: 36 - Follows: 51 - Updated: 12/20/2016 - Published: 4/3/2016 - Complete Stiles Is A Girl by XxBreakingInsantiesxX reviews What it would be like if Stiles woke up one morning after a freak incident in the woods with his two werewolf buddies and a female sorcerer. A comment that Stiles says that the sorcerer did not like, gets himself turned into a female himself. DONT OWN TW! [Story is currently being rewritten. Writing has been delayed due to personal matters. Archiveofourown; will house new story.] Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Supernatural - Chapters: 8 - Words: 38,713 - Reviews: 56 - Favs: 96 - Follows: 111 - Updated: 12/18/2016 - Published: 4/21/2012 - Stiles, Derek H. Lori Disney? Not Likely! by disneylover3212008 reviews Lori Fitzgerald desperately wanted a normal, boring even college experience. But a certain magic Disney Encyclopedia had other plans when it dropped into her life. Join her and her loyal Companions in their mad-cap adventures on Trinity College campus as they learn from some very familiar Disney faces what's truly important. Currently in Season 5- Junior Fall *Updates Sundays* Disney - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 87 - Words: 511,556 - Reviews: 366 - Favs: 74 - Follows: 63 - Updated: 12/4/2016 - Published: 6/14/2012 The Unconventional Life of Abigail McCall by Hopelessly-Human reviews Being the older sister of a werewolf is not as bad as I thought it'd be, other than having your little brother morph into an overgrown Scooby once a month. But, luckily, Mr. Green Eyes with a ripped body happens be everywhere and suddenly, Walt Disney was right. Dreams do come true, if we pursue them...relentlessly. *Title Change From: Older, Awesomer McCall* Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 63 - Words: 271,028 - Reviews: 2042 - Favs: 892 - Follows: 940 - Updated: 11/7/2016 - Published: 8/15/2012 - Derek H., OC True Love Is Magic by AtlantianDream reviews "Love doesn't work that way. Love...true love...is magic. And not just any magic, the most powerful magic of all. It creates happiness." An alternate dimension of our lovable characters show up in Storybrooke! Story goes AU quite quickly! For starters Regina is caring for Baby Snow White! Cora's still alive! There are 4 Snow's in town...and Regina is Snow's biological mother! Once Upon a Time - Rated: M - English - Chapters: 36 - Words: 184,575 - Reviews: 252 - Favs: 69 - Follows: 122 - Updated: 11/7/2016 - Published: 2/14/2013 - Emma S., David N./Prince Charming, Regina M./The Evil Queen, Snow White/Mary M. Blanchard Remember Me? by Cresenta's Lark reviews It's a typical mission when things take an awkward twist. Sam rescues Tim Scam from a fatal accident but he loses 3 years of his memory. Now, he remembers nothing of his criminal past but the one girl that saved his life...Samantha. SamXScam (Other pairings included: AlexXOC, CloverXBlaine, JerryXOC). Totally Spies - Rated: T - English - Romance/Suspense - Chapters: 23 - Words: 208,098 - Reviews: 460 - Favs: 129 - Follows: 140 - Updated: 11/2/2016 - Published: 4/2/2010 - Sam, Tim Scam Pretty Little Charmed One by teAmllorettAA reviews Piper Halliwell didn't always want to be a witch, when Zanku went after her and her sisters she left, leaving behind a clone. She found a family and has been playing the role of a normal housewife, until a certain little A thretens to reveal her secrets. Crossover - Charmed & Pretty Little Liars - Rated: K - English - Family - Chapters: 9 - Words: 14,375 - Reviews: 35 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 28 - Updated: 10/29/2016 - Published: 10/3/2011 - Piper H., Aria M. Two Kidnappings and an Almost Murder by InChrist-Billios reviews The princess of Folall was cursed to be pricked by a spindle and die on her 16th birthday, but when the witch's kidnapping plot goes awry and the prince charming begins to chase after them, the villain finds herself in an unexpected adventure of her own. (Photo credit on profile) Fairy Tales - Rated: K - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 22 - Words: 66,063 - Reviews: 71 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 9/27/2016 - Published: 7/14/2011 De-aging isn't awesome Stiles by derektwolf reviews Upon coming home to the loft Derek is greeted with a big surprise. With the help of the Sheriff and Mrs. McCall, he struggles with the tribulations of being an Alpha to a bunch of pups. (Rated T for later on) Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Family/Humor - Chapters: 40 - Words: 35,680 - Reviews: 118 - Favs: 104 - Follows: 144 - Updated: 8/27/2016 - Published: 2/12/2014 - Derek H., Sheriff Stilinski, Melissa M., Chris A. Bridge Over Weird Water by FoxOnPie reviews (Reunion Falls AU) Growing up in Gravity Falls, Dipper Pines has had to deal with crazy stuff on a regular basis. He's faced ghosts, leprechauns, fish people, and even man-eating sentient teddy bears. But no amount of monster fighting could ever prepare Dipper for the biggest oddity to date: the arrival of his long-lost twin sister, Mabel. WKLV'OO EH RQH FUDCB VXPPHU. Also on AO3. Gravity Falls - Rated: T - English - Family/Supernatural - Chapters: 5 - Words: 36,774 - Reviews: 34 - Favs: 53 - Follows: 63 - Updated: 8/26/2016 - Published: 2/25/2016 - Dipper P., Mabel P., Grunkle Stan In a Corner of My Soul by DragonyPhoenix reviews What if Giles were the Big Bad of season 1? Buffy: The Vampire Slayer - Rated: T - English - Supernatural - Chapters: 122 - Words: 90,113 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 8/22/2016 - Published: 11/29/2014 - Buffy S., Ethan R., R. Giles, Willow R. Love On A Full Moon by RealHuntress18 reviews Imagine how the story of our favorite werewolf would change if Stiles had a twin sister? And what if she falls for the mysterious lone wolf Derek? Derek/OC, slight Derek/OC/Isaac love triangle & Scott/Allison Warning: This is going to be a slow burn! Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 47 - Words: 133,417 - Reviews: 478 - Favs: 713 - Follows: 815 - Updated: 7/30/2016 - Published: 6/12/2012 - [Derek H., Isaac, OC] Stiles A Little Glimpse of Leg by Forestwater reviews Yakko is a cop in NY, doesn't drink, and never touches anyone except to shake hands. He's a good boy, and though toons call him a traitor, at least he has food on his table. And to think, all it had cost him were his sibs...You really do get used to anything, I guess. Just ask Minerva Mink. T for sexual references and for being dark/angsty. (Hello Nurse also a major character) Animaniacs - Rated: T - English - Drama/Family - Chapters: 22 - Words: 85,428 - Reviews: 56 - Favs: 37 - Follows: 46 - Updated: 7/29/2016 - Published: 7/24/2011 - Wakko W., Yakko W., Dot W., OC Remnants of the Past by KentuckyWallflower reviews Stiles remained in town and soon took over his dads job as sheriff after he retired, continuing an on and off again relationship with Malia that he is about ready to call off for good. But when mysterious murders begin happening in town and Lydia returns after a series of nightmares centered around Stiles screaming, disaster is sure to follow. *Takes place 8 years after graduation* Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Suspense - Chapters: 14 - Words: 23,864 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 36 - Updated: 7/7/2016 - Published: 2/7/2016 - Stiles, Lydia M., Malia T. The Legend of Ed: Majora's Mask by Lord Siravant reviews After the Kankers ruin Eddy's latest scam, Edd and Marie find themselves in a weird world that just so happens to be on the threshold of an apocalypse. Once the rest of the gang gets involved, they must help a young hero named Link prevent Termina's destruction. Eds/Kankers. Rated T for violence, language, and sexual themes, along with typical EEnE humor. Reviews are loved. Crossover - Ed, Edd n Eddy & Legend of Zelda - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 28 - Words: 105,950 - Reviews: 260 - Favs: 101 - Follows: 81 - Updated: 6/28/2016 - Published: 9/26/2011 - [Eds, Kankers] Link, Tatl Blackdog by Atlantis Sinatra reviews After a life of war and adventure, all she wanted to do was live a fairly quiet existence running her little café and avoid inquiries on future children from Mrs. Weasley. She didn't expect Tony Stark to wander his way into her life and decide to never leave. FEM!Harry/Tony Stark Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 6 - Words: 24,966 - Reviews: 1215 - Favs: 5,534 - Follows: 7,656 - Updated: 6/8/2016 - Published: 7/11/2012 - Harry P., Iron Man/Tony S. Love is not always beautiful by CravenRaven45 reviews It takes place after Music of the Night. Christine discovers her true feelings for Erik and wants to be with him. They move to Erik's childhood home, and start a new life together. E/C and maybe R/M. If you are lazy you can skip to chapter 17. Rated M for only chapter 36! Phantom of the Opera - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 42 - Words: 96,611 - Reviews: 178 - Favs: 98 - Follows: 107 - Updated: 5/24/2016 - Published: 4/9/2011 - Christine, Erik Aphelion by Dresden Blue reviews Hermione becomes friends with the quiet young man who shares her corner of the library. It changes things - right up to Avengers, Ragnarok and beyond. Starts pre-Thor during HP&PS and moves into AU versions of movie! and comic!Marvelverse. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 20 - Words: 118,857 - Reviews: 721 - Favs: 1,089 - Follows: 1,402 - Updated: 5/3/2016 - Published: 6/5/2012 - [Hermione G., Loki] Harry P., Iron Man/Tony S. Ice Cream and Bad Romance Movies by superzombiedestroyer123 reviews Just a quick one shot that popped into my mind after watching one of the newer Scooby Doo tv shows. Hope you enjoy! Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,031 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 5 - Published: 5/1/2016 - [Daphne, Velma] - Complete Through Thick and Thin by NightDreamer13 reviews Scarlett wanted a normal school year after moving with her father who could really care less. Then she met the Davenports, & normal flew out the window. Especially once she started having a crush on a bionic boy. But even through the crazy, it's friends until the end. *hiatus* Lab Rats, 2012 - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 19 - Words: 41,378 - Reviews: 62 - Favs: 46 - Follows: 60 - Updated: 4/17/2016 - Published: 4/29/2012 - Chase Changing Tides by mortenavida reviews After Stane's death, Harry has come to terms with fully immersing himself into Tony Stark's new life. When that starts to involve Norse Gods, Super Soldiers, and a man that can turn into a large, angry troll… well, he starts to question what he's doing. It doesn't help that he's dying. [Sequel to An Iron Magic] Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 35 - Words: 62,599 - Reviews: 444 - Favs: 1,021 - Follows: 1,405 - Updated: 3/27/2016 - Published: 9/28/2012 - Harry P., Hermione G., Blaise Z., Hawkeye/Clint B. - Complete Angel vs Demon by puppyangel7 reviews An old time friend, Chris Halliwell comes back to Mystic Falls to protect Bonnie, but what happens when Damon gets jealous? Crossover - Charmed & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 12 - Words: 12,907 - Reviews: 52 - Favs: 27 - Follows: 49 - Updated: 3/25/2016 - Published: 1/16/2012 - Chris H., Bonnie B. Harriet Coulson: Avenger by Jonghyun-appa reviews Smuggled out of the country, a toddler gets a new identity and a whole new set of rules to play by, especially when there's a bunch of super-heroes who will always have your back.Fem!Harry Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Humor - Chapters: 27 - Words: 60,927 - Reviews: 596 - Favs: 1,728 - Follows: 2,341 - Updated: 3/10/2016 - Published: 5/26/2012 - Harry P. Peter Parker, the fifth brother by Nichole Monroe reviews When Peter Parker was young he lost his parents but soon after that his aunt and uncle died as well, leaving poor Peter living off the streets off New York until one day a very kind person noticed him and offered him a place to live. Crossover - Ninja Turtles & Spider-Man: The Animated Series - Rated: T - English - Family/Adventure - Chapters: 54 - Words: 147,086 - Reviews: 40 - Favs: 82 - Follows: 61 - Updated: 2/29/2016 - Published: 4/24/2012 - Splinter Fireworks by Sawyer.Brooke reviews Starts off on July 4th, 2012. I am tired of the writers repeating story-lines and I hate what the show is doing to my favorite couple, Jasam. This is my take on what happened on the 4th and everything that is to come. Please read & enjoy! More detailed summary inside! Enjoy guys! Would love to hear what you guys would like to see from this story! : General Hospital - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 16 - Words: 43,731 - Reviews: 143 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 57 - Updated: 2/23/2016 - Published: 7/9/2012 - Sam M., Jason M. Love & Malice by noscruples reviews Helena is the keeper of secrets, and when she comes to Port Charles to spill, the ramifications will affect everyone. No one can hide from her wrath. Some people it will bring together and others it will tear apart. This is set in the future. AH General Hospital - Rated: M - English - Drama/Angst - Chapters: 57 - Words: 174,659 - Reviews: 619 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 2/4/2016 - Published: 11/16/2015 - [Jason M., Elizabeth W.] - Complete The One You Feed by Lady Azura reviews "What did we say about foxes? We're tricksters. We tricked all of you." Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Horror - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,634 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 52 - Follows: 20 - Published: 1/12/2016 - Stiles, Nogitsune - Complete By Faith Alone by kansas2texas reviews Fifteen year old Emma Swan has been on her own her entire life. Growing up in the foster system she's hardened herself to the world. But when she get's sent to Storybrooke Maine to live with her new foster mom, Mary Margaret, things start to change for Emma. AU - follows similar storyline of show up until the curse breaks, diverges from there. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Family/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 88 - Words: 358,351 - Reviews: 1862 - Favs: 577 - Follows: 703 - Updated: 1/4/2016 - Published: 11/5/2012 - Emma S., Snow White/Mary M. Blanchard SealedUnsealed by Dimitian reviews When DiZ attempts to send Roxas to the digital Twilight Town, Roxas summons the last bit of fight within himself to open a dark portal, causing the machine to malfunction and send him to the conflicted world of the X-Men. Crossover - X-Men: Evolution & Kingdom Hearts - Rated: T - English - Sci-Fi/Adventure - Chapters: 34 - Words: 129,285 - Reviews: 217 - Favs: 217 - Follows: 197 - Updated: 1/4/2016 - Published: 4/28/2012 - X23, Roxas Captured by Pitch by Fantasygurl23 reviews Based on the Rise of the Guardians movie. Jack Frost is captured by Pitch, and he finds that Pitch is more sadistic than he ever imagined. Will the Guardians be able to save him in time? Or will he become Pitch's newest fearling... Rise of the Guardians - Rated: M - English - Drama/Angst - Chapters: 28 - Words: 55,117 - Reviews: 2108 - Favs: 1,190 - Follows: 1,494 - Updated: 1/2/2016 - Published: 9/3/2012 - Jack Frost, Pitch Bet On Me by ROCkER.JACkSON reviews Elizabeth's life is turned upside down when Jason leaves town. Her heart had screamed for her to go with him, but obligation held her back. With the help of two very loving, generous guards, Elizabeth will learn the true meaning of standing on her own two feet. Will she have enough strength and determination to fight for Jason when he returns or will she crumble under pressure? General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Family - Chapters: 18 - Words: 29,837 - Reviews: 248 - Favs: 35 - Follows: 70 - Updated: 12/29/2015 - Published: 8/23/2012 - Elizabeth W., Jason M. Panem Academy by we'reonfire reviews Katniss and company are in a high and prestigious boarding school. A few problems arise, but solutions are always found. Will Katniss find love? Or will she stick to her forever alone plan? Hunger Games - Rated: K+ - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 21 - Words: 18,546 - Reviews: 132 - Favs: 117 - Follows: 100 - Updated: 12/24/2015 - Published: 1/16/2012 - Katniss E., Peeta M. - Complete The Younger Brother by The Misfit Writer reviews Austin loves Lilly with all his heart, and SHE really believes it when he tells her so, but Austin is really dating Lilly to be able to get to her younger sh and Austin have been dating secretly for months while Austin dates his older sister Lilly. How long can Austin keep the charade of loving Lilly up? Or will he finally break and confess. AustinxLilly AustinxJos Crossover - Bridge to Terabithia & Austin & Ally - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 7 - Words: 14,868 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 12/21/2015 - Published: 6/14/2012 - [Austin M., OC] I'm not too young, Damn it! by The Misfit Writer reviews Fletcher has always been the quiet, intellectual, book worm and Gabe has always been the popular, jock, idiot, but after a fight in class when both of them get violent the principal decides to handcuff them together. Will this solve their problems? Or will the finally realize how much they actually love each other Or will they just hate each other more? FletcherxGabe PREETEEN SLASH Crossover - Good Luck Charlie & A.N.T. Farm - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 7 - Words: 14,371 - Reviews: 32 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 14 - Updated: 12/21/2015 - Published: 6/18/2012 - [Gabe D., Fletcher Q.] OC The Prince and I by BluechanXD reviews N and White end their final battle in a tie. To make things fair, they make a deal. N will stop his ambitions on one condition: White must become his princess. Pokémon - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 32 - Words: 93,845 - Reviews: 1690 - Favs: 1,139 - Follows: 931 - Updated: 12/16/2015 - Published: 11/6/2010 - N H./Natural H. G., Hilda/Touko - Complete Divide by 206 by Hedgi 4000 years is a long time until you divide by 206. No life time is the same. Sometimes he finds her. Sometimes she finds him. Sometimes they find each other. They don't always even die together, even that small comfort denied them. The only constant is that they die, and that they live. A few Lives and deaths of the Hawks inspired by the two-parter. Flash - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Tragedy - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,403 - Favs: 5 - Published: 12/3/2015 - Complete Avengers Assemble: The Olympian Avengers by Sucktastic Valdez reviews Based on "The Avengers". Zeus and Athena decide to assemble earth's mightiest heroes; Percy Jackson, Jason Grace, Katniss Everdeen, Maximum Ride and the Kane siblings to help them fight Gaea and the Giants. But are the book Avengers a team or a timebomb? Alternate time to "The Lost Hero". Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Kane Chronicles - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 22 - Words: 25,957 - Reviews: 272 - Favs: 107 - Follows: 84 - Updated: 11/27/2015 - Published: 6/5/2012 - Percy J., Carter K. - Complete Because we've all been lost in darkness, until we've found a light to guide us. *For my friends* Bible - Rated: K+ - English - Poetry/Spiritual - Chapters: 1 - Words: 711 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 3 - Published: 11/19/2015 - Complete Thursday - DISCONTINUED by Random Riter11 reviews God steps in and casts Raphael from Heaven. With both the apocalypse and civil war averted, Heaven enters a state of peace and more importantly, increased awareness of other threats. Angels really don't like it when outsiders try to steal their Father's job. Loki should have chosen a different planet. Crossover - Supernatural & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Supernatural - Chapters: 10 - Words: 14,249 - Reviews: 300 - Favs: 667 - Follows: 993 - Updated: 11/11/2015 - Published: 7/16/2012 - Castiel iFreddie by Dirt McGurt reviews Hi, my name's Freddie and I have a problem. So, this girl, Carly, I've loved since I was in third grade doesn't love me back. Or, that's what she says. Then there's this girl, Alyssa, that I'm devoloping feelings for fast. What do I do? Bare with summary iCarly - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 2 - Words: 2,359 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 10/13/2015 - Published: 3/20/2011 - Freddie B., Carly S. Legend Of Korra: Not in Time by Crush48 reviews Korra ends up in the same plane of time as 12 year old Aang. Korra attempts to find a way to return home, but can she do that without revealing herself as the Avatar? And possibly adding to the already existing confusion? Crossover - Avatar: Last Airbender & Legend of Korra - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure - Chapters: 43 - Words: 54,287 - Reviews: 575 - Favs: 467 - Follows: 574 - Updated: 10/3/2015 - Published: 6/13/2012 - Aang, Korra Dances With Werewolves by TeamBlaus4EVER reviews Every girl has three guys in her life. The one she loves, the one she hates, and the one she can't live without. And in the end, they're all the same guy. Going into her junior year, Laci McCall's going to have to choose who that is; Isaac, or Derek? With the pack of alphas in town, she may not get the chance to choose. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 124 - Words: 400,021 - Reviews: 1761 - Favs: 655 - Follows: 606 - Updated: 8/11/2015 - Published: 6/20/2012 - Derek H., Isaac - Complete A Lover's Curse by TeamBlaus4EVER reviews After Derek's departure, he left Laci with a big problem. How to tell Isaac the truth? With Scott being an alpha, Allison seeing her dead aunt, and Stiles going insane, just how many secrets can she keep before it all goes to hell? *Sequel To Dancing With Werewolves* Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Family/Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 70,102 - Reviews: 222 - Favs: 183 - Follows: 177 - Updated: 8/11/2015 - Published: 1/11/2014 - Derek H., Isaac - Complete Welcome To Facebook by Teapotgirl reviews The joy of facebook has got Metal City, and the Mushroom Kingdom buzzing. You wonder what they talk about online. Read to find out. Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & Mario - Rated: T - English - Humor/Parody - Chapters: 20 - Words: 17,641 - Reviews: 172 - Favs: 76 - Follows: 53 - Updated: 7/27/2015 - Published: 10/25/2011 - Sonic, Mario - Complete Blood Moon by WritingintheCandlelight reviews Stiles hated this. He hated lying, he hated the secrecy and he was beginning to hate that he had to pretend he was fine when he felt like he was falling apart. Takes place just after Abomination. AU. Slow build. Slash. Sterek. Teen Wolf - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 168,981 - Reviews: 737 - Favs: 1,459 - Follows: 1,895 - Updated: 7/27/2015 - Published: 6/24/2012 - Stiles, Derek H. I Just Need a Moment by LZClotho reviews Post-"A World Without Magic" closing scene, Emma leaves Henry at Storybrooke Hospital and goes outside to get her head together. An encounter with Mary Margaret/Snow and David/Charming sets her world seriously to "Tilt." So she runs off - to the mayor's mansion. Eventual Swan Queen. Now updated with Ch 12 Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Angst - Chapters: 12 - Words: 37,907 - Reviews: 151 - Favs: 142 - Follows: 341 - Updated: 7/23/2015 - Published: 6/15/2012 - Emma S., David N./Prince Charming, Regina M./The Evil Queen, Snow White/Mary M. Blanchard SpiderMan: The Ties That Bind Us by The Amazing Moshi reviews Peter Parker is relatively new at his job as Spider-Man. His life is not an easy one, for he is still a teenage boy. But come and see how this young kid evolves, matures, and turns into the great man and amazing hero for not only the people of New York, but for the world! Follow Spidey in all his adventures and watch him become what he was destined to be. A hero. Excelsior! R&R Plz Crossover - Spider-Man & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 17 - Words: 51,632 - Reviews: 42 - Favs: 102 - Follows: 89 - Updated: 7/22/2015 - Published: 7/13/2012 - Complete Wand and Shield by Morta's Priest reviews The world is breaking. War and technology push on the edge of the unbelievable as S.H.I.E.L.D. desperately tries to keep the peace. Soldier and scientist no longer hold the line alone, as an ancient fire burns alongside them. The last of all wizards. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 33 - Words: 260,787 - Reviews: 6911 - Favs: 12,144 - Follows: 13,908 - Updated: 7/22/2015 - Published: 6/2/2012 - Harry P. Ghost Stories by Vexel reviews Danny was not happy. After two years of fighting ghosts, he thought he could handle strange. But when a bunch of costumed weirdos who worked for a super-secret law enforcement agency kidnap him, demanding that he help fight against a wannabe vampire and a megalomanic god with a grudge, he was really considering retirement from the hero gig. Crossover - Danny Phantom & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 33 - Words: 87,747 - Reviews: 1095 - Favs: 1,299 - Follows: 1,500 - Updated: 7/12/2015 - Published: 6/27/2012 - Danny F. But I Still Love You by vampirechick24 reviews Edward and Bella's relationship is but to the test when Bella's Ex-love comes to visit in need off help Can Edward share Bella's company? Will Bella fall in love with Damon again? What will happen with this love triangle? based on movies and tv show Crossover - Twilight & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 17 - Words: 17,944 - Reviews: 44 - Favs: 80 - Follows: 86 - Updated: 7/7/2015 - Published: 8/27/2012 - Bella, Damon Avatar by Speedy08 reviews Korra is the cocky new Avatar. But when she messes with the wrong man, her ego and arrogance gets one of her best friends killed and her Bending taken. After five years of being locked up in the Boiling Rock, she escapes. But the Korra that comes back isn't the same Korra they knew. Crossover - Legend of Korra & Arrow - Rated: K - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 120 - Words: 197,397 - Reviews: 389 - Favs: 105 - Follows: 80 - Updated: 7/5/2015 - Published: 10/15/2012 - Korra, Oliver Q. - Complete Avengers 20 by Verisimilitude1218 reviews In the near future, Loki has won. The Avengers have lost. Yet their children survive. Two of them under Loki's control and two of them in the care of Nick Fury. Now, the kids have grown and the stakes have risen. Stevie and Bryan, Captain America and the Hulk's son respect, have been in hiding, trained by Fury now are trying to make their team whole. (On permanent hiatus) Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Suspense - Chapters: 39 - Words: 95,989 - Reviews: 160 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 61 - Updated: 7/5/2015 - Published: 11/23/2012 - Loki, Nick F., Agent Maria Hill Hooked by NarrowBridge reviews AU set in Neverland, picks up right after Season 1 Finale. Rumplestiltskin and Belle set out to find his son in a land that will challenge and change them in ways even the most accomplished seers cannot foretell. The infamous Dark One will be forced to make the most important, and most costly, deal of his life. Will he choose love, or power? Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 43 - Words: 151,626 - Reviews: 406 - Favs: 93 - Follows: 96 - Updated: 6/30/2015 - Published: 6/25/2012 - Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold, Belle/Lacey - Complete Don't Forget Me by Dimpled reviews When Fiyero Tiggular and Elphaba Thropp were children, they promised they'd always be friends forever. But when Fiyero moves to Vinkus to redeem his position as a prince, Elphaba feels alone. Nine years later, Fiyero sees his childhood friend again at Shiz. He's overjoyed at the thought of a returning friendship. There's just one problem. She doesn't remember him at all. Wicked - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 36 - Words: 30,575 - Reviews: 301 - Favs: 57 - Follows: 102 - Updated: 6/5/2015 - Published: 9/15/2012 - Elphaba T., Fiyero T. The Orphanage by CrystalIceSweet reviews Pepper should have known that Tony never does what he was supposed to do and leave it at that. This said, even she was confused how a simple visit to the orphanage for PR purposes ended up with Tony adopting 3 of the weirdest kids she has ever met. Genius!Harry. SLASH. De-Aged Golden trio. Stony. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 4 - Words: 6,236 - Reviews: 324 - Favs: 1,787 - Follows: 2,651 - Updated: 5/31/2015 - Published: 5/11/2014 - Harry P., Captain America/Steve R., Iron Man/Tony S. Mirror Mirror by Sythe reviews One day, Harry J Potter made a wish in front of the mirror of Erised. One day, Bruce Banner woke up naked in a green-eyed man's aparment. One day, Harry introduced himself with his father's name to a strange man he found naked, green, and angry on the street. One day, SHIELD discovered human magic... and tried to make weapons from it. And the world is never the same. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 9 - Words: 53,461 - Reviews: 1196 - Favs: 3,536 - Follows: 5,244 - Updated: 5/25/2015 - Published: 7/1/2012 - [Harry P., Loki] Iron Man/Tony S., Hulk/Bruce B. Bionica by Miss Bonnie Madness reviews Rory Hart had always fought for America without asking anything in return, except the solitude she enjoys in retirement. Rory is soon contacted by S.H.I.E.L.D. however, to fight not just for America, but for the world... Takes place during and after Avengers. Future Loki/OC. Rated T for language. Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 7 - Words: 22,125 - Reviews: 23 - Favs: 66 - Follows: 64 - Updated: 5/23/2015 - Published: 6/19/2012 - [Loki, OC] Iron Man/Tony S. The Secret Life of an Accelerated Teenager by butterfly collective reviews Alexis could have sworn Kristina was a little girl when she put her to bed but now she's an unruly teenager. What's a mom to do and is there a cure? General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 104 - Words: 187,659 - Reviews: 132 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 5/2/2015 - Published: 5/31/2009 - Alexis D. Crestfallen by Lionna reviews When Harry lands on Asgard, he doesn't expect to be besieged almost immediately by two gods and a giant wolf. But he's always been the adaptable sort. (No pairing.) Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Humor/Supernatural - Chapters: 31 - Words: 65,077 - Reviews: 4032 - Favs: 7,859 - Follows: 10,100 - Updated: 5/1/2015 - Published: 7/11/2012 - Harry P., Thor Hope for the Hopeless by thekindlyones reviews He's the first and greatest superhero, created to be a symbol of hope and bravery for the country in its trying times. Awakening after 70 years spent trapped in the ice, Steve Rogers is now thrown into a whole new world with no direction. Now, he is the one who needs a hero. Steve/OC Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 21 - Words: 81,194 - Reviews: 439 - Favs: 776 - Follows: 1,060 - Updated: 4/22/2015 - Published: 5/17/2012 - [Captain America/Steve R., OC] Agent Phil Coulson Step by Step by Miss Raye reviews -Alternative Universe- Elizabeth and AJ's paths cross one fateful night... General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 62 - Words: 117,995 - Reviews: 544 - Favs: 49 - Follows: 55 - Updated: 4/19/2015 - Published: 4/6/2013 - Elizabeth W., AJ Quartermaine - Complete Peeling It All Away by katy1030 reviews Tony Stark's past has come back to haunt him in the form of Luis Enriquez, his fifteen year old fast talking and street smart son who Tony never knew he had. However, with each passing day more threats are appearing, from Luis' abusive step-father to Tony's ex-apprentice. Nothing is as easy as it seems. Rated M for language and violence. Avengers - Rated: M - English - Family/Adventure - Chapters: 15 - Words: 57,463 - Reviews: 46 - Favs: 45 - Follows: 64 - Updated: 4/11/2015 - Published: 1/19/2014 - Iron Man/Tony S., Hawkeye/Clint B., Pepper P., OC Fighting For All That's Good by vanhoose reviews AU: Four years ago, Maleficent has led a rebellion against the throne and killed all of the royal family except Prince Finnegan. Will Prince Finnegan fight to regain the throne that his rightfully his or will he let Maleficent use her unnatural tactics for possible world domination? Kingdom Keepers - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 44 - Words: 103,124 - Reviews: 267 - Favs: 35 - Follows: 25 - Updated: 4/4/2015 - Published: 7/25/2013 - Finn W., Willa, Maybeck, Amanda L. - Complete Phantom Evolution by fighterofflames reviews There is a rewritten story going up now, the first chapter is up as well. I hope you enjoy the rewrite. Crossover - X-Men: Evolution & Danny Phantom - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 18 - Words: 90,612 - Reviews: 110 - Favs: 199 - Follows: 156 - Updated: 4/3/2015 - Published: 11/14/2011 - Rogue/Anna Marie, Danny F. Teen Vamp by Riptide-rider reviews A vampire moves to Beacon Hills and takes an interest in Lydia. Can he help Scott deal with his werewolf problems and take down the Alpha? OCxLydia Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 11 - Words: 23,489 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 3/31/2015 - Published: 7/13/2011 - Lydia M. Intelligent, Indestructible, and Impossible! by imaninja41 reviews Superboy needs a sparring challenge, one he can use his strength with, and not worry about killing them.When Wolverine brings in a teenage girl with metal claws and her little sister, what happens?Grudges, friendships, sappy songs, and an unwelcome enemy. Crossover - X-Men & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 51 - Words: 132,657 - Reviews: 202 - Favs: 96 - Follows: 72 - Updated: 3/27/2015 - Published: 1/16/2012 - Daken, Conner K./Superboy Don't Go Towards The Dark by Jenn'sFics reviews After the defeat of the Darach, the McCall pack regrouped accordingly, knowing that things would never be the same. The supernatural tree stump that had basically started all these problems made sure of it. However, when something...demonic heads into town, nobody expected the trouble it would cause, especially with Stiles. Demon!Stiles, Allisaac, Scott/OC, minor Stydia. Post 3A. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Angst - Chapters: 10 - Words: 25,371 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 51 - Updated: 3/25/2015 - Published: 2/9/2014 - Scott M., Allison A., Stiles, Lydia M. Camp Drama Team Fortress 2 by mah29732 reviews It's the next season for Chris McLean's reality show Team Fortress 2 theme, two teams with nine classes and a bunch of contestants and full of surprises... Crossover - X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Humor - Chapters: 67 - Words: 72,866 - Reviews: 114 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 3/7/2015 - Published: 3/29/2014 - Complete The Chosen by ElenaxoxoSilber reviews Katherine's life gets thrown into a whirlwind after she figures out that her best friends a werewolf. She's pulled into a world that no one believed to ever exist. Add the mysterious Derek Hale to the mix, and feelings begin to get in the way with the supernatural. But what happens when a certain alpha named Peter sets his eye on her and she's marked to be next? (ONTO SEASON 3) Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 68 - Words: 296,316 - Reviews: 792 - Favs: 688 - Follows: 795 - Updated: 3/5/2015 - Published: 7/1/2012 - Derek H., OC, Isaac, Stiles On the Wings of an Angel by unicorn-skydancer08 reviews Terence and Pinocchio encounter a mysterious woman from Terence's past. Pinocchio, having barely adjusted to his new life with Terence, is unsure of this woman. At the same time, the boy must face the demon of his own past. Sequel to "The Guardian." Disney - Rated: K+ - English - Family/Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 43,657 - Reviews: 43 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 2/26/2015 - Published: 8/19/2009 Twofaced Riddle by prion reviews Post Avengers/ Sequel to Cognosco. Tony just wanted to one-up his buddy Loki. He never thought his experimentation on teleportation would pull some boy from a different universe into his lab basement. Harry's "first" day there is plain horrible: a botched CPR, parachuting without a parachute, and then his wand breaks. Merlin, he was only a researcher! Ch20: Push and Pull Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 20 - Words: 116,205 - Reviews: 572 - Favs: 1,385 - Follows: 2,165 - Updated: 2/20/2015 - Published: 8/19/2012 - Harry P. Reuniting by bookworm4497 reviews For three long years, no one has seen Robin. Little do they know, he's in Jump... under the name of Nightwing, leading the Teen Titans. What happens when he runs into the Team? Then the Justice League gets involved. Will they be able to settle old arguments or will Nightwing disappear again? Bad summery Please read all the bullets at the top of the first chapter, they're important Crossover - Teen Titans & Young Justice - Rated: K - English - Family/Friendship - Chapters: 25 - Words: 24,377 - Reviews: 270 - Favs: 439 - Follows: 241 - Updated: 2/2/2015 - Published: 8/17/2012 - Robin, Bruce W./Batman - Complete Be Careful What You Wish For by Cactus Wrynn reviews ADOPTED by SteampunkFairytale! The last thing she remembered was making a wish on a falling star, 'I wish I was somewhere I could heal, no matter how broken I am', now the only thing going through her head was "How on Earth did I get from the meadow in Forks to an empty lot in New York?" Crossover - Twilight & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 6 - Words: 8,091 - Reviews: 98 - Favs: 214 - Follows: 298 - Updated: 1/31/2015 - Published: 8/4/2012 - Bella, Iron Man/Tony S. Jade Stark by Children of Darkness reviews Lily goes to America, and comes back pregnant. How will being someone else's daughter change the HP universe for Jade? And also, who were the real parents of the late Lily Potter? will include some things from the comics. Crossover - Harry Potter & Ironman - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 27 - Words: 48,644 - Reviews: 920 - Favs: 2,580 - Follows: 3,056 - Updated: 1/29/2015 - Published: 9/17/2011 - Harry P., A. E. Stark/Tony You were always on my mind by gothic goddess 14 reviews After eating Starfire's newest 'creation', Beast Boy can suddenly hear what everyone's thinking. How did this happen and will they ever find a cure? BBRae probably some RobStar too. Teen Titans - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 18 - Words: 36,130 - Reviews: 292 - Favs: 276 - Follows: 306 - Updated: 1/26/2015 - Published: 10/24/2005 - Beast Boy, Raven A Summer With The Titans by TheNumberFour reviews The Fentons are invited to another ghost hunting symposium, this time in Jump City. But what will happen when Danny discovers that the Teen Titans are hunting his other half, Danny Phantom? What are their enemies planning? HIATUS. Crossover - Teen Titans & Danny Phantom - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 12 - Words: 31,213 - Reviews: 303 - Favs: 228 - Follows: 318 - Updated: 1/26/2015 - Published: 5/20/2012 - Robin, Danny F. It's A Hard Knock Life by puddingtalk reviews Flynn, Peter Pan, and Aladdin are best friends in the Disney's Orphanage for Boys.But when Flynn finally decides to get serious with his new gf, and Peter Pan has a possibility of being adopted, they leave Aladdin in the dust. Disney - Rated: T - English - Humor - Chapters: 21 - Words: 21,214 - Reviews: 72 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 1/17/2015 - Published: 7/24/2011 Nature of Rainbows by CompYES reviews AU Tenni Stronghold. Will Stronghold's sister, and all-together unremarkable teenager. At least, that's what she wishes her life was like. Sky High - Rated: T - English - Family/Romance - Chapters: 7 - Words: 39,944 - Reviews: 91 - Favs: 279 - Follows: 379 - Updated: 1/4/2015 - Published: 9/27/2010 - William S./Will, Warren P. Somewhere in Between by Galimatias reviews Lillie, an NYC journalist, is given the risky task of studying Disney's villains. But on arrival she's given a form where one of the questions asks her what side she's on; heroe's or villains, a very hard question for someone whose 'somewhere in between'. Disney - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 22 - Words: 90,495 - Reviews: 487 - Favs: 178 - Follows: 163 - Updated: 1/1/2015 - Published: 8/11/2011 Atlantis and Athens by AthenaGray15 reviews Annabeth is arranged to marry Luke,but when Prince Percy accidentally kills him,he gets his Kingdom, riches and...fiance? Is Annabeth ready to love someone again?Can Percy win her heart-or win Calypso mess everything up just like she did with Annabeth's 1st love? &what about the fact that Annabeth turned her back against her father and Athens?Don't own anything- PEM&Rick does R Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: T - English - Romance/Parody - Chapters: 10 - Words: 12,437 - Reviews: 82 - Favs: 47 - Follows: 62 - Updated: 12/30/2014 - Published: 10/14/2011 - Annabeth C., Percy J. (If You Could Only See) The Beast You've Made of Me by JR Granger reviews Lydia and Stiles discover the presence of a darach in Beacon Hills, which subsequently leads to the realization that Stiles is the perfect sacrifice - just in time for him to be captured. Things from there just all go downhill in Stiles' humble opinion. Though, admittedly, he's a little emotionally compromised and more than a little pissed off at everybody right now. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Supernatural - Chapters: 13 - Words: 34,172 - Reviews: 19 - Favs: 146 - Follows: 147 - Updated: 12/29/2014 - Published: 9/21/2013 - [Stiles, Derek H.] Lydia M., Peter H. - Complete Golden by CaptainBellarkeSwan reviews It was done. The Vespers were gone. Everything went back to normal. Well, maybe not so normal. School started and Ian Kabra was once again ruining Amy Cahill's life. School ended. Life started. They walked on their own paths. Just when they think everything's alright, something happened. Something they all didn't expect and it's going to blow their minds. COMPLETE WITH EPILOGUE :) 39 Clues - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 40 - Words: 82,394 - Reviews: 187 - Favs: 42 - Follows: 36 - Updated: 12/8/2014 - Published: 5/21/2013 - Amy C., Ian K. - Complete For Your Protection by Gavin Silverblade reviews Musicalverse, AU from "Defying Gravity" onwards. Right before Elphaba flees from the Wizard's palace, she makes a decision: a decision that will change her life forever. Rated for later chapters. Wicked - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Angst - Chapters: 14 - Words: 26,773 - Reviews: 95 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 32 - Updated: 11/28/2014 - Published: 4/4/2014 - Elphaba T., Glinda U., Fiyero T. Mortem Cantor by Kyandua reviews After losing everything he holds dear, Harry Potter is thrust into a new world; one with Superheroes and evil Villains that make Voldemort look like a kitten. Struggling to survive in this new world - and, meanwhile, gaining the attention of S.H.I.E.L.D. - he attempts to live a NORMAL life. But, he is Harry Potter after all... what could possibly go wrong? Possible Slash! Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Sci-Fi - Chapters: 18 - Words: 31,915 - Reviews: 2148 - Favs: 4,411 - Follows: 6,598 - Updated: 11/18/2014 - Published: 6/21/2012 - Harry P. In the Garden by Lachesis Grimm reviews "Agent Simmons has been permanently reassigned." It was an order SHIELD would come to regret. (AU after T.R.A.C.K.S.; Jemma Simmons/Phil Coulson.) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 53 - Words: 276,158 - Reviews: 40 - Favs: 55 - Follows: 40 - Updated: 11/11/2014 - Published: 5/29/2014 - P. Coulson, J. Simmons - Complete My Name is Molly by Gummysaur reviews She doesn't know what the Operation is. She's too young to understand that the human race is crashing and that their only hope is to erase the memories of their children and send them off to a faraway world. She wont remember her parents, her friends, or her hobbies. All she has is herself. Yet are her memories-and the human race-truly sealed off forever? Animal Crossing - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Friendship - Chapters: 25 - Words: 38,986 - Reviews: 153 - Favs: 43 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 11/10/2014 - Published: 3/22/2014 Echo by Cat Archer reviews What do you get when you mix sarcasm, bloodlust, twin issues, True Love, and Peter Pan all together? Well... you get a very sarcastic Rae Hood who has very many issues. Peter Pan/OC Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 71 - Words: 305,287 - Reviews: 1064 - Favs: 770 - Follows: 543 - Updated: 11/9/2014 - Published: 1/11/2014 - [OC, Peter Pan] - Complete Back where I belong by the gentle lamb reviews After giving Renesmee up sixteen years ago, to protect her from the dangers of the Volturi, the Cullens find her in a foster system & bring her home... The problem? How does she get to know the family she never knew and the world unknown to her? What happens when she discovers the secrets her family is trying to keep locked in the dark? Normal pairings. A story of a family's love Twilight - Rated: T - English - Family - Chapters: 41 - Words: 51,387 - Reviews: 215 - Favs: 67 - Follows: 70 - Updated: 11/7/2014 - Published: 10/9/2011 - Edward, Renesmee C./Nessie Pasts Crossed by namjai reviews Complete! At the end of the battle in the attic in "Chris-Crossed," Wyatt is thrown into the past, and Chris is stranded in the future. An AU of the second half of Season 6. Charmed - Rated: T - English - Drama - Chapters: 30 - Words: 108,872 - Reviews: 186 - Favs: 145 - Follows: 173 - Updated: 11/2/2014 - Published: 4/27/2013 - Chris H., Wyatt H. - Complete Chance Encounters by Rain Seaker reviews Harry meets the members of the Avengers at different times throughout his life. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Friendship - Chapters: 11 - Words: 50,374 - Reviews: 1234 - Favs: 4,442 - Follows: 2,206 - Updated: 11/1/2014 - Published: 5/24/2012 - Harry P. - Complete Worlds Collide by TwilightxHPotterxPJackson reviews Camp Half-Blood is under attack and the demigods have called on the Cullens to help them, but when Bella goes missing, Percy, Annabeth and Edward leave camp to find her, what they don't notice is a small figure follow them out of camp boundaries... Crossover - Twilight & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 10,706 - Reviews: 40 - Favs: 32 - Follows: 33 - Updated: 9/29/2014 - Published: 9/14/2011 - Bella, Percy J. Not Another Disney High School Story! by Hyenastho reviews Yet another Disney high school story, but with a twist! In this mostly satirical send-up of the 2 most common types of Fanfiction stories (Mary-Sue & gratuitously erotic), a sarcastic protagonist is transported to an alternate world & given a ridiculous task: seduce as many Disney princesses as possible or never return home. Rated T for now, until it gets more scandalous. Disney - Rated: T - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 23 - Words: 105,584 - Reviews: 176 - Favs: 38 - Follows: 54 - Updated: 9/22/2014 - Published: 3/8/2013 The Cricket Song by lady-lunastar reviews Crickets aren't supposed to fall in love and neither are maids cursed to be swans, that changed when Jiminy met Odette. In Storybrooke, Dr Hopper isn't sure how he's supposed to feel about his vet, Natalie White. Rated T for safety. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 46 - Words: 212,374 - Reviews: 110 - Favs: 48 - Follows: 54 - Updated: 9/17/2014 - Published: 1/10/2013 - Archie H./Jiminy Cricket iHave Super Powers Vol 1 by mkpunk reviews In the 1990's secret schools were created to train a new generation of miracles to become superheroes. At age 15, Freddie Benson's world is turned upside down as he discovered he is a miracle and is forced to change schools to learn how to control his powers. This is his story. Based on Challenge King's ISuper prompt. Rated T for violence. Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 42,886 - Reviews: 45 - Favs: 26 - Follows: 25 - Updated: 9/1/2014 - Published: 3/30/2014 - [Freddie B., Tori V.] Carly S., Jade W. To Find a Cure by LovelyGucci reviews It was just supposed to be a simple research job. Bruce Banner/OC Crossover - Avengers & Spider-Man - Rated: M - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 16 - Words: 32,175 - Reviews: 61 - Favs: 54 - Follows: 52 - Updated: 8/27/2014 - Published: 6/20/2013 - Peter P./Spider-Man, Hulk/Bruce B. - Complete Finding Prince Charming by Be Rose reviews The king's beautiful but spoiled daughter is waiting for her perfect prince charming, rich and handsome. The young king with the dreadful scar and plain clothes is definitely not the one. So why is she mad at the gardener's roses? And what has happened when one day she disappears? Inspired by Beauty and the Beast and King Thrushbeard. UPDATED 21/08/2014 Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 18,291 - Reviews: 36 - Favs: 38 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 8/20/2014 - Published: 8/23/2012 - Complete Part I: Company Policy by The not-so great critic69 reviews When the Disney Villains find out that they are nothing more than fictional characters, they all finally snap and embark on a cosmic quest to eliminate their enemies across the worlds of Disney. Mickey, despite having caused all this, will not take responsibility for his actions and sets off to stop them, but finds that he will have to answer for his lies, like it or not. Disney - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Tragedy - Chapters: 7 - Words: 23,129 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 8/16/2014 - Published: 1/21/2014 - Complete Just Like Heaven by Zphal reviews A crossover fanfiction that follows the storyline of "Just Like Heaven" with characters from the Marvel Movie Universe. With Bruce Banner as David Abbott and Tony Stark as Elizabeth Masterson; Pepper Potts, JARVIS, Phil Coulson, Natasha Romanoff, Clint Barton, Rhodey, and Justin Hammer all make an appearance as well. Crossover - Just Like Heaven & Avengers - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 11 - Words: 29,083 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 8/5/2014 - Published: 8/9/2012 - Black Widow/Natasha R., Iron Man/Tony S., Hulk/Bruce B., Agent Phil Coulson All Things End: Volume I by Couragefan09 reviews Upon finding out that he's going to be put down because of an illness, Courage embarks on a strange journey that just might save his life. Computer gets dragged along for the ride as he is the only one who can help save him and thus takes control of the body of another dog. If they can ever stop bickering long enough, they may eventually become friends on their journey. Courage: The Cowardly Dog - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Drama - Chapters: 144 - Words: 435,694 - Reviews: 288 - Favs: 245 - Follows: 141 - Updated: 7/31/2014 - Published: 7/31/2010 - Computer, Courage - Complete The Price of Loving You by PrincessVictory reviews The Angels have decided that Joshua was right all along, and plan to erase Shibuya. Joshua, having stayed in the city several months after his decision to spare it, has come up with a plan to save it. But he needs time. So he transports himself and the four Players to another dimension, our very own planet Earth. But will his power alone be enough to save them? ShikixNeku JoshuaxOC World Ends With You - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 6 - Words: 31,955 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 7/30/2014 - Published: 3/4/2013 - Yoshiya K./Joshua, Players Quest for Love by twilightfreak9075 reviews What do you do when your father is the king of the ocean and wont let you try and find love? Isabella Swan stuggles to find love and avoid her father and "finacee" Edward. And she has to do this all in one weeks time. With the help of her two friends, Alice and Rosalie, will she succeed? Crossover - Twilight & Aquamarine - Rated: K - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 6 - Words: 5,320 - Reviews: 13 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 32 - Updated: 7/28/2014 - Published: 12/30/2011 - Bella It Was All Started By A Mouse by Kartoon-Kompany reviews Author's Note: This is a piece of fiction I began to write back in 2008 while I was at WDW. This is the story of how a small mouse became an inspiration for a budding dreamer named Walt Disney. This story, places Mickey in Walt's "real world" from the farm to fame. Critiques are welcome; this is still a writing in the works. Disney - Rated: K+ - English - Hurt/Comfort/Angst - Chapters: 25 - Words: 36,772 - Reviews: 39 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 7/27/2014 - Published: 6/19/2009 Heir Apparent by LilyRose Blue reviews When Michael meets a new girl at school she changes his outlook on life. But will the changes be welcomed by his family? Especially Carly? Michael/OC. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 34 - Words: 206,224 - Reviews: 37 - Favs: 42 - Follows: 49 - Updated: 7/26/2014 - Published: 9/17/2010 - Michael C. III, OC You Make Me Beautiful by Moliver reviews She knew as soon as she got home she would be back to reality; people would know who Mitchie Torres was, the girl who sung with Shane Gray on national television, the girl who clearly was dating Shane Gray...Not Shane Gray of Connect 3. Just Shane. CR2 Camp Rock - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 40 - Words: 113,642 - Reviews: 967 - Favs: 258 - Follows: 306 - Updated: 7/26/2014 - Published: 2/5/2012 - Mitchie T., Shane G. - Complete Reality Check by LunaAzul829 reviews Ryan is an average girl, her only quirk is her love of Disney So when Mickey appears and tells her that she needs to reunite the falling balance of Disney She and her best friend Toby are ready to take on anything and anyone that stand in their Lots of Disney princess stories including brave :) Chapter four is edited! Disney - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 65,121 - Reviews: 19 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 7/25/2014 - Published: 11/3/2012 Troubles lead to fear. Fear leads to paranoia. Paranoia leads to uncertainty... Puggsy and Brielle learn this as both have trouble sleeping. Can they help each other overcome these feelings? *Follows the AU story* Fangface - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 3 - Words: 8,391 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 1 - Published: 7/25/2014 Bliss by leoluvr6628 reviews When Merida finally decides to choose a suitor, her parents don't approve. Her choice certainly wasn't one anybody saw coming. Crossover - How to Train Your Dragon & Brave, 2012 - Rated: K+ - English - Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 25,879 - Reviews: 155 - Favs: 226 - Follows: 292 - Updated: 7/21/2014 - Published: 9/17/2012 - Hiccup, Merida Titans Vs Justice by Fioleefan reviews After a mission goes terribly wrong Robin, thinking it was his fault, quit the young justice team and decided to superhero solo. He moved to jump city and met the titans. When his old team finally finds him and want him back, what will Robin choose? Crossover - Teen Titans & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 17 - Words: 28,305 - Reviews: 212 - Favs: 168 - Follows: 154 - Updated: 7/15/2014 - Published: 12/18/2011 - Complete Son of a Traitor by Wolfwind97 reviews Alex Rider has lived a life full of lies. That is, until he meets Percy Jackson, a demigod on a mission. The legendary John Rider supposedly died a traitor. Will Alex discover what secrets are held in his blood or will he die as the son of a traitor? Crossover - Alex Rider & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: T - English - Suspense - Chapters: 15 - Words: 18,170 - Reviews: 69 - Favs: 58 - Follows: 103 - Updated: 7/13/2014 - Published: 4/10/2012 - Alex R./Cub, Percy J. A Brawl to end them all by MattheJ1 reviews What would happen if the Smash bros. crew and the All-Stars crew ever met? Well, they probably wouldn't be happy about it. Crossover - Super Smash Brothers & PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 19 - Words: 33,979 - Reviews: 58 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 29 - Updated: 7/12/2014 - Published: 3/8/2013 - Complete The Crystal Thief by crystallica81 reviews One crime, many suspects. All the police are asking for is for someone to own up for what they did. The suspects are keeping silent, and whoever the Crystal Thief is, they aren't giving up the Crystal without a fight. In the end, who will the Agents choose to pin the blame on and put to death? Disney - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 40 - Words: 104,959 - Reviews: 291 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 6/30/2014 - Published: 3/9/2014 - Complete What Really Happened by Percabeth Jackson reviews Alex and justin find a spell that can change Mason and Juliet back to their normal selves. this is a story of their lives after that. 30 chapter story. Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 27 - Words: 11,834 - Reviews: 91 - Favs: 52 - Follows: 49 - Updated: 6/29/2014 - Published: 9/24/2010 - Alex R., Mason House of H20 by pageslearntothink reviews *THIS HAS BEEN ADOPTED BY Poemwriter98!* Crossover - H2O: Just Add Water & Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 13 - Words: 15,771 - Reviews: 42 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 26 - Updated: 6/27/2014 - Published: 5/11/2012 - [Mara J., Jerome C.] Cleo S. Suite Life of the Light by panda189 reviews This is a sequel to my first story Light Warriors on deck. It is taking place eleven years after the incident of the first story and it will feature a cross over with Jessie which will cause some chaos and confusion Crossover - Suite Life series & Jessie - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Adventure - Chapters: 7 - Words: 16,074 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 6/19/2014 - Published: 2/25/2012 X-Men Evolution:Season 5 by TotallyT reviews The X-Men are back for season 5 and must face new problems, gain allies, and lose friends. The X-Men are new and improved, but even though Apocalypse is gone they still have to face many dangers! X-Men: Evolution - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 13 - Words: 60,095 - Reviews: 131 - Favs: 37 - Follows: 25 - Updated: 6/10/2014 - Published: 12/28/2012 - Complete A poem I've written for a friend. Bible - Rated: K - English - Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 349 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 3 - Published: 6/8/2014 - Jesus - Complete The Power Of The Vortex by TimeyWhimeyPowerOfTechnetium reviews Once a long time ago, Loki read a book about a man called the Doctor and his blue box, that traveled through time and space. He cared little for the adventure but for a time, became slightly obsessive with how the vortex worked, then like most little boys, he forgot about it. Until one day, he is before the Odin father to learn of his punishment for attacking Midgard and bringing Crossover - Doctor Who & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 6 - Words: 2,898 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 36 - Follows: 66 - Updated: 6/6/2014 - Published: 7/30/2012 - TARDIS, Loki - Complete My Fire by Wand and a Paperclip reviews Vernon decides to move his family, plus Harry, to America for a year to expand Grunnings into the states. While there, Harry meets Kelly Gibbs, a girl who will change his life. WARNING: Rated T for rare profanity. AU Crossover - Harry Potter & NCIS - Rated: T - English - Family/Friendship - Chapters: 22 - Words: 58,456 - Reviews: 275 - Favs: 557 - Follows: 724 - Updated: 5/31/2014 - Published: 6/16/2012 - Harry P., Kelly G. Daniel Masters by Ryuuko1 reviews After the explosion of the Nasty Burger, Daniel has become the protege Vlad always wanted; however, Daniel's life is thrown into chaos when he is transported to a reality where the accident never happened, and it is up to him to divine his purpose in this alternate timeline...AU Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 31 - Words: 197,315 - Reviews: 643 - Favs: 637 - Follows: 465 - Updated: 5/31/2014 - Published: 6/26/2008 - Danny F. - Complete Panem Is Where We Live by shawarmafondue reviews Katniss & Peeta accidentally mess with one of Beetee's Projects and get sent back in time. Sam & Dean are there to help. Rated T for language. Crossover - Supernatural & Hunger Games - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 5 - Words: 5,458 - Reviews: 28 - Favs: 39 - Follows: 66 - Updated: 5/26/2014 - Published: 3/12/2012 Darker Disney by Alitote reviews Something's happening in the Walt Disney Vaults. Something dark and tragic that thirsts for revenge on her being discarded like mere tissue paper. Why were they used and not her? Why do they get a happily ever after? She will not stand for it. Contains violence and dark themes. But its a good story I promise. Disney - Rated: T - English - Horror/Adventure - Chapters: 45 - Words: 148,866 - Reviews: 224 - Favs: 44 - Follows: 42 - Updated: 5/25/2014 - Published: 9/3/2012 Main Street USA by sssweetie reviews The sleepy town of Disney is in for a shocking turn of events when Briar Rose shows up after being missing for years. Mayor Frollo may finally have the dirt he needs on his devious advisor Maleficent. Disney characters in a "modern, disney-ish" world. Disney - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 30 - Words: 64,307 - Reviews: 100 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 43 - Updated: 5/16/2014 - Published: 10/19/2012 The Immortal Changed by awriterofstories reviews One life ends and another begins. Percy Jackson: Hero of Camp Half-Blood; is sent on a mission to Forks, WA. Something happens there, something which changes him forever. But his adventures don't end there. Not by a long shot. Percy/Annabeth. Work-in-progress. Updates might be slow. Crossover - Twilight & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 8 - Words: 25,090 - Reviews: 159 - Favs: 214 - Follows: 256 - Updated: 5/14/2014 - Published: 1/30/2012 - Percy J. Love Never Dies? by Flaming-Bee reviews An alternate LND - Christine couldn't help but return; she'd shattered his heart, any pain he'd endured was down to her. But what was supposed to be one night of passion ends in life-long consequences... Phantom of the Opera - Rated: T - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 20 - Words: 43,545 - Reviews: 91 - Favs: 81 - Follows: 83 - Updated: 5/10/2014 - Published: 2/25/2011 - Christine, Erik - Complete Real or Not Real? by ChasetheWindTouchtheSky reviews When the after effects are too difficult to manage, the trio tries something supernatural, albiet dangerous, to fix it. Something goes awry, but when do their plans ever work out? Besides - 2 out of 3 should be considered a success, right? But for one, the lines between illusion and reality blend even more, settling to 'Possible Death.' Oh, okay - 'Imminent Death.' T for Language. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Suspense - Chapters: 18 - Words: 56,129 - Reviews: 215 - Favs: 196 - Follows: 151 - Updated: 5/8/2014 - Published: 1/7/2014 - Scott M., Allison A., Stiles, Isaac - Complete A Love To Remember by MyLittleElphie reviews "Miss?" She did not answer or even move, her gaze was fixed to the ground. He was taken aback when he noticed that her eyes, although still strikingly beautiful, seemed vacant, almost as if they were dead. "Miss?" he tried again, but the result was the same. post "melting", tiny bit angsty I guess...? Wicked - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 25 - Words: 92,752 - Reviews: 183 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 33 - Updated: 5/8/2014 - Published: 2/17/2014 - Elphaba T., Fiyero T., OC - Complete Lab Rats: Saving Sloane by leiabieber reviews There's another bionic girl in town, and her name is Sloane (Selena Gomez). She's had a troubled past, and doesn't quite know how to behave. Things get messy when Bree wants to be more like her - more bad girl, and Chase falls for her. But there's one problem. Sloane doesn't like him back. She likes Spike. Oh, and did I mention the FBI is after her? Lab Rats, 2012 - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 15 - Words: 38,268 - Reviews: 44 - Favs: 29 - Follows: 15 - Updated: 5/5/2014 - Published: 2/25/2014 - Bree, OC, Chase - Complete The Hard Way by CigarsAllAround reviews Angry and rebellious, thirteen-year-old Rogue is sent to live with her daddy, Logan. Problems show up like sunshine and clouds, but can they repair their broken relationship? Contains spanking of a young, troublesome teen. X-Men: Evolution - Rated: T - English - Family/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 24 - Words: 65,746 - Reviews: 324 - Favs: 154 - Follows: 178 - Updated: 4/29/2014 - Published: 11/4/2010 - Mystique/Raven D., Rogue/Anna Marie, Wolverine/Logan Intolerable Inclination by NCISprobie reviews Rogue is fighting her dark impulses while also trying to battle her mutation alone, which is causing her to become what she hated most. Note: After Ascension, and Magneto is an instructor. X-Men: Evolution - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 35 - Words: 93,830 - Reviews: 249 - Favs: 60 - Follows: 85 - Updated: 4/26/2014 - Published: 8/9/2012 - Rogue/Anna Marie, Magneto/Erik L. Eh, Scoob? by amynicole94 reviews The Mystery Gang is gone now. Everything is gone. All that is left in a zombie apocalypse world is one man and his big dog. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Sci-Fi - Chapters: 1 - Words: 877 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 2 - Published: 4/25/2014 - Shaggy, Scooby Doo - Complete The Passing of Time by CrystalIceSweet reviews The problem with being Master of Death is that although Harry can't grow older than 20 but he can still die. He can also end up reincarnated in the past. And that is how he ended up in the 1940s and became best friends with Howard Stark. When Howard asks him on his death bed to take care of his infant son Tony, Harry agrees despite the future complications. SLASH. Pairings undeterm Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,127 - Reviews: 86 - Favs: 641 - Follows: 1,099 - Published: 4/20/2014 - Harry P., Iron Man/Tony S. A Second Chance by melissawtf reviews The Avengers are battling a new threat when a newcomer- who just so happens to have the same power as the enemy- helps the Avengers out, and S.H.I.E.L.D obtains their first ever wand-wielder who just so happens to be Steve Rogers' new friend. Whoever said America was a great place for a fresh start was sorely mistaken. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 30 - Words: 152,448 - Reviews: 279 - Favs: 790 - Follows: 536 - Updated: 4/20/2014 - Published: 1/10/2014 - [OC, Captain America/Steve R.] Hermione G., Iron Man/Tony S. - Complete Lab rats meet Jessie by uniquedreamer12 reviews Will Chase fall in love?Read and you will find out Crossover - Jessie & Lab Rats, 2012 - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 16 - Words: 8,626 - Reviews: 64 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 28 - Updated: 4/18/2014 - Published: 6/22/2012 - Emma R., Chase Courage's Legacy by Coward-Puppy reviews Takes place after the show. Courage had a son, and now the little puppy must live up to his father's name and save his new family from all kinds of monsters that come to Nowhere. Please R&R and no flames! Courage: The Cowardly Dog - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Horror - Chapters: 6 - Words: 13,002 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 4/14/2014 - Published: 10/28/2013 - Courage, OC The Many Disasters of Sun Town by ammyDOS101 reviews So... This is like an Animal Crossing gone wrong story, filled with depressing themes. Each chapter title will inform you with the subject. I'm sorry if they're short. I'm also sorry if the POV transitions are confusing, read the bold at the top for how to decipher it! ON HIATUS. OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. Animal Crossing - Rated: T - English - Angst/Adventure - Chapters: 1 - Words: 314 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 4/14/2014 - K.K. Slider, Tom Nook, Isabelle, OC Finding The Disappearances by TimPrime1 reviews News flash! Disappearances have been happening. Ash and the gang have heard that their friends have disappeared. Now something has happened to Ash, and it's up to Misty, Dawn and May to find them. Will they get to them in time? AAML, DAML and etc. No flames, please? Pokémon - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 70,015 - Reviews: 120 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 4/8/2014 - Published: 4/1/2011 - Ash K./Satoshi, Misty/Kasumi - Complete Megamorphs: The Wizarding World by typhoonboom08 reviews Horror strikes as the Yeerks discover the wizards. However, thanks to a war, infesting them is moving extremely slowly. Determined to stop them quickly, the Animorphs head to England with the morphing cube and the determination to infuriate two tyrants Crossover - Animorphs & Harry Potter - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 26 - Words: 127,949 - Reviews: 100 - Favs: 89 - Follows: 68 - Updated: 4/7/2014 - Published: 2/11/2012 - Jake, Neville L. - Complete Guardian Angel by JennJenn96 reviews Edward torments Bella everyday. She puts up with it until she receives a mysterious text from someone who calls themselves guardian angel. Follow Bella as she goes through life with the help of a stranger...or is it her friend...or a possible enemy? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 10 - Words: 14,949 - Reviews: 83 - Favs: 48 - Follows: 81 - Updated: 4/7/2014 - Published: 10/13/2011 - Bella, Edward Blinding Darkness by Tillthewheelsfalloff reviews Steve meets a girl and promptly falls in love. He is, however, an Avenger, so it was never going to be easy. Especially as an old enemy is out to throw an almighty spanner in the works, and nobody knows what's real and what's not. Steve/OC Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 60 - Words: 290,281 - Reviews: 86 - Favs: 99 - Follows: 88 - Updated: 4/6/2014 - Published: 12/15/2012 - Captain America/Steve R. - Complete Sorcerers of Disney by rosetree reviews When Rose Sylvester wishes to go to the Disney World in Orlando, she instead finds herself trapped in an alternate universe of all her favorite Disney movies. With the help of her mysterious new friend, Alexander, Rose must face treacherous obstacles and defeat Disney's finest villains in order to get back home. Disney - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 3 - Words: 9,006 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 4/5/2014 - Published: 9/15/2013 Scooby Doo and the House of Monsters by Ninjamuffin13 reviews The gang has been apart for four years, building their own lives. She'd never have thought Shaggy would go into teaching, even if it was just PE. And then, a letter arrives. Miss Grimwood's Finishing School for Girls, huh? Why not pay Shaggy a visit? Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Horror - Chapters: 13 - Words: 66,814 - Reviews: 144 - Favs: 254 - Follows: 228 - Updated: 3/29/2014 - Published: 5/25/2011 - Velma, Shaggy Treacherous Triangle by Confused Faerie reviews Esmee was in love with the prince when her family informed her that she was promised to his older brother, the king. Forced into a marriage with a man she does not love while close to the one she does offers a lot of temptation. Already struggling, Esmee begins to realize treachery is around every corner in her new role as Queen and not many can be trusted; maybe not even herself. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 18 - Words: 80,226 - Reviews: 120 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 40 - Updated: 3/23/2014 - Published: 2/5/2013 The Disney Guardians by Inimitable and Original reviews When competitive teenager Dustin Williams and his friends visit the Disney Parks, it is various Disney characters (from movies and TV) that end up visiting them to help look after themselves and their world. Disclaimer: I don't own anything besides my OC's, everything else belongs to Disney. *Discontinued* Disney - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 25 - Words: 56,837 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 3/22/2014 - Published: 5/24/2013 - Complete The Stolen Rose: A Beauty and the Beast Retelling by Clara Spencer reviews Betrayed by his brother Gregory is forced to live in exile as a beast. With only a slim chance at redemption he all but gives up hope, until he meets someone who just might give him back his humanity, Anne. Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 22 - Words: 55,622 - Reviews: 120 - Favs: 58 - Follows: 82 - Updated: 3/22/2014 - Published: 8/6/2010 Blue Shades by Kitten Tornado reviews I opened my eyes. There, standing in front of me, was a girl. With BLUE shades. X-Men: Evolution - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 14 - Words: 11,573 - Reviews: 28 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 3/18/2014 - Published: 10/9/2012 - Cyclops/Scott S. The Moon's Eclipse by Kitten Tornado reviews (Sequel to 'A Shadow in the Moon'.) Moonfire's gone viral! She's rampaging the city and trying to destroy the X-Men. Can Shadow find out what turned Moonfire into a criminal, or will Moonfire stay this way forever? X-Men: Evolution - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 4 - Words: 3,688 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 3/18/2014 - Published: 12/19/2012 Once Upon A Time in Disneyland ºøº by scarletphlame reviews Once upon a time, Emma had the "brilliant" idea to take the entire extended family on a family vacation to Disneyland... CRACK! Once Upon a Time - Rated: K - English - Humor/Parody - Chapters: 78 - Words: 87,903 - Reviews: 727 - Favs: 130 - Follows: 108 - Updated: 3/17/2014 - Published: 4/15/2013 - Emma S., Regina M./The Evil Queen - Complete Every Rose Has Its Thorn by Phases Of Obsession reviews Being the owner of a business is hard. Being a queen is harder. Being the mother of a headstrong, rebellious New Yorker-at-heart little girl is the hardest thing Nancy Tremaine's ever had to do. Enchanted - Rated: M - English - Family/Angst - Chapters: 64 - Words: 114,695 - Reviews: 85 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 3/17/2014 - Published: 7/15/2012 - [Nancy T., Prince Edward] OC Everything will be Okay by snheetah reviews Gepetto is dead and Pinocchio is all alone. The Blue Fairy gives him a mini-quest to find a mother but when he does, he has to survive through the clashing kingdoms of his adoptive parents and Jafar's. Pinocchio has to also deal with going to school until he meets a girl named Alice. Other Disney characters will be mentioned and have a role in the story as well. Disney - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 10 - Words: 15,895 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 3/16/2014 - Published: 1/25/2013 A night of watching horror-movies leads to Brielle thinking about her late-family, Puggsy comforting her... and undergoing a new change. *Includes Christian faith. Fangface - Rated: K+ - English - Hurt/Comfort/Spiritual - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,147 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 3/16/2014 - Complete Somebody to Love Me by actlikesummer reviews The Kowalski family has always been close. What happens when Don and Sheila drop a huge surprise on their kids? How will they react? This is my first ATW fanfic. I am doing my best to get every character in there. Review with suggestions, please! Against the Wall - Rated: T - English - Drama/Family - Chapters: 30 - Words: 47,823 - Reviews: 68 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 3/12/2014 - Published: 9/20/2011 - Complete The Chessboard by WritingIsHardBro reviews He knew there was something up with him, He could feel it deep inside of him, but no one else believe him. After all, He was the normal one of the bunch. Whatever happened to old Stiles Stilinski? [ Demon!Stiles Fic, Rated T For Language Later On ] Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Angst - Chapters: 12 - Words: 16,530 - Reviews: 39 - Favs: 29 - Follows: 36 - Updated: 3/11/2014 - Published: 2/5/2014 The Confusion of Liz and Bella by CaelumScriptor reviews A girl gets attacked, hit with a memory charm and stunned. When she wakes up, she doesn't know anything, not even her own family. The people in London call her a 'witch.' Plus, some students that come from 'Hogwarts' are acting odd. What to do? Crossover - Harry Potter & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 5 - Words: 3,748 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 3/10/2014 - Published: 11/8/2011 - OC - Complete I Dare You by shadowsontherun reviews 6 months into their bipolar partnership, Black Widow and Hawkeye are still trying to figure each other out. Coming from completely different worlds they work through missions that define who and what they are to each other. Set 9 years before "Avengers", watch Clint and Natasha build a partnership to surpass all others. Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 152 - Words: 678,030 - Reviews: 4273 - Favs: 752 - Follows: 809 - Updated: 3/10/2014 - Published: 1/16/2013 - Hawkeye/Clint B., Black Widow/Natasha R. Potential by Diaphanous reviews Agent Coulson writes a report about a new power SHIELD is eyeing. Barton is just there for inserting witty comments. Well, he thinks they're witty anyway. *a non-linear, but related series of drabbles/shorts about an agent and a demi-god* Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 10 - Words: 8,508 - Reviews: 234 - Favs: 733 - Follows: 1,029 - Updated: 3/6/2014 - Published: 7/23/2012 - Harry P., Agent Phil Coulson The Place Beyond the Western Border by King Reepicheep reviews "Have you ever looked up at the stars and dreamed of what's beyond?" Panchito asked. "Yes in fact, I have." Donald answered. "Good," replied the rooster, "because that's where we're going." A group of ten explorers head out Westward six months before Lewis and Clark and discover the place beyond the Western Border. A piece that I've always wanted to write. Disney - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Adventure - Chapters: 2 - Words: 3,404 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 2/26/2014 - Published: 2/23/2014 The Ones that Failed by Clar the Pirate reviews If you think about the number of coincidences that string your average fairy tale together it's a wonder that any manage to succeed. But for the moment let's forget about them, because these are the ones that failed. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Suspense - Chapters: 33 - Words: 32,458 - Reviews: 209 - Favs: 61 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 2/22/2014 - Published: 6/26/2008 I Miss You by mamia11 reviews After high school Danny & Sam break up due to going off to different colleges. They still love each other deeply, but soon tragedy strikes them. Sam is assumed to be dead when her plane crashes on the way back to Amity Park after 6 months to visit Danny. However, the day before the plane crash Danny finds Sam's ring in his apartment laying on his desk. Full Summary inside Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 79,944 - Reviews: 100 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 33 - Updated: 2/22/2014 - Published: 1/19/2014 - Danny F., Sam M. - Complete A Little Accident by Rose Lupus reviews Emma has a misadventure whilst experimenting with her new-found magic. Yes, this is one of those ridiculous fics where someone is turned into a small child. I was bored, ok? Once Upon a Time - Rated: K - English - Humor/Parody - Chapters: 25 - Words: 11,607 - Reviews: 386 - Favs: 268 - Follows: 382 - Updated: 2/15/2014 - Published: 3/17/2013 - Emma S., Snow White/Mary M. Blanchard, David N./Prince Charming, Neal C./Baelfire Truth or Lie by Deadlyflames reviews After landing in the land without magic, Bae's heart is hardened. Deals, promises and love no longer mean anything to him. Baelfire starts to play with the emotions of a young girl with strength, bravery and an ability to see lies. But as he plays the game and bends the rules he begins to trust and feel for the child. Emma Swan is a troublesome girl indeed. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 24 - Words: 37,441 - Reviews: 155 - Favs: 101 - Follows: 120 - Updated: 2/13/2014 - Published: 5/28/2012 - Neal C./Baelfire, Emma S. - Complete Point of Madness by bean21 reviews With one hand he clung to the daughter who couldn't remember him. With the other he reached out to the stranger who could, just maybe, help him accomplish the impossible. Never had he struggled so hard against the madness. Never had it threatened so strongly to overwhelm him. Once Upon a Time - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Family - Chapters: 20 - Words: 29,618 - Reviews: 139 - Favs: 51 - Follows: 69 - Updated: 2/12/2014 - Published: 6/16/2012 - Jefferson/Mad Hatter, Pinocchio/August B. Fusion Destruction by Anti-Twilight Forever reviews Four missing authors. Two worlds in a clash. One chance to save the world. No time to waste. Rated M for language and violence. Cartoon X-overs - Rated: M - English - Mystery/Adventure - Chapters: 18 - Words: 34,151 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 2/11/2014 - Published: 11/24/2012 Unova League Chronicles by Wishmaker1028 reviews Set after 'Sinnoh League Chronicles', Ash and Misty are now traveling around Unova. There, they meet new Pokemon, new trainers, new foes, and remet old friends as well. Shippings: Pokeshipping, Locketshipping, Wishfulshipping, Rocketshipping, and Hotheadedshipping. AU. Please read and review! -And always think outside of the box! Edited version on DA. Pokémon - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 80 - Words: 130,981 - Reviews: 193 - Favs: 56 - Follows: 36 - Updated: 2/6/2014 - Published: 3/3/2011 - [Ash K./Satoshi, Misty/Kasumi] - Complete The Old Road's Daughter by TiredLurker reviews You were lied to. All the stories you grew up with are part of one great epic. This is that story, the story of the prodigal queen Snow White and her quest to reclaim her kingdom and save the world from an ancient evil. Appearances by most Disney characters, but they may not be like you think. Disney - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 5 - Words: 13,585 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 2/4/2014 - Published: 6/23/2013 Stay Alive by King Reepicheep reviews In a society where nostalgia is frowned upon and cartoons are virtually dead, one hopeful cartoon character attempts to recapture the spirit of imagination and hope in a family that is falling apart at the seams. Disney - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 10 - Words: 31,449 - Reviews: 13 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 2/1/2014 - Published: 1/9/2014 - Complete Psychoanalysis of a Disney Villain by belleoftheopera reviews An intern at Walt Disney Insane Asylum is stuck with the job of interviewing and psychoanalyzing all of our favorite villains. Please r & r. Disney - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 18 - Words: 21,178 - Reviews: 295 - Favs: 132 - Follows: 91 - Updated: 1/29/2014 - Published: 5/30/2012 - Complete Mixed-Up and Matched-Up by XxUnwrittenxX reviews AU-ish MyMusic, set before the killing of Scene's avatars. *Scene is still Scene.* The 4*censor* founders have decided, instead of killing Scene, to put a curse on the staff of MyMusic. How will these changes affect the workers? Will they all stay sane? Will any of them even find something good in the process? Multiple shippings, you have been warned. Rated T for usage of language. Web Shows - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 8 - Words: 9,796 - Reviews: 34 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 14 - Updated: 1/28/2014 - Published: 10/5/2012 - MyMusic There Will Be No Dawn by Morganalafay reviews AU. Three weeks after the return of magic, a far more sinister enemy has risen to threaten the lives of everyone in Storybroke. /'Physical pain is nothing any more. Nothing you do to me can possibly compare to the pain I went through when you killed Daniel'. A slow cruel smile twisted Cora's mouth. 'We shall see'./. Stable Queen. Snowing. Emma/Regina friendship. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Drama/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 10 - Words: 56,868 - Reviews: 102 - Favs: 75 - Follows: 126 - Updated: 1/23/2014 - Published: 7/12/2012 - Regina M./The Evil Queen, Daniel Return to Sender by AlyMc reviews Based on the book The Fault in Our Stars by John Green. Takes place after the novel has ended, a letter from Hazel to Augustus that won't ever reach him. Fault in Our Stars - Rated: K+ - English - Tragedy/Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 567 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 1 - Published: 1/23/2014 - Hazel L., Augustus W. - Complete Everything's Not What It Seems by MysteryGirl7Freak reviews Something strange happens to the Lockwood children. In the past year, three impossible things happen. First, their father dies. Second, their mother vanishes. And third, they wake up one day transported to a world they've only believed to exist in childhood fantasies. They meet new friends, discover secrets, and uncover a hidden truth that shatters everything they once believed in. Disney - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 14 - Words: 40,046 - Reviews: 43 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 1/23/2014 - Published: 6/22/2012 Ad Finem by day dreaming dreamer reviews Ad Finem: To the end; at the end of the page- Augustus is dead. Hazel Grace is far from it. We all know what happened to Gus, but what happened to Hazel afterwards? "There is always an end and beginning, and I think everyone deserves to get one." Epilogue to The Fault in Our Stars. Fault in Our Stars - Rated: K+ - English - Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,034 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 9 - Published: 1/22/2014 - Augustus W., Hazel L. - Complete When I Froze by KindHeartedWriter reviews "Oh, Anna. If only there was someone out there who loved you." Now, I can say, "There is." Frozen - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 711 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 27 - Follows: 6 - Published: 1/19/2014 - Anna, Elsa, Kristoff B., Olaf - Complete My Past Hides From Me by Warriorsqueen reviews Story #1 in "My Past is a Mystery" series. Maximum Ride is the sole survivor of the flock, and now has been asked by SHIELD to be a part of an elite force known as The Avengers. Crossover - Maximum Ride & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 8 - Words: 8,159 - Reviews: 107 - Favs: 112 - Follows: 142 - Updated: 1/18/2014 - Published: 5/20/2012 - Max - Complete Trouble Finds Him by Lunabell Marauder Knyte reviews While working in the Ministry as Head Auror Harry intervenes during a raid in the Time Chamber.The attackers are after The Sands of Time.Harry rescues the object but when hit with the killing curse while holding the ancient object Harry is teleported to another time...to another world.He wakes up in 1940 New York and meets Howard Stark,and goes down with the ship just like Steve... Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Drama - Chapters: 9 - Words: 39,528 - Reviews: 1068 - Favs: 3,042 - Follows: 4,411 - Updated: 1/16/2014 - Published: 7/3/2012 - Harry P. The Inventor and His Creation by DEAD ACCOUNT5678392 reviews Mickey is an Inventor (as if the title didn't give that away) and Mortimer has ordered him to make him a wife. After months of waiting and work, she finally comes alive! Mickey feels different about the robot after she wakes up, but what is it? DISCONTINUED Disney - Rated: K - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 7 - Words: 16,375 - Reviews: 11 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 1/16/2014 - Published: 11/6/2012 Tight Stitches by BekkiiSeraphic reviews Everyone knows that Sable and Tom Nook have been diving in and out of a relationship all of their lives. Once Tom returns from the city after six years, and an exhilirating night ensues, Sable discovers not long after that she's pregnant. But Tom doesn't want a baby; and bluntly rejects her. How can Sable cope? Will she pull herself together in time for her baby? Without Tom...? Animal Crossing - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Angst - Chapters: 37 - Words: 120,612 - Reviews: 464 - Favs: 126 - Follows: 92 - Updated: 1/11/2014 - Published: 1/30/2012 - Sable, Tom Nook - Complete Death shall conquer by sapphire-eyed cat reviews What if harry wasn't the hero? What if it was a girl with a powerful father? how will Hogwarts react to the two? will they believe that harry is the hero? will harry defeat Quirrell or will raven? Read to find out. arrogant harry Crossover - Harry Potter & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Adventure - Chapters: 17 - Words: 27,467 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 67 - Follows: 50 - Updated: 1/11/2014 - Published: 9/17/2012 - Harry P. - Complete Honor thy Father by DaesGatling reviews COMPLETE What if Gold was the one that raised Emma? And what if Regina was slightly affected by the curse so that she didn't realized the daughter that Mr. Gold adopted as his own was the savior and right in front of her nose ? AU. Warning: Character Deaths. Avatar Credit: abbas-ragamuffin. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 137 - Words: 458,510 - Reviews: 3776 - Favs: 883 - Follows: 783 - Updated: 1/4/2014 - Published: 9/14/2012 - Emma S., Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold, Jefferson/Mad Hatter - Complete Total Drama Island Rewritten by AlmightyOZ reviews What if the elimination order on Total Drama Island was different? Would it affect the whole series? Would relationships, protagonists, and antagonists be switched as well? In this fanfiction piece I rewrite Total Drama Island with a different elimination order, reward challenges, and lots of both new and old drama! Who will win? Who will lose? Find out right here, right now! Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 10 - Words: 51,151 - Reviews: 32 - Favs: 19 - Follows: 22 - Updated: 1/4/2014 - Published: 8/8/2012 - Chris M., Chef Hatchet A Love Worth Searching For by ScarlettLovesRhett reviews It has been eight years since Parker and Madeline were brought into Vivien and Larry's lives. Since then they have become children and have lived a happy life. But what happens when that happiness is dashed? Will there be a happily ever after for the family? Third book in series. Fairy Tales - Rated: K - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 7 - Words: 28,289 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 1/2/2014 - Published: 8/31/2012 The Love Connection by ArtisticAngel6 reviews Tori and Kendall are keeping a secret but what could it be? Crossover - Big Time Rush & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 6,054 - Reviews: 48 - Favs: 43 - Follows: 43 - Updated: 1/2/2014 - Published: 1/25/2012 - Kendall, Tori V. Love Sucks by EmilyElizabeth.x reviews Life with the Cullens is getting too much for 21 year old Renesmee. After deciding that she wants a clean break from her family, what will happen when she stumbles upon the handsome yet mysterious Damon Salvatore on arrival in Mystic Falls? Crossover - Twilight & Vampire Diaries - Rated: M - English - Chapters: 15 - Words: 40,215 - Reviews: 188 - Favs: 114 - Follows: 125 - Updated: 12/27/2013 - Published: 2/3/2012 - Renesmee C./Nessie, Damon S. Reality Bites by SableUnstable reviews We've all read the stories about people from our reality suddenly being transported into Charmed. Well, what would happen if someone from the show came out instead? A normal woman from the real world reads a spell aloud, drawing a popular character from her favourite TV show into her reality. WTF? How in the hell did that happen? Chaos ensues! A revelation fic with a twist. M 4 V/L Charmed - Rated: M - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 87,016 - Reviews: 141 - Favs: 84 - Follows: 54 - Updated: 12/26/2013 - Published: 6/19/2013 - Chris H. - Complete Never Back to Neverland by Threeishere reviews It has been two years since Peter and Captain Hook had left Neverland. Peter desperately tries to remember his time there, while Hook desperately tries to forget it. Peter struggles to keep his imagination and hope as he becomes a man. Hook struggles to become a better man after falling in love with a woman he's never talked to. Peter Pan - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 13 - Words: 22,263 - Reviews: 51 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 12/24/2013 - Published: 9/1/2013 - Peter P., J. Hook, Jane D. - Complete One Love, One Heart by Advance4ever reviews After returning from Sinnoh, Ash finds himself reunited with May, Misty, and Drew. During his time with them, Ash will find himself struggling with feelings for May and start a heated rivalry with Drew, however, their problems don't stop there. An unknown force will emerge that will test the bonds between the four and most importantly, how far Ash will go to win May's heart. Pokémon - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 51 - Words: 337,269 - Reviews: 286 - Favs: 439 - Follows: 210 - Updated: 12/21/2013 - Published: 10/10/2011 - Ash K./Satoshi, May/Haruka - Complete Miracles Do Exist by JasonMorganfan87 reviews It has been either years since Jake's death. Jason and Sam are now married with two childen. But what happens when Sam is asked for help by a boy bearing the same name as her husband's dead son? Is it a coincidence or did Jake somehow survive? General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Family/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 25 - Words: 33,632 - Reviews: 223 - Favs: 59 - Follows: 107 - Updated: 12/8/2013 - Published: 9/13/2011 - Jason M., Sam M., Jake S. Hidden Agendas by Saphire Raider reviews Batman tricks Star in2 quitting the Titans the only thing the Titans know is that she left& no1 has seen her 4 3months. When a new team is in town: a girl w/Star's powers, Batgirl, Batman and Red-X. They are after Slade. What will the Titans do? Pair- R&S Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 12 - Words: 27,444 - Reviews: 67 - Favs: 39 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 12/1/2013 - Published: 1/29/2012 - Starfire, Robin Hawkeye's Merry Men by Zarannya reviews Nobody ever thinks about what happens to the minions, such as the strike team that accompanied Hawkeye to the Helicarrier. Whatever became of them? Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 40 - Words: 217,875 - Reviews: 362 - Favs: 189 - Follows: 149 - Updated: 11/7/2013 - Published: 1/26/2013 - Hawkeye/Clint B. - Complete New Hero On The Block by DaGirl32 reviews Peter Rodgers is the son of Steve/Captain America and Tony/Iron Man. He only wants to be normal but a spider bite can beg to differ now he is thrown into the world of the hero's he has the Avenger and the New York City Police after him can he manage to keep his identity a secret. And will he learn the truth about his Real Family. -Rewriting- Crossover - Spider-Man & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 11 - Words: 19,910 - Reviews: 125 - Favs: 180 - Follows: 211 - Updated: 11/1/2013 - Published: 7/9/2012 - Peter P./Spider-Man, Captain America/Steve R., Iron Man/Tony S. And Then There Were Less by Wherever Girl reviews When several guests are invited to Claw Manor by Murdoc Niccols, things take a mysterious and even dangerous turn. Now it's a race against time to uncover the secret of the Hooded Claw legacy, as well as find out who's behind all the kidnappings! *Co-written by Mr. Cartoon. Cartoon X-overs - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery - Chapters: 1 - Words: 14,007 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 10/31/2013 - Complete Just Another Meteor Freak by jadedbluerose reviews Clark Kent has seen many strange things in his life; he's an extra terrestrial living in a town of meteor infected humans. But in the aftermath of the second meteor shower he discovers a cousin with his own strange past. What will the Kryptonian do when Danny Fenton arrives, bringing the ghosts of his own mysterious past along with him? Crossover - Smallville & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 40 - Words: 514,841 - Reviews: 802 - Favs: 672 - Follows: 363 - Updated: 10/31/2013 - Published: 3/14/2012 - Clark K./Superman, Danny F. - Complete Sonic the Hedgehog The Masks we Wear by TimeLordParadox reviews A cursed mask is discovered in the river which gives its wearer the power to alter reality at the cost of their minds. Can Sonic or his friends resist the addictive powers of the Mask of Loki and can they keep the mischievous thing away from Robotnik? Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & The Mask - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 14 - Words: 86,637 - Reviews: 79 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 10/30/2013 - Published: 3/13/2011 - Sonic Mario and Luigi: The Mask by TimeLordParadox reviews Luigi is tired of constantly living in his brothers shadow and reputation. He wants to be the hero for once and this could this be his chance when he finds a cursed mask which grants the wearers inner desires, but is being the hero worth losing his mind? Crossover - Mario & The Mask - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 11 - Words: 58,071 - Reviews: 61 - Favs: 48 - Follows: 43 - Updated: 10/30/2013 - Published: 8/24/2011 - Luigi, Stanley I./The Mask The Game of Death by adrien skywalker reviews For eons, Thanos of Titan, has desired the love of death. Now, it is within his grasp. All he needs to do, is bring her wayward son, back to her. The problem is that her son doesn't want to go back to her. And unfortunately, for the Avengers and Nick Fury, and to the irritation of Asgard, Earth has now become their battleground, in this Game of Death. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 6 - Words: 21,882 - Reviews: 592 - Favs: 2,122 - Follows: 2,595 - Updated: 10/21/2013 - Published: 11/18/2012 - Harry P. Demigod Superhero by rapidChangeIsImminent reviews What if Robin was a demigod? What if he went to camp half-blood and discovered his sister was still alive? This is what would happen if he was the son of . . . WHO! First fic, don't flame heavily. Actually, please don't flame at all. Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Young Justice - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 6 - Words: 3,406 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 49 - Updated: 10/19/2013 - Published: 8/20/2012 - Nico A., Richard G./Nightwing Reversal by ngrey651 reviews It's been years since Stitch landed on Hawaii, and a vibrant Experimental population, combined with the discovery of other worlds, has made the world a better place. But the world Lilo's ohana knows has a mirror image, waiting for any poor fool to try and cross over...and when a lab accident goes wrong, the trip down that rabbit hole into a world permeated in horror begins! Lilo & Stitch - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Horror - Chapters: 27 - Words: 173,990 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 10/9/2013 - Published: 2/2/2013 - Complete Regrets and Mistakes by Lizbeth2003 reviews After the death of her son, Elizabeth faces the challenges of moving on with her life, until some old friends return to help her. When danger looms, will her loved ones be safe from her mistakes and will she will able to move on from her past regrets. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 25 - Words: 61,772 - Reviews: 242 - Favs: 34 - Follows: 42 - Updated: 10/7/2013 - Published: 6/4/2012 - Elizabeth W., Johnny O. - Complete Drowning in the Music by deanna37 reviews Clare is just an average girl who finds herself falling into an odd dimension. One she was not meant to visit. Struggling to find answers, she fears that her very presence will alter the entire story. The Phantom's story. Many tears and secrets are shared. In the end, would it all be worth it? Phantom of the Opera - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 46 - Words: 113,160 - Reviews: 682 - Favs: 244 - Follows: 158 - Updated: 10/2/2013 - Published: 8/20/2012 - Erik - Complete Total Drama All Stars by KieranDell1409 reviews Total Drama is back, with all your favourite characters from...well, everywhere. Books, movies, TV shows, anime, comics, you name it. Crossover - X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: M - English - Humor - Chapters: 27 - Words: 82,833 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 10/1/2013 - Published: 4/3/2013 - Complete What If It Was Real? by bamababenv reviews What if every character, every monster, everything you've ever heard was real? Meet The Cullens, The Winchesters and The Whitlocks. Characters from what have been portrayed as different worlds, but are all interconnected in one very real world - ours. Also, watch as their world becomes entwined with those from another! NOT Slash! Dean/Rosalie & Sam/OC Carlisle/Esme & Emmett/OC Crossover - Supernatural & Twilight - Rated: M - English - Humor/Supernatural - Chapters: 10 - Words: 9,946 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 10/1/2013 - Published: 2/2/2012 - [Sam W., OC] [Dean W., Rosalie] When I Find You, I'll Find Me by WickedSong reviews AU. Twenty-four years ago, The Huntsman gave up his heart so that Snow White may have kept hers. Forever frozen in youth, he pays a grave price, and is broken, bruised and scarred from the years of abuse at the hands of The Evil Queen. Princess Emma has grown up in a lap of luxury, wanting for nothing, except for the freedom to make her own choices. Gremma/Huntswan. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 20 - Words: 68,111 - Reviews: 155 - Favs: 145 - Follows: 156 - Updated: 9/24/2013 - Published: 9/30/2012 - Emma S., Sheriff Graham/The Huntsman - Complete Watching Arrow by SmallvilleAU52 reviews If you could change the future, would you? Future-Oliver summons Laurel, Tommy, Sarah, Past-Oliver, Present-Oliver, Thea and Robert to the year 2031 to watch episodes of 'Arrow'. Why? To make the future as good as can be. However, time-travel can sometimes have unwanted effects... Main Pairing: Oliver/Laurel (?) and Roy/Thea! Arrow - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 3 - Words: 14,008 - Reviews: 148 - Favs: 233 - Follows: 289 - Updated: 9/22/2013 - Published: 2/11/2013 - Oliver Q., Laurel L., Tommy M., Thea Q. The battle for Acme Falls by Animania123 reviews What happens after Yakko, Wakko and Dot kicked out King Salazar? They have to save their town by teaming up with a girl named Cassie who has a lot more to do with the situation than they think. Comedy, romance, family, and friendship- and so much more. Animaniacs - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 19 - Words: 92,357 - Reviews: 105 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 28 - Updated: 9/21/2013 - Published: 8/30/2011 - Yakko W. Tooth and Nail by Lollipopswilltakeover reviews Ian lost her once. Now he was about to loose her forever to Evan. Kabras didn't loose. And he wouldn't lose this time. Ian would fight tooth and nail for Amy, and now he just needs to prove exactly how far he would go to get her back in his heart. 39 Clues - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 16 - Words: 21,945 - Reviews: 90 - Favs: 27 - Follows: 14 - Updated: 9/15/2013 - Published: 4/17/2013 - Amy C., Ian K. - Complete We Want War by Shatteredsand reviews The battle lines have been drawn. Armies drafted and trained. The war is coming. Whose side are you on? Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 25 - Words: 66,234 - Reviews: 130 - Favs: 81 - Follows: 128 - Updated: 9/15/2013 - Published: 6/29/2012 - Derek H., Stiles Phantom of Truth by HaiJu reviews Locked away in a secret government lab with Phantom as her subject, nothing stands between Maddie and the truth... except, perhaps, herself. Complete! Sequel now posted. Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Suspense - Chapters: 22 - Words: 65,495 - Reviews: 2246 - Favs: 2,566 - Follows: 1,331 - Updated: 9/13/2013 - Published: 10/19/2011 - Danny F., Maddie F. - Complete New Species by IcecreamSyndrome reviews My mother is a human and my father is a Mew. But what does that make me? With Team Rocket nipping at my heels and my struggle to control the move Transform, what else could go wrong? Well, I have been feeling more like a Pokemon than usual... Pokémon - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 50 - Words: 179,570 - Reviews: 747 - Favs: 416 - Follows: 451 - Updated: 9/10/2013 - Published: 2/22/2011 - Mew Light Into Shadows by Rehtse46 reviews Esther finds out from a dusty old book that she needs to save the world from an evil demented snake, and his sidekick, a man who hides in the shadows. She sets off on many adventures, trying to recruit teammates along the way. Will she have a big enough army to defeat the shadows? Or will a distraction make her mess up her plans and everyone dies? T: violence/blood/ Crossover - Mario & Kingdom Hearts - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 13 - Words: 24,998 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 9/6/2013 - Published: 7/11/2013 - Rosetta/Rosalina, Luma, Riku - Complete The Accomplice AU, Part Three by Wherever Girl reviews Puggsy and Brielle have been captured, and desperately search for a way back to their friends. Upon meeting a few new friends, learning more secrets, and facing the past, they soon realize that it's not always easy going it alone, as well as finding something they least expected in the end. *Finale* Fangface - Rated: T - English - Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 32,260 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 1 - Published: 9/2/2013 - Complete Worth Its Weight In Gold by xXxDaughteroftheKingxXx reviews Another 104 days of summer vacation, and this time, our favorite Fireside Girl is taking the lead. Phineas and Ferb are moving by the end of the summer, and Isabella and the gang will stop at nothing to keep them in Danville. TRAILER UP. Phineas and Ferb - Rated: T - English - Friendship - Chapters: 8 - Words: 12,293 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 26 - Follows: 36 - Updated: 8/31/2013 - Published: 9/10/2011 - Isabella, Phineas Two Worlds Collide by sugar-fanatic08 reviews AU: Charmed/Smallville. Selena Kent's family moved to San Francisco hoping to live a normal life but that ends when she finds out her new friend, Demi Halliwell, isn't so normal herself. Crossover - Wizards of Waverly Place & Camp Rock - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 11 - Words: 24,017 - Reviews: 56 - Favs: 29 - Follows: 41 - Updated: 8/28/2013 - Published: 9/28/2011 - Alex R., Mitchie T. Stories of a Shop Girl by wibblywobblytimeywhimy reviews A death too soon. A woman who steps up to save the world from a paradox. What happened to Hermione Granger when she faded out of time? 23/31 Crossover - Doctor Who & Harry Potter - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 24 - Words: 110,453 - Reviews: 83 - Favs: 80 - Follows: 131 - Updated: 8/28/2013 - Published: 9/4/2012 - 9th Doctor, 10th Doctor, Rose T., Hermione G. Mario and Sonic: Heroes Unite! by Azurixx reviews After a big battle against Eggman, Sonic and his friends get sucked into Mario's universe. At first, their main priority is to get back home, but they realize they must work together to stop an evil force, bigger than Eggman and Bowser's powers combined! Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & Mario - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 100 - Words: 371,110 - Reviews: 744 - Favs: 266 - Follows: 141 - Updated: 8/27/2013 - Published: 7/8/2010 - Sonic, Mario - Complete The Dark World by SHELBMAC reviews I tied together Underworld, Twilight, True Blood, Supernatural and the movie Daybreakers. 5,000 views. Crossover - Underworld & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Horror - Chapters: 13 - Words: 15,001 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 8/27/2013 - Published: 9/6/2012 BLOODY LOVE'S by DarkPurpleVampireGirl reviews The Power Puff Girls are three fairy girls in a monster world, ruled by the strongest monsters of all, Vampires. The Girls get sucked into a Bloody fight over power by just becoming mates to the Vampire Kings 3 sons. PPGXRRB Powerpuff Girls - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 42 - Words: 74,192 - Reviews: 698 - Favs: 433 - Follows: 258 - Updated: 8/26/2013 - Published: 7/28/2010 - Butch, Buttercup - Complete Trust and Hope by Awakened Angel reviews Emma never left Killian on the beanstalk, and he never went back to Cora. Bonus: Emma kissed Killian. Follow their journey as they attempt to get back to Storybrooke, and what happens if they do. I own nothing except the plot. Rating is T for now, but it may change, depending how the story goes. There will be at least one M-rated chapter in this story, as far as I know. Enjoy! -AA Once Upon a Time - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 13 - Words: 21,310 - Reviews: 86 - Favs: 134 - Follows: 148 - Updated: 8/26/2013 - Published: 2/12/2013 - Emma S., Killian Jones/Captain Hook - Complete The Fighter by ArtisticAngel6 reviews Could Tori and Shelby be twins OR are they combined into one person? Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Humor - Chapters: 10 - Words: 3,613 - Reviews: 50 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 51 - Updated: 8/23/2013 - Published: 1/25/2012 - Shelby M., Tori V. Settling Down by mysticalflute reviews Eighteen year old Emma Swan and twenty-two year old Neal Cassidy are ready to settle down. Tallahassee, Houston, San Francisco, it doesn't matter. As long as they were together. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 33 - Words: 49,864 - Reviews: 136 - Favs: 147 - Follows: 143 - Updated: 8/22/2013 - Published: 1/4/2013 - Emma S., Neal C./Baelfire - Complete The Crux of the Matter by Alexa Piper reviews They've been keeping him in the dark all his life. When Danny finally learns the truth he's not exactly thrilled, and definitely not ready to comply. DxS. Revelation fic with a twist. No PP. Slight AU concept. CONTENT WARNING INSIDE! Cover by the lovely Ghost-Chicky. Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 26 - Words: 111,199 - Reviews: 311 - Favs: 160 - Follows: 168 - Updated: 8/21/2013 - Published: 5/16/2012 - Danny F., Jack F., Maddie F. Running Away With Slenderman by Splendyandslendy reviews Jay has had a hard life ever since she moved to a new place for fourth grade. Now that she's in 8th, she decides she wants to run away, but needs an expert at hiding and living alone to help her. What happens when she meets the mysterious Slenderman? Will he help her escape? Or will she become another one of his victims? Rated T for a little bit of violence. Just a bit :D Crossover - X-overs & Game X-overs - Rated: T - English - Humor/Horror - Chapters: 22 - Words: 28,654 - Reviews: 77 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 25 - Updated: 8/20/2013 - Published: 8/31/2012 Gym Class Anti-Heroes by JayCee's RedGold reviews No Powers AU where John and Wanda are students at the Xavier Institute. When John gets the courage to ask Wanda out, the two embark on a relationship that couldn't be more romantic, or tragic, than if John wrote it himself. Jonda and ROMY. Companion piece to Chellerbelle's Gym Class Heroes. X-Men: Evolution - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 45 - Words: 132,154 - Reviews: 330 - Favs: 60 - Follows: 62 - Updated: 8/19/2013 - Published: 1/6/2013 - Pyro, Scarlet Witch/Wanda M. - Complete Adventures of Mario & Sonic: Peach's Adventure by jakeroo123 reviews Mario, Luigi, Sonic, and Tails have been lost in time and space, and it's up to Peach to find them. Waluigi has suddenly gained mysterious powers, so Peach will need all the help she can get in her biggest adventure yet. Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & Mario - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 27 - Words: 30,052 - Reviews: 103 - Favs: 24 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 8/18/2013 - Published: 3/28/2012 - Peach The Puppy and The Mayor by sbrockz reviews AU. Emma and Regina don't hate each other. Henry is not Emma's son. Henry is only 5-year-old kid. Emma is not a sheriff of the town. NO FAIRY TALES. Summary is not clear but storyline is really interesting. Please give a try. A Romantic Humorous story. Once Upon a Time - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 16 - Words: 42,570 - Reviews: 257 - Favs: 240 - Follows: 467 - Updated: 8/17/2013 - Published: 8/30/2012 - Emma S., Regina M./The Evil Queen, Henry Mills Team Legacy Meets Machina Stitch by Rhonda Petrie reviews A mechanical version of Stitch enters Team Legacy's dimension and crosses paths with the team. However, when their enemies emerge to seek vengeance, they must work together to defeat them and save their respective universes. Will they succeed? Lilo & Stitch - Rated: T - English - Sci-Fi/Adventure - Chapters: 12 - Words: 108,342 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 8/15/2013 - Published: 5/11/2012 - 626/Stitch, Lilo P., Gantu, Grand Councilwoman Control by XxBrown-Eyed BetaxX reviews Scarlet Argent's return to Beacon Hills isn't what everyone expected. She's changed into quite the wild child. Her cousin Allison is dating her best friend. The boy she had a crush on when she was 12 likes the girl she hates most: Lydia. Not to mention her strange fascination with Derek Hale's Pack, and her power over the werewolves of BH. Isaac/OC, Derek/OC. Teen Wolf - Rated: M - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 22 - Words: 72,658 - Reviews: 86 - Favs: 117 - Follows: 131 - Updated: 8/13/2013 - Published: 6/29/2012 - Derek H. You're Braver Than You Believe by Ava Miranda Dakedavra reviews "I'm Ginny," she extended her hand to him, smiling as he shook it, "Are you single?" "I-I what?" Bruce stammered and blinked at her as she took her hand back. "Yes, Ginny, what?" Harry asked, frowning a little as he paid no attention to Hermione. "Not me, Harry, don't get your knickers in a twist," she snorted, "I'm asking for Hermione." "What?" Hermione gaped at her. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 40 - Words: 45,821 - Reviews: 821 - Favs: 808 - Follows: 1,016 - Updated: 8/3/2013 - Published: 7/1/2012 - Hermione G., Hulk/Bruce B. New Directions by AngelRocker7 reviews Set in Breaking Dawn and in Supernatural season 8. Edward chose Tanya at his wedding over Bella. Bella runs away. What secret does Bella hides when Edward finally finds her after 5 years.Who all have become a part of Bella's existence... P.S : my first fanfic. be gentle. Crossover - Supernatural & Twilight - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 11,256 - Reviews: 115 - Favs: 215 - Follows: 274 - Updated: 7/29/2013 - Published: 5/31/2012 - Sam W., Bella Super Smash Bros Brawl: The Events of Event Mode by Tinyrocket reviews We all know the famous Event Mode in the game. But have you ever stopped to think as to how these events happened and why? Super Smash Brothers - Rated: K+ - English - Humor - Chapters: 4 - Words: 23,474 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 7/27/2013 - Published: 9/29/2010 Compassion by Shift reviews ROMY - Rogue is losing control of her powers and her will to fight, feeling disheartned and hopeless she's tired of struggling and she's tired of being alone, can help be found in the unlikely form of a card charging cajun? Let's hope so. X-Men: Evolution - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 34 - Words: 157,944 - Reviews: 546 - Favs: 282 - Follows: 353 - Updated: 7/27/2013 - Published: 2/26/2005 - Rogue/Anna Marie, Gambit/Remy L. Jealous Boy by FangandIggyRule reviews Ren and Iggy, two children of Eros, are cruising life, hooking people up, and waiting until they become twenty-one to become gods. When Iggy's jealousy puts Ren in danger, can Ren get out alive? Maximum Ride - Rated: T - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 19 - Words: 27,009 - Reviews: 50 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 7/21/2013 - Published: 7/19/2011 - Iggy Life Without You: Series by partyperson25 reviews Well this is my first story/series hopfully people read and enjoy it! Its basically a re-make of 2007 of Feburary and so on but its starts out at the Metro Court Hostage Crisis and goes forward from there,the whole series revolves around Tracy,Luke,The Q's,and will involve everyone else and unexpectant apperances in many different what if/re-make situations General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Drama/Tragedy - Chapters: 30 - Words: 36,389 - Reviews: 43 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 7/21/2013 - Published: 7/11/2012 - Tracy Q., Jason M. From Savior to Avenger by ImpromptuApathy reviews Harry Potter came out of the War victorious against Voldemort, only to be thrust into another war, one far beyond the realms of man. As he faces uncertainty without his old allies by his side, Harry learns to fight alongside new ones and show that the boy-who-lived is more than a savior, and the Chosen One is more than a legend, but that Harry Potter is an Avenger. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 8 - Words: 38,384 - Reviews: 798 - Favs: 3,239 - Follows: 4,673 - Updated: 7/19/2013 - Published: 5/29/2012 - Harry P. Less Than a Nightmare by The Incredible Nameless Wonder reviews The second book in my Just Dreaming series, this story follows Annika, who has been stuck in the real world for ten years. Just as she is about to give up hope of ever seeing Erik again, her best friend Gene takes her to see Love Never Dies. Shortly after, she finds herself sucked back into Erik's world and this time; the stakes are a lot higher. Erik/OC, Meg/OC Love Never Dies - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 9 - Words: 18,754 - Reviews: 63 - Favs: 48 - Follows: 45 - Updated: 7/16/2013 - Published: 2/27/2013 - Erik, Meg Giry House of Rockers by AngelXAnubis reviews When Nina left England to go to her previous home.She meets up with her best friends, Big Time Rush. Eight months after leaving she finally returns. But shes keeping her California life a secret. What happens when Fabian finds out Ninas dating Kendall? What about Nina and Kendall? Will the long distance relationship work out? Or will someone ,or someone's, interfere? Crossover - Big Time Rush & Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: T - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 40 - Words: 24,518 - Reviews: 158 - Favs: 47 - Follows: 52 - Updated: 7/15/2013 - Published: 4/20/2012 - Nina M. Ten Years (At Last) by lilpocketninja reviews Melissa McCall meets John Stilinski ten years before their love story begins. Teen Wolf - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,714 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 21 - Published: 7/15/2013 - [Sheriff Stilinski, Melissa M.] Scott M., Stiles - Complete The Way you Shake and Shiver by drmarks reviews Scooby Doo, where are you? After the death of Scooby Doo, the gang tries to move on. But they soon realise that the days of Mystery Inc. are over, and their lives begin to fall apart. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Drama/Tragedy - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,136 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 3 - Published: 7/13/2013 - Fred, Velma, Shaggy, Daphne - Complete Ghosts of the Past by Stine chan USA reviews The Cahills are disappearing; each had died mysteriously after seeing the one who was dead before them. Family, friends, loved ones... all of them go one by one. Changed rating back because there is *not* blood or gore but there is character death. Pairings are suggested *past* Evan/Amy, Amy/Ian, Natalie/Dan, Hamilton/ Sinead, and Ted/Reagan 39 Clues - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Supernatural - Chapters: 9 - Words: 6,791 - Reviews: 37 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 7/9/2013 - Published: 3/10/2013 Never Say Goodbye by WickedDugGuire reviews Christopher Robin grew up and has left the Hundred Acre Wood. Pooh is reflecting and remembering all the fun times with his best friend as he searches and discovers what true love is. Please tell me if you want me to continue this story and comment and follow because I post stuff like this Winnie-the-Pooh - Rated: K - English - Family/Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,303 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 2 - Published: 7/8/2013 - Complete Operation: Val by Animanizanny reviews The Warners decide to have some fun and mess with a mean old man. Turns out, this mean old man is a crazy toon creator bent on revenge. But what happens when this revenge becomes too much for him to handle? Animaniacs - Rated: T - English - Humor/Family - Chapters: 24 - Words: 42,704 - Reviews: 136 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 7/8/2013 - Published: 8/15/2012 - Yakko W., Dot W., Wakko W. Twice Cursed by South.for.Winter reviews Sequel to All That Follows. Certain events have led to the recasting of the curse, only this time, things are different. Fighting to keep Henry's love and her last bit of happiness, Regina is unprepared to finally realize the cost of the curse. With help coming from unexpected places, she must decide her fate and face some of her most terrible demons. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 52 - Words: 105,847 - Reviews: 264 - Favs: 64 - Follows: 62 - Updated: 7/7/2013 - Published: 9/25/2012 - Regina M./The Evil Queen - Complete Touch The Flame by Science-Fantasy93 reviews James & Katie have hated each other for years, but with family problems & secrets, they start an enemies with benefits relationship for comfort. But before long, feelings, history, & past mistakes get in the way. Touch the flame & you will get burned... Big Time Rush - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 18 - Words: 96,236 - Reviews: 248 - Favs: 103 - Follows: 98 - Updated: 7/6/2013 - Published: 4/22/2012 - James, Katie K. - Complete Tangled Up With Vikings by ZeDancingHobbit reviews When Rapunzel is kidnapped and taken to Berk for ransom, she meets an outcast named Hiccup, who happens to have a small problem called a Night Fury. Could this turn this whole situation around? Minor romance some violence. T, just to be sure. COMPLETE Crossover - How to Train Your Dragon & Tangled - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 27 - Words: 58,548 - Reviews: 279 - Favs: 242 - Follows: 158 - Updated: 7/6/2013 - Published: 1/15/2012 - Hiccup, Rapunzel - Complete How I Became an Experiment by Experiment Alpha reviews So, I became an Experiment... Well, it was a dream come true, but it will have it's drawbacks, that's for sure. The Experiment I became, however... It just seemed illogical for me to become this one. UPDATE: Story is now in the crossover section! This story crosses over Lilo & Stitch, Naruto, and something else that you'll find out later! Crossover - X-overs & Lilo & Stitch - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 19 - Words: 57,259 - Reviews: 37 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 7/5/2013 - Published: 3/5/2012 - Complete INSaNITY by Should'a worn a bell reviews After a run in with Pannick!, The Team is jarred out of their ignorance of their teammates past lives by one crumpled girl who seems to force their two youngest teammates into a dark state that's a few sizes too big. Crossover - Teen Titans & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 11 - Words: 14,492 - Reviews: 26 - Favs: 28 - Follows: 22 - Updated: 7/2/2013 - Published: 3/19/2012 - Jinx, Wally W./Kid Flash Made to Be Broken by Ultimate Queen of Cliffies reviews When Fiyero is being dragged away by the Gale Force to be tortured to death and Elphaba cannot save him, she gives up: she accepts her fate and surrenders. Meanwhile Fiyero is stuck with a bunch of idiots as he tries to make his way to save the woman he loves. Fiyeraba. AU from NGD onwards. Winner 1st place Best Angst in the 2013 Greg Awards. Wicked - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 24 - Words: 107,917 - Reviews: 305 - Favs: 93 - Follows: 50 - Updated: 7/1/2013 - Published: 4/19/2013 - [Elphaba T., Fiyero T.] Glinda U., OC - Complete Fighters by Welcome to My Mad House reviews Two years after Katniss and Peeta won, the districts are still under the Capitol's control District 12 wasn't bombed . What happens when the Anubis residents live in Panem? Will they truly fight to the death? Rated T for an obvious reason. Crossover - Hunger Games & Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: T - English - Suspense - Chapters: 21 - Words: 22,304 - Reviews: 78 - Favs: 24 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 6/28/2013 - Published: 7/3/2012 - Katniss E., Nina M. Will I Be Saved? by Im a Skyscraper reviews Alex Daniels has always been abused by her dad, Eric, since she was little. What happens when she turns five and McGonagall takes her out? Alex ends up getting adopted by the Russo family that includes: Jerry, Theresa, Justin, Max and Ramona. Alex/Harry Years One to Seven. Crossover - Harry Potter & Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 41 - Words: 51,337 - Reviews: 204 - Favs: 60 - Follows: 47 - Updated: 6/27/2013 - Published: 12/1/2012 - Minerva M., Alex R. - Complete On Dark Wings by MetroXLR99 reviews AU a New, Hooded Robin is prowling the streets at night...and, Dick Grayson is hot on his trail. Who is he?, what was he doing in Titan's Tower? and, if he IS a "New Robin", then where IS Batman? TEEN TITANS/BATMAN Crossover [On Hiatus until Further Notice] Crossover - Batman & Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Mystery - Chapters: 35 - Words: 119,988 - Reviews: 111 - Favs: 31 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 6/24/2013 - Published: 12/14/2011 Wandering souls by BelleGiry reviews What happened after The Phantom stepped through the broken mirror? Little did he knew that Meg Giry was behind him, and she had one purpose: to save him. Would he be able to see past his own pain and perhaps find love again? Phantom of the Opera - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 23 - Words: 116,013 - Reviews: 67 - Favs: 57 - Follows: 22 - Updated: 6/20/2013 - Published: 11/28/2012 - Meg, Erik - Complete No Ordinary Girls by mermaidmagicpower reviews Four girls are stuck in a cave. When they go to leave something magical happens and their lives change forever. I know! Horrible summary, but my story is better. Hopefully! Crossover - H2O: Just Add Water & Victorious - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Friendship - Chapters: 12 - Words: 8,481 - Reviews: 47 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 21 - Updated: 6/20/2013 - Published: 7/22/2011 Brave 2: Time warped by TheEmeraldArcher reviews A young man tries to go back in time to find his true love, Mérida DunBroch. Crossover - Somewhere in Time & Brave, 2012 - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 16 - Words: 10,186 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 6/17/2013 - Published: 8/1/2012 - Merida - Complete Something Riches Can't Buy by Futaira reviews What would happen if Bruce and Steve were the best friends of Harry Potter now Harrison Evans? What would Tony have to go through for the love of his life? AU, Slash, Het, OOC, Master of Death!Harry No like slash? What are you doing reading this? Shoo! Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 7 - Words: 26,567 - Reviews: 543 - Favs: 1,730 - Follows: 2,568 - Updated: 6/16/2013 - Published: 11/28/2012 - Harry P., Iron Man/Tony S. Life on the Line by WiseWriter Cait reviews What happens when you put the characters of House of Anubis in a Hunger Games world? Read as well as review this story to find out! Fabina, Neddie, Jabian, Jara, Peddie, Pifie. Rated T for just in case. Crossover - Hunger Games & Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 14 - Words: 29,985 - Reviews: 86 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 45 - Updated: 6/13/2013 - Published: 2/25/2012 See No Music by MidnightIsis reviews There's a new singer that is taking over the Opera house and the Opera Ghost does not like her for taking Christine's place. However, there's one flaw: She's blind. Better than summary, I promise! *Complete!* Phantom of the Opera - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 32 - Words: 56,774 - Reviews: 224 - Favs: 135 - Follows: 111 - Updated: 6/13/2013 - Published: 8/4/2011 - Erik A collection of haiku, each one focusing on a different character. Scooby Doo - Rated: K - English - Poetry - Chapters: 5 - Words: 66 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 1 - Published: 6/8/2013 Like Father, Like Son by EmiStone reviews Our favorite hero visits the Avengers and learns something about himself that no one would have guessed. NO SLASH. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Family - Chapters: 6 - Words: 15,383 - Reviews: 212 - Favs: 906 - Follows: 1,328 - Updated: 6/7/2013 - Published: 12/31/2012 - Harry P., Loki Fast Times At Beacon Hills High by Persephone Price reviews AU. After her family moves to Beacon Hills, Amy is quickly swept up in the drama and danger that pervade the deceptively sleepy town. Eventual Derek/OC. Strong language and adult themes. **REVISED, and bear in mind that this was posted in 2011 :-)** Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 43 - Words: 112,750 - Reviews: 1157 - Favs: 651 - Follows: 494 - Updated: 6/3/2013 - Published: 7/30/2011 - [Derek H., OC] Stiles - Complete The Lone Wolf by Cut The Dotted Line reviews Rewrite in-progress. Don't bother reading what's here. It will be completely different than what's currently written here. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 8 - Words: 19,367 - Reviews: 53 - Favs: 37 - Follows: 63 - Updated: 6/3/2013 - Published: 7/2/2012 - Stiles, Jackson W., Derek H., Peter H. The Traveler: The Bloody Begining by Elizabeth1315 reviews This story is about an immortal woman named Elizabeth and the girl who has dreams about her,Helen. All of the dreams that Helen has of her take place in the world of KingdomHearts. Helen and her two friends, Lizzy and Eric, attempt to unravel how they are connected to this woman. Lizzy looks almost identical to Elizabeth and Eric appeared in several dreams going by the name of Eron Crossover - Kingdom Hearts & Inkheart - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Mystery - Chapters: 46 - Words: 47,159 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 6/3/2013 - Published: 9/13/2012 - Axel, Dustfinger Hole by Spring Sunrise reviews Sinead reflects on Evan's death. 39 Clues - Rated: K - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 178 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 2 - Published: 6/2/2013 - Sinead S., Evan T. - Complete Vespers by Lapulta J.R.R. Cahill reviews In the world of the 39 Clues, Vespers has two meanings. Discover one of them. 39 Clues - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Crime - Chapters: 10 - Words: 45,328 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 6/1/2013 - Published: 10/30/2011 - Damien V. It's A Family Thing by ghfann5 reviews Sam McCall and Kristina Davis-Corinthos are both strong and determined women, so they never ask for help when they really need it. But now, they're going to have to rely on the men they love, their family and especially each other in order to keep going. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 25 - Words: 44,569 - Reviews: 96 - Favs: 37 - Follows: 44 - Updated: 5/31/2013 - Published: 3/8/2011 - Sam M., Kristina D., Molly D. - Complete Total Pokemon Action by Dark Arcanine 33 reviews Mew and Victini are back with an all new season! All 52 contestants will return along with 21 newcomers, all for their chance to win 5,000,000,000 Poke. Who will win? Read and find out. (NO MORE OCs) Crossover - Pokémon & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Drama/Humor - Chapters: 55 - Words: 197,994 - Reviews: 364 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 5/29/2013 - Published: 8/11/2012 - Complete War for Cluster Prime by MetroXLR99 reviews Civil War has ravaged Planet Cybertron for Millions of years... but, now, a Rogue Robot plans to bring a similair war to Cluster Prime...by killing "Queen Vega." Can the Autobots prevent this?, or is history DOOMED to repeat itself. VegaxOC [On Hiatus until Further Notice] Crossover - Transformers/Beast Wars & My Life as a Teenage Robot - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 54,620 - Reviews: 27 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 5/27/2013 - Published: 3/24/2012 - Vega The Imagination War by Fanatic97 reviews When Imagination comes to life, and wreaks havoc on our world. It is up to a boy and a tiger to set things right Calvin & Hobbes - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 19 - Words: 44,289 - Reviews: 48 - Favs: 29 - Follows: 19 - Updated: 5/27/2013 - Published: 6/28/2012 - Calvin, Hobbes - Complete Grimm? A Witch? by Richardthebunny reviews Sabrina's Parents finally decide to send her to Hogwarts. Of course, Daphne and Puck have to come along to! Join the two trios as they meet up and take on the challenges of the golden trios' third year, and Sabrina jumping ahead to second year. What will happen? And exactly how is Sabrina as famous in the wizard world as Harry? Crossover - Harry Potter & Sisters Grimm - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 11 - Words: 13,811 - Reviews: 69 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 5/26/2013 - Published: 7/31/2012 - Harry P., Sabrina G. Red X by DannyRaven Lover reviews What if Danny was Red X and became a cold blooded assassin? What if he gave up on being a hero and on life after he couldn't save his family and friends? Will the Titans bring him back into being a hero or is he gone for good? (new, new chapter 27 for all the people wanting to adopt or rewrite Crossover - Teen Titans & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 55,079 - Reviews: 344 - Favs: 298 - Follows: 235 - Updated: 5/20/2013 - Published: 3/17/2012 - Raven, Danny F. - Complete The Shadow Soldier by lionesslullaby reviews Vitalani Gibbs, daughter of Jethro and Shannon Gibbs, is a member of NCIS, but SHIELD is looking to recruit the hunter/telekinetic into the Avengers. Follow this young woman's story as she falls in love & is forced to confront a past she'd rather forget. Crossover - NCIS & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 16 - Words: 68,873 - Reviews: 29 - Favs: 48 - Follows: 48 - Updated: 5/18/2013 - Published: 5/21/2012 - Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Captain America/Steve R., OC Jenessa Davenport by BABYLIBBY96 reviews After a year of being away, Davenports' daughter comes to stay for a while. But how will the bionic siblings going to High School effect her life? And what is her large secret that has something to do with Chase's alter-ego Spike? Not even Chase knows, but he's intending to find out. Lab Rats, 2012 - Rated: T - English - Family/Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 12,670 - Reviews: 29 - Favs: 69 - Follows: 74 - Updated: 5/15/2013 - Published: 6/5/2012 - D. Davenport, Chase Broken Hearts by DizzlyPuzzled reviews Everyone he cared about was gone, and he had no where left to go. So he took off away from his home, away from the pain and away from the one wishing to harm him. He flies as far as the West coast hoping for another chance in a city where there were already heroes, but can they help the young hybrid from destroying himself? Twelve is now complete Crossover - Teen Titans & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Angst/Horror - Chapters: 16 - Words: 158,829 - Reviews: 386 - Favs: 393 - Follows: 400 - Updated: 5/13/2013 - Published: 6/7/2012 - Danny F. X-Men Evolution: Second Mutation by Angelus-v1 reviews A new breed of mutant whose powers are closely linked with their emotions has been discovered whose own powers are capable of killing themselves. Their abilities are unmeasured and the X-Men are charged to find out more about them. The closest is a young man in Juarez, Mexico. But can they help him before his powers take thier ultimate toll? After S4. Features 1st OC. X-Men: Evolution - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 38 - Words: 102,394 - Reviews: 69 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 5/10/2013 - Published: 1/1/2013 Arranged Marriage by charliedee reviews Being re-written as 'A Tale Of Fire And Ice' on my page. -this version discontinued- Crossover - Game of Thrones & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 35 - Words: 75,827 - Reviews: 79 - Favs: 63 - Follows: 54 - Updated: 5/9/2013 - Published: 9/5/2012 - Daenerys T., Loki The Power to Change It All by Oddfrog27 reviews 15 year old Sam Winchester is about to discover the future of his life in unexpected ways. With the help of a certain white-lighter can he accomplish his mission with his new found power to change it all? Crossover - Charmed & Supernatural - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Friendship - Chapters: 18 - Words: 22,627 - Reviews: 13 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 22 - Updated: 5/9/2013 - Published: 12/8/2011 - Chris H., Sam W. Sparrows and Nightingales by minorshan reviews Magic is unpredictable now, but it still comes at a price. After the curse breaks, a desperate Regina casts a spell, accidentally erasing her memory back to the day Daniel died. But all of Storybrooke will pay this spell's price. Is it truly justice to punish someone for crimes they don't remember? Can Regina come to grips with what she became? In FTL, Cora's origins and beyond. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Angst/Friendship - Chapters: 26 - Words: 202,508 - Reviews: 158 - Favs: 73 - Follows: 114 - Updated: 5/6/2013 - Published: 7/17/2012 - Regina M./The Evil Queen, Cora M./The Queen of Hearts Skyline by Sapphire-Raindrop reviews Sophie was a toddler when she accidentally wandered into the Easter Bunny's realm. Although she doesn't remember the experience with any real accuracy, the feeling of magic and hope never quite left her, even as she grew up. Fifteen years later, Sophie once again finds herself in the Easter realm, but under very different circumstances. Rise of the Guardians - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 10 - Words: 33,645 - Reviews: 300 - Favs: 255 - Follows: 326 - Updated: 5/3/2013 - Published: 11/25/2012 - Sophie Mission Accomplished by mizukiryu73 reviews There is a reason hawks are kept hooded before the hunt. For you can clip their wings and hobble their feet, but they are hunters true. And they are loyal only to those who respect that, to those who earn it. Because they are always, always dangerous. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 10 - Words: 15,217 - Reviews: 506 - Favs: 1,455 - Follows: 2,146 - Updated: 4/22/2013 - Published: 9/1/2012 - Harry P., Hawkeye/Clint B. Ivy by DecemberLuck reviews Ivy always hoped for a family, one that would love her. Her aunt was the one to find her father and she would forever love him for taking her in... Slash and Fem/Harry Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 15 - Words: 48,291 - Reviews: 609 - Favs: 1,514 - Follows: 2,000 - Updated: 4/20/2013 - Published: 6/24/2012 - Harry P., Iron Man/Tony S. No Light in your bright blue eyes by OurFamilysHope reviews Lydia is heartbroken after Jackson has left her. Everything seems to fall to pieces all over again. But this time there is someone who catches her before she falls. Someone who'd made her life a living hell who now seems to be the only one able to make her feel better. Peter Hale. But can she trust him after what he'd put her through? Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 25 - Words: 63,004 - Reviews: 36 - Favs: 57 - Follows: 26 - Updated: 4/19/2013 - Published: 1/26/2013 - Lydia M., Peter H. - Complete Not Looking by Sweetliberations reviews The last thing Elizabeth Webber is looking for is a man. But will A.J. Quartermaine change her mind, and will he be able to keep his brother away when he returns from the dead with a surprise of his own? General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 18 - Words: 60,410 - Reviews: 254 - Favs: 43 - Follows: 76 - Updated: 4/16/2013 - Published: 2/17/2013 - AJ Quartermaine, Elizabeth W. Literally sleeping with Chris! by I'll Cover Angel and Collins reviews Season 3 is over and everyone is forced to stay Playa Des Losers until all the episodes officially air! What happens when our favorite host finds his room to be the only room without a bed? Why he sleeps with everyone...Literally! Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Humor - Chapters: 21 - Words: 25,266 - Reviews: 220 - Favs: 57 - Follows: 42 - Updated: 4/15/2013 - Published: 11/30/2010 - Chris M. The Many Blunders and Adventures of Kaihya Jackson by Amber Annabeth Blue reviews Many stories have action. Or romance. Or even science fiction. There are few that combine them all perfectly. I am Kaihya Jackson. The writer of this great fanfiction you are reading. This is my online record/diary. I am risking a lot to tell you this. In order to read it, you are not normal. So come and see my life, it might save yours. Crossover - X-Men: Evolution & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: K+ - English - Sci-Fi/Humor - Chapters: 9 - Words: 3,266 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 4/12/2013 - Published: 6/24/2012 The Council by minorcatastrophes reviews The Princess Alyssa is everything a princess shouldn't be to her mother's dismay. And although everything appears to be perfect at the Rechadian court, amid 5 kingdoms, a rebel group, a handsome Prince and a secret council bound to justice emerges a humorous tale with adventure and possibly, accidental curses that were meant as gifts aside, love. R&R please! Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 34,751 - Reviews: 25 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 4/6/2013 - Published: 7/27/2012 iHouse of Victorious by HOAluver13 reviews Tori Vega is going to Anubis house to pose as a new student to do a performance, but runs into someone she thought she'd never see again. Plus, iCarly is stopping by for a special Halloween webcast. Things are about to get CRAZY. But will drama end relationships? ON HIATUS. Read Author's Note. Crossover - Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis & Victorious - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Humor - Chapters: 23 - Words: 41,969 - Reviews: 90 - Favs: 34 - Follows: 32 - Updated: 4/5/2013 - Published: 1/22/2012 - Nina M., Tori V. Clash in NYC-COMPLETE- by FallenQueen2 reviews Tony Stark has a little brother, who left to join the army after having a fight with their father is now back. William Stark/Lennox reunites with his brother and going to NYC for a vacation from NEST, it doesn't turn out that well. Loki and Megatron have joined together to destroy NEST and the Avengers. Crossover - Transformers & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 24 - Words: 38,164 - Reviews: 109 - Favs: 273 - Follows: 184 - Updated: 4/5/2013 - Published: 5/25/2012 - W. Lennox, Iron Man/Tony S. - Complete The Sparrow by HopelessRomantic84 reviews Killian was a pirate of the grandest scale who prided himself in acquiring the most desired of treasures. His quest for beautiful objects and adventure knew no boundaries and brought him to a new world where he has captured his newest prized possession...a woman. What happens when love reveals itself to the hardened pirate and he is faced with a hard decision? Killian/OC romance Once Upon a Time - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 23 - Words: 40,899 - Reviews: 73 - Favs: 94 - Follows: 76 - Updated: 4/4/2013 - Published: 11/19/2012 - Killian Jones/Captain Hook - Complete A Life Without Him by Clase406Marcela Disregard everything after 1998. ONESHOT. Takes place after Brenda saying goodbye to Sonny at the penthouse. General Hospital - Rated: K - English - Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 703 - Favs: 1 - Published: 4/3/2013 - Sonny C., Brenda B. - Complete Lessons in Common Decency by Wherever Girl reviews When Puggsy's loudmouthed attitude goes too far, Fangface and his sister, Storm, decide to teach him a few lessons in watching his temper. Will he change, or are the werewolves pressing their luck? Fangface - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Friendship - Chapters: 25 - Words: 39,136 - Reviews: 48 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 4/3/2013 - Published: 3/10/2013 He used to be a nice kid, but life made him tough... and a friend helped him stay strong. Set in Puggsy's POV, takes place during "I'm Smarter Than You Think" Fangface - Rated: K+ - English - Hurt/Comfort/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 4,145 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 3 - Published: 3/31/2013 - Complete Through Time, Without Love by TheStoryTraveler reviews The war with Voldemort happens differently than the story we're used to. The prophecy comes later, and is quite a bit different. This changes the whole thing. Harry, nor is anyone else, The-Baby-Who-Lived. So what happens after, when this 'young' man arrives in New Mexico when Thor first appears? No Slash. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Supernatural - Chapters: 6 - Words: 11,927 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 28 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 3/20/2013 - Published: 2/17/2013 - OC, Black Widow/Natasha R. The X-Men Present: Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland by Claire's Demons reviews Parody of the Alice in Wonderland movie. Warning: may induce insanity. Anything you recognise belongs to someone else- even the format, which is property of Chellerbelle. R&R if this fic made you laugh, at least once. Or if you like cookies. (How could you not?) X-Men: Evolution - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Parody - Chapters: 7 - Words: 17,176 - Reviews: 40 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 3/20/2013 - Published: 11/23/2012 - Scarlet Witch/Wanda M., Pyro, Jean Grey Even the Boogeyman can have a Friend by Toony-Tornado reviews All Pitch ever knew from children was terror and contempt, and he was just fine with it as long as he was believed in. But what will he think now, after he finds himself mysteriously pulled from a year long imprisonment by the Nightmares and in the care of a young girl who claims to love fear? Rise of the Guardians - Rated: K - English - Friendship - Chapters: 11 - Words: 36,102 - Reviews: 190 - Favs: 152 - Follows: 87 - Updated: 3/17/2013 - Published: 12/9/2012 - Pitch - Complete Guardian Angels by 1arigato reviews Before they can enter Aslan's Country, the Pevensies must watch over Earth's mightiest heroes until all threats are gone. AU Peter, Edmund, and Lucy don't die on the train, Susan becomes a friend of Narnia again, and the siblings are immortal and have the influences of magic until their time to enter Aslan's Country comes. K plus to be safe Crossover - Chronicles of Narnia & Avengers - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 21 - Words: 29,290 - Reviews: 97 - Favs: 180 - Follows: 97 - Updated: 3/17/2013 - Published: 8/1/2012 - Edmund Pevensie, Iron Man/Tony S. - Complete Shadows of The Past by KaylaMicael reviews The Warners meet a young woman who delivers shocking news about something in their past. The following events will challenge their small family more than anything they have known. Please read and review, and I own nothing! Animaniacs - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 23 - Words: 36,149 - Reviews: 153 - Favs: 43 - Follows: 25 - Updated: 3/16/2013 - Published: 5/17/2012 - Complete Camp Drama Future Shock by mah29732 reviews Welcome to season eight of the Camp Drama series, be prepared for visits to far off planets and other big surprises for this season... Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Sci-Fi/Suspense - Chapters: 69 - Words: 79,425 - Reviews: 67 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 3/16/2013 - Published: 10/31/2012 - Complete Disappear Into The Past by Rukia-K1 reviews Robin is called in along with Kid Flash and Speedy to do a mission with their old team. For a month they don't come back, and when they do there are things are not the same, and things only seem to keep getting worse. Things were already rocky to start with for them and the Titans…and now, things are only worse. What happens…when they just…vanish? Can they be found or...? Crossover - Teen Titans & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 6 - Words: 10,982 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 39 - Follows: 43 - Updated: 3/15/2013 - Published: 7/29/2012 - Robin, Richard G./Nightwing The Hunters and The Witch by borderfame-sabrestar reviews Dean hates witches and Sam isn't a big fan either. So when they catch a witch unlike any other they've seen, and realise they need her help, what will happen? Set post-hogwarts and season 2 of SPN. Crossover - Harry Potter & Supernatural - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 24 - Words: 49,186 - Reviews: 396 - Favs: 682 - Follows: 990 - Updated: 3/15/2013 - Published: 1/13/2012 - Hermione G., Dean W. The Lucky Sorcerers by MysteryGirl7Freak reviews What was supposed to be a happy day, turned into the beginning of a dark storm. With villains rising, it's up to the heroes of Disney to stop them. But what can a mouse, a rabbit, a clumsy apprentice, and a few goofy friends do? Story better than summary. OCs included. Hiatus. Disney - Rated: K - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 6 - Words: 22,009 - Reviews: 37 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 3/12/2013 - Published: 9/14/2012 Freddie Goes To Hollywood by PD31 reviews What happens when Freddie gets accepted into college in LA while the girls are staying in Seattle? Some friendships fall and some friends become reacquainted. Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 37 - Words: 85,821 - Reviews: 79 - Favs: 101 - Follows: 64 - Updated: 3/11/2013 - Published: 1/8/2012 - [Freddie B., Tori V.] - Complete Once Upon a Happily Ever After by minorshan reviews After Regina hatches yet another shadowy plot, the Keepers of Fairy Tales worry that the Evil Queen may win before the war even begins, and summons three of the most powerful witches of this world to aid Emma and break the curse before it's too late. Branches off & intertwines with last few eps of season 1, & will explore the possible aftermath coming in season 2. Charmed X-Over Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 8 - Words: 40,346 - Reviews: 41 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 3/10/2013 - Published: 3/30/2012 - Emma S., Snow White/Mary M. Blanchard Just Another Job by Horus.Potter reviews Sam and Dean are called to Mystic Falls to take care of a nest of Vampires, Werewolves, and something new they've never heard of before - Hybrids. What they find when they get to Mystic Falls however isn't as simple a job as they were expecting. Now with the help of the very creatures they swore to kill they must eradicate this new foe. Multi-Fandom fic. More details within. Crossover - Supernatural & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Humor - Chapters: 5 - Words: 15,460 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 2 - Published: 3/9/2013 - Dean W., Damon S. - Complete The Arrow Saga: The Tale of the Wanderer by t.j.guard reviews Baelfire's journey to his father has only just begun, and he has a long way to go yet, but even when he does arrive at his destination, he learns the hard way that the old saying is true: It's not over till the fat lady sings. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 25 - Words: 27,789 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 3/9/2013 - Published: 2/3/2013 - Neal C./Baelfire, Dr. Whale/Dr. Victor Frankenstein - Complete Fairy Tales in a Faery World by Child of Mars reviews Rumplestiltskin has always been a storyteller. What else can you do, when you know so much and can't really communicate normally with anybody? Except his grandson has become annoyingly attached to his stories. Just a bonding moment between Rumplestiltskin and Henry, set post-tv series when everyone makes it back to the Enchanted Forest and lives happily ever after. (of course) Once Upon a Time - Rated: K - English - Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,422 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 5 - Published: 3/6/2013 - Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold, Henry Mills - Complete Believing in Henry by Shopowner93 reviews Post -curse story starting from "Apple Red as Blood" before the new season. Charming Family. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Drama/Tragedy - Chapters: 38 - Words: 119,516 - Reviews: 376 - Favs: 170 - Follows: 197 - Updated: 3/5/2013 - Published: 5/12/2012 - Emma S., Henry Mills Harry Potter and the Library of Crazy by Canticles reviews 12 years ago, across the Atlantic Ocean, a 17 year old boy defeated the greatest Dark Lord in the history of the Wizarding World. In the present day, none of that matters to Claudia Donovan. After all, she's finally becoming a Warehouse agent. But then Mrs. Frederic tells her that there's something she needs to see... Crossover - Harry Potter & Warehouse 13 - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 4 - Words: 14,486 - Reviews: 68 - Favs: 266 - Follows: 414 - Updated: 3/4/2013 - Published: 7/26/2012 - Harry P., Claudia D. More Than a Dream by The Incredible Nameless Wonder reviews The first book in my Just Dreaming series, this tells the story of Annika, a young woman living with a horrible disorder who is given a copy of The Phantom of the Opera Novel. Things get strange when she wakes up outside of the Opera Populaire, but she dismisses it as just a dream. She panics when she finds she can't wake up and begins to wonder just why she's there. Erik/OC. Phantom of the Opera - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 30 - Words: 72,430 - Reviews: 192 - Favs: 119 - Follows: 73 - Updated: 2/26/2013 - Published: 12/9/2012 - Erik, Christine - Complete Whoa Momma with A Side of Jinkies! by Robin L.D reviews Johnny Bravo is the kinda guy who needs a smokin' hot babe on his arm that can keep up with his good looks! But what happens when he falls for the nerdy little detective? Is Johnny too cool to settle down with the right one for his heart, or will find the right one for his looks? Velma/Johnny B. I Know...Veeeery Random Crossover - Scooby Doo & Johnny Bravo - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 15 - Words: 30,015 - Reviews: 62 - Favs: 60 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 2/24/2013 - Published: 8/15/2012 - Velma There's No Mystery Here Just a Nightmare by TsoLan reviews My first ever fanfic : D! Mystery Inc visit Maplin House where a psychotic little girl apparently murdered herself and her family. Rumours and myths circulate that they aren't all dead. Is the house empty? Mystery Inc will find out the truth. The hard way. Leave a review. : D Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Horror - Chapters: 9 - Words: 7,177 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 2/24/2013 - Published: 10/2/2012 - Complete Robin's Secret by dreamsbecomereality13 reviews Roy's back but sadly his arms not. Robin has some friends that could help him, but they don't trust other people and Robin's afraid that the Justice League will be mad about him keeping these friends of his a secret. Ignoring the events of Invasion. Crossover - Teen Titans & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Angst - Chapters: 8 - Words: 10,594 - Reviews: 46 - Favs: 121 - Follows: 130 - Updated: 2/24/2013 - Published: 6/10/2012 - Richard G./Nightwing Pieces by MusicGeek764 reviews One eventful night shatters Wakko's life and memory to pieces. But, as he puts things back together, he realizes that things are more complex than they seem... COMPLETE! With bonus epilogue! Animaniacs - Rated: T - English - Drama/Mystery - Chapters: 22 - Words: 36,615 - Reviews: 169 - Favs: 43 - Follows: 23 - Updated: 2/23/2013 - Published: 9/16/2012 - Wakko W. - Complete One shot about the real story of Romeo and Juliet. Rated T for super mild cursing. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 160 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 1 - Published: 2/21/2013 The Listener by Lythenia reviews Harry Potter isn't like his family. He's incapable of magic, and he can hear things that should more often than not stay unheard. Fearing for his safety as the squib brother of the BWL, little Harry is hidden from the world and sent away. But there was someone watching, and waiting, because there are people like him who can do special thing. We call them Superheroes. ON HIATUS Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 2 - Words: 2,638 - Reviews: 107 - Favs: 490 - Follows: 938 - Updated: 2/20/2013 - Published: 9/30/2012 - Harry P. Finding Home by cywsaphyre reviews When Harry finally accepted the fact that he had stopped aging, ten years had passed and he knew it was time to leave. AU. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 15 - Words: 61,162 - Reviews: 2617 - Favs: 11,148 - Follows: 5,455 - Updated: 2/18/2013 - Published: 5/25/2012 - Harry P. - Complete Kingdom Hearts The Hearts Tears by bAsSbEaT reviews 4 years after defeating Xemnas, 19 year old Sora is forced into another horrible situation with a group who are called the "Seekers". To make things worse his anti-form decides to reemerge and wreak havoc, and even worse he can't confess his love to Kairi Kingdom Hearts - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 11 - Words: 8,705 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 2/18/2013 - Published: 10/7/2011 - Sora, Kairi Safe and Sound by la lisboa reviews For six years, Snow has raised her daughter alone in our world, safe from Regina. But Snow's world is turned upside down when Regina appears, threatening her and Emma, and ultimately tearing them apart. Twenty years later, Snow struggles to find and reconnect with Emma - who has been kept under Regina's influence - before she is lost forever. Will a mother's love prevail? AU. Once Upon a Time - Rated: K+ - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 40 - Words: 72,455 - Reviews: 506 - Favs: 131 - Follows: 156 - Updated: 2/17/2013 - Published: 7/8/2012 - Emma S., Snow White/Mary M. Blanchard - Complete Everything Has a Price by Searching For Wonderland reviews Melody lives with her abusive dad Gaston & mom Vanessa. When her boyfriend Jim wants to run away with her, Melody finds herself almost trapped in Corona. Meg, Herc, Jas, and Al live on the streets while they live a life of poverty. Herc wants to run away with Meg, but what happens when her past catches up with her? Also Flynn and Rapunzel struggle as the rulers of Corona. (HIATUS) Disney - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 11 - Words: 42,396 - Reviews: 54 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 25 - Updated: 2/17/2013 - Published: 9/1/2012 I'll Wait by fanboyReader reviews High school AU. Clint is in love with Natasha Romanoff, but he doesn't quite know how to tell her. He posed as her secret admirer for two years. Now that they're in their senior year how will he be able to admit his biggest secret before it's too late. Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 24 - Words: 45,382 - Reviews: 76 - Favs: 42 - Follows: 52 - Updated: 2/16/2013 - Published: 9/22/2012 - Black Widow/Natasha R., Hawkeye/Clint B. - Complete To The Bone by Miss Raye reviews It's been years since Jake was born and Jason stayed away to protect himself as well as Elizabeth and the boys... now he's called back to Port Charles because a young man wants into the business... Cameron. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 21 - Words: 25,872 - Reviews: 111 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 32 - Updated: 2/15/2013 - Published: 8/15/2012 - Elizabeth W., Jason M. - Complete Spider's Print by CaketinTheHobo reviews Spiderman's actions in New York didn't go unnoticed. Nick Fury wants to know who New York's new hero is. Crossover - Spider-Man & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 17 - Words: 24,258 - Reviews: 572 - Favs: 2,095 - Follows: 1,235 - Updated: 2/15/2013 - Published: 9/18/2012 - Complete Gym Class Heroes by Chellerbelle reviews No-powers AU. After Raven leaves her, Anna Marie goes to the Xavier Institute, a boarding school where her father, Logan, works as a gym coach along side his brother, Victor. Will Marie and Logan ever reconcile? Why does Remy have a strict "no girlfriend" policy? And don't these kids have anything better to engage in an X-Men vs Brotherhood prank war? X-Men: Evolution - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 43 - Words: 143,715 - Reviews: 881 - Favs: 201 - Follows: 132 - Updated: 2/15/2013 - Published: 11/24/2012 - [Rogue/Anna Marie, Gambit/Remy L.] Wolverine/Logan - Complete Uncle' Loki by mrs.aniskywalker reviews Steve Rogers often wondered, why of of all the six year old girls on the planet, Loki had to get attached to his? Avengers - Rated: K - English - Family/Humor - Chapters: 10 - Words: 25,285 - Reviews: 115 - Favs: 165 - Follows: 98 - Updated: 2/12/2013 - Published: 6/28/2012 - Captain America/Steve R., Loki - Complete The Princess and the Puppet by Rebecca Cullen 1991 reviews After they enter the wardrobe Pinocchio decides to stick with baby Emma. Just my take of what would happen while they grew up together. Once Upon a Time - Rated: K+ - English - Friendship/Fantasy - Chapters: 13 - Words: 22,827 - Reviews: 197 - Favs: 99 - Follows: 171 - Updated: 2/12/2013 - Published: 4/30/2012 - Emma S., Pinocchio/August B. Waiting For The End by StoryBook Heros reviews It's a vampire apocolypse, and Kendall,Louis and Mary Margaret are the last ones left. Or are they? A crossover of BTR,Once Upon A Time, 1D, HTTYD,and Hunger Games Crossover - Big Time Rush & Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Drama/Tragedy - Chapters: 6 - Words: 3,725 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 2/11/2013 - Published: 5/18/2012 - Kendall, Snow White/Mary M. Blanchard percy jackson attends bella swan wedding by percy94 reviews percy jackson is bella swan cousin and he was invited to attend at her wedding what will happen when he discovers the real life of bella swan? what would be the reaction of bella and her new family? Crossover - Twilight & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 15 - Words: 17,729 - Reviews: 100 - Favs: 124 - Follows: 118 - Updated: 2/9/2013 - Published: 11/28/2011 - Bella, Percy J. Can't Quite Understand by tora.of.the.sand reviews She really didn't know how this had happened. Bad enough to break the Ministry's rules, but to have Earth's Mightiest be the ones to know? She really needed to fix that habit of getting distracted by a man in a tight pair of spandex. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 26 - Words: 53,330 - Reviews: 135 - Favs: 217 - Follows: 235 - Updated: 2/8/2013 - Published: 9/20/2012 - Captain America/Steve R. Not Again! by Browniesarethebest reviews Sequel to Robin, KF, Speedy: Past and Present. The boys have left and everything has gone back to normal. Not! This time, Young Justice has fallen through a portal! The Titans are about to learn another piece of their friends pasts. But their friends are hiding some dark secrets, and by the time it's all over, none of them will be so secret anymore. Rated T because I'm paranoid. Crossover - Teen Titans & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 23 - Words: 29,324 - Reviews: 609 - Favs: 337 - Follows: 228 - Updated: 2/6/2013 - Published: 7/7/2012 - Complete Baby Did a Bad, Bad Thing- For a Good Cause by IlovetowriteSMP reviews AJ saves Carly's life and then he kidnaps her- well, sort of. Can these two exes find forgiveness for each other for the sake of their five year old little boy? Set after the Port Charles Hotel Fire. COMPLETE General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 6 - Words: 8,965 - Reviews: 27 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 2/3/2013 - Published: 1/20/2013 - Carly C., AJ Quartermaine - Complete Chain of Memories by Ayoshen reviews In this castle, to find is to lose, and to lose is to find. I was about to learn this lesson the hard way. Had I known, I never would have walked through that god-forsaken door. Emma Swan's POV, Swan Queen later on with a hearty dose of general Kingdom Hearts insanity and feelings and keyblades. Crossover - Kingdom Hearts & Once Upon a Time - Rated: M - English - Angst/Tragedy - Chapters: 9 - Words: 31,838 - Reviews: 19 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 2/3/2013 - Published: 8/1/2012 - Sora, Emma S. Guardian of Magic by wolfsrainrules reviews Winter needed a Guardian. Jack needed Hope. MiM is making plans and sends Jack to Winter hoping to make the future Guardian Happy. He set something in motion not even He had expected. (FEM!Harry(Winter) Pairing:Fem!Harry/Jack) Crossover - Harry Potter & Rise of the Guardians - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 12 - Words: 33,249 - Reviews: 599 - Favs: 1,694 - Follows: 1,788 - Updated: 2/2/2013 - Published: 11/28/2012 - Harry P., Jack Frost MuSiC rOx by teamouri1 reviews Full Summary inside. Contains: Big Time Rush, Austin & Ally, Victorious, iCarly, House of Anubis, Sonny with a Chance, and Shake it up. R&R please! Couples inside too. Crossover - Shake It Up! & Austin & Ally - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 13 - Words: 27,225 - Reviews: 40 - Favs: 26 - Follows: 23 - Updated: 1/31/2013 - Published: 1/18/2012 - Rocky B., CeCe J., Austin M., Ally D. Lila's Big Happy Family by ROCkER.JACkSON reviews With Lila's health slowly failing her, her deathbed approaching at a steady rate, she realizes what she must do. Lila must bring together her big complicated family and mold them into the family she knows they can be before death claims her. As if dealing with a bunch of Quartermaines/Morgans/Ahstons wasn't enough, she decides to play matchmaker for Liason. What could go wrong? General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 17 - Words: 39,691 - Reviews: 358 - Favs: 39 - Follows: 58 - Updated: 1/27/2013 - Published: 8/29/2012 - Jason M., Elizabeth W. The Italian and The Waitress by darlingcas reviews Tiana and Naveen are in Storybrooke as rich son of an entrepreneur, Enrique, and Kiarra, a woman trying to build her way up to owning her own resteraunt. Will they fall in love with each other? Or with others? Hint: Mr.Gold has a thing for Kiarra, and Regina Mills has a thing for Enrique. And you know how the mayor is when she wants something. Or in this case , someone. Crossover - Princess and the Frog & Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 6 - Words: 5,335 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 1/27/2013 - Published: 6/19/2012 - Tiana, Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold say you'll wait for me by mildlyholmes reviews "For you I'll wait til kingdom come."/ Gwen, daughter of Steve Rogers and Natasha Romanoff, lives in secret to protect her identity. Peter Parker, son of a dead scientist, had the biggest crush on her since they were both thirteen. What happens when two extraordinary teenagers come together? Peter/Gwen, Steve/Natasha, Pepper/Tony. Rated T for mentions of common teenagery stuff. Crossover - Spider-Man & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 16 - Words: 39,676 - Reviews: 65 - Favs: 247 - Follows: 144 - Updated: 1/27/2013 - Published: 9/11/2012 - Peter P./Spider-Man, Iron Man/Tony S. - Complete The Two Sides of Death by Agent of Teal reviews When nobody volunteers to help Professor VonDrake test out his latest invention Thanatos offers just to keep 'this show on the road'.. However, when it (predictably) backfires Thanatos must work up the courage to confront the 'Grim Reaping' side of his personality in order to pull himself together again... A two-shot which takes place after PVDeTCT **only a minor spoiler** Enjoy Xx Disney - Rated: T - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 2 - Words: 15,845 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 1/26/2013 - Published: 12/30/2012 - Complete Attract by The Elusive Cryptic reviews Jackson starts to reconnect with an old flame. But what happens when all the shape-shifters feel attracted to her? Even the ones already taken and the ones with their own pack to worry about. OC/Shape-Shifters Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 30 - Words: 62,017 - Reviews: 200 - Favs: 138 - Follows: 119 - Updated: 1/26/2013 - Published: 7/3/2012 - Jackson W., Derek H. - Complete What Are You Offering, Exactly? by Elder Schraderham reviews MyMusic Show: Alternative is the newest techie on MyMusic. Idol absolutly hates her, Alternative happens to have a crush on Intern 2, while Metal is starting to see Alt in a different light. Dubstep is sick of the friend-zone with Techno. Scene and Indie are fooling around behind the scenes and have to keep it hush hush. Better than the Description! so much mayhem going on! Web Shows - Rated: T - English - Drama/Humor - Chapters: 29 - Words: 46,552 - Reviews: 132 - Favs: 51 - Follows: 59 - Updated: 1/24/2013 - Published: 7/17/2012 - MyMusic This is not the first time that woman tried to kill Joe's son, but it is the first time she has succeeded. Trey's death, slanted to his already-dead father's perspective. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 540 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 1/20/2013 Blood of the Pharaohs and Demigods meet by TheCursedOne reviews Sadie and Carter have reports of magic in the forbidden Manhattan. But they must go. When blood of the pharaohs and demigods collide, what will happen? Will there be war or will there be newfound friendship? Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Kane Chronicles - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 21 - Words: 22,730 - Reviews: 116 - Favs: 73 - Follows: 80 - Updated: 1/19/2013 - Published: 6/9/2012 Yzma's Story by Yzma9962 reviews What happens to Yzma after ENG and Kronk's New Groove? Yzma is not one to simply give up after two failures, not her! In this story, we find out that she may actually know a few Disney Villains from other movies. If she calls up one of them for help, will the two succeed in forming an unstoppable villain duo? Hilarious and fast paced, Yzma's Story shows the next phase in her life. Emperor's New Groove - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 4 - Words: 5,829 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 1/18/2013 - Published: 5/20/2012 Disney Villain Island by DiscordantPrincess reviews Fourteen of our favorite Disney villains are sent to Camp Wawanakwa to compete in grueling challenges in order to win fantastic prizes, including the grand prize; the title of Ultimate Disney Villain. Who will come out on top? Find out here, on DISNEY...VILLAIN...ISLAND! Crossover - Disney & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 15 - Words: 27,325 - Reviews: 103 - Favs: 47 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 1/14/2013 - Published: 11/14/2012 - Chris M. - Complete The Chosen Ones by Welcome to My Mad House reviews When Nina and the rest of house of Anubis get acceptance letters to Hogwarts when they're eleven years old, what will they find? I suck at summaries, by the way. Crossover - Harry Potter & Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Mystery - Chapters: 40 - Words: 25,388 - Reviews: 175 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 29 - Updated: 1/13/2013 - Published: 4/30/2012 I just woke up Married by withinadream16 reviews AU: Jexanna Hex just woke up married to Wally West on the day that she was supposed to get married to her fiancé who was set up by her boss who is in charge of the HIVE Gang…this is not good at all. Not good one bit. Rated for Lang. Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 24 - Words: 39,579 - Reviews: 145 - Favs: 54 - Follows: 58 - Updated: 1/13/2013 - Published: 10/11/2011 - Jinx, Kid Flash Briarheart by Carys Valerian reviews COMPLETE! Set in a strange world where people live within stone walls, protected from nature, Briarheart tells the classic story of Beauty and the Beast in a new way, where magic is still very much alive and nothing is ever as it seems. Please Read and Review! Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 22 - Words: 85,091 - Reviews: 200 - Favs: 100 - Follows: 54 - Updated: 1/13/2013 - Published: 6/24/2012 - Complete Blackhawk Potter by SlyLittleLuna1234 reviews Bella Potter knows she was adopted, but she certainly didn't except her biological parents to show up! Nor did she expect to discover that she was kidnapped! Will Bella handle a new family after losing Sirius and Remus and in a time of distress? What'll happen when you add the danger of being the daughter of two superspies/Avengers to being the Chosen One? Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Family - Chapters: 17 - Words: 31,986 - Reviews: 514 - Favs: 929 - Follows: 764 - Updated: 1/11/2013 - Published: 7/13/2012 - Harry P., Black Widow/Natasha R. - Complete Pyromania by Teh Soul Cookie reviews Long ago, to stop a raging war, Robb Stark wed Daenerys Targaryen and together they started a new line of kings. Thousands of years later, their lineage and legacy has fallen to one Anthony Edward Stark. Crossover - Game of Thrones & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Adventure - Chapters: 8 - Words: 29,888 - Reviews: 60 - Favs: 204 - Follows: 276 - Updated: 1/11/2013 - Published: 7/21/2012 - Daenerys T., Iron Man/Tony S. What Happens In AlfheimStays with You by StarTrekFanWriter reviews Steve Rogers, aka Captain America, isn't used to seeing the naked woman crying next to him in this form. But he does recognize her. "Um, Loki," he says. "You okay?". Capt. America/Girl-for-now-Loki. Thor - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 2 - Words: 5,868 - Reviews: 54 - Favs: 146 - Follows: 42 - Updated: 1/10/2013 - Published: 1/14/2012 - Loki - Complete The Halfa Avengers by CyberActors15 reviews And there came a day, a day unlike any other, when earth's mightiest heroes found themselves united against a common threat. To fight the ghost ad foes no single super hero could withstand, on that day they became the Avengers. Crossover - Danny Phantom & Avengers - Rated: K - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 2 - Words: 9,022 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 21 - Updated: 1/8/2013 - Published: 11/19/2012 - Valerie G., Iron Man/Tony S. Isolde & the Beast by Crayola Color Sky reviews Isolde has less than a year to serve out her time at her master's castle. She has never met him, nor has he ever seen her- and that's how she likes it. Her master, once a beloved king who ruled over his people with a firm and just hand, lives his life as a horrifying beast without any companionship but his servants. Then one day, Isolde and the beast meet. Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Drama - Chapters: 10 - Words: 23,756 - Reviews: 29 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 22 - Updated: 1/7/2013 - Published: 6/8/2012 - Complete Music Brings People Together by Annabeth Everdeen reviews This is a MyMusic fanfic that goes on throughout season one from episode 13 and beyond. What will Scene do because of her love for Indie? Who will she ask for help? Will Hip Hop reveal his other side? What is going on behind the scenes of each webisode? This fic includes multiple pairings. Music brings people together, but at MyMusic, it also tears them apart. Web Shows - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 19 - Words: 38,363 - Reviews: 73 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 31 - Updated: 1/5/2013 - Published: 7/26/2012 - MyMusic How Long is Forever Here? by BINthere reviews Title subject to change. So remember the episode 'How Long is Forever' where Starfire gets sent 20 years into the future? So what if she gets sent to Earth-16 when she gets sent back by Cyborg into her own time instead? Rated T for no reason. Crossover - Teen Titans & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Friendship - Chapters: 8 - Words: 14,620 - Reviews: 52 - Favs: 51 - Follows: 77 - Updated: 1/1/2013 - Published: 7/27/2012 - Starfire, Richard G./Nightwing Total Drama Reach for the Stars! by XoXMariah n' SieoreXoX reviews Guess who's back with Season 2? Me! And my good pal TotalDramaKingdomHearts, who is co-writing this with me! Tune in folks! With 15 returning characters and epic Aftermaths, this is one season you won't wanna miss! Drama, romance, and hilarity ensues! Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 18 - Words: 70,860 - Reviews: 60 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 1/1/2013 - Published: 8/9/2012 - Chris M. Only Time Keeps Us Apart by BamBrixBam reviews When travelling back in time to find answers, Wilbur Robinson ends up finding love. Can Wilbur find a way to be with Violet without altering the time stream? K plus for romance stuff and some violence later on. Crossover - Incredibles & Meet the Robinsons - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 16 - Words: 23,583 - Reviews: 33 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 41 - Updated: 12/31/2012 - Published: 5/13/2012 - Violet P., Wilbur R. By day, she could handle anything. But once the sun went down, her fears got the best of her. Rated T for slight horrifying images. PugsxBrie fluffness, written out of insomnia so read with caution. Fangface - Rated: T - English - Horror/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,750 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 12/28/2012 - Complete To Hell And Back by Im a Skyscraper reviews 12 year old Alexandra Russo, 9 year old Max, 7 year old Ramona & 14 year old Justin are all wizards. When a tornado destroys their Manhattan home & kills their best friends Harper, Zeke & their other friends from school, they can't handle it so the Russo family moves to District 13, which the headmaster of Wiztech appoints them to. What will happen? Banner made by Elena Rain! Crossover - Wizards of Waverly Place & Hunger Games - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Family - Chapters: 47 - Words: 62,925 - Reviews: 94 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 12/27/2012 - Published: 7/31/2012 - Alex R., Katniss E. - Complete The Christmas Miracles by rockybluewigs reviews Three-part Christmas Special; As a requirement, the Hollywood Arts students are stationed to sing Christmas Carols at Seaford, CA. But there's one problem - Seaford hates Christmas. Rated T for language, throwing falafel balls, adhesive glue, mistletoes, bibble, and Voldemort. Eventual Kick, Jori, Merry, and subtle hints of Cabbie Crossover - Victorious & Kickin' It - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 3 - Words: 13,250 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 12/26/2012 - Published: 12/24/2012 - [Tori V., Jade W.] [Jack B., Kim C.] - Complete I'll Have That Drink Now by KismetJeska reviews Jim Moriarty, Loki Laufeyson, the Master. With three egos that big plus a slightly bitter gunman sharing one London flat, things can get... interesting. Honestly, their arch-rivals teaming up- with two hunters and an angel to boot- is the least of their worries. A series of instalments with crossovers everywhere and a good dollop of utter crack. Crossover - Sherlock & Avengers - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Crime - Chapters: 9 - Words: 43,090 - Reviews: 192 - Favs: 197 - Follows: 206 - Updated: 12/21/2012 - Published: 5/19/2012 - J. Moriarty, Loki The Avengers Interviews by PendulumWings reviews They gave me a day with each Avenger, living in their space - some spooning, flirting, grumpiness, and general husbandry is included. I was allowed to record every word they said. I wasn't allowed to report on everything that happened, but what I was, I took and ran with. (Nick, please don't hurt me.) This is what resulted. Avengers - Rated: T - English - Humor - Chapters: 11 - Words: 64,414 - Reviews: 52 - Favs: 75 - Follows: 46 - Updated: 12/19/2012 - Published: 10/8/2012 - Complete Let The World Fall Still by Izzie Jackson reviews Esther has proclaimed that she wants her family to be whole again. But the others noticed something. There was one Original missing. Kol's twin sister. Set in Season 3 of VD and Eclipse Crossover - Twilight & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Supernatural - Chapters: 17 - Words: 56,248 - Reviews: 304 - Favs: 662 - Follows: 357 - Updated: 12/16/2012 - Published: 2/6/2012 - Bella - Complete Haunt You Every Day by Moriarty's Minion reviews By senior year the Pack has faced their fair share of enemies, come together as a family and even found love. Too bad Stiles can't remember any of it. Now it's up to the Pack to help Stiles recover his missing memories or risk losing him entirely. SLASH. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Family/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 26,006 - Reviews: 162 - Favs: 266 - Follows: 420 - Updated: 12/15/2012 - Published: 1/17/2012 - Stiles, Derek H. Twelve Days of Hell by NJ7009 reviews When Fabian is involved in a plane crash, he must survive for twelve days. However, he is totally alone and all the supplies were destroyed in the crash. Not to mention he is severly injured. Will Fabian be able to survive Twelve Days of Hell? Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 12 - Words: 12,881 - Reviews: 50 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 12 - Updated: 12/11/2012 - Published: 8/21/2012 - Fabian R. - Complete Unlikely by BleedingPen247 reviews We all know Derek lost his family in a devistating fire. Lydia is an over achiever with deep insecurities. Their worlds tie together when she ends up finding out she's in love with the enemy. A major sacrifice makes everything tougher on them. What will they do? Are they willing to die to keep their love alive? Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Drama - Chapters: 11 - Words: 9,734 - Reviews: 74 - Favs: 28 - Follows: 29 - Updated: 12/10/2012 - Published: 10/8/2011 - Lydia M., Derek H. After The Battle by TheOwletQueen reviews What do the Avengers do after the battle in Manhattan (and after eating Shawarma)? Here's what might happen. Sticking closely to the movie and starring all of the Avengers, Pepper and Fury. Prequel to 'You'll Never Walk Alone'. Avengers - Rated: T - English - Friendship - Chapters: 11 - Words: 23,913 - Reviews: 46 - Favs: 58 - Follows: 48 - Updated: 12/8/2012 - Published: 11/6/2012 - Complete Nessie's Vacation by vampluva87 reviews Nessie, Jacob, Seth, Paul,Bella and quil go to mystic falls to find jared who, unbeknowest to them, imprinted on Anna. p.s. Nessie is 16 yrs old. Crossover - Twilight & Vampire Diaries - Rated: K - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 6 - Words: 1,669 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 12/7/2012 - Published: 10/9/2011 - Jared, Anna Math is the Key to Equal Three by KirbyGamzeeGirl reviews Amy Kane, 16, Daughter of Athena and Amos Kane. Her worlds are very different and yet they both need the others help. But what if the other attacks before she can bring peace? But six winged people are also in the midst of this mayhem. If everything escalates, nothing will come out of the alliance. Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Kane Chronicles - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 7 - Words: 17,238 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 12/7/2012 - Published: 12/2/2012 Muted Screams by Wherever Girl reviews The gang meets a girl in trouble... only problem is, she won't speak. Will they be able to solve the mystery behind this character, despite she won't say a word? Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Humor/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 13 - Words: 20,252 - Reviews: 53 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 15 - Updated: 12/6/2012 - Published: 8/27/2012 - Shaggy, Scooby Doo - Complete A Dragons Power by Phoenix Firewing Six years have now passed since the Dream Street vehicles left the dragon realms and everything in both worlds is a peace. Until a dragon statue appears in Dream Street. It is now up to the group to return to the dragon world to find out what's wrong. Crossover - Misc. Cartoons & Spyro the Dragon - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 7 - Words: 6,105 - Favs: 1 - Updated: 12/4/2012 - Published: 2/13/2012 - Cynder Skippy Doo 2: Curse of the Mustang Riders by WarriorsFan26 reviews After solving their first mystery, Tiffany, Sprint, Selma, Ted and Skippy are now helping their cousins out, learning the ropes along the way. So when the time comes, Mystery Inc needs them to fill in for them. Mystery Inc is off to solve another mystery. While they are gone, Skippy and the gang get a call from Coolsville University. Can the five of them handle the Mustang Riders? Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Adventure - Chapters: 4 - Words: 4,828 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 2 - Updated: 12/3/2012 - Published: 8/21/2012 - Shaggy, Fred Lost Love by bo-leigh bella reviews As Raoul takes Christine away, she begins to regret leaving Erik behind. Can she reclaim her Angel, or will his disappearance keep them apart forever? ErikxChristine Raoul lovers stay away! Phantom of the Opera - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 19 - Words: 68,501 - Reviews: 376 - Favs: 260 - Follows: 155 - Updated: 12/3/2012 - Published: 6/14/2011 - Erik, Christine - Complete Inside Man by GusCGC reviews Sequel of "The Crystal Method" and first episode of my own SDMI second season. Is time to get back to Crystal Cove, to fight for the last sunlight but will our hero be able to survive in a town that has sunk into darkness and evil? Find more inside. Reviews! Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Mystery - Chapters: 7 - Words: 6,496 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 12/3/2012 - Published: 11/7/2012 - Scooby Doo iBoarding School by The Throne reviews It's Carly, Sam, Freddie, and Gibby's sophomore year at Zeus Academy and everyone is psyched. Especially when they make friends with the Victorious gang, until... Freddie and Andre want Sam, Tori wants Beck and Trina and Spencer are gone... whats goin on? Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 16 - Words: 14,402 - Reviews: 39 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 12/2/2012 - Published: 3/4/2012 - Spencer S., Trina V. The Art of Forging a Heart by paradisdesbilles reviews AU. She's a SIS agent. He's the best conman Great Britain has even known. No one has ever caught him, no matter how hard they tried. He's a challenge. Her challenge. Rose Tyler x Loki Crossover - Doctor Who & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Crime - Chapters: 11 - Words: 24,389 - Reviews: 33 - Favs: 37 - Follows: 37 - Updated: 12/1/2012 - Published: 8/19/2012 - Rose T., Loki - Complete The Ghost and The Demon by Phantom Fan 21 reviews An wizard needs help of two heroes. Those Heroes are Danny Phantom of Amity Park and Raven of the Teen Titans and they never even meet. Base off an game I haven't play in a long time. Only with an few twist idea of my own. Crossover - Teen Titans & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 8 - Words: 10,108 - Reviews: 19 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 11/30/2012 - Published: 9/10/2012 - Raven, Danny F. A Soul Changer by Comegician1 reviews A random Loki story i started whilst revising. Set after avengers and is about Nick fury's niece, Leia. Loki/OC SEQUEL IS UP! Crossover - Doctor Who & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 27 - Words: 59,471 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 11/29/2012 - Published: 8/1/2012 - Loki - Complete Luna the Ice Princess by Princess-of-Your-Doom95 reviews It has been brought back! My original idea has returned from the grave and its better than ever. I actually have a plot this time! So feel free to read on, rated T for no reason Adventure Time with Finn and Jake - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 6 - Words: 7,003 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 11/29/2012 - Published: 12/2/2011 - Finn, Jake - Complete Dawn to Dusk: Goodbye Reason by Bloody Nikki reviews The night before Dawn's first day of college she dreams that her & Scott are together in the future. Faced w/ the idea that maybe it was just a dream, a nightmare, or worse a true vision of the future. Dawn starts her college life & is shocked to met Scott. Meanwhile, Scott, w/ the help of his best friend, Dusk, tries to find peace within himself & overcome his past & help others Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 22 - Words: 73,035 - Reviews: 108 - Favs: 41 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 11/28/2012 - Published: 6/15/2012 - Dawn, Scott - Complete The Forgotten Daughter by Perseia Jackson reviews Summary: AU: Fem!Harry. Melinda Potter thought she had no family alive, she never believed she was special. belittled and abused by her relatives she hadn't counted on finding a home at Hogwarts, and a family along the way. She hadn't counted on being a Half-Blood in more ways then one. Crossover - Harry Potter & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 28 - Words: 172,585 - Reviews: 772 - Favs: 2,772 - Follows: 1,527 - Updated: 11/27/2012 - Published: 7/21/2012 - Harry P., Hermione G., Fred W., Poseidon - Complete The Ultimate Showdown: Forgotten by amirmu12345 reviews When three extra characters are added into the Super Smash Bros universe (Sora, Ness, Pit), they just learned that all of the 24 characters will have to fight. They go through rough training and through strict tasks called Courses. A tournament consists of 6 games, containing 4 characters each with 10 lives. It continues until there is a winner. Crossover - Super Smash Brothers & Kingdom Hearts - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Humor - Chapters: 8 - Words: 2,914 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 11/26/2012 - Published: 11/4/2012 - Ness, Sora Red and the Wolf by TheFairyTaleWriter reviews Victoria 'Red' Hills just left San Fransico to spend a summer with her grandmother in the quiet town of Fairy Tale. At first Fairy Tale seems like a small sweet forest town but then one night changes everything. The forest that surrounds Fairy Tale now seems like a fence, there are strange noises that lie beyond them, and everyone and everything is turning out to be a lie. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Romance - Chapters: 22 - Words: 33,743 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 11/25/2012 - Published: 11/3/2012 Dangerously In Love by Roselynne Summers reviews Love is all about taking chances, not being afraid to take the next step. Whether it lasts or burns out, it is an experience that always changes our lives. This is a lesson Stiles Stilinski will soon learn. Completely A/U, Stiles & Derek. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 15 - Words: 49,327 - Reviews: 98 - Favs: 65 - Follows: 130 - Updated: 11/22/2012 - Published: 6/28/2012 - Derek H., Stiles Eternity by Miley Owns My Gypsy Heart reviews Over 5000 years 5 women have shared 1 Soul. Shane has been cursed to wonder the Earth for Eternity, in present day he meets Miley, the 6th carnation of his Soul mate. Shile, Joley, Jiley, Moe. Clea & Sage. Hannah Montana - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 26 - Words: 62,955 - Reviews: 111 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 11/22/2012 - Published: 1/13/2012 - Hannah M./Miley S. Wheres My Imprint by ccabm18129 reviews Look inside. rated T just in case Crossover - Twilight & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 8 - Words: 3,311 - Reviews: 14 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 11/20/2012 - Published: 1/10/2012 - Jacob, Elena G. Blood is Thicker Than Water by kitkat101895 reviews In the new sequel, Alex has been looking for Stefan but as she looking for him, a new character comes into play. Marina, one of the Originals, and she's looking for blood and lots of it. Better summary inside. Crossover - Wizards of Waverly Place & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 17 - Words: 86,092 - Reviews: 99 - Favs: 35 - Follows: 31 - Updated: 11/20/2012 - Published: 4/10/2012 - Alex R., Damon S., Stefan S. Starting Over by ForeverABlankPage reviews Slightly AU. Scott reinvents himself in hope of getting Allison back. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 8 - Words: 5,765 - Reviews: 26 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 33 - Updated: 11/20/2012 - Published: 8/29/2012 - Scott M., Allison A. My Wizard Boyfriend by iloveromance reviews Trying to get over her breakup with Spencer, Teddy Duncan has a chance run-in with a handsome boy, who turns out to be different than anyone she's ever known... in more ways than one. Crossover - Wizards of Waverly Place & Good Luck Charlie - Rated: K - English - Romance - Chapters: 25 - Words: 15,371 - Reviews: 53 - Favs: 25 - Follows: 21 - Updated: 11/19/2012 - Published: 12/17/2011 - Justin R., Teddy D. - Complete Will We Find A Home, Justin? by Im a Skyscraper reviews 12 year old Alex and 15 year old Justin Russo, have been homeless since Alex was 9 and Justin was 12. Alex rarely shows her emotions and acts like she doesn't have a heart. They end up going to Hogwarts. Will they stay together or go different ways? Alex/Harry near middle and Alex/Draco at the beginning. Crossover - Harry Potter & Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: T - English - Family/Friendship - Chapters: 79 - Words: 115,568 - Reviews: 308 - Favs: 68 - Follows: 48 - Updated: 11/18/2012 - Published: 3/19/2012 - Severus S., Alex R. - Complete Just a kiss by KaiaRay reviews What if Graham didn't go to Regina's house after kissing Emma for the first time in episode 7 The Heart is a Lonely Hunter? One event could set off a whole new chain of events. Emma S/Sheriff Graham Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 34 - Words: 143,091 - Reviews: 322 - Favs: 240 - Follows: 236 - Updated: 11/17/2012 - Published: 1/19/2012 - Emma S., Sheriff Graham/The Huntsman - Complete A Light in the Darkness by Lizbeth2003 reviews Elizabeth is scared and alone when Johnny appoints himself her protector. As their friendship gradually starts to evolve, how will people react to learning that they are moving toward a relationship. When danger looms, will Johnny pull her closer or shove her away. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 24 - Words: 58,651 - Reviews: 237 - Favs: 38 - Follows: 68 - Updated: 11/14/2012 - Published: 6/11/2012 - Elizabeth W., Johnny Z. Changeling by Wilona Riva reviews "That's why we're daring you, dipstick," Ember shot back, her apple-green eyes boring into his emerald ones. "Just go through the portal and bring back the thermos. We've got to get Johnny and Kitty out of there." Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 19 - Words: 21,167 - Reviews: 180 - Favs: 128 - Follows: 118 - Updated: 11/13/2012 - Published: 12/26/2011 - Danny F., Ember - Complete A Shadow in the Moon by Kitten Tornado reviews Moonfire, a mutant who can control light, appears at the Institute. Like everyone else before her, she has a problem. Shadow, another person inside of her, is always trying to take over their body and hurt people everywhere because of the people from her past. Can the X-Men somehow stop her, or will Shadow manage to wipe out humankind with the darkness of space? X-Men: Evolution - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 12 - Words: 12,322 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 11/11/2012 - Published: 9/16/2012 - Complete Scooby and Me by MazzyBooks reviews He had never even wanted a dog, so how did his life ever come to this? He only had one moment with his best friend, and that was it. All because of a stupid car crash! He always thought it was going to be Scooby and him forever... But he didn't look far enough. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,168 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 19 - Follows: 2 - Published: 11/11/2012 - Shaggy, Scooby Doo - Complete House of Olympians by SamanaFanfics reviews The Anubis house is a group of demigods. Enough said. Pairings: Fabian/Nina, Mara/Jerome, Particia/Eddie, Amber/Travis, Jeremiah/Piper. Read and review. This is being co-written by my bestie Sam and I so we'll alternate chapters! HIATUS Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 17,174 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 28 - Updated: 11/8/2012 - Published: 2/20/2012 Unexpected Love by LastWhiteRose reviews It was unexpected at best. Comfort became friendship, but can friendship become something more? A MichaelxStarr story. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 30 - Words: 44,602 - Reviews: 114 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 44 - Updated: 11/8/2012 - Published: 6/21/2012 - Michael C. III Lemonade Mouth Rewrite by Giulietta Marescotti reviews My version of lemonade mouth. Olivia and Scott are twins. Olivia/Ray, Mo/Scott, Stella/Charlie and Wen/OC. I know that many don't like the couple Olivia/Ray, but I think their cute and opposites attract. Give the story a shot. Suck at summaries. Rated T to be safe. Lemonade Mouth - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 12 - Words: 35,531 - Reviews: 111 - Favs: 55 - Follows: 52 - Updated: 11/5/2012 - Published: 7/22/2012 - Olivia W., Ray B. The Crystal Method by GusCGC reviews Following the track of A Voice from Beneath, Music from the Grave and Underdog, comes the final version of All Fear the Freak. But what has happened here? Why s Scooby alone? Has Jones being captured by Pericles? With E in a deep coma, the gang is alone against the greatest threat they have ever face, one that can seal their lives forever. More inside. REVIEWS, PLEASE! Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Suspense - Chapters: 14 - Words: 18,172 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 11/3/2012 - Published: 10/19/2012 - Scooby Doo - Complete A New Magic, A New Life, A New Harry by Katana Master reviews Used to be called The Man Who Didn't Know What He Was but i realized that had nothing to do with the plot.Basically it's a what if Harry Potter lived in the charmed universe. HP/PM NO SLASH! Crossover - Charmed & Harry Potter - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 12 - Words: 30,725 - Reviews: 96 - Favs: 258 - Follows: 283 - Updated: 11/2/2012 - Published: 3/20/2012 - Paige M., Harry P. Rising Son by mrs.aniskywalker reviews AU: "Steve Rogers was a great man, greater than any man I ever knew. And he died believing you could be just as great, maybe more...what on earth made you so special?" "Nothin'...I'm just a kid from Brooklyn..." (The first chapter is written in present tense, don't let it deter you) Avengers - Rated: T - English - Drama - Chapters: 4 - Words: 10,670 - Reviews: 14 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 11/1/2012 - Published: 8/8/2012 - Captain America/Steve R. Misconceptions and Misunderstandings by arKlight.RevIsion reviews The Egyptians had been struck with a devastating loss; Sadie Kane was taken by Gaea. Now, Gaea has manipulated them , and told them that the Greeks had taken her, and the entire Egyptian pantheon now declares war on the whole Greco-Roman pantheon. Will this be the end for our heroes? A whole new take on how the Egyptians met the Greeks and Romans. AN at the end, please read. Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Kane Chronicles - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Mystery - Chapters: 11 - Words: 21,970 - Reviews: 197 - Favs: 90 - Follows: 87 - Updated: 10/31/2012 - Published: 5/28/2012 - Nico A., Sadie K. Joking Around in Gotham by batman-defeats-all reviews Artemis visits Gotham to stay with the famous businessman Bruce Wayne and his ward Dick Grayson. Little does he know, though, that the two have a secret. One that could possibly put him in danger during his stay in the dark city. Crossover - Batman & Artemis Fowl - Rated: T - English - Humor/Angst - Chapters: 8 - Words: 13,358 - Reviews: 28 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 66 - Updated: 10/24/2012 - Published: 12/21/2011 - Richard G./Nightwing, Artemis F. The Four Avatars by LakeSail reviews Something has happend that made a full Avatar Cycle meet each other and they now have to fight their own villains and each others. Crossover - Avatar: Last Airbender & Legend of Korra - Rated: K - English - Adventure/Mystery - Chapters: 14 - Words: 17,266 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 10/24/2012 - Published: 9/2/2012 Saving Grace by P-Artsypants reviews "When I'm done with you, you won't be able to walk upright or speak coherent sentences and all you'll see is my mask and my voice repeating in your head…Weak. Richard Grayson, I am not tough, I am everything that you fear." Happy Ending! Smudge of RobStar. NO Slash! Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Horror - Chapters: 15 - Words: 45,644 - Reviews: 103 - Favs: 57 - Follows: 48 - Updated: 10/24/2012 - Published: 7/8/2012 - Robin, Slade - Complete Start Again by theonlythingthatsevermattered reviews With the death of a beloved character, can the past two lovers come together for comfort or will this latest tragedy drive them apart forever? General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 24 - Words: 149,771 - Reviews: 301 - Favs: 51 - Follows: 46 - Updated: 10/23/2012 - Published: 2/29/2012 - Jason M., Elizabeth W. - Complete Pure Perfection by Daphodill reviews Bella's very existence has been a secret. Her foster father showed her, from the moment they met, what love is. Through him, she gained a family and belonging. There are a few bumps along the way. This is her story - learning, growing, understanding who and what she is. Response to TWCS Isabella Creed challenge. Crossover - X-Men & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 35 - Words: 101,447 - Reviews: 90 - Favs: 216 - Follows: 107 - Updated: 10/22/2012 - Published: 8/24/2012 - James H./Wolverine/Logan, Bella - Complete Take It All Away by singingtothewind reviews What if Katniss didn't have the berries at the end of the 74th Hunger Games? Would there be two victors, one, or none? Catching Fire/Mockingjay re-write. Katniss/Peeta, rated T for PG-13 content and depression. Hunger Games - Rated: T - English - Romance/Tragedy - Chapters: 8 - Words: 23,267 - Reviews: 48 - Favs: 36 - Follows: 61 - Updated: 10/22/2012 - Published: 1/24/2012 - Katniss E., Peeta M. Forbidden Love by moodyreindeer reviews Christine is the new girl with a famous dad. Chase happens to take an interest in her. But when their dads meet, an old rivalry is uncovered. Now it's up to the Lab Rats and their friends to keep their relationship hidden. Lab Rats, 2012 - Rated: K - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 31 - Words: 60,253 - Reviews: 145 - Favs: 90 - Follows: 69 - Updated: 10/22/2012 - Published: 3/31/2012 - Chase - Complete Silent Shepherds by ravenwritingclaw reviews After years away from Crystal Cove, it's time for a bit of a reunion for Fred Jones and Velma Dinkley. He may have been meant for Daphne, but that didn't meant Velma never had any feelings for him. **Fred/Velma! Read and Review!** Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,962 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 31 - Follows: 9 - Published: 10/21/2012 - Fred, Velma - Complete Avenging Spirits by DarkShinobi001 reviews Seriously? Not more than four Avengers&DP Xovers? That are being continued? That's about to change so I hope that you enjoy mine! Pairing will be revealed later. Rated T for Language. I DO NOT OWN Danny Phantom or any Marvel Characters that will appear! They belong to Butch Hartman and Stan Lee respectively. Please Review! Thanks to Jeanett9a 4 the pic! Crossover - Danny Phantom & Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Tragedy - Chapters: 21 - Words: 43,478 - Reviews: 178 - Favs: 181 - Follows: 166 - Updated: 10/20/2012 - Published: 9/12/2012 - Danny F. Backwards In Time by TheLibrary394 reviews Steve Rogers is still stuck in the 21st century and still trying to find a way out when he notices a mysterious blue police box on the corner of the street and from that moment on, Steve's life and his relationship with his love, Peggy Carter, is given hope by a man who calls himself The Doctor. Crossover - Doctor Who & Captain America - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 3 - Words: 8,178 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 22 - Updated: 10/20/2012 - Published: 8/17/2012 - 11th Doctor, Steve R./Capt. America Shaggy Wakes Up by midnightmorgue reviews Scoob feels all alone. Velma feels heartbroken. Daphne feels betrayed. Freddie is losing his best guy friend. The gang is breaking apart and they blame the newbie. Shaggy thinks she's the best thing to happen to him, but what about Scooby? Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 1 - Words: 773 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 3 - Published: 10/19/2012 - Shaggy Lost and found by NoOneShallKnow reviews Superheroes don't exist, but mutants sure do. Warnings for some gore and also Bruce/Tony pre-slash. Crossover - X-Men: The Movie & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Angst/Family - Chapters: 11 - Words: 5,556 - Reviews: 33 - Favs: 39 - Follows: 44 - Updated: 10/18/2012 - Published: 5/25/2012 The new kid by Lamasha reviews A new student arrives in Leo,Bree,Chase and Adam's school. Just by her presence, romance will blossom and hidden love will be discovered. ChasexBree, AdamxOC ON HOLD! Lab Rats, 2012 - Rated: K - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 5 - Words: 2,617 - Reviews: 44 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 10/18/2012 - Published: 6/27/2012 - Chase, Bree Underdog by GusCGC reviews Sequel of "Music from the Grave". The gang is in a war of three sides and if they don t do something quick, they ll perish. It takes more than just heroes to solve this mystery, it takes an underdog. More inside. REVIEWS! Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Mystery - Chapters: 10 - Words: 20,324 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 10/18/2012 - Published: 10/10/2012 - Scooby Doo, Shaggy - Complete Think of Me by Belle Gold reviews The Phantom, a reclusive Mr. Gold/Rumplestilzkin lives beneath the Storybrook Opera House. When Belle is suddenly switched from ballerina to chorus girl, she meets the musical genius, and her life begins to change... I do not own Phantom of the Opera nor OUAT. Was rated T but upgraded to M as of chapter 9. Once Upon a Time - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 20 - Words: 22,653 - Reviews: 84 - Favs: 56 - Follows: 36 - Updated: 10/17/2012 - Published: 7/15/2012 - Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold, Belle/Lacey - Complete Hearts Intertwined by Ooo-shiny reviews A bunch of Kane Chronicle and Percy Jackson songfic oneshots... Sanubis, percabeth Thalico, and other couples. Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Kane Chronicles - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 8 - Words: 4,365 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 10/17/2012 - Published: 1/25/2012 The Princess Wars: Sleeping Beauty by jakbnimble reviews Rose, an overachieving high school senior, finds herself thrown into a wild adventure in an alternate dimension on the day of her graduation. Here, she is told that fairy tales are in fact true histories, and she is none other than the infamous Sleeping Beauty. Action, romance and tragedy ensue. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Romance - Chapters: 12 - Words: 27,593 - Reviews: 30 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 12 - Updated: 10/17/2012 - Published: 9/20/2012 - Complete Team Double Date by I'm Not Mad- I'm Alice reviews It is time for the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games, and Sonic, Amy, Silver, and Blaze decide to team up to win the Olympics. But when Amy registers them as "Team Double Date", mayhem ensues. But, it's not like they all have feelings for each other... right? SonAmy and Silvaze, with some MarioXPeach and LuigiXDaisy. Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & Mario - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 12 - Words: 24,431 - Reviews: 117 - Favs: 43 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 10/16/2012 - Published: 3/20/2012 - Sonic, Amy, Blaze, Silver Camp Drama Titanic Wrath by mah29732 reviews Welcome to season seven of the Camp Drama series with the Teen Titans and arch nemesis Slade leading the contestants made up of six teams. Oh yea, Blaineley returns with allying herself with the Clown Prince of Crime just to make things interesting... Crossover - X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Humor - Chapters: 52 - Words: 65,153 - Reviews: 39 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 10/15/2012 - Published: 7/5/2012 - Complete Demigod Project by Yellow-Spider reviews He's not a Demigod anymore- he left that aspect of his life behind a long time ago. Now he's an agent of SHIELD. With his past haunting him and the Avengers attracting trouble Percy Jackson is about to find out what it really means to be an Agent of SHIELD. Angst! Slight character bashing. Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Angst - Chapters: 23 - Words: 69,825 - Reviews: 732 - Favs: 1,849 - Follows: 1,040 - Updated: 10/15/2012 - Published: 8/7/2012 - Percy J. - Complete The Pretty Little Lying Game by horrormaster2.0.1 reviews Bad title i know, suttons lead for an annie hobbs leads her to a town she once went to before, Rosewood Crossover - Pretty Little Liars & Lying Game, 2011 - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Mystery - Chapters: 14 - Words: 5,679 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 12 - Updated: 10/13/2012 - Published: 9/10/2011 - Aria M., Sutton M. Total Drama XTreme by TotalTwins12 reviews Total Drama is back, more dangerous than ever. With a new season and new cast members, it's going to be crazy! Not to mention romance and love squares, with people more evil than Heather and Alejandro trying to eliminate everyone. Chris is having an affair with Blaineley, the challenges are crazier and stranger, and above all, it rocks! Tune in to Total Drama X-Treme! Total Drama series - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 20 - Words: 22,521 - Reviews: 104 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 10/13/2012 - Published: 6/22/2012 The Coming Doom by The Hubby reviews 2nd in the Huntress Series, Helena prepares for their senior year at Sky high, when villains start attacking. What does Doom have to do with it? Will Aneleh help or hinder her, as they struggle for control over Helena's body? Crossover - DC Superheroes & Sky High - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 21 - Words: 49,798 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 10/13/2012 - Published: 5/16/2012 - Warren P. Tower Prep: chapter 1 by emmi-bear123 reviews Follow the life of a new girl who wakes up at a school in the middle of nowhere. What will she do? Make new friends? Can she find her way out? Your answers will all be revealed when you read this story. DISCLAIMER: I DO NOT OWN TOWERT PREP, I ONLY OWN OC Tower Prep - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Drama - Chapters: 14 - Words: 14,739 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 10/12/2012 - Published: 9/13/2012 - Suki S. Music from the Grave by GusCGC reviews Sequel to A Voice from Beneath. The mystery is far from over. The mysterious Noir hires the gang to solve a mystery that will put many things on the fire. E wants to capture the Freak, Pericles wants his former owner. Will they make it? Find it out inside! REVIEWS! Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Adventure - Chapters: 16 - Words: 30,802 - Reviews: 32 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 10/9/2012 - Published: 9/21/2012 - Scooby Doo, Shaggy - Complete Amnesia by GoldenRoya reviews Spoilers for Ep2, Season 2! Set just after the episode, Doctor Hopper helps the town's elementary school teacher come to grips with her fairy tale self... or not, as the case may be. Once Upon a Time - Rated: K - English - Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,023 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 1 - Published: 10/7/2012 - The Blind Witch/Ms. Ginger, Archie H./Jiminy Cricket - Complete Spring Break by zashleyrulez reviews Dana and her best friends are heading to Miami for Spring Break. Friendship is in store, but will romance bloom as well? Zoey 101 - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 4 - Words: 6,812 - Reviews: 14 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 10/6/2012 - Published: 2/5/2012 - Dana C., Logan R. Not What It Seems by Belle Gold reviews A Rumplestilzkin-Belle love story, based on the TV series Once Upon A Time, with author's personal take on it. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 55 - Words: 74,899 - Reviews: 99 - Favs: 59 - Follows: 59 - Updated: 10/4/2012 - Published: 3/15/2012 - Belle/Lacey, Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold Finding Happy Endings by luminare91 reviews Caught between life and death when the curse hit, Prince Charming remained there until Emma returned to Storybrooke and the curse began to break. Now, hovering between two lives, he must fight to remember who he is. As the curse continues to weaken... Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 4 - Words: 15,680 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 37 - Updated: 10/4/2012 - Published: 4/26/2012 - Snow White/Mary M. Blanchard, David N./Prince Charming All Heaven With Its Power by MaySoFarAway reviews Steve Rogers is sent on a diplomatic mission to treat with some unlikely allies, along with an unlikely expert. And some things are watching. Sandman/Fables/Hellboy/Good Omens/Buffy/Etc. characters might make some cameos... Crossover - Thor & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 38,526 - Reviews: 66 - Favs: 73 - Follows: 58 - Updated: 10/4/2012 - Published: 9/5/2012 - Darcy L., Captain America/Steve R. - Complete Middle School Mayhem by Wherever Girl reviews Requested by The Brazilian Spider-Man. A retelling of how the Fangface gang met... only this time as kids in middle school. Fangface - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Friendship - Chapters: 26 - Words: 52,480 - Reviews: 70 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 10/4/2012 - Published: 5/5/2012 A World Apart by sergeantmicky reviews Loki's been banished to Earth, and he's been forced to live with the Avengers. To make matters worse, he really doesn't understand this new planet. At all. Thor doesn't either, but he'll always protect his little brother. Features all the Avengers. You won't find slash here. Avengers - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Humor - Chapters: 6 - Words: 19,907 - Reviews: 147 - Favs: 147 - Follows: 166 - Updated: 10/2/2012 - Published: 6/19/2012 - Loki, Thor Paint & Poison by J Pym reviews iCarly has gone to college and Spencer is left on his own. How will life with out the kids effect him? may change rating later Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 4 - Words: 5,121 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 10/1/2012 - Published: 9/18/2012 - Spencer S. Friend Like Me by HowTheFuckDoesEyelinerWork reviews Most of us demigods were probably wondering what Camp Half Blood was doing during the Loki crisis, and why were they letting Manhatthan fall right under their noses. The answer, They didn't. The gods were more envolved then you might have guessed at first. Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Avengers - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 12 - Words: 15,459 - Reviews: 13 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 51 - Updated: 10/1/2012 - Published: 6/13/2012 The truth is the greatest secret by Bat-dove reviews Rex works as an agent for New Providence. Zak is alone because of Providence. What happens when they meet and find out something that will answer the ever growing question, will we find a cure? Adopted by xxxDrew Saturdayxxx Crossover - Secret Saturdays & Generator Rex - Rated: T - English - Family/Adventure - Chapters: 21 - Words: 22,422 - Reviews: 141 - Favs: 87 - Follows: 56 - Updated: 9/30/2012 - Published: 12/13/2011 - Zak S., Rex S. The First by hyperpsychomaniac reviews Baelfire finds himself in a strange world. He can survive here, he knows. He isn't afraid. But he also knows he will never, ever, see his father again. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Drama/Angst - Chapters: 12 - Words: 29,136 - Reviews: 51 - Favs: 28 - Follows: 26 - Updated: 9/29/2012 - Published: 9/3/2012 - Neal C./Baelfire, Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold - Complete An Iron Magic by mortenavida reviews Tony Stark died at the age of seventeen with his father in an accident. Harry Potter, witness to both deaths, was tired of living in the Wizarding world. One dying man's wish grants him the reprieve he desperately needs as he takes on the role of billionaire playboy. Crossover - Harry Potter & Ironman - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 29 - Words: 54,409 - Reviews: 460 - Favs: 1,268 - Follows: 854 - Updated: 9/28/2012 - Published: 7/13/2012 - Harry P. - Complete Seeing Sounds by DizzlyPuzzled reviews They were gone and he had no where left to go. He lost himself in Gotham City, protected by Batman, but will Batman and the Younger heroes be able to save the young hybrid from the evils that are ready to kill him, or will they be destroyed as well? Hiatus Crossover - Danny Phantom & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 11 - Words: 71,928 - Reviews: 208 - Favs: 404 - Follows: 389 - Updated: 9/27/2012 - Published: 2/23/2012 - Danny F. My crimson eyes, her fearless smile by Bat-dove reviews Jack has been out of the game for a while. No Shen Gong Wu for him. Why? Because something is wrong. He can feel it. But he doesn't know what. And out of the people he knows, two can help. And one person he doesn't know could very well save his sanity. Crossover - Jackie Chan Adventures & Xiaolin Showdown - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Drama - Chapters: 3 - Words: 3,386 - Reviews: 11 - Favs: 25 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 9/26/2012 - Published: 2/2/2012 - Jack Jealous Much? by TheLastPrototype reviews In love with a criminal? Old news. But what if he's no longer available to be your guilty pleasure? Jealous, Sammie? Totally Spies - Rated: T - English - Romance/Suspense - Chapters: 11 - Words: 30,398 - Reviews: 29 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 12 - Updated: 9/25/2012 - Published: 12/23/2011 - Sam, Tim Scam Now You Know My Pain by P-Artsypants reviews When the new Villain, Gender Bender, comes to down, the Titans find themselves in an odd situation. They've been turned into the opposite gender against their will! Now in order to change back, they must learn to understand the gender they've turned into. Rated T for obvious reasons. A great read if you've ever wondered why girls or guys do blank . Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 8 - Words: 24,160 - Reviews: 151 - Favs: 89 - Follows: 63 - Updated: 9/24/2012 - Published: 8/5/2012 - Complete Lips of an Angel by SuperOreoMan reviews Christine, mesmerized by the Phantom's voice, cannot bring herself to remove his mask at the end of Don Juan Triumphant. Instead, she agrees to his proposal, and is swept into his realm of Night. Unfortunately, the lovers don't manage to escape unscathed. Phantom of the Opera - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 3 - Words: 4,438 - Reviews: 47 - Favs: 31 - Follows: 46 - Updated: 9/23/2012 - Published: 11/4/2011 - Christine, Erik Blu Shots by Wherever Girl reviews Want to hear the true 'Blu' versions of your classic fairytales? Then read on. Note: Will also include stories from Three Boys, Three Problems. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Fantasy - Chapters: 15 - Words: 37,673 - Reviews: 34 - Favs: 1 - Updated: 9/22/2012 - Published: 5/21/2011 You Make Life Better by NeonLovesYou reviews After a huge fight with everyone at Hollywood Arts, Cat Valentine runs away, into the arms of a stranger, James Diamond to be exact. Will these two teens be able to escape their own problems through each other? JAT! Continued from amrice101 by NeonLovesYou Crossover - Big Time Rush & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 16 - Words: 27,309 - Reviews: 24 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 9/22/2012 - Published: 6/24/2012 - James, Cat V. - Complete The last quest by galium verum reviews A powerful sorceress sends her granddaughter on a dangerous journey. Accompanied by a forestman who is bound by a curse to fullfill every order the sorceress may give. He has to ensure her safety but he does not now the true reason behind this journey. A bit of King Thrushbeard and Snow White if you squint hard. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 9 - Words: 29,290 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 9/22/2012 - Published: 8/13/2012 The Storyteller's Story by lostmymuchness17 reviews We all love good story but what about that one character that we always seem to forget. We may never see them but withot them there would be now story at all. This is my story. This is the storyteller's story. Rated T for safety. Disney - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 2 - Words: 3,047 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 9/21/2012 - Published: 9/14/2012 A Voice From Beneath by GusCGC reviews A Mystery Incorporated fic. A dark creature lurks under Crystal Cove, the reason why the conquistadors came and perhaps the truth of the missing kids. Can Scooby solve this without the gang? Where s Mr. E? Find it out inside. Reviews, please! Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Mystery - Chapters: 16 - Words: 24,674 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 9/20/2012 - Published: 8/24/2012 - Scooby Doo - Complete The Apple Doesn't Fall Far From the Tree by SummerRed reviews When Emma is seriously injured in an accident, David begins to realise his unexplainable connection to her, leading to far-reaching consequences for both Emma and the residents of Storybrooke, Maine. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Family/Fantasy - Chapters: 15 - Words: 34,610 - Reviews: 135 - Favs: 170 - Follows: 153 - Updated: 9/19/2012 - Published: 5/1/2012 - Emma S., David N./Prince Charming - Complete Two Sides of the Same Coin by demonfancypants reviews When one anti-villain takes pity on another, two misunderstood souls find a friend in one another. Kurda meets Loki - a result of a random idea and having too much time on my hands Crossover - Darren Shan Saga/Cirque Du Freak & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 2 - Words: 409 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 5 - Published: 9/19/2012 - Kurda Smahlt, Loki Something About Her by Malishluv reviews Alina Mellark. Daughter of Katniss and Peeta. The way she thinks, the way she acts, something isn't right about her. But will that change when she takes it too far? Will she realize she doesn't have to be the person she is? Hunger Games - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Romance - Chapters: 9 - Words: 10,793 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 9/18/2012 - Published: 5/26/2012 - Katniss & Peeta's daughter, Gale H. You Have Family by Jesse Holmes reviews What happens when Tony thinks he's lost everything? What happens when he tries to end it and is found just in time? what happens when the avengers meet a small boy at the hospital that Clint later adopts to be his nephew? Crossover - Spider-Man & Avengers - Rated: K+ - English - Hurt/Comfort/Family - Chapters: 7 - Words: 6,343 - Reviews: 27 - Favs: 113 - Follows: 62 - Updated: 9/18/2012 - Published: 8/2/2012 - Peter P./Spider-Man, Iron Man/Tony S. - Complete The Ends That Collide by AisonX reviews Ah. Sadie Kane. You should know by now - she NEVER follows rules. But this rule is major, and particularly dangerous. People of the Egyptian Gods never venture into Manhattan. They also never go to the Empire State Building and shoot up into the 600th floor. But what are rules meant for if not to be broken, right? - Discontinued Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Kane Chronicles - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 9 - Words: 12,644 - Reviews: 77 - Favs: 36 - Follows: 49 - Updated: 9/17/2012 - Published: 5/28/2012 - Percy J., Sadie K. - Complete The Old Team by AndThorDoesnt reviews They wanted their little "brother" back and they didn't care if they took him away from his new team. They are his team, they'll always be his team, and their not leaving without Robin. Crossover - Teen Titans & Young Justice - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 11 - Words: 12,495 - Reviews: 131 - Favs: 150 - Follows: 189 - Updated: 9/17/2012 - Published: 2/7/2012 - Robin All That Follows by South.for.Winter reviews The people of Storybrooke want to find a way home, but Regina has other plans. A threat against all of their lives forces everyone to work together. The question is, can they overcome the betrayal, loss, and the grudges they've carried for years, to finally find their happily-ever-afters? A Season 2 story. Lots of good Regina/Henry, Emma/August, Snow/Charming. Some FTL included. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 33 - Words: 79,128 - Reviews: 170 - Favs: 53 - Follows: 52 - Updated: 9/17/2012 - Published: 7/4/2012 - Regina M./The Evil Queen, Emma S. - Complete This Means War by dyeyell reviews Betty Ross comes into town and disturbs a possible relationship between Darcy Lewis and Bruce Banner. Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 8 - Words: 15,321 - Reviews: 32 - Favs: 67 - Follows: 113 - Updated: 9/16/2012 - Published: 9/6/2012 - Hulk/Bruce B. Be Ready For Your Act by xBadxRomancesx reviews Thirteen ghosts. Only ten were captured. Join Shaggy, Daphne, and Scooby on their journy to find the remaining three, and maybe something else... Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Adventure - Chapters: 3 - Words: 3,711 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 9/16/2012 - Published: 5/13/2011 - Shaggy, Daphne Slipping Away by Allyarra reviews The summer before senior year Stiles is diagnosed with leukemia. Established Sterek, but kind of minimal. Warning: Major Character Death Second Chapter is a revised version of the original. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Tragedy - Chapters: 2 - Words: 34,945 - Reviews: 976 - Favs: 1,704 - Follows: 238 - Updated: 9/15/2012 - Published: 8/20/2012 - Stiles - Complete Skippy Doo by WarriorsFan26 reviews The Warehouse Ghost appears at the Playtime Factory. Mystery Inc has one problem. They are already solving a mystery. Plus their cousins are having a hard time in school because people are expecting them to be just like them. What will Mystery Inc do? Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Family - Chapters: 7 - Words: 12,105 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 5 - Updated: 9/13/2012 - Published: 5/29/2011 - Scooby Doo, Shaggy - Complete An Open Letter From Tim Scam by Espionne reviews When he's not on the show, Tim Scam assumes another identity as Timothy Scamanov, businessman and engineer - but perhaps these identities are not as different as they may appear. Totally Spies - Rated: T - English - Crime/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,001 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 1 - Published: 9/13/2012 - Tim Scam - Complete Fragile Hearts by BloomAndFireforever reviews What if someone you loved was no longer with you? What if they'd died or what if they'd left you? How would you feel? Heartbroken and shattered? Like it's all come to an end? That's what it's like for Rose Tyler and Bella Swan; two girls who understand each other's pain. Rated T. R&R. Re-uploded due to typing errors. Goes through "New Moon." Crossover - Doctor Who & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Friendship - Chapters: 11 - Words: 22,239 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 9/13/2012 - Published: 8/17/2012 - Rose T., Bella - Complete One Hundred Little Stories by Kdibs227 reviews There are stories everywhere. Here are just a few within the Teen Titans Teen Titans - Rated: K - English - Chapters: 100 - Words: 38,518 - Reviews: 91 - Favs: 56 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 9/12/2012 - Published: 8/14/2010 - Complete A Time Travel Series: Sprayed by Belle Gold reviews The follow-up to Dream Angels. Regina has time traveled all of the characters to the turbulent times of the 1960s and the Civil Rights movement. I do not own Hairspray nor OUAT. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 7,421 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 9/11/2012 - Published: 7/11/2012 - Belle/Lacey, Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold The Real Reason by ABCSoapLover Franco has been locked up for all his crimes in Shadybrook Sanitarium. This is a conversation between him and his doctor. Just an idea that I have been thinking about. General Hospital - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 609 - Favs: 1 - Published: 9/11/2012 - Franco, Robin S. - Complete What Is Loved Will Never Die by moviebuffgirl reviews Years apart in age, but never an inch apart from each other. Loki and Sigyn's love has been downplayed over the centuries, but after Loki discovers his true heritage and goes down the path that will lead him against the people he once called family, their love is brought into the forefront. Massive Loki x Sigyn, author's own take on the characters. Events from the films included. Crossover - Thor & Avengers - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 16 - Words: 21,319 - Reviews: 19 - Favs: 48 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 9/11/2012 - Published: 8/17/2012 - Loki - Complete Magic's for Children by HazelBook reviews Loki decides to take a psychological course on Earth when he meets teenage Tony Stark. A genius flirtatious boy who doesn't believe in magic. Loki decides to do everything in his power to prove him wrong, little does he know what he's letting himself in for... Teenage!Tony.S/teenage-ish!Loki.L not as dramatic as the summery makes it seem... Avengers - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 27 - Words: 31,758 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 63 - Follows: 41 - Updated: 9/11/2012 - Published: 7/15/2012 - Iron Man/Tony S., Loki - Complete Tales of the pokegod's: quest for the yellow shard by Loli Yoshino reviews This is the tales of Roland, a demimon who was a son of Arceus. With his new found powers, he must find the Yellow shard to stop heatran from attacking. Crossover - Pokémon & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 3 - Words: 1,972 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 2 - Updated: 9/11/2012 - Published: 4/23/2012 - Arceus, Thalia G. The Path by Stewie Shadow reviews Aang and his friends are haunted by the appearance of visions, dreams, and ghostly images. In order to relinquish this unfortunate standing, Aang must undergo a spiritual journey in order to fight spiritual demons and a hesistant heart. On another hand, Korra, the Avatar preceding him is also on a spiritual journey and their spirit world paths collide. Crossover - Avatar: Last Airbender & Legend of Korra - Rated: K+ - English - Spiritual/Supernatural - Chapters: 8 - Words: 9,908 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 9/9/2012 - Published: 8/26/2012 - Aang, Korra - Complete The Glass Riddle by Elfine Starkadder reviews COMPLETE. "The question is, Inspector, who murdered Cinderella - and why?" Set in 1920. ...WARNING! Please desist from reading the reviews first, or if you do, read only those for the beginning of the story; this is a mystery, so the latest comments may contain spoilers. And if you really enjoy mysteries, you won't want to learn about the ending beforehand! Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 25,192 - Reviews: 169 - Favs: 37 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 9/9/2012 - Published: 6/28/2012 - Complete The Godfather by goldenqueenofthecove reviews As a man with nothing left, not even family, Harry finds himself a chance to start over in an entirely new world. Unfortunately, like most things that happen to him, nothing goes exactly as planned. In no time at all, Harry finds himself the Godfather of a god who is more arrogant than any Gryffindor and a mischievous one more cunning than any Slytherin. But he loves them anyway. Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Family/Angst - Chapters: 2 - Words: 11,116 - Reviews: 379 - Favs: 1,892 - Follows: 2,907 - Updated: 9/8/2012 - Published: 7/31/2012 - Harry P., Loki Seven Score and Seven Years Later by glambertcello reviews Abraham Lincoln has been secretly around for nearly a hundred and fifty years, and he still despises Henry for it. Oneshot. I do not own any of the characters from Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter! Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter - Rated: K+ - English - Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 841 - Reviews: 11 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 3 - Published: 9/8/2012 - Complete The Last Bite by No0Longer0Active0 reviews A story of a new Vampire Queen. A story of how it all ended for him. A story of how they could of spent a life time together. A story about a human girl, her cat and the Vampire King. Is back on! Adventure Time with Finn and Jake - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 17 - Words: 18,903 - Reviews: 191 - Favs: 66 - Follows: 56 - Updated: 9/6/2012 - Published: 1/14/2012 - Marshall Lee, Fionna Unwanted by xxbamitzqueenxx reviews Tori moves from Hollywood Arts in Los Angeles California to Webster High in San Fransisco,California Crossover - Victorious & A.N.T. Farm - Rated: K+ - English - Friendship/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 7 - Words: 2,955 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 9/5/2012 - Published: 11/7/2011 - Tori V. Wanderings of a Witch by wibblywobblytimeywhimy reviews This isn't a love story. This is a story of : Forces balanced. A call that should never have happened. A death too early. How the universes combined and changed. 14/14 Crossover - Doctor Who & Harry Potter - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 15 - Words: 67,087 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 55 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 9/4/2012 - Published: 8/21/2012 - 10th Doctor, Hermione G. - Complete Cursed by the Bite by The New Beta Wolf reviews The night before the full moon, The unthinkable most always happens. Unfortunately, for Stiles, the problems have only begun. Stuck in the wrong place at the wrong time, he gets caught in the crossfire of the werewolf world as he is finally bitten. With the full moon tomorrow, Will he be able to take everything all at once? Can he find love in his new darkness? Has Stiles/Erica Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 8,855 - Reviews: 41 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 9/3/2012 - Published: 7/28/2012 - Stiles Crimes of the Paranormal by Mrs. BYG reviews Klaus has attracted the BAU to Mystic Falls and now Elena, Damon, and the rest of the gang have to clean up his mess and lead the famed profilers away, but who's to say this wasn't his plan all along? Was it his plan all along to trap them in his twisted web? Crossover - Criminal Minds & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Supernatural - Chapters: 5 - Words: 3,093 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 32 - Follows: 49 - Updated: 9/3/2012 - Published: 5/28/2012 Another Cartoon by Saints-Fan-12 reviews After Sandy's transporter is complete she invites Spongebob and Patrick to marvel in it's glory,but things get out of hand quickly. Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & SpongeBob SquarePants - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 13 - Words: 9,172 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 9/2/2012 - Published: 8/23/2012 - Sandy - Complete Junior Year: Reach for the Stars by TheStarsInHerEyes reviews It's Will & Co's junior year at Sky High. When old adverseries return, it's going to tke more than the same old tricks to defeat them. Are they up to the task, or will they crack under pressure? Includes W/L, WN/FG, Z/M. Sky High - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 49,551 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 8/31/2012 - Published: 7/10/2011 - William S./Will - Complete Finally Found by Isaura McGeek reviews AU obviously. Mason isn't Sam's real name, but Sam doesn't know she's stolen. What happens when her dad finds her after all these years? First in The series between Sam and McGee Crossover - NCIS & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Family/Romance - Chapters: 9 - Words: 8,919 - Reviews: 19 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 8/31/2012 - Published: 8/30/2012 - Tim M., Sam M. - Complete A Healing Holiday In Plain Sight by mandymld reviews In 2001, Jason take Elizabeth out of Port Charles after she is a casualty in the Spenadine war. Tag along as they along with two teen girls, visit the world, while back home, Sonny and Mac save Port Charles from the idiocy of the Spencers & Cassadine. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 3 - Words: 36,577 - Reviews: 24 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 22 - Updated: 8/30/2012 - Published: 8/15/2010 - Elizabeth W., Jason M. Scooby Doo: The Mystery Begins ReScripted by RoyalyAshley reviews Read Full Description in Story. A Re-Write of the 2009 movie. Ghosts attack Coolsville High and it's up to a band of misfit heroes to save it and hopefully clear their names before they're wiped from existence. Light Shaggy/OC, Velma/Fred, Daphne/Fred. Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Supernatural/Mystery - Chapters: 3 - Words: 9,823 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 22 - Updated: 8/30/2012 - Published: 4/20/2012 - Shaggy Taking Back the Reins by mandymld reviews After the Metrocourt, Alan confronts Liz and Jason, soon help arrives to get them where they want to be in the meantime Liz almost marries Lucky, there is speed dating for charity and the Zacharas and Dante arrive early. An ensemble story. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 21 - Words: 177,510 - Reviews: 53 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 35 - Updated: 8/30/2012 - Published: 5/30/2010 - Elizabeth W., Jason M. Cinderella and The Big Bad Wolf by milkandpandapuffs reviews Cinderella story AU. Stiles lives life being forced to work for his step-father Peter and two step-siblings Isaac and Erica. He gets through it though. With his amazing friends, Scott and Danny, and his mysterious online pen-pal, DH, life isn't so hard. But the questions remain. Who is DH? And how the hell is Stiles going to get to the Halloween dance to meet him! Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 13,943 - Reviews: 173 - Favs: 204 - Follows: 182 - Updated: 8/30/2012 - Published: 7/4/2012 - Stiles, Derek H. - Complete Hollywood Springs by MustangLover2889 reviews Tori is leaving Hollywood Arts for three months to record a demo at Rocque Records, She will be staying at Palm wood springs. She meets the guys from Big Time Rush, and ends up having some really fun times with them. Crossover - Big Time Rush & Victorious - Rated: K+ - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 30 - Words: 34,300 - Reviews: 116 - Favs: 59 - Follows: 43 - Updated: 8/30/2012 - Published: 6/12/2012 - Kendall, Tori V. - Complete Dimensional Rift by LAG1995 reviews When the Young Justice is transfered into the Justice Leagues Dimension. Superboy is shocked with the actions of Superman. Rated T for mild language Crossover - Justice League & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 10 - Words: 11,441 - Reviews: 135 - Favs: 352 - Follows: 357 - Updated: 8/29/2012 - Published: 7/12/2012 - Clark K./Kal-El/Superman, Conner K./Superboy Red Death by Eisafangirl reviews "In my opinion, fairy tales don't exist. I hate all of them. What I really like, is adventure. I'm not a little kid, I work for the Black Bride. She's probably 21 years old and I'm actually 16. That's not what's important. What's important is that I live this dangerous life. The catch is, fairy tales surround me. My name is Red, short for Little Red Riding Hood." Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Romance - Chapters: 18 - Words: 31,559 - Reviews: 33 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 8/27/2012 - Published: 6/21/2012 - Complete Inevitable, Irreversible by WishingDreamer5 reviews She'd heard it, but she still couldn't quite believe it: Lily was dead... Yes, she'd had enough fights with Lily for people to think that she absolutely hated her guts... but she'd also been her sister and the truth is, nobody can really hate their sibling, no matter what they've done in the past. Harry Potter - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 756 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 2 - Published: 8/24/2012 - Lily Evans P., Petunia D. - Complete It's A Funny Story by shasayaway123 reviews AU. Kori wakes up . It's not her bed, it's not her house and she's married, to a man she hates, Dick Grayson. The first thing she asks for is a divorce, but is that what Dick wants? Somehow she is different then anyone else he has ever met. Now rated T. Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 9 - Words: 10,996 - Reviews: 48 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 29 - Updated: 8/23/2012 - Published: 8/5/2012 - Starfire, Robin I Want To Play A Game by FitchersBird reviews Jigsaw has found a new test subject in selfish creature known as Bella Swan. He will teach her to appreciate the life she has been given and the lives of others. But how many people will die before she realises she isn't as important as she believes? Crossover - Saw & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Horror/Parody - Chapters: 7 - Words: 15,134 - Reviews: 26 - Favs: 25 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 8/21/2012 - Published: 5/2/2012 - Jigsaw, Bella - Complete Battle Lines by Aphrodite-Venus-u.k reviews Derek begins his hunt for his new pack as the Argents declare war. The Code has been broken and neither side is going to play by the rules. Contains SPOILERS for season 2. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Drama/Horror - Chapters: 14 - Words: 21,209 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 8/20/2012 - Published: 6/6/2012 - Derek H. - Complete A Love worth Fighting For by ScarlettLovesRhett reviews Vivien and Larry are about to live happily ever after. But what happens when Catherine, Vivien's evil stepmother takes her revenge? Is Vivien out of harms way? Will there be a wedding to celebrate? R&R This is the sequel to: A Love Story in London. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 32 - Words: 80,494 - Reviews: 73 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 8/19/2012 - Published: 7/7/2011 - Complete Risks are Worth Taking by xcallmemaybex reviews When Olive goes to Australia to Visit her Cousin Emma, She brings along Chyna and Fletcher! But what happens when new secrets form? Set at the Beginning of Season 2 of H2o just add water! Crossover - H2O: Just Add Water & A.N.T. Farm - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 6 - Words: 9,788 - Reviews: 70 - Favs: 36 - Follows: 42 - Updated: 8/18/2012 - Published: 8/5/2011 - Emma G., Olive D. Mission 42: SWAT Bodyguard by JonasFan101 reviews Nick Gray is a member of the NY SWAT team asked to do a mission in Malibu to protect the daughter of a multi-millionaire. After accepting this mission he realized that the person he's protecting is Miley Stewart, a childhood friend of his. NILEY. Hannah Montana - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 4 - Words: 5,283 - Reviews: 58 - Favs: 66 - Follows: 65 - Updated: 8/17/2012 - Published: 4/9/2009 Her Bite is Worse Than Her Bark by CMayleenJ reviews Aubrey Lundgren is not who she seems to be. Set on revenge, she plots on hurting Chris Argent the best way she knows, by killing his only daughter, Allison, but will a certain Alpha and his pack pose as a threat or an alliance? As her mystery unveils, so does a romance, as her Beta develops a liking to Stiles. Will this hinder her quest of revenge? Derek/OC Stiles/O Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 21 - Words: 137,021 - Reviews: 105 - Favs: 74 - Follows: 74 - Updated: 8/17/2012 - Published: 4/24/2012 - Scott M., Allison A., Stiles, Derek H. - Complete Dark Fabian by NJ7009 reviews Fabian has never been the agressive type, never intensionally hurts people, and would never, EVER, betray the one he loves. But when Senkhara is in the driving seat, Fabian becomes a black hearted, violent slave to the forgotten ruler. Now betrayal and trust, love and hate are about to occur inside the Anubis house... will the Sibuna gang bring Fabian back to his senses? Rated T Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: T - English - Drama/Suspense - Chapters: 20 - Words: 19,194 - Reviews: 161 - Favs: 32 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 8/17/2012 - Published: 6/1/2012 - Fabian R. - Complete Some Things Just Don't Work Out by Fate's Silver Chain reviews Alex, thrown to the wolves once again, finds himself with a ceratin NCIS team as his world spirals from awful to hellish. Because the ceiling collapsed. (6) Crossover - NCIS & Alex Rider - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 17 - Words: 31,414 - Reviews: 188 - Favs: 267 - Follows: 192 - Updated: 8/14/2012 - Published: 3/9/2012 - Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Alex R./Cub - Complete Mission: Avengers by ChibiDawn23 reviews "Climbing 130-story windows, nuclear missiles and stolen launch codes seemed so...tame...compared to Clint's job." When Loki takes over Clint's mind, Agent William Brandt joins the Avengers to get his brother back and save the world...Again. Movieverse. Crossover - Mission: Impossible & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 15 - Words: 31,125 - Reviews: 158 - Favs: 226 - Follows: 120 - Updated: 8/13/2012 - Published: 5/25/2012 - W. Brandt, Hawkeye/Clint B. - Complete Kids Movies by MaySoFarAway reviews While moving to New York, Darcy Lewis finds a sketch of a certain hero, pre-serum, and a long convoluted adventure involving movies, super villains, and being a competent SHIELD agent begins. Rating is mostly for language. And some blood. And some love. Crossover - Thor & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 26,775 - Reviews: 54 - Favs: 477 - Follows: 102 - Published: 8/13/2012 - Darcy L., Captain America/Steve R. - Complete Sky High: 20 years later by AngelOfDeath1O1 reviews 20 years have passed since Will and his friends started Sky High. Will's children are getting ready to start and a new villian wants to destroy the family and take over Sky High along with old villians Sky High - Rated: K+ - English - Family/Adventure - Chapters: 3 - Words: 4,867 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 8/12/2012 - Published: 8/2/2012 - William S./Will, Layla W. Of Ghosts and Spiders by paycheckgurl reviews When Peter follows Mary Jane to a movie shooting in Amity Park, he meets a ghost boy whom he discovers he has more than a little in common with. Unfortunately, certain members of their rouges galleries have more than a little in common as well. Crossover - Spider-Man & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 3 - Words: 4,475 - Reviews: 36 - Favs: 49 - Follows: 71 - Updated: 8/12/2012 - Published: 7/29/2012 - Peter P./Spider-Man, Danny F. Where are you? by AngelXAnubis reviews Nina was never stopped.She went into the afterlife leaving all her friends.Its six months later and Fabian's still upset.Choosing not to believe what happened. Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Spiritual - Chapters: 15 - Words: 5,497 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 21 - Updated: 8/11/2012 - Published: 4/18/2012 - Fabian R., Nina M. Future by Maralexa reviews What would happen if the young, mischievous son of Odin found his way into the weapons vault and discovered a way to travel through time? Enter Loki Odinson in a way you've never seen him before: a boy, caught in a future world he never imagined existed. Things get interesting as Loki walks a path of uncertainty and finds himself asking this question: "Who am I?" Crossover - Thor & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 7 - Words: 16,490 - Reviews: 87 - Favs: 120 - Follows: 68 - Updated: 8/10/2012 - Published: 7/19/2012 - Loki, Loki - Complete A Walk to Remember: Avatar Style by Speedy08 reviews Korra is the Avatar, whose confidence doesn't depend on the opinions of others or her title. Mako is the popular kid at school who goes off on looks and bravado. But when events thrust him into Korra's world, he begins an unexpected journey he'll never forget. Trust. Hope. Goals. Uncoditionable Love. They're the remarkable steps to a life changed-and A Walk to Remember. Crossover - A Walk to Remember & Legend of Korra - Rated: K - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 22 - Words: 16,851 - Reviews: 128 - Favs: 52 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 8/10/2012 - Published: 7/24/2012 - Complete Total Drama Return to Wawanakwa! by XoXMariah n' SieoreXoX reviews With all the crazy mishaps from TDWT, we need new people for the next season, and the new faces would be: YOUR OC's! There's a twist, YOU get to vote, I only decide who gets immunity and whether its a reward or not. Drama,humor,& romance! WE HAVE OUR VICTOR! Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Drama/Humor - Chapters: 63 - Words: 116,168 - Reviews: 405 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 8/10/2012 - Published: 1/7/2011 - Complete The Haunted Queen Mary by CoffeeSam reviews The Haunted Queen Mary is a supposed Haunted ship. What if the wanted to prove that ghost couldn't exist, that ghost aren't real? Follow the adventure of 20 teens, being all sure that ghosts don't exist. But, proved wrong. Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Horror/Supernatural - Chapters: 19 - Words: 22,337 - Reviews: 97 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 8/10/2012 - Published: 1/4/2012 - Complete The Young Avengers by Ninja Daughter of Hermes reviews In a universe where the DC animated and Marvel films universes coexist, what is Nick Fury to do when Young Justice pops up? He creates a team of young heroes, of YOUNG AVENGERS to rival them, and ensure world safety.But not everything is what it seems.The team has secrets of its own, secrets which must be kept. With the threat of a deadly alien invasion on the rise, there's chaos Crossover - Young Justice & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Mystery - Chapters: 2 - Words: 10,282 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 26 - Updated: 8/9/2012 - Published: 7/14/2012 - Nick F. The Other Story by theotherbenderstory reviews We all know the story of the Avatars, but what about the others? The people who live in the world, the other benders and non-benders. This follows the life of a two brothers and an equalist that wants nothing to do with the life she was born into. To learn more about the story visit: theotherbenderstory. This will shift from different points of view through out the chapter. Crossover - Avatar: Last Airbender & Legend of Korra - Rated: T - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 15 - Words: 16,263 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 8/8/2012 - Published: 8/6/2012 What Happens in Fiji by Norah Strike reviews Sonny discovers from an unexpected source that he is the father to Claudia's daughter. He goes to Manhattan to find his long lost daughter. He discovers that his daughter might not have much time left. Please leave reviews, need ideas. General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 5 - Words: 4,243 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 8/7/2012 - Published: 5/10/2012 - Sonny C., Claudia Z. Enemy by Cresenta's Lark reviews When he snatched her from her home, from the safety of her mother, father and three brothers he had done so just to make them suffer. To make them pay for their feud through their innocent daughter. He had long relished the thought of such a cruel revenge. But then why was it, when she looked at him with hurt in her eyes...he was unable to land even one blow on her face? Sam/Scam Totally Spies - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 8,029 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 31 - Published: 8/7/2012 - Sam, Tim Scam The One, The Only, Maximum Olympian by xXimmortalXx reviews Please review my first ever chapter! What happens when the flock goes to camp halfblood? Crossover - Maximum Ride & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: K+ - English - Friendship/Adventure - Chapters: 4 - Words: 1,214 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 14 - Updated: 8/6/2012 - Published: 9/7/2011 - Max, Percy J. Last wish by The 5th ARISU Zara killed herself, but is she really dead? Her guardian angel Ai has granted Zara's last wish, which is to live again in another reality. Every three chapters, she changes worlds. First yet to be decided GIVE MEH IDEAS! . Crossover - Anime X-overs & Book X-overs - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 6 - Words: 6,057 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 8/5/2012 - Published: 3/31/2012 Past Secrets by Rukia-K1 reviews "Who are the Justice of Young?" Starfire had found a picture. On it it read "Young Justice Team 2010-2011". Now, there are many secrets that come out that can change it all for everyone... And when a few surprises show up...things will never be the same... Not to mention when 'The Time' comes...Yaoi and Straight Pairings. Crossover - Teen Titans & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 6 - Words: 14,810 - Reviews: 28 - Favs: 59 - Follows: 68 - Updated: 8/2/2012 - Published: 7/23/2012 - Richard G./Nightwing Scooby Doo and the Forgotten Crew by Cloverfrost Locke reviews "I wish I'd never heard of ghosts, or phantoms, or Mystery Inc.!" Shaggy and Scooby are running away from a galloping ghoulie – again – and they decide that they would rather have never met the crew than have close encounters with monsters. A tale where the duo finally discovers the true meaning of being a part of Mystery Inc., written with a twist of Terry Pratchet-style wit. Scooby Doo - Rated: K - English - Friendship/Humor - Chapters: 5 - Words: 4,917 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 7/31/2012 - Published: 6/23/2012 - Scooby Doo, Shaggy When life gives you Robots by Transformers girl 1234 reviews 13 year old Jamie is anything but normal. For one, she has a robotic power. Two, she lives with the Avengers. What happens when she is teleported to the Transformers Prime universe? Crossover - Transformers/Beast Wars & Avengers - Rated: K+ - English - Sci-Fi/Adventure - Chapters: 9 - Words: 5,409 - Reviews: 29 - Favs: 24 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 7/30/2012 - Published: 6/15/2012 - Bumblebee, Iron Man/Tony S. The Extraordinary Hunger Games by Anan Nikoleta reviews Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic 4, Harry Potter and HG cross-over. Loki was curious as to know which of the Avengers would win if they were in the Hunger Games. He had planned to put the Avengers – and ONLY the Avengers – in the arena but things completely went out of hand when he met Tom Riddle... . Longer summary inside Crossover - Hunger Games & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 8 - Words: 16,276 - Reviews: 62 - Favs: 31 - Follows: 41 - Updated: 7/29/2012 - Published: 5/22/2012 - Loki Love Unexpected by Mademoisella reviews "How about we have a battle right now?" May smirked and turned her head slightly to the side to face him. "Alright, why not? I'll volunteer us right now." She began to raise her hand, but Drew pulled it back down. "I want to make it more fun, though," he told her, and she cocked an eyebrow at him, urging him to go on. "If you lose, you'll have to travel with me after graduation." Pokémon - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 42 - Words: 204,787 - Reviews: 1347 - Favs: 416 - Follows: 207 - Updated: 7/28/2012 - Published: 10/15/2011 - Drew/Shū, May/Haruka - Complete True Love Will Always Find a Way by onceuponanevilregal reviews Tumblr Prompt; Regina holds a charity ball and she's sitting by herself, but then Daniel comes in. She's not really sure if it's him and he's not sure if it's her. He asks her to dance and by the end of the night he realizes it's Regina and she realizes it's him. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 3 - Words: 3,682 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 7/26/2012 - Published: 7/3/2012 - Regina M./The Evil Queen, Daniel Witchcraft by tarnished silver things reviews When Angelica Potter was six years old, she wished her music teacher, Miss Prudence Trudoe, was her mother. When Chris Halliwell saw his new charge for the first time, he thought she was nothing special. Girl!Witch!Harry Crossover - Charmed & Harry Potter - Rated: T - English - Supernatural - Chapters: 45 - Words: 100,157 - Reviews: 315 - Favs: 520 - Follows: 577 - Updated: 7/23/2012 - Published: 12/22/2011 - Chris H., Harry P. I Will Never Forget What's Important by golden soul love reviews Bella sees Harry in a Cafe and falls in love, but what happens when he makes her forget? Takes place in Harry's 7th year Crossover - Harry Potter & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 6 - Words: 2,270 - Reviews: 28 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 41 - Updated: 7/23/2012 - Published: 1/30/2012 - Harry P., Bella Gentle as a Gust of Wind by starrdevil reviews Korra isn't the right kind of Avatar, and she doesn't seem ready to do anything about it, so the previous Avatar's take things into their own hands. Korra must win her bending back with one catch: she is in Avatar Aang's time. ...This was begun when the Legend of Korra had just come out... Crossover - Avatar: Last Airbender & Legend of Korra - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 9 - Words: 32,327 - Reviews: 94 - Favs: 104 - Follows: 144 - Updated: 7/21/2012 - Published: 4/16/2012 - Aang, Korra By The Time You Read This, It's Too Late by Lordoftheghostking28 reviews It's too late now. We're in the School...and to make matters worse, they've caught three offworlders...offworlders with strange, amazing power... Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & Maximum Ride - Rated: T - English - Horror/Suspense - Chapters: 10 - Words: 18,547 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 7/21/2012 - Published: 5/1/2012 - Silver, Max - Complete Why Me? by Qyndox reviews The Ed's always had a hard time in life, now becuase of an accident, they are morphed into pokemon. Caught by trainers and sent on a mission to defeat Team Plasma, they must save not only themselves, but their new friends. Lies and betrayels cross their paths. However when finally given a chance to return to their previous home and life, will they really want to go back? Crossover - Pokémon & Ed, Edd n Eddy - Rated: K - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 5 - Words: 5,515 - Reviews: 11 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 7/20/2012 - Published: 2/7/2012 - Eds The Man Who Would Be King by thelastclarissa reviews Set after Avengers. Odin sends a power-stripped Loki back to Midgard to help rebuild the the city, and Darcy saves him from boredom. But his plans on ruling Midgard haven't changed... Still. Darcy's influence on him grows greater the more time he spends with her. By the time he has his powers back, will he even want to leave her? Crossover - Thor & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 17 - Words: 47,890 - Reviews: 97 - Favs: 171 - Follows: 90 - Updated: 7/20/2012 - Published: 6/27/2012 - Darcy L., Loki - Complete Dreams Become Reality by Snow Whitex Prince Charming reviews Emma dreams of what her fariy tale world childhood would be like, but dreams and reality are two different things... Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 32 - Words: 20,607 - Reviews: 88 - Favs: 48 - Follows: 45 - Updated: 7/20/2012 - Published: 3/23/2012 - David N./Prince Charming, Emma S. - Complete Genetic Nightmare by MetroXLR99 reviews AU The Past comes back to haunt Agent K, when the son of her deceased Spy Friends comes to Pleasant Hills. Though, things get more complicated when he's mutated by Oscorp, becomes a masked vigilante and falls in love with Riley Daring. Pleasant Hills will NEVER be the same. Spider-Man/Replacements Xover. Peter/SpideyxRiley. [On Hiatus until Further Notice] Crossover - Spider-Man & Replacements - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 2 - Words: 4,445 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 2 - Published: 7/19/2012 All In My Head by SweetyBird282 reviews James is set on a mission to write a song, but his inspiration seemes to be lacking. Will he be able to finnish the song and make a hit? How will he gain the inspiration? Sort of song-fic based on All In My Head by Nick Lachey Big Time Rush - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 5 - Words: 16,022 - Reviews: 14 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 7/17/2012 - Published: 1/16/2012 - James, Katie K. - Complete Twilight Prophecies by AdrianaTheDragonSorceress reviews Hi, this is a storz written by me and my two best friends, Rosie and Susan or Susie lol . It crosses over GWxTwilight and HP, and stars our own charactes, Adriana Sulpicia Volturi - Thats me , Teressa Amanda Rosegarden - Rosie and Felicity Summers - Susie. They have to extricate both worlds from the prophecies, Aro, Zhaitan and that evil vixen Gwen thats with him and Kormir. RaR! Crossover - Guild Wars & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 12 - Words: 9,182 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 7/16/2012 - Published: 6/16/2012 - Alec Lost and Found by hopelessromanticgurl reviews Kimberly Hart "died" in a plane crash. Carlisle found her and changed her. Years later Tommy finds Kimberly but she is different. Will she trust him enough to tell the truth or will their love fail? I am co-writing this story with Elena Rain Crossover - Power Rangers & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 17 - Words: 48,107 - Reviews: 79 - Favs: 60 - Follows: 37 - Updated: 7/16/2012 - Published: 2/28/2012 - Kim H., Carlisle - Complete Losing my Mind by ForbiddenLeo reviews A mysterious new wu appears that has the ability to take away a persons memories! When Raimundo is affected, Chase comes in and convinces him that he belongs on the Heylin side. Will the others be able to save Rai? No pairings. Xiaolin Showdown - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 6 - Words: 12,915 - Reviews: 60 - Favs: 46 - Follows: 60 - Updated: 7/15/2012 - Published: 11/17/2010 - Chase, Raimundo Adam and the chipmunks : The future of new york by chipmunkfanantic the year is 2044 the world is in ruins due to war and even in America thigns are crazy giant monsters attacking the city the military rounding people but onl one Chipmunk and band of people can stop them the underground Resistance what will happen? R&R Crossover - Godzilla: The Series & Alvin and the chipmunks - Rated: K+ - English - Sci-Fi/Romance - Chapters: 9 - Words: 9,307 - Favs: 1 - Updated: 7/15/2012 - Published: 1/27/2012 - Godzilla 2/Zilla Jr., Brittany M. Beastly by Speedy08 reviews Eighteen year old Mako is the spoiled, shallow and most popular bender at RCHS. He foolishly chooses, June, a witch pretending to be a high school student as his latest victim. To teach him a lesson she turns him into a beast. Now he has 1 year to find someone to love him. Korra, the Avatar, and a girl who he thinks is crazy, may be his only chance to prove that love is never ugly. Crossover - Beastly & Legend of Korra - Rated: K - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 19 - Words: 21,232 - Reviews: 109 - Favs: 68 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 7/14/2012 - Published: 7/9/2012 - Mako - Complete Voices: Book 1 by HappyBlushCalayapie reviews Sonic's crazy. His friends don't know it. He hears voices all the time, now, especially from Shadow the Hedgehog, whom everyone believes to be dead. But Shadow may not be dead, just yet. He may be visiting Sonic as a ghost. But can he save Sonic from his own secret madness? Book 2: Re-Love, coming soon! Sonic the Hedgehog - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 31 - Words: 16,581 - Reviews: 115 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 7/14/2012 - Published: 6/21/2012 - Shadow, Sonic - Complete The Stranger by TheReader30 reviews Emma takes a new interest in the Stranger. Also, Emma must break the curse in order to save Storybrooke. Sequel is up! I don't own any character from "Once Upon a Time". Once Upon a Time - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 33 - Words: 21,640 - Reviews: 67 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 21 - Updated: 7/14/2012 - Published: 2/1/2012 - Emma S., Pinocchio/August B. - Complete Fever Love by Shadow's party girl 96 reviews Amy Rose lives in the 1800s were indians once roam free. She soon is kidnapped by Shadow the Hedgehog,a indian.She soon has feelings for him,but does she wanna stay with him,or leave forever. Sonic the Hedgehog - Rated: T - English - Romance/Western - Chapters: 13 - Words: 10,845 - Reviews: 62 - Favs: 45 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 7/13/2012 - Published: 4/4/2012 - Amy, Shadow - Complete Lia's life by fashionablyobsessed reviews TADA I'M BAAACCCKK! THIS IS THE SEQUEAL TO THERE LIFE AFTER 5 YEARS LATER! This story takes place a couple years later Lia is four years old and having the perfect life with her parents a.k.a Fabian and Nina But sometimes things happen that change life Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: T - English - Drama/Family - Chapters: 55 - Words: 52,560 - Reviews: 212 - Favs: 31 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 7/12/2012 - Published: 3/23/2012 - Fabian R., Nina M. - Complete Mixed Fates Collide by ArcanianMage reviews On a mission for our favorite time ghost, Danny is sent to the Avatar's universe. With Aang being endangered, his friends randomly showing up, him being sent to the past constantly, and the universes opening to each other, how can our Halfa survive this one? With lots of help and some… core changes. Danny/Sam, Aang/Katara. Left up for writing comparison. Crossover - Danny Phantom & Avatar: Last Airbender - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 21 - Words: 62,433 - Reviews: 193 - Favs: 106 - Follows: 119 - Updated: 7/12/2012 - Published: 4/27/2012 - Danny F., Aang Showdown by IHeartLogiebear reviews A group of teens find their lives being turned upside down when a mysterious teacher starts working at Hollywood Arts. Strange things are happening in Los Angeles and when trouble hits Hollywood Arts, these teens set out to learn the truth. Crossover - Big Time Rush & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Suspense - Chapters: 33 - Words: 53,608 - Reviews: 109 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 7/11/2012 - Published: 6/10/2012 - Complete Cooler Than Me by Katerina The Von reviews Superfical, mean, hot. That's how people described the Jennifers. But why are they this way? This is their story. Big Time Rush - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 23 - Words: 13,785 - Reviews: 39 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 7/10/2012 - Published: 11/24/2011 - The Jennifers - Complete Zero Point by Argentum-LS reviews After the events of "The Measure of Ourselves," Jackson hosts a First Line only party to get even with Scott. While Scott slowly loses his ability to hang on to his human side, Danny is forced to question his and Jackson's interest in Scott. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Drama - Chapters: 5 - Words: 14,957 - Reviews: 30 - Favs: 27 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 7/9/2012 - Published: 6/27/2012 - Scott M., Danny - Complete No one knew by merethengilith reviews No one knew why. No one knew who Bellatrix really was. No one knew how she really felt. Rated T for swearing, women/child abuse Harry Potter - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,790 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 1 - Published: 7/8/2012 - Bellatrix L. - Complete If I Could Turn Back Time by Hazel The Rabbit reviews Sonic says some hurtful words to Amy, he soon regrets everything he said and also for running away from her, he set's out to set things strait, but a certain black and red hedgehog stands in his way, will Amy even forgive him? Sonic the Hedgehog - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 8 - Words: 7,617 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 19 - Updated: 7/8/2012 - Published: 1/22/2012 - Amy, Sonic Robin, KF, Speedy: Past And Present by Browniesarethebest reviews A strange portal opened up in Titans Tower and out came a young Robin, Kid Flash, and Speedy! This is the Titans chance to learn more about their leader's childhood! But they'll have to help them return to the past. Can the Titans do it? Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 20 - Words: 22,177 - Reviews: 345 - Favs: 418 - Follows: 160 - Updated: 7/7/2012 - Published: 4/30/2012 - Robin - Complete Now You'll Never Be Lonely by Felicity G. Silvers reviews AU. Tony isn't really sure how he feels about Steve setting him up on a date with his newest waiter at the diner; at least he's easy on the eyes. Loki is a little less sure about this whole boss setting him up with his best friend either, not when he sees that bit of jealousy in Steve's eyes. -Complete- Avengers - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 9 - Words: 19,504 - Reviews: 115 - Favs: 200 - Follows: 116 - Updated: 7/7/2012 - Published: 6/25/2012 - Iron Man/Tony S., Loki - Complete Broken by tmjohn72 reviews Stiles becomes possessed by a demon and his friends are forced to work with the Argents to save him. They all want to help him but must face that it may not be possible. Eventual Derek/Stiles slash in later chapters. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 20,445 - Reviews: 67 - Favs: 70 - Follows: 65 - Updated: 7/6/2012 - Published: 6/30/2012 - Stiles, Derek H. In the Lurch by Girl-chama reviews After Thor leaves New Mexico, SHIELD absorbs Dr. Foster's work, and Darcy Lewis falls through the cracks. Hitching your wagon to bright stars does not guarantee ascension. Crossover - Thor & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Family - Chapters: 6 - Words: 28,215 - Reviews: 54 - Favs: 104 - Follows: 195 - Updated: 7/5/2012 - Published: 6/19/2012 - Darcy L. New York Take Over by DaGirl32 reviews Wally, Robin and Kara are on a mission to deliver a brain to a young boy In Gotham City but along the way they are transported to the avengers dimension and from there they are trying to figure out how to get home but S.H.I.E.L.D isn't that very welcoming to them but with some help from some super hero's of New York City the try and figure away back home Crossover - Young Justice & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,671 - Reviews: 22 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 33 - Published: 7/4/2012 - Wally W./Kid Flash, Hulk/Bruce B. Kaleidoscope by CrossingOver reviews Nothing will ever look the same when viewed by more than one person. Stiles is surprised to find that his friends planned a "Bad Boyfriend Intervention". He strongly disagrees. How can he and Derek move on if Derek begins to believe the popular opinion. Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,942 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 31 - Published: 7/4/2012 - Derek H., Stiles History of a Teacher by Famous Fault reviews (OoTP) Seeking vengeace for the death of his friends Yugi gets into trouble and is offered a haven in Hogwarts in exchange for his services as History of Magic teacher. He accepts and soon is responsible for greater chaos at Hogwarts than the school has ever faced before. At the same time the Shadow Creatures have their own agenda, causing even more chaos and great tragedy. REVISED Crossover - Harry Potter & Yu-Gi-Oh - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Tragedy - Chapters: 34 - Words: 207,563 - Reviews: 587 - Favs: 293 - Follows: 201 - Updated: 7/4/2012 - Published: 11/6/2011 - Atem, Rebecca H., Yūgi M. - Complete Sweepin' the Clouds Away by musing-reverie reviews The Avengers agree to do an episode of Sesame Street to improve their public image. Tony is less than impressed. Avengers - Rated: T - English - Humor - Chapters: 3 - Words: 4,745 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 47 - Follows: 11 - Published: 7/4/2012 - Complete iWill Never Be The Same by Color With Marker reviews Beck, Freddie, Robbie, Sam, and Trina go to a mental hospital in LA after being rescued for some healing time after all that had happened. But new and old drama will arise, and they will realize that they can never escape the insanity of their own lives. Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Drama/Tragedy - Chapters: 28 - Words: 37,583 - Reviews: 67 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 7/3/2012 - Published: 1/12/2012 - Complete Never Gonna Be Alone by B of Ericaland reviews The curse has been broken, but will emma or regina get their happy endings... Swan Queen/Remma. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 45 - Words: 74,908 - Reviews: 400 - Favs: 396 - Follows: 270 - Updated: 7/3/2012 - Published: 1/10/2012 - Emma S., Regina M./The Evil Queen - Complete best friend's brother by Hannah Kay is Missing reviews Sam and Carly are best friends. It's their senior year and things are changing between Sam and Carly's twin brother, Freddie. AU! Read and Review! iCarly - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 6 - Words: 8,783 - Reviews: 22 - Favs: 19 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 7/3/2012 - Published: 5/6/2012 - Freddie B., Sam P. Equal Footing by PinataRock reviews Growing up is always a pain. But when an acciendent with part of Time Eater's core makes Tails the same age Sonic, both the hedgehog and fox find out just how hard it is. Sonic the Hedgehog - Rated: K+ - English - Family/Friendship - Chapters: 15 - Words: 54,255 - Reviews: 52 - Favs: 32 - Follows: 19 - Updated: 7/3/2012 - Published: 2/17/2012 - Sonic, Tails - Complete I am Stiles Hear me Roar by CrossingOver reviews Stiles has been taken for granted since day one. He doesn't complain and is glad to do his part. He's fatally wounded and is given "The Bite" to save him. Did the pack lose their old Stiles when they traded up to the new and improved model? No Slash Teen Wolf - Rated: T - English - Drama - Chapters: 3 - Words: 2,918 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 57 - Follows: 118 - Updated: 7/2/2012 - Published: 6/3/2012 - Stiles, Derek H. A Time Travel Series:Dream Angel by Belle Gold reviews What happens when the characters of Once Upon A Time are thrust into the 1950s? Read Dream Angel and you'll see! I do not own Grease nor OUAT. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 14 - Words: 10,343 - Reviews: 24 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 7/2/2012 - Published: 5/22/2012 - Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold, Belle/Lacey - Complete New Beginnings by Wolf9lucky reviews Olivia is 16 and new to Port Charles. She is smart, funny, and ready for a change. Can she help Michael when he needs a friend the most? Or maybe be something more...Michael/OC Rating may change General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 2 - Words: 3,572 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 7/1/2012 - Published: 6/28/2012 - Michael C. III Missing in Fiction 3: Final Fiction Fantasy by Wherever Girl reviews It's a race against time as the gang tries to defeat Finneas once and for all. Can they stop the ritual, or is this their final adventure? Rated T for violence and some language Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Fangface - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 70 - Words: 166,019 - Reviews: 184 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 7/1/2012 - Published: 3/13/2012 The Seer and the Werewolf by ThePoetAndTheWriter reviews Ethan receives a letter from a old enemy. This strikes panic into his friends and they go searching for old friends and new to help them fight back. He also has a vision of a girl in danger and a huge choice he must make. Rated T Just in case. Etharah, Benny/OC, Scott and Allison and much more! Crossover - Teen Wolf & My Babysitter's a Vampire - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Fantasy - Chapters: 16 - Words: 10,439 - Reviews: 37 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 14 - Updated: 7/1/2012 - Published: 6/1/2012 - Scott M., Ethan M. Catching Fire by madTARDIStraveller reviews *Sequel to Die Another Day* With Sherlock's suicide being blamed on the Hunger Games, a year after his death the Hunger Games may never happen again. It's strange how an invite in the post can change everything, and you have to question your own reality... Crossover - Hunger Games & Sherlock - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 17 - Words: 22,306 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 6/30/2012 - Published: 5/12/2012 - Sherlock H. - Complete Big Time Vampire by Katerina The Von reviews It was pure luck. I wanted to get over Camille and maybe this was the way. "I'm Logan." "Call me Katherine." Crossover - Vampire Diaries & Big Time Rush - Rated: K - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 7,108 - Reviews: 53 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 6/30/2012 - Published: 1/20/2012 - Logan Reunion by fanfictioncollection2013 reviews *A novel set in 2012, a modern day take on The Perils of Penelope Pitstop with a spin on the plot that looks at the characters from a different angle.* Penelope Pitstop finds her world turned upside down when Sylvester is released from prison - as the two of them get closer she doesn't realize she is in danger - and this time, The Hooded Claw is NOT Sylvester - but can he save her? Perils of Penelope Pitstop - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 54,089 - Reviews: 13 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 6/30/2012 - Published: 6/18/2012 - Complete Avengers Unite by Quill to Paper reviews AU "If we can't protect the earth you can be damn well sure we'll avenge it." What if the Chitauri won? Who would stand against them? Who would fight back? Who would avenge the earth? The Avengers re-assemble with new allies and old foes. Their goal; to take back the Earth. Whatever the cost. T for violence Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 3 - Words: 7,267 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 6/29/2012 - Published: 6/22/2012 You're Stronger Than You Think by Ava Miranda Dakedavra reviews "Your family, they're about a bajillion miles away, worrying over you, you're worrying over them, but you're away from them to protect them, and that makes you a strong man, because it's hurting you and hurting them too, but you all just deal with it because you love each other." "Is there a relative point to this pep talk, Tony?" "You're a good freaking dad, Banner." Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Humor/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,422 - Reviews: 99 - Favs: 411 - Follows: 177 - Updated: 6/28/2012 - Published: 6/17/2012 - Hermione G., Hulk/Bruce B. - Complete The Need To Be Strong by Paige-Rawr reviews *Based after Necropolis, and a few years after Breaking Dawn* Scarlett Adams ends up in La Push, Washington after escaping the catastrophe in Hong Kong. What will happen when she's imprinted on by a special werewolf ? *Slight changes to Necropolis. READ: Crossover - Twilight & Power of Five series - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 4 - Words: 9,593 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 6/27/2012 - Published: 2/25/2012 - Seth, Scarlett A. Ella by XxXSerendipityXxX2013 reviews In this world the evil stepmother has every right to lock Ella up, but why? Journey with the classic Cinderella and her fight for survival and truth. Discover how her father died, why she was locked away from society, and who she really is. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Horror - Chapters: 2 - Words: 2,338 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 6/26/2012 - Published: 6/24/2012 A Space Between by Enigma-Eggroll reviews A man out of a time and a woman out of place find a way forward in a world filled with uncertainty. Crossover - Thor & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 28,268 - Reviews: 101 - Favs: 373 - Follows: 132 - Updated: 6/25/2012 - Published: 6/10/2012 - Darcy L., Captain America/Steve R. - Complete One Day Your Prince Will Come by SlimReaper reviews Loki and Taryn, backstory, before After the Fall and Mirrors and Shadows. Based on a dream. Guaranteed to be longer than I wanted it to be. Loki/OC, a brief mention of violence against a woman, then a longer mention of revenge for that, Loki being a BAMF, dancing, magic, fire, and gold stiletto heels. Yeah, I think that about covers it. Crossover - Thor & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 3 - Words: 10,140 - Reviews: 34 - Favs: 76 - Follows: 43 - Updated: 6/24/2012 - Published: 6/17/2012 - Loki - Complete The Chaos Exchange by thewerepuppy reviews A simple school exchange trip between Ridgeway and Hollywood Arts turns to complete chaos for everyone involved. Various ships included, and much hilarity guaranteed! Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 10 - Words: 26,569 - Reviews: 43 - Favs: 26 - Follows: 32 - Updated: 6/24/2012 - Published: 2/15/2012 Darkness and Light by Rose235b reviews Deep in her heart, she wasn't badass chick she pretends to be. She was just a little, lonely girl that wished, that someday she would find her prince charming. She let familiar darkness surround her, as she cried quietly… Jack/OC I own nothing but Marlo ON HOLD Xiaolin Showdown - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 4 - Words: 4,193 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 6/24/2012 - Published: 5/23/2011 - Jack OTP by Save vs. Magic reviews With 'Charmed and Dangerous' set to become a movie, Alex is shocked to discover the books based on her life are wildly popular. Even more shocking is what some fans are reading between the lines. And most disturbing of all? Justin might be one! -JALEX- Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 15 - Words: 66,465 - Reviews: 309 - Favs: 226 - Follows: 325 - Updated: 6/21/2012 - Published: 3/22/2011 - Alex R., Justin R. Once Upon A Vampire by JulietVanHeusen Well messed love that's all!Read it wouln't hurt!Summery sucks ,story very hard work.Justin/Juliet story and Jalex.But not Jalex you think Justin isn' t the only one with "J" Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 8 - Words: 9,950 - Favs: 2 - Published: 6/20/2012 - Justin R., Juliet vH. Camp Drama Mysteries by mah29732 reviews A whole new season involving Mystery Inc. being splitted up into five seperate teams, along with many surprises along the way with a mystery orientated theme that just doesn't involve the crazy person in the costume. Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Humor - Chapters: 56 - Words: 75,975 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 6/19/2012 - Published: 3/1/2012 - Complete Perhaps by OneRiddleMore reviews Would the events of Thor and Avengers have been different if Loki had been in love? Perhaps, perhaps not. Here is an attempt to find out. Starts fluffy, will not stay fluffy. Loki/Sif Crossover - Thor & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 5 - Words: 5,449 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 6/15/2012 - Published: 5/29/2012 - Sif, Loki Crossing Over by Lilo-and-Isabelle reviews My older sister is a crazed Max Ride fangirl, my little sister is a budding scientist, and I would do anything to be the normal one. But soon I'm waking up as a DHI in Disney World - with him. The one guy my sister would love to get her claws on. And now we have to save the park - maybe even the world. The worst part? I'm falling for him. T to be safe. Crossover - Maximum Ride & Kingdom Keepers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 5 - Words: 4,603 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 6/13/2012 - Published: 1/8/2012 - Iggy Stand by me by Yeziel Moore reviews Somebody else found the frozen Captain America before S.H.I.E.L.D. did. Who do you think it was? Crossover - Harry Potter & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Friendship - Chapters: 3 - Words: 14,655 - Reviews: 157 - Favs: 920 - Follows: 1,577 - Updated: 6/13/2012 - Published: 6/4/2012 - Harry P., Captain America/Steve R. He Saved Me by Emmi30307 reviews "Ever since you were, umm…in my mind I have been experiencing these emotions, that aren't mine. I was hoping …uh…you could help me understand it better…?"The pain of him knowing her emotions, but not realizing how she felt about him or that said emotions were hers to begin with. Rated for later chapters Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 16 - Words: 23,454 - Reviews: 26 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 6/11/2012 - Published: 5/31/2012 - Raven, Robin - Complete The Honeymoon Phase by IHeartLogiebear reviews Logan and Tori want to have the honeymoon of their life. But what happens when somebody ruins that and the marriage they wanted? Crossover - Big Time Rush & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 35 - Words: 75,558 - Reviews: 105 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 6/10/2012 - Published: 5/14/2012 - Logan, Tori V. - Complete Never Be in a Park Alone after 4 PM by tremblinghand reviews Who decided landing into Narnia was a good idea? [Non-Mary Sue.] [Inspired by PippinStrange.] Chronicles of Narnia - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 12 - Words: 46,447 - Reviews: 74 - Favs: 25 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 6/8/2012 - Published: 6/14/2009 - Caspian X Survival the Fittest by Isabella Katniss reviews Everybody in Panem knows about the Hunger Games. But what they don't know is that "Works of Fiction" that were famous before the Wars, are real. And that they have their OWN hunger games. HP, Phin and Ferb, Rick Riordan works. Apologies for any mistakes! Crossover - Harry Potter & Hunger Games - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 6 - Words: 2,994 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 6/6/2012 - Published: 4/18/2012 - Harry P. Fame and Fortune and Many Casualties by Supper Hot Turk reviews Damon Salvatore is living in the glorious Capitol and wants a change in his slow-paced life. He propels himself to fame with his looks, but in the Capitol, fans can be manic and being a celebrity is not what he expected. Crossover - Hunger Games & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 2 - Words: 4,714 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 6/5/2012 - Published: 5/27/2012 - Damon Lies My Partner Told Me by Mr. Chaos reviews Beckett has always wondered what Castle was like before they met. A visit by Nick Fury reveals he has a past she never could imagined and draws the two into the battle against Loki. Spoilers for 'Always' and a retelling of the CASTLE. I own nothing. Crossover - Castle & Avengers - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 11 - Words: 26,376 - Reviews: 118 - Favs: 153 - Follows: 112 - Updated: 6/2/2012 - Published: 5/8/2012 - Rick C. The Creed in Corona by Cossacks250 reviews With Robert de Sable dead, Altair must now head to the kingdom town of Corona in the hopes of tracking down his lieutenant to find this tenth Templar. Whilst there he make new friends and enemies. Some OC's. Crossover - Assassin's Creed & Tangled - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Friendship - Chapters: 29 - Words: 83,127 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 6/2/2012 - Published: 3/11/2012 - Complete Spiky Hair Competions by Cartoon's Child reviews My 1st X. All the Spiky hair are coming to Amity Park Some by Force to see who have the awesomeness, spikiness hair. Come one come all. Everything is one click ntestants: Danny F., Johnny T., Robin, Jake american dragon , Timmy T. and Cosmo. finally updated Crossover - Teen Titans & Danny Phantom - Rated: K - English - Humor - Chapters: 9 - Words: 3,423 - Reviews: 14 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 6/2/2012 - Published: 1/28/2012 With A Whimper by Balletvamp reviews "I want to propose a mutually beneficial…arrangement." Gabriel and Loki make a deal, to save them both from uncertain future. Crossover - Supernatural & Avengers - Rated: M - English - Drama - Chapters: 3 - Words: 3,681 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 58 - Updated: 6/1/2012 - Published: 5/29/2012 - Gabriel, Loki Till the ship sinks by The Night Owl Revolution reviews The summary like the movie except with some twists and the fact I've never watched the movie but know allot about the Titanic. Rated T for Teletubbies. Lol, I'm joking! Crossover - Titanic & Kung Fu Panda - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 8 - Words: 5,748 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 6/1/2012 - Published: 4/12/2012 - Captain Smith, Tigress - Complete The Craziest Love Story Ever Told by aaa3007 reviews Alex Russo thinks she's already met the love of her life but what will happen when a new boy turns up. Harry thinks everything is perfect until a new girl turns his life upside down. Crossover - Harry Potter & Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 7 - Words: 4,070 - Reviews: 24 - Favs: 28 - Follows: 31 - Updated: 6/1/2012 - Published: 12/2/2011 - Harry P., Alex R. Cheerleader Bella by RavenclawGryffindor Angel 14 reviews Bella has a secret that she didn't tell the Cullen's. She's a cheerleader! What happens when they all go to her old school? I DON'T OWN TWILIGHT OR VD. Crossover - Twilight & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Humor - Chapters: 5 - Words: 3,522 - Reviews: 59 - Favs: 173 - Follows: 148 - Updated: 5/31/2012 - Published: 11/8/2011 - Bella Dreaming by Day by Wallthorn reviews Cities are disappearing, Jericho returns to Jump City with a dark secret and a dream-wandering girlfriend, and the Titans are losing their hold on reality. They had learned a lesson in Titans Together, but was it meant to be forever? COMPLETE Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Family - Chapters: 21 - Words: 47,750 - Reviews: 27 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 5/31/2012 - Published: 4/20/2012 - Robin, Jericho - Complete Big Time Hold Up by TotallyLosingIt reviews Kendall, Logan, James and Carlos walk into a bank. But when a robbery goes down with the boys trapped inside, who will come out on their own two feet, and who will be in body bags? Plenty of whumpage to go around! Big Time Rush - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Adventure - Chapters: 10 - Words: 19,493 - Reviews: 160 - Favs: 100 - Follows: 85 - Updated: 5/31/2012 - Published: 2/28/2012 - Complete The Cheater and The Revenge by A.N.T Farm-Auslly-Fan-09 reviews Ever since there was an Austin Moon consert, P.J had a crush on Ally. When they start a romance line, Austin gets jealous and tries to attract Ally by making her jealous using Skyler's help. Turns out, P.J is a cheater to Skyler. Crossover - Good Luck Charlie & Austin & Ally - Rated: K - English - Chapters: 3 - Words: 1,019 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 6 - Published: 5/29/2012 - PJ D., Ally D. Torn Apart by Baxxie reviews In one night, their lives changed forever. One of them went missing, presumed dead by everyone. They refuse to give up, leaving everything else behind. Will they ever find him? How can they cope? Three is good, but four has always been better... Big Time Rush - Rated: T - English - Drama/Friendship - Chapters: 27 - Words: 77,575 - Reviews: 261 - Favs: 75 - Follows: 73 - Updated: 5/28/2012 - Published: 5/14/2011 Who Ever Said that Sleepovers Were Boring? by arKlight.RevIsion reviews Sadie finds a pair of boxers...that aren't hers. What happened last night? Characters from my other story, "Chance Meeting", also appear here. Rated T for...you know. Sadico, or Sadie x Nico of course, but hints other pairings, too. Again, this is SADICO! Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Kane Chronicles - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 22,382 - Reviews: 248 - Favs: 67 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 5/28/2012 - Published: 5/10/2012 - Nico A., Sadie K. - Complete The Power Of Three by xLillyAmalia reviews The life of four boys from Minnesota is about to change forever. Finding a book that holds powers beyond their understanding, the boys go on a journey full of lose, love, happiness and family. Crossover - Charmed & Big Time Rush - Rated: T - English - Drama/Supernatural - Chapters: 3 - Words: 6,377 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 5/26/2012 - Published: 5/22/2012 James White and Huntsman Kendall by StoryBook Heros reviews When The Evil King,Carlos Garcia,finds out the handsomest in the land is James White,he hires a huntsman,Kendall Knight,to kill him.But what happens when the huntsman falls for the target's sister Snow? SPECAIL GUEST STAR:GINNEFER GOODWIN AS SNOW WHITE Crossover - Fairy Tales & Big Time Rush - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 2,265 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 5/25/2012 - Published: 1/30/2012 - James Total Drama Castle by archerofscotland reviews Twenty-two Castle characters or, well, the teenage versions of them have signed up to live in a New York dorm where they'll compete in challenges and battle each other for the grand prize: a million dollars. Find out who survives on Total Drama Castle! Crossover - Total Drama series & Castle - Rated: T - English - Drama/Humor - Chapters: 3 - Words: 9,154 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 5/25/2012 - Published: 5/16/2012 Love Me to Pieces by Darkest Original reviews Damon Salvatore lost the love of his life in the early 1940's, a certain brown haired beauty. What he doesn't know is that she isn't dead but instead she is stuck, daggered in a coffin for the last seventy years by her own brother. He believes a lie about her disappearance and is bitter because of it. How would Damon react if she didn't mean to leave him? Bella/Damon Crossover - Twilight & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 2 - Words: 14,829 - Reviews: 52 - Favs: 387 - Follows: 190 - Updated: 5/24/2012 - Published: 5/14/2012 - Bella, Damon S. - Complete Mon It Up by Wixelt reviews I tried several times to think of a good description, but couldn't, so here goes This is a story about people turning into Pokemon. It's as terrible as the description suggests. Crossover - Pokémon & Shake It Up! - Rated: K - English - Chapters: 5 - Words: 3,402 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 5/23/2012 - Published: 1/18/2012 - CeCe J. - Complete The Rose Bush by ladymouse25 reviews A cross between Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast. Clarabell has lost her father and works as a maid for her Stepfamily. One day she is sold to the town's most notorious and cruel man. Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 26 - Words: 67,222 - Reviews: 118 - Favs: 179 - Follows: 54 - Updated: 5/22/2012 - Published: 4/14/2012 - Complete Dark Seas by Becky Sky reviews Once upon a time, there was a little mermaid, a war, and a choice. Once upon a time, she rewrote the story you thought you knew. Dare to enter the world of the Dark Seas. You will never be the same. Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Fantasy/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 26,665 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 5/20/2012 - Published: 3/1/2012 Joining Forces by thislife23 reviews The Winchester brothers and the Charmed Sons are forced together in a battle of epic proportions. With a myserious prophecy, unexpected love and a crazy family, the road to victory is never smooth. AU Crossover - Charmed & Supernatural - Rated: T - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 4 - Words: 5,765 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 5/19/2012 - Published: 2/6/2012 - Wyatt H., Dean W. From Cat to Bat by The Hubby reviews Helena is the daughter of Selina Kyle and thought she lived a normal life with her brother Jason. Yet her normal life is turned upside down when her mother's arrested, she is forced to meet the father she never knew, and attend Sky High as a junior. Crossover - DC Superheroes & Sky High - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 21 - Words: 53,487 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 2 - Published: 5/15/2012 - Warren P. - Complete The Good, The Bad, and The Crazy by IHeartLogiebear reviews A few months ago, Jo Taylor entered the Lakeview Mental Health Facility. When secrets are discovered about Lakeview, the BTR and VicTORious gang must go undercover and find out the truth. It may be the riskiest and most dangerous thing they'll ever do. Crossover - Big Time Rush & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Suspense - Chapters: 34 - Words: 65,580 - Reviews: 122 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 5/13/2012 - Published: 4/12/2012 - Complete Die Another Day by madTARDIStraveller reviews "John there are millions of people in southern England, statistically the chances of us knowing the chosen tribute" "I don't care about the statistics Sherlock it could still happen!" *Plot may seem muddled as im currently rewriting it* Crossover - Hunger Games & Sherlock - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 22 - Words: 22,760 - Reviews: 32 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 31 - Updated: 5/12/2012 - Published: 3/24/2012 - Sherlock H. - Complete Cinderally by MsAnimefreak92 reviews Ally works at Sonic Boom, she has stepsisters, and Trish is her fairy godmother? Austin is a Prince, that dresses as a commoner to sing for people, but his parents disapprove and Dez is his servant friend? Unlike other versions of cinderella it's nuts! Crossover - Cinderella & Austin & Ally - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 7 - Words: 9,450 - Reviews: 40 - Favs: 43 - Follows: 23 - Updated: 5/9/2012 - Published: 4/24/2012 - Complete Father of a Hero Part TWO: Secrets and Lies by Ninja Daughter of Hermes reviews Back from where we left off, the half-bloods are granted sanctuary at the X-Mansion. Their enemy is one stronger then anyone they have ever encountered, their intentions TWICE as deadly.Takes place in X-Men Evo world, borrowing elements from the Movie Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Adventure - Chapters: 5 - Words: 15,635 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 5/8/2012 - Published: 3/3/2012 - Iron Man - Complete Serenity by Mikaila Railyn Avery reviews Maybe all they needed was to go back to where it all began. Last names changed so it's totaly legal yo! Crossover - Wizards of Waverly Place & Camp Rock - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 10 - Words: 17,184 - Reviews: 76 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 23 - Updated: 5/6/2012 - Published: 1/26/2012 - Alex R., Mitchie T. Lost Tales of Fantasia by StrangePointOfView reviews All of your favorite Disney heroes after 1939. A darkfic about the unanswered questions of the Disneyverse. Disney - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Horror - Chapters: 15 - Words: 48,648 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 34 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 5/5/2012 - Published: 6/6/2011 Darkened Dimensions Book 1: A New Beginning by Dame-man reviews The start of a quest, a quest that would change that would change the world we knew. We follow Ghost-152, a former soldier, now turned into a god. With no memory of his former life, what will he do? with nothing to fight for, will he go on this odyssey? Crossover - X-overs & Misc. Books - Rated: K - English - Fantasy/Drama - Chapters: 4 - Words: 3,276 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Updated: 5/1/2012 - Published: 4/22/2012 Partially Kissed Hero by Perfect Lionheart reviews Summer before third year Harry has a life changing experience, and a close encounter with a dementor ends with him absorbing the horcrux within him. Features Harry with a backbone. Harry Potter - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Humor - Chapters: 103 - Words: 483,646 - Reviews: 15535 - Favs: 8,972 - Follows: 7,874 - Updated: 4/28/2012 - Published: 5/6/2008 - Harry P. written in the stars the beings of Chaos by 544544 reviews after percy sacrifices himself to save olympus he becomes more confident, brave and humourous but that isnt all that is changing with him, something even the fates dont have control over. Now it is time for Percy to meet Eliza and be who he was born to be Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 24 - Words: 38,484 - Reviews: 133 - Favs: 116 - Follows: 89 - Updated: 4/26/2012 - Published: 9/20/2011 - Percy J. Queen of Sneaks by Not-Your-Stereotypical-Blonde reviews She watched them approach her house, being the queen of sneaks requires effort, she has to know whats going on and its been that way for fifty years. This is what happens if sabrina became an everafter. One-shot AUish Sisters Grimm - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 2 - Words: 1,697 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 4/22/2012 - Published: 1/1/2012 - Puck, Sabrina G. - Complete Getting Jack by mah29732 reviews Aku has devised his most devious plan yet, a survival reality show with eleven skilled warriors whom would face Jack as the main prize, which Jack is misled to believe that the main prize is a time machine. Crossover - Samurai Jack & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Suspense - Chapters: 13 - Words: 10,911 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 4/22/2012 - Published: 3/29/2012 - Complete Power Rangers Samurai Version of The Hunger Games by Clementine Plum reviews Power Rangers Samurai and Hunger Games Crossover. Crossover - Power Rangers & Hunger Games - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 2 - Words: 2,558 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 4/18/2012 - Published: 4/15/2012 - Emily (PRS) Make a Way When There's not One by Doppler Effect reviews The homicide department picks up a case with an ending they weren't expecting for, involuntarily bringing in people who weren't interested in being involved. Some things that are personal are best kept quiet, but others can be dangerous secrets. Crossover - Alex Rider & Castle - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Friendship - Chapters: 16 - Words: 52,400 - Reviews: 146 - Favs: 113 - Follows: 80 - Updated: 4/17/2012 - Published: 2/1/2012 - Alex R./Cub, Rick C. - Complete Our Neck of the Woods by Sookie Starchild reviews Emissaries from five stories outside the reach of Regina's curse embark on a dangerous mission to stop the witch responsible - provided they can remember what they're supposed to do. Storybrooke is funny that way. ABANDONED. Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Fantasy - Chapters: 17 - Words: 45,113 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 4/13/2012 - Published: 3/13/2012 - OC Brother's Keeper by ConeycatJr reviews There is a new administration in charge of SHIELD, one that does not believe in magical beings roaming around loose. Fortunately for Loki, he has friends on the inside. Crossover: Thor/ Being Human/ Avengers. Crossover - Being Human & Thor - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 36 - Words: 234,468 - Reviews: 385 - Favs: 234 - Follows: 84 - Updated: 4/12/2012 - Published: 11/3/2011 - Loki - Complete Living A Double Life by IHeartLogiebear reviews VicTORious joins BTR for a world tour. It sounds like fun, right? Well, think again. Between hiding their powers from their fans and stopping one man's dangerous plot, this tour is quickly becoming a big time mess. Crossover - Big Time Rush & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Suspense - Chapters: 33 - Words: 60,755 - Reviews: 119 - Favs: 32 - Follows: 17 - Updated: 4/11/2012 - Published: 3/12/2012 - Complete A New Start by kitkat101895 reviews Alex has been kicked out of school and now her and Justin must go and live with their cousins, Elena and Jeremy. While there, Alex meets Stefan who is everything a girl wants but when she meets Damon, things will end bad. Crossover - Wizards of Waverly Place & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Adventure - Chapters: 25 - Words: 110,135 - Reviews: 112 - Favs: 131 - Follows: 83 - Updated: 4/10/2012 - Published: 10/2/2010 - Alex R., Stefan S. - Complete The Beginning of a Love Story by kitkat101895 reviews A sequel to A New Start. You thought Katherine was your only problem? Think again. Isabellas here and all hell is about to break loose. Better summary inside Crossover - Wizards of Waverly Place & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 17 - Words: 88,229 - Reviews: 62 - Favs: 43 - Follows: 31 - Updated: 4/10/2012 - Published: 11/1/2011 - Alex R., Damon S., Stefan S. - Complete Stranger than Witchtion by Dominus Trinus reviews No photographs of Prue—the only thing strange in what appears to be a perfect happily ever after future Piper stumbled upon using Coop's ring. But then again, isn't it also strange that nobody has actually seen Prue's pictures since her untimely demise...or since Paige's arrival? Charmed - Rated: T - English - Drama/Humor - Chapters: 2 - Words: 25,893 - Reviews: 55 - Favs: 39 - Follows: 47 - Updated: 4/10/2012 - Published: 6/27/2011 - Prue H., Piper H., Phoebe H., Paige M. Titans Phantoms by rinofmidnight reviews Danny Fentons family are dead, with no where left to go, he soon finds himself in Jump City. But will this be for the better, or merely end in doom for him and the Teen Titans. This is Danny and Dani's timeline. She comes in chapter 13 Crossover - Teen Titans & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 16 - Words: 125,004 - Reviews: 54 - Favs: 142 - Follows: 136 - Updated: 4/8/2012 - Published: 2/15/2012 Stolen Twin by xXsongsmmrsXx reviews What if you discover that your whole life was full of secrets? Everything you had lived for was just ripped out with one peice of paper? What if you had a twin who was stolen at birth that you can't remember and what if he was made evil? JN x HP Crossover - Harry Potter & Jimmy Neutron - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 4 - Words: 10,529 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 4/7/2012 - Published: 1/28/2012 Into The Frying Pan by kiara87 reviews Two witches went to demon-market, one former-hunter was on sale. The witches saved the hunter and they orbed all the way home… hitting a few speed bumps on the way, of course. When Dean outlives his usefulness in hell, Lilith decides to sell him on. Crossover - Charmed & Supernatural - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 3 - Words: 17,084 - Reviews: 29 - Favs: 81 - Follows: 39 - Updated: 4/7/2012 - Published: 1/16/2012 - Chris H., Dean W. - Complete Terra: A Redemption Story by Courier999 reviews Justice League High Command has put Terra back into the Teen Titans. Can she redeem herself to the team? Reconstruction. Read and Review! Crossover - Batman the Animated Series & Teen Titans - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 8 - Words: 4,255 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 4/5/2012 - Published: 4/1/2012 - Dick G., Terra This Almost Magic, Awful beautiful life by Ooo-shiny reviews Will Sadie, Carter and Bast ever survive cartoon land? And will Sadie get her revenge on Set? Random, and funny. R&R! Crossover - Teen Titans & Kane Chronicles - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 4 - Words: 1,159 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 4/5/2012 - Published: 2/5/2012 - Sadie K. God Save Me by BC1234 reviews Tara Xavier has gotten over the pain of what happened four years ago. Now that another mutant almost as bad as Shaw shows up she now is the body guard for big time inventor Howard Stark yet he doesn't know she exists, only his son Tony knows. Easy right? Crossover - Marvel & X-Men: The Movie - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Crime - Chapters: 13 - Words: 14,561 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 4/5/2012 - Published: 12/29/2011 - Complete Alvin and the Chipmunks stranded on Jurassic Park by benderjam reviews Based off of the movie Alvin and the Chipmunks Chipwrecked, the Chipmunks and the Chipettes become stranded on an island, to find out that the Jurassic Park movies were based off of true stories as they embark on their greatest adventure ever. Crossover - Alvin and the chipmunks & Jurassic Park - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 21 - Words: 44,056 - Reviews: 60 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 4/1/2012 - Published: 1/29/2012 - Complete The 39 Steps To Parenthood by oddment1 reviews Zack and Raya are very happy now that they know that they are going to be parents. However, Zack is about to accidentally get involved in a weird scavenger hunt that could doom the world if the wrong people win. Crossover - Jem & 39 Clues - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 11,667 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 2 - Updated: 3/31/2012 - Published: 3/20/2012 - Dan C. - Complete Minnesota Reunions by Baxxie reviews It's been 8 years since BTR broke up and the boys grew apart. Now, family members are reunited when they meet up in the principal's office of the local elementary school after a fight broke out between kids. Could have a sequel if you like? Big Time Rush - Rated: K+ - English - Family/Friendship - Chapters: 9 - Words: 25,001 - Reviews: 63 - Favs: 50 - Follows: 50 - Updated: 3/30/2012 - Published: 4/9/2011 Scooby Doo and the Grimwood Girls by Blood Brandy reviews After defeating the Witches Ghost, Shaggy and Scooby run into an old friend. A collaborative work. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Humor - Chapters: 2 - Words: 12,474 - Reviews: 103 - Favs: 440 - Follows: 352 - Updated: 3/29/2012 - Published: 10/7/2011 - Shaggy, Scooby Doo Adventures of Mario & Sonic: Generations by jakeroo123 reviews After the events of Super Mario Colors, Sonic and Tails are living happily after being adopted as little brothers by Mario and Luigi. When something happens on Sonic's birthday, past and present meet. I own nothing. No pairings. Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & Mario - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Friendship - Chapters: 37 - Words: 40,874 - Reviews: 150 - Favs: 42 - Follows: 19 - Updated: 3/27/2012 - Published: 11/26/2011 - Tails, Luigi - Complete Give and Take by SVUlover reviews When tragedy strikes the Stewart family, Miley is sent into a whole new life, revealing unknown relations to certain little liars in Rosewood...so it's no surprise when the mysterious 'A' pulls Miley into their games, too. JILEY, PLL CANNON PAIRS. Crossover - Hannah Montana & Pretty Little Liars - Rated: T - English - Drama/Family - Chapters: 11 - Words: 32,600 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 3/26/2012 - Published: 1/9/2012 - Hannah M./Miley S. The Other Twice Blessed by JasonMorganfan87 reviews What if Chris lied to the Halliwells about who he is? Chris is not the son of Piper and Leo, but that doesn't mean he's not a Halliwell. Who are Chris' parents? Will the sisters find out? And what's this about him being twice blessed as well? Charmed - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 20 - Words: 36,352 - Reviews: 195 - Favs: 274 - Follows: 130 - Updated: 3/26/2012 - Published: 3/5/2012 - Chris H. - Complete Artemis and the Chocolate Factory by Wonkaverse reviews How the legendary tour in Willy Wonka's factory would have turned out if the most intelligent child in Western Europe had wanted to find a Golden Ticket. Crossover - Artemis Fowl & Charlie and the Chocolate Factory - Rated: K+ - English - Fantasy - Chapters: 6 - Words: 16,322 - Reviews: 39 - Favs: 46 - Follows: 15 - Updated: 3/25/2012 - Published: 3/13/2012 - Artemis F., Willy Wonka - Complete Beautiful Monster by Katerina The Von reviews She was beautiful, but also a monster. Or was she? Vampire Diaries - Rated: K - English - Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 667 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 3 - Published: 3/22/2012 - Katherine - Complete Wish You Were Here by dandelion657 reviews AU Power Rangers and Bones crossover fic. When something happens to a beloved ranger, it is up to the team at the Jeffersonian Institute to help the rangers find the murderer. Only problem is, this murderer can't be thrown in jail. More inside. Crossover - Power Rangers & Bones - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Friendship - Chapters: 10 - Words: 20,994 - Reviews: 34 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 3/18/2012 - Published: 2/24/2012 - Kim H. - Complete How to Train Your Keyblade by Elizabeth Anne19 reviews This takes place after Roxas leaves the Organization. He's walking through a Dark Corridor away from Axel when he gets tired of hearing the red head yelling for him. What happens when the world he plunges head first into is Berk? well it's all explained. This is an Akuroku fic by the way I cant believe I didn't have that here before now Crossover - Kingdom Hearts & How to Train Your Dragon - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 10 - Words: 61,872 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 24 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 3/17/2012 - Published: 3/3/2012 - Roxas, Hiccup - Complete The Final Battle by Starcrystal8 reviews The Final Battle looms closer. Only this time instead of the Three, there are cats with Graces that must save the clans. At the time, these cats are being used to spy on the other clans. Can a unexpected friendship change this? Rating may change to a T. Warriors - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure - Chapters: 3 - Words: 3,705 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 1 - Updated: 3/14/2012 - Published: 2/21/2012 - Jayfeather Being a Papa by Anisonicfan88 reviews *PLEASE READ SUMMARY* It's a story of how Papa Smurf got and raised his little smurfs to become the smurfs they are now. Let's see if you can guess which smurf is which before Papa says who it is at the end of each chapter Smurfs - Rated: K - English - Family/Friendship - Chapters: 9 - Words: 18,290 - Reviews: 101 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 3/12/2012 - Published: 1/8/2012 - Papa Smurf Danger Island by IHeartLogiebear reviews When VicTORious and Big Time Rush meet for the first time at the Hollywood Arts Talent Show, Tori and her friends are asked to open for a BTR concert. That same night, an accident happens that changes their lives forever. What will happen on the island? Crossover - Big Time Rush & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Suspense - Chapters: 31 - Words: 65,519 - Reviews: 147 - Favs: 37 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 3/12/2012 - Published: 2/15/2012 - Complete Brawler and Battler by Wishmaker1028 reviews I think it is high time I touch on this kind of crossover. Dan and Ash are both thinking about each other but the question is...why? What is the secret between Dan Kusco and Ash Ketchum? Do Drago and Pikachu know? Does anyone know? I do! ...wait, I don't count... AU, based on my 'Cousins in Time' universe. Please read and review! -And always think outside of the box! Edited on DA. Crossover - Pokémon & Bakugan Battle Brawlers - Rated: K+ - English - Family/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 19 - Words: 18,523 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 30 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 3/11/2012 - Published: 1/20/2012 - Ash K./Satoshi, Dan K. - Complete Twilight 'n' Tower Prep by T1gerCat reviews A kidnapping opens a door for more. Much more. Crossover - Twilight & Tower Prep - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Friendship - Chapters: 6 - Words: 5,578 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 3/11/2012 - Published: 2/5/2012 - Bella, Ian A. - Complete The Promise of Life by elecktrum reviews They were too old to return to Narnia, or so Peter told them. But was that the whole truth? Chronicles of Narnia - Rated: K - English - Family/Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,656 - Reviews: 52 - Favs: 114 - Follows: 11 - Published: 3/10/2012 - Susan Pevensie, Peter Pevensie - Complete Meddling, Magic, and Misdemeanors by Polychromatism reviews The gods are loose! What happens when you mix a godling-bounty hunter with the Young Justice team? An adventure the size of my grandmother! But what happen when a storm is brewing right under the group's noses? NOW COMPLETE! Sequel is 'The Art of Living' Crossover - Kane Chronicles & Young Justice - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Mystery - Chapters: 13 - Words: 31,363 - Reviews: 35 - Favs: 24 - Follows: 12 - Updated: 3/9/2012 - Published: 12/3/2011 - Richard G./Nightwing - Complete Night and Day by Sandytoes919 reviews I knew no matter what, if there was a way out then I would have gladly taken it regardless of the repercussions. He just happened to be a repercussion. One giant stinking leech repercussion. Twilight - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 18 - Words: 31,379 - Reviews: 78 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 3/7/2012 - Published: 1/19/2012 - Leah, Sam The Seven by Punkboy reviews What if Sam Carly And Freddie Where apart of the Seven and what if Luke was given a second chance and came back and is influencing a certain someone to betrey the demigods Plz read Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & iCarly - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 6 - Words: 1,320 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 3/5/2012 - Published: 1/26/2012 - Luke C., Sam P. Somewhere Over The Rainbow by SagittariusWarrior reviews When Rose gets hit by a branch during a storm, she is sent back to Kansas and thinks that she's Dorothy. While she's in Oz, her friends have to deal with Dimitri and Tasha's return to the Academy. I don't own anything! Crossover - Wizard of Oz & Vampire Academy - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Adventure - Chapters: 21 - Words: 23,916 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 3/5/2012 - Published: 1/1/2012 - Dorothy G., Rose H. - Complete Titans 20 Intro by Spydr22 reviews Character Bios from my upcoming crossover Fan Fiction Titans 2.0 Some are my OC's with superhero identities. Crossover - Ultimate Marvel & Teen Titans - Rated: K - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 7 - Words: 3,071 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 3/4/2012 - Published: 1/27/2012 - Complete I love you by Anisonicfan88 reviews *READ SUMMARY PLEASE* When Hefty finally wants to express his feelings towards Smurfette, he does the most romantic things to do so. *There's wedding and... a family too* Smurfs - Rated: K - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 26 - Words: 56,609 - Reviews: 99 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 3/4/2012 - Published: 10/29/2011 - Smurfette, Hefty TNTC Season 1 by chipmunkfanantic reviews After a concert in Cali Dave is driving the famous band home little does he know that a biker gang or so he thinks is following him which sets events in motion leading to Adam and the gang meeting four mutant turtles one mutant rat Casey and April Oneill Crossover - Alvin and the chipmunks & Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 14 - Words: 17,596 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 2/29/2012 - Published: 2/15/2012 - Leonardo - Complete Escape from Sartana by mah29732 reviews Prequel for Season 6 of the Camp Drama series. Sartana is enraged her grandson Django never got a shot, even though her blind range is ignoring Django may have a shot after all. Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Humor - Chapters: 6 - Words: 7,667 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 6 - Updated: 2/28/2012 - Published: 2/18/2012 - Complete Wizards of 'Warts Part Two by CleverforClever reviews Jalex at Hogwarts. Harry returns for the rest of the semester to fight the Russos in the Triwizard Tournament. Justin is a champion, and Alex is afraid she will lose him. Beginning of Part Two. AU past. Crossover - Harry Potter & Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: K+ - English - Angst/Drama - Chapters: 3 - Words: 8,480 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 2/28/2012 - Published: 2/7/2012 - Harry P., Alex R. - Complete The 76th Hunger Games by RunningfromDarkness reviews The Districts never won. The 76th Hunger Games is promised to be the best one yet. Katniss is just watching,but a certan somone is called to be a tribute. She struggles to find hope as the one she loves dearly is on the verge of being lost forever Hunger Games - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 9 - Words: 48,856 - Reviews: 70 - Favs: 41 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 2/28/2012 - Published: 2/10/2012 - Katniss E., Gale H. - Complete Let Go by BigStuOU reviews Beck's POV on his relationship's with Jade and Tori. Will have songs involved in the story but will not be a true songfic. Not sure how mature it will get, right now I will put it at a T, so it will probably include some cursing and sexual innuendos. Victorious - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 5 - Words: 8,275 - Reviews: 25 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 2/27/2012 - Published: 1/5/2012 - Beck O. It all started with a Pencil by FangandIggyRule reviews What if Iggy could see, with a person's touch? Erene happens to be going to the high school the Flock goes to, and one little action changes both of their worlds, forever. I'm not so great at summaries IggyxOC Character. Disclaimer: Me no own Max Ride. Maximum Ride - Rated: T - English - Romance/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 5 - Words: 5,346 - Reviews: 25 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 2/26/2012 - Published: 11/14/2010 - Iggy The thing that changed everything by horsegal523 reviews okay well. Um yeah i'm not good at this so just read it it's pretty good : xoxo, okay so i now made this a cross over with one of my fave shows ever it's Castle on ABC and BTW I own no songs in here i just really love them : Crossover - Castle & Austin & Ally - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 11 - Words: 8,564 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 2/26/2012 - Published: 2/20/2012 - Kate B., Austin M. - Complete Father of a hero by Ninja Daughter of Hermes reviews Tony Stark/Iron Man's life has always been unpredictable and screwed. What happen if he has a daughter? Who is a half blood? Say she doesn't even know her secret. Or Tony's... Rated T in case. Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 22 - Words: 50,872 - Reviews: 134 - Favs: 44 - Follows: 26 - Updated: 2/26/2012 - Published: 1/10/2012 - Iron Man - Complete Because of Dimension by Benny The Crazed Cartoonist reviews Jumba finds a new experiment. One that can transport you to other dimensions. Reuben and Megan just "happen" to come in and accidentally get transported to Beauty and the Beast! How will they get home if they ever do ? Will there be conflict? DUH! Crossover - Lilo & Stitch & Beauty and the Beast - Rated: K - English - Chapters: 6 - Words: 5,550 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 2 - Published: 2/25/2012 - 625/Reuben, Lumiere - Complete Kingdom Souls by Dayd111 reviews Jaden Yuki and his friends' lives are torn apart in a single night, when their island is destroyed by the Soulless. Now Jaden must find Zane and Alexis by going through different worlds, with Looney Tunes characters, and armed with a mysterious key. Crossover - Anime X-overs & Cartoon X-overs - Rated: K+ - English - Fantasy/Adventure - Chapters: 10 - Words: 53,776 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 2/24/2012 - Published: 2/12/2012 A prank never to be smurfed by chibinekogirl101 reviews When Hefty, Gutsy, and Grouchy get a prank played on them, they get revenge on Brainy. But when they learn that it was Jokey who played the prank after the event, how will thet save Brainy and stay out of trouble with Papa? WARNING: Miled violence. Smurfs - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Family - Chapters: 12 - Words: 9,254 - Reviews: 60 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 2/24/2012 - Published: 1/19/2012 - Brainy Zeus has a Quest? by ParadoxialLife reviews When Percy and the other demigods are tired of Zeus' arrogance, they send him, Athena, and Poseidon on the quest to retrieve the lightning bolt. Can three gods that hate each other work together to complete the quest like Annabeth and Percy? HIATUS! Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 6 - Words: 7,885 - Reviews: 50 - Favs: 31 - Follows: 51 - Updated: 2/20/2012 - Published: 1/29/2012 - Zeus, Poseidon Raven Phantom by MetroXLR99 reviews AU Despite defeating Trigon, Raven is STILL having difficulty with her powers. things get worse when Trigon returns and corrupts Beast Boy by using her Demon Self. in order to Save him, Raven sacrifices a normal life by becoming "Half Ghost" BBxRae Crossover - Teen Titans & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 9 - Words: 24,847 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 19 - Updated: 2/20/2012 - Published: 2/11/2012 - Raven Lessons of Phantom by DizzlyPuzzled reviews One month he lost all hope of ever finding his family again. He has been traveling around not sure what to do anymore. Until he ends up in Miami and some people wish to help, can they help him save whats left of his life? Temporary Hold Until I get Ideas Crossover - Danny Phantom & Burn Notice - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Adventure - Chapters: 8 - Words: 32,121 - Reviews: 28 - Favs: 35 - Follows: 42 - Updated: 2/19/2012 - Published: 1/25/2012 - Danny F., Michael W. Notes by PieceOfMyHeart reviews Word challenge from Dangerpronek. Major Shelma fluff Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,109 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 1 - Published: 2/19/2012 - Shaggy, Velma - Complete Camp Drama Campaign Trial by mah29732 reviews Welcome to season five which the number of contestants have been downsized, but also added in a few special surprises in store for this season along with Blaineley getting back to her old rivalry with Chris McLean. Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Humor/Suspense - Chapters: 64 - Words: 109,517 - Reviews: 13 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 2/16/2012 - Published: 10/13/2011 - Complete A Mothers Wish by K.I.DofXstream reviews When Reba's best friend, Barbara Jean and Reba's ex-husband Brock reveal they are starting a family, the one thing Reba and Brock could never do, it forces something Reba thought she had locked away for ever, to rise to the surface. ;;'x Reba - Rated: M - English - Drama/Friendship - Chapters: 32 - Words: 79,965 - Reviews: 114 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 2/14/2012 - Published: 1/18/2012 - Complete Spongebob's Hi Tech Joy Ride by mah29732 reviews What happens when the Dark Knight and Aqua Man show up to the residents of Bikini Bottom and their parodies of Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy? And what happens when Spongebob accidently takes the Black Manta's hi tech submarine for a wild ride? Crossover - SpongeBob SquarePants & Batman: The Brave and the Bold - Rated: T - English - Parody/Humor - Chapters: 4 - Words: 3,538 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 2/14/2012 - Published: 2/8/2012 - Complete The Moon Heir Part 1 the Lost Ones by Crossoverpairinglover reviews Upon a prophecy granted by her Brother, Artemis is required to have a child, but manages to do so quietly. But her son ends up as an important piece in a prophecy that could lead Olympus to a drastic change. Kane Chronicles also, Heroes of Olympus themes Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 81 - Words: 154,538 - Reviews: 590 - Favs: 274 - Follows: 168 - Updated: 2/14/2012 - Published: 5/27/2011 - Percy J., Thalia G., Artemis, Jason G. - Complete iMay Transfer by The Throne reviews While Carly is chatting with Tori, Sam and Freddie are singing. Tori gets caught by Helen, but when Helen hears Sam and Freddie sing, she decides that they will be perfect for HA. They love the opportunity, but will they leave Carly? Will have Seddie. Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 11 - Words: 11,002 - Reviews: 43 - Favs: 24 - Follows: 12 - Updated: 2/13/2012 - Published: 12/25/2011 - Carly S., Tori V. - Complete Murder of Intelligence by Paws13 reviews Our favorite spy, Alex Rider is stuck in New York under the protection of the precinct. Mix in a teenage spy, and our favorite crime solving duo and what do you get? A whole lot of trouble! Season 4 and before Crocodile tears. NO SLASH. Crossover - Alex Rider & Castle - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Adventure - Chapters: 3 - Words: 8,183 - Reviews: 30 - Favs: 55 - Follows: 86 - Updated: 2/13/2012 - Published: 1/30/2012 - Alex R./Cub, Kate B. What Happens When Two Worlds Collide by rainbowcapillaries reviews After the war, Hermione wants to go to a Muggle university. She drags along a reluctant Ron and a resigned Harry to an Open Day. But what happens when the trio meet a wannabe vampire,an anthropomorphic dog, and a creepy reincarnation of Cedric Diggory? Crossover - Harry Potter & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Humor - Chapters: 4 - Words: 5,443 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 2/12/2012 - Published: 1/21/2012 - Complete Big Brother by PinataRock reviews When Tails wishes to know what it is like to be the big brother, he never expected it to come true. Finding out how to undo it is hard enough without having to look after a five year old blue hedgehog. REVIEWS AND FAVES ARE MUCH GRATEFUL! Sonic the Hedgehog - Rated: K+ - English - Friendship/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 8 - Words: 25,711 - Reviews: 56 - Favs: 49 - Follows: 19 - Updated: 2/12/2012 - Published: 1/19/2012 - Tails, Sonic - Complete Demon or Ghost, a Raven Oneshot by MetroXLR99 reviews AU Raven muses on the events that led to Trigon removing her Demon Half, thus corrupting Beast Boy's soul by fusing it to him...AND, her choice to sacrifice a Normal, Human life by becoming Half Ghost. BBxRae Crossover - Teen Titans & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,310 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 3 - Published: 2/10/2012 - Raven - Complete Things Always Either Go Bad or Just Get Much Worse by bloodhungryHalfa reviews There's a weird new kid at school. That, and the world's about to end. Again. Some things never change. But... since Wilbur changed the future, why is everything still the same as when Lewis left? DP:TUE Alternate Reality Crossover - Danny Phantom & Meet the Robinsons - Rated: T - English - Sci-Fi/Supernatural - Chapters: 3 - Words: 3,836 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 2/9/2012 - Published: 2/6/2012 - Dan Phantom, Wilbur R. Dragons and secret agents? by Redemerald6 reviews "Wow, you fight well fora platypus." said toothless "Thanks." I said suddenly I heard "Perry?" from behind me. Toothless turned "You know I think the gods hate you more than they hate Hiccup." He said as Phineas and Ferb stood there shocked.Please review! Crossover - Phineas and Ferb & How to Train Your Dragon - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 5 - Words: 3,795 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 2/9/2012 - Published: 1/26/2012 - Perry, Toothless - Complete Poke 10 Force by Wishmaker1028 reviews Ever wonder what happened to Cyrus after he jumped into that new world? Well, what if that new world was a porthole to another universe and it just so happened to be Ben's universe? This story tells that tale. Rating increased for a reason! I have warned you! Please read & review! -And always think outside of the box! Based on my 'Cousins in Time' universe. Crossover - Pokémon & Ben 10 - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 16 - Words: 10,401 - Reviews: 28 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 2/9/2012 - Published: 12/13/2011 - Ash K./Satoshi, Ben T. - Complete They're Not Freaks by TT Raven's Vampire reviews Possibily Temporary Title. A few days after Danny gets his powers, he's captured. Read to find out more because I suck at summaries. OCs warning. Crossover - Teen Titans & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 3 - Words: 3,196 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 25 - Updated: 2/8/2012 - Published: 2/5/2012 When Two Collide:Austin and Ally Love Story by BalletR5love123 reviews Ally is abused by her father. She goes to a boarding school before it gets worse. When the most popular guy in school falls for her, will either of their lives be the same? Rated T for self-harm, abuse, and profanity. Austin & Ally - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 5 - Words: 5,008 - Reviews: 26 - Favs: 34 - Follows: 47 - Updated: 2/6/2012 - Published: 1/23/2012 - Austin M., Ally D. Operation: STUPID by mah29732 reviews Billy is bugging the heck out of Sector V by always calling an emergency every time he opens up Grim's trunk, and oddly enough it may not be as dangerous as he makes it out to be. Crossover - Grim and Evil & Codename: Kids Next Door - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 4 - Words: 3,956 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 2 - Updated: 2/6/2012 - Published: 1/31/2012 - Complete Close to Home by oldmoviewatcher reviews When she opened the door, she quickly put her gun back in its holster. In front of the duo were two six year old girls, each with brown hair and blue- green eyes. One held a baby in her arms while they huddled behind the bunk beds. Castle - Rated: K - English - Hurt/Comfort/Family - Chapters: 22 - Words: 14,340 - Reviews: 67 - Favs: 69 - Follows: 113 - Updated: 2/5/2012 - Published: 1/20/2012 - Rick C., Kate B. - Complete Protector, Lover, Friend by anyaloves24 reviews I like La Push, I don't know why. It just feels like I belong here, like it's home. I know it sounds ridiculous, I've never even spoken to anyone who lives here. I just find myself wanting to go back, like somethings waiting for me there. Twilight - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 11 - Words: 22,475 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 12 - Updated: 2/5/2012 - Published: 1/19/2012 - Embry Bewitched by T1gerCat reviews The night before her wedding Bella has to save the family she never knew she had. Not so difficult, right? Crossover - Charmed & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 8 - Words: 8,656 - Reviews: 47 - Favs: 134 - Follows: 74 - Updated: 2/5/2012 - Published: 12/18/2011 - Coop, Bella - Complete Who Are You? by Emmett'sRealWife reviews I suck at summaries so just read it Crossover - Twilight & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 2 - Words: 1,127 - Reviews: 14 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 21 - Updated: 2/2/2012 - Published: 2/1/2012 - Bella The Secret Diaries by GoInOneDirection reviews A crossover between Secret Circle and Vampire Diaries. When the Secret Circle have to go to Mystic Falls because they heard of witchs being there and they need help, they find more supernatural occurances also exist. Crossover - Vampire Diaries & Secret Circle - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Fantasy - Chapters: 2 - Words: 491 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 2/2/2012 - Published: 1/29/2012 - Elena G., Cassie B. Mistakes by Superville1 reviews 5 years ago Dean went to Smallville on a job, met Chloe and they hooked up. He pushed her away by making a mistake. He leaves Smallville but doesn't know that shes carrying his child. When he comes back, will she forgive him after he hurt her? Crossover - Smallville & Supernatural - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 9 - Words: 15,378 - Reviews: 19 - Favs: 24 - Follows: 33 - Updated: 2/1/2012 - Published: 9/13/2011 - Chloe S., Dean W. Princess Diaries by Miley Owns My Gypsy Heart reviews 14-year-old Miley Stewart isn't who she thought she was. A mix-up at a hospital and fourteen years later Miley finds out she's a Crown Princess, destined to be Queen before she can even drive. Also featuring Queen Mia of Genovia and Shane Gray of the CRS. Hannah Montana - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 40 - Words: 102,098 - Reviews: 180 - Favs: 46 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 1/31/2012 - Published: 9/9/2011 - Hannah M./Miley S. - Complete Sherlock vs Dexter by biomechanical reviews While in Miami searching for Irene, Sherlock becomes involved in a murder case where he meets Dexter Morgan. What will happen when the Great Detective discovers Dexter's Dark Secret? Rated T for language and gore. Sherlock S2E2, Dexter S1. No slash. UPDATED 8-7-12. Crossover - Dexter & Sherlock - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Drama - Chapters: 5 - Words: 7,496 - Reviews: 48 - Favs: 105 - Follows: 66 - Updated: 1/31/2012 - Published: 1/14/2012 - Dexter M., Sherlock H. - Complete Mario vs Sonic by BeastWithinProductions reviews On the day of their wedding Peach is kidnapped by a mysterious figure. Mario sets out to rescue her and all the clues point towards a certain blue hedgehog, Sonic. Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & Mario - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 7 - Words: 14,687 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 1/31/2012 - Published: 1/17/2012 - Sonic, Mario - Complete A Jonas Story SuperCharmed Style Saga 1 by Faith Summers88 reviews A Child that falls from the heavens and lands on earth is taken in by two family that love him. As he grows he will discover his powers and destiny through trails and tribulation that he must overcome. Crossover of Charmed Supernatural and Jonas Brothers. Crossover - Charmed & Supernatural - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Family - Chapters: 50 - Words: 42,620 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 4 - Updated: 1/30/2012 - Published: 9/29/2011 - Castiel - Complete Supervillain Honeymoon by Marnie reviews Following their surprise marriage in Alfheim, Steve has to introduce the Avengers to his new wife, and Lady Loki has to set her mind at rest about the consequences of a certain broken vow. Crossover - Thor & Captain America - Rated: K - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 4 - Words: 9,334 - Reviews: 91 - Favs: 194 - Follows: 49 - Updated: 1/30/2012 - Published: 1/23/2012 - Loki, Steve R./Capt. America - Complete The Chosen ones by Halfblood555 reviews this story is not about Alex russo all though it has her and her brothers in it! it is about alexandria dumbledore Dumbledore's Grandaughter!who falls in love with harry!will they live together for ever or die? what will happen in...The Chosen Ones! Crossover - Harry Potter & Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 3 - Words: 399 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 1/30/2012 - Published: 1/29/2012 - Harry P. Chad's Little Sonshine by have-a-cookie reviews I said I loved you, isn't that enough... Response to HoLlIwOoDbOuNd13’s challenge, rated T for future chapters. Sonny with a Chance - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 81 - Words: 34,333 - Reviews: 1203 - Favs: 173 - Follows: 150 - Updated: 1/29/2012 - Published: 6/7/2009 - Chad D. C., Sonny M. Who Are They? by AuthorOfTheFuture reviews What happens when the Twilight characters step into the world of FAYZ and meet all the Gone characters. No BELLA, sorry to all you Bella-lovers out there. This is NOT A SLASH. Crossover - Twilight & Gone - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Supernatural - Chapters: 5 - Words: 2,156 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 1/29/2012 - Published: 1/7/2012 - Edward, Sam T. - Complete Life is a Fairytale by T1gerCat reviews A job offer, a new town and a new love. Now THAT I call happily ever after. Crossover - Twilight & Once Upon a Time - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 8 - Words: 9,090 - Reviews: 51 - Favs: 99 - Follows: 54 - Updated: 1/29/2012 - Published: 1/15/2012 - Bella, Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold - Complete Going In One Direction by goingin1-D reviews It has been 10 years since the Volturi's confrontation with the Cullens. Renesmee is now fully grown and wants to have a chance to be on her own. On her journey for freedom, will she find something completely unexpected? Twilight/One Direction Crossover Crossover - Misc. Tv Shows & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 2 - Words: 2,898 - Reviews: 26 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 21 - Updated: 1/27/2012 - Published: 1/26/2012 - Renesmee C./Nessie Percy and Annabeth on Titanic by Abertsause reviews What if Percy and Annabeth met on the Titanic? Will they fall in love or grow to hate each other? Sorry, bad summary Crossover - Titanic & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: K - English - Romance/Tragedy - Chapters: 2 - Words: 815 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 1/26/2012 - Published: 1/25/2012 Missing in Fiction 2: Dreams Unchained by Wherever Girl reviews It was all just a story last time... but not everything in fan-fiction is made-up. Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Fangface - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 50 - Words: 125,315 - Reviews: 135 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 1/22/2012 - Published: 10/31/2011 Nice to Meet Me by shmowszow reviews When boredom brings happiness; When two worlds colide. Fionna finally meets someone just like her, Finn. Is Fionna the thing that Finn's been waiting for, or just distraction from his true love? Raiting will most likely change later. AU I guess... Adventure Time with Finn and Jake - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 2 - Words: 1,474 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 14 - Updated: 1/22/2012 - Published: 1/3/2012 - Finn, Fionna Courage Time by mah29732 reviews What if Courage was a dog from the Adventure Time universe? What if Muriel was always kidnapped by the Ice King? What if Courage was the obvious cowardly dog to do nothing until Finn and Jake help him out? Crossover - Courage: The Cowardly Dog & Adventure Time with Finn and Jake - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 4 - Words: 3,879 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 1/21/2012 - Published: 1/15/2012 - Complete Nicktoon Reunite by CaseytheBikepixie reviews A person is trying to erase the Nicktoons.Will they stop him before they disappear forever? Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Jimmy Neutron - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Suspense - Chapters: 3 - Words: 1,025 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 1/20/2012 - Published: 1/10/2012 Things Change by bats-randomness reviews Batgirl is back and she wants her best friend back. Starfire wont go down without a fight. Now Robin must choose between a alien princess or his childhood best friend. Both girls wont make it easy to choose. R & R ch 10 up! Who didn't see this comming? Crossover - Teen Titans & Batman - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 18,515 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 28 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 1/20/2012 - Published: 11/20/2011 - Robin, Barbara G./Batgirl - Complete Werewolf Bite by TryDefyGravity reviews Elena is walking in the woods one night when she gets bit by a wolf. She experiences some side effects and tells everyone she's fine but Damon sees right through her... Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Supernatural - Chapters: 10 - Words: 16,524 - Reviews: 47 - Favs: 57 - Follows: 75 - Updated: 1/17/2012 - Published: 7/5/2011 - Elena G., Damon S. The Texture of His Skin by StarTrekFanWriter reviews Steve knows what it means to be an abomination. Slash. Loki/Steve Rogers aka, Captain America . Thor - Rated: T - English - Drama/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,735 - Reviews: 30 - Favs: 105 - Follows: 19 - Published: 1/17/2012 - Loki - Complete Three Men, Three Problems by Wherever Girl reviews Danny, Jimmy, and Rudy are all grown up... and adulthood is tougher than they wanted it to be. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 30 - Words: 65,959 - Reviews: 81 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 1/17/2012 - Published: 7/25/2011 Blu's Final Tale by Wherever Girl reviews You'd think a story would end after a sequel. Not for Blu, who is on a quest that will not only give her another headache... but will also include the biggest change in her life. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Adventure - Chapters: 29 - Words: 57,621 - Reviews: 89 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 1/17/2012 - Published: 7/3/2011 The House of Mouse is Back by TheWabbajackX reviews After a decade of absence, the most popular hotspot in the wonderful world of Disney is back! Like the TV show in context to movies, the continuity of the story is not on par with the games. Like the show, anything is possible here. Crossover - Kingdom Hearts & House of Mouse - Rated: K - English - Humor/Friendship - Chapters: 15 - Words: 26,102 - Reviews: 47 - Favs: 74 - Follows: 23 - Updated: 1/15/2012 - Published: 12/18/2011 - Sora, Donald Duck, Goofy, Mickey M. - Complete Twilight at Camp Rock by Lady Elena Bella Petrova reviews What if Bella was really Mitchie Torrez? She was really in love with Shane not Edward. Second year of Camp Rock. what they don't know that there's a new camp across the lake. Cullens want Bella back. Dark Cullens. Crossover - Twilight & Camp Rock - Rated: T - English - Romance/Suspense - Chapters: 4 - Words: 1,361 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 48 - Follows: 56 - Updated: 1/14/2012 - Published: 12/15/2011 - Bella, Shane G. Wedding Bells and Little Feet by Tracker78 reviews Kassy and Fangs finally get married, and also features the births of Timmy and Benny. Fangface - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 14 - Words: 22,009 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 1/11/2012 - Published: 12/29/2011 - Complete Pokemon Mystery Dungeon Dimension Defender by Trakyan reviews Laxar is a normal kid, or at least before he woke up one day in a field. Send a boy into a pokemon world in crisis and nothing could go wrong. right? A cheeky eevee, a slow witted pikachu and an odd riolu, another way to say trouble. Pokémon - Rated: K - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 41 - Words: 143,501 - Reviews: 60 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 12 - Updated: 1/11/2012 - Published: 9/29/2011 - Riolu - Complete Torn by DragonChild157 reviews Jean, Wolverine, and the Nightcrawler are sent to pick up a kid in the X-Jet. But this pick up is anything but routine! Troubles abound right from the start. Can the X-Men get to the boy before his friends and family kill him? X-Men - Rated: K - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 46 - Words: 59,068 - Reviews: 109 - Favs: 25 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 1/9/2012 - Published: 10/4/2011 - James H./Wolverine/Logan, Kurt W./Nightcrawler - Complete Gunshot by Tedd.E.Bare reviews when a young mystery novelist is found dead and her Marine Captain father missing, the NCIS team and those at the Twelfth Precinct join forces to solve the mystery. However is everything as it seems or were there more sinister plans afoot? Crossover - NCIS & Castle - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Crime - Chapters: 5 - Words: 9,381 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 26 - Updated: 1/9/2012 - Published: 11/11/2011 Perfect Hybrid Side Story 1: De Aged By Darkness by JFox101 reviews Harry is deaged by a warlock. But it is all a ruse by the Dark Dragon to siexe him once again. Will Harry be his true age again? Crossover - Harry Potter & American Dragon: Jake Long - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 4 - Words: 2,401 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 51 - Follows: 32 - Updated: 1/5/2012 - Published: 12/25/2011 - Harry P., Lao Shi - Complete Percy Jackson and the 39 Clues Part 1 by YouCantCancelQuidditch7 reviews Ryder is a 12 year old girl who doesnt fit in. She's the daughter of Athena and an Ekat. But when the Vespers find her after three years of hiding, She'll have to protect the Cahills and the Demigods. Part 1 of 3! I dont Own 39 Clues or Percy Jackson! Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & 39 Clues - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Crime - Chapters: 11 - Words: 8,824 - Reviews: 15 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 1/4/2012 - Published: 12/4/2011 - Leo V., Sinead S. - Complete Wingin' It On Deck With Austin, Hannah & Wizards by Ms. Oh reviews A crossover between Wingin' It, Austin&Ally, Hannah, Shake It Up, and Wizards. When these characters are invited to the S.S. Tipton through dufferent circumstances, will they be able to get along or end up driving each other insane? Read to find out! : Crossover - Suite Life series & Austin & Ally - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 3 - Words: 8,375 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 20 - Updated: 1/3/2012 - Published: 12/21/2011 The Lost Twins by KaelynMarieSalvatore reviews Harry Potter and his twin sister Arabella Potter have to learn to get to know each other and trust each other for the first time ever since they were split up as a babies. Can they get along? And will Harry want to be siblings with a snake? Crossover - Harry Potter & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Family/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,689 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 20 - Follows: 27 - Published: 1/3/2012 - Harry P., Bella YuGiOh! 4D Love Surpassing Time by Vile.EXE reviews Also GX and 5D's. Tea, Alexis, Akiza, and Kotori are taken by a time-traveling "collector", Zaman. Yugi, Jaden, and Yusei must reunite, as well as join with Yuma Tsukumo, to find Zaman and rescue their loves! Crossover - Yu-Gi-Oh & Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 25,417 - Reviews: 100 - Favs: 132 - Follows: 33 - Updated: 1/3/2012 - Published: 12/2/2011 - Complete Xtreme Xmas Xover by Chris7221 reviews Six days, six chapters. Crack ish crossover with at least ME, SG, and one more. When two ships are thrown into an alternate universe, will they be able to get back? Can they save Christmas from the turmoil they caused? Crossover - Game X-overs & TV X-overs - Rated: K+ - English - Sci-Fi/Humor - Chapters: 7 - Words: 23,046 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 1/1/2012 - Published: 12/20/2011 - Complete Any Present You Desire by mah29732 reviews Jack has heard of the story of Santa Claus who could probably help him build a time machine to get home, but things go from bad to worse as Aku hires Jack Frost to destroy Jack's sword leaving the samurai without a tool to fight Aku. Crossover - Samurai Jack & The Santa Clause - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Suspense - Chapters: 4 - Words: 3,818 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 1/1/2012 - Published: 12/26/2011 - Complete Rescued by happy40 reviews James arrives just in time to rescue Jade. Not very good at the whole summary thing. Crossover - Big Time Rush & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 4 - Words: 21,836 - Reviews: 29 - Favs: 39 - Follows: 37 - Updated: 12/26/2011 - Published: 12/2/2011 - James, Jade W. Magical Christmas by lilmickey2008 reviews A trip to New York is going to be fun right? WRONG. Miley is going to find out that her friend Michael keeps some strange company... MileyXOC AlexXOC Crossover - Hannah Montana & Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 5 - Words: 5,363 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 12/24/2011 - Published: 12/11/2011 - Hannah M./Miley S., Alex R. - Complete A New Beginning by Mothstar reviews Into the Wild retold with Pokemon. Rusty has a loving family, but when the forest - and destiny - calls, what will happen to him? A threat looms just overhead... Crossover - Pokémon & Warriors - Rated: T - English - Suspense - Chapters: 2 - Words: 2,485 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 12/23/2011 - Published: 12/21/2011 - Firestar Instinct by Cafinatedangel13 reviews The recent movies are set in a reality where ghosts and magic are real, especially Curse of the Lake Monster. If that's not asking for Werewolf Shaggy, I don't know what is. Currently a oneshot intended to be expanded. ...Eventually. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 614 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 16 - Follows: 3 - Published: 12/22/2011 - Shaggy, Velma - Complete Why His Story Is Neverending by Susannah Danielle Black reviews Bastain's on a journey in a new part of Fantasia. Most of the beings on the island are Earthlings. Which seems odd to Bastian since Fantasia is a place of human fantasy. Will a group of boys he meets be able to help him or will he become as lost as them? Crossover - Neverending Story & Peter Pan - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 2 - Words: 1,168 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 2 - Published: 12/20/2011 iOMGods by deetrixjaay reviews The Mist? Naiads? Monsters? Seems like our favorite bickering duo just walked into a Greek Mythology textbook... Say hello to Camp Half-Blood's newest recruits, Sam Puckett and Freddie Benson. Look out for some Seddie and Percabeth! Crossover - Percy Jackson and the Olympians & iCarly - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 10 - Words: 13,642 - Reviews: 76 - Favs: 35 - Follows: 37 - Updated: 12/20/2011 - Published: 11/5/2011 - Annabeth C., Sam P. The Secret Pokedex by Uskius reviews Anne lives on the dangerous side, owning Pokemon in WWII Amsterdam; but when she receives a surprise gift she embarks on a journey that will change the course of history. Crossover between Pokemon and The Diary of Anne Frank. Crossover - Pokémon & Misc. Books - Rated: T - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 8 - Words: 18,983 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 3 - Published: 12/19/2011 - Wartortle/Kameil - Complete Old Friend by Megamind reviews Megamind has never celebrated Christmas before. Roxanne insists he throw a Christmas party at the lair and invite an old friend to truly experience the magic of the holiday. Megamind/Roxanne pairing. Rated T for suggestive themes. Crossover - Despicable Me & Megamind - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 7 - Words: 25,771 - Reviews: 14 - Favs: 32 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 12/19/2011 - Published: 12/14/2011 - Complete Need a title by Knightrunner reviews Four new students come to Xavier's school. All have powers but Ellie isn't a mutant. So what is she? Have fun finding out! Rated for violence and language. Crossover - X-Men: Evolution & Danny Phantom - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 3 - Words: 8,680 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 12/16/2011 - Published: 12/2/2011 iSassmaster by OneHorseShay reviews Lauren Ackerman thought Carly could be sassy, but when it was time for parent-teacher conference then she met the Sassmaster: Mrs. Taylor Shay. An AU interpretation of 'iHave a Lovesick Teacher'. Passing mention of Creddie. iCarly - Rated: T - English - Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,928 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 2 - Published: 12/15/2011 - Miss Ackerman - Complete A penny for God's thoughts. Bible - Rated: K - English - Poetry/Spiritual - Chapters: 1 - Words: 87 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 1 - Published: 12/2/2011 - Complete Adventures of Mario & Sonic: Super Mario Colors by jakeroo123 reviews When Rosalina calls Mario and Luigi to the Observatory to take down a new, unknown foe, they didn't expect to find new friends in a hedgehog and a fox named Sonic and Tails. I own nothing. No pairings. Crossover - Sonic the Hedgehog & Mario - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Friendship - Chapters: 46 - Words: 55,018 - Reviews: 179 - Favs: 63 - Follows: 23 - Updated: 11/26/2011 - Published: 9/23/2011 - Sonic, Mario - Complete Jesus dies and meets a thief named Aris of Neander, then is reunited with His Father. Bible - Rated: K+ - English - Spiritual - Chapters: 1 - Words: 484 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 5 - Published: 11/23/2011 - Jesus - Complete UNITED AS ONE by ZEVLAG reviews Rex meets Van Kliess' new member: Albedo, with a twist and a major plan. Luckly, there is another hero to help out... Crossover - Ben 10 & Generator Rex - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 9 - Words: 10,174 - Reviews: 37 - Favs: 48 - Follows: 21 - Updated: 11/22/2011 - Published: 11/16/2011 - Ben T., Rex S. - Complete Teen Titans Season 6 Episode 1: Moving On by TeenTitansBeyond reviews Basically starts off where "Things Change" ended. The team returns from a total loss against the White Creature, and worst of all Robin is having a temper tantrum like ususal xD . When Beast Boy returns from Murakami High and his leader isn't happy. Teen Titans - Rated: K - English - Adventure - Chapters: 3 - Words: 1,940 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 11/19/2011 - Published: 11/18/2011 - Beast Boy - Complete Stripped Angel by Wilona Riva reviews Mary cries out to God. Bible - Rated: K - English - Hurt/Comfort/Poetry - Chapters: 1 - Words: 162 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 7 - Published: 11/17/2011 - Mary the Blessed Mother - Complete Wedding Disaster! (Currently being re-writen) by xKuroShimox reviews It's the Titans festival and Robin has a special announcement! However, when the special day comes, Starfire is taken by Gotham's villains! Will Robin get her back before they make sure she can never come back? Crossover - Teen Titans & Batman - Rated: T - English - Romance/Tragedy - Chapters: 10 - Words: 10,600 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 11/14/2011 - Published: 9/27/2011 - Starfire, Richard G./Robin - Complete God announces the birth of Samson. Bible - Rated: K - English - Spiritual/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 719 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 4 - Published: 11/12/2011 - Samson - Complete Total Drama Halfa by fighterofflames reviews This story died and will remain dead. This story started out well, but now I'm a better writer, and this story stinks. It's just dead to me. Sorry guys. Crossover - Danny Phantom & Total Drama series - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Friendship - Chapters: 38 - Words: 51,373 - Reviews: 121 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 11/9/2011 - Published: 3/26/2011 - Chris M. Fix My Heart by Sarahbearr reviews Edward and Alice cheat on Bella and Jasper. This is basically the story of how their lives fell apart, and if Bella and Jasper can move on, and patch up each others hearts. R&R! B/J -EVENTUALLY Twilight - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 19,052 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 64 - Follows: 64 - Updated: 11/8/2011 - Published: 10/2/2011 - Bella, Jasper A Kindness Repaid by Marnie reviews After the events in "Boys in a Man's World" Steve Rogers doesn't expect to see Loki ever again. Very luckily for him, Loki never does what he's expected to do. Crossover - Thor & Captain America - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 7 - Words: 21,674 - Reviews: 151 - Favs: 410 - Follows: 121 - Updated: 11/8/2011 - Published: 10/1/2011 - Loki, Steve R./Capt. America - Complete Story of an origin by Anisonicfan88 reviews It's Silver's POV of what happened in his childhood with his parents, Shadow and Rouge Sonic the Hedgehog - Rated: K - English - Family/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,631 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 2 - Published: 11/7/2011 - Silver, Shadow - Complete iPopular by The Throne reviews When Sam goes through a girly phase and joins the cheerleading squad, and Freddie from working out becomes corterback of the football team, will they leave iCarly to obtain they're new reputations? iCarly - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 15,318 - Reviews: 30 - Favs: 28 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 11/6/2011 - Published: 10/17/2011 - Complete Deadly Love by shipperfaerie reviews A case at the 12th leads to the capture of the person Beckett cannot live without; with Rick being held by a psychotic sadistic criminal, it's up to Kate to get him out while forced to confront her worst fears. Set in S4. Will continue after the crime. Castle - Rated: T - English - Drama/Crime - Chapters: 9 - Words: 39,517 - Reviews: 81 - Favs: 49 - Follows: 93 - Updated: 11/5/2011 - Published: 10/10/2011 - Kate B., Rick C. Romeo and Juliet by PersonallyVisitingUrNightmares reviews everyone is still inside the book of everafter and Daphne came up with the perfect way to get sabrina and puck together, in the story of romeo and juliet without all of the dying Sisters Grimm - Rated: K - English - Romance - Chapters: 7 - Words: 2,960 - Reviews: 51 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 15 - Updated: 11/5/2011 - Published: 10/17/2011 - Sabrina G., Puck Getting back at Calvin and Hobbes by Sly-The-Hegdehog-98 reviews this is a pranking war between the Calvin and Hobbes charecters and authors/authoresses. you can join in at any time you can submit pranks but they must be legal and for the ages of 10 and under. come on and join the prank war! : Calvin & Hobbes - Rated: K+ - English - Humor - Chapters: 4 - Words: 5,506 - Reviews: 26 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 11/3/2011 - Published: 8/3/2011 - Calvin, Hobbes Two Little Boys by Alydia Rackham reviews Based on the song "Two Little Boys." A mishap when Thor and Loki are little parallels dramatic events when they are grown. NO SLASH. Sad. Thor - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Adventure - Chapters: 2 - Words: 5,275 - Reviews: 203 - Favs: 366 - Follows: 30 - Updated: 10/28/2011 - Published: 9/1/2011 - Thor, Loki - Complete Abandoned by sctwilightvampwolfgal reviews Dawn writes a log about... well, read to find out. Pokémon - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 303 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 10/26/2011 - Dawn/Hikari, Ash K./Satoshi - Complete Breathe You In by JK5959 reviews His soul sensed her when no one else did. His immortal heart found her when to everyone else she went unseen. Longing for love and recognition, a lonely vampire and a neglected human girl find what they've been missing. E/B Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 9 - Words: 43,431 - Reviews: 223 - Favs: 350 - Follows: 154 - Updated: 10/25/2011 - Published: 9/25/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete House of Hogwarts by patriciawilliamsons reviews What if the Anubis House residents are witches and wizards? And get accepted to Hogwarts? Crossover of House of Anubis and Harry Potter. Crossover - Harry Potter & Het Huis Anubis/House of Anubis - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 25 - Words: 48,126 - Reviews: 344 - Favs: 103 - Follows: 70 - Updated: 10/24/2011 - Published: 3/31/2011 Hidden Memories by randomness247 reviews Bella is a muggleborn witch. Her godparents sent her to America to hide, when they found out that Voldemort was back and he killed Cedric Diggory. When Edward leaves her, the memories come flooding back. What will happen now? Crossover - Harry Potter & Twilight - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure - Chapters: 16 - Words: 16,344 - Reviews: 46 - Favs: 69 - Follows: 47 - Updated: 10/24/2011 - Published: 9/13/2011 - Bella - Complete iWill Be Victorious by Color With Marker reviews While Carly, Sam, Freddie, Spencer, Cat and Robbie are trapped in Troubled Waters, Tori, Andre, Trina, Beck, Jade and Sikowitz go and try to break them out, not knowing the consequences. Sequel to iAm Insane. Crossover - iCarly & Victorious - Rated: T - English - Drama/Mystery - Chapters: 27 - Words: 28,373 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 13 - Updated: 10/22/2011 - Published: 9/7/2011 - Complete Boys in a Man's World by Marnie reviews The Vikings, who based their culture on that of Asgard, would rape their defeated enemies to break their spirits. The Avengers are horrified to find that Thor never got the memo to tell him this was a bad thing. Features Loki, Steve, Thor and Stark Thor - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 2 - Words: 3,063 - Reviews: 25 - Favs: 139 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 10/20/2011 - Published: 9/28/2011 - Loki, Thor - Complete The Never Ending Weekend by Cascade Fantasy reviews When Bloo decides he can't wait anymore to see Mac, a college freshman now, he takes off and goes to see him. But a string of events occur which lead to a dare, which lead to a wild crazy weekend that none will forget... and may change them forever. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 5 - Words: 14,498 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 19 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 10/19/2011 - Published: 10/13/2011 - Bloo, Mac - Complete Why I hate Surprises by bookwormygirl reviews Alex Rider thought he knew it all as a teenage spy. But he never thought that he was a son of a greek immortal... Takes place after "the Last Olympian" and "SCORPIA" Crossover - Alex Rider & Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 5 - Words: 6,248 - Reviews: 80 - Favs: 61 - Follows: 122 - Updated: 10/18/2011 - Published: 11/11/2010 - Alex R./Cub Goodbye, My Coney Island Baby by ConeycatJr reviews In a battle with Dr. Doom, Steve is hit by a de-aging spell and then kidnapped by Loki. What evil plans could the God of Mischief have in mind for him? Crossover - Avengers & Thor - Rated: K - English - Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,620 - Reviews: 52 - Favs: 248 - Follows: 25 - Published: 10/18/2011 - Captain America/Steve R., Loki - Complete Above and Beyond by SuddenlySandi reviews Bella lives underground as a slave to the above ground people. She is wiped of all memories when she is returned to her people. Will she remember the man she loves? All human Twilight - Rated: T - English - Sci-Fi/Romance - Chapters: 7 - Words: 43,975 - Reviews: 47 - Favs: 82 - Follows: 32 - Published: 10/12/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Chaos for the 50 Million Bucks by mah29732 reviews Cleveland Jr., along with June form search parties to search for the 50 million bucks that's somewhere in the studios, along with not being prepared to face a number of other surprises along the way... Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Suspense - Chapters: 5 - Words: 7,241 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 4 - Updated: 10/11/2011 - Published: 10/3/2011 - Complete The King of Slytherin Volume III: Despair by watercave reviews You all know the story of Harry Potter being the chosen one to end Lord Voldemort's reign. But nobody knew that he wasn't the one the prophecy referred to. And the real chosen one was willing to do everything that was required to bring down the Dark Lord. Crossover - Harry Potter & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Drama - Chapters: 10 - Words: 8,109 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 10/6/2011 - Published: 9/17/2011 - Tom R. Jr., Katherine - Complete When Darkness Falls by Miranda Alexis reviews What would happen if the Vampaneze paired up with the Death Eaters? What if Darren and Harry were BOTH the Chosen ones? Perhaps either Darren or Steve really do become the Lord of the Shadows? They would surely need a Princess to accompany them. Crossover - Harry Potter & Darren Shan Saga/Cirque Du Freak - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 5 - Words: 4,073 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 10/2/2011 - Published: 9/6/2011 Once Happiness, Sadness Follows by sexehbunneh reviews Sequel to You Make Me Want to Live! Spinelli and TJ are married now and are now living their lives together. Trust me, much better than the review. It is sad and happy. You'll see once youv've read. Recess - Rated: T - English - Romance/Tragedy - Chapters: 21 - Words: 16,916 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 10/2/2011 - Published: 9/16/2011 - A. Spinelli, TJ D. - Complete Pokemon Duels of Destiny Rise of the Wicked Gods by MewLover54 reviews Mew has found a new game. But what will happen when he has to use this new game to save the world? Many pairings. Mew/Celebi Uxie/Azelf Rotom/Phione mainly. Also Raikou/suicune Victini/Mesprit ect. Pokémon - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 19 - Words: 35,703 - Reviews: 40 - Favs: 25 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 9/29/2011 - Published: 9/13/2011 - Mew, Celebi - Complete Simba's Story by The FanFic Critic reviews Set after LK2. Simba opens up to his future son-in-law, Kovu, and tells him why Zira and the rest of Kovu's family was banished from the Pridelands. Lion King - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,754 - Reviews: 42 - Favs: 51 - Follows: 5 - Published: 9/28/2011 - Simba, Kovu, Kopa - Complete Sometimes, one fandom isn't enough. Sometimes, your story needs two, sometimes it needs three. Sometimes, your story needs them all. This is that story. Enter with caution. No fandom is safe. PG/13 for cartoon violence, alcohol, swearing, and evil. Crossover - Book X-overs & Cartoon X-overs - Rated: T - English - Drama/Humor - Chapters: 3 - Words: 2,444 - Favs: 1 - Published: 9/23/2011 To Wash it White as Snow by JDSampson reviews When an undercover assignment goes wrong and Joe is badly hurt, Frank thinks long and hard about his association with the Justice Dept. Then the suspect comes back for revenge and Frank must bear the weight of his brother's blood on his own hands. Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 7 - Words: 20,922 - Reviews: 46 - Favs: 29 - Follows: 12 - Updated: 9/22/2011 - Published: 9/15/2011 - Complete Ben 10 meets The Three Stooges by Piece Bot reviews Ben 10 and the three stooges meet up! Could be interesting:j Crossover - Three Stooges & Ben 10 - Rated: K - English - Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,517 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 1 - Published: 9/21/2011 - Ben T. - Complete Papa Vlad by SprinklesGirl96 reviews Jack accidently uses his new weapon on Danny, causing the boy to turn into an infant...and Vlad is the only one who can keep an eye on him while the Fenton's try to fix the tool...sucky summary is sucky. Danny Phantom - Rated: K - English - Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 4,543 - Reviews: 40 - Favs: 179 - Follows: 40 - Published: 9/20/2011 - Danny F., Vlad M. - Complete The King of Slytherin Vol II Descent into Darkness by watercave reviews You all know the story of Harry Potter being the chosen one to end Lord Voldemort's reign. But nobody knew that he wasn't the one the prophecy referred to. And the real chosen one was willing to do everything that was required to bring down the Dark Lord. Crossover - Harry Potter & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Drama - Chapters: 10 - Words: 10,031 - Reviews: 16 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 14 - Updated: 9/17/2011 - Published: 7/16/2011 - Tom R. Jr., Katherine - Complete They way to find you by Asanzy13 reviews it was 2 years ago when Slade took jinx. but Kid Flash and the main titains never gave up. one day jinx escapes and the only way to find the titains is to Sing. Songfic for jinx and KF please review and no flames Teen Titans - Rated: K - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 716 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 7 - Published: 9/16/2011 - Jinx, Kid Flash - Complete The Moon Heir and the Lost Ones Future and Past by Crossoverpairinglover reviews When the Future and Past collide, the lost ones are unleashed. This is fated to occur upon the appearance of the heir to the moon. Trailer to story of mine of similar name Percy Jackson and the Olympians - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 707 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 4 - Published: 9/16/2011 - Percy J., Jason G. - Complete Falling Apart and Falling Together by RockerChick08 reviews Sarah/Ethan E-Sare! R&R! He thinks it's obvious! Doesn't she know how he feels about her! Things seem to finally be falling into place. They're natural and closer than ever. But she's still oblivious! 5 chapter short story about the journey to E-Sare! Misc. Tv Shows - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 6 - Words: 24,481 - Reviews: 122 - Favs: 60 - Follows: 48 - Updated: 9/5/2011 - Published: 7/5/2011 Broken promises by Dangerpro reviews It's been ten years since the end of iCarly. Carly has become condescending star, Freddie has quit his job as her agent. While finding a new job, he bumps into his old friend Sam. They catch up with life, except Sam seems to be hiding something... SEDDIE iCarly - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Drama - Chapters: 6 - Words: 6,723 - Reviews: 19 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 8/9/2011 - Published: 9/2/2010 - Freddie B., Sam P. Things to do in Springfield when wearing the Mask by TimeLordParadox reviews Homer J. Simpson buys a strange mask as a last minute birthday present for Bart, but he doesn't know what he's letting everyone in for because the wearer of this particular mask gains unlimited power and the drive to do one thing only, to cause mischief. Crossover - Simpsons & The Mask - Rated: T - English - Humor/Horror - Chapters: 26 - Words: 204,218 - Reviews: 77 - Favs: 35 - Follows: 15 - Updated: 8/9/2011 - Published: 10/1/2010 - Bart S., A. Neuman - Complete In a different light by peetapen reviews an attempt for an alternate ending for the Hunger Games. Peeta's dead and Katniss is in a huge remorse. One shot. Hunger Games - Rated: K - English - Hurt/Comfort/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 963 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 4 - Published: 8/5/2011 - Katniss E., Gale H. - Complete Returning by LiveAbundantly reviews "That woman in the paper, from 14 years ago, I..I think she is my mom. The missing woman from Seattle, Samantha Puckett. You have to help her. Please" R&R iCarly - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 13 - Words: 30,651 - Reviews: 67 - Favs: 35 - Follows: 31 - Updated: 7/18/2011 - Published: 2/27/2011 - Sam P., Freddie B. - Complete The King of Slytherin Volume I: Dark Roots by watercave reviews You all know the story of Harry Potter being the chosen one to end Lord Voldemort's reign. But nobody knew that he wasn't the one the prophecy referred to. And the real chosen one was willing to do everything that was required to bring down the Dark Lord. Crossover - Harry Potter & Vampire Diaries - Rated: T - English - Drama - Chapters: 8 - Words: 8,608 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 31 - Follows: 19 - Updated: 7/16/2011 - Published: 5/21/2011 - Tom R. Jr., Katherine - Complete A Love Story in London by ScarlettLovesRhett reviews Vivien Alexander has the life of a princess. That is until her father gets remarried. When Vivien's new mother isn't the most beautiful woman in all of London, she will do everything to be most beautiful...even if that means killing her stepdaughter. Fairy Tales - Rated: K - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 16 - Words: 57,753 - Reviews: 50 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 7/4/2011 - Published: 3/9/2011 - Complete The First Mystery by Wherever Girl reviews Before they were unmasking bad-guys... before they were famous detectives... before they could even drive! How the Mystery Inc. gang met... as KIDS! Scooby Doo - Rated: K - English - Humor/Friendship - Chapters: 23 - Words: 51,686 - Reviews: 171 - Favs: 36 - Follows: 14 - Updated: 6/30/2011 - Published: 5/11/2011 - Complete Cat likes fishes by ThatCherryRose reviews When Cat takes a surprise trip to visit her uncle Don and her cousins Cleo and Kim, what secrets will she uncover? Crossover - H2O: Just Add Water & Victorious - Rated: K+ - English - Fantasy - Chapters: 1 - Words: 526 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 18 - Follows: 20 - Published: 6/14/2011 - Cleo S., Cat V. Logan's Daughter by Children of Darkness reviews When Edward leaves Bella, her mutant powers surface, but one problem. She's adopted, and Charlie doesn't like mutants. How much trouble can the young witch get into? HP/XMEN/Twilight crossover. Crossover - X-Men: The Movie & Twilight - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 18 - Words: 19,053 - Reviews: 137 - Favs: 558 - Follows: 485 - Updated: 5/27/2011 - Published: 3/6/2011 - Logan/Wolverine, Bella The Stone of Misfortune by Carys Valerian reviews On the eve of her birthday, Eilley's carefree life is suddenly turned around. Everything she thought she knew about her world was wrong and unless she finally takes responsibility that world could be destroyed forever. Read and find out! Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Fantasy/Romance - Chapters: 5 - Words: 12,672 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 15 - Updated: 5/19/2011 - Published: 4/5/2010 The Love and Suffering of a Werewolf by Sora-M-Jigen reviews Howl for the bloodshed to end,howl for me not to hurt my friend, howl for her to come to me, howl for me to become human again so I'll be set free.Please read and review. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Horror/Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 29,476 - Reviews: 43 - Favs: 23 - Follows: 18 - Updated: 5/16/2011 - Published: 10/11/2009 The MASK of Miracle City by MetroXLR99 reviews As MASK plays Anti-Hero in Miracle City and, Chris and Zoe struggle with their feelings for each other MIKLA returns, his goal now set on taking the Loki Mask and using it's power himself. Can Miracle City SURVIVE that wrath of "Maskla!" Crossover - El Tigre & The Mask - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 19 - Words: 33,792 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 29 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 5/8/2011 - Published: 4/22/2011 - Complete Dark Apprentice by padawan lynne reviews When Voldemort decides to take Harry Potter as his apprentice instead of killing him, the Wizarding World is in for a shock. Goodbye Harry Potter, hello Lord Raiden. Harry Potter - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 40 - Words: 145,043 - Reviews: 572 - Favs: 1,088 - Follows: 980 - Updated: 4/27/2011 - Published: 11/11/2008 Blu Meets the Boys by Wherever Girl reviews Blu figured her life would be easier after getting her own fairytale. But things don't always go as planned, and she ends up having to deal with 3 boys with 3 new problems… Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 42 - Words: 116,509 - Reviews: 89 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 4/27/2011 - Published: 11/27/2010 Missing In Fiction by Wherever Girl reviews An evil force is unleashed, and it's up to the Fangface Gang to stop it... not knowing that it might be their final adventure. Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Fangface - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 45 - Words: 134,260 - Reviews: 37 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 4/13/2011 - Published: 2/4/2011 The Heart of the Matter by LilyRose Blue reviews When Spinelli discovers the Balkan's true identity it puts him in grave danger. But everyone also learns Spinelli's true identity. Will Spinelli survive? General Hospital - Rated: T - English - Drama/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 7 - Words: 12,739 - Reviews: 19 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 3/21/2011 - Published: 2/13/2011 - Jason M., D. Spinelli - Complete When Two Alexes Collide by JTYS96 reviews What happens when Alex Russo from Wizards of Waverly Place meets another English boy who so happens to be a spy? Will Alex Russo be reminded of Mason and get into another relationship? Crossover - Alex Rider & Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: K - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 4 - Words: 5,565 - Reviews: 27 - Favs: 24 - Follows: 35 - Updated: 3/20/2011 - Published: 10/5/2010 Scooby doo, and Sora too! by Wakka59 reviews I've been watching all these old Scooby doo shows, and I have been INSPIRED! And, so without further adue, here it IS! Crossover - Scooby Doo & Kingdom Hearts - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Mystery - Chapters: 2 - Words: 2,025 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 17 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 3/15/2011 - Published: 10/10/2009 Coast to Coast with Daphne Blake by Dangerpro reviews It's Daphne's talk show! Which as always, things goes wrong.You can ask Daphne questions. She will gratefuly answer them. CROSSOVERS WITH MANY OTHER SHOWS. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Humor - Chapters: 20 - Words: 13,204 - Reviews: 70 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 1/16/2011 - Published: 10/29/2007 Drawn to Life: Graffiti Kingdom by Everstar210 reviews A single prayer of hope brings new heroes to save the land from the shadows of Wilfre. Pixel, Pastel, Tablet, Mari, Jowee, and all their friends work together to restore the peaceful village and prevent the shadows from taking over the world of Graffiti. Crossover - Game X-overs & Drawn to Life - Rated: K - English - Adventure/Friendship - Chapters: 3 - Words: 23,413 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 12/11/2010 - Published: 9/16/2010 Scooby Doo meets Fangface by Wherever Girl reviews An evil mad scientist and her brother unleash a couple mutants into the swamp, and its up to a couple of meddling gang of kids to stop them. Crossover - Scooby Doo & Fangface - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Humor - Chapters: 11 - Words: 21,059 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 12/5/2010 - Published: 10/31/2010 - Complete Three Boys, Three Problems by Wherever Girl reviews Three very different boys meet one another, each bringing their own problems upon another. Loaded in the Fairy Tale section due to upcoming supernatural activities. Rated T Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Adventure - Chapters: 30 - Words: 84,206 - Reviews: 49 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 10/18/2010 - Published: 2/20/2010 - Complete Drawn to Life: The Final Chapter by Starfox Frontlines reviews 2 months has passed since Mike awakend from his coma. He and his sister Heather are living with their Aunt Susan in Europe. All seems normal, until, today. Wilfre, has returned. And there is a secret, that will leave you speachless, about Wilfre and Mike. Drawn to Life - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 972 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 1 - Published: 10/6/2010 - Mike Ariel & Belle: A Human in Atlantica by Crazy Cat Lady reviews Overjoyed that Ariel is alive and well, King Triton invites both his daughter and Belle to Atlantica for celebrations. However, he believes it best that Belle's true identity be kept a secret for now... but secrets have a way of coming out... Disney - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 2 - Words: 9,156 - Reviews: 39 - Favs: 52 - Follows: 69 - Updated: 10/3/2010 - Published: 9/6/2010 Teen Titan's Battle of the Genders by Overlord-Flinx reviews A war of the genders within the tower breaks out after a conflict started by Kid Flash. This story also ships Robin/Star, Raven/BB/Terra, Terra/Jericho/Kole, Flash/Jinx, ?/?, ?/?. Rated T for reasons that you will all see soon enough. Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 15 - Words: 43,248 - Reviews: 158 - Favs: 113 - Follows: 33 - Updated: 9/28/2010 - Published: 8/5/2010 - Jinx, Kid Flash - Complete Little Sparrow by Carys Valerian reviews Carys is an orphan who unexpectedly 'collides' with a rude and pampered noble. She never expects to see him again, until he lands on her doorstep without any memory of his past. But how will she enact her revenge when she falls in love? Complete! Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 22 - Words: 55,584 - Reviews: 143 - Favs: 129 - Follows: 52 - Updated: 8/31/2010 - Published: 4/26/2009 - Complete The 39 Clues Is Unnatural History by CheezePOP38 reviews Dan and Amy Cahill head to D.C. while on the hunt for the 39 clues, there they meet Henry, Jasper and Maggie at the Smithsonian Museum Institute. Crossover - 39 Clues & Unnatural History - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure - Chapters: 2 - Words: 3,514 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 8/2/2010 - Published: 7/16/2010 Of All the Girls in the World by Melika Elena reviews A desperate monarch makes a pact with another king that will one day force him to give his headstrong daughter to the king's harsh son. Within the castle walls lay many secrets, including a deadly curse. Let the fairytale begin. COMPLETE! Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 23 - Words: 61,241 - Reviews: 647 - Favs: 456 - Follows: 235 - Updated: 7/18/2010 - Published: 2/22/2006 - Complete Any Kind of Guy by Paulandjasper543 reviews After edward leaves bella in new moon. Bella goes to LA to become a singer. and just might fing love along the way Crossover - Twilight & Big Time Rush - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 13 - Reviews: 41 - Favs: 31 - Follows: 38 - Published: 7/15/2010 - Bella, Logan Light Warriors on Deck by panda189 reviews Old enemies join forces to bring down the Light and Tipton industries now the Suite Life Gang have to get ready to defend their home and way of life from the forces of darkness. Horrible at summeries so please read and leave your review and comments Suite Life series - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Adventure - Chapters: 19 - Words: 54,563 - Reviews: 24 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 7/12/2010 - Published: 6/14/2010 - Complete Scooby Doo and the Vampire of Notre Dame by Cutecollie reviews Daphne's sick of mysteries interrupting her vacations. As the gang arrives in Paris, what seems to be a vampire haunts Notre Dame. Freddie may lose his secret love to a handsome Frenchman, or to a deadly vampire. Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 11 - Words: 22,104 - Reviews: 44 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 6/7/2010 - Published: 2/14/2010 - Complete Reflection in the Mirror by Wherever Girl reviews Based on Midnight Gypsie's Don't Rub The Lamp! series. Full summary inside. Beauty and the Beast - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 19 - Words: 41,640 - Reviews: 37 - Favs: 35 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 5/14/2010 - Published: 1/14/2010 - OC - Complete The Great Disney Adventure II: The Book of Songs by talking2myself reviews Trouble is brewing in The Kingdom. Villains are gathering together and to make matters worse Kelsey's brother has accidentally entered the Kingdom. Now Kelsey, Emma, and the gang have to master The Book of Songs to save both her brother and The Kingdom. Disney - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Fantasy - Chapters: 64 - Words: 150,722 - Reviews: 946 - Favs: 143 - Follows: 59 - Updated: 4/20/2010 - Published: 6/12/2008 Scooby Doo and the Black Magician's Ghost by SonicPossible00 reviews Mystery Inc. along with two old friends and the Hex Girls, try to solve a mystery, involving a haunted mansion, a ghost who appears to know everything about every single one of them and a few surprises that will make the gang shiver. Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Mystery - Chapters: 8 - Words: 26,679 - Reviews: 11 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 4/18/2010 - Published: 1/13/2009 - Scooby Doo The Vanishing World by Scoobyfan1 reviews This is the story of Scooby Doo and the rest of Mystery Inc. as well as Josie and the Pussycats, Speed Buggy and company and the Clue Club all working together to solve one of the most baffling mysteries of their respective careers. Fraphne and Shelma pairings, plus for Josie fans, Josie/Alan, as well as a few other miscellaneous romantic pairings and hints of pairings. Cartoon X-overs - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 3 - Words: 14,667 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 4/18/2010 - Published: 3/22/2010 A Blu Fairytale by Wherever Girl reviews Blu was just an ordinary girl in the land of Fairytales, living in the shadow of her 3 cousins... until a turn in her life changed everything. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Adventure - Chapters: 25 - Words: 51,810 - Reviews: 68 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 3/31/2010 - Published: 12/15/2009 - Complete Cemeteries at Dawn, Cemeteries at Dusk by Lydi Gomistan reviews "The Charmed Ones were responsible for over a thousand demon vanquishes, before they were finally vanquished themselves." The Event in Chris's unchanged future, the event that changed everything. Charmed - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,059 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 2 - Published: 1/31/2010 - Chris H., Wyatt H. Of Dragons and Trolls by Grace Hunter reviews Kaileigh, known as 'troll' to the locals, has lived a life in dutiful service to the Princess Riona. But when disaster strikes and a dragon descends, it's up to her to save the day. But what happens when things aren't what they seem? Roughly based on B&B. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,848 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 7 - Published: 1/20/2010 Drawn to Life: The Final Chapter by RaposaLilith reviews This takes place after the Next Chapter for the DS. It has a little bit for everyone, too. Mari Jowee fans, Mayor fans, Wilfre/Salem fans, and maybe Mike gets a girl! Drawn to Life - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 4 - Words: 7,213 - Reviews: 24 - Favs: 12 - Updated: 1/12/2010 - Published: 12/23/2009 - Hero, Mari Drawn to Life 2: The Epilogue by Pokepal Karai Natsume reviews An epilogue to Drawn to Life: The Next Chapter. Some said there should have been more. And there was... Drawn to Life - Rated: K+ - English - Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 964 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 2 - Published: 1/8/2010 - Mari, Jowee - Complete Drawn to Life 3: A New Story by francheli26 reviews A new chapter in the Drawn To Life series with a twist of Phineas and Ferb. Phineas/Isabella. Mari/Jowee. Rated T to be safe. Please review. Crossover - Phineas and Ferb & Drawn to Life - Rated: T - English - Adventure - Chapters: 5 - Words: 2,029 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 12/26/2009 - Published: 11/11/2009 *MAJOR SPOILER WARNING.* The ending of 'Drawn To Life: The Next Chapter' with added dialogue; I imagined it as the finale to an animated series based on the games, if such a thing existed and it should . Drawn to Life - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 622 - Reviews: 11 - Favs: 7 - Published: 12/23/2009 - Complete Scooby Doo Returns to Grimmwood Place by Gothicthundra reviews A night at the movies turns into a confessional when Sibella comes to Shaggy and Scooby for help. A Return the Ghoul School Fic. Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Humor - Chapters: 4 - Words: 8,593 - Reviews: 32 - Favs: 82 - Follows: 19 - Updated: 11/28/2009 - Published: 11/23/2009 - Shaggy, Scooby Doo - Complete Laurie Darryl by LittleBundleOfAcid reviews Darren and Steve weren't the only ones who Desmond Tiny manipulated. Meet Laurie Darryl, yet another one of Desmond Tiny's secret kids. Darren Shan Saga/Cirque Du Freak - Rated: T - English - Family/Friendship - Chapters: 2 - Words: 1,169 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 11/25/2009 - Published: 11/18/2009 - Darren Shan, Steve Leonard Mystery Morphs: The 13th Ghost by Scoobyfan1 reviews This is story number one of my new Scooby Doo Fan Fiction series Mystery Morphs. The thirteenth and final ghost from the Demon Chest is on the loose and Vincent Van Ghoul makes an offer to the gang that will change their lives forever. Pairings: Some Fred/Daphne and Shaggy/Velma. Chapter 1 now Updated; under possible re-editing. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Fantasy/Adventure - Chapters: 11 - Words: 25,151 - Reviews: 17 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 11/16/2009 - Published: 10/31/2008 - Complete Scooby Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf 2 by Gothicthundra reviews Just because you think your done with the past, doesn't mean your past is done with you. T for implied mature content. Just to be Safe. Major Shelma hintage, Dred Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Humor/Supernatural - Chapters: 7 - Words: 14,310 - Reviews: 25 - Favs: 46 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 11/12/2009 - Published: 11/6/2009 - Shaggy, Scooby Doo - Complete Grim tales of Scooby Doo by Dangerpro reviews Boys and girls at every age, would you like to see something strange? You may know the stories of Scooby Doo. But unlike them, these are true. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Horror/Tragedy - Chapters: 4 - Words: 4,231 - Reviews: 11 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 6 - Updated: 10/15/2009 - Published: 2/14/2009 Scooby Doo and the Return to Beauregard Mansion by Gothicthundra reviews A long road trip ends up back at Beauregard Mansion . With the boo brothers missing, the gang unravel a twisted mystery that may destroy Mystery, Inc. Forever. Hints of Fraphne and Shelma, meer touches... nothing more... Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Humor/Mystery - Chapters: 6 - Words: 10,307 - Reviews: 33 - Favs: 25 - Follows: 16 - Updated: 10/14/2009 - Published: 9/26/2009 - Shaggy, Scooby Doo - Complete Meds by Dangerpro reviews How it happened… Daphne’s mind refused to remember. Daphne tried to remember their names, if only she could fit the pieces together... Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Horror/Mystery - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,006 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 7 - Published: 10/10/2009 - Daphne - Complete The Guardian by unicorn-skydancer08 reviews Geppetto is gone, and poor Pinocchio is left all alone in the cold, dark world, with no friends or family and with nowhere to go. Little does the boy realize, however, that an angel is watching out for him... Disney - Rated: K+ - English - Drama/Friendship - Chapters: 23 - Words: 52,794 - Reviews: 85 - Favs: 32 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 8/14/2009 - Published: 11/24/2008 - Complete Scooby Doo Meets the Phantom of the Opera by Phantomess of the Opera reviews The cast of Scooby Doo is tossed into the roles of Phantom, and poor Erik not only has to deal with that, but with a demented author that likes to make cameos. Phantom of the Opera - Rated: T - English - Humor/Parody - Chapters: 6 - Words: 6,275 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 6/17/2009 - Published: 4/18/2003 - Erik - Complete David Dearest by lilmickey2008 reviews Credit goes to Boris Yeltsin for this idea. When Alex accidently changes herself into a one year old, David finds himself to be her daddy until she changes back to normal. Wizards of Waverly Place - Rated: K+ - English - Family/Humor - Chapters: 9 - Words: 7,505 - Reviews: 24 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 5 - Updated: 6/8/2009 - Published: 5/10/2009 - Alex R. - Complete SPM Luvbi : Her dark prince by CyberRose reviews She was looking for him. She found him. Her dark prince... A Super Paper Mario fic with Luvbi, from chapter 7. Put the Bleck filtrer because it's a SPM fic lol Mario - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 915 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 1 - Published: 5/28/2009 - Count Bleck/Blumiere Shall We Dance? by bijoukaiba reviews One-Shot. My first Scooby-Doo fanfic. Fred decided to try something new and ask a different girl to the Valentine's Dance. The only problem is, now Daphne doesn't have a date. Pairings inside! Happy Belated Valentines Day! Scooby Doo - Rated: K - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,214 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 89 - Follows: 16 - Published: 2/17/2009 - Daphne, Shaggy - Complete Beyond the Coral Seas by janny108 reviews Life after H2o has ended. Cleo and Lewis marry and have...kids? Unusual situation. H2o and its characters are not my own H2O: Just Add Water - Rated: K+ - English - Family/Fantasy - Chapters: 11 - Words: 10,921 - Reviews: 35 - Favs: 22 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 2/2/2009 - Published: 1/25/2009 - Cleo S., Lewis M. Susan's Secret by LucyCrewe11 reviews When Susan discovers Peter is adopted she is rather upset, but when she gets a "fishy" secret of her own, she starts to understand why even people who love each other have secrets. Peter/Susan Crossover - Chronicles of Narnia & H2O: Just Add Water - Rated: T - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 21 - Words: 41,267 - Reviews: 169 - Favs: 68 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 10/14/2008 - Published: 9/8/2008 - [Susan Pevensie, Peter Pevensie] [Julia D., Edmund Pevensie] - Complete The Fairest of Them All by queen of the solar system reviews Five Fairytale heroines are reborn to fight evil as magical girls! Chapter 49 is the start of part three! Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 80 - Words: 182,954 - Reviews: 146 - Favs: 27 - Follows: 15 - Updated: 9/14/2008 - Published: 8/27/2007 La Belle et la Bête by vanderspektacular reviews They've got nothing in common: he's a pampered prince and she's a kitchen maid with a past. Will they ultimately find love in each other? A less literal twist on Beauty and the Beast, please R&R! Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 24 - Words: 49,743 - Reviews: 422 - Favs: 191 - Follows: 101 - Updated: 8/25/2008 - Published: 7/18/2007 - Complete The Great Disney Adventure by talking2myself reviews When Kelsey gets sucked into the tv she knows it's not good! Now she'll have to search every inch of the mysterious Kingdom to find her six yr old cousin. Featuring Aladdin, The Little Mermaid, POTC, and other classic Disney movies and characters. Disney - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure - Chapters: 44 - Words: 89,866 - Reviews: 292 - Favs: 198 - Follows: 56 - Updated: 6/11/2008 - Published: 10/10/2007 Ever wonder if the gang told the truth when Daphne's father supplied them money to travel the world?Daphne's back home. And he's not happy... One shot Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Angst/Suspense - Chapters: 2 - Words: 475 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 3 - Published: 10/27/2007 - Complete This is short story about Daphne!She's remembering her childhood.The life she never had...No flames Scooby Doo - Rated: K+ - English - Hurt/Comfort/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 304 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 4 - Published: 8/11/2007 - Complete Harry Potter and the Mask of Loki by Marcus S. Lazarus reviews After 'HBP', Harry finds a strange green mask in the trash, but even after everything he has witnessed since joining the wizarding world, he has no idea how his possession of such a seemingly simple artefact will affect the outcome of the final battle... Crossover - Harry Potter & The Mask - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 25 - Words: 86,969 - Reviews: 219 - Favs: 270 - Follows: 159 - Updated: 7/18/2007 - Published: 8/27/2005 - Harry P., Ginny W., Voldemort, Stanley I./The Mask - Complete Broken by Aslan's Lamb reviews Ever wonder what Aslan said to Edmund that morning after Edmund was rescued? Chronicles of Narnia - Rated: K - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,066 - Reviews: 28 - Favs: 62 - Follows: 3 - Published: 1/20/2007 - Aslan, Edmund Pevensie - Complete A Prince a Horse and an Adventure by Bingo7 reviews You always hear about these poor princesses having to marry this unknown prince. What about the poor princes that have to marry some unknown princess? Ok, so I did know Princess Anastasia, but that just makes it worse. Fairy Tales - Rated: K+ - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 47 - Words: 86,083 - Reviews: 361 - Favs: 75 - Follows: 41 - Updated: 12/16/2006 - Published: 3/13/2006 - Complete A special princess by loonytunecrazy reviews Dot thinks about her last monments during wakko wish , I know I mad about this film Animaniacs - Rated: K - English - Angst/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 395 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 1 - Published: 8/5/2006 - Complete The Raven by ladymouse25 reviews A retelling combining the Grimm Brother's tales 'Hansel and Gretel' and 'The Old Woman in the Wood' A raven encounters two siblings lost in the woods after having been on a journey with an evil stepmother, he decides to confront the boy and hear his story Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 10 - Words: 24,973 - Reviews: 27 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 6/25/2006 - Published: 5/30/2006 - Complete Make A Wish by Rorschach's Blot reviews Harry has learned the prophesy and he does not believe that a schoolboy can defeat Voldemort, so he decides that if he is going to die then he is first going to live. Harry Potter - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 50 - Words: 187,589 - Reviews: 10265 - Favs: 15,202 - Follows: 4,604 - Updated: 6/17/2006 - Published: 3/23/2005 - Harry P. - Complete The Devil Played Chess by Silver Sailor Ganymede reviews Desmond Tiny and Lord Loss play chess and discuss the nature of mortal emotions. Drabble. Darren Shan Saga/Cirque Du Freak - Rated: K+ - English - Horror/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 996 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 2 - Published: 6/1/2006 - Complete Tear Drops and Rose Petals by Honour Huston reviews COMPLETE! Belle and the Beast may have cheated death, but what else does fate have in store for them? Will they live Happily Ever After? Read and find out! Beauty and the Beast - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 5 - Words: 13,115 - Reviews: 60 - Favs: 69 - Follows: 8 - Updated: 3/22/2005 - Published: 12/20/2004 - Complete Sequel to the missing carrots Sort of. Bugs and Lola team up with ScoobyDoo again to save an old friend. Previous comments have been taken note of so hopefully this will be better. Please R&R Looney Tunes - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Humor - Chapters: 8 - Words: 5,898 - Reviews: 11 - Favs: 6 - Published: 3/6/2005 - Complete The missing carrots by Looneyman reviews An idea that’s been bugging me for a while now, what would happen if the Looney Tunes teamed up with ScoobyDoo? OK, I know a ScoobyDooLooney tunes crossover is a bit adventurous for a first story but enjoy the story and be nice in the reviews please. Looney Tunes - Rated: K+ - English - Mystery/Humor - Chapters: 9 - Words: 3,457 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 7 - Published: 2/24/2005 - Complete [One-shot] What if the Prince Charming in all those fairytales was the same guy? What would happen if the princesses found out? Fairy Tales - Rated: K - English - Parody - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,972 - Reviews: 26 - Favs: 8 - Published: 10/10/2004 - Complete After Death by PiperPheobePaige reviews Chris wakes up after "dying" in a new changed future. His mom's alive. He has a large family. Childhood demons. Charmed Ones present and future. Bianca. Barbas. premonition of death. At least Wyatt's good now...or is he? Charmed - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Drama - Chapters: 9 - Words: 5,114 - Reviews: 30 - Favs: 6 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 9/29/2004 - Published: 8/10/2004 - Chris H. Legacy reviews Sometimes he just wanted to punch Captain America in his stupid perfect teeth. Also spoilers for Civil War. Captain America - Rated: T - English - Angst/Suspense - Chapters: 1 - Words: 101 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 4 - Follows: 3 - Published: 5/15/2016 - Steve R./Capt. America, Tony S./Iron Man Lying to Himself reviews Maybe this lie would be worth it. Spoilers for 1x11. Elias- centric. Quantico - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 104 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 4 - Published: 12/14/2015 - Complete The Good Inside Him reviews Max Thunderman has always been evil. . . but will he give his evil ways to save his sister? Thundermans - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,305 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 4 - Published: 11/19/2015 - Max T. - Complete The Other Side of the Universe reviews It was for all these reasons that she kept running. Spoilers for AOS 3x01 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. - Rated: T - English - Suspense/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 1 - Words: 206 - Reviews: 1 - Follows: 1 - Published: 10/2/2015 - J. Simmons - Complete Reality Twisted 5 reviews Someone has messed with our heroes portals, setting them all in reverse. Now, it is up to the remaining heroes to figure out their way back, so that they can save their friends and defeat the Collector. Can our heroes do it? Crossover - X-overs & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 2 - Words: 5,347 - Reviews: 2 - Updated: 9/12/2015 - Published: 3/26/2014 The poster showed him what he had become Assassin's Creed - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 108 - Reviews: 2 - Published: 8/9/2015 - Ezio A. - Complete Scooby Doo and the Lost Mysteries reviews These are the " lost" mysteries that were not shown that the gang has solved over the years. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,130 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 4 - Published: 7/12/2015 - Scooby Doo Beauty and the Spiderman Rewrite reviews Peter Parker just moved from New York to Coolsville, USA. Watch as he tranverses a new school, deal with some of his old villains that followed him and maybe just fall for a certain red head from a mystery solving gang all while trying to keep his secret of being Spiderman. Crossover - Spider-Man & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,163 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 10 - Follows: 11 - Published: 6/19/2015 - Peter P./Spider-Man, Daphne Not as It Seems reviews You never really know anyone until you seen them at their best and worst. Frozen - Rated: T - English - Family/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 440 - Reviews: 4 - Follows: 1 - Published: 6/15/2015 - Anna, Elsa, Hans - Complete Family reviews Despite the years apart, despite the distance, Ness still considers Lucas family. ( First in a possible one-shot collection of Ness and Lucas friendship interaction) Super Smash Brothers - Rated: T - English - Family/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,069 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 1 - Published: 6/14/2015 - Lucas, Ness - Complete Cost reviews Dr. Horrible's view on his relationship with Penny. Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog - Rated: T - English - Angst/Tragedy - Chapters: 1 - Words: 400 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 6/8/2015 - Dr. Horrible/Billy, Penny - Complete Everyone dies, but what about the people they leave behind? This story focuses on the last moments of character's life ( OC and cannon) and the reaction of their loved ones. X-overs - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Friendship - Chapters: 2 - Words: 4,247 - Reviews: 2 - Updated: 5/12/2015 - Published: 1/18/2014 NightLock Berries reviews What if they hadn't been stopped? What would have happened then? Hunger Games - Rated: T - English - Tragedy/Suspense - Chapters: 1 - Words: 428 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 2 - Published: 3/17/2015 - Complete All we need is a miracle reviews Courage is taking a vacation with Muriel and Eustace to New York City. When he gets there, he gets entangled in the lives of a corrupt businessman, a depressed pet owner and a down on his luck playwright and a puppy on the run. With the help of a man named Jason, can he make their lives better this Christmas? X-overs - Rated: T - English - Humor/Adventure - Chapters: 2 - Words: 2,301 - Reviews: 4 - Updated: 12/2/2013 - Published: 12/1/2013 James Versus Beetlejuice reviews When James does something good, he has to reap the consequences by missing a big party. Everything goes fine, until someone summons Beetlejuice. Can James stop Beetlejuice? Is Halloween ruined/ X-overs - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,546 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 1 - Published: 10/31/2013 - Complete Total Drama Action Solving reviews Season 2 of the mystery solver's edition of total drama. Crossover - X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Humor/Drama - Chapters: 9 - Words: 23,472 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 10/29/2013 - Published: 8/10/2012 - Chris M., Chef Hatchet, Owen The Family Issues of Light and Dark Magic reviews - Alexander is the son of Maleficent and Yen Sid, he has always been the good guy, the perfect guy, but with his old powers resurfacing and his mother and Chernabog destroying the parks, he is torn. What will he do to stop them Disney - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,244 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 1 - Published: 9/8/2013 Reality twisted 4: All to do with Time reviews Final in the RT4 series. It is time for the final villain to be revealed. Is everything as black and white as it seems? Crossover - X-overs & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 40 - Words: 71,173 - Reviews: 46 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 9/4/2013 - Published: 7/4/2012 - Scooby Doo - Complete A second too late reviews Scooby is dead. It is all my fault. OC centric. Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Angst/Tragedy - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,129 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 8/29/2013 - Scooby Doo, Scooby Dee - Complete The truth hurts more than the lies reviews What secrets do the cartoons hide? Crossover - X-overs & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Drama/Humor - Chapters: 8 - Words: 9,352 - Reviews: 4 - Updated: 4/23/2013 - Published: 4/22/2013 - Complete Christmas and Demons too reviews My christmas fanfiction Crossover - X-overs & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,045 - Reviews: 1 - Published: 12/24/2012 - Scooby Doo - Complete Scooby doo in the real world reviews A wish is granted and chaos ensues Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Humor/Friendship - Chapters: 2 - Words: 1,767 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 10/18/2012 - Published: 6/29/2012 - Scooby Doo Revised version of Twiggy's origins Fangface - Rated: T - English - Family/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,006 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 9/11/2012 - Complete Sometimes even evil has a change of side. Crossover - X-overs & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 14 - Words: 18,081 - Favs: 1 - Published: 8/23/2012 - Complete Reality twisted 2: Targeted through dreams Reup On profile page Crossover - X-overs & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 27 - Words: 29,026 - Favs: 1 - Updated: 8/21/2012 - Published: 8/20/2012 - Complete Reality twisted Reup reviews Sometimes it takes a lot to defeat evil. Crossover - X-overs & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 21 - Words: 23,455 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Published: 8/20/2012 - Complete modern day fairytales reviews Watch as I attempt to rewrite Pinocchio, Cindrella,snow white, Sleeping beauty, red riding hood and beauty and the beast in modern day New York and a connecting post story. Fairy Tales - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Humor - Chapters: 2 - Words: 1,353 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 2 - Updated: 8/18/2012 - Published: 6/10/2012 Shaggy's a girl:revised edition Shaggy has always found himself in all sorts of trouble, but never because James misfired a spell and turned him into a girl. Nothing could get worse, right? Wrong. Semi-slash. Daphne/Spiderman, Velma/OC, ScrappyxLily, OCX Tiny Tina, Scoobyx Scooby Dee Crossover - Spider-Man & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Humor - Chapters: 8 - Words: 7,051 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 2 - Published: 8/18/2012 - Shaggy, Flim-Flam - Complete Beauty and the spiderman reviews Scooby and spiderman crossover. EDITED CHAPTERS! BEING REWRITTEN! Crossover - Spider-Man & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 6 - Words: 8,677 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 9 - Updated: 6/5/2012 - Published: 8/23/2011 - Peter P./Spider-Man, Shaggy, Daphne - Complete The first Encounter with Chase Hunter reviews Lives hang in the balance. It is up to seven heroes to recapture the thirteen demons released from the chest of Demons. Crossover - X-overs & Scooby Doo - Rated: T - English - Drama/Adventure - Chapters: 3 - Words: 4,603 - Reviews: 3 - Updated: 5/28/2012 - Published: 5/25/2012 - Scooby Doo Total Drama Mystery Solving reviews When , Scooby, Speed Buggy, Fangface and their firends are kidnapped by Chris they must compete for their freedom Crossover - Cartoon X-overs & Total Drama series - Rated: T - English - Humor/Mystery - Chapters: 10 - Words: 7,280 - Reviews: 11 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 1 - Updated: 5/23/2012 - Published: 4/12/2012 - Chris M. - Complete Scoobycool9's trigon and brother blood together reviews When Trigon teams up with brother blood it could only be bad news for the teen titans. RaexBB,CyborgxBumblebee, Robx starfire,kid flashx Jinx, Hawk xTerra. COMPLETE! Teen Titans - Rated: T - English - Crime/Supernatural - Chapters: 13 - Words: 8,338 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 3 - Follows: 4 - Updated: 3/28/2012 - Published: 1/10/2012 - Raven, Terra - Complete The nightmare before Halloweentown reviews EDITED CHAPTER AND ON HIATUS TO HALLOWEEN! Crossover - Nightmare Before Christmas & Halloweentown - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 524 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 3 - Published: 10/3/2011 - Jack S., Zero, Marnie P., Dylan P.
i don't know
Taking office on September 5th 1939 until June 4th 1948, who was South African Prime Minister for the vast majority of World War Two?
HyperWar: East African and Abyssinian Campaigns [Chapter ] 1 South Africa Declares War On Sunday, 3 September 1939, there came the announcement broadcast by Mr. Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, that Great Britain and Nazi Germany were at war. France declared war the same day and the Australian and New Zealand governments associated themselves with Britain. Canada would follow suit only on 10 September. Within an hour of Mr. Chamberlain's speech, telephones were ringing in the homes of Cape Garrison Artillery officers and men. By 7 o'clock that evening the guns at Wynyard Battery covering Table Bay and at Queen's Battery, Simonstown, had been prepared for action with mixed detachments of Permanent Force and Cape Garrison Artillery gunners and a sprinkling of Special Service Battalion youths who were being rapidly instructed in the simpler duties on the guns.* There was no sign of H.M.S. Erebus,† which was to have been anchored in Table Bay to provide 15-inch gun protection for Cape Town. Next morning crowds gathered in Parliament Street, Cape Town. The Senate Bill--immediate cause for summoning Parliament at this particular time--was quickly disposed of and the Prime Minister, General Hertzog, rose to make a statement on the world crisis. All day the debate continued on a motion proposed by General Hertzog that the House approve and accept as the policy of the Government of the Union that 'the existing relations between the Union of South Africa and the various belligerent countries will, in so far as the Union is concerned, persist unchanged and continue as if no war is being waged; upon the understanding, however, that the existing relations and obligations between the Union and Great Britain, or any other member of the British Commonwealth of Nations, in so far as such relations or obligations result from contractual undertakings relating to the Naval base at Simonstown, or from its membership in the League of Nations, or in so far as such relations and obligations would result impliciter from the free association of the Union with other members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, shall continue unimpaired and shall be * See Appendix I for developments leading to South Africa's taking over of responsibility for the coastal defences of Simonstown. † As a result of a request from Mr. Winston Churchill in a letter to General Smuts dated 29 October 1939, the Erebus, which was then ready to sail for Cape Town, was retransferred to the Royal Navy (The Second World War, by Winston S. Churchill (Cassell), London, 1948. vol. 1, app. 11, p. 588 ) --1-- 1 The Prime Minister's motion was defeated by 80 votes to 67, and an amendment proposed by General Smuts was adopted by the same majority. Its terms declared that the policy of the Union Government should be based on the following principles and considerations: It is in the interest of the Union that its relations with the German Reich should be severed, and that the Union should refuse to adopt an attitude of neutrality in this conflict. The Union should carry out the obligations to which it has agreed, and continue its co-operation with its friends and associates in the British Commonwealth of Nations. The Union should take all necessary measures for the defence of its Territory and South African interests and the Government should not send forces overseas as in the last war. This House is profoundly convinced that the freedom and independence of the Union are at stake in this conflict and that it is therefore in its true interest to oppose the use of force as an instrument of national policy'. 2 Next day General Hertzog tendered his resignation and the Governor-General, Sir Patrick Duncan, called upon General Smuts, now in his 70th year, to form a new Ministry. The following afternoon, 6 September 1939, South Africa declared war on Germany. 3 SURVEY OF RESOURCES In surveying the country's resources, it was soon clear that published estimates of available trained men for the armed forces were over-optimistic* The Permanent Force--including the Special Service Battalion--was 2,032 under strength on an establishment of 5,385. Of its 313 officers only a handful were fully trained Staff officers. The strength of the Citizen Force for the training year 1938-9 was 14,631 -- or 1,015 under establishment. 4 Proper registration of Reserves had only recently begun and Brigadier-General George Brink, the Deputy Chief of Staff and Director of Army Organization and Training, placed the shortage of trained infantrymen at more than 39,000, for whom no pool of instructors existed, as there were only 104 other ranks in the S.A. Instructional Corps. Brigadier-General Len Beyers, appointed Director-General of Defence Rifle Associations on 21 September 1939, reckoned that of 122,000 men in the Commandos only about 18,300 were properly armed for field-work. Only 84 trained field artillery officers were available in South Africa. There were 71 field-guns and howitzers in service but only 65 were in field army units, as the other six were being used in coast defence batteries. Ammunition available for these guns plus six 2-pounder anti-tank guns and eight 3-inch 20 cwt. anti-aircraft guns was barely enough for a moderate day's shooting. South Africa possessed two obsolete medium tanks and two obsolete * See Appendix 2 . --2-- General J. C. Smuts, Commander-in-Chief, South African Forces (from the portrait by the South African War Artist, Captain Neville Lewis). Lieut.-General Alan Cunningham, General Officer Commanding, East Africa Force during its spectacular advance through Italian Somaliland aiid Abyssinia to liquidate the Italian East African Empire during 1940-1. Major-General George Brink, General Officer Commanding, 1st S.A. Division, in its successful operations in Southern Abyssinia. Brigadier D. H. Pienaar (seated) with some of his officers (l. to r.): Major H. Mill Colman (1st Field Company, S.A.E.C.), Major S. B. Gwillam (No. 3 S.A. Armoured Car Company), Lieut.-Colonel G. T. Senescall (The Dukes), Major F. I. Gerrard (Brigade Major, 1st S.A. Infantry Brigade), Captain L. S. Steyn (No. 3 S.A. Armoured Car Company), and Lieut.-Colonel E. P. Hartshorn (1st Transvaal Scottish). Units of 1st S.A. Infantry Brigade Group on parade at Gilgil on the occasion when the Governor of Kenya delivered a special message from the King. Viewing the situation from the Middle East, General Wavell concluded that if Italy entered the war it would eventually be necessary to attack the Italian forces in Abyssinia 5 --when he had sufficient troops. After visiting French and British Somaliland in January 1940, he felt that with comparatively small reinforcement it would be possible to hold both of them, not only for reasons of prestige but also because Jibuti and Berbera were the best bases for any invasion of Abyssinia. Ideas of evacuating the arid waste of British Somaliland were shelved, and it was proposed to bring in two battalions of the King's African Rifles and a battery of guns from Kenya. The Commander-in-Chief visited East Africa--which had been placed under his command on 3 February 6 and then flew on to South Africa on 16 March to see General Smuts. Major F. W. Pettifer of the Union Defence Force had already made a preliminary reconnaissance of a 'Great North Road' --5-- 7 Even before General Wavell had recorded his impressions--on 23 March--General Smuts had already received a telegram from London, reminding him of the suggestion that a plan might be worked out for a move of South African troops to Kenya. The United Kingdom, the message continued, had decided that a brigade group of the King's African Rifles must be earmarked to move from Kenya to Iran as a first insurance of the oilfields. Also, as General Wavell had undoubtedly already told the South African Prime Minister, a battalion of the King's African Rifles was soon to move to British Somaliland. In addition, in the event of a deterioration of relations with Italy, it would be desirable to move to Somaliland from Kenya a second battalion and the light battery. Although at the time the United Kingdom had no reason to expect the latter contingency, the telegram stated, it was necessary as a precaution to reinforce Kenya as soon as possible. It would be most helpful if South Africa could dispatch a brigade and attached troops to Kenya as soon as shipping became available, and the British Government understood that South Africa would be able to equip the brigade on a scale not less than that of the King's African Rifles and to maintain such a brigade group itself. The 2nd Special Service Brigade, the name of which had been changed to Field Force Brigade on 1 February 1940, was at Ladysmith and was still the only full-time infantry formation serving. Two battalions were up to strength and recruiting was in progress for a third. INSTITUTION OF NEW OATH The Defence Act still limited service to southern Africa, but General Smuts had stated in Parliament on 7 February that it was the Government's policy to 'extend operations as far as Kenya and Tanganyika', using volunteers if necessary. 8 On 29 March officers and men were invited to take a new oath whereby they undertook to serve anywhere in Africa for the duration of the war. In future, no man would be allowed to join the forces unless he attested on these terms, which were optional for those already serving. All who took the oath were soon wearing the distinguishing corps sign of the Mobile Field Force, an orange strip on the shoulder straps of all garments, which was to become well known as the 'Red Tab'. --6-- 9 On 13 May the formation of 1st South African Infantry Brigade Group was approved, and on the same day 1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade, S.A.A.left Rosebank Showgrounds, Cape Town--more than 1,000 under strength on its War Establishment of 1,494 all ranks--and entrained for Potchefstroom, where it was generously reinforced. The 1st S.A. Infantry Brigade Group was to include ancillary units, some of which had been established on a full-time footing already on 29 March, and Colonel John Daniel was to command the brigade. This calling up of a brigade group presaged full mobilization of the Mobile Field Force, Special Service Battalion, Coast Defences and the newly established Seaward Defence Force. Immediate requirements would now total 139,116 men, which was 26,000 more than the Adjutant-General's estimate of European volunteers likely to be medically fit for service. That Non-Europeans, many of whom were eager to serve, would have to be called upon--even if only in a non-combatant capacity--was obvious. On 8 May 1940, the Cape Corps, with its World War I traditions of service, was re-formed under Colonel C. N. Hoy, D.S.O., and began recruiting Coloured volunteers from all provinces for training at Kimberley as non-combatants. As Hitler's divisions thrust deep into Belgium on 16 May, Colonel John Daniel took up his appointment as Commander of 1st S.A. Infantry Brigade Group and Major E. P. Hartshorn, D.C.M., E.D., formerly of the Transvaal Scottish, opened the Brigade Headquarters at Kafferskraal. Mobilization orders excluded apprentices and all minors who could not produce their parents' consent, and the Dukes alone lost nearly 300 men. 10 Nevertheless, as the battalion gathered in pouring rain at the Castle, Cape Town, on 20 May, they were again at full strength. They left amid scenes of enthusiasm that day, travelling by train to 1st S.A. Infantry Brigade Group concentration area at Premier Mine, about 25 miles east of Pretoria. In Johannesburg 1st Transvaal Scottish, with new volunteers bringing up the rear still in their civilian clothes, 11 marched behind their pipe band to entrain, and next to reach the concentration area were the Royal Natal Carbineers from Pietermaritzburg. At the same time as the infantry, 5th Field Company, S.A.E.C. (Major C. W. Couchman, D.C.M.)* was mobilized. This was the Johannesburg Engineer Company which had been under command of Major G. H. Cotton, who was now Deputy Director of Engineer * Major C. W. Couchman was unable to proceed on full-time service, and on 12 July 1940, Major C. J. Venter was appointed Commanding Officer, 5th Field Company, S.A.E.C. --8-- 12 On 20 May Major H. H. Coldicott, Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General, and Captain B. A. R.Jones, Staff Captain 'A', left by ah from Swartkop Aerodrome to set up General Headquarters, Mobile Field Force, in Nairobi. All General Dickinson had at his disposal to withstand an attack on Kenya were some 8,500 men in two under-strength East African brigades, an East African reconnaissance regiment, 22nd Indian Mountain Battery and the new light battery. 13 General Wavell's instructions to him were to defend Kenya and contain as many Italians as possible on that front without compromising his own defence. In the words of the British Official History: 'He had decided to hold a coastal area in front of Mombasa; to deny the enemy access to the River Tana and to the water at Wajir; and to station detachments at Marsabit, at Moyale on the frontier, and in Turkana by Lake Rudolf, which meant that the force was stretched over an arc of 850 miles.' 14 It was not a happy picture and General Dickinson must have heaved a sigh of relief when the first South African Air Force units began to reach Nairobi the day after Major Coldicott's arrival. No. 1 Fighter Squadron, S.A.A.F. (Major N. G. Niblock-Stuart) was already preparing to ferry Gladiator aircraft from Abu Suier in Egypt down to Nairobi in May 1940; No. 11 Bomber Squadron, S.A.A.F. (Major R. H. Preller) had flights at Nairobi and Mombasa by 23 May; No. 12 Bomber Squadron, S.A.A.F. (Major Charles E. Martin) was at Nairobi on 23 May and in June at Mombasa, Moshi and Nairobi's Eastleigh aerodrome. The first contingent of the land forces from South Africa was due at Mombasa the next day when Captain Jones, assisted by Sergeant de Beer (his entire staff), began to prepare the camp at Kabete to receive 350 men at twenty-four hours' notice. Back in South Africa equipment was still desperately scarce and there was an almost total lack of armoured fighting vehicles. 15 After strenuous testing, a prototype South African armoured car--forerunner of 5,746 armoured fighting vehicles to be produced in the country during the war 16 --had been passed for production, and in April the formation of four armoured car companies had been authorized. The first twenty-two locally manufactured armoured cars were delivered in May and on 29 May 1st Battalion S.A. Tank Corps was established as from 1 May and located at the Military College, Voortrekkerhoogte, with Lieutenant-Colonel V. C. B. O.'B. Short in command and an authorized strength of 58 officers and 1,063 other ranks. Only 326 had volunteered by June 1940, 17 > by which time the latest establishment tables showed a South African infantry division as totalling no fewer than 37,593 men, of whom 33,070 were to be Europeans.* * See Appendix 4 . --9-- Positions were selected for sections of 2nd and 3rd Anti-Aircraft Batteries (Majors L. W. Meyer and R. G. Batho) and for the Searchlight Battery (Major H. MacKenzie) and a general plan for the defence of Mombasa against air attack was worked out in co-operation with the South African Air Force. Italy had in East Africa some 325 aircraft 18 and the South African anti-aircraft brigade felt itself to be in the front line. At 4.45 p.m. on 10 June 1940, the British Ambassador in Rome was informed by Count Ciano, Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs, that at one minute past midnight Italy would be at war with Great Britain. 19 At Mombasa, the pilots of No. 1 Fighter Squadron, S.A.A.F., with its four Hurricanes, and the men of No. 11 Bomber Squadron, S.A.A.F., with their Hartbeests, like the anti-aircraft gunners, waited on tenterhooks for the approach of the first wave of Italian bombers. Nothing happened. On 11 June South Africa officially declared war on Italy. Four JU 86's from Nairobi, led by Major D. A. du Toit,* had already taken off in the South African Air Force's first raid of the war, bombing a large Banda camp at Moyale. Hostilities had begun and overland invasion or a major raid on the Transvaal through Portuguese territory became a possibility with which the South African General Staff had to reckon. At Zonderwater 1st S.A. Infantry Brigade was held in readiness. * Died 14 January 1967, as Combat-General D. A. du Toit, S.M., D.F.C., Chief of Air Staff. --10--
Jan Smuts
In which southern British city can you find St James' Park Railway Station?
Franklin D. Roosevelt and World War II. - Free Online Library Franklin D. Roosevelt and World War II. <a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+and+World+War+II.-a0119613588</a> Citations: MLA style: "Franklin D. Roosevelt and World War II.." The Free Library. 2004 Center for the Study of the Presidency 19 Jan. 2017 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+and+World+War+II.-a0119613588 Chicago style: The Free Library. S.v. Franklin D. Roosevelt and World War II.." Retrieved Jan 19 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+and+World+War+II.-a0119613588 APA style: Franklin D. Roosevelt and World War II.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jan 19 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+and+World+War+II.-a0119613588 "Roosevelt 'had said that he would wage war, but not declare it, and that he would become more and more provocative.'" So reported British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to his cabinet upon his return to London in August 1941, following his first conference with the President of the United States, Franklin Roosevelt. Churchill went on to claim that he and the president had worked out the details of a system for escorting supply convoys in the Atlantic, and that FDR had ordered the U.S. Navy to shoot German U-boats (submarines) on sight and thus "force" an incident. (1) Is that what happened? Less than four months later, in December 1941, the United States went to war with Japan, Germany, and Italy, all within the space of four days. In each case, Roosevelt evaded a straightforward request for a declaration of war, asserting instead that war had been thrust upon America. Pearl Harbor generated a somber accusation: Yesterday, December 7, 1941--a date which will live in infamy--the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.... I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire. (2) Then, on December 11, following Hitler's seemingly gratuitous declaration of war earlier that day, Roosevelt sent a message to Congress "requesting the recognition of a state of war with Germany and Italy," because those governments had "declared war against the United States." (3) The path to war for Roosevelt and the United States seemed obvious. The president had said in September 1939 that Hitler was "pure, unadulterated evil." (4) The apparent logic is simple: by late 1941, he had settled on deceit and deception--waging but not declaring war--to bring the United States into the ongoing conflict with Nazi Germany, which is precisely the argument made by some historians and by FDR's most bitter critics since 1941. (5) But things are not always what they seem on the surface. The actual path to war for the United States was long and complex. It began with the peace settlements following the First World War, agreements that created a renewed structure of alliances and ententes by which the victors hoped to preserve the status quo. The problem was that there were various "status quos." British and French leadership elites each had their own similar yet differing versions, with both nations focused on maintaining their colonial empire. The United States, with its powerful and expanding economy, held to a somewhat different vision. Then there were the revolutions--from the Bolsheviks in Russia (aimed at a corrupt ruling clique and capitalism), to anti-imperialism in China (aimed against a corrupt ruling clique and the Europeans), and on to Mexico (aimed at a corrupt ruling clique and the United States). On the fringe was Japan, which had enhanced its empire during the First World War almost without effort. Germany, defeated but not vanquished, waited in the wings. Nor were the "great" powers in Europe prepared to accept American leadership. Not surprisingly, despite the dreams of Americans and Europeans that the post-World War I agreements were "peace" treaties, they merely constituted a short, 20-year truce. The 1930s brought the Great Depression and the "rise of the dictators," (6) a potent combination that destabilized Europe and the United States. That instability brought to a head the contradictory challenges that had flowed out of the First World War. For the United States the 1930s were simply scary, at home and increasingly so abroad. No nation experienced greater change in its national quality of life during the Great Depression. No nation was less prepared psychologically for the maneuvering and bargaining that had traditionally constituted international diplomacy and war avoidance (certainly not peacekeeping), despite the best efforts of Theodore Roosevelt to begin the education process. The American approach to international affairs seemed simple, and simplistic. There was a right way, and a wrong way. The conundrum that Americans (7) faced was what historian Lloyd Gardner so perceptively labeled the "covenant with power." (8) Using power, especially military power, to achieve political goals was distasteful, perhaps even immoral. Witness American praise for the Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact, and the campaigning of Senator William Borah, both aimed at "outlawing" war. But Hitler, Mussolini, and the Japanese had no compunctions about using military force to achieve their goals, whether that was the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland, the conquest of Abyssinia (Ethiopia), or the subjugation of China. Attempts by Americans to avoid involvement in the confrontations and disputes that sprang up, particularly in Europe, ran afoul of the often unrecognized reality that, like it or not, American prosperity and hence security depended upon a world, particularly a European and East Asian world, where the United States could conduct commerce without what it called "artificial" trade restraints (ignoring, of course, American tariff walls). Yet such restraints appeared along with the "rise of the dictators." Americans, and their leaders, were trapped. Like their Puritan forebears, they rejected the world, yet they were of the world. The "great awakening" for Americans was a slow process, frighteningly slow for the British who knew full well that if the United States did not ally with them against Hitler's Germany, they would have to compromise or collapse. The story of that awakening has been oft told. Suffice it to say that by the time of the outbreak of open war between Germany and the rest of Europe (save Italy and a few foolish or frightened neutrals) on September 1, 1939, American leaders and a majority of the public viewed the Nazis as a threat to the kind of Europe with which they were comfortable. They were disgusted by Nazi persecutions of Jews and Christian churches, challenged by German autarkic economic policies, and distressed by the blatant use of open military force by Germany and Italy for political gain. But those were Europe's problems. Roosevelt played to the numbers. He quickly dropped his initial prediction in 1939 of a very short war due to either a quick German victory or the collapse of the Nazi regime. (9) Within a few months, he moved firmly, and publicly, toward a neutrality that favored the Allies. Whatever his own beliefs about entering the war, he avoided that black-and-white question like the plague. His private lobbying effort (what in the 1990s would be called a political action committee) was led by the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. The name alone illustrated the strategy. But no evidence has surfaced to demonstrate that Roosevelt lied actively and consistently to the American people about his ultimate intentions, and there are good reasons to conclude that he wishfully hoped that the United States could (or would have to) fight a limited war--with only naval and air forces engaged against the Germans. (10) Some way stations on the path to the declarations of war stand out. One was the destroyer-bases deal. Churchill, after taking office as prime minister in May 1940, repeatedly pleaded with the Americans for destroyers to combat German U-boats and surface raiders that threatened the supply lifelines into the British Isles. In what became a pattern, he combined bravado with a veiled threat in his first message as prime minister to FDR: "If necessary, we shall continue the war alone and we are not afraid of that. But I trust you realize, Mr. President, that the voice and force of the United States may count for nothing if they are withheld too long. You may have a completely subjugated, Nazified Europe with astonishing swiftness, and the weight may be more than we can bear." (11) Effective American military assistance in 1940 was out of the question for both political and practical reasons. Boosting morale and hope was not. Churchill wanted a long-term American commitment to the war, but the immediate need was equipment needed to fight off a German invasion. Aircraft were in the supply pipeline, particularly with the acquisition of French aircraft orders made before that nation signed an armistice with Germany in June 1940. But if Britain were to survive, destroyers were needed to ward off Nazi submarines that threatened the Atlantic supply lanes. In the way stood United States law forbidding the sale of military equipment needed for the defense of the United States, and Roosevelt's military chiefs found no way around that requirement. FDR had to have an arrangement that made it crystal clear that any transfer of those destroyers benefited the nation's defenses more than keeping them. The destroyer-bases deal ("arrangement" was the official euphemism, because the "deal" was so favorable to the Americans) was simple and, as things turned out, militarily unimportant: 50 World War I vintage (and, as it turned out, relatively unusable) American destroyers in return for long-term authority to build and operate bases on eight British colonies in the western hemisphere, ranging from British Guiana through the Caribbean to Bermuda and on north to Newfoundland. Though FDR had no interest in acquiring colonies, (12) he had long had his eye on Bermuda and assorted British possessions in the Caribbean as sites for American military bases. After all, the British (and other European empires) had no business being there anyway. He had negotiated though never implemented a general agreement for such bases back in June 1939. Predictably, he brought up the same idea in the summer of 1940 as he cast about for ways to "sell" the American people, and his own military, on aid to Britain. (13) But the "deal" was better than that. Roosevelt also insisted on a public commitment from Churchill that, if Britain were forced to surrender, its fleet would be sent abroad "for the defence of other parts of the Empire." (14) He had already initiated establishment of a Canadian-American Joint Defense Board to insure United States leverage over the use of any elements of the British fleet sent to Canada--a clear indication of his deep concern that Britain might fall, despite cautious reports that, given enough aid, they might well rend off any German invasion. (15) Churchill's promise fulfilled the requirement that the destroyer-bases deal promoted the defense of the United States. Anti-interventionists were wary, though split--did the deal help the United Sates build its own defenses, or move toward getting the nation involved in the war? (16) His own military complained that the destroyers were needed for American defense, and opponents argued that he was violating the law and even the Constitution to make such a deal. Roosevelt anticipated that "Congress is going to raise hell about this but even another day's delay may mean the end of civilization ... but if Britain is to survive, we must act." (17) And he did. On September 3, Labor Day, Roosevelt informed Congress of the terms. He treated it as a fait accompli, citing his attorney general's opinion regarding the law. Muttering was heard in the expected quarters--Senator Gerald Nye, the anti-interventionist America First Committee. But even Robert McCormick, the anti-Roosevelt publisher of the Chicago Tribune, thanked "God" that the Caribbean had become "an American lake." The firestorm that FDR expected never appeared. When it came time to pass appropriations to implement the agreement, Congress did just that. Public opinion polls indicated general support for the deal. (18) Why? Perhaps it was FDR's cleverness. Perhaps it was the distraction of the upcoming presidential election. Perhaps it was Churchill's elan and persuasiveness. But more likely it was just plain common sense, in Congress and among the public. The German bombing campaigns on the continent and over Britain had driven home the arrival of the air age. The security provided by distance and the Atlantic Ocean had eroded. The swap was a good deal for America in every sense of the phrase. The nation's security was enhanced, Britain's ability to resist a common threat was strengthened, and, by besting their long-standing rival and "mother country," Americans could grin a bit. But what about the president's tortuous avoidance of the law, and of Congress, by using an executive agreement, the legality of which depended to a degree on the placement of a comma? (19) What could or should Roosevelt have done in the summer of 1940? By every calculus and calculation, a declaration of war would not have passed Congress. A premature public debate would, almost certainly, have brought the wrong answer-wrong as far as Roosevelt was concerned, wrong as far as Britain was concerned, wrong as far as history is concerned. The British felt alone and isolated. Opponents of presidential action in foreign policy have always complained that the White House exceeds its authority. That argument was a staple of the contemporary and later historical debates over Roosevelt's policies from September 1939 through the Pearl Harbor attack more than two years later. Given the American political system, the alternative to presidential leadership lies at the other end of Pennsylvania Avenue--Capitol Hill. That alternative would become elevated during the anti-Vietnam War debates into an accepted truth. But arguments that the destroyer-bases deal led inevitably to the imperial presidency ignore the way Congress plays the game. Because sheer practicality places the making of foreign policy primarily with the executive branch, Congress is able to sit back and play dog-in-the-manger, carping, criticizing, and playing to the voters. Congress reflects public perceptions far more accurately and broadly than any opinion poll or pundit. Yet, for the crucial stages of America's "neutrality," or non-involvement, whether before Pearl Harbor or, for that matter, before the mid-1960s' "intervention" in Indochina, and in the cases of Gulf Wars I and II, Congress felt no overwhelming, or even strong, public pressure to restrain presidential actions or change U.S. foreign policy. One critic of Roosevelt's disingenuousness quotes the book of Psalms: "Put not your trust in princes." (20) That is always good advice, but it begs the question. Where should trust be placed? The Psalmist meant God, but that is hardly a practical practice. In the American democratic republic, the alternatives are Congress and the courts. No one in Congress introduced legislation to nullify the destroyer-bases deal. No one filed charges against the president or his cabinet for violating the law. Public opinion--created and expressed in polls, print, and radio--supported the arrangement, as did the bulk of White House mail, to Roosevelt's surprise. One hundred seventy-five years earlier, James Madison had argued that the prince, in this case the president, could be restrained only by politics, not by law. Perhaps the reason FDR could manipulate the politics and even dissemble and lie is that the "people" did not disagree. Which is how politics works. The destroyer-bases deal constituted a major move by the United States toward an alliance with Great Britain. The two nations were more than just "somewhat mixed up together," the phrase Churchill used to the House of Commons when the arrangement was coming together. The United States had come a long way from where it had stood a year earlier, when Hitler invaded Poland and broke the peace of Europe. (21) A clear indicator of public concern for the nation's security came shortly after the destroyer-bases deal when, on September 16, 1940, Roosevelt signed into law the first peacetime draft in American history. Even though the legislation forbade using draftees outside the western hemisphere or U.S. possessions, anti-interventionists and peace groups (again labeled "isolationists") mounted a campaign against it, arguing it was a step toward militarism at home and intervention abroad. But it passed Congress with solid margins. Destroyers, whatever their readiness for combat, offered only a promise of things that might come. The Neutrality Laws of the mid-1930s, designed to keep the United States out of the First World War (a bit belatedly), had forbade government loans or credits to nations at war. Once war broke out in Europe, Congress modified the law to allow "cash and carry"--belligerents could buy war materials, but only for cash and not carried on American cargo ships. By autumn 1940, Britain's ambassador to the United States, Lord Lothian, could announce to American reporters that Britain could no longer pay cash for war supplies. Whatever he said, "Britain's bust," or "Britain's broke; it's your money we want," the press caught the point. The "cash and carry" revision to the Neutrality Act had forced Britain to use its ready money--"the hobble that cramped medieval kings," Churchill once wrote. Britain was far from broke, but it was running very short of dollars. (22) Britain needed help if it was to continue as the barrier between Hitler and the United States. Wearied by the 1940 election campaign, the president left Washington on December 2 for a 2-week cruise aboard the USS Tuscaloosa. Had Lothian not dropped his bombshell, Roosevelt would have given little thought to the finance issue during a voyage dedicated to rest and relaxation--which in FDR's case meant "fishing, basking in the sun and spoofing with cronies." (23) But before he left, he told his cabinet to study the issue, and authorized a large quantity of British orders for military goods, orders he knew Britain could not pay for, at least not in cash. A week later, Roosevelt's sojourn was interrupted by a letter from Churchill, cabled from London and flown out to the Tuscaloosa. The prime minister later called it "one of the most important I ever wrote." Certainly it was one of the most carefully written, going through multiple drafts once Lothian convinced Churchill the letter was needed. The prime minister offered one of his classic surveys of the state of the war, summarizing in powerful phrases the nature of the threat, and what Britain needed in order to continue the fight effectively. Ever conscious of the crucial nature of maritime strategy for Britain and its empire (a word he added atone point), and of Germany's superior ground forces, Churchill focused on shipping and supply. "The decision for 1941 lies upon the seas," he wrote. "It is therefore in shipping and in the power to transport across the ocean, particularly the Atlantic Ocean, that in 1941 the crunch of the whole war will be found." Britain needed more warships; vast numbers of merchant ships had to be constructed; supply ships crossing the Atlantic needed the protection of American escorts. "The industrial energy of the Republic" was also needed for "a further 2,000 combat aircraft a month"--a dramatic increase in British orders that they could not pay for in cash. Only one paragraph of 19 in the long, 4000-word message addressed the issue that had to be solved, and solved quickly--ready money. "The moment approaches," warned Churchill, "when we shall no longer be able to pay cash for shipping and other supplies." To force Britain to sell its assets would be "wrong in principle ... after victory was won with our blood, civilisation saved and time gained for the United States...." (24) Roosevelt agreed. The result was the second major way station toward a declaration of war--the Lend-Lease Act in March 1941. The language of the act was powerful and straightforward: [T]he President may ..., when he deems it in the interest of national defense, ... sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government [whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States] any defense article.... The terms and conditions ... shall be those which the President deems satisfactory. It was an extraordinary grant of authority, restricted at the last minute only by limits on the size of an annual Congressional appropriation for the program. Once again the president seized the opportunity presented by the support of the bulk of the American public, according to every indicator at the time, for aid to Britain--though always short of war--even if such aid set the United States on the slippery slope toward full involvement, once again leaving the decision to the president. Lend-Lease was an unequivocal declaration of economic warfare, and Hitler understood it that way. Increasingly, as his advisers warned the Fuhrer, the question was not would, but when would the Americans come into the war? (25) The massive American industrial machine that would deliver such aid in vast quantities was two years away, but the declaration of war, however ostensibly limited to economics, was crystal clear. FDR's premonitions, or plans, were revealed by two tactics he adopted during the debates over the proposal. First, he worked to ensure the failure of attempts to forbid extending Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union. Second, he instructed the bill's managers to avoid any substantive discussions of escorting supply convoys with warships. He accepted a meaningless amendment that said nothing in the legislation gave the president additional authority to escort convoys, which raised no bars that would prevent the president from doing just that when German submarines began attacking Lend-Lease shipping. Roosevelt, remembering Wilson's fears of hyphenated-Americans and a divided nation, sought the appearance of a full and open debate on Lend-Lease. Anti-interventionists, Pacific-firsters, isolationists, professional Irishmen, and just plain FDR-haters all played their role as the "loyal opposition." Time and again they argued that Lend-Lease would bring the United States closer to war. Time and again they mocked FDR for not being willing to fight, if that was what he thought was right. Time and again they warned that Lend-Lease gave the president a frightening and extraordinary grant of power. Time and again they echoed the fears of one Martin Sweeney, a Congressman from Ohio, who proposed new words for "God Bless America": God save America from British rule: Stand beside her and guide her From the schemers who would make of her a fool. From Lexington to Yorktown, From blood-stained Valley Forge, God save America From a king named George. America, they warned, must never again fight someone else's war, especially if that someone else was one of the decaying and degenerate European colonial powers. (26) The opposition arguments were, in an offset way, more right than wrong. Whatever the emotions and personal feelings about Roosevelt, the legislation did grant the president a dangerous degree of power. It did lead ineluctably to escorting supply convoys. It did violate all recognized definitions of "neutrality." Lend-Lease did move the United States closer to open warfare with Germany. Anti-interventionists of all stripes believed Roosevelt was leading the nation into war without honestly saying so. But that is not how a political dynamic works, even in a democratic republic. We may wish for candor, but it is not the responsibility of one faction to shoot itself in the foot. That is, so to speak, the job of the opposition. The Lend-Lease debate was reported in remarkably full detail in all the media of the day. No American who cared to know, did not know. All the accusations and challenges to FDR's policies were reported and discussed, over and over again. Yet the primitive public opinion polls of the day indicated strong and consistent support for the legislation. More important, the United States Congress--the true test of operative public opinion--supported Lend-Lease. The vote was decisive: 260 to 165 in the House, 62 to 33 in the Senate. (27) Once again, the American public, through its representatives (which is how the system works), demonstrated its approval of Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policies--in this case, an economic declaration of war. This declaration of economic warfare was shadowed by secret Anglo-American military staff discussions, which took place even as the Lend-Lease debate took place. The impetus for such talks had been the Tripartite Pact, which raised the specter of simultaneous war in Europe and East Asia. The recommendations generated by those ABC-1 (American-British Conversations) discussions called for fighting Germany first in the event of a war in both theaters. FDR received the report, expressed agreement, but did not formally acknowledge it as American policy until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Not only was he not prepared, in early 1941, to debate the question of war or peace, but there is no indication that he had made a choice. For FDR, war meant ground forces in Europe; air and naval units could fight Hitler under a different label. In fact, shortly before the ABC-1 talks, the president had expressed concern that, although there was only a one-in-five chance of Germany and Japan waging a joint war against the Anglo-Americans, such an action could bring the collapse of British resistance and a German attack on the western hemisphere--hardly the ruminations of someone contemplating an offensive war against Hitler. (28) But neither did the president repudiate the Germany-first strategy. Still, ABC-1 was not a way station toward war, but rather a determination as to how the war, if it came, would be fought. The third major way station to war came on June 22, 1941, when the Germans attacked the Soviet Union. From the moment of that attack, the military situation and wartime grand strategy changed dramatically. Instead of the prospect of an overwhelming German presence that seemed unattackable on the European continent, Hitler had taken on a foe with enormous potential--if, a huge if, the Russians could hold out or even pose a challenge to the Germans. Then Senator Harry Truman cynically quipped that the United States should help Germany if the Russians were winning, and Russia if Germany was winning--though he added lamely that he would not want Hitler victorious under any circumstances. That comment reflected the mood swings of Americans toward the Soviet Union, ranging from admiration in the mid-1930s (when the USSR seemed to be correcting the excesses of capitalism), to anger and revulsion (following Stalin's purges and the Nazi-Soviet Pact), and then cautious collaboration during the Second World War. Despite American suspicions about Soviet intentions, Truman's gambit never became a serious possibility. Disgust for the Nazis may not have been enough to bring America into the war, but it was much too strong to allow such cynical aloofness. (29) The American military was initially pessimistic about Soviet chances, and Roosevelt's first reaction to desperate Soviet requests for aid was caution. He dodged questions from the press about extending Lend-Lease to Russia, particularly with polls showing Americans opposed. Long-term Soviet intentions raised concerns, and reports were full of references to secret agents and suspicious requests from the Soviets for secret military technology. (30) But FDR often played his hunches. During the debate over passage of Lend-Lease, he had had a hunch and instructed his managers to fight off attempts to exclude the USSR from eligibility for such aid. In June 1941 he had another hunch (or was it an expectation?), this time that backing the Soviets might be worth the gamble. After a long evening's conversation on July 11 with his closest adviser (national security adviser would be the best analogy), Harry Hopkins, the president sent his trusted adviser to London to discuss two related issues--the American aid program, and the effect of the German-Soviet war on broad strategy. The very absence of any record or recollection of extensive discussions between Hopkins and the president about the strategic implications of Soviet entry into the war against Germany is suspect. (31) Hopkins' discussions with Churchill and the British may have focused on the Battle of the Atlantic, preparations for a Churchill-Roosevelt meeting that would take place in mid-August, and British strategy in the Middle East. But the new front in Russia was the real reason for Hopkins' visit to London, so it seems preordained, if not preplanned, that he should suggest a visit to Moscow to assess the situation for himself and FDR. It is hard to read Churchill's reaction to the proposal. He endorsed it to Roosevelt, and certainly supported anything that would cause Hitler problems. The prime minister had predicted that the Soviets would "assuredly be defeated," but then quickly promised to "go all out to help Russia." (32) Hopkins' long trek to Russia brought the message Roosevelt hoped, and expected, to hear. Whatever the turmoil and confusion in Moscow and on the front lines, which Hopkins visited, he verified that Stalin was committed to continuing the fight, however long it took. Hopkins recognized that Stalin was the unchallenged ruler and pointed to the ideological quandary posed by allying with the Soviet Union; the visit highlighted "the difference between democracy and dictatorship," he reported to FDR. (33) For Woodrow Wilson in 1917, the Russian Revolution seemed to bring ideological consistency to the "coalition" fighting Germany. For FDR in 1941, the entry of the USSR into the war brought inconsistency to the struggle against "the dictators." Ideology is inconvenient. Whatever the awkward politics of aid to Russia, the president sent Stalin a message via Hopkins promising aid, especially aid that could "reach Russia within the next three months." That commitment was followed by a far greater, far deeper pledge: "A great amount of materiel" would be available after that crucial three-month period. The implication was clear. If the Soviet Union stayed in the war, large-scale American aid would be forthcoming. As Hopkins told the British ambassador in Moscow, Roosevelt was "all out to help all he could even if the Army and the Navy authorities in America did not like it." When aid to Russia seemed off to a slow start, he told an administrator to "use a heavy hand--act as a burr under the saddle and get things moving.... Step on it!" (34) By October, American military intelligence and the U.S. Army War Plans Division agreed that no concessions should be made that might permit Japan to turn its eye away from China and invade Siberia. The Russian effort against Germany was far too important. (35) FDR instructed his Army Chief of Staff, General George Marshall, to give precedence to delivering aid to the USSR (fulfilling one of Churchill's fears, that aid to Britain would be affected). When Congress rejected proposals to forbid Lend-Lease to Russia, Roosevelt seized the opportunity and authorized up to one billion dollars worth of such aid. It was Roosevelt's second economic declaration of war on Germany. Which brings us to where this essay started, the statement by Churchill that "Roosevelt 'had said that he would wage war, but not declare it, and that he would become more and more provocative.'" When the prime minister said that in September 1941, he had just returned to London from Newfoundland to a cabinet, parliament, and public that expected news of an American declaration of war--or at least something close to that. He had written his king before the meeting that the president would not have asked for such a meeting "unless he had in mind some further forward step." (36) Yet this is the same president who had warned his closest adviser, Harry Hopkins, about to leave for London--"no talk about war." All Churchill could do was pass to the cabinet what he called his "impression of the President's attitude." FDR "was obviously determined," repotted the prime minister, that the United States should enter the war but, as a recent single-vote majority in the House of Representatives for the extension of Selective Service (the draft) seemed to demonstrate, the president had to be careful. They had worked out the details of an escorting system to protect shipping against German submarines (U-boats), and Roosevelt had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack U-boat submarines on sight, thus forcing, in what Churchill said was the president's word, an "incident." (37) Churchill, pressured to meet the high expectations of the British War Cabinet, had read more into Roosevelt's comments than the president intended. Presidential speechwriter Robert Sherwood later wrote that the British assumed that Churchill had obtained some secret assurances during the Atlantic Conference in August 1941, and "it is improbable that Churchill did much to discourage this hopeful assumption." As one British participant later remarked, "We wished to God there had been!" (38) The U.S. Navy did not issue a shoot-on-sight order. But American naval policy in the Atlantic did become increasingly belligerent, and FDR's references to an "incident" suggest he was thinking about what had happened in World War I, when such events as the sinking of the Lusitania and the German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare had brought the United States into the conflict. Hitler, who also remembered, had already ordered his U-boat commanders to avoid any incidents with the Americans. Yet, when an incident did occur--a submarine attack on the destroyer USS Greer on September 4--FDR made no call for escalation or even retaliation (nor did he explain that the American warship had been trailing the submarine for hours, providing tracking data for British patrol planes). There was the hint of a shoot-on-sight order, but only if "Germany continues to seek it." Instead, he used it to edge another step closer to Britain by authorizing American warships to escort foreign shipping between the United States and Iceland. (39) It seemed a stalemate. Hitler was busy elsewhere, Japan was threatening either European colonies in Southeast Asia or the USSR in Siberia, and Roosevelt either hoped to avoid war or did not believe he could get Congress to declare war against Germany. The real "incident," the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, changed that with stunning suddenness. The war against Nazi Germany and its allies, and the war against Japan had no integral connection except the coincidence of time. But timing is everything. In September 1940, the Japanese signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy. The agreement was not, for the Japanese, an offensive alliance but rather a pro forma agreement that promised to allow them to do what they had done during the First World War--to expand their regional empire at the expense of the European colonial powers without having to confront them militarily. Officials in Tokyo wishfully assumed that their counterparts in Washington would face the German threat first, leaving Japan to create what it euphemistically called its Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, with a minimum of interference. That the Japanese misread how the Americans would react is now obvious. That the United States government misread the nature of the threat is equally so. Had Japanese and American interests clashed a decade earlier, when there was no European war, in the same way that they did in 1941, the Japanese-American War could have been avoided, as it had been in other times of crisis. The root cause of Japanese-American tension was expansion. But by 1941, the Japanese had managed to convince Roosevelt and his administration that the "axis" powers posed a direct and combined threat to America's vital interests. (40) Perhaps they did, for Germany and Japan both advocated commercial and trading policies that directly challenged America's traditional conviction that "free trade," or "free markets" (the same thing) were integral to both democracy and prosperity. (41) The details of Japanese-American policy for the 14 months preceding the Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 1941 are a lesson in the dangers of relying solely on military and economic deterrence. The United States continued to tighten the economic noose it had around Japan, and to send diplomatic and military warning signals. The Japanese became more and more anxious as their ability to fight a war was threatened by ever more restricted access to raw materials, but continued to assume that, when push came to shove, the Americans would back off and focus on the European war. But the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, instead of further distracting the United States, served to make Roosevelt even more concerned about Japan lest it seize the opportunity to move into Russian Siberia. The Roosevelt administration exaggerated the threat of totalitarian encirclement (perhaps a conscious exaggeration on Roosevelt's part), but it also underestimated the intensity of the Japanese commitment. Following the State Department's strategy (though Roosevelt often pushed for stronger measures), the United States assumed that Japan would not go to war against a military power it could not defeat on the battlefield. Whatever the validity of American concerns about Japan's seeming alliance with Germany, as well as long-standing Japanese-American conflicts over economic and commercial interests, misperceptions lay at the root of their war--and the predictions of both sides proved tragically wrong. Perhaps the remainder of this essay could consist of just titles and subtitles from books about Franklin Roosevelt and the path to war in 1941. The Undeclared War, Back Door to War, and Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, those will do for starters. The implication is clear. Franklin Roosevelt led, lied, and lured the United States into the Second World War, even going to the extreme of forcing Japan to fight and then allowing the American battle fleet to be "sitting ducks" at Pearl Harbor. Some of the critiques are defenses of FDR in the tradition of Thomas A. Bailey, one of the creators of diplomatic history as a subdiscipline. Bailey asserted that, although Franklin Roosevelt lied ("less than candid" is his usual phrase) America into war, it was the right war against the right enemy. That thesis reached new heights (or lows) with Robert Stinnett's Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor. The opening words of the subtitle, "The Truth ...," awakens my reflexive disbelief of people who qualify a statement with "trust me." At best, Stinnett's subtitle accuses everyone else of lying, or being either stupid or ignorant. And the beat goes on. As I wrote this essay (summer 2003), two letters arrived, one from Canada and the other from Great Britain, each purporting to have found "new" or hitherto "ignored" evidence that British and American leaders must have or should have known about the impending Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In these, and every previous case, the arguments for a conspiracy within the Roosevelt administration to foment war with Japan in order to go to war with Germany rely on memory that surfaced 15 years or more after the Pearl Harbor attack. Somehow those who could corroborate this "evidence" are dead or missing. Buying into the conspiracy theory requires leaps of faith, and a suspension of common sense. The common sense argument is the most powerful. To cover up such a vast conspiracy is, to say the least, implausible. More to the point, why would Franklin Roosevelt, who adored his navy, sacrifice what was then considered a crucial and decisive weapon, the battleship fleet, when they might have set a trap for the Japanese, delivered a crushing blow against the Imperial Navy, and slipped through the "back door" into a war with Germany? (42) In the absence of an unequivocal and undeniable smoking gun, the "FDR must have known" school flunks out. Roosevelt's major aid program before the 1940 presidential election was a pathetic little swap of over-aged, decrepit destroyers for valuable base rights in seven British territories in the western hemisphere and a promise that Hitler would not get the British fleet if he successfully invaded Great Britain. Then, in October 1940, just before the voters went to the polls, FDR pandered to national fears by promising that "your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars," never raising the question of how American support for the Allies might force war on the nation. (43) Did the president believe, before the election of 1940, that the United States should and would enter the war? Who knows? Even after his reelection, Roosevelt told his secretary of state, Cordell Hull, and the American military chiefs in mid-January 1941, that the United States should be prepared to fight a defensive war in the Pacific, while the Navy should prepare to convoy supplies to Britain. But the army should follow "a very conservative" approach, he said, focusing on protecting Latin America. (44) Throughout 1940 and 1941, he moved toward confrontation with Germany and Japan, but dodged the issue of war, avoiding lies yet not being fully candid with the public or Congress about the debate he was conducting with himself. Not lying is not the same as telling the truth. If he had a plan, Roosevelt did not take the public into his confidence during the election campaign of 1940 or thereafter when Lend-Lease was debated, or as he moved closer to a confrontation with Germany. He avoided and evaded answering awkward questions about how the United States could be neutral and still provide naval vessels and war supplies to one of the belligerents. The usual justification for such actions has been that FDR, wary of being told "no" if he asked the public to endorse greater assistance to Britain, needed time to "educate" Americans and their Congressional representatives. (45) But the public, the president, and politicians in general follow conventions, accepted usages that provide what reporters call "plausible deniability" for all parties. They use an adult version of the children's taunt--"ask me no questions; I'll tell you no lies." Even the unsophisticated polls of that era (FDR occasionally suggested questions for the pollsters to ask) (46) demonstrate that by mid-1940 those questioned understood quite well what was at stake--but refused to ratify the hard decisions. That only illustrates the role leaders are expected to play: to make unpleasant choices and then take the blame. What Americans wanted to hear in 1940 (and in subsequent crises) was not what they knew was the truth, but what they wished were the truth. In a sense, they wanted to be lied to. Public opinion, expressed in polls and Congress, saw Hitler as an ever-increasing threat, and someone had to deal with that. (47) FDR can be, and is, seen as the president who set the pattern followed during the Cold War and afterward for fighting undeclared wars. Perhaps. Yet his decisions were in response to a genuine and immediate military-political threat, at least where Hitler was concerned. There was a "clear and present danger." (48) Domination of Europe by Nazi Germany posed an economic, political, ethical, and eventually military threat that could not be ignored. Japan's challenge to American interests was less clear, and the administration's policies were less candid. But in both cases, Roosevelt's vaunted skills at "educating" the American public were not so great as to be able to convince them, and Congress, that the United States should declare war on Germany in the summer and autumn of 1941--if that was his intention. But the path to war and the formal declarations that finally came were not done without Congressional and, therefore, public approval. Whatever the tactics Roosevelt used--from disingenuousness to lies--Congress (and thus the public) had ample opportunities to say "no!" But that is not what happened. Instead, Congress questioned, carped, harped, and waffled, but ultimately concluded that FDR was on the right path. A great myth is that the American people (whatever that means), given information and the opportunity, will not choose war and violence, but rather rational discussion and negotiation to solve confrontations. History suggests otherwise. The entry of the United States into the Second World War, however halting and whatever Franklin Roosevelt's deceptions and disingenuousness, came about because the American people--as represented by their Congress assembled--agreed to and accepted (no one ever desires) war. The covert wars of Eisenhower and Reagan (to mention only the two most frequent practitioners), masked the ability of Congress to live up to its responsibilities. That is a frightening and dangerous practice. But William McKinley in 1898, and Woodrow Wilson in 1917, both had overwhelming support, even eagerness, for war from Congress, the press, and therefore (one assumes) the public. Not so FDR, Truman, LBJ, or George H. Bush. Even George W. Bush, whatever the widespread support for Gulf War II that fell out from the 9/11 tragedy, chose to muffle the directness (and limitations) of a formal declaration of war with a vague and generic (and undeclared) war on terror. Nonetheless, in each and every case, Congress had a chance to speak for the American public and to change the course of foreign policy. If lies were told, Congress had the power to question and dig into the truth. Responsibility for foreign policy lies not solely in the West Wing. Plus ca change, plus c'est la meme chose. (1.) Report by Churchill to War Cabinet, August 19, 1941, CAB 65/19, WM 84(41), British Public Record Office (PRO), Kew, UK. (2.) Available from http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/fr32/speeches/ph.htm. Roosevelt's sonorous drawing out of the word "empire" so it came out "em-pie-yaah" may have been his rather cultivated Hudson Valley patroon accent (recordings of the speech are available at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY). Then again, it may well have been a conscious and accented reference in something Americans believed they disliked--empires. (3.) Available from http://history1900s.about.com/. On the German declaration, see Harvey Asher, "Hitler's Decision in Declare War on the United States Revisited (A Synthesis of the Secondary Literature)," SHAFR Newsletter 31: 3 (September 2000), 2-20. But Hitler's declaration of war was not as gratuitous as it seems. He was convinced (rightly at the time) that the Americans were already doing all they could to aid the British. He overestimated Japan's strength and, like the Japanese, assumed the Americans would not want to conduct a two-front war. However, the German leader drew the opposite conclusion from that of his Japanese ally. Hitler believed the United States would respond as he would have responded to a "Pearl Harbor" attack--with rage and fury. By that logic, a declaration of war on the United States was a low-risk way to state the obvious and to live up in his commitment to the man he had once called that "lacquered monkey," the Japanese Emperor. See Hitler's discussion of December 12, 1941 with Admiral Erich Raeder in Fuhrer Conferences on Matters Dealing with the German Navy, vol. II (translated and mimeographed by the Office of Naval Intelligence; Washington: ONI, 1947), 79 [U.S. Naval Academy Library]. (4.) Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York: Norton, 1996), 23, quoting from a letter from Arthur Murray in Walter Runciman dated September 5, 1939. (5.) Though such a list would begin with Charles Tansill and Charles Beard, and is added in every day, I would be pretentious in engage in the academic ritual of writing long notes citing and acknowledging and/or challenging the scholarship of others on the issues of America's entry into the Second World War, given the recent publication of a second edition of the invaluable American Foreign Relations Since 1600: A Guide to the Literature, Robert Beisner, ed. (Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: ABC Clio, 2003), sponsored by the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations [hereafter the SHAFR Guide]. For this essay, see particularly chapter 17, well edited by Justus Doenecke. My citations will normally be discursive, to direct quotations or specific evidence. (6.) The semi-official list of "dictators" included only those who could and did challenge British and then American interests--Germany, Italy, and Japan. Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin was, for most of the time, conspicuously absent, as was Chiang Kai-shek of China, who tried to rule in autocratic fashion. The undemocratic "colonels" in Poland became martyr-heroes, while Spain's Francisco Franco and Argentina's Juan Peron, both openly sympathetic to Hitler and Mussolini, were pressured by the U.S. and Britain to change--not their authoritarianism, but their passive support for the Axis. One British Foreign Office official claimed, a bit angrily, that Peron's "fascism" was "only a pretext" for the State Department, which aimed "to humiliate the one Latin American country that has dared to brave their lightning." B.J.V. Perowne as quoted in Bryce Wood, Dismantling the Good Neighbor Policy (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), 96-97. The British, despite images of their "realism" versus American fixation on ideology, were adept users of this strong ideological weapon. It was, after all, Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden who used Facing the Dictators as the title of one of his volumes of war memoirs. (7.) What a wonderfully vague commonplace, "Americans," meaning the presidential administration, Congress, the media, and others of the "chattering class." Add to it that archetypal American contribution to public affairs--a fixation on public opinion polls. "Public opinion" is, to mix metaphors, the label that launched a thousand doctoral dissertations. (8.) Lloyd C. Gardner, A Covenant with Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984). (9.) FDR's early predictions are in David Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 67. Roosevelt's hope that Hitler would be assassinated or overthrown was expressed as early as January 1939; Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 305. (10.) This is my conclusion and that of others, particularly David Reynolds. See his Anglo-American Alliance, passim, but especially pp. 213-19. (11.) Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. I (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), C-9x. See also chapter 2 of Churchill's Their Finest Hour, vol. II of The Second World War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948-1953). (12.) Forrest Davis and Ernest K. Lindley, How War Came (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1942), 86. (13.) Reynolds, 65. (14.) The formal documents of the deal, which were immediately made public, are in Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, I: C-25x, R-10x, C-26x. On the usefulness of the destroyers, see ibid., C-53x, draft A of December 25, 1940 (not sent), p. 119. In this message, Churchill grumbled that "we have of course been disappointed in the small number we have yet been able to get into service." (15.) Fred Pollock, "Roosevelt, the Ogdensburg Agreement, and the British Fleet," Diplomatic History, 5: 3 (summer 1981), 203-19; and Robert Shogan, Hard Bargain (New York: Scribner, 1995), 207. (16.) Justus Doenecke, Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939-1941 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), 126-28. (17.) Grace Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1949), 244. (18.) Doenecke, 126, 125. (20.) Shogan, 11. (21.) Churchill is quoted in Reynolds, 169. (22.) David Reynolds, "Lord Lothian and Anglo-American Relations, 1939-1940," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 73, Pt. 2 (1983): 48-49; and Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1956-1958), vol. I, The Birth of Britain, 474. (23.) Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York: Grossett & Dunlap, 1950), 222. (24.) Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, I: 87-111 (C-43x and various drafts). (25.) See Warren F. Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939-1941 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969). For warnings to Hitler, see Kimball, "Dieckhoff and America," The Historian, 27:2 (February 1965), 222-24. (26.) The Lend-Lease debate can be read in the Congressional Record, 77th Cong., 1st sess. Sweeney's "poetry" is in LXXXVII, pt. 12, June 19, 1941. The arguments are summarized by many, but for starters try Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act, chapter 6. (27.) The vote counts include announced positions. Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act, 207, 217. (28.) James R. Leutze, Bargaining for Supremacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977), chapters. 14-15; memo from Marshall to Gen. [Leonard] Gerow, January 17, 1941, in Larry Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, "We Cannot Delay": July 1, 1939-December 6, 1941 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 391-92. On July 9, 1941, Roosevelt's navy chief, Admiral Harold "Betty" Stark, looked for a compromise between "all-out war against the Axis powers, in accordance with the agreements with the British made in ABC-1 ...," Stark to FDR, July 9, 1941, PSF-Safe: Iceland, Roosevelt papers, FDR Library. My thanks to Patrice McDonough for the reference. There is some confusion about the "C" in the acronym ABC--did it mean "Canadian" or "conversations?" American records show the former, British records the latter. Either way, the Canadians did not participate. (29.) Truman's remark is from The New York Times, June 24, 1941, p. 7, as quoted in Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 5th ed. (New York: Knopf, 1985), 6. For a perceptive look at American wartime attitudes toward Stalin and the Soviet Union, see Charles C. Alexander, "'Uncle Joe': Images of Stalin at the Apex of the Grand Alliance," in Annual Studies of America: 1989, N. N. Bolkhovitinov, ed. (Moscow: Nauk, 1990), 30-42 [in Russian]. (30.) Sherwood, 308-22; and Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 30-32. (31.) No records of that conversation have surfaced beyond two sentences in Sherwood, 308. (32.) John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939-55 (New York: Notron, 1985), 404 (June 21, 1941); and Walter Citrine to Duff Cooper, July 7, 1941, Citrine papers, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics. (33.) Memorandum of a conference at the Kremlin, July 31, 1941, Hopkins papers, Sherwood collection, book 4 (FDR Library). (34.) Sherwood, 321-22; and Diary of Stafford Cripps, July 30, 1041, as quoted in Gabriel Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps' Mission to Moscow (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 200. FDR is quoted in F.D.R. His Personal Letters, 1928-1945, Elliott Roosevelt, ed., vol. II (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), 1195-96. (35.) The evidence is overwhelming that, by autumn 1941, U.S. Army intelligence and planners were convinced that the Soviet Union was indispensable to the defeat of Hitler's forces. That evidence is well summarized in Mark A. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 53-56. (36.) As quoted in David Reynolds, "The Atlantic 'Flop': British Foreign Policy and the Churchill-Roosevelt Meeting of August 1941," in Douglas Brinkley and David Facey-Crowther, The Atlantic Charter (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 136. (37.) CAB 65/19, WM 84(41), August 19, 1941. (Italics added.) Three months later, Churchill repeated that claim in a message to South African Prime Minister Jan Smuts: "He [Roosevelt] went on to say to me 'I shall never declare war; I shall make war. If I were to ask Congress to declare war they might argue about it for three months.'"; and Churchill to Smuts, November 9, 1941, FO 954/4A/100670, p. 340 (Dom/41/24) (PRO). But Churchill made no mention of such a promise from Roosevelt in a cable to Smuts sent only a month after the Atlantic Conference, referring only to American naval actions that they had agreed upon; Churchill to Smuts, September 14, 1941, ibid., p. 333. Sec also Reynolds, Anglo-American Alliance, 202 (n.38) and 213-20 (n.116). Looking for "incidents" in order to aid Britain more effectively was nothing new for the Roosevelt administration. A diary entry dated April 20, 1941 made by Harold Ickes, a member of Roosevelt's cabinet as secretary of the interior, claimed that they were hoping for an incident that would justify "setting up a system of convoying ships to England"; as quoted in Thomas A. Bailey and Paul B. Ryan, Hitler vs. Roosevelt (New York: Free Press, 1979). The extension of Selective Service by a single vote is a complex story, and it appears that FDR misread public opinion--as he had on other occasions. Sec Doenecke, 234-35. (38.) Sherwood, 365,355. (39.) All these cascading events are well described in Waldo Heinrichs, Threshold of War: Franklin Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). On the Greer incident and the shoot-on-sight policy, see Bailey and Ryan, 181-83, where they point out that the president "did not use the fearsome phrase, 'shoot on sight.'" (40.) Richard Hill's overwrought and overwritten Hitler Attacks Pearl Harbor: Why the United States Declared War on Germany (Boulder, CO & London: Lynne Rienner Publ., 2003) is not without some merit, for it reminds us of how strongly the Roosevelt administration depicted and believed in the myth of a true German-Japanese alliance. (41.) For a depiction of that threat to the American political economy, sec another overwrought and overwritten, but still useful book, Patrick Hearden, Roosevelt Confronts Hitler (DeKalb: Northern Illinois Press, 1987). Better, if older, is Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964). (42.) Robert B. Stinnett, Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor (New York: Free Press, 2000). In Hitler w. Roosevelt, Bailey and Ryan explicitly deny that FDR "wanted" to go to war with Germany. But they repeatedly write of Roosevelt's lack of candor. One might ask, what's the difference? Heinrichs, Threshold of War, offers an extensive case for FDR having a clear plan for war, but does not engage the candor issue. There are arguments, based heavily on Dean Acheson's memoir, Present at the Creation (New York: Norton, 1969), that Acheson "screwed down the Iron Boot" on Japan, knowing full well that FDR approved. (43.) As quoted in James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, 1882-1940 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich-Harvest, 1956), 449. (44.) As quoted in Leutze, Bargaining for Supremacy, 219. FDR's early predictions are in Reynolds, 67. His hope that Hitler would be assassinated or overthrown was expressed as early as January 1939; and Cole. 305. (45.) This is the argument of historians such as Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Dallek, and Thomas A. Bailey, all seeming to agree with Burns's claim that "Roosevelt was less a great creative leader than a skillful manipulator and a brilliant interpreter"; Burns, 400-04. Reynolds in The Anglo-American Alliance finds that, until autumn 1941, Roosevelt continued to hope the United States could avoid all-out war. I agree, though the precise date when FDR lost hope remains elusive. (46.) Manfred Landecker, The President and Public Opinion (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1968), 123, n.7. (47.) This thesis is buttressed by the evidence in James C. Schneider, Should American Go To War? (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), although, like most, he argues that public pressure "forced" Roosevelt to move slowly. (48.) The counterfactual speculations of Brute M. Russett to the contrary not withstanding. The remarkably long shelf-life of his little book, No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States' Entry into World War II (New York: Harper & Row, 1972) may well be because no one else has written a short, literate, dispassionate presentation of the anti-Roosevelt revisionist arguments that is so ideal for stimulating classroom discussion. Shogan, Hard Bargain, directly accuses FDR of setting a precedent that led the nation down the slippery slope to the excesses of Richard Nixon, and what Shogan sees as unlawful interventions by Reagan, Bush, and Clinton. Warren F. Kimball is the Robert Treat Professor of History at Rutgers University. AUTHOR'S NOTE: When Bill Brands so graciously asked me to write this essay, I was honored by the request and by the company, but more than a little edgy. Because I had written so recently about U.S. entry into World War II, I feared I had nothing new to tell others or to engage my mind. I think I have offered some new thoughts and commentaries, though whether or not that is the case I leave to the judgment of readers. Certainly much of this essay is derivative of and sometimes directly taken from, my earlier works, particularly Forged in War: Roosevelt, Churchill and the Second World War (New York: William Morrow, 1997, and Chicago: Ivan Dee, 2003), and "The United States," in The Origins of World War Two: The Debate Continues, Robert Boyce and Joseph A. Maiolo, eds. (Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 134-54. I am indebted to Mark Stoler and Justus Doenecke for their perceptive comments on this essay. I continue to marvel at the willingness of colleagues to do such analyses with no reward other than this sort of lame acknowledgment and the knowledge that they perhaps kept another historian out of trouble. COPYRIGHT 2004 Center for the Study of the Presidency No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder. Copyright 2004 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Article Details
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Which lavender-like colour takes its name from the French for mallow?
what is the color of a mallow candle / Fondations.net What does the color green&quest; - Color importance and impact 28 January Use the energy of the colors. What is the color - Interesting Facts There are many shades of green - colors that go to blue, to colors, which are more brownish or yellowish. But what these nuances is, is not always clear. One can say that it stands f What does the color yellow&quest; - Spread with colors mood 27 March Yellow is a bright, cheerful color. Color on walls, clothing or furniture The world is colorful. How do you feel when exploded in the spring after the first warm rays nature in a true spectacle of color? Light and lively, full of life and vitality, r Combine the color "mallow" correctly - how it works 23 January The namesake of the hue mallow! The Mauve has, will submit your name from the flower whose main appearance of lilac-pink, rarely white to purple-violet. As color mallow appears therefore usually as a rather "tired", powdery, the rosewood ga What yellow roses mean&quest; - Find out the color meaning of roses 18 January What do yellow, red and white roses? © Pētera / Pixelio There are rose gardens, roses on the market, in the shop or in the flower shop. Everywhere you can smell the wonderful aroma. If you want to give roses, you should pay attention to the color cho The color "Cappuccino Brown" - what fits the warm color&quest; 18 January "Cappuccino Brown" - a nice shade Over time, the old paint is dull and unattractive. Urgently need fresh paint your walls? Then let's begin: You Renovate your home. Maybe you like the color yes "Cappuccino Brown". First Set things Mauve - use the color skillfully outfits 28 January Mauve is a pale purple Mauve is a subtle purple The color Mauve takes its name from the French plant "wild mallow". Just like the flower Mauve looks like a pale purple. However, there are clothes that denote a rosy beige as a kind of mauve. What is the Full HD TV&quest; 30 November Also on DVB-T HDTV you can enjoy with the matching TV. © image pixels / Pixelio That means Full HD HD stands for High Definition, meaning a vertical resolution of 720p (progressive image transmission), which corresponds to 921,600 pixels. This resolu What do the Olympic rings&quest; - Find out more about this symbol 30 November The Olympic rings represent the unity of all countries. © heifisch / Pixelio The symbol of the five Olympic rings were designed by Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin. The rings represent the unity of all countries. Thus, the Olympic rings originated Alrea Bauhaus and the wall color - so you can mix the color itself 18 January These color samples are easily made with self-mixed colors. The pre-selection in the Bauhaus You probably already have an idea of ​​what wall color is most interesting for you. However, you will notice when you visit the Bauhaus that the whole range What does the yellow rose&quest; - Find out the symbolism of flowers 18 January Roses have a symbolic meaning. As every flower, yellow, red or salmon-colored roses have a specific meaning that you should consider when presenting with the proper choice of the variety and color. What does the rose In general, the rose represents l Raspberry&colon; The color in the home use - tasteful ideas 18 January Color matching decorative objects often bring before the desired effect. © CFalk / Pixelio The color of raspberry as wall design - tasteful suggestions In general, you should use raspberry as a wall color for accents or to emphasize certain areas. A Green&comma; green&comma; green is my entire garden&quest; - Tips for the color scheme 23 January Flowerbeds can be created colorful or plain. Color design in the garden according to the rules of the art Your garden should be a thriving oasis and be designed in the color trick in the book? Then you should choose a color that you like the most, an Theory of Color&colon; Red - Facts about the color of love 23 January The color red has many facets. Facts about the color red Colors free images, spaces and also clothes always an individual touch. Red is usually associated primarily with love. But the strong color says many of more. Research has shown that it is the Chic Heri green - so use the color for your home furnishings 23 January Chic Heri green looks natural. © Günter Havlena / Pixelio What is Chicheri green? You have heard of Chic Heri green, but do not know exactly what color is it? Or do you prefer a very particular shade of green, without being able to name him? In addit What are muted colors&quest; - A clear explanation 23 January Use muted colors specifically. Since colors are very high quality today, you do not have to worry about when it comes later, get a colored walls again perfectly white. You can rely on your renovation therefore also in any color. The question: What ar Apricot - use the color stylishly 23 January Insert the color Apricot discreet Skillfully combine colors The color Apricot in a concentrated amount can be simply too much and not according to the latest interior design trends. Avoid ie to delete all the walls with it and be careful with curtain RAL 3024 - an explanation of the color catalog 23 January In RAL catalog all colors are listed and normalized. © Petra_Bork / Pixelio The normalization of the colors by the RAL catalog The abbreviation stands for RAL Reich Committee for delivery and behind the so-called RAL Institute, which is responsible f Color palette for wall colors - so adjust the color of your wall device to 23 January Make Wall itself. Many people create their walls hardly with colored wallpaper. The trend is clearly towards colored wall design with colors. Use the color palette find the perfect wall color Before you pick up the right color, opt first for a suitab Swedish red - the color used successfully 28 January Color, reminiscent of carefree childhood What is Schwedenrot? Schwedenrot is actually not a firmly defined color, but extends over several opaque, dark reds that were often used to paint Swedish wooden houses. Therefore, the derivation "Swedish Color effect of beige - so you set the color in the living area a 28 January Beige is a neutral and pleasant color. Color effect of light brown shade Beige is a lighter shade of brown. Thus, beige is also a neutral color. Use neutral colors such. As beige, you reach a restrained and understated color effect. The color looks i
Mauve
"Which actor played the roll of Fletcher Christian in the 1962 film ""Mutiny on the Bounty""?"
Names of Different Red Shades | LIVESTRONG.COM Names of Different Red Shades by GWEN BRUNO Last Updated: Jan 15, 2014 Gwen Bruno Gwen Bruno has been a full-time freelance writer since 2009, with her gardening-related articles appearing on DavesGarden. She is a former teacher and librarian, and she holds a bachelor's degree in education from Augustana College and master's degrees in education and library science from North Park University and the University of Wisconsin. bowl of red cherries Photo Credit dooho_shin/iStock/Getty Images Overview Stimulating, energetic and warm, red always draws the attention. The Chinese consider red the color of good fortune, while Hindus believe it's a color of creativity, joy and life. In the West, red is associated with love and passion. In the Chinese aesthetics system of feng shui, a red front door invites prosperity to the home’s residents. Glowing in Nature fish in red coral Photo Credit WhitcombeRD/iStock/Getty Images Some beautiful shades of red take their names from the natural world. Coral -- a light pinkish-orange shade of red -- is the name of brilliantly hued marine organisms. Ruby red is a deep vivid red, reminiscent of the precious ruby gemstone mined from the earth. Carnelian, a deep red shade, is named for a reddish-brown variety of the mineral chalcedony. Cardinal red takes its name from both the red-feathered cardinal family of birds and from the cassocks worn by cardinals of the Catholic Church. The fruity apple red makes a popular lipstick and nail polish color. The Plant World fuchsia flowers Photo Credit Ugur Anahtarci/iStock/Getty Images Flowers come in all the shades and tints of red, from the palest pink phlox to the deepest maroon of some hollyhocks. “Fuchsia” is associated with a pinkish-purple or magenta-like shade of red from the brilliantly colored dangling flowers of the fuchsia plant. This Central and South American native was discovered in 1703 and named in honor of German physician Leonhart Fuchs. The color rose, just like the flower rose, is beloved for its refined and refreshing appearance between red and magenta on the color wheel. The color and the flower are both associated with feelings of love and happiness. Pink, a mixture of red and white, gets its name from a flower of the same name. Although dianthus, or pinks, do indeed come in all shades of pink and red, they are named not for their color, but for the appearance of the flowers’ edges, which look as though they were cut with pinking shears. Mauve refers to a muted lavender-lilac shade of red, and derives from the Old French word for the mallow plant. Maroon, a deep, almost brown shade of red, takes its name from the French word “marron,” meaning chestnut. Food and Drink platter of red candy apples Photo Credit Robert Mandel/iStock/Getty Images Many red colors come from certain foods and drinks. Burgundy comes from the name of a rich red wine first produced in Burgundy, France. Candy apple became a color description thanks to its popularity with the automotive industry, according to the website Rides. Joe Bailon, a California car customizer, invented a highly popular metallic red automotive paint that he named “candy apple red.” A number of fruits lend their names to red colors as well, including the orange-red persimmon, pinkish-red raspberry and bright red cherry. Cerise, a vivid pinkish-red shade, comes from the French word for cherry. Other Reds red paint on wall Photo Credit severija/iStock/Getty Images Red pigments used for paints include red ochre, red madder lake, carmine, magenta and vermilion. Scarlet is a bright red with an orange hue; crimson is similarly bright but with blue undertones. Shades such as fire engine red, blood red, brick red, barn red, tomato red and flame red are immediately recognizable from their descriptive names. Darker and more brownish- or orange-red shades include redwood, rosewood, rust, terra cotta and auburn. Related Searches Lose Weight. Feel Great Change your life with MyPlate by LIVESTRONG.COM GOAL Gain 2 pounds per week Gain 1.5 pounds per week Gain 1 pound per week Gain 0.5 pound per week Maintain my current weight Lose 0.5 pound per week Lose 1 pound per week Lose 1.5 pounds per week Lose 2 pounds per week GENDER
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Which island, famous for its monastery lies off the coast of South Wales just south of Tenby?
Tenby tourist information                                                     Attractions >  [  Attractions in / near Tenby ]  Tenby, Pembrokeshire Tenby is a delightful little harbour town and seaside resort, and it would be difficult to find a setting more picturesque. It's hilltop position led to its early settlement as a Welsh stronghold, which was replaced in medieval times by a Norman Castle and walled town. Part of the town walls survive to this day and are an attractive feature at the entrance to the old town. There are three fabulous beaches and boat trips are available from the harbour around the clear waters offering great opportunities to spot dolphins, and the other abundant wildlife. Once known as "Little England beyond Wales" this is a rather anglicised part of Wales. From the early 19th century Tenby became a fashionable holiday destination for both the Welsh and the English, and its attractions to the holidaymaker are just as obvious today, with the fantastic beaches stretching to the north, the west, and the south of the town. If you like good beaches you will love Tenby! The outskirts of the town have an over abundance of Caravan Parks but they do little to detract from the beauty of this part of Pembrokeshire. Beaches Tenby Beach: Tenby can be a serene, attractive destination sure to charm you, and those in search of spending time by the beach are spoilt for choice. Tenby has three fabulous beaches: north beach; south beach; and castle beach. All three have wide stretches of golden sands. North beach has the added attractions of a picturesque harbour, and Gosker Rock, a huge rock outcrop. South beach stretches for miles, or so it seems, to Giltar Point and is backed by sand dunes and a golf course. You will always find a space on the south beach. Castle beach sits between the north and south beaches and is a narrow beach that lies between St Catherine's Island and Tenby castle. It's a great beach just to chill out or to explore this beautiful location, The excellent water quality makes castle beach popular for swimming and paddling, and a bit of surfing takes place on stormy days. Walks, Cycle Trails and Other Activities Walk along Tenby's South Beach toward Giltar Point and the start of the Pembrokeshire Coastal Path for fantastic views of Caldey Island. Walk the narrow cobbled streets of the old town lined with elegant Georgian properties or sit in one of the many cafes and people-watch visitors to the gift shops, restaurants and public houses. Wander along the harbour, or board one of the cruises to nearby Caldey Island, or take a trip in search of the plentiful wildlife of this south west coast of Wales. Pembrokeshire is famous for the dolphins that visit this rugged yet beautiful coastline. However, Tenby can also offer plenty to do for the more active holidaymakers with yachting, sea kayaking, windsurfing, surfing and for the more extreme sporting enthusiasts coasteering (jumping off the cliffs into the clear blue seas!). With the increasing availability of sea kayaks and canoes for hire or sale, more and more are taking to the waters off Tenby and the Welsh coastline. No longer is the sea considered the sole domain of yachts and motor boats, and families and indeed anglers employ these smaller crafts to explore the coastline. Although care must be taken on coastal waters experienced canoeists can explore the safe waters around the harbour at Tenby at high tides. Attractions Tudor Merchant's House: This late 15th-century town house is characteristic of the area and of the time when Tenby was a thriving trading port. The ground-floor chimney at the rear of the house is a fine vernacular example, and the original scarfed roof-trusses survive. The remains of early frescos can be seen on three interior walls and the house is furnished to recreate family life from the Tudor period onwards. Town Walls: Tenby Town Walls are impressive examples of mediaeval craftsmanship. The walls mark Tenby's original boundaries, and tell of the town's proud history, when they were used to fortify the town from the 15th century Owain Glyndwr led Welsh Rebellion. Caldey Island Monastery: Caldey offers a chance to view the wildlife that inhabits the Island. There are opportunities for bird and seal watching plus a bit of monk watching. Tenby Museum: Tenby Museum & Art Gallery is housed in part of the remains of Tenby Castle and although looking deceptively small from the outside the museum has six spacious galleries, research facilities and a gift shop. Situated on a promontory known as Castle Hill, there are spectacular views of Castle Beach, South Beach and Caldey Island from the area surrounding the museum.
Caldey Island
Which famous politician is married to Miriam Gonzales Valladold and has three sons?
Camping in Pembrokeshire - A List of Pembrokeshire Campsites Map view Campsites in Pembrokeshire Pembrokeshire is a county in the south west of Wales. Haverfordwest is the county town and is part of the Pembrokeshire coast national park, which attracts many visitors each year. The coastline can be seen at its best from the coastal path. The national park is famous for its seal and seabird colonies. Tenby is a walled seaside town, lying in Carmarthen Bay. It has been a holiday destination since Victorian days. The stone wall was built around the city in the 13th century. Most of the walls remain. The castle that defended Tenby was built on castle hill but one one small keep tower now remains. There is a Tudor merchant's house in the town, owned by the National Trust. It is probably the prettiest seaside town in Wales. The sandy beaches stretch for a mile and inbetween the beaches in the picturesque harbour. Boat trips run from the harbour to Caldey Island which is a conservation area. There is an active monastery on the island. Saundersfoot is a seaside resort close to Tenby and one of the most visited Welsh holiday destinations. There are large sandy beaches and a harbour in the village. It lies in the Pembrokeshire coast national park. Milford Haven is a town on the north side of the Milford Haven waterway, a natural harbour used as a port since the middle ages. St.Davids is named after the patron saint of Wales. It it the smallest city in Britain, and lies of the river Alun on St.Davids peninsula. The city is built around St.Davids cathedral which dates back to the 12th century. Next to the cathedral is the ruins of the Bishops palace. The city was the final resting place of St.David. The entire coastline around St.Davids forms part of the Pembrokeshire coast national park. It has some of the most magnificent scenery. The national park visitors centre displays many national treasures and the tourist information centre is also here. Fishguard is a fishing village. The port of Fishguard harbour and Goodwick has a ferry and catamaran service to Rosslare in Ireland. In the lower part of the town the river Gwaun meets the sea. Read more about Pembrokeshire
i don't know
"Which actor played the role of Julius Caesar in the 1963 film ""Cleopatra""?"
Cleopatra (1963) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC Historical epic. The triumphs and tragedy of the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra. Directors: a list of 22 titles created 02 May 2014 a list of 46 titles created 13 Jan 2015 a list of 24 titles created 24 Aug 2015 a list of 34 titles created 13 Sep 2015 a list of 33 titles created 8 months ago Search for " Cleopatra " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 4 Oscars. Another 2 wins & 13 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A fierce Roman commander becomes infatuated with a beautiful Christian hostage and begins questioning the tyrannical leadership of the despot Emperor Nero. Directors: Mervyn LeRoy, Anthony Mann Stars: Robert Taylor, Deborah Kerr, Leo Genn The Egyptian Prince, Moses, learns of his true heritage as a Hebrew and his divine mission as the deliverer of his people. Director: Cecil B. DeMille The death of Marcus Aurelius leads to a succession crisis, in which the deceased emperor's son, Commodus, demonstrates that he is unwilling to let anything undermine his claim to the Roman Empire. Director: Anthony Mann In the Roman province of Judea during the 1st century, Roman tribune Marcellus Gallio is ordered to crucify Jesus of Nazareth but is tormented by his guilty conscience afterwards. Director: Henry Koster Brutish, fortune-hunting scoundrel Petruchio tames his wealthy, shrewish wife, Katharina. Director: Franco Zeffirelli Edit Storyline In 48 B.C., Caesar pursues Pompey from Pharsalia to Egypt. Ptolemy, now supreme ruler after deposing his older sister, Cleopatra, attempts to gain favor with Caesar by presenting the conquerer with the head of Pompey, borne by his governors, Pothinos and Achillas. To win Caesar's support from her brother, Cleopatra hides herself in a rug, which Apollodorus, her servant, presents to Caesar. The Roman is immediately infatuated; banishing Ptolemy, he declares Cleopatra Egypt's sole ruler and takes her as his mistress. A son, Caesarion, is born of their union. Caesar, however, must return to Italy. Although he is briefly reunited with Cleopatra during a magnificent reception for the queen in Rome, Caesar is assassinated shortly thereafter, and Cleopatra returns to Egypt. When Mark Antony, Caesar's protégé, beholds Cleopatra aboard her elaborate barge at Tarsus some years later, he is smitten and becomes both her lover and military ally. Their liaison notwithstanding, Antony, to ... Written by alfiehitchie The motion picture the world has been waiting for! Genres: 31 July 1963 (UK) See more  » Also Known As: (50th Anniversary) Sound Mix: 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints)| 4-Track Stereo (35 mm prints)| Stereo (Westrex Recording System)| DTS 70 mm (70mm re-release) Color: Did You Know? Trivia Nunnally Johnson was paid $140,000 for a script polish. As Rouben Mamoulian , the film's original director, insisted only on his original screenwriter, there was nothing for Johnson to do, except to receive his paycheck and cash it in. See more » Goofs Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II and Ptolemy Philadelphus are all missing, and no mention is made to the Donations of Alexandria. See more » Quotes – See all my reviews Breathtaking photography, fabulous costumes, wonderful lead and supporting role performances, a dual love story that is timeless - the romance with Caesar for power and the romance with Marc Antony for love, unmatched music by Alex North, that's what's in Cleopatra. From the time that it came out, I have remained a person who has not been afraid to say that I have loved it. Elizabeth Taylor's legendary beauty is very evident here. My favorite scenes of hers are Cleopatra's anguish upon finding out about Marc Antony's [Richard Burton] marriage and the closing scene with her reunited with the dying Marc Antony. Similarly, Caesar's [Rex Harrison] opening war scene, Marc Antony's gut-wrenching soliloquy as a broken man after the defeat at Actium , Octavian's [Roddy McDowall] harsh scolding of an officer that let him know of Marc Antony's death, Sosigenes' [Hume Cronyn] death scene, Apollodorus' [Cesare Danova] support for Cleopatra, and Rufio's [Martin Landau] support for Marc Antony are all permanently etched in my memory. The shear lushness of the production has to be seen to truly believed. Remember, this was released in 1963 far before the gimmickry of computer enhanced effects. The crowds in these scenes are real, the buildings are real, this is not a movie that was put together with the smoke and mirrors of computers. I truly do hope that restorers are able to eventually find the footage that was deleted, primarily due to Zanuck's influence and not Mankiewicz's desire, so that we may see more of what Mankiewicz had in mind. I also strongly recommend that one view the DVD release. The included documentary about putting the film together helps one get a good perspective about the real headaches involved in getting this film made. 19 of 27 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Rex Harrison
Which famous politician is married to Yvette Cooper and has three children, two boys and a girl?
Rex Harrison, a Leading Man With Urbane Wit, Dies at 82 Rex Harrison, a Leading Man With Urbane Wit, Dies at 82 By ERIC PACE Rex Harrison, the suave British actor who won a Tony in 1957 and an Academy Award in 1964 for his portrayals of Prof. Henry Higgins in ''My Fair Lady,'' died of pancreatic cancer yesterday at his home in Manhattan. He was 82 years old. The actor, who was knighted in July 1989, played a wide variety of roles during his long career in theater and films, but he was best known for his portrayal of the waspish professor of phonetics in the musical based on George Bernard Shaw's play ''Pygmalion.'' Sir Rex made his last stage appearance on May 11 in a revival of ''The Circle,'' a comedy by Somerset Maugham. The production, in which he co-starred with Glynis Johns and Stewart Granger, opened Nov. 20, 1989 at the Ambassador Theater. ''He wanted to be on the stage - that was it,'' said Sir Rex's attorney, Harold Schiff. ''He didn't care about retiring.'' ''He died with his boots on, no question about it,'' said Elliot Martin, producer of ''The Circle.'' A popular actor who loved his craft, Mr. Harrison was known for his wit and charm. He was tall and elegant and was often cast as a man of wealth and refinement. In ''The Circle'' he played a British lord whose scandalous past comes back to haunt him. Serious but unpretentious about his work, the actor once said: ''There's always a struggle, a striving for something bigger than yourself in all forms of art. And even if you don't achieve greatness - even if you fail, which we all must - everything you do in your work is somehow connected with your attitude toward life, your deepest secret feelings.'' Mr. Harrison gained international fame with his award-winning stage and film portrayals of the sharp-tongued professor in the Alan Jay Lerner-Frederick Loewe musical. His co-stars as the cockney flower girl Eliza were Julie Andrews on Broadway and Audrey Hepburn in the movie. He was nominated for an Academy Award in 1963 for his other favorite film role, Julius Caesar in ''Cleopatra,'' in which Elizabeth Taylor played the title role. He appeared in more than 40 films, and many stage productions over the decades, in the United States and the United Kingdom, including his portrayal of Henry VIII in ''Anne of the Thousand Days'' (1948), for which he won his first Tony, and ''The Love of Four Colonels'' (1953), which he also directed. Despite all his theatrical experience, Mr. Harrison, a musical duffer, had to work hard on his performance in the first stage production of ''My Fair Lady.'' ''Originally I had a block about appearing in a musical,'' he recalled years later. ''I went to a voice teacher for a while, but that did no good. My range is about one and a half notes. I ended up talking the musical numbers, which was revolutionary at the time.'' ''The lyrics are extremely intricate,'' he added. ''They move along like a precisely acted scene. If you miss a word - heaven help you - the orchestra rattles past like an express train, and you've got to run like the devil to catch up.'' 'Just a New Haven Hit!' After successful warm-up performances out of town, there were still moments of panic during the Broadway opening, on March 15, 1956, at the Mark Hellinger Theater. Mr. Lerner recalled later in his autobiography, ''On the Street Where I Live,'' that the New York audience was disappointingly hushed during the first scene, which had generated much laughter out of town. Aghast, the director, Moss Hart, rushed up to co-workers in the rear of the theater, crying: ''I knew it! It's just a New Haven hit! That's all! Just a New Haven hit!'' Mr. Hart erred. In The New York Times the next morning, Brooks Atkinson wrote: ''Bulletins from the road have not been misleading. 'My Fair Lady' is a wonderful show. As Professor Higgins and Eliza, Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews play the leading parts with the light, dry touch of top-flight Shavian acting.'' ''Although Mr. Harrison is no singer,'' Mr. Atkinson said, ''you will probably imagine that he is singing when he throws himself into the anguished lyrics of 'A Hymn to Him' in the last act.'' ''By that time, he has made Professor Higgins' temperament so full of frenzy that something like music does come out of him,'' he went on. Mr. Harrison recalled in his autobiography, ''Rex,'' which came out in 1974: ''My contract for 'My Fair Lady' was for nine months only - but how could you leave a show like that? It was all far too exciting, and I stayed with it for two years.'' He went on to act for another year in a ''Fair Lady'' production at the Drury Lane Theater in London, where he and the show also had an enormous success. 'By George, They've Got It!' Film critics also applauded the movie ''My Fair Lady'' and Mr. Harrison's performance in it. Bosley Crowther wrote in The Times: ''As Henry Higgins might have whooped, 'By George, they've got it!' They've made a superlative film from the musical stage show - a film that enchantingly conveys the rich endowment of the famous stage production in a fresh and flowing cinematic form.'' Mr. Harrison won further praise from Mr. Crowther for his performance in the film ''Cleopatra.'' ''Caesar is no fustian tyrant,'' the critic wrote, ''Played stunningly by Rex Harrison, he is a statesman of manifest wisdom, shrewdness and magnanimity. And he is also a fascinating study in political ambiguities. Mr. Harrison's faceted performance is the best in the film.'' Rex Carey Harrison was born March 5, 1908, in Huyton, England, a granite-quarrying town six miles east of Liverpool. His parents were William Reginald Harrison, a cotton broker, and Edith Carey Harrison. Stagestruck from boyhood, he went to work backstage for the Liverpool Repertory at the age of 16. His first part was one line; he moved on to other acting parts, then toured for nine years in road companies of successful plays before he made his mark, initially on the London stage, where he appeared for the first time in 1930 and for the last time in 1988, in ''The Admirable Crichton.'' In 1981, Artistic Control Mr. Harrison never attended drama school, but had no regrets on that score. ''The important thing is to learn through experience,'' he said in an interview for The Times before ''The Circle'' opened in 1989. ''The more you do the more you learn. I don't think anyone can teach acting from a podium.'' Mr. Harrison later returned to the role of Professor Higgins, to repeated standing ovations, in a 1981 Broadway revival of ''My Fair Lady,'' in which he was given total artistic control. Lauding Mr. Harrison's re-creation of the part, Frank Rich's review in The New York Times said: ''Yes, he's 25 years older - so are we all, God help us - but he still looks natty in his cardigans, his velvety smoking jacket, his ballroom finery. And he is investing the role of Henry Higgins with a generosity of spirit and mellifluous humor that only years and experience can bring.'' Mr. Harrison was married in 1934 to Marjorie Noel Collette Thomas, with whom he had a son, Noel; to the actress Lilli Palmer in 1943, with whom he also had a son, Carey; to the actress Kay Kendall in 1957; to the actress Rachel Roberts in 1962, and to Elizabeth Rees Harris in the early 1970's. All the marriages ended in divorce except the one to Miss Kendall, who died in 1959. Sir Rex is survived by his sixth wife, Mercia Tinker, whom he married in 1978, and by his two sons. The funeral will be private, but there will be a public memorial service at 11 A.M. June 18 at the Little Church Around the Corner in Manhattan. Don't You Pause, 'Enry 'Iggins? Some of Mr. Harrison's better-known stage appearances were in the following plays: Anne of the Thousand Days, 1948 The Cocktail Party, 1950 Book and Candle, 1950 The Love of Four Colonels, 1953 My Fair Lady, 1956 The Fighting Cock, 1959 Caesar and Cleopatra, 1977 The Kingfisher, 1978 Heartbreak House, 1984 The Circle, 1989 His more than 40 films include: Major Barbara, 1941 Blithe Spirit, 1945 Anna and the King of Siam, 1946 The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, 1947 Unfaithfully Yours, 1948 The Four Poster, 1952 Midnight Lace, 1960 Cleopatra, 1963 The Yellow Rolls-Royce, 1964 My Fair Lady, 1964 Doctor Doolittle, 1967
i don't know
Which small island, situated just off Holy Island on the north west coast of Anglesey is famous as being the location of one of Wales's most spectacular lighthouses?
Wales Anglesey Photography and photographers by the FatPhotographer Wales Anglesey Section Jump The Isle of Anglesey (Also known as Ynys Mon in Welsh) is an island, and county in its own right, situated off the north-west coast of Wales. Near the beautiful Snowdonia mountain range and separated from the mainland by the Menai Strait (which at its narrowest is only 250 metres wide), the island is connected to mainland Wales by two bridges, the Menai Bridge (designed by Thomas Telford in 1826) and the Britannia Bridge (originally designed by Robert Stephenson) both are picturesque in their own way, and have been featured in many photographers portfolios. Multiple megalithic monuments are present on Anglesey, attesting to prehistoric populations, and making interesting images. One containing 28 stone chamber tombs is located near to Plas Newydd. But it isn't all ancient history the historic town of Beaumaris is the site of one of the castles built by Edward I after his defeat of the Welsh princes, as well as Henllys Hall. Anglesey is also home to the village with the longest place name in Britain: Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. which when translated into English, means "The church of St. Mary in a hollow of white hazel near a rapid whirlpool and near St. Tysilio's church by the red cave". The name was actually coined in the nineteenth century to attract tourists to the Island. Anglesey is a relatively low-lying island with low hills such as: Parys Mountain, Cadair Mynachdy ("chair of the monastery), Mynydd Bodafon and Holyhead Mountain. The coastline of Anglesey (in its entirety) has been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, with many sandy beaches along the western coast and dramatic cliffs along the north coast. there is a 200km costal path that follows nearly all of this varied coastline with areas like the nuclear power station at Wylfa head, on the north coast, obviously being out of bounds (and possibly not the best place to be photographing).There are a few natural lakes, mainly found in the west, such as Llyn Llywenan, the largest natural lake on the island but rivers are few and the ones there are small. Anglesey's wildlife can be wonderful, with many different habitats, from sea cliffs to dunes and beaches, salt marsh and mud flats to agricultural land, containing vast amounts of bird plant and other wildlife. South Stack RSPB reserve is home to some wonderful sea birds and rare species such as Chough and roseate tern can sometimes be found on the islands. And of course who knows what else might turn up? With wildlife in mind, Anglesey is still home to a population of Red Squirrles and thanks to the bridges onto the island being protected with traps, grey squirrels have not yet been able to get onto the island (let's hope this continues). With major ports for travel to Ireland, Anglesey is often a place just passed through on route, but it should be somewhere that people go in its own right, and especially if you are already visiting nearby Snowdonia for the photography opportunities.
South Stack
In which war did the Battle of Hamburger Hill take place?
May | 2013 | Alan Walks Wales Alan Walks Wales miles completed: 443.3 miles to go: 617 The walking this day is easy, albeit not exciting, but after a day of interminable forest, trackless dunes, and penitential shingle, not exciting is good. Out of Menai Bridge you cross back across the suspension bridge that you crossed 130 miles earlier.  Parway across a withered bunch of flowers is tied to the railings, a poignant marker; given its location I assume a memorial after a suicide rather than accidental drowning. The path drops down towards the waterside through the Botanical Gardens.  I loved the labels in the gardens; instead of the normal metal or plastic labels, the specimen trees have a half log of wood in front with the names carved into the cut face. At the Britannia Bridge the path comes up and turns inland to follow a cycle path beside the main Bangor–Caernarfon road.  While the suspension bridge is Telford, this bridge is Robert Stevenson.  The original ‘tubular’ bridge carried the London–Holyhead railway through two rectangular tunnels; a section of the tunnels is preserved partway up the track as you climb from below the bridge. It is well labelled, but would be easy to miss, as it lies in a rough area that looks like a lorry turning circle, but the lady with the black spaniel the day before had warned me to look out for it. The quality of Stevenson‘s engineering was such that the original supports could be adapted so that it now takes not only modern trains, but also a roadway above as a double-decker construction. For a few miles the path stays close to the A road, passing an interesting Welsh café on one roundabout, but sadly a little soon after breakfast to stop.  After a while it drops along an old railway line following the existing Lon Las Menai trail,  on the whole clear to follow, but at one point branching with an upper and lower path. The upper well-metalled path is well signposted as a cycle route, but the lower, unsigned, more tree-sheltered one is the footpath route.  However, both run close together with steps between halfway to recover if you take the wrong one and both will get you in to Y Felinheli at different points. The lower route comes out at the Felinheli marina, where a lovely swing bridge crosses the old docks. Coming to the promenade, small dinghies were meandering in the sunshine and a family of cygnets paddled in a puddle while their parents looked on.  I had passed the Halfway House on the way down, which I assume was half way between Bangor and Caernarfon on the old turnpike, but did stop for lunch at the Garddfon , which, I was later told, used to be the haunt of "just a few heavy drinkers", but is now serving the more prosperous marina folk, but without feeling gentrified.  I had the soup of the day, Thai chicken soup. After cutting round the small industrial area at the west end of Y Felinheli, the path follows along a well-made and wheelchair-friendly route along further old railway tracks to Caernarfon.  At one point there is a large abandoned house up to the left and towards the shore what at first appears to be a line of small lived-in Victorian cottages until I realise that they too have gaps in their slates.  Given their location I am amazed that they have not been snapped up by a developer, but perhaps access is difficult. At around the same point is another abandoned dwelling, but this time a simple railway worker’s shelter, maybe for a pointsman, or simply where maintenance workers would shelter. A solid construction of vertical sleepers that will not decay easily, the smell of creosote still strong after a hundred years. I imagine a group of two or three Victorian workers huddled around the small fireplace while the rain falls outside. The path enters Caernarfon past a new waterside apartment complex, Morrisons, the ‘Celtica‘ shopping complex, the Galeri arts centre and old docks, now a yacht-filled marina.  On the dockside a series of ceramic mosaics celebrate the ‘New Europe‘, each contributed by a different local school, Cheska Rebublika, Cyprus (in Greek lettering), Polska, and more. At the end of the docks old anchors and ships’ metalwork are gathered outside a small shed-like building, which, I am told, was once the Maritime Museum.  Now, from the side door I see the arm of a scarecrow; drawing closer, through the open door I see a giant Rubik’s cube.  At first I take this to be something to do with children’s play, but then a man comes out to work on the scarecrow and he explains that he is a TV prop maker.  His workshop includes a large green-screen area for photographing the props. The scarecrow, its siblings and what appears to be a plastic lamb, which are scattered around the workshop, are part of a popular farm game show. Caernarfon is famous for the extensive Norman castle where Prince Charles was invested as Prince of Wales in 1969.  The title is problematic.  It is now given to the heir to the throne, a tradition starting when Edward the First, after a bloody campaign in Wales, said to the people gathered, "do you want a Prince of Wales", "yes" they answered, thinking of a prince in the line of Llewelyn the Great, but instead Edward said, "I give you a Prince of Wales", and held up his new baby son. So from being a title representing the independence of a nation, it became a symbol of oppression. Maybe Prince William‘s time serving on Anglesey and warming the hearts of the people may make him a more acceptable when eventually Prince Charles becomes king, and he inherits the title, and maybe, he or his child, will be constitutional prince of a once more independent Wales. Around the castle is a walled town, although the main shopping area is in the square (which is roughly triangular) in front of the castle gates. I see the back of a solid building, now decaying slightly with foliage sprouting from its upper brickwork, and a for sale notice.  It is the Conservative Club. The area within the walls is still called ‘High Street‘, although nowadays many of the shops, like the decaying Conservative Club, are shut down.  But ahead, on the corner, is a white-painted welcoming shop front, and through the door, in large letters I see: ‘Spatial Threads‘ Are they are talking about walking? It is a small gallery, and looks empty as I wander in, rich purple fabric ruffling across the wall.  I approach the desk where leaflets are spread, intending to take one and depart, in true guerrilla tourist fashion.  I start to reach and then, like a scene from The Wizard of Oz, a face pops up, jack-in-the-box-like.  Yvonne is a graphic designer and one of the directors of Bocs , the gallery I was in.  Yvonne is not tall and sitting behind the podium desk was completely invisible, as I guess I was, until she stood. The title ‘Spatial Threads‘ was a brief given to two artists, to use the space of the gallery.  The manipulated fabrics of the first room are Alana Tyson ‘s work, rich and organic. Yvonne invites me to look around the second room of the gallery, where Bernadette Rippon has taken the theme in a different direction, where multiple white threads, inspired by wool-wisps on barbed wire, stretch almost invisibly across the room, stretched tight in semi-geometric curves and lines, the ends scattered carelessly like wind-blown wool on the ground.  Slight shadows play across the window light, making fresh lines on the wall. The idea of the walk as a thread has been a recurring image, but whereas the lines of path and road are clear and permanent, the lines of the walker are ephemeral and passing like the shadows that play and fade.  For a while the foot-trodden grass or sandy footprint lies testament to the steps, yet is soon blown in the wind or washed with the tide, leaving only half-remembered shapes in the mind. Solnit talks of the walk like thread connecting the land, and the manipulated fabric both reminds me of the rugged tectonic-plate crumpled and ice-scoured Snowdonian landscape that rises behind Caernarfon, but also of the way the threads of road and railway change the nature of distance in the land, just as the threads bring fabric closer.  Once Anglesey was an island, now sewn to the land through Telford’s and Stevenson‘s bridges. Later Paul says, "I can get to London in four and half hours and Manchester airport in two, but it takes me five and half hours to get to Cardiff, the same as Edinburgh".  The fast North Wales expressway and the Holyhead to London line shrink distance, crumpling the UK map, yet limited eventually by the physical limitations of land, like fabric, although maybe also the political and economic limitations that say movement to England is more important than movement within Wales. The mountain-fragmented topography of Wales is the reason it took the English so long to defeat, and never fully subjugate, the land, but also, together with the naturally fractious character of the Celts, why it was so hard to unite the British against the Saxon and Norman invaders. The former is still evident today, no longer in terms of swords and horsemen, but in the permeation of English culture and language, where the mountain-backed fringes have been where Welsh language and culture were preserved.  The latter, the fragmentation of the Welsh people, is still also sadly a problem, with the North Wales folk hardly, and often not, restraining their distrust of central administration in Cardiff. Yvonne takes me for a tour of Bocs, which is still ‘under construction’, half-painted stairways and boxes of sound insulation foam. It was formed in 2005 in the cellar of an estate agent, a space to nurture young artists who often feel isolated and far from the centres of culture.  As recession hit, the estate agent needed the space, and so they found the current premises and are in the processes of making a space that includes exhibition space, an incubation area for graphic designers, a music practice, recording and media-editing suite, and a large space for workshops and additional exhibitions. When we finish the tour Yvonne introduces me to Glenys, another friend of Bocs, and Dyfan, who is a computer/technology person and, happily, knows Paul Sandham and Geosho who I am visiting.   I say ‘happily’, as my main contact with Paul has been through Twitter and I find my phone number for him is wrong. Dyfan marks Geosho on the map, and also gives me directions, which, like all directions in my head, instantly vaporise.  After returning to Bocs once flummoxed, I eventually find Paul, not helped by (i) my inability to recall directions, (ii) the Welsh versions of street names on the map are not the same as the ones used on street signs, and (iii) Geosho‘s office does not say ‘Geosho‘, but simply ‘6’ (the number in the street) on frosted glass, "we don’t expect passing trade,”" Paul explains. Geosho create map-based tourist trails and other geographic systems, but most critically have created an infrastructure for the creation of these. In other words, this is a start-up with a big idea and real technology " and not based in a silicon cwm near the centres of power in South Wales, but Caernarfon in the forgotten corners of the North West. Paul divides his time between project management, chasing up potential customers, and smooching with the big-wigs of government in Cardiff, but still does hands-on prototype tweaking and is clearly the core information architect.  His house is largely his own design and his initial training was in urban planning; it is interesting how good design skills seem to be common whether technological or material. And yet, with all this busyness, he is one of the most friendly and hospitable people I have ever met.  We knew each other only through Twitter contact and when Paul came to find me to chat in Kington, and yet he invited me to stay at his house, fed me (very well, he is a great cook), helped me plan my onward journey, and on the day I left even made me sandwiches to help me on my way. The day ended at 2am, after Paul and I had each nursed three glasses of Bruichladdich organic whisky and talked about everything from walking/cycling abrasion injuries to the local government that can afford to subsidise daily flights to Cardiff, used mainly by political functionaries, but is closing village schools willy-nilly. miles completed: 434.3 miles to go: 626 I left the Rhosneigr campsite and drove to Malltraeth. I’d hoped to get some breakfast there, but couldn’t find anything open so made do with what I had and set off. The path crosses Afon Cefni on a stone bridge and then progresses along a causeway above the wide estuary mud and sand. In the distant past this once cut nearly all the way across Anglesey, almost a second straits, but filled with silt and now is merely the mud choked estuary of Malltraeth Sands. On the far side of the estuary is Newborough Forest, an area of mainly coniferous managed woods several miles in each direction.  For about two miles the path follows that of the Lôn Las Cefni cycle trail through the edge of the woods near the estuary side, but often out of sight of the water through the thick trees. However, then the path has two routes marked on the map. The main path leads along the long sandy dune-backed Traeth Penrhos, while the alternate path cuts through the woods never touching the sea before it heads back inland. I assume the latter is for times of storm tides. But I intend to take the former path as these long beach sections were one of the things I was looking forward to during the walk. The walk through the woods was pleasant and quick along the well-made cycle path. After some time I saw that the path divided ahead. The right smaller path led towards the water and the larger path towards the sea. At first I thought that this was where the Coast Path diverged, but when I got there, there was only a Coast Path symbol on the left fork. As this is a major leisure destination, the marking had been clear so far, so the separation of the Coast Path must come later. Still, I almost took the rightward path as it led closer to the water, but I assumed it would simply lead to impassable mud flats, and also wanted to take the ‘proper’ path. So I followed the leftward fork on through the forests. For some time I kept thinking that I soon would come to the proper fork in the path until I realised it was never coming; the fork I had been at had been the right one all along and had simply not been marked. The woods to the right were thick and it wasn’t clear whether I could simply cut through them, so I kept on going, assuming that sooner or later there would be some sort of path to the right, but after what felt like many miles, but in reality only a little over one mile, I saw a small track leading off into the woods, and after only a few hundred yards came to a line of sand dune. The one good reason I could think of for not marking the seaward path was that it could be tidal, but all along between the dunes and the trees was an easy way to go should the sea be high. I crossed over the dune and at last came to the sea, but looking back had missed almost all the beach, with just another hundred yards or so to the end. I screamed curses upon the Wales Coast Path for its inconsistent and incoherent signage. It had been a patch of beach I had been looking forward to and felt cheated. By now the weather’s early moodiness had begun to break, with sunshine creeping in across the sea, even though my own mood had travelled an opposite arc. However, my own mood was lifted by spending time walking onto the tip of Ynys Llanddwyn, a tidal island with ruined church, standing cross, and a stubby white lighthouse complete with iron cannon (I think simply to make a noise to warn off ships) and tiny terrace of white and black lighthouse keepers’ cottages. This is the church of Saint Dwynwen, the Welsh version of Saint Valentine. The story is that she was in love but, for some reason, was unable to marry the man of her heart, so instead fled to the church and a life of chastity. I don’t quite get why this story led future generations of lovers to the holy well on the island for blessing, it doesn’t feel that portentous, but that is the story. I lingered amongst the old stones and sun-drenched rocks for some time, and whether it was the presence of Dwynwen still suffused amongst the ruins, or simply the effect of sea breeze and sunshine, but my annoyance at the Wales Coast Path faded and I felt a sense of calm return. It was with regret I did not stay longer, but eventually I had to press on. Coming off the island a signboard explains the pillow lava found in the area, and in the nooks around a line of wooden steps down the sandy slope tiny miniature roses bloom – maybe the roses understand Dwynwen‘s story better than I. By now the sunshine was strong and hot off the sand of Newborough Beach.   Families were gathered, territory marked by towels spread on the sand and the occasional windbreak.  The access to this side of the beach is via a footpath along the south eastern fringe of Newborough Forest, or by bumpy car along a forest road. Rosie had warned me that this path had been very muddy in places when she had walked it a day or so before, and I had had enough of forest tracks, so decided to walk further along the beach and try to skirt around the end of ‘The Warren‘, an area of dunes over a mile square leading down to a long spit guarding the western end of the Menai Straits. I guessed that the path was avoiding the nature reserve, but there were paths marked across it on the map, and no sign to say not to enter, so I set off along the long dune-backed beach. I knew it was important not to walk too far before cutting back across the dune, about a mile, as I didn’t want to walk right to the end of the spit. This would have been pleasant to do, but would also have added several miles to the path and I didn’t want to get to Menai Bridge too late, as Rosie, who was also staying at Menai Bridge that night, had offered to drive me to pick up my van from Malltraeth. The dunes behind the beach got higher and higher, and after what felt like well over a mile I climbed to the top, thinking I might see sea the other side, but all I could see were more dunes. I tried walking along the dune ridge for a while, but it was hard going through the marram grass, and I couldn’t get enough height to see how close I was to the sea on the other side. In the end I decided to cut inland to get onto a higher dune top. The spit is several hundred yards wide, so it was quite possible that I simply could not see across. In fact, as I later realised, I was well short of the spit at the end and simply walking into the heart of The Warren. From the high dune I could see no better and so started cutting across the dune land going nearly due east in the hope that this would get me to the sea the far side, whether I was crossing the bar or simply near it. It is surprisingly hard work walking across this sort of land, especially when the marram grass gave way to brambles, and I began to wonder if I had done the right thing cutting across this terrain when I came over the top of yet another dune top and saw in front, not the sea, but a small grassy plain, with horses running free. A fence kept the horses from the seaward sand, so I skirted this to the south, hoping that I would find a pathway, and then crossed over another fence at a corner post. I decided that I would not easily reach the sea, but on the map two footpaths led from the sea on the south-east side of The Warren to Pen Lon on the north corner. If I set off due north I was bound to cross them. Happily the ground was easier, flatter with many horse tracks, but also slightly boggy sections to avoid. I was glad of the compass as it would be hard to keep in a straight line – how many past wanderers were still walking forever in circles? I seemed to have been walking far too far again (but probably hadn’t) and there was no sign of sea or footpath. However, I realised that a public footpath on the map was merely a public right of way, and did not in any way mean there was a track on the ground, so I started to veer closer to due north, or even a little east of north so that I would find myself close to Pen Lon whether or not I found one of the paths. Still there was no sign until I suddenly spotted a group of people, several dunes away. I hurried towards them and eventually came to them near the top of another dune. They were a guided group with a Ranger at their lead. He showed me a post where they were and on another dune another post. These otherwise unmarked posts, which I would have taken as simply stray fence posts, were the marker of the route of the footpath. I had obviously found myself much of the way back as, following the posts, I quickly found myself at the main metalled pathway that led beside the woodland towards the car park at Pen Lon. It was strange finding myself amongst many people making their way to and from the beach after an hour or so alone with only horses for company. Pen Lon itself is simply a scattering of houses along the road, although there are signs to a model village. There is also a very full café, the White Lodge Café, attached to a campsite. I took a look and while it looked good for a full lunch it was a little more expensive for a quick sandwich, so I kept on. The rest of the way from Pen Lon to Menai Bridge is relatively uneventful. The Coast Path cuts inland across the southern corner of Anglesey. The first part of this goes along a small road and ends at some stepping stones over the Afon Braint. The ‘stones’ are large concrete slabs, sometimes a small step across, sometimes a bit of a hop … I think a toddler would need a little help. It then zig-zags across fields and sometimes along small lanes. Towards the end I recall walking parallel to the Menai Straits, looking down across fields towards the water, but struggling slightly to work out which path to take down, however eventually finding myself by the waterside and for a mile or so walking along the shingle beside the Menai Straits. At one point the path cuts again slightly inland running a few hundred yards inland parallel to the Straits. Although I was on the lookout for this point, somehow I missed it, and only as the way across the shingle became more difficult I realised I’d missed it. By this time the banks were high leading up to private ground, so it was impossible to find an alternative way, so my choice was to go back or press on. Now, when I say ‘shingle’ I should explain that this means fist-sized stones that are sharp edged as if they had just been quarried. I assume this is because the Straits are relatively protected from sea storms, and here, where it is wide, the tidal surge is not so strong, so the stones are not tumbled and smoothed. I was wearing sandals and walking on the sharp stones became more and more painful. In fact I must have bruised the bone of one of my toes during this time as it was painful for weeks after. After what seemed like an interminable time, the line of shingle between bank and water started to narrow, until it was clear I would soon be unable to proceed. I had another choice, go back a mile over the sharp stones or climb the walled bank. I managed to clamber up and found myself in parkland, presumably the grounds of Plas Trefarth. The Coast Path clearly goes through these parklands, but slightly further up the hill. I found a path, which I think was the right one, and followed it and certainly eventually came out where the path was supposed to by the church at Llanidan. There is a choice here, an inland route, perhaps for times of very high tide, and a route along the waterside. As I always do I took the waterside route … yet more shingle walking, but happily now rounded stones, which were still slightly painful given my bruised feet, but so much better, then after just half a mile by the water, back inland, mainly along small roads, crossing the main road at the tiny hamlet of Plas Cefn Mawr, then taking a detour past a chambered cairn at Bryncelli Ddu. This detour adds a mile or so to the path, and I think is there to avoid walking along the busy main roads rather than for the historic visit. When the path does rejoin the main road there is a footpath alongside, sometimes separated by a small fence, until, on the approach to Menai Bridge, the path does cut back towards the water again for the small waterside walk underneath the Menai Bridge with its giant lion supports. Finally I got to the hotel in Menai Bridge and found Rosie waiting at the bar. While she drove me to pick up the campervan and then later over a kebab on a bench, she told me all about the local politics of Menai Bridge, the scandals and affairs, and about the landlord of one of the pubs who was taking part in Walk on Wales later in the year … all picked up from a few hours chatting to locals. miles completed: 412.3 miles to go: 648 After the penetrating rain of the last night, the morning could not be more different; glorious sunshine awoke me. The forecast was to turn less good later, so as soon as I could make my way round the sodden clothes from the previous day I set off.  A sandal day, as my boots were still soaked through. It is interesting the way Rhosneigr feels as much a village as seaside, whilst Trearddur (Arthur Town ?) felt purely holiday resort. Happily, being a village, there is a Spar, where I buy some pork pies and chocolate bars to feed me through the day if needed. Walking along the beach I first record some long audio logs about the previous day, when I could not record or photograph because of the rain.  However, this morning I am soon unzipping the bottom of my trouser legs, and only keeping the jacket on because of the wind. The path runs along the beach for nearly a mile, and on the headland overlooking the south end of the beach, Porth Nobia, there is a grassy mound with a large rectangular entrance.  This is a Neolithic chambered cairn, built to bury the dead, and, according to the information boards, brew strange Macbeth witches-like stews.  The Coast Path runs very close, and it is possible to see right inside, although the very inner part has a railing door.  Anglesey has many archaeological sites, but few close to the Coast Path, so I was very glad to see this one. The mound itself is a reconstruction, a grass-buried concrete dome, preserving the shape of the stones as they would have been exposed on the clifftop, whilst giving some of the sense of enclosure, albeit without bending double to get in. The tiny horseshoe-shaped bay beyond the cairn is called Porth Trecastell. ‘Trecastell‘ means ‘castle town‘, so I wonder if in days gone by, the remains of the cairn looked like the remains an old forgotten fortress from the days of the Mabinogion, or maybe the substantial farm, ‘Trecastell‘ itself was the site of a long buried fortified farmstead? Beyond this, the path is on grassy clifftop, where, from the muddy tracks, the cows walk as close to the edge as possible, just like the coast-path-er.  Although the hoof prints make the way hummocky, I take heart in knowing that if the cliff path can take the weight of a herd of cows, it can take me. Just a short while on I find the cows, only not cows, but a herd of bullocks.  Bullocks are more flighty than cows, and either gather trying to stare me down, or, if I move, skit off along the clifftop field.  One bullock, with long curved horns, seems to stare particularly intently as if taking exception to my invasion of their field, in general, and taking photos of them, in particular. Worried, that, like Gabriel‘s sheep in Far from the Madding Crowd, they may end up lemming-like flowing over the cliff top, maybe with me caught in the flood, I try to keep well below them, but a Coast Path arrow (yes, they do exist), points vaguely up towards the fence.  I can see a gateway there, but it is where the herd has gathered; fifty bullocks gathered for safety, ready to make a bolt for it should the frightening walker get too close.  I give them a wide berth, and notice a stile at the end of the clifftop field, maybe it is that … but no, no sign on it and definitely entering the MOD danger area if I go over; it is definitely the bullock-jammed gate. I approach along the fence line, hoping they will part, and as I get closer, they start to push and shove each other to get through the gate.  A brave few, including one beautiful white beast with curved horns, ideal for the Minoan circus, try to stare me out, but they too either push back into the cliff field, or follow the last of their brethren through the gate. As the bullocks move, I see that indeed there is a labelled pedestrian gate beside the large farm gate, and negotiate this rather than the mud churned gateway, entering the large field where they continue to pour across in front of me, the stragglers in the cliff field making their way through the, now safe, walker-less, gateway behind.  It is almost as if they are deliberately taking my direction, as if I were a drover of old herding them on their way across Wales. However, as I get towards the end of the field, I see them pouring though a gate at the far end into another large field on the left, so they are simply following a standard daily migration prompted by my passing.  Happily I do not have to push past them and wade through the field-entrance mud as the path arrows (more!) take me to a stile at the opposite corner. Later, when I meet a few fellow walkers at the chip shop in Malltraeth, I ask whether they encountered the bullocks on the clifftop.  "Bullocks, no the fields were empty," they said, "wait, there was a herd we saw, but in the field to the left."  They had obviously come after the drover. The path continues inland, after a while joining a road, then branching down a lane.  After passing a bluebell-filled cottage garden, the lane is edged with high barbed wire fence; I spot danger signs and what looks like klaxons … more of the rifle range, I think, but then see a notice declaring the Anglesey Circuit, and catch a glimpse of a car roaring past on a test drive. Soon after, the path rejoins the sea, and as it does, Avalon-like, in the bay a tiny rocky outcrop atop which stand a manmade walled, grassy, level-topped mound and a white church, St Cwyfan’s Church also known as the ‘Church in the Sea‘.  The island is reached by a tidal causeway, and as I cross I wonder how many hermits were drowned clinging to its sea-washed rocks before they built the mound 1 .  For the hermit, I can see that there is something special about being on the island as the sea comes in, shutting you off from all but God.  Keith said just the same about Holy Island, Lindisfarne, in Northumbria, larger, but likewise a tidal causeway where the tide that strands, traps, or maybe cuts you free, is part of the experience of visiting. If you approach from the south it is easy to miss, simply looking as if it is a church or even farm building on the opposite shore, and it is here that I think I missed Rosie going in the opposite direction on the path; while I was on the island looking at the church, she, coming from the south, had not noticed it at all.  The church itself is small, although nothing on the scale of St Trillo’s and somehow, despite its location, did not capture me in the same way, maybe because it is locked so I could merely peek through its whitewash splattered windows. The way to Aberfraw is then straightforward, along the rocky shore and then estuary edge.  It is about a mile inland along a small river estuary, with its beach backed by huge, windswept and marram-grass-fringed dunes.  Maybe it was once on the sea edge and the sand has gradually taken it inland, albeit the opposite of the general movement in the area. Aberfraw was the seat of kings, the palace of the princes of Gwynedd including Llewelyn the Great, until their defeat by Edward and the end of true Welsh freedom except the brief rebellion of Owain Glynd&wcirc;r in the fifteenth century. However, forget the history, all I wanted at that stage was some lunch.  From the river side I see ‘The Goran‘, a ‘Free House’, and head up.  As I approach I see a sign mentioning menus, this looks promising, but the door is closed, the lights are out.  I ask a local, "ah, he opens when he likes," I’m told.  However, I am then directed to the Llewelyn Fawr heritage centre, craft shop and café. The heritage centre has exhibitions.  Some boards tell the old history of the kings of Wales, although none mention Glynd&wcirc;r; maybe they feel he was a borders upstart, and that the true line of Wales died with Llewelyn?  Some are about more modern times, fragments of documents, old photographs, but sadly no booklets to take away. I realise just how special Tiree‘s An Iodhlann is in terms of its level of archiving and Dr John‘s annual exhibition booklets. I chat to the lady in the craft shop for a while, but unfortunately, the man who knows most about the heritage is away.  She asks me about the walk and recalls Christian Nook, when he came round the previous summer, but I emphasise I’m just doing Wales!  "Why Wales," she asks.  "Because I’m Welsh," I answer, "born and raised in Cardiff."  "Sorry," she says, I think for assuming I was English, and then repeats in Welsh, an invitation to continue in Welsh, if I could, and the first time I have been addressed directly in Welsh, I just wish I could say more than "diolch", as I left. The café is also good and does an all day breakfast 🙂 From Aberffraw there is a landward and seaward route.  The former is more direct, the latter the best part of two miles longer taking me down the sandy south side of the river estuary, onto a glorious beach, which reminded me of Tiree, and then back along the edge of the dunes.  As is evident I took the longer route, but after this the only way does cut inland across to Malltraeth, I assume access problems with property on the coast. Not far inland is an abandoned farmhouse, a substantial rendered property, but only reachable by tracks over fields, I guess the reason it has not been snapped up as a second home. Even the round straw bales in its yard seem abandoned, each growing its own crop of grass, and behind the ranks of straw bales, deep piles of scallop shells. They must have been dumped here by the lorryload from a seafood factory, but I couldn’t work out why.  Maybe to be crushed as calcareous fertiliser for the land, but now also abandoned, monument of forgotten plans. The final way into Malltraeth is uneventful: my first encounter with a massive bull, although he ignored me and I realised after I should have exited the previous field a hundred yards to the left and not passed him at all; a portion of path along the riverside that cuts through the end of people’s gardens, some have put plants or fences to separate themselves from the right of way, some mow open to the water edge, whether to lay claim or show welcome was not clear; and in the final alleyway between houses, one homeowner made it very clear with not just barbed wire wrapped along the top of their fence, but a rusting iron garden gate with tiny thorn-like barbs paint-softened on the top rail. And so into Malltraeth, its pubs also closed – does no pub open in Anglesey?  But happily its tiny fish and chip shop welcoming, where I meet a few walkers doing a managed tour around the island, baggage and taxi pickups managed for them.  The rain started, so remembering the van still filled with drying clothes, I rang for a taxi, and only then saw texts from Rosie saying she had got to Rhosneigr and had her car. So eventually Rosie and I meet by the seafront at Rhosneigr and have a picnic dinner of the bits and pieces we have between us.  Rosie is planning her own memoirs of the trip, indeed has already arranged a publisher (so organised!), and has so many stories, she seems to have an art of meeting unusual people, or getting herself into unexpected scrapes. When I first encountered Rosie through her Twitter feed, I thought she was a naive young walker with her 34-kilo pack.  Then, through the landlady at Nash, I found she was anything but, a seasoned trekker from Brazil, used to surviving in the jungle where, if it wasn’t in your backpack, you would die; and furthermore, now in the UK with a family of five grown-up children.  However, since those early walking days (a month or more ago!), she has decided that she can dispense with some of her pack, although her camping knife with its fire flint is never far from her side. Rosie is walking for Water Aid, and spends all her time charity fundraising.  Before she left she had curated an exhibition of donated art back in Folkestone, where her gift of being able to gently, but persuasively, ask for contributions had allowed her to gather work of several major artists. I also find that she was very early in producing websites based on user-contributed content, a Web 2.0 forerunner … I guess after she spent two years living by an airfield in the Amazonian forests listening to rain on the corrugated iron roof, the monkeys’ dawn chorus and leopard cries in the night. Later I found out that St Cwyfan’s Church was originally on the mainland, but the cliffs and land around have been eroded, rather than being built up out of the sea, it is an extreme example of coastal defences at work.[ back ] miles to go: 662 The first part of the day is a tale of two beach huts. I get the first train to Holyhead (9:02 am, not exactly early!) and head for a café I recall visiting once some years ago, facing the docks.  Although far from the promenade and beach, it is called ‘The Beach Hut‘ and has a ‘caf’-by-the-sea feel, fresh and basic, serving mainly breakfasts and lunch, but also, I discover, B&B with WiFi … if I had realised the night before … With a solid breakfast inside me I set off in stronger heart than the previous day when I think I let my food intake go down. Once clear of the docks, the path leads along the promenade, past beautifully tended allotments, upright slate sculptures like the sentinel in 2001, and the Maritime Museum (with seafront café).  If I’d had time I would have liked to walk the length of the Holyhead breakwater, which snakes like a sea serpent protecting her brood of docks, wharves, ferries and yachts.  The latter are mostly clustered near the marina at the far end of the promenade. The foundations of the breakwater were quarried out of the hillside behind the marina, and the path leads up past this.  On the way you pass two abandoned buildings. The first is solid, white, late Victorian, with four windows along its side, I’d guess at least 6 or 8 bedroomed in its prime, now fenced off with danger signs, overgrown and the word ‘technic’ spray-painted on its corner.  The second is a castellated mansion, I’d guess Victorian mock-Gothic, maybe the quarry owner looking down on his creation.       While the enigmatic ‘technic’, is unofficial (read illegal) graffiti, other official wooden sculptures and mosaics line the path before it cuts up the first slopes of Holyhead Mountain. Round the first point, a hermit’s cell or tiny chapel ahead, which on closer approach appears to be the explosive store for the quarry, far enough away not to risk sparks, but close enough to bring supplies when needed.         Further on you get to North Stack, a small rock with an old building, perhaps a coastguard station, on the cliff beside.  The building is now for sale as a studio, an ideal location, but you’d need a very high-wheelbase vehicle to get to it over the near vertical ‘roadway’.  An outhouse has ‘magazine’ carved above its door, so perhaps the building did duty as coastal defence.  There is no lighthouse at North Stack, but a little out to sea are the skerries, with  their own light. It would be possible to do a detour over the top of Holyhead Mountain, but I decide to stick to the coastal path as it skirts the mountain towards South Stack lighthouse, and, as I drop down, I am called by name. It is the young man who served at the Llanfairfechan ‘Beach Hut’, out for a walk with his family who were visiting.  If I’ve not confused people in the day, I believe the older man said he had walked from Land’s End to John O’Groats. Again, with more time I might have dropped down to see the lighthouse, but decided to just look from a distance.  However, I do pop up to see the stone hut circles just off the path. Inside one, flowers and votive wreath have been placed, although these were never religious places, just basic homes for those scraping a life. The coast after this becomes a succession of beautiful rocky coves and inlets, which merge into one another in my memory.  A helicopter often hovered over the sea, or swung over the cliff-tops, doing exercises, I assume, out of RAF Valley.  Ahead on the path I see two people wearing helmets and life-vests, I think they must be to do with the helicopter exercise, and then notice that, in the cove they are looking down into, three further helmeted and life-vested figures are making their way out of the sea. Convinced this is a live ‘out of the sea’ life-saving exercise, I approach them.  "We are coasteering," they say, "we make our way at shoreline, sometimes swimming, sometimes rock climbing, going into every inlet and sea cave." I had never heard of this before and they explain that it can take an hour to cover 100 yards.  At that rate, staying in the sea all day and every day, winter and summer, it would take four and half years to get round the Wales coast.  Walking, I took the easy option. Later on I spot another larger coasteering group, from their high-pitched squeals a group of schoolchildren on an activity day.  It is a bit like learning the name of a plant or bird and suddenly beginning to spot it everywhere; language influences perception. And then more rocky coves, and one small surfing beach, Porth Dafarch, which had an ice cream van in it, and a small car park and public toilets … for this area of coast development on a grand scale.  On the far side of the beach as you return to the headland, a bench has a sad wreath of weathered battered plastic flowers tied to it. There is no dedication on the bench, so I assume the flowers are for someone who drowned here, one of several such memorials I’ve seen along the coast. Trearddur is on the opposite side of Holy Island from Holyhead.  Although we’d stayed a night at the campsite on the headland south of Trearddur, we had never visited the town itself.  The scattered outskirts start around a mile before the main town, tantalising, as I intended to stop at a pub or café for a snack before continuing.  I had originally thought of stopping for the night at Trearddur as it was the biggest place between Holyhead and Rhosneigr, but it was still mid-afternoon and I wanted to press on further and hoped to either find a B&B later, or go as far as Four Mile Bridge, the old crossing between Anglesey mainland and Holy Island, and either catch the train at Valley if early enough, or stop at a pub there and order a taxi back. At one of these nearly there but not quite places, I see a shipping container with ‘ beics-cybi-bikes ‘  on the side and a couple, trying out hire bikes.  I’d spotted one of these somewhere earlier on Anglesey, and realise it is a tiny ‘chain’ of cycle hire around the island, business in a box.  There is a painted van also there, so maybe each one is permanently manned during busy periods, or perhaps they simply drive round the island to open up on demand. Trearddur is ‘Tre Arddur‘, so, maybe the town of Arthur.  However, unlike Bwrdd Arthur on the far north east of Anglesey, there is no sign of ancient settlements or forts that might give it its name.  So, maybe ‘arddur‘ is not a name – something to look up when I have both time and internet … neither of which is in good supply at present 1 . While I had thought that Rhosneigr was the seaside resort of Anglesey, in fact it is Trearddur that really catches the prom atmosphere, with two ice cream vans (yes, two!), a hot dog van, and even a small cannon outside the RNLI shop.  The RNLI shop proudly bears a plaque to say that Prince William and the then ‘Miss Catherine Middleton‘ carried out their very first public engagement together to name the Trearddur Bay lifeboat in 2011. One of the vans is local Anglesey ice cream, so I have a cone of toffee fudge to enter into the full seaside experience.  However, with great self-control I pass by the hot dog van as I intend to have a snack at one of the seaside cafés or village pubs.  Well, that was my intention.  I walk the blue-railed prom eating my ice cream, children playing on the sands, waiting for the first inviting looking premises.  But there is none.  Maybe I missed one that was the other side of the road, but scan as I could up and down the road I saw nothing. The only eating place is beyond the end of the prom as the road leaves the sea, and is a Crossroads Motel style building that announces it won pub of the year and has five star accommodation.  Sounds a little posh for me. I guess Trearddur grew up as a seaside town after the Holyhead railway made it easy to get here from Liverpool and even London and the Midlands.  Looking at the map there is a substantial built-up area about half a mile behind the prom front, which is probably the original village and perhaps where you’d find a pub or village shop. The prom is just that, a prom, with seaside properties behind. The road cuts off a tiny headland and then meets the sea again at a small beach before leaving the last of the houses, one of which, a part-yellow painted bungalow, has the most lovely rainbow-coloured mosaic cross hanging in its gable.  Then through a caravan site you come again to the clifftops, which continue on to Rhoscolyn, the next little port three miles or so further on. The coast here is less spectacular than near South Stack, and the cliffs very much lower, but has several natural arches.  However, the high spot is near the end. At one point, where the path crosses a tiny stream along a causeway, there is a side stream coming straight from a spring in the hillside, the water head enclosed in a small dolmen-style stone enclosure, less than a yard across, so that the waters come bubbling fresh from a dark manmade cave.  I wonder if it is a holy well of some sort, but there is nothing marked on the map. Eventually, a coastguard station appears on the high spot of the cliffs ahead, but crossing the last stream before it there is another, semi-sunken, stone structure, this time the size of a garden shed.  There are two parts, one like a small open-topped room, perhaps six foot square; steps lead down into it with a whatnot-style triangular stone across each corner to form rough seating for four.  The base is filled with water; not the clear water of the previous well, but rich red-orange, like stagnant water in an old rusting oil barrel.  It did not look inviting, but I guess is good for joints, or, as was suggested to me later, for pregnant women needing iron.  On the downstream side steps lead to a smaller area with two small benches facing one another over the water.     At first, from the state of repair, I assumed it was a few hundred years old, but then noticed, up the hill, what looked like a small but ancient-looking church or hermit cell.  On the map I later realise the well is marked as St Gwenfaen’s Well, but not the church on the hill.  ‘Well Hopper‘ gives a detailed description of the well , and also of St Gwenfaen‘s life.  The website for the church of St Gwenfaen at Rhoscolyn also has information and evidently Rhoscolyn used to be called Llanwenfaen.  A description in Sacred Springs says: ‘… Ffynnon Wenfaen was particularly renowned for curing depression and mental illness. Two white quartz pebbles used to be thrown in as an offering after drinking the water, a custom surely derived from the saint’s name – wen fain = white stone.’ So, not joints or rheumatism, but drinking the water – yuck! The coastguard station on the cliff top is no longer in regular use; I guess mobile phones have reduced the need for human lookouts, although not entirely, given (i) the level of phone signal available and (ii) your ability to phone when your boat has just capsized.  I read on the side of the building that there are plans to reopen it with volunteer staffing – David Cameron, here is Big Society for you. A couple with their children are also looking and have come from the campsite at Rhoscolyn where they have a caravan.  Unlike some of the semi-retired people who spend large proportions of their time, they can only spend the odd weekend, and are finding the combination of rising site fees and also fuel costs a problem.  When you can come for weeks at a time, both seem reasonable, but with the trip from Liverpool costing them £50 in petrol, they are wondering how long they can afford to keep the caravan going. A week or so later I hear a similar story from Caroline, the landlady at The Lion in Tudweiliog.  The caravan sites nearby are a major source of custom, but due to fuel costs people are coming less often, and when they do come, as at the club house in Monmouth, they eat out less. "Some families have come for years and used to have three or more meals here in a week, but now maybe once, if that", she tells me. The path leads onto the beach at Rhoscolyn, and at the far side should end up back on the cliff, but there are lots of notices below houses on the cliff tops saying ‘Private’.  Now it seems so obvious that if the path leads onto a beach you need especially bold notices to say how to get off, as there is no beaten path across the sands taking you unerringly to the next waypoint. Happily, a family, grandfather, daughter and grandchildren, are making a spectacular dam on the beach, and point me to where the Coast Path sign is.  It turns out that the man has cycled John O’Groats to Land’s End with his other daughter in his 60s and would love to do the return trip in his 70s.  Earlier that day I’d met another man who had walked it some years earlier. I find the sign, but it is very confusing.  One Coast Path arrow points along the road behind the beach. That is reasonable: the map shows this as an alternative route if the tide is high.  Another arrow points back to the beach from where I have come.  A third finger has a footpath symbol, but no Coast Path roundel, and points along a path through a small painted gate. So, I took the fourth way, the one with no arrow at all. Now, I know it sounds foolish, but along the way it is not unusual to find the coastal path signs only pointing in a single direction around the coast, sometimes a single arrow post, usually pointing the way I have come as the clockwise signposting seems slightly better than the anti-clockwise.  In some cases, if you scan you can see a matching sign for the other direction, perhaps a little along a road; in some cases they expect the other way to be obvious, and in some cases it’s plain oversight.  In the latter two cases, you can sometimes work out the right way to go by assuming the sign is designed for the people coming the other way, and guessing where they are expected to come from. I still do not know which of these was the case, whether they were in fact directing you onto the beach and there was another way off beyond the private notices (although at high tide I can’t work out how), or whether you were supposed to follow the footpath that didn’t have the Coast Path roundel. But anyway the choice I made was, it turns out, wrong.  I’d hoped that very soon there would have been a side path, taking you behind the private properties and back onto the cliff path, but it became evident that this was not going to happen, so I simply looked out for the first roads to the right and took them. I ended up in a road leading only into the Silver Bay Caravan Site, but, rightly, assumed there would be beach access and was helpfully guided in the right direction by one of the residents, and so ended up on Silver Bay.  It is now cloudy and has been spotting rain since I met the family on the sands. I can see from the map that the path leaves the beach partway along as there is no route round the final headland of Holy Island, and the path cuts across the tip, but can I see a clear bold sign? … of course not.  However, in this case it is not simply subtle, or hidden, but absent.  I notice a set of steps climbing the dunes to the left, and go to explore, but there are no Coast Path arrows, so I turn to go on, the correct way must be further.  However, looking at the map again, and the position of the woodland that partially edges the bay, in fact these steps are precisely the way. The rain has started properly now, so I am glad of the tree shelter and glad also that the path is fenced on both sides, so no decisions to be made and no chance of going wrong! The woodland gives way to farm track and then that to a small lane, which would have been pleasant if not for the rain.  I’d not brought my waterproof overtrousers, so soon my trousers were soaked through, but my top half was dry.  After a while, a sign points to the right, where a sign says it is a permissive path not open in the winter, but there is still a heavy chain across the kissing gate.  I almost continue along the road way, but then look harder and realise the chain with padlock is simply looped over a post, as bailer twine is sometimes, to stop the gate swinging open … so if you are ever walking this way and see a chain, do not give up! And I was glad I had persisted, as it leads through an idyllic area of scrub woodland and wetland (the latter pretty well boarded in the muddiest areas), I assume some sort of nature reserve.  At the far end the gate has no chain (!) and you are back on the road for a short while, before turning off down a farm track round the back of a farmhouse, across a farmyard through a narrow gap between buildings (breath in), along a field, where I almost miss the path arrow half lost amongst the hedgerow, and finally onto the (soggy) edge of the estuary/strait between Holy Island and Anglesey mainland. As the Telford causeway and newer dual carriageway largely block the flow of water through the strait it is very estuary-like in terms of the salt marsh and mud, but given how narrow the strait is at Four Mile Bridge, perhaps this would have always been so.   And, although I had a few miles of wet walking to go, I was on the home stretch to Four Mile Bridge where I would go into the warm, hopefully not soak the place too much in the process, and sup a half pint while waiting for a taxi. Well, that was the plan … As I draw near to Four Mile Bridge, there are a number of boats on the banks, but no obvious sign of a pub.  I was sure I had driven across this once and seen a pub, but it must be a different bridge elsewhere.  My waterproof jacket was keeping my top half dry, but below the waist my trousers were soaked and dribbles had run off into my boots, so that each step squelched.   I really wanted to just get back. It looked like the main body of the village was on the Holy Island side of the bridge, so I walked a hundred yards or so in that direction until I came to a triangular village green.  Surely this is where the pub would be.  There is a hairdresser and a sign for another shop, but no sign of a pub.  If there is no pub here, then there must surely be no pub at all. Walking back to the bridge I look up the road in the other direction, and it is clearly just scattered housing.  A mile or so on is Valley, but I have no idea what I will find there; I have driven through it and seen restaurants and shops, but have no idea if there is anything that would be open now.  Certainly I would be too late for the last train. The idea of waiting somewhere, whether here or Valley, maybe half an hour or more, in the rain for a taxi was not inviting. The alternative is to continue to walk the six or so miles to Rhosneigr.  It is after seven, but I will not be taking photographs in the rain and there is a substantial amount of beach walking that will be quick. I get what shelter I can under the wall of the bridge, put the camera in the waterproof bag inside the rucksack, swap maps over inside their plastic case, with only the odd soggy corner and rain drop smudge as I try to protect them with my body from the persistent rain, and set off. Later during the walk I discover that if I had walked a couple of hundred yards or so beyond the green in Four Mile End, I would have come to the Anchorage Hotel , situated towards the western edge of the village.  As I have found elsewhere in the walk it is so hard to know what lies within walking distance of the path. Although I’d peeked at the map, it was hard to read under the rain-dark sky and my mental model was a short walk along the riverside and then a long beach walk past Valley airfield to Rhosneigr. I think the fact that the Coast Path cuts off the south-west corner of Holy Island had shrunk the distance along the water’s edge.  In fact the largest part of the journey is the riverside part, with just the last two miles on sand. I am writing the last part of this day some time later, and have no photographs to remind me, so am struggling to recover the details from a morass of grey-skied, rain-soaked memories.  Happily it is one of the better signed parts of the Anglesey coast path, as reading the map in the rain was not easy. From the bridge you walk a short distance up the road on the mainland (as in mainland Anglesey) side of the bridge, then turn right, I can’t recall if it is initially a lane or instantly a farm track, but certainly quite soon you go through a gate into cattle fields, where the cattle are not visible in the fields, but their traces are very obvious underfoot. After a while I came to a field where the path is signed towards a more bushy corner where bushes and fence converge into a short, three-foot wide, maybe six-foot long pathway ending in a stile. Except that wedged into the pathway were two cows. One backed out as I approached, but the other had its head by the stile and its whole body on the pathway, and could only get out by careful reversing, which it was either unwilling or maybe unable to do. Furthermore I was at the end I wanted it to move in, so it was hard to encourage it to move. I pondered the situation for a while.  Serious, including fatal, injuries, are more common from cows, but these are usually farmers suffering crush injuries.  In general it is not a good idea to be between a cow and anything solid.  I could see no other way round, so sized up the options and decided that the thick bushes looked a safer option than the barbed wire fence (images of cheese-wire-chopped Alan in the next field), and started to see if I could squeeze past.  However, as soon as I started, although before I was fully in the gap, the cow moved backward a half pace. I backed off and waited, hoping she would continue to move backwards, but no, she stopped as soon as I backed off. In the most gentle yet commanding voice I could muster I gave her a slap on her side and said, "come along now" … … and she did. I was Alan, braver of rain, master of cows, invincible. But still wet. For a while the memories are simply rain-soaked fields, and then the path came out into a ford over a small river.  I can’t recall if there were stepping stones for pedestrians, or simply a damp paddling crossing; my feet were so wet I would not be able to tell. Opposite the ford I continued through the open gate, along a track, and eventually passed a house that was in the process of renovation, into another field, and the path ran out.  After scouting about I started to backtrack, looking for signs along the way, until I got to the riverside, and saw that indeed there was an arrow telling you to turn right along the water’s edge, which I had missed in the combination of half-light and the clarity of the open gate ahead. Walking sometimes nearer, sometimes further, from the water, it was unclear whether I was seeing across the water, Holy Island, or twists of my own bank; certainly it seemed to go on for ever. In fact this part, moving mainly cross-country following the side of the estuary/river, was about four miles (without the wrong turning, which probably added a half-mile or so). However, these were not the fast beach miles in my mind as I’d set off.  So the hours passed and the sky was getting darker with sinking sun as well as grey clouds. Eventually, with a feeling of relief I came to the edge of Valley airfield, from which Prince William flies. There was no sign of the Prince, nor indeed any plane or person foolish enough to be out in this weather.  Along the perimeter fence signs warning you not to loiter, as if I was likely to spend time contemplating the view, with rain soaking my underpants. After maybe a mile, or maybe a little less, of blissfully fast and easy walking along concrete and gravel, it was with joy that the path came out onto sand and I saw the sea. It would be a lovely walk in the sun, but in the falling dark, I trudged it as fast as I could, knowing that at the other end I had to negotiate the meandering marshy estuary to cross to Rhosneigr.  I had seen a bridge, somewhat inland, but how you got from beach to there was uncertain. So, with the rain still falling, I came to the end of the beach, with Rhosneigr literally a few hundred yards away, but with the river between.  According to the map, the path should cut across the last spit of sand, but in the dim light I had seen no sign, so I ended up making my way round the steep sandy banks of the river until eventually the small meandering estuary narrowed and I spotted the path. Then blissfully it was an easy walk to the footbridge, which comes out just below the campsite. At twenty to ten, I opened the campervan doors, reached in to the shower area, and one by one stripped off layers while still standing at the doorway, depositing the dripping boots, trousers and waterproof anorak into the wet room (I should note that I closed the caravan doors before depositing the dripping underpants). Under my (also waterproof) under coat, I was amazingly dry, with just the odd damp ingress around neck and wrist. I was soaked, I was exhausted, my feet hurt, it had been the longest day I had walked so far, and indeed would walk on the journey, twenty-nine miles 2 , and probably the wettest, but I was not down.  I was elated; I had challenged distance, I had challenged rain, I had even challenged a recalcitrant cow, and I had won. Later Paul Sandham suggests it may simply be the town of the gardeners.[ back ] The official Coast Path distance is 26 miles, but ViewRanger said 29 miles; if anything, GPS devices underestimate as they cut off the curves, so I’m going with 29![ back ] miles completed: 372.3 miles to go: 688 I woke to the sound of wind-buffeted rain hitting the campervan.  I put off starting as long as possible, but eventually could think of no more excuses not to start. It was wet, hard, driving rain that stung your face, but to be fair, this is the first really wet day since I started, and even today the rain cleared towards the afternoon, with the sun breaking some setting light below the clouds. Because of the rain, few photographs, and only one, belated, audio blog, and in many ways an uneventful day, in fact possibly the most interesting part was the taxi drive to Church Bay. As we drove along the taxi driver said he was hoping for fine weather the following weekend as he and some friends were planning a golfing trip to Bethesda, but he couldn’t play in the rain as he didn’t have waterproof golfing clothes.  He explained how difficult it was to get clothes, but in particular waterproof clothes, when you are a large size.  The major outdoors shops stock up to 2X, but not the 4X or 5X that the taxi driver needed. During the walk I have complained, especially on audio blog, about parts that are wet, muddy or hard to navigate.  For the hardened hiker these are normal things to expect, but the aspiration of the Wales Coast Path is, I believe, wider, to get ordinary people walking.  Imagine you are not used to walking, and then, with your family, you decide to follow a part of the Coast Path, but then you get lost or sink to your knees in mud; you may never venture out again. Equally, if you are overweight, then walking is an excellent way to burn off some pounds and make you generally more healthy. The taxi driver wanted to do precisely that, but could not get clothes in a suitable size, so, if the day looks wet, will not walk or play golf. In many ways the Coast Path just south of Church Bay is similar to the path north, narrow cliff-edge pathways interspersed with green trodden routes over grassy clifftops.  However, the cliffs are lower, maybe 30 feet at most, and successively lower the further south you get. Also the luxuriant tumbling flowers are less evident, maybe because the brambles are covering the cliff edges. I was glad I’d worn boots, but the puddles were more from the rainfall, the path itself did not seem intrinsically muddy, and the cliff-edge parts of the path are high-edged with bramble and gorse, so all in all it feels a good part for a family walk, although I’d keep a hand on small children anywhere on the Coast Path. The map says there is a fort at the southern end of Porth Trefadog, but I didn’t notice that; however, at the north end of Porth Trefadog, up dry on the headland, is the hulk of an old wide-keeled timber ship. A little further on, at Tywyn Hir, there is a massive caravan site.  Those near the sea have timber decking, with glass sheets on the seaward side, so that they can sit and watch the sea, but protected from the worst of the elements.  I spot a chiminea on one of these timber patios.  As I walk by one caravan, a woman comes out with the most wonderful cascade of dark glistening dreadlocks, starting at a sort of top-knot and then falling down her whole back.  She goes round to the side of the caravan, opens a small timber garden store and inside, instead of a lawnmower or garden chairs, are a washing machine and tumble drier. "We call it home from home", she says.  I wonder again about these caravan communities, and recall a friend at junior school who always went on about ‘Swanage‘ where his family had a caravan. Roads were slower then, and Swanage a long way from Cardiff, so I guess they spent less time there than the modern caravan dweller, but I guess not so different 40 years on 1 . South of the caravan site, the path runs for a while on roads and lanes, with occasional stretches on the beach, albeit, with wind driven waves, at times perilously close to getting my feet wet.  At one point there is a small bouquet on the road side. There is no message, but I assume someone drowned here once and is still remembered. In one stretch along the top of the beach at Traeth y Gribin, I walked on the sand and must have missed a crucial sign.  The path cuts round a point to follow the edge of the estuary of the Afon Alaw.  I thought the going was maybe a little tough over shingle and river mud, but it was when I realised I was, first, the wrong side of a salt marsh with muddy rivulets running through it, and then the river side of a barbed wire fence, that I became certain I should be on the landward side. Happily I was able to get onto the path proper not too far upstream and without any serious foot wetting.  This was close to the point where the river is still tidal, but clearly more fresh than salt water as the tideline was thick with decaying grass, with very little seaweed. However, I then noticed that what I had taken for foam, or small stones amongst the sandy damp grass, was in fact thousands of small dead crabs, most barely an inch across, like pirate doubloons cast along the shore. On the map it marks two possible routes, one crossing the Afon Alaw, and the other going inland to Llanfachraeth as, at the time the map was made, the intended river bridge had not yet been constructed.  As I came along the river, the new bridge was there, a green arc across the waters, a flock of swans having a tête-à-tecirc;te at the far side.  However, the bridge was also full of bright orange building barriers, and evidently still under construction. Happily, as I came to it, I found the bridge was indeed open, albeit with barriers covering parts of the bridge where the safety railings had not yet been installed.  One had been blown adrift but I was able to do my Bob-the-Builder good deed of the day and put it back in position. I was glad of the extra mile or two that the bridge saved, but a little disappointed that I didn’t get to Llanfachraeth and a short rest, food and a pint! On the south side of the river there is no danger of getting the wrong path as it is mostly fenced on both sides, with timber staging over the (most) muddy parts. This, like the bridge, is all new and still under construction. While I complain sometimes at Anglesey‘s path signage, it is clear they are investing in the path. At one point I see a sign, ‘use it or lose it’, warning of the council’s intention to close a footpath. It may be that the path being closed is because the coastal path is creating an alternative access, or maybe a deal with the landowner, "you let us have the coastal path, and we’ll get rid of this awkward path".  The tenor of the community notice suggests the latter. Certainly the council’s own notice advertising the closure is well off the line of the path and can only be approached by clambering over old wire netting … open government? After clearing the river estuary there is a short stretch on the beach, at the end of which a Coast Path sign points you up some steps and onto the road. If the tide is low ignore it.  Having missed the signposting before, I followed the signs, but these take you on the alternative, high-tide route along roads on the south east of the Newlands Park estate, rather than along the water’s edge.  However, both take you to the causeway linking Holy Island to the mainland of Anglesey. The causeway, like the Menai suspension bridge, is another of Telford‘s engineering achievements. At the beginning of the causeway a sign points you to the left, across the railway and under the second (later) causeway, but this is an alternative coast route that bypasses Holyhead and Holy Island.  So if you want to ‘do’ Holy Island, ignore this and head over towards the chimney of the aluminium works. Part way across the causeway a sluice gate allows the tidal water to flood through, and I wonder at the sheer power of tides and imagine a turbine spinning in the rushing waters. From the causeway and further along towards Holyhead, I occasionally spot what I take to be cockle pickers, out with bucket, fork and hook, turning over seaweed, digging into the soft mud. Beyond the causeway, the path takes you through the coastal park, set up on the unused land owned by the aluminium works.  I see notices describing a new leisure village to be constructed between the coastal path and the works.  The latter is now closed, its chimney stack no longer spewing white smoke, and a sorely missed employer in the area.  You follow along the water edge, past a memorial to a soldier, who used to be a volunteer warden, lost in the Falklands, through flower-filled woods and a tranquil pet cemetery, then across grassy fields until Holyhead port draws close. The last landmark before getting into the port and railway station is the Skinner monument.  Climbing up some steps and a small slope gives you a panoramic view over Holyhead.  Then back at the bottom you can read about the story of John MacGregor Skinner, Captain of the Holyhead Mail packet and benefactor of the town.  He was born in New Jersey, where his father organised the Royalist militia when the American War of ‘Independence’ broke out in 1776.  His family, being on the losing side, scattered, some to Canada, and some to Britain. It is a reminder that the American wars are somewhat misnamed.  The first war was as much a civil war between different factions within the (now) US as a war of secession from Britain.  The ‘Casus Belli‘ was partly tax avoidance, but also about preserving slavery, which Britain was moving against, and the British government‘s annoying habit of blocking the seizing of native American lands.  The second, misnamed ‘Civil War‘, was in fact the actual war of independence when the southern states attempted to leave the ostensible free federation of states and were crushed. As I finally drew into Holyhead railway station, I was very glad of that bridge over the Afon Alaw as I arrived just half an hour before the last train back to Rhosneigr where I was camped. Later in the walk I realised this must have been ‘Swanbridge‘ a camp site just a few miles west of Cardiff.[ back ] 26 May 2013: blog | flickr | data The wedding reception had been held at Low Bradfield Village Hall, a few miles west of Sheffield.  Sheffield is an amazing town, the steep-sided valleys, which were once the powerhouse of countless mills that created the city, are inhospitable to housing, so, within a mile of the city centre you are in wooded nature conservation areas that extend out to the moors, and villages like Low Bradfield that feel as though you are deep in the heart of the country.  Nestled amongst hills, the only sound is the odd passing tractor, and the crack of leather on willow on the busy village cricket ground. After the reception, we stayed at a small cottage, just behind the village store and post office, and yards from the village hall. Village shops are often the heart of a community, and for those without cars, essential for day-to-day life, and yet over many years, they have been closing down. One reason is that those with cars do most of their shopping in supermarkets, only using the shop for ’emergencies’.  So, while they would regard the shop as important, this is not reflected in the money spent there.  Of course the shop cannot compete in terms of price, but more importantly in the range of goods supplied. This is precisely why, more than twenty years ago now, I began to articulate the notion of the electronic village shop, where a combination of regional picking lines and electronic stock control could enable just-in-time ordering, both of staples (just six tins of beans in the store rather than a box), but also of individual customer orders. I imagined a customer walking in in the morning, saying, "I’m cooking lasagne for dinner", and when they arrive back after work, there at the shop are all the ingredients ready for them. At the time, pre-web, pre-online ordering, this would have been complex, needing new logistics; now it would be straightforward. Another threat has been the gradual demise of Post Office business.  The shop was often also a small post office, but the number of small post offices, both in the country and city, has declined as the overall Post Office business has shrunk. Part of this has been the deregulation of posts, including the separation of post office counter business from Royal Mail, who deliver the mail, and also the opening up of the delivery business to other players.  This has meant that a large proportion of business posts, the posts that were easy and cheap to collect and deliver, are now sent by independent companies, whereas Royal Mail picks up the rump of individual letters from post boxes and small parcels, more complex and costly to collect and deliver.  Add to this the decline of letters with the rise of email and both Royal Mail and the Post Office are constantly under pressure. Living on an island, the glory of the post office and Royal Mail are evident. When we go off island we tell the post office, which is also the Royal Mail sorting office, or the postman notices, and instead of a pile of mail crammed untidily through the letter box on our return, we simply collect a neatly rubber-banded package as we come off the ferry. When we order things through the internet, whenever possible we order from suppliers who deliver by Royal Mail.  This is because a First Class Royal Mail letter that is posted by 4pm pretty much anywhere in the UK will arrive on the noon plane on Tiree and be with us by early afternoon.  In contrast, DHL, or any of the other ‘express’ delivery methods, will end up waiting in a warehouse in Oban for days, and it may be up to a week or 10 days before we see an ‘overnight delivery’. Furthermore, and given the extra costs and complexity from a business point of view, quite justifiably, many carriers charge extra for the privilege of delivering your week-late parcel.  The Royal Mail must lose money on every letter and parcel it delivers on Tiree, but it does so, because it is providing a universal service. It is impossible to overstate the revolutionary importance of the Penny Post.  Before its introduction, when you sent a letter the cost was dependent on the route taken.  Each carrier along the way charged, which either had to be estimated and paid upfront, or paid by the recipient, before they knew the contents!  It was complex for the sender and receiver, but made perfect business sense, given the need for each carrier along the way to make a living. The Penny Post did away with this, a letter cost the same no matter if it was going round the corner, to the other end of the country, the mountainous heart of mid-Wales, or even a tiny Scottish island.  But for users this meant you no longer had to worry about where your letter was going, you just posted it.  The Penny Post made communication effortless and with it simplified everyday life and, critically, commerce. Think about the web, what it would be like if you had to separately work out the cost of each web site you visit depending on the route across national and international cables.  The Penny Post was an information revolution, which was copied across the world, but, in the UK, one we are in danger of losing. As well as the (shrinking) postal business, one of the mainstays of small post offices was that they functioned as the ‘bank’ of the nation, where pensions and other benefits were paid.  Not only was the local post office paid for doing this service, but also it meant it brought people to the premises just when they had money, so would be likely to shop as well. However, as a cost-saving measure, benefits and pensions have increasingly been paid directly to bank accounts. For the village shop, this is a loss of crucial business, and for the individual on a low income this means it is far harder to manage money, as it becomes ‘just numbers’, rather than physical notes in your purse. Some years ago, on the morning radio, there were two successive government ministers talking, following two government department reports issued on the same day. One was talking about the Post Office and the ‘modernisation’ and ‘efficiency’ programme; the other about the problems of rural areas and in particular the loss of village shops.  Somehow the two never spoke to one another. The Low Bradfield shop and post office is suffering all the problems of shrinking business, so has diversified.  As well as being a shop it is now a small café.  Along the way round Wales I have noticed a few village post offices with a table in a corner, but the Low Bradfield one has developed more into a fully fledged, but tiny, café, the ‘Postcard Café‘, and the day before, while waiting between stages of getting the hall ready for the reception, we had sat and had tea, coffee and buttered crumpet.  I recall on the far side of Lewis a community-run shop and post office that was also a café, and I think also even had petrol pumps. The village shop and post office often acts as a social hub of rural life, and no less the corner shop in residential areas of cities. So the loss of the shop is not only a disaster for the pensioners or farm labourers who may not have their own transport, but also tends to contribute to a loss of community identity. The web of informal community connections, facilitated by the local shop, is not only important for the social life of the village, but also critical for many vulnerable people, making it possible to survive independently, instead of becoming an expensive drain on the state. The dual function as small café is economically sensible as those who come in to buy a loaf of bread may stay for a coffee, or vice versa. However, it also strengthens the social role of the shop, not just chatting whilst collecting your pension, but staying on to continue to chat over a cup of tea. 25 May 2013: blog | data I had not been intending to write for this day as I was off path, at the wedding of the daughter of Keith Albans, who had taken me to the MHA homes the previous Tuesday. However, themes connected with the walk recurred during the day. Fiona and I had stayed the night at the Strines Inn, a glorious place that has been trading since the days of the Turnpike Road across the moors, and still captures some of the spirit of the 17th century, with four-poster beds and carved wooden chests. At 8:30 there is a knock on the door and breakfast is served, with a table for two overlooking the reservoir below. The peacocks call (as they had, loudly, with the dawn chorus) and sunshine plays across gold-green grass and softly rippling water. But the scene was not always this idyllic. On the wall of the bedroom is an original, hand-written copperplate poster, a poem remembering the great Sheffield flood of 1864 , when one of the local dams burst, drowning over 200 people and leaving thousands homeless as a wall of water tore down the valley, destroying everything in its course. I assume it is the folk memory of this incident that inspired DH Lawrence‘s ‘The Virgin and the Gypsy‘, where the gypsy gallops ahead of the rushing waters, on his full-membered stallion, and plucks the young woman, the first eponymous protagonist, into an upper storey where they ride out the waves. Later as we stop at Malin Bridge to pick up another wedding guest from the tram I see a plaque on the wall of the Malin Bridge Inn: The Malin Bridge Inn five children who all drowned Thoughts of inundation have never been far from mind along the entire North Wales coast and also the first two days of the walk, whether the regular battering of high tides on struggling defences, or the tsunami in the 17th century that flowed up the Severn Estuary. Later in the day I talked to someone who had spent some years in Monmouthshire (in the days when it was ‘officially’ part of England), who told me that the devastation of the Somerset levels had been even worse than on the Welsh side, with floods extending 30 miles inland. So much of our housing is built either on river flood plains, or on tidal flats. On the concrete promenades of North Wales, I often saw large metal doors, which could be shut to keep back exceptionally high tides, but I also heard that not infrequently this has failed over the years, with waters overtopping the sea defences and flooding homes. With climate change both raising sea levels and also making extreme weather more frequent, it is not clear how many of these defences can be maintained, or whether areas will be strategically abandoned, just as has happened with coastal erosion on the east coast of England. Drowned valleys are also intimately part of the growth of the Welsh language movement and Welsh nationalism in the 1960s, when the drowning of a Welsh village beneath a reservoir, to serve Liverpool, created waves of protest. As a tiny child I recall the romance of hearing about the Free Wales Army on the radio, as they blew up water pipelines; but probably more significant, albeit less exciting to hear about as a six-year-old, were the peaceful protests of the nascent language movement that changed the landscape of Wales. When I had been little there were no dual-language signs, and minimal Welsh radio and television. Now, when you go through Wales, you are clearly in a nation with its own language, whether or not you speak it! The politics of water are once again dominating many parts of the world, with both internal disputes, like those between states in Australia or the western US, and external, between countries in the former USSR, or Africa. In the Rivelin Valley running into Sheffield, the outlet of the mill race from one watermill would often flow directly into the mill pond of the next, leading to clashes if mills were redesigned, perhaps eating into the head of water of a neighbour. My childhood images of the Free Wales Army were based purely on the romance of the name, but it was not until many years later that I fully understood some of the social and economic issues. After my Dad died, Mum survived on a widow’s pension and half-board guests in the house: students, workmen, and theatre folk. She was marvellous at managing the small amounts of money that came in and the substantial costs of maintaining a crumbling Victorian house and a growing family. Once a year the rates bill came, what is now called ‘Council Tax‘. It was a big bill, but as we had a small income, we qualified for a large rebate, usually around 90% of the total bill, making it manageable. However, there was an equally large bill that came once a year, the water rates, which covered provisions of water and disposal of sewerage. While this was equally large, there was no rebate and it all, in those days, had to be paid at once. As I said, my Mum was a wonderful financial planner, but no matter how well prepared, the water rates bill was always a massive impact, especially in the 1970s, a time of galloping inflation, where bills could easily rise 20–30% in a year. Roll on the years and I am in a rented house in Bedfordshire and have to pay housing taxes myself for the first time. My water rates bill came and was about £60, but when I asked Mum I found that her water rates bill in Cardiff was £300, which doesn’t sound so much today, but, at the time, was equal to my whole take-home pay for a month. The difference in cost is because each water authority in the UK is independent and the costs of piping water in Wales, with a dispersed population and mountains covering the heart of the country, are far higher than in flat central and southern England. However, unlike these relatively dry parts of England, water is one of Wales‘ natural resources. The valleys of Brecon and North Wales are full of reservoirs, waters flowing out to Birmingham and Liverpool, but of course not pound notes flowing in the opposite direction. The issues in the Tryweryn valley, which incensed and inspired the Free Wales Army and Welsh Language Movement, were not just economic, but also the actual and symbolic loss of culture in the drowning of a Welsh village for English economic growth, and the fact that despite all but one Welsh MP voting against the reservoir, it was still passed at Westminster. Moving on from the politics of water, the theme of the wedding service was very much about the married life as a journey. One of the hymns was Sydney Carter‘s ‘One more step along the world I go‘ and one of the readings from Dr Seuss, ‘Oh the places you’ll go‘. Of course the metaphor of life in general, or married life in particular, as a journey, is common, but instead of space it is the changing events of life that are passed through, emphasising that intimate connection between place and event, pathway and lifeline. 24 May 2013: blog | flickr | data After a night in the MorphPOD I, surprisingly, wake with the alarm, not the dawn; the huge floor to ceiling window faces northward across the valley, so it only obliquely catches the morning light, but as I head across to wash, I see that the riding stables, another part of Brandy House Farm‘s activities, are already a hive of activity. I have breakfast in the dining room, filled, like the kitchen, with interesting things: an old brass wood plane, something that I think is part of a fog horn, and a box labelled Antarctic Expedition 1904. As I eat and he is about to leave, I meet Paddy Dixon, a photographer and outdoor writer based in Ulverston. He is doing just a short recce walk, at present, but is planning to walk the entire Wales Coast Path followed by Offa’s Dyke later in the year and write a guide book at the end. His publisher has been chiding him for not doing a Wales Coast Path guide yet, as he has previously done popular ones for other walks in the UK and elsewhere, including the South West Coast Path. A little later two other guests arrive for breakfast before a day out riding. It was due to be windy and rainy, so they decide on a low-level route, but evidently the moors above the farm are open common grazing land, with no walls or gates, ideal for trekking and the odd gallop. As I mention my last day’s walking and the impact of Wylfa, it transpires they both work in the nuclear industry as part of internal regulation, and gently, without being too direct, try to educate me on the safety of the industry.   Chernobyl of course was the Russians messing about, and at Three Mile Island containment was not breached … I seem to recall that the fact that the meltdown there did not break out of containment was more good luck than anything else, but maybe I misremember? Actually I can imagine that the parts they work in are, barring major accidents or terrorist attack, relatively safe. However, the older plants due for decommissioning are in government hands and it is clear that they feel Sellafield‘s safety record is a thorn in the industry’s side. I can see how the construction and operation of a well-managed plant can be clean and safe (for the area around), but the spent fuel has to go somewhere, and eventually the plant needs to be dismantled and the thousands of tons of contaminated concrete and metal isolated for hundreds or thousands of years. During dinner the previous night and in snippets over breakfast I learn a little more about the area. The closing of the local school has been a major blow and, as elsewhere, local shops, garages, pubs all have closed over the last 20–30 years. The Felindre pub at the start of the track to Brandy House Farm, is The Wharf Inn. The stream here is not navigable, so I assume ‘wharf’ refers to a stop on a tramway, which, if I recall, were also called ‘wharfs’ borrowing the nautical term. The Wharf is under threat, as the current proprietor would like to do other things. However, there is a group hoping to launch it as a ‘community pub’. The logistics of this are quite complex, not so much the initial capital cost and first year or so of running, but the long-term management, when the excitement subsides and a long roll of volunteer bar staff has to be managed. I recall in Switzerland hearing how it is not uncommon for isolated mountain communities to buy and manage local cafés that are due to close. Interestingly, recalling my MHA visit the previous Tuesday, in these Swiss villages it is the retired and semi-retired who are at the heart of these community enterprises, and I would expect the same in the UK. Maybe in coming years we will see community nightclubs run by octogenarians, I guess interspersing dance mix with swing and rock-and-roll. Annie and Nick arrive, who are the designers of the MorphPOD. The MorphPOD is not just a camping hut, but is really designed to make the best use of a small footprint, using materials that are sympathetic to their environment as well as using local skills and materials. Nick explained how the use of local artisans is not only valuable from an environmental and cultural perspective, but also good business sense. When there is a problem, or some need for a redesign, or addition, instead of a lengthy series of email correspondence or phone calls where each side half-understands the other, he says, "I just cycle twenty minutes down the road and sort it out". In addition, MorphPOD is part of a larger concept of an integrated booking and access system. The aim is to have a network of MorphPODs and similar huts, linked through a central booking system. As a walker, you could, before you go, or through your phone on the move, book ahead, and get an entry code. The digital door locks are a bespoke design as off-the-shelf code entry systems expect levels of electrical or network connectivity that are impractical given the locations of the pods, and anyway tend to be too fiddly for a walker with cold wet fingers (I write with feeling as, writing in retrospect, I can hear the wind and rain outside that I will soon have to go out into and start walking for the day). I love the whole concept of the MorphPOD and its associated booking system. It is deliberately designed to be affordable, with basic, but dry facilities, which can be extended by additional services, such as linen, or food, if required, but with a low basic price. The method feels closer to the YHA than the eco-chic yurt or tepee holidays, which are often a hundred pounds per night.  The use of technology is also perfect, nothing unnecessary, just a small amount where it will make a big difference. The MorphPOD construction also makes me think of the Noust boathouse on {Tiree}} being built by TOG Studio summer school.  They also try to use (relatively) locally sourced materials (no wood on Tiree, so ‘local’ here means west Scotland), and blend new technology and radical design with traditional forms. The boathouse roofs are inspired by the ribs of a boat, with curves like an old barn, but are constructed from laser-cut plywood with softwood infill. Too soon I have to take my leave as I need to get up to Warrington to meet Fiona ready to go over to Sheffield for a wedding.  I drive back north, and stop very briefly in Llanymynech to get a photograph of the pub with the bar half in England and half in Wales that I’d not photographed when I was there on day 20 . miles completed: 358.3 miles to go: 702 The first few hours of this day, like the end of the last day’s walking, were dominated by Wylfa. I was dropped by Cemaes harbour to continue where I’d stopped, so took a few photos of the harbour and cottages around it. Cemaes is a lovely seaside village, with small boats in the harbour and a small sandy beach. However, just a few steps after leaving it behind Wylfa rises, the vast concrete rectangle of its containment building surrounding by smaller red-brown rectangles, I’d guess full of pipework. There is a second huge, grey rectangle, which at first I took for a second reactor and then realised is the turbine hall. The main reactor has a wide cleared area between security fences, just like the no-go areas in prisoner-of-war films. I recall years ago a school visit to a nuclear plant on the Severn. It was also a Magnox reactor, which is an intrinsically safe design (from a blowing its top point of view), as the operators have to constantly work to stop it from shutting down … unlike a PWR reactor where the operators’ job is to stop it blowing up! The person showing us round said that his only fear for the integrity of the plant was that it sat below one of the main North Atlantic flight paths, and that a plane crash on the plant could break the containment and create what we would now think of as a Chernobyl or Fukushima disaster. "However," he said, "the chances of it landing just here are tiny." This was of course, many years before 9/11. At that point I guess the main terrorist threat would have been the IRA, but now the security is even tighter. The reactor complex extends all the way to the sea, so the coastal path needs to skirt it landward. However, it tries to keep close to the coast for as long as possible, leading to a lollipop-shaped loop around the last headland before coming back through the same gate. At the far tip of the lollipop, as it rounds the small headland, I see, by a small shack-like building, a person standing, swathed in billowing waterproofs, head buried in a thick trapper-hat, scanning the sea with binoculars. Behind a young woman squats in the lee of the shack, a clipboard with weather-proof cover on her knees. They are employed by a company, Jacobs, to count birds; the young woman is training, but later in the summer she will be standing there, binoculars in hand. At first I assumed that this was an environmental impact assessment for some new shore-works for the power station, but now I wonder whether it may be for a wind farm 1 . As I head back from the loop, I meet two women dressed in black waterproofs and overtrousers, who I later learn are Kim and Donna, sisters from British Columbia, walking round some of the Anglesey coastal path while their husbands visit antique shops and pubs. I will call them the ‘ladies in black’. I follow the path inland, which crosses fields, and through open scrubland, before heading onto a thick pine wood. I keep seeing structures, like two Himalayan prayer flags on T-shaped arms, which I guess are collecting windblown dust for radiation analysis. Later I see a more complex device, like a tiny electricity substation, which says explicitly it is for Gamma Ray monitoring in case of emergency. The path wends its way through the pine wood, before taking you up a set of slate steps, edged in non-slip roofing felt. It is as if you are ascending an Aztec pyramid, and at the top, at the place of sacrifice to the sun god, is instead a viewing area, so that you can take in Wylfa in all its glory. It is a cul-de-sac and you have to then turn round and so I wonder if this was part of the deal, "sure you can put the Coast Path through our land, so long as it goes to our view point". From the viewpoint I notice that the ladies in black have not come back through the lollipop neck, but instead are following a tarmac path at the perimeter of the fence. It looks a far more direct and seaward path than my own. So I descend the Aztec steps and continue out of the woods into a gorse scrub area under the massive high-voltage pylons, their crackling in the damp air harmonising with the deep hum of the turbines. The way is not totally clear, as there are multiple ways, but I am sure I am right … until I meet the ladies in black coming towards me. They had been shooed off the perimeter path, and then came to a post with two arrows both pointing towards the path I was coming from. I turn round and we go back together for a while, but then re-check maps and decide that the way they were coming from and I’d been heading for must be right. I set off at my slightly faster pace, and promise to come back to tell them if there is a problem. When I get to the end I realise the problem: coming out from the path it is obvious that one of the arrows means to join a roadway; however, coming, as they had, from the forbidden path, the arrows looked as if they are pointing the same direction. The road leads past the Visitor Centre. I am torn. Part of me wants to get away from the nuclear power station as fast as possible, and part of me, like taking the path between A55 and railway, thinks that going in is part of the experience. The latter wins and I branch out to the Centre, and even plan to have a cup of tea in their café, but then, "No dirty footwear", the sign declares, with an image of a walking boot; walkers definitely NOT welcome here. So, if you ever think of walking 300 miles in order to learn about the benefits of clean, modern nuclear power for Wales, to be persuaded that the benefits outweigh the dangers, to be awed by the statistics of megawatts generated, houses lit, to be intrigued by the intricacies of control rods and fuel cells … don’t bother. I had been trying all morning to take a photograph of Wylfa that makes it look in some way romantic or beautiful, deliberately to counter my own natural reactions. I try framing with gorse, or against landscape, but none work. However, starting to pull away from the power station, there is a stand of dead fir trees. Now I am sure the dead trees are nothing to do with radiation, but I couldn’t resist a photo of Wylfa taken through the dead trees. Can I help it if the romantic photos fail and only the ghoulish and foreboding ones work? The path once more meets the shoreline, and at the head of a tiny creek, a clapper bridge crosses a small stream with the remains of an old watermill standing guard. And then I notice that the watermill is set in a stand of gunnera. But not just gunnera: looking upstream, here is a whole garden with specimen trees and Himalayan flower bushes. While Wylfa only finally disappears when you turn Carmel Head, the generator hum fades after a mile or so, and gradually it is possible to focus on other things. Cemlyn is a near-mile-long shingle bar damming a stranded lake above. It turns out to be a combination of natural forces and human shaping. In the early 19th century a massive storm threw up the shingle bar, but originally this created a salt marsh area. It was only when a weir was built that the current freshwater lake was formed. However, this unnatural lake has become a haven for many birds including massive flocks of Arctic Terns. As I plod across the shifting shingle, I pass ornithologists with massive monoculars on tripods, and one man with sound recording equipment, clearly trying to capture the chattering of the colony. Having crossed the bar I feel sufficiently far away from the nuclear plant to eat my, very belated, breakfast. In my head I know that there is unlikely to be any contamination from the plant landside, so long as it is working properly. Still I have an overwhelming sense of contagion when I am nearby … yet, oddly, I would have happily had a cup of tea in the visitor centre! A lady picks up rubbish using one of those long-handled grabs, and I realise it is the same person who was on the beach at Cemaes earlier. She explains that she has a rota, starting each morning at Church Bay, where I’d parked the van earlier and would finish the day, followed by Cemaes and Cemlyn. She also tells me about a woman, Jackie, whom she had met a year ago. Jackie and her dog were walking the Coast Path in support of Air Ambulance, but also Jackie was eyeing up the potential for going round on a horse. Some sections are on bridleway anyway, but I certainly wouldn’t like to be astride a horse along some of the cliff paths! The two ladies in black arrive while I am talking, and this is a pattern through the day, I overtake them while walking, but I take some diversion to see something, stop to take photos, or this time to talk. This makes clear why my normal free walking pace is three and half to four miles an hour, but my actual pace on the ground is closer to two miles an hour. I am taking over 250 photos per day, and that alone means, on average, a photo every hundred yards. At normal pace I walk a hundred yards in a minute, it is easy to see how taking a photo significantly adds to this time. The coast is a series of rugged rocky inlets, the path mostly wide and grassy along the cliff top. To sea is the small rock of the ‘West Mouse‘ with a lighthouse on top, and further out to sea ‘The Skerries‘, with what appears to be a much larger lighthouse complex. I assume from its name that the latter extends further beneath the sea as well. Long before the lighthouses, the Royal Yacht of Charles II, the Mary, was wrecked here. On the coast itself, a line of three structures appears. The first is a tower. It reminds me of one of the tin workings in Cornwall, and I assume it is some sort of metal smelting, or similar. However, clearly the rocks here are not as mineral rich as those elsewhere, as this was the only sign of old industry during the day. Wylfa‘s site does not require any natural minerals or ores, just stable quake-free rock, a water supply for cooling and not too many local people to reduce casualties in case of disaster. Either side of the chimney are two other tall triangular structures, which I, at first, took to be two further whitewashed chimneys. However, as you draw closer they are tall, narrow flat white triangles with a cathedral-like stone buttress behind each, a bit like a Mesolithic film set. I realise that these are aligned with the little Mouse lighthouse and, high on the clifftop and hillside, can be used as sighting lines for ships at sea. When I next pass the ladies in black, who overtook me while I was climbing up the hill to get sightline of markers and lighthouse, their guide book says these are known as the ‘White Ladies‘. The path cannot hug the cliffs around the end of Carmel Head, as they are too sheer, but as it cuts off the last jutting spur, it is possible to walk along the top out to the far point and stand as far as possible at the north west tip of Anglesey main island. It is now that Wylfa is finally left behind and Holy Island appears, with its breakwaters and chimneys, although the latter are far across the water. I did not see any ferries arrive or depart, I guess it’s still the winter timetable, with few midday sailings. However, close to hand a yacht sails round the Head. I have been amazed at the clifftop flowers across all the Anglesey coast, with primrose-coated fields, those small tufty red-pink flowers that often grow in rocky places, but in far greater profusion, bright yellow aconite-like flowers and tiny star-shaped light blue-lavender flowers, which one of the information boards named, but I of course forgot. However, nothing prepared me for the change as I turned Carmel Head and the final stretch of coast between there and Church Bay. We move from north-east facing cliffs to west facing, warmed by the Gulf Stream, yet protected from the worst of the cold winter winds. It is a garden. Cliffs tumble with almost unbroken carpets of flowers, their grassy tops flour dusted or maybe fairy dusted with those blue star flowers, and each rock or post fur-tipped with lichen. The rock in this area is old, 570 million years, not as old as Tiree‘s Lewisian Gneiss, but still too old for fossils, and, I assume, hard. So the clifftop field walls are made of piled packed earth. A few, those lower and closer to pebbled beaches, are neatly faced with tight packed round stones, but most are simply earth edged and make their own home for flowers and sedums. Church Bay is the first sandy cove and safe landing place after Carmel Head. The only possible landing before then is a single shingle-filled bay, with a trapped lake behind, but the way into it would be treacherous indeed, with sharp-edged rocks either side and a huge natural arch. Church Bay is named after the steeple of the church that rises on the hillside, but in Welsh it is Port Swtan, the port of whiting, the local catch in days when fishing was a major part of life. There is a small heritage centre, one of the remaining thatched ‘tyddyns‘, a small dwelling that was once a farm with a few acres of land, where the occupants scratched out a living from the land and sea. The centre was closed the day I was there, but walking round the outside, there is a small cottage garden, its walls topped with old kettles and other ironmongery … I’d guess not how the original owners would have decorated them, but picturesque nonetheless. Update: See Laura‘s comment below – the assessment was for a new nuclear power station here to replace Wylfa, which is being decommissioned. [ back ]
i don't know
In which war did the Battle of Cabin Creek take place?
· 5 hrs · 152 YEARS AGO -- GEN. RICHARD GANO AND GEN. STAND WATIE OFFICIALLY HONORED BY THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS FOR THE CABIN CREEK RAID Even though Elias C. Boudinot, the Cherokee delegate to the Confederate Congress, did not have any voting rights in the legislative body, he knew how to play the political game for his people in Richmond. Boudinot petitioned for an official commendation from the Confederate government for Brigadier Generals Richard Gano and Stand Watie and their resp...ective commands for their daring raid at Cabin Creek. A joint resolution passed both houses of the Confederate Congress on Jan. 19, 1865, commending both Gano and Watie on their daring and skill in the capture of the wagon train at Cabin Creek, Cherokee Nation on the 19th of September 1864. President Jefferson Davis signed it the next day -- January 20, 1865. · January 14 at 7:12am · JEFFERSON DAVIS' .44 (.54 BORE) KERR'S PATENT REVOLVER A Kerr’s Patent Revolver with provenance indicating that it was one of two presented by Confederate President Jefferson Davis to the commander of his personal escort, Captain Given Campbell, Duke’s Cavalry Brigade, May 4, 1865, shortly before Davis’ capture by Union forces. The Confederacy imported about 7000 Kerr revolvers from England and these were issued to the 7th, 11th, 12th, 18th and 35th Virginia Cavalry as well a...s the 24th Georgia and 8th Texas (Terry’s Texas Rangers). This imported lot of Kerr revolvers represents far more hand guns than were ever produced by Southern armories. Thomas Custer, younger brother of George carried a captured Kerr revolver to his death at the Little Bighorn. The inscribed gun can be seen on display at the Custer Battlefield Museum in Garryowen, Montana. Information and photo courtesy: Defending the Heritage Facebook page, · January 13 at 7:41am · 6TH KANSAS CAVALRY FLAG -- MISSING ANOTHER BATTLE HONOR -- CABIN CREEK This national flag was carried by the 6th Kansas Cavalry during the Civil War. Established at Fort Scott, Kansas, in July 1861, the unit started out as a "Home Guard," meant to protect citizens living in counties along the state's eastern border from guerilla raiders. In the spring of 1862, the unit was organized as a cavalry regiment. During the course of the war, the 6th Kansas fought in skirmishes in Mi...ssouri and Arkansas, preventing Confederate troops from moving farther north. The unit also participated in the Camden Expedition, a Union military campaign meant to secure Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas in Northern hands. As part of the expedition, they fought in the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry and the Battle of Prairie Grove, among others. The 6th Kansas mustered out on August 27, 1865, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Detachments of the 6th Kansas Cavalry were present at the first battle of Cabin Creek (July 1-2, 1863) and at the second battle of Cabin Creek (September 19, 1864). Information and photo courtesy: Kansas Memory DISCHARGE GIVEN AT FORT GIBSON, INDIAN TERRITORY -- AUGUST 29, 1865 Paid in full August 29th, 1865 At Leavenworth City Kansas Daniel M. Adams... Paymaster U. S. A. Know ye, That Maxwell Phillips a Captain of Captain Maxwell Phillips Company, (G,) Third Regiment of Indian Infty Home Guards Volunteers who was enrolled on the Twenty Eighth day of May one thousand eight hundred and Sixty Three to serve Three years or during the war, is hereby Discharged from the service of the United States this Thirty First day of May, 1865, at Fort Gibson Cherokee Nation by reason of Muster out. S.O. No. 110. Dept of Ark. Of 1865 (No objection to his being re-enlisted is known to exist.*) Said Maxwell Phillips was born in Randolph County in the State of Illinois, is Twenty Two years of age, Five feet Ten inches high, Fair complexion, Light eyes, Brown hair, and by occupation, when enrolled, a Farmer. Given at Fort Gibson C. N. this Thirty First day of May 1865. M. A. Phillips · January 5 at 2:48pm · GEORGE ARMSTRONG CUSTER IN INDIAN TERRITORY On November 27, 1868, famed U.S. Army officer Lt. Col. George A. Custer led an attack against the Southern Cheyenne village of Chief Black Kettle at the Battle of the Washita. Custer was born on December 5, 1839, in Harrison County, Ohio, and his only career was that of soldier. A graduate of the West Point class of 1858, (last in his class), he was commissioned a second lieutenant. During the Civil War, he rose in rank to the breve...t promotions of brigadier general and major general in the regular army (March 13, 1865) and major general of volunteers (April 15, 1865) After the war, he became a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army's 7th U.S. Cavalry. After an unsuccessful campaign against the Cheyenne in 1867, the army planned a winter assault when the Indians were vulnerable. Leaving from near Fort Dodge, Kansas, on November 12, 1868, Custer escorted his troops to Camp Supply in Indian Territory. At dawn on November 27, he led the Seventh against Black Kettle's camp of some 250 Cheyenne along the Washita River. In the chaos that followed, an undetermined number of Cheyenne, including Black Kettle, and twenty-two soldiers were killed. Custer died in the Battle of the Little Big Horn with most of his command on June 25, 1876. Real photo postcard of the house where Custer lived at Fort Supply, Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Courtesy: Oklahoma Encyclopedia of History and Culture. · January 3 at 6:19pm · FOR ALL THE DOUBTERS -- STAND WATIE'S ACTUAL CONFEDERATE BRIGADIER GENERAL'S COMMISSION Watie was the only Native American on either side to attain a general's rank during the Civil War. Watie's commission pre-dated his colleague Brig. Gen. Richard M. Gano's commission by one month. Even so, Watie turned over command of his planned Cabin Creek expedition to Gano to prevent any animosity among the Texas cavalrymen serving under the Texas general. Thus set the state for the mos...t unlikey military force in history -- Confederate Texas and Indian troops fighting together -- would capture one of the largest prizes taken during the war -- a 300-wagon Union supply train at Cabin Creek, Cherokee Nation. In letter's to his wife, Watie and Gano's commander, Maj. Gen. Samuel Maxey called Watie, "His old war hero." · January 1 at 10:25am · SECOND BATTLE OF CABIN CREEK AUTHOR'S "TWILIGHT ZONE" MOMENT -- TRUE STORY Since the SyFy Channel is airing my favorite TV series "The Twilight Zone" all day in honor of New Year's Day, I thought I would share my Civil War Twilight Zone moment. After spending all of my time and energy writing and producing the documentary "Last Raid at Cabin Creek" and later the companion book, when making presentations to different clubs and organizations across the country I was often aske...d, "Do you have an ancestor who fought at Cabin Creek? Is that the reason for your interest in the battle?" And my answer would be no. I do not have an ancestor who fought in the battle. Then fast forward several years later, I finally decided to do some research to see if I had an ancestor who fought with Gano and Watie at Cabin Creek. And that's when I found him -- a cousin on my mom's Clanton side. His name Private John Wesley Clanton, 30th Texas Cavalry, C.S.A. John Wesley Clanton was the son of Newman or "Old Man" Clanton and a brother to Ike, Billy, (of the Gunfight at the OK Corral fame) and Phin. He and his wife Nancy moved to Arlzona and lived there with the rest of the family before deciding to move to California where they lived the rest of their lives. They had six children. Today, their graves can be found in Rural Cemetery, Santa Rosa, California. So cue The Twilight Zone music. Photo: John Wesley Clanton's Confederate veteran tombstone in Rural Cemetery, Santa Rosa, California. · December 30, 2016 at 1:44pm · BLACK-EYED PEAS AND THE CIVIL WAR Do you eat black-eyed peas for good luck on New Year's Day? This tradition may have some beginnings from the Civil War. Some suggest the tradition dates back to the Civil War, when Union troops, especially in areas targeted by General William Tecumseh Sherman, typically stripped the countryside of all stored food, crops, and livestock, and destroyed whatever they could not carry away. At that time, Northerners considered "field peas" and fiel...d corn suitable only for animal fodder, and did not steal or destroy these humble foods. In the Southern United States, the peas are typically cooked with a pork product for flavoring (such as bacon, ham bones, fatback, or hog jowl), diced onion, and served with a hot chili sauce or a pepper-flavored vinegar. The traditional meal also includes collard, turnip, or mustard greens, and ham. The peas, since they swell when cooked, symbolize prosperity; the greens symbolize money; the pork, because pigs root forward when foraging, represents positive motion. Cornbread also often accompanies this meal. · December 26, 2016 at 5:40am · 155 YEARS AGO TODAY -- THE THIRD AND FINAL CIVIL WAR BATTLE OF CREEK CHIEF OPOTHLEYAHOLA -- DECEMBER 26, 1861 Chustenahlah was the decisive battle of the Confederate pursuit of Creek Chief Opothleyahola. In November of 1861, Indian Territory commander Col. Douglas H. Cooper set out to subdue Opothleyahola's followers, who disputed the Creek and Seminole alliances with the Confederate States of America. Perhaps as many as 1,700 refugees, many of whom were women and children, w...ere with Opothleyahola following his defeat at Chusto-Talasa on December 9. The loss of horses and supplies and the arrival of ice forced Opothleyahola's band to halt before it could reach the safety of Kansas. The members found shelter beside Shoal Creek (now Battle Creek, near Skiatook in Osage County) in what is now called the Patriot Hills. Cooper directed that two resupplied and reinforced Confederate columns converge on the refugees. On December 26, however, Col. James McIntosh's force attacked alone immediately upon locating Opothleyahola's camp. Opothleyahola's men retreated slowly up a sheer, brushy hillside to purchase time for their families to escape. After four hours of close fighting McIntosh's Texas and Arkansas troops routed the defenders. McIntosh reported forty-nine Confederate casualties at this "Battle of Chustenahlah" and over 250 Indian casualties, besides many women and children captured. Unknown hundreds of the pursued died from gunshots, starvation, and exposure during the campaign. Yet many male survivors returned with three U.S. Indian Home Guard regiments to again fight in Indian Territory. The battle was fought west of present-day Skiatook, Oklahoma on Hominy Creek, but the exact location is unknown. Colonel McIntosh reported a loss of 8 killed and 32 wounded. He claimed the loss sustained by the loyal Indians was "upwards of 250" killed. That figure is almost the same as found in Colonel Young's report: "My regiment killed 211." Info courtesy: Oklahoma Encyclopedia of History and Culture and The War Between The States in Indian Territory website. Photo: Oklahoma Historical Society marker for the battle located in Osage County. · December 23, 2016 at 2:55pm · CHRISTMAS IN CAMP DURING THE CIVIL WAR Civil War soldiers in camp and their families at home drew comfort from the same sorts of traditions that characterize Christmas today. Alfred Bellard of the 5th New Jersey noted, “In order to make it look much like Christmas as possible, a small tree was stuck up in front of our tent, decked off with hard tack and pork, in lieu of cakes and oranges, etc.” John Haley, of the 17th Maine, wrote in his diary on Christmas Eve that, “It is ru...mored that there are sundry boxes and mysterious parcels over at Stoneman’s Station directed to us. We retire to sleep with feelings akin to those of children expecting Santa Claus.” In one amusing anecdote, a Confederate prisoner relates how the realities of war intruded on his Christmas celebrations: “A friend had sent me in a package a bottle of old brandy. On Christmas morning I quietly called several comrades up to my bunk to taste the precious fluid of…DISAPPOINTMENT! The bottle had been opened outside, the brandy taken and replaced with water…and sent in. I hope the Yankee who played that practical joke lived to repent it and was shot before the war ended.” Information courtesy: The Civil War Trust Image - Christmas Boxes in Camp 1861 courtesy: http://www.sonofthesouth.net
American Civil War
Which English monarch who reigned from 1422 to 1461 and then briefly from 1470 to 1471 was stabbed to death in the Tower of London in 1471?
128 YEARS AGO -- JANUARY 15, 1889 -- A CONFEDERATE VETERAN INCORPORATES THE COCA-COLA COMPANY The Coca-Cola Company, then known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is incorporated in Atlanta. There are times you may be in the mood for a refreshing Coca-Cola. But did you know that the tasty beverage got its start 150 years ago on April 16, 1865—when a young Confederate cavalryman serving as a lieutenant colonel of the 12th Cavalry Regiment, Georgia State Guards suffered a saber... wound at the Battle of Columbus, Georgia. Returning home, John Pemberton began to experiment with painkilling elixirs to treat his wound, eventually gaining widespread popularity with “Pemberton’s French Wine Coca,” a fortifying mixture of cocaine and red wine. When Atlanta passed prohibition legislation in the 1880s, Pemberton altered his formula, added carbonation, and went to market with “Coca-Cola.” The drink has gone through several iterations in the past 128 years, but its roots are firmly planted in the War Between the States, America’s defining conflict. Information and photo courtesy: Scott Guthrie · January 14 at 7:15am · RARE CATALOG OF CONFEDERATE ARTIFACTS The Museum of the Confederacy traces its origins to the years immediately after the Civil War. Its ancestral organization was the Ladies Hollywood Memorial Association which formed in 1866 to tend Confederate soldiers’ graves in Richmond’s Hollywood Cemetery. In 1890, the LHMA rescued from proposed demolition the former Confederate executive mansion and turned it into a museum that opened in 1896. Founded 25 years after Appomattox, house...d in an important building, and led by influential women from all of the former Confederate states, the Confederate Museum soon had a large collection of important artifacts. Flip through the catalog of the Confederate Museum in Richmond (now The American Civil War Museum) and see all of the artifacts that were listed in 1905. · January 9 at 6:51am · FORT SPUNKY LOCATED NEAR CATOOSA, OKLAHOMA WAS NEVER A MILITARY POST. Instead, it was a fortified farmhouse on Spunky Creek that served as a stage station from Vinita to Tulsa before the arrival of the railroad. It served as a post office from July 8, 1880 to Feb. 5, 1883 when it was discontinued. Some of the ruins of the house remain and are located in the Spunky Creek housing edition as a neighborhood park. The Catoosa Fire Department's patch has an image of the old Fort Sp...unky farmhouse in its center. The town site of Catoosa was approved on June 16, 1902 in the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory. Catoosa had a wild reputation and was often visited by U.S. deputy marshals serving Judge Issac C. Parker's court in Fort Smith, Arkansas looking for outlaws. Photo: Old Will Rogers Memorial Highway sign featuring information about Fort Spunky and the Old Mail Route. · January 5 at 2:24pm · WHERE THE OLD CANNON IN CABIN CREEK IS SUPPOSED TO LIE View of Cabin Creek from the bluffs overlooking the creek. According to local legend, one cannon lost during one of the battles of Cabin Creek lies in the deep pool of water below and when the ice freezes clear you can still see it. Or at least that's the story as the locals tell it. Old timers who grew up in the area also claimed to have jumped off the cannon's wheels while cooling off in the old swimming hole.... This site was pointed out by Jennie Martin as being the exact spot where she saw the old Civil War cannon in the 1930s. For more info on the lost cannon, be sure to read the book "The Second Battle of Cabin Creek: Brilliant Victory." Martin's interview about what she saw is also included in the documentary "Last Raid at Cabin Creek." Photo courtesy: The Warren Collection · January 3 at 6:12pm · A BOY SCOUT'S EFFORTS TO BRING ATTENTION TO THE CABIN CREEK BATTLEFIELD Here's a photo of an early attempt to advertise the Cabin Creek Battlefield by a local Boy Scout, who was trying to earn his Eagle rank. This smart sign stood at the intersection of Oklahoma Highway 28 and U.S. Highway 69 in Adair, Oklahoma. The battlefield is located approximately six miles east of Adair and three and one-half miles north of Pensacola. There were also similar signs marking the turnoff no...rth of Highway 28 in Pensacola as well as a sign denoting the turn east on 367 Road that runs to the entrance of the protected battlefield. Unfortunately, these signs were all vandalized and do not remain. The Friends of Cabin Creek and the Oklahoma Historical Society placed other signs marking the way to the battlefield following the 1992 fall reenactment of the Battles of Cabin Creek. These signs still mark the way to the battlefield today. From the book "War Songs of the South" edited by William G. Shepperson. Richmond Dispatch, Richmond, Va. 1862 GONE TO THE BATTLE FIELD by John Antrobur The reaper has left the field,... The mower has left the plain, And the reaper's hook, and the mower's scythe Are changed to the sword again; For the voice of a hundred years ago, When Freedom struck her mightiest blow, Thrills every heart and brain! The wayside mill is still, And the wheel drips all alone, For the miller's brother and son and sire, And the miller's self have gone; And their wives and daughters tarrying still, With smiles and tears about the mill, Wave, wave their heroes on! The grain is full and ripe, And the harvest moon is nigh, But the farmer's son is among the slain And the father heard the cry, And his ancient eyes flashed fires of old, His hoary head rose strong and bold, As wild he hurried by! The corn is yet afield, But many a stalk is red, Yet not with the autumn-tassel stained, But the blood of heroes shed, And their blood cries out from heaps of slain, Oh! brothers leave the sheaves of grain, On to the fields of the dead! By every quiet farm,
i don't know
Which English monarch who reigned from 1377 to 1399 met his death in Pontefract Castle in 1400, probably being starved?
BBC - History - British History in depth: The Reign of Richard II, 1377 to 1399 The Reign of Richard II, 1377 to 1399 By Ian Bremner Last updated 2011-02-17 To what extent did Richard II's reign lay the foundation for the bloody Wars of the Roses and what was the social impact of the Black Death? Ian Bremner investigates. On this page Print this page Introduction The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the 'Wars of the Roses,' the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain forever. Richard's rule can be viewed as a critical moment in Britain's history. It provides the first opportunity to assess the impact of the Black Death on all levels of the nations; as society realigns itself, the young king struggles to restore the prestige and authority of the crown. Key issues of the day colour Richard's reign: the ongoing war with France, the power of the nobles, religious change, extending royal authority into the regions and the continuing conflict in Ireland and with Scotland. The Peasants' Revolt... was a judgement on those who were governing the country in Richard's name. There is significant cultural and linguistic advance, new social groups such as the 'gentry' are emerging and by 1500, leave us with a pubescent modern nation state, firmly in possession of defensible borders and one 'common' language. The Peasants' Revolt, the first major 'headline' result of the series of plagues that swept across Europe, was a judgement on those who were governing the country in Richard's name. However, the king's reaction to the revolt was perhaps the highpoint of his personal activity. But it is the rapid fall of Richard II, from his position as a secure, wealthy and respected monarch that sheds the most light on the reality of medieval power. Top Richard II, boy and man Westminster Hall   © Richard ruled as a mature monarch for little more than a decade from 1389, after inheriting the throne from his grandfather in 1377, at the age of 10. He spent his final days alone and died, either from starvation, or by murder on the orders of Henry IV. The son of England's greatest warrior lord, the Black Prince, and a renowned European beauty, Joan of Kent, Richard was born in Bordeaux, 1367. His christening was attended by three kings. Educated in a European style for the first four years of his life, Richard would bring a new sense of class and civility to the English throne. He probably spoke French first and foremost but also learnt English, the language that was rapidly becoming the main tongue of the English nobility. Richard is the first king that we know for sure what he looked like, in part because of his own conscious attempts to raise the personal place of the monarch, through the active use of imagery and artistic representation, the most notable example being the Wilton Diptych, a portable altarpiece and Richard's own portrait, which now hangs in Westminster Abbey. Richard constructed the first royal bathhouse, may well have invented the pocket handkerchief and used a spoon for the first time. In his patronage of architecture and personal piety, his reign has a powerful legacy in some of the key parts of Westminster Great Hall, York Minster and Canterbury Cathedral. Richard built the magnificent hammer beam roof for the hall, which can be seen to this day. The medieval parliament and king's court often sat under its carved angels and it was from here that the kingdom was ruled. The greatest cultural legacy of the period is the work of Chaucer, a contemporary of Richard and personally known to him but, perhaps surprisingly, not someone who benefited from the king's generous financial patronage. Chaucer's work and use of the English language are legacies of Richard's reign despite the king, not because of his actions; however 'cultured' his court became Richard neglected some of the major trends of his age. Top The reality of power Tomb of Edward III, Westminster Abbey   © Richard never learnt that the myth of the prince who rules by divine right and is answerable only to God, is one thing; the reality of power is quite another. Personally tall and imposing, Richard is the first king to recruit a full time bodyguard of loyal Cheshire bowmen, often deployed to intimidate his foes. Professor Nigel Saul has argued that Richard personally abhorred Christians killing one another and this may explain his determination to make peace with France. However, it did not stop him personally leading armies into Scotland and Ireland. Richard's foreign policy went against all contemporary tradition and proved highly unpopular. The so-called 'Hundred Years War' (1337 - 1453) started in the reign of his grandfather Edward III and had provided Richard's father with stunning victories. Many in England gained financially from the ongoing conflict and few would agree to see the territorial gains handed back to the French. Despite this, Richard sought peace with France, whilst becoming involved in Irish affairs to no long-term gain for the monarchy, but at the eventual cost of his own throne. Any slight had to be avenged whilst the king's person sought constant praise... Richard II appears to have been self-obsessed and aware only of his own needs and feelings. Any slight had to be avenged whilst the king's person sought constant praise, respect and even worship. Impressed by imagery and symbols, Richard adopted the sign of the white hart, financed lavish memorials for loyal supporters and designed for himself a tomb in Westminster Abbey that few could fail to be impressed by. As with so much about Richard, the reality of his leadership failed to rise to the majesty of its appearance. Top The Succession, 1377-81 Richard II, Canterbury Cathedral   © Richard II inherited the throne of a great military power with titles to England, France, Ireland and Wales. England, the heart of the kingdom, had a population of two to three million and the crown enjoyed a healthy income from its estates and customs revenues on wool exports (£70,000 pa.) Royal authority extended to all areas of the kingdom via sheriffs and the loyal nobility. English armies, proven by their victories at Crecy and Poitiers, were well respected, managed, led and equipped. The Hundred Years War continued to drain the economy but provided its own rewards to the nobility and gave England a continental presence in defence of her own interests. The conflicts with England's neighbours dragged on, draining the economy. On the death of the now senile Edward III in 1377, the ten year-old Richard II inherited a throne that ruled with parliament and in front of which he had to swear to uphold the laws of the people. For a prince who sought to raise the monarchy above human restraints it was an inauspicious start. Parliament selected a regency council that excluded the king's uncle and leading lord, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. With interests split between Gaunt, parliament and the council, government became disorganised. The conflicts with England's neighbours dragged on, draining the economy. Maintaining the basic border forts in France, Scotland and Ireland cost £46,000 pa and by 1381 three regressive poll taxes had been passed by parliament and extracted from an unwilling population, barely recovering from the ravages of the Black Death. Top The Peasants' Revolt, 1381 Victims of the Black Death at Hythe Ossuary   © This rebellion, "the most significant in English History," occurred for a combination of reasons, virtually all of which were prompted by the Black Death. The plague that struck Britain from 1348 killed almost half the population. Those agricultural workers who survived now found their wages rising (by 200-300 per cent) as demand for their services by competing landlords increased. However, the landlords were reluctant to pay the higher wages or allow workers to move to rival estates. Hit by this, three poll taxes and legislation which stated that wages could not rise above pre-plague levels, the ambitious and assertive Yeomen, (but not the poorest), of Essex and Kent rebelled. The 'Poll Tax' of 1380 became particularly hated, as it took no account of individual wealth or earnings and demanded the same sum from all, rich or poor. Richard had personally seen off the greatest popular threat to the medieval English monarchy... Starting in Brentwood, Essex (May 1381) the mob rose against the tax collectors, joined with their colleagues in Kent and thousands of people sacked the City of London. The government lacked any significant military capability and so decided to follow a policy of conciliation with the King meeting the mob and their leader, Wat Tyler, first at Mile End and then Smithfield. The king heard and accepted Tyler's demands and then watched as his bodyguards slew the rebel leader, with or without provocation. Seeing him dead, Richard rode alone into the middle of the rebel host crying: "You shall have no captain but me. Just follow me to the fields without, and then you can have what you want." With that, the rebel hoard left central London and dispersed. Its leaders were subsequently tried and many hanged. Richard had personally seen off the greatest popular threat to the medieval English monarchy; it was an achievement that would not be matched for the remainder of his reign. The Parliament that was then called to finance the clear up and sustain royal finances generally, now demanded reforms of its own. Reflecting demands that became their motto in the Wars of the Roses, the Commons insisted that the king "live of his own", followed "good government", better represented the different factions in the council and restored respect for the authority of the law. In this case, the nobility in parliament sided with the crown, against the Commons, splitting the political nation. By the end of this reign and throughout the fifteenth century, this situation became reversed as the 'undermighty' crown succeeded in alienating both halves of parliament. Top Favourites and the influence of Gaunt A portrayal of John of Gaunt   © Although only 14 in 1381, Richard II was a tall, handsome and rich king from a good family line. After a lot of wrangling with the great houses of Europe Richard married Anne of Bohemia, with whom he actually fell in love and remained loyal to, until her tragic and devastating death in 1394. The naïve king, surrounded by sycophants, fell into the age old mistake of only rewarding favourites. To those without title, like his teacher Burley he gave offices and land in Kent. Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, had the title but no wealth and gained many profitable offices as his influence over the king increased. Men like these formed a very shaky foundation on which to build a dynasty. Unlike his father and grandfather, Richard was not at ease with many of the great men of the land, the chief of whom remained John of Gaunt, the king's uncle. Gaunt's enormous experience, great wealth and high ambition aroused the jealousy of Richard and his friends. Yet, throughout his life, he was unswervingly loyal to the King. ...Richard was not at ease with many of the great men of the land... Throughout his life, Gaunt remained Richard's strong right arm, even though the two had little mutual affection. It is noteworthy that only during Gaunt's long absence in Europe, advancing his own claims to Castille, did Richard's regime fall for the first time. Top The King's faith and the Lollard movement Tomb of Edward the Confessor, Westminster Abbey   © Richard's reign is also notable for the significant impact of John Wyclif and his Lollard followers, who formed the first recognised critics of the established church since the fifth century. Born in Yorkshire in the 1330s, Wyclif was a theologian at Balliol College, Oxford and a 'realist' who believed that one's knowledge derived from within rather than through the senses. He rejected the human church, preferring one which comprised the body of the elect with all authority derived from the scriptures. He denied transubstantiation and believed in the spiritual Eucharist rather than the physical one. Wyclif wanted the church reformed, with its landed wealth and tax exemptions removed. The Lollards who followed Wyclif, often called "mumblers" (probably reflecting their scriptural based worship) represented a general, but very limited, minority theological reform movement. The most important Lollards were a group of knights who formed part of the king's court. These included Sir William Neville, Sir John Montague and Sir William Beachamp who enjoyed sympathetic support and active protection from the Black Prince and Gaunt, at least from 1371 to 1382. ...Richard II is so self-absorbed that he fails to see that there are many currents and movements in society... Wyclif's aim was for a reformation of the church but his movement failed for various reasons, amongst which were limited literacy levels and the lack of the printing press as a tool of dissemination. Wyclif was an important figure but the extent of his influence was limited, and the crucial contextual requirements that allowed the Reformation to occur were completely non-existent during Richard's reign. Furthermore, if the Lollards had become a greater threat, they would have faced the full assault of the united crown, church and law. After the Peasants' Revolt, when the association with any kind of opposition brought condemnation, the influence of Lollardy waned. Years later, Henry IV attacked their heresy more vociferously and the Lollards fell into isolation after the failure of the Oldcastle revolt in 1414. Richard personally possessed a strong faith. Yet he did little to stamp out the Lollards and tolerated key adherents to their beliefs in his own court. Again, Richard II is so self-absorbed that he fails to see that there are many currents and movements in society which exist outside his own world. But his personal piety makes any chance of further tolerance on his part highly unlikely. In fact, by the mid-1380s, Richard had started an active campaign against heresy in the kingdom, attacking heretical works, arresting Lollards and supporting the church authorities. However, no new statutes were passed. Richard's personal faith blossomed in the 1390s and a number of artefacts survive from this time, such as the Wilton Diptych, many gifts to the shrine of St. Edward the Confessor at Westminster, and his investment in Westminster Abbey and York Minster. Top War with Scotland and France, 1385 Scottish borders   © Following attacks upon the king in the Salisbury parliament of 1384 over the peace policy favoured by the government and combined with the loss of Flanders to French influence, England was now forced on the defensive by the Auld alliance, between France and Scotland. The French sent a force to aid the invading Scots and threatened England's southern shore with their fleet. Facing this crisis, the feudal levy was summoned for the last time in the Middle Ages and Richard led an invasion of Scotland at the head of a 14,000 man army, a quarter of whom were provided by Gaunt. The Scots, unable to match this force, retreated and refused to be drawn into battle, leaving Richard to burn the border abbeys and depart without gain. Parliament demanded further reforms and refused to pay off the government's debts while the French raised 30,000 men only to find that they too could not afford to actually invade England. Despite all this chaos on his doorstep, Richard II preferred to plan an invasion of Ireland. ...Richard led an invasion of Scotland at the head of a 14,000 man army... Richard's government was making just about every mistake possible and now fell in the face of a parliamentary backlash. Parliament now made unprecedented demands on the monarchy, it won the sacking of Chancellor de la Pole and then impeached him for good measure. In 1386-7, an alliance between the disaffected Commons and key lords in parliament ended up examining royal finances and putting the Duke of Gloucester in charge. Expenditure was cut and grants to favourites reduced. The king's authority had been fatally undermined as the narrow power base of his administration had nothing to fall back on. Facing humiliation on all sides Richard left London for one of his 'gyrations' around the kingdom. During this period he sought advice from leading judges that publicly defined the royal prerogative. Top The Lords Appellant Strike, 1387-9 Tower of London   © The judgements that Richard II received told him that no minister could be impeached without the crown's agreement and that it was treasonous to limit the royal power. They stated that only the king could choose ministers, that he called and dissolved parliament at his will and that he determined its business. In all, it formed a clear statement of the royal prerogative. So empowered, Richard now charged his opponents with treason. They therefore faced the choice of whether to submit (and face possible death) or to defend themselves. The King's most powerful opponents, the so-called Appellant Lords, now moved against him but claimed to be acting in the interests of the crown and good government. The Appellants represented the traditional noble houses that Richard had always scorned. Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III, brother of Gaunt and uncle to the king, led them. Despite his background, the duke actually had limited income and estates, and had a personal conflict with de Vere over neighbouring estates and authority in Essex. Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick led the strong family interest that had been the main power in the West Midlands for over a century. Richard II had succeeded in undermining their authority and encroaching on their estates. Richard Fitzalan, the 4th Earl of Arundel, was leader of another powerful family, second only to Gaunt in wealth. Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, led a great northern powerhouse and shared the personal rivalry with de Vere. Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby was the son of Gaunt; the same age as Richard II, the two would become bitter foes. The ultimate humiliation came with the execution of four of Richard's favourite knights... In late 1387 matters came to a head. De Vere raised the men of Cheshire in defence of the king and met the five lords in a battle that resulted in his defeat. The lords then marched on London, met the king in the Tower, possibly removed him from the throne for a few days and then tried his leading councillors. The ultimate humiliation came with the execution of four of Richard's favourite knights, including the beloved Burley. Richard and his queen had both begged for his life to be spared. For a man like Richard this kind of event, and the humiliation that accompanied it, would never be forgotten. The Appellants now controlled the government and were faced with being judged by their own actions as rulers. They failed the test. In 1388 the Scots won a great victory at Otterburn, devastated large parts of the north and faced no reprisals. Attacks on France failed, financial reforms did little to improve government, the Commons became disillusioned and the king's popularity increased. The two peripheral Appellants, Nottingham and Derby, defected to the king on receipt of new offices which meant that in 1389 the king, now aged 22, could declare his own majority and will to rule of his own. The remaining appellants were removed from office as Gaunt returned to bolster the crown. Top Patronage, Power and Peace, 1389-98 Richard II could finally put his own mark onto royal government and follow his own instincts towards peace, which had the secondary advantage of freeing the king from parliament's hold over financial provision. He could also develop his own idea of a more 'absolute' rule. Using his 1390 Book of Statutes Richard now rebuilt his government, authority and image. He had learnt to create his own loyal retinue, to put trusted men in office and to end the war with France and thereby the crown's dependence on parliamentary grants of taxation to pay for the fighting. The question remained whether or not the substance could match the facade. Gaunt was carefully nurtured until 1394, when the king had gained the authority he needed. No-one could look the king in the eye and all deferred to him in a public and effusive way. He built up the power of a new courtier nobility such as John Holand, his half-brother and Earl of Huntingdon, the new chamberlain and rival to the Courtenay, Earls of Devon. This alienation of yet another powerful local family showed the king had not learnt all the lessons of his minority and would not be forgotten in 1399, when the king was challenged once again. Richard's personal confidence was growing. At court, he insisted on being called Majesty. No-one could look the king in the eye and all deferred to him in a public and effusive way. The council often met daily, kept minutes and actually ran the government. However, these reforms failed to address all the financial problems and the king still spent more than he earnt, due largely to his extravagant personal expenditure. In 1397 he gained a taxation grant without there being the requirements for war, for the first time; a dangerous precedent for the king to rely upon. Peace at home led the government to look abroad and Richard's attention turned to reasserting the crown's authority in Ireland. Top Involvement in Ireland Richard II became the first king to visit Ireland since 1210 and the last to do so before the 1690s. His involvement in Irish affairs did little to increase English influence, and it also reflected Richard's failure to assess his own position of strength and determine the correct priorities of government. His interest derived from a natural wish to extend royal authority to all edges of his kingdoms, ruling via local fiefs. On the death of his wife, Richard decided to visit Ireland in 1394. He found that the entrenched 'English' settlements in the north and east had declined further as the native Irish attacked estates run largely by absentee lords. Leading several thousand men and virtually all of the loyal nobility, Richard defeated the Irish chieftains in the Southeast. He also set about redefining the balance and nature of authority in Ireland, attempting to break down the old definitions of groups and alliances, replacing it with a broadly defined hegemony whose first loyalty was to the king personally. A 28 year truce with France in 1396, sealed with Richard's betrothal to a French princess left Richard free to look westwards again. His interest derived from a natural wish to extend royal authority to all edges of his kingdoms... In 1398 the Duke of Surrey replaced the Earl of March as Lieutenant of Ireland on Richard's orders, as the Earl's claims to the succession had become a source of increasing anxiety for the king. Richard made his second ill-fated trip to Ireland in June 1399, making some military advances before Bolingbroke landed in north England. Richard left Irish affairs in a state of flux and in no way enhanced the long term position of the English crown. Attempting to add more substance to his titles interested Richard II greatly. Only his timing left something to be desired. Top Richard's revenge, 1397-9 Tombs of Richard II and his wife, Westminster Abbey   © The last two years of Richard's reign are traditionally described as a period of tyranny with the government levying forced loans, carrying out arbitrary arrests and murdering the king's rivals. Richard's regime went on the offensive exacting revenge for past humiliations and attempting to bring substance to the imagery now associated with the king's rule. The cause of Richard's actions has often been considered a result of the death of his queen, who may have provided a restraining influence. But his tyranny reflected a reaction to a new environment: one of renewed fear. Always carrying resentment against the Appellants, the king now felt threatened again, seized the initiative and had the three senior Appellants, Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick, arrested. Evidence of a plot against the king is unclear but he had every reason to suspect one. Sparked by a long-running dispute between the earl of Warwick and the now loyal Nottingham and the need to fund the French alliance, the king called a loyal parliament. He raised 2000 men in Cheshire, caught the Appellants off guard and tried them in parliament. Warwick was sent to prison, the Duke of Gloucester was probably murdered by Nottingham's men in Calais and Arundel was executed. Evidence of a plot against the king is unclear but he had every reason to suspect one. The king had his revenge and now handed out a slew of titles and land making, amongst others, Nottingham the Duke of Norfolk and Derby the Duke of Hereford. Rarely if ever had so many high offices been created at one time. Cleverly, Richard went out of his way to split up the estates of the removed Appellants so as to avoid any one nobleman benefiting with too much power; he consciously set out to water down the great houses. In the process the traditional power bases were alienated and the political map of England redrawn. However, Richard's methods, as usual, proved counter productive. Apart from alienating the otherwise loyal families in the regions who saw the 'new' men attempt to gain interest locally, a general fear entered the kingdom as the king alienated his subjects. For example, he did not go anywhere without his 311 man bodyguard of royal archers, and favour at court once again concentrated on a handful of loyalists that owed everything to the king. The final and fatal crisis of the reign derived from Richard's continuing inability to deal with the nobility. A conflict between the two leading noblemen of the younger generation and the legacies of the death of the most powerful duke in the kingdom led to Richard's fall just at a time when he had never seemed more secure in office. Again, decisions made directly and personally by the king drove events. Top The Coventry joust and death of Gaunt A portrayal of Richard II stopping the joust between Hereford and Norfolk   © The picture gets very complicated at this stage as the chronicles only contain Hereford's side of the story. To summarise, he (Henry Bolingbroke, the new Duke of Hereford, former Earl of Derby and son of Gaunt) fell out with the new Duke of Norfolk (Thomas Mowbray the former Earl of Nottingham) over an accusation of a plot against the two of them by nobles seeking the king's favour. Bolingbroke then swore loyalty to the king in parliament and the king ruled that, unless the truth could be proven, the matter could only be settled on the field of battle between the two dukes. The stage was therefore set for the greatest occasion of chivalry in medieval England - a great joust between the two dukes at Gosford Green in Coventry. However, fearing either lord's victory, Richard II halted the contest before it started and exiled both dukes, Norfolk for life. The stage was therefore set for the greatest occasion of chivalry in medieval England... The crux of Richard's uncertainty and fear derived from the succession and the fact that the 30 year-old king had no heir and had just married a seven year old French princess! Two families possessed strong claims to succeed Richard II: the young Mortimer Earl of March through the senior female line and Lancaster/Hereford through the secondary but male line from John of Gaunt. Needless to say, Gaunt argued that succession to the crown should be entailed to the male line as was increasingly the case for inheriting noble estates. With estates worth £12,000 pa Gaunt was both a potential threat and source of massive patronage if his estates were broken up. In 1398, fearing for their position, Gaunt and his son made the king promise to uphold their inheritance if either died. When Gaunt finally did die, early in 1399, Richard could not resist the temptation to remove a rival and potential heir, and promptly disinherited the exiled but popular Bolingbroke, breaching law and precedent. This was a fatal mistake that underlines the king's limited understanding of what even the 'most glorious' monarch can get away with. Top The fall of the king, 1399-1400 Conway Castle   © On paper, Richard seemed in a very strong position in 1399. The £83,000 dowry from the French crown meant that the king possessed assets for the first time, with over £43,000 in his reserves. The reorganisation of the government around the king's court and the fact that his appointees dominated the nobility and provinces, left seemingly little room for weakness. The marriage treaty had secured peace with France, while the one power in the land who had posed a real threat to Richard's position was dead. Indeed, the king felt so secure that he went marching off to Ireland for the second time, taking his best and most loyal men with him. This expedition achieved little, partly because it was cut short by news that Bolingbroke had landed with a small force in Yorkshire. Stranded in Ireland with no means of returning to Wales and then England, Richard had to watch while the greatest nobles of the land deserted him to join Bolingbroke. Motivated in part by fear for their own inheritances and general antipathy to Richard's rule, the west and east of England quickly fell to Bolingbroke. The king's last hope, the north west, failed to rally to the cause after the fall of Chester, again without a fight. Finally back in Britain, Richard II surrendered in Conway Castle after talks with the Earl of Northumberland, who promised that the king's position would be respected. With the exception of an abortive raid by the remainder of the royal bodyguard, the king passed into Bolingbroke's custody in the Tower, without any further resistance. ...Richard had to watch while the greatest nobles of the land deserted him... Isolated, Richard now heard Bolingbroke's demand that he relinquish the throne and pass it to Bolingbroke by right of succession in the male line, following noble and European tradition. The king resigned under pressure on 29 September 1399, bringing his 22 year reign to an end. Taken to Pontefract castle, the failure of another loyalist plot reminded Henry of Lancaster how great a liability the live Richard II would be. By the end of February 1400, Richard of Bordeaux had starved to death. His passing receiving little contemporary comment or record. Henry Bolingbroke proclaimed himself king and took the throne as Henry IV. Initially buried in Kings Langley, Henry V later placed Richard's body in the tomb that he had designed for himself in the Confessor's chapel of Westminster Abbey. Replaced at the height of his power, Richard had been compromised by the narrowness of his own power base and his personal inability to live up to the image that he created for the crown. He failed because he misread the signs around him, and was unable to raise the monarchy as an institution with himself at its head. A good king ruled through and with the nobility, whose respect he had to win and maintain. The gleaming but fragile house of cards came tumbling down, and Richard II became the first of several ruling monarchs to be deposed, murdered, executed or killed in civil war during the fifteenth century. Just as the Black Death shook the foundations of society from below, so the fall of Richard II and subsequent Wars of the Roses would redefine it from above. Nigel Saul concludes his 467 page magisterial biography by saying that Shakespeare actually caught the character of Richard very well, that he was able to: 'capture the essence of his subject... [Richard's] tragedy was that he mistook the illusion of the stage for the reality of the world around him.' Richard II by Nigel Saul, Yale UP 1997 by author (publisher, date) The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval England ed. Nigel Saul (Oxford UP, 1997) The Age of Richard II ed. J.L. Gillespie (1997) Crown and Nobility, England: 1272 - 1461 by A. Tuck, 2nd Edition (Blackwell 1999) Richard II and the English Nobility by A. Tuck (1973) The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages by Chris Given-Wilson (1987) An Illustrated History of Late Medieval England ed. C. Given-Wilson (1996) A New History of Ireland II - Medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 ed. A. Cosgrove OUP (1987) Ireland in the Middle Ages by Sean Duffy, Macmillan 1997 by author (publisher, date) The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063-1415 by R.R. Davies OUP (1987) Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306 - 1469 by A. Grant (Arnold, 1984) Standards of Living in the Late Middle Ages, 1200-1520 by C. Dyer (1989) The Premature Reformation - Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History by A. Hudson (1988) Medieval Writers and their work by J.A. Burrow (1982) New Pelican Guide to English Literature I, pt. 1 - Chaucer and the Alliterative Tradition ed. Boris Ford (1982) The Architecture of Medieval Britain by C. Platt, Yale UP (1990) Top About the author Ian Bremner is Associate Producer of the BBC History of Britain series. He studied history at the Universities of Leeds and Vanderbilt (USA), and has worked as a journalist for ABC News and BBC Current Affairs.
Richard II of England
"Translated as ""cluster of eight"" and situated in the Pacific Ocean what name did the Ellice Islands adopt on gaining independence in 1978?"
Conor Byrne: England's Worst King in the Medieval Period England's Worst King in the Medieval Period Above: Henry VI (reigned 1422-1470), Stephen (reigned 1135-1154), Richard II (reigned 1377-1399) The last few weeks, reading studies on late medieval English monarchs roughly in the period after the Norman Conquest up until the fifteenth century, have left me grappling with the fascinating and highly debated issue: who was England's worst medieval king? This article will look at arguably the prime contenders for this dubious title in the period 1066-1483. Of course, not all English kings will be considered here, since the likes of Henry II, Edward III and Henry V are widely recognised to have been comparatively successful monarchs in medieval England. The prime contenders will each be discussed in turn, beginning with William Rufus. William Rufus (c.1060-1100), reigned 1087-1000 William Rufus, also known as William II of England, reigned for thirteen years in the period 1087-1100, following the death of his highly successful father William the Conqueror. The third son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders, William Rufus can arguably be considered one of, if not England's worst, medieval king, because of his unfavourable temperament, his dubious policies and his notorious reign. Described by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as 'hateful to almost all his people and odious to God', his struggles with the Church in his reign would make him notorious amongst contemporary chroniclers. William never married, and as the third son of King William could never realistically have hoped to attain the throne of England. However, circumstances dramatically changed this in 1067 following the death of his father. At the age of about 27, William sailed to England from Tonques and was crowned in September 1087. He was described by William of Malmesbury as being 'well set, his complexion florid, his hair yellow; of open countenance; different coloured eyes; varying with certain glittering specks; of astonishing strength, though not tall, and his belly rather projecting'. Frank Barlow describes him on the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as being at the time of his accession 'a seasoned soldier and commander but with only a limited knowledge of England, and, although well acquainted with his father's ways, without experience of government'. William's reign was unstable the moment he commenced it, most notably in 1088 with the rebellion of the nobles who supported his elder brother Robert, the ruler of Normandy, in favour of uniting England and Normandy. Hostilities lasted up to six months. Luckily, Rufus' appeals to the English people and his attack of the rebels personally, taking Rochester Castle, allowed his success. Barlow rates Rufus' reaction to the rebellion 'shrewd'. Notwithstanding this, the historian H.W.C. Davis of Oxford University, in his book England Under the Normans and Angevins 1066-1272, first published in 1905, is dismissive of Rufus, characterising him as 'so illiterate that he could not spell his way through an ordinary letter', he 'fought and squandered, leaving extortion to his clerks and judges'; he 'mounted the throne with little preparation and less fitness for that high position', criticising his policies towards the Church and his foreign policy during his reign. Certainly Rufus' long-standing conflict with Anselm of Canterbury made him notorious in a highly religious age, intensified when the archbishop went into exile in 1097. His failure to marry and sire a son, something expected of all kings in the medieval period, further gives impetus to the notion that he was something of a failure. The fact that Rufus faced continuous rebellions throughout his reign, including one from the Scottish King in 1091, further weakened his authority. Famous for his hot temper, monastic writers condemned his immorality, and there were even suggestions of homosexual behaviour, according to Barlow. This is strengthened, of course, by his failure to marry and sire an heir. His contentious relations with his brother Robert were not particularly helpful to his cause, although understandable in context. Killed in a hunting expedition in 1100, medieval commentators believed that Rufus' death was the act of a vengeful God against this blasphemer. Yet Barlow dismisses the notion that he could be seen as England's worst medieval king, writing: 'he had maintained good order and satisfactory justice in England and restored good peace to Normandy. He had extended Anglo-Norman rule in Wales, brought Scotland firmly under his lordship, recovered Maine, and kept up the pressure on the Vexin', suggesting that Rufus was 'a hero', even if he was lustful and 'a scandalous figure'. Stephen (1092/6-1154), reigned 1135-1154. Davis seems to rate King Stephen the worst medieval king in England's history, closing his account of Stephen's reign with the passage: 'Stephen did not die too soon... Too simple to anticipate intrigues, too scrupulous to destroy the root from which they sprang, too vacillating to crush them when they began to take effect, he failed alike in peace and war. Among all our medieval sovereigns none owed his title in so real a sense to the election of the nation; few showed themselves more incapable; none was a greater curse to the nation... his reign furnished a warning...' Are these claims fair, suggesting as they do that Stephen was England's worst medieval king? Born in c1092/6, Stephen was a grandson of William the Conqueror and thus kinsman to William Rufus, the son of Stephen II Count of Blois and his wife Adela of Normandy. A powerful landholder in French provinces, Stephen married Matilda of Boulogne through the efforts of the English king Henry I in 1125, and thus became even more influential in northern Europe. Edmund King suggests that this marriage 'moved him to the centre of Anglo-Norman political life'. Henry I seems to have regarded Stephen, who was his nephew, as his successor at this time, but following the death of Henry's daughter Matilda's husband in 1125, the situation changed, and in 1127, having returned to England, Matilda was declared heir to the English throne. In 1135 the English king died, setting in place the events which would eventually lead to Stephen's succession. Davis, in a somewhat misogynistic fashion, claims that Stephen became king because 'on the death of Henry I there was hardly a man in his dominion who desired the accession of the Empress [Matilda]. Her sex, the arrogance of her temper, above all her Angevin marriage, were objections which in most minds overrode all scruples as to oaths and pledges'. Stephen immediately came to England, and was received by the citizens as king, probably because of his comparative popularity in English society at this time. He was seen as being modest, easy-going, and gentle. Henry's death occurred at a difficult time: his daughter Matilda and her husband Geoffrey of Anjou were in Anjou, involved in a rebellion against the royal army, while Stephen's elder brother Theobald - who arguably had a better claim to the throne - was further away, in Blois. Yet like Rufus' reign, Stephen suffered a succession of rebellions during the early years of his reign which severely threatened his authority, notably from the Welsh in the 1130s. Matilda's husband Geoffrey also periodically invaded in this period, and many saw Matilda as the rightful ruler of England. Compounding this, the complex relations with the Church caused discontent, particularly when Stephen seized the lands of the dead Archbishop of Canterbury in 1136. Barons increasingly opposed the king, feeling that they had not been aptly rewarded for their loyalty. Foreign policy further threatened Stephen in this years. The situation took a turn for the worse in 1139, when civil war in England occurred. Empress Matilda was invited by Henry I's consort Adeliza to stay with her at Arundel, and in September the former Empress and her half-brother Robert invaded England. Robert marched north, hoping to obtain support for their rebellion. But Stephen besieged Arundel, entrapping Matilda, showing a fierce determination to preserve his crown. The complex events of this years are difficult to explain in detail. But civil war severely undermined Stephen's kingship. In 1140, Stephen faced further revolts from former loyalists, such as Nigel bishop of Ely, who had become disaffected with Stephen's rule. The king, later captured by Robert, was imprisoned in Bristol Castle, and Matilda was proclaimed Lady of the English - in effect, England's first ruling female. However, the Londoners refused to crown Matilda, viewing her as haughty, and she was forced to flee to Oxford, thus offering some hope for Stephen. Stephen's queen, confusingly also named Matilda, played a central role in these events, generating sympathy for Stephen's cause. Stephen was eventually released following the Angevin defeat at Winchester. A stalemate occurred in the period 1143-1146, although Stephen faced further rebellions from dissatisfied barons such as from the Earl of Essex. By 1147 England had suffered severely from the 'Anarchy', and it was believed to be in a state of chaos and destruction. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle wrote that 'there was nothing but disturbance and wickedness and robbery'. Yet the death of Robert that year, and Matilda's flight the following year, changed the nature of the conflict. But Stephen's chaotic relations with the Church did not help matters, particularly conflict with the papacy. The next few years saw Stephen maintaining peace with Matilda's son Henry, later Henry II, and he was later recognised as Stephen's heir following the death of his son Eustace. In 1154 Stephen died, and Henry II succeeded to the English throne. Edmund King depicts Stephen as a weak king, easily manipulated by his brother or wife, and Crouch has also been negative in relation to Stephen. Yet was he England's worst king? Arguably, yes - his reign was characterised by civil war, rebellions, dissatisfaction of the nobles, problems with the Church, and conflict-ridden foreign policy. Yet Stephen survived, and the throne passed in a peaceful manner to Henry following a series of truces. It remains to be seen whether Davis' critical assessment can be confirmed. John (1166-1216), reigned 1199-1216. Most famous for the Magna Carta (1215), John has a strong claim to being England's worst king. Historian Ralph Turner criticises his 'distasteful, even dangerous personality traits', which encompassed spitefulness, cruelty and pettiness. Famously, John has been presented as the arch villain in Robin Hood, particularly the Disney film of the same name. John was born in 1199 as the ninth child, and sixth son, of Henry II of England and his infamous queen consort Eleanor of Aquitaine. Described as being red-haired, around 5'5 tall, and with a 'powerful, barrel-chested body', John's early life was engulfed by the rebellions led by his elder brothers Henry, Geoffrey and Richard (later Richard I) against their ageing father Henry II, John became increasingly influential, for instance being granted the estates of the Duchy of Cornwall in 1175. Following the death of his brother King Richard in 1199, John acceded to the English throne aged 33, having been supported by most of both the English and the Norman nobility against a pretender Arthur of Brittany. In 1200 John married Isabella of Angouleme, abandoning his first wife Isabel countess of Gloucester. This meant that warfare in Normandy recommenced. Complex events in Europe encompass this period, characterised perhaps most profoundly by the loss of Normandy in the period 1202-04. John's mother Eleanor was threatened by Arthur's forces, but John's forces were successful at the battle of Mirebeau. Yet John's power was not secure following this victory. John's local allies were deserted in 1203, and the pope was not successful in aiding John's cause. Arthur was probably murdered by John that year in an attempt to quash the unrest engulfing Europe and threatening John's stability. In England, John's financial measures were not popular. He levied scutage payments eleven times in his reign, a much greater amount in his comparatively shorter reign compared with preceding English monarchs. Enormous sums were often charged in relation to relief payments when estates and castles were inherited. A new tax on income and movable goods in 1207 may also have caused resentment, although it was successful for the king in raising £60,000. Inflationary pressure and bad harvests, however, may have contributed to an increasingly resentful atmosphere. John, notoriously, was deeply suspicious of the barons at the English court, and numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia (royal ill-will), including William Marshal. William de Braose's wife and son were imprisoned by John following conflict between this baron and the king, and they eventually died. John was also criticised by chroniclers for being lustful and irreligious, heinous sins by the standards of the clerical writers. He had many mistresses and illegitimate children. Some even accused John of being an atheist. All this was worsened by John's continental policy in the years 1204-14. A potential French invasion undermined England's security, worsened by increasing baronial unrest. John also became embroiled in a dispute with Pope Innocent III in 1205, leading notoriously to the king's excommunication, the worst penalty possibly levied by the papacy. This resulted from John's desire for John de Gray, bishop of Norwich, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, but Reginald was favoured by the Canterbury Cathedral chapter. Stephen Langton was later made Archbishop, and John was furious, barring Langton from entering England and seizing the archbishopric's lands and papal possessions. Innocent, not surprisingly, placed an interdict on England in 1208. His anger intensified, John tried to punish Innocent personally and sought to create a conflict between the English clergy who supported him and those who favoured the pope. John was later excommunicated in 1209. A reconciliation finally occurred in 1213, but John's reputation must have suffered appallingly. This was made worse by the barons' discontent; in 1212 there had even been a plot against the king. Following John's return from France in 1214, rebel barons in north and east England organised resistance to his rule, congregating at Northampton in May 1215 and renouncing their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert FitzWalter as their military leader in an entirely unprecedented action. This 'Army of God' shockingly marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincoln and Exeter. John later met the rebel leaders at Runnymede in June, and a charter was later created, named Magna Carta. This promised new political reform, curtailing the powers of the king, promising the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to justice, limitations on scrutage and other feudal payments, and new taxation only with the consent of the barons. Pope Innocent, having been contacted by the king, dismissed this document as 'illegal and unjust', excommunicating the rebels. The First Barons' War occurred shortly afterwards, following the failure of the agreement, and the first move was the seizure of Rochester Castle. In November John retook it, and while John was initially successful, by the end of the summer the rebels had regained southeast England and parts of the north. Attacking eastwards from London to Cambridge in September 1216, John later travelled to Lincoln and King's Lynn, but later contracted dysentery there, which proved fatal.  By this time John was seen to face a 'stalemate' and a possible defeat. His illness worsened, and he died in October. While John was initially praised by medieval chroniclers, he was later criticised by later commentators. Kate Norgate, a Victorian historian, attacked 'his almost superhuman wickedness', although Whiggish scholars saw Magna Carta as essential in the economic and political progress of England during this period. Historians today suggest that John's vices and failures were wildly exaggerated by contemporaries, but agree that he was a failure. They recognise that he was hard-working and enjoyed notable successes, although Jim Bradbury suggests that modern historians are too lenient towards John. Thus, while it is not certain that John was England's worst medieval king, his reign was certainly characterised by conflict and controversy, and it cannot be seen as a success in any sense of the word. Edward II (1284-1327), reigned 1307-1327.  A recent popular history study of Edward II's notorious queen, infamously named the 'she-wolf of France', Isabella, suggests that Edward was 'a weak and vicious monarch'. Many probably see Edward II as England's worst ever king. Although he fathered five children by two children, he was widely rumoured to be bisexual or even homosexual, due to his notorious relationship with Piers Gaveston (later executed), although historians should remember that notions of alternative sexualities in the modern sense of the word only really came into being in the nineteenth century, not the fourteenth. Edward was the fourth son and eleventh child of Edward I of England and his queen Eleanor of Castile. Following the death of his father in 1307, Edward acceded to the throne as king of England aged twenty-three, comparatively young for an English monarch. Edward recalled to court his friend Piers, who had been dismissed by Edward I due to the belief that he was not suitable company for Prince Edward, and he was made Earl of Cornwall soon after. Piers was also married to the king's niece Margaret of Gloucester, a clear sign of his favour towards the Gascon knight. In 1308, Edward married Isabella of France, aged merely thirteen, and later demonised as a 'she-wolf' (other English queens, such as Aelgifu and Margaret of Anjou, also suffered this dubious epitaph). Renowned for her beauty, intelligence, and diplomatic and political competence, Isabella arrived in England at a time of increasing discontent between the king and the barons (similarly to John in a sense). Her husband was resented at court for the lavish influence and rewards he bestowed upon Piers, meaning that it is not surprising that hostile commentators interpreted this as signs of a homosexual relationship between the two. Some have suggested that Edward frequently neglected his young queen, perhaps provoking her hostility, and many historians have noted with sympathy her uncomfortable position as the wife of a king who indiscreetly favoured another man at court. These problems were compounded when Edward left Piers to serve as Regent of England in 1308 when he travelled to marry Isabella, and some barons in the Ordinances of 1311 insisted vocally that Piers be banished immediately from the kingdom, due to the troubles associated with his presence. Other concerns present in the Ordinances concerned fiscal reform, setbacks in the Anglo-Scottish war, and the king's personal incompetence. In 1312 the earl of Lancaster ordered Gaveston to be captured, and he was handed over to two Welshmen who promptly murdered him at Blacklow Hill. The king suffered profound grief over his favourite's execution, and he became increasingly fixated on revenge upon those who had instigated his friend's death. The earls of Lancaster, Warwick, Arundel and Hereford were later forced to seek Edward's pardon. Whether or not Edward and Piers engaged in homosexual sex is unknown; chroniclers criticised the king's passion for 'wicked and forbidden sex' and saw the relationship as being 'excessive' and 'immoderate beyond measure'. The Meaux Chronicle later noted that the king 'took too much delight in sodomy'. Added together, this compellingly suggests that the two did have sexual relations. However, sodomy encompasses much broader sexual relations than merely homosexual sex, and so it's difficult to tell what was meant specifically. Both Edward and Piers had children in their marriages and some historians have suggested that the relationship between the two actually more closely resembled an 'adoptive brotherhood'. Anyway, King Edward's defeat in Scotland in 1314 further blackened his reputation, considered by contemporary historians to be the English's worst defeat since 1066. The increasing influence of the Despenser family at court provoked the hostility of the barons, and in 1321 Edward was forced to banish them due to increasing pressure from hostile earls at court. Yet the king's opponents came to be murdered in a bloodthirsty revenge enacted shortly afterwards, including the beheading of Lancaster in the king's presence. In 1325, Queen Isabella returned to France following a disagreement between England and France over whether Edward should pay homage to the French king. She was able to escape the influential Despenser family and the king's families, whom she resented deeply - it's possible to regard her with sympathy, her position must have been almost impossible in these embarrassing years. Isabella declared that she would not return to England unless the Despensers were removed. Isabella fell in love with Roger Mortimer, earl of March, during her time in Paris and they decided to plot together to usurp the throne from Edward - hence the beginning of Isabella's notorious reputation as a 'she-wolf' and adulteress. Edward was betrayed by those formerly close to him, perhaps alienated by his policies, and in September 1326 his wife and her lover invaded England. The king and the Despensers were left isolated, and the king was forced to flee. Unable to rally an army, this proved Edward's downfall. The Despensers were captured and executed by a victorious Isabella. Isabella was condemned, however, by some as being bloodthirsty when she ordered Hugh Despenser the Younger to be hanged, drawn and quartered publicly. Edward, imprisoned at Kenilworth Castle, was charged in 1327 with incompetence, losing lands in Scotland, Gascony and Ireland, allowing the murder of nobles, the failure of government, and a host of other failures. Weeping, he agreed to abdicate, and his 14-year old son Edward III was proclaimed king, controlled by the queen and her lover. Later imprisoned in Berkeley Castle, Edward was almost certainly murdered here by Isabella and Roger's agent, some notorious sources claiming a red-hot poker was inserted into his anus (perhaps a parody of his love for sodomy?) Some suggest that he actually lived until at least 1330. When all is said and done, there is a strong case for the claim that Edward II is England's worst medieval monarch. His reign was characterised by political favouritism, uncertainty at court, conflicting foreign policy, the alienation of his queen and her supporters, and ultimately, he was forced to abdicate and was murdered by orders of his own wife, thus damaging her reputation permanently. Whether Edward really was 'weak and vicious', he can be criticised for his ineffectual policies, which led to the alienation of courtiers and undermined England's security devastatingly. Richard II (1367-1400), reigned 1377-1399. I am currently in the midst of reading a book on Richard II, since there seems to be a current vogue for him at present, perhaps influenced by the showing of The Hollow Crown on the BBC. Was Richard II England's worst king? He was certainly arrogant, suspicious, cruel, cold and ruthless towards his enemies, not stopping to murder his own relatives. Yet he was also glorious, intelligent, a lover of regal splendour and patronage, and he has continued to fascinate and perplex historians and the general public. The son of the chivalrous and renowned 'Black Prince' Edward and his wife Joan of Kent, Richard was born in 1367, the grandson of the celebrated king Edward III. Tall, good-looking and intelligent, Richard succeeded to the English throne aged merely 10 years old, and it's well known that minority rules are often clouded by political unrest and uncertainty at court and within the kingdom. This case was no different. Widespread opposition to the king's influential uncle, John of Gaunt, characterised much of English politics during the early years of Richard's reign. The king's influential councillors Simon Burley and the Earl of Oxford gained increasing control of royal affairs, causing resentment within the court. Heavy poll taxes in the period 1377-81 weakened English security further, leading to the infamous Peasants' Revolt in 1381, in which the fourteen-year old king was forced to meet the rebels personally and promise them sanctions in an attempt to quash the revolt. Many high-placed governmental officials, including the archbishop of Canterbury and the Lord High Treasurer, were publicly beheaded. Following the revolt, Richard married Anne of Bohemia in 1382, and the two appear to have enjoyed close relations until Anne's death in 1394, although there was no issue from the marriage, which proved to be a momentous and unsettling issue for the king. The war in France caused further problems at court, with councillors favouring one of two approaches: peace, or aggressive military endeavours. The king turned his attention to Scotland, leading an expedition in 1385, but nothing came of it, while a French invasion of England undoubtedly undermined any notion of England's stability in these years. Factional discontent intensified at court, leading the king's uncle Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, the earl of Arundel and the earl of Warwick to bring an appeal of treason against the king's favourites in 1387, including Michael de la Pole, the mayor of London Nicholas Brembre and the Archbishop of York; these nobles known as 'The Appellants' in bringing charges of treason against the royal favourites. Joining forces with Henry earl of Derby (the king's cousin) and the earl of Nottingham, the king was forced to comply with the Appellants' demands, and the royal favourites were removed from power, mostly being executed. Yet the Appellants, as Nigel Saul makes clear, were not popular, and their rule eventually crumbled following failures in foreign policy and court politics. Richard gained increasing authority at court, and promised to restore stability which had not been present in England during his reign. Following Anne's death, Richard married the 7-year old Isabella of France in 1396, thus strengthening Anglo-French relations. In 1397, what came to be known as the 'tyranny' of Richard II began. Gloucester, Warwick and Arundel were arrested and punished, with Arundel being put to death, Warwick imprisoned, and Gloucester, the king's own uncle, apparently smothered by the king's supporters at his castle of Plushey. New favourites rose to power, including John Beaufort (the king's relative), the earl of Rutland, Thomas le Despenser, and others. But the House of Lancaster, in the form of Henry of Derby, posed a new threat to Richard's weak authority. Henry was disinherited and banished from England following a dispute with the earl of Norfolk, who was also banished. Yet when Richard left in May 1399 for Ireland, Henry famously invaded England and later took the throne, deposing Richard. Richard is thought to have been starved to death, having been imprisoned in Pontefract Castle. Richard had been widely praised in his youth for his beauty, intelligence, and his development of court culture. He was intelligent, well-read and vivacious. Yet in the latter part of his reign he was increasingly criticised for his perceived arrogance, cruelty, and desire to wreak vengeance upon his political enemies. Shakespeare's play has severely influenced our understanding of Richard, depicting him as cruel and irresponsible, deserving of his fate. Many academic historians have wondered if Richard was actually insane. Yet Nigel Saul is reasonably fair in his assessment of Richard, and recognises the king's real strengths despite his, at  times, political incompetence, cruelty and arrogance. It does not seem that Richard, in comparison with Edward II, can be classified England's worst medieval king, but he had certainly lost the majority of his subjects' respect and devotion by the time of his deposition in 1399, meaning his rule, on the whole, cannot be judged a success. Henry VI (1421-1471), reigned 1422-1461, 1470-1.  Helen E. Maurer, in her sympathetic study of Henry VI's notorious queen, Margaret of Anjou (see http://www.conorbyrnex.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/margaret-of-anjou-she-wolf.html), dismissively wrote of Henry VI that he was perhaps 'the greatest disaster' England was ever to experience. Indeed, many would agree with her that Henry VI was, quite simply, a disaster; England's worst medieval king. It's perhaps fair to note that it wasn't all Henry's own fault. The son of  the renowned and glorious king Henry V and his consort Catherine of Valois, Henry became king of England nine months old, and we have seen that minority rule never works well. This, of course, did not allow for political stability at court, and the king's uncles John and Humphrey were resented for their overbearing rule and political influence. Nonetheless, in the late 1430s and early 1440s Henry assumed growing authority and power as he became older, and in 1445 a prosperous alliance with France was achieved with his marriage to the 15-year old princess Margaret of Anjou, although this was not universally popular among his subjects. However, the king's failure to produce an heir with his consort caused considerable concern in a politically unstable kingdom. In 1453, when the queen eventually gave birth to their son Edward, many disputed who the father was in view of this. Henry is often dismissed by historians as being pious and kind, but an entirely unsuitable king. Perhaps this is an unfair assessment, but when the king fell mad, or at least insane, in 1453, it plunged the kingdom into chaos. At a time of increasing unpopular attitudes towards the monarchy, caused largely by the loss of all the lands won by the English in France by Henry V save Calais, a breakdown in law and order, corruption and favouritism at the English court, and a rebellion in 1450 led by 'Jack Cade', the duke of York, the king's relative, became increasingly prominent at court and challenged royal authority. At Christmas 1454, King Henry eventually recovered his senses, but the Wars of the Roses were to be brought about nonetheless in view of these problems. A violent struggle between the competing houses of Lancaster and York took place, the first battle of St Albans occurring in 1455, although York was later killed at Wakefield in 1460. With the king's own incompetence, Queen Margaret was widely believed to be the figurehead of the Lancastrian cause. He was later captured by Edward earl of March in 1465 and imprisoned in the Tower of London, who was now king. Yet Margaret, now exiled, was determined to reclaim what she saw as her rightful place as queen and wife to the king, and schemed with the French king to win her throne back. Affecting an alliance with her former enemy the earl of Warwick, it was agreed that her son by the king would marry the earl's daughter Anne Neville. Warwick returned to England, forcing King Edward into exile, and restored Henry in 1470. Yet his return lasted less than six months, and he was murdered probably on orders of the returned  king Edward, in the Tower in May 1471, following the death of his heir Edward in battle previously, thus undermining the Lancastrian cause seemingly beyond repair. While Henry has been seen by some as a martyr, a devout and pious king, his reign was a failure, in every sense of the word, ushering in the Wars of the Roses. He was incompetent, beset by factional conflict, utterly unable to control powerful nobles, and dominated by ruthless courtiers. His queen, who sought to preserve both their royal state and the legitimacy of their son, was condemned by contemporaries as being unwomanly  and a 'she-wolf', despite the fact that she was acting in her husband's interests. Although Henry may not have been unlikeable personally, he has a fair claim to being England's worst medieval monarch for what his reign brought about. Richard III (1452-1483), reigned 1483-1485. I don't wish to be attacked by the Richard III Society here, but it would be nonsensical to write an article on England's worst medieval king without at least mentioning Richard III, for he was demonised in his lifetime up until the present day, and many would argue that he was, by far, England's worst medieval king. The son of Richard duke of York (killed at Wakefield during the Wars in 1460) and his wife Cecily Neville, Richard was younger brother to  the king Edward IV. Following that king's premature death in 1471, it is believed that, fearing hostile and cruel behaviour from his sister-in-law Queen Elizabeth Woodville and her family at court, who were believed to be hoping to exclude Richard utterly from power, Richard seized control of the new king, the 12-year old Edward V, and later his brother Richard of York, in an attempt to control the political situation in England at the time. Edward IV's supporters were quickly routed from power; his most famous supporter Hastings being beheaded in June 1483. Elizabeth, in fear and concern, quickly retreated from power, and sought sanctuary with her daughters. Whether or not Richard was really as evil as Shakespeare made him out to be is unlikely, yet he certainly took advantage of the uncertain political and dynastic situation in England at the time. Whether or not the princes in the Tower, as they later became known, were murdered on his own orders is impossible to ever know the answer to, but on a balance of probabilities, it seems the likeliest scenario - they were last seen in the autumn of 1483, and no attempt was made by the king to produce them publicly to counter persistent rumours alleged that he had ordered their deaths. Richard faced numerous rebellions during his short-lived reign, most famously from his former supporter Buckingham in November 1483, resulting in Buckingham's execution. Queen Elizabeth quickly sought an alliance with the Lancastrian Margaret Beaufort, agreeing that her daughter Elizabeth of York would marry Margaret's son Henry Tudor if he managed to wrestle the throne from Richard, seen by many as an unlawful usurper. In view of this, Richard's own dynastic situation must have troubled him severely. His son died in 1484, and it was rumoured, following the death of his queen in 1485, that he had poisoned her in order to marry his own niece Elizabeth, designed to jeopardise Henry Tudor's plans and in order to sire a legitimate son. By summer 1485, the situation had worsened beyond repair, and Henry and Richard eventually met in battle at Bosworth on 22 August. As everyone knows, Henry was victorious, and Richard was killed, meaning the end of the Yorkist dynasty in a sense. Henry married Elizabeth of York, and ushered in the glorious age of the Tudors. Richard's supposed notorious crimes, first and foremost the belief that he had ordered the deaths of the two princes, his ordering the execution of notable supporters of Edward IV, the belief that he had poisoned Queen Anne, the execution of his supporter the earl of Buckingham, and a host of other rumours blackened his reputation beyond repair, although we need to recognise the fundamental role placed by the Tudors in propaganda, shown most famously in Shakespeare's play Richard III in which Richard is deformed, evil, abhorrent in fact. But it cannot be doubted that many would argue that he has a strong claim to being England's worst ever medieval monarch. In conclusion.... It's difficult to say who England's worst medieval monarch was, for their situations were so different, the context altered dramatically, and the king's own personality played a fundamental role. Other kings not mentioned here might be recognised by other historians to deserve the title worst king of England in the medieval period - perhaps, for some Henry I, for instance. I think it's impossible to say for certain ... but due to the evidence put forward, I think it comes down to Edward II, Henry VI, and Richard III. These three have strong claims to being England's worst medieval monarch. Posted by
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"Who, in 1989 sang the theme song to the James Bond film ""Licence to Kill""?"
Licence to Kill Theme Song - James Bond - YouTube Licence to Kill Theme Song - James Bond Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Oct 13, 2012 The theme tune to 007, Licence to Kill, performed by Gladys Knight. For entertainment purposes only, I do not claim ownership or rights of this production. Copyright is held by its respective owners, including EMI and MGM. Category
Gladys Knight
"In the USA what is the value of a banknote sometimes referred to as a ""Benjamin""?"
Licence to Kill Theme Song James Bond mp3 Download Dmca Free Download Licence to Kill Theme Song James Bond mp3 Artist info Gladys Maria Knight (born May 28, 1944 in Atlanta, Georgia) is a legendary American R&B/soul singer and actress. She is best known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s and 1970s, for both the Motown and Buddah Records labels, with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips, the most famous incarnation of which also included her brother Merald "Bubba" Knight and her cousins Edward Patten and William Guest. Knight started to record solo material due to legal issues that forced her and The Pips to record separately. Her solo debut "Miss Gladys Knight" was released in 1978 followed by "Gladys Knight" on Colombia Records... Read more... Last Music Searches
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Which darts player won the BDO title in 2008 beating Simon Whitlock of Australia in the final?
Simon Whitlock | Simon Whitlock Simon Whitlock by cmurphy 2012 European Darts Champion Simon Whitlock has established himself as arguably the best darts player ever born in the southern hemisphere. The Australian is a regular threat in every event he plays, having reached three major finals before taking victory in the ParyPoker.net European Championships. The Wizard has won a whole host of titles on both sides of the globe and has become a firm fan’s favourite after reaching World Championship finals in both the BDO and PDC. He has also been runner-up in the Premier League and World Cup of Darts. Whitlock spent a year in the PDC before joining the BDO, making the semi-finals of the World Championship and International Darts League in 2005. In 2008, he went one step further and reached the World Championship final but was beaten by Mark Webster. The Beard to be Feared rejoined the PDC in 2009 and was soon charging up the rankings with some stunning performances. None more so than his run to the final of the 2010 World Championship where he made a big impression, beating a number of higher ranked opponents on the way. During that tournament Whitlock consistently entertained the crowd with high checkouts, including two 170s, one of which was in the final. Ruthless finishing has become The Wizard’s trademark. He had a brilliant 50% double success rate during the 2010 Premier League, an incredible feat considering the tournament runs over 14 weeks. He made the semi-finals of the Premier League that year as he continued to make the latter stages of major events. Later that year, Whitlock reached the semi-finals of the World Matchplay, where he lost to the same player who had beaten him at the Alexandra Palace, Phil Taylor. He ended an impressive year with a run to another semi-final, this time at the inaugural World Cup of Darts, where he represented Australia with Paul Nicholson. Whitlock was selected to play in the prestigious Premier League again in 2011. He also became the first player to hit perfect nine dart finishes in successive ProTour events. In 2012, Whitlock enjoyed another brilliant run at the World Championship when he reached the semi-final, despite playing the tournament with a broken ankle. He followed that up by reaching the final of the next two televised majors. Whitlock, partnered again by Nicholson, missed out on World Cup glory for Australia in a final leg shoot-out to the English pairing of Taylor and Adrian Lewis. He then finished runner-up to Taylor in the Premier League, after hitting a nine-dart finish against Andy Hamilton in the semi-finals in front of 10,000 delighted fans at London’s O2 Arena. In September 2012, Whitlock ended his wait for televised title when he defeated Wez Newton 11-5 to be crowned as European Darts Champion. The Wizard is currently ranked fifth in the PDC Order of Merit. Simon Whitlock Fact File Date of birth: 3 March 1969 Home town: Hornsby, Australia Darts used: 22g Winmau Simon Whitlock Walk on music: Down Under by Men at Work Major titles: European Championship, 2012. Simon Whitlock – Official Facebook fan page Twitter
Mark Webster
What is the national currency of Brazil?
Alana Sports Pty Ltd - A totally owned and operated Australian company!   Simon "The Wizard" Whitlock! 2012 European Darts Champion Simon Whitlock has established himself as arguably the best darts player ever born in the southern hemisphere. The Australian is a regular threat in every event he plays, having reached three major finals before taking victory in the ParyPoker.net European Championships. The Wizard has won a whole host of titles on both sides of the globe and has become a firm fans favourite after reaching World Championship finals in both the BDO and PDC. He has also been runner-up in the Premier League and World Cup of Darts. Whitlock spent a year in the PDC before joining the BDO, making the semi-finals of the World Championship and International Darts League in 2005. In 2008, he went one step further and reached the World Championship final but was beaten by Mark Webster. The 'Beard to be Feared' re-joined the PDC in 2009 and was soon charging up the rankings with some stunning performances. None more so than his run to the final of the 2010 World Championship where he made a big impression, beating a number of higher ranked opponents on the way. During that tournament Whitlock consistently entertained the crowd with high checkouts, including two 170s, one of which was in the final. Ruthless finishing has become The Wizard�s trademark. He had a brilliant 50% double success rate during the 2010 Premier League, an incredible feat considering the tournament runs over 14 weeks. He made the semi-finals of the Premier League that year as he continued to make the latter stages of major events. Later that year, Whitlock reached the semi-finals of the World Matchplay, where he lost to the same player who had beaten him at the Alexandra Palace, Phil Taylor. He ended an impressive year with a run to another semi-final, this time at the inaugural World Cup of Darts, where he represented Australia with Paul Nicholson. Whitlock was selected to play in the prestigious Premier League again in 2011. He also became the first player to hit perfect nine dart finishes in successive ProTour events. In 2012, Whitlock enjoyed another brilliant run at the World Championship when he reached the semi-final, despite playing the tournament with a broken ankle. He followed that up by reaching the final of the next two televised majors. Whitlock, partnered again by Nicholson, missed out on World Cup glory for Australia in a final leg shoot-out to the English pairing of Taylor and Adrian Lewis. He then finished runner-up to Taylor in the Premier League, after hitting a nine-dart finish against Andy Hamilton in the semi-finals in front of 10,000 delighted fans at London's O2 Arena. In September 2012, Whitlock ended his wait for televised title when he defeated Wez Newton 11-5 to be crowned as European Darts Champion. As of March 2013, Simon is currently ranked fifth in the PDC Order of Merit. Simon Whitlock Fact File:
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"Who, upon her execution on October 16th 1793 was known as the ""Widow Capet""?"
Confessions of a Ci-Devant: October 16th, 1793: The Execution of Marie-Antoinette Musings on history, life, literature, movies, art and merriment by Gareth Russell, author of "Popular" Saturday, 16 October 2010 October 16th, 1793: The Execution of Marie-Antoinette "I was a queen, and you took away my crown; a wife, and you killed my husband; a mother, and you deprived me of my children. My blood alone remains: take it, but do not make me suffer long." Lancelot de Carles and the Portuguese author of the Alcobaca account said that when Death came for Anne Boleyn in 1536, she was still at the height of her beauty. The glossy brunette tresses were immaculately coiffed; the glistening dark eyes, the long, elegant fingers, the trim waist and the smooth skin were all still intact in the waif-like 28 year-old. Her jailers had treated her with respect – bowing as they entered her presence; the Constable of the Tower even stammered over his words in informing the Queen that the time had now come to die. It was left to Anne to offer soothing words of polite comfort to her gaoler, rather than the other way round. On the scaffold, thousands had knelt before a woman who was still young, still glamorous and still beautiful. When they came for Catherine Howard in 1542, the teenage Queen still radiated that potent mixture of vulnerability and sexuality which had made her so lethally attractive to men. When they came for Jane Grey in 1554, she was dressed demurely in black – still the perfect, prim, Protestant porcelain doll, her eyes aglow with quiet ecstasy at the prospect of being martyred for her faith. When they came for the Romanov Grand Duchesses in 1918, they were all young, all pretty; their ages ranged from twenty-two to seventeen. Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia were still recognisably the iconic princesses who had stared out from hundreds of photographs celebrating the domestic bliss of Russia’s last Imperial Family. But when they came for Marie-Antoinette in 1793, France’s most iconic queen was no longer beautiful or even pretty. Rather, she was in every way – apart from the curious beauty endowed by dignity – positively and undeniably ugly. The sufferings she had endured over the last four years and especially in the last thirteen months had destroyed what remained of her good-looks. As the poor woman sat writing her last letter between the two fat wax candles in the grim, cold and dank prison cell at the Conciergerie in the pre-dawn darkness of October 16th 1793, anyone hoping to see the one-time goddess of ancien régime sophistication would have been cruelly disappointed. The trim waist which had once been encased in Rose Bertin’s legendary creations of haute couture had thickened and coarsened; the beautiful fair hair which the celebrity coiffeur, Monsieur Léonard, had once styled into everything from towering poufs decorated with diamonds, jewels, powder and feathers, to simple chignons inspired by country-maids, was long gone. The Queen’s hair had turned entirely grey over the last year and it had even begun to fall out. That skin – the ivory-white smoothness of which had once caused her aristocratic contemporaries to fall into raptures of both praise and jealousy – was no longer alabaster, but rather emaciated, almost ghostly. The skin had begun to sag as well, around her chin, neck, cheeks and eyes, in particular. The sparkling blue eyes, shared by so many of the Queen’s Hapsburg relatives, had dimmed and clouded over, as the days and weeks spent in a darkened prison cell ruined her eyesight. She was thirty-seven years-old. In the last forty-eight hours, the Queen had eaten almost nothing and her body was now rapidly beginning to fall apart, as if it too sensed that the end was near and that there was no point in holding itself together any longer. The Queen’s monthly period had started a few days earlier, but it had quickly degenerated into a frightening case of vaginal hemorrhaging. She had to constantly change her menstrual linens and trying to find the time to do so discreetly, when she was apt to be interrupted by the revolutionary guards at any given moment, was difficult. For a woman who was always so protective over her privacy and mortified by nudity, it was particularly humiliating set of circumstances. Since the execution of her husband, the late King, in January, the Queen had been a widow – “the Widow Capet,” as the new republican government insisted on referring to her. She had also been separated from her only son, 8 year-old Louis-Charles, with the boy being taken to a cell below hers, where he was submitted to an horrific catalogue of mental and physical abuse by his jailers. His screams could be heard rising through the stone floors, with the Queen lying down upon them, sobbing as she heard what she was powerless to fix. Later, the Queen had been removed from that prison and from the company of her daughter, 14 year-old Princess Marie-Thérèse, and her sister-in-law, 28 year-old Princess Elisabeth. It was to the unmarried Elisabeth that the Queen now wrote her final letter, beginning it shortly after she was returned to prison from her “trial,” with the news that she was to die the following morning. In the course of the trial, she had been accused of everything from paedophilia and incest to attempted genocide. To each charge, the Queen had responded with cold – almost bored – indifference, except when one of the lawyers for the prosecution kept pressing her to discuss in detail the allegation that she had sexually molested her son and that she had encouraged both her daughter and sister-in-law to help. The Queen stared stonily at her accuser – a lawyer of the radical Left called Jacques Hébert. He kept haranguing her – why wasn’t she answering? Why wasn’t she answering? Finally, the Queen stood and spoke in a voice dripping with icy fury and disgust: “If I have not replied, it is because Nature itself refuses to respond to such a charge laid against a mother. I appeal to all mothers who might be present!” And then, to the horror of the judges, many of the women in the audience began to applaud the Queen and some of the fishwives of Paris began to cry out for the trial to be cancelled, after such an unfair accusation. Hearing of this fracas later, Robespierre broke a dinner plate in fury, castigating Hébert for giving Marie-Antoinette a moment of public sympathy. Another high point came when the Marquis de La Tour du Pin de Gouvernet, the monarchy’s former Minister of War, was brought in as a witness and asked to verify the Republic’s claims that Marie-Antoinette had been supporting royalist attempts to overthrow the Revolution by military means. Instead of playing ball, the aged marquis entered the courtroom and bowed low to the Queen and continued to refer to her as “Your Majesty” or “Her Majesty,” despite the judges’ insistence she be addressed as either “the Widow Capet” or “Citizeness Capet.” Unsurprisingly, the marquis, too, was later sent to the guillotine. Yet, despite all this drama, the trial of Marie-Antoinette was a brief affair with the verdict of immediate execution having been pre-determined by the Committee of Public Safety. She was escorted back to the Conciergerie prison to await death on the following morning. As she passed by the cells, the nuns who were imprisoned there for adhering to their Catholic Faith, reached out their hands to try and touch the Queen’s black dress – begging her to pray for them when she entered Heaven. In her letter to Elisabeth, her husband’s youngest sister who had so bravely shared their imprisonment rather than flee abroad and save her own life, Marie-Antoinette skirted over the ugly trauma of her trial and focused instead on the positives – as far as she was able. October 16th, at half-past four in the morning. It is to you, Sister, that I am writing for the last time. I have just been sentenced to death, but not to a shameful one, since this death is only shameful to criminals, whereas I am going to rejoin your brother. Innocent like him, I hope to show the firmness which he showed during his last moments. I am calm, as one may well be when one’s conscience is clear, though deeply grieved at having to forsake my poor children. You know that I existed only for them and for you, my good and affectionate sister. You who, in the kindness of your heart, have sacrificed everything in order to be with us – in what a terrible position do I leave you! It was only during the trial that I learned my daughter had been separated from you. Alas, poor child, I do not dare to write to her, for she would not receive my letter; I do not even know if this one will reach you. However, through you I send them both my blessing, in the hope that some day, when they are older, they will be with you once more and will be able to enjoy your tender care. If only they will both continue to think the thoughts with which I have never ceased to inspire them – namely, that sound principles and the exact performance of duties are the prime foundation of life, and that mutual love and confidence will bring them happiness. I trust my daughter will feel that at the age she has now reached she must always help her brother with the advice which her greater experience and her affection will enable her to give him; and that my son, in his turn, will give his sister all the care and will do her all the services which affection can stimulate; that they will both of them feel, whatever position they may find themselves in, they cannot be truly happy unless they are united - that they will take example from us. In our misfortunes, how much consolation we have derived from our mutual affection! Again, in happier times, one’s enjoyment is doubled when one can share it with a friend – and where can one find a more affectionate, a more intimate friend than in one’s own family? I hope my son will never forget his father’s words which I here purposely repeat for him: Let him never try to avenge our deaths! I have to speak to you of one matter which is extremely painful. I know how much my little boy must have made you suffer. Forgive him, dear sister; remember how young he is, and how easy it is to make a child say whatever one wants, to put words he does not understand into his mouth. I hope a day will come when he will grasp the full value of your kindness and of the affection you have shown both my children. It remains to entrust you with my last thoughts. I should have liked to write them before the trial opened; but, apart from the fact that I was not allowed to write, things have moved so swiftly that I really have not had the time. I die in the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion, in that of my fathers, that in which I was brought up, and which I have always professed. Having no hope of spiritual consolation, not even knowing whether there are still priests of that religion in France, and feeling that should there be such I should expose them to great risks were they to visit me here, I sincerely ask God’s forgiveness for all the faults I have committed since I was born. I trust that, in His goodness, He will hear my last prayers, as well as those which I have long been making that, in His pity and His goodness, He may receive my soul. I ask the forgiveness of all those whom I have known, and, especially of you, my sister, for the sorrow which, unwittingly, I may have caused them. I forgive my enemies the evil they have done me. I here bid farewell to my aunts and to my brothers and sisters. I had friends. The thought of being separated from them for ever and of their distresses is among my greatest regrets in dying. Let them know, at least, that down to the last they were in my mind. Adieu, my good and affectionate sister, I trust that this letter will reach you. Continue to think of me. I send you my most heartfelt love, and also to my poor, dear children. How heartbreaking it is to leave them for ever! Adieu, adieu. I must now devote myself entirely to my spiritual duties. Since all my actions are under restraint, it is possible that they will bring a priest to me. I declare, however, that I shall not say a word to him, and that I shall treat him as an absolute stranger. There, the Queen’s letter breaks off suddenly and it never resumes. She had been right about a few things - namely that the letter would never reach Elisabeth. Bizarrely, it was allegedly later found under Robespierre's mattress, along with a lock of Marie-Antoinette's hair. But she was wrong about Elisabeth having been already separated from Marie-Antoinette's daughter. That would come, but not for several months, and only in preparation for Elisabeth's own execution, which occurred in May of the following year. Why the letter ended so abruptly, even without a parting signature from the Queen, is, however, anybody's guess. Perhaps Marie-Antoinette wanted to leave herself time to pray, since – as she had just written – any priest brought to her would be one who had sworn an oath of allegiance to the Republic, rather than the Vatican, and, as such, the Queen felt she could not in good conscience receive the Last Rites from him. Equally probable is the theory that the Queen was quite simply overtaken by mental and physical exhaustion and had to lie down. Half-an-hour later, the last of the Queen’s servants – the last of a list which had once contained hundreds – hesitantly entered the cell, where she found the Queen stretched out on her bed, staring up at the ceiling, her eyes open. 17 year-old Rosalie Lamorlière had known Marie-Antoinette only during the last few months of her life, when she had been assigned to take care of her by the wife of the Conciergerie’s chief jailer, Madame Bault, Rosalie’s normal employer. Madame Bault appears to have had great sympathy for the deposed Queen, in fact, at times, it seems more than likely that she was a secret monarchist. Rosalie, too, like most of Marie-Antoinette’s servants, quickly developed a worshipful affection for her new mistress and, in the years after the Queen’s execution, she felt it was her duty to solemnly record and disseminate the true story of Marie-Antoinette’s last weeks on Earth. As Lady Antonia Fraser wrote in her 2002 biography of the Queen: “Marie Antoinette was always a hero to her valets.” Tears were streaming down Rosalie’s face as she approached the Queen’s bed. She had prepared some soup for the Queen and begged her to eat it. “Madame,” she said, “you had nothing to eat yesterday evening, and took almost nothing during the day.” Marie-Antoinette smiled, telling Rosalie that there was little point, but seeing the maid-girl’s distress the Queen gamely tried to eat a few mouthfuls, before making arrangements to get changed. The Sun had already risen over the capital city and from outside the prison walls, Marie-Antoinette and Rosalie could hear the sounds of the drums beating to announce the impending death of the arch-traitor to the Revolution. Soldiers were already being strategically placed throughout the city, to prevent any attempts to rescue the Queen on her way to the scaffold and Robespierre later ordered the cavalry to be sent to re-enforce them.   Back in the prison cell, Marie-Antoinette had realised that she needed to change her menstrual linen again – the old cloths were now soaked with blood. The few guards and gendarmes who had now entered her cell refused to leave when the Queen asked them to give her a few moments in private to change her underwear. Blushing, she therefore had no choice but to crouch in a corner while Rosalie shielded her as best she could and change into new linens. Then, Rosalie helped Marie-Antoinette step out of the black widow’s dress which had worn as mourning since the beheading of her husband ten months earlier. The Committee had decreed that she was not allowed to go to her death in mourning. Another dress was selected, although the Queen did manage to weave some black ribbon around her bonnet, as sign of respect for her dead husband. Then, Sanson, the public executioner, entered her rooms to cut-off the last of her hair, to leave her neck exposed for the blade of the guillotine. To her obvious displeasure, her hands were bound roughly behind her back and the woman who had once been the cynosure of the ancien régime and the darling of high society was brusquely escorted from her cell, leaving behind an hysterically sobbing teenage serving girl and a single gold watch - a childhood gift from her mother, the Empress Maria-Teresa, inheritrix of an imperial legacy that stretched back to Charlemagne. That little watch, still ticking as it slowly counted down the final moments of its owner’s life, was all that remained of a life that had begun in the imposing grandeur of the Hofburg Palace in Vienna and then been played out in the gilded magnificence of Versailles, where Marie-Antoinette had stood, centre-stage, during the twilight of the Old World. Once upon a time, centuries before, the Conciergerie had been a royal palace before becoming a prison, so perhaps it was appropriate in some way that it was Marie-Antoinette’s last earthly residence. Taken out into the courtyard, she was roughly manhandled to the back of the cart – an open, wooden tumbrel, used to transport criminals and prostitutes. Her late husband had been given a closed carriage and a priest of his own choosing. Marie-Antoinette’s shame was to be displayed before the entire population of Paris and a republican priest now sat next to her, attempting to offer his spiritual services to her. As she had promised Elisabeth, she politely refused them. Curiously, and stupidly, the republic’s insistence that she was not allowed to wear black meant instead that Marie-Antoinette was able to go to her death garbed in an altogether more potent colour – white. Like the chic glamour of Anne Boleyn’s dark gown or the liturgically-inspired crimson worn by Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587, Marie-Antoinette’s white made a dazzlingly significant statement to those who had come to watch her die. Chronicling the Queen’s aesthetic in 2006, Professor Caroline Weber of Columbia University wrote: “[To republicans] her outfit was pathetic … a hideous, haggard crone, justly deprived of all her ci-devant splendor. But among the spectators, expressions of outright derision were apparently few and far between. By most accounts, as the spectral white figure was escorted through the double hedgerow of navy-blue-coated soldiers who lined her path, the crowds reacted with stunned, leaden silence. Past them rode a woman not covered in jewels, not crowned with feathers; a woman neither outlandishly dressed up nor offensively dressed down; a woman so bereaved that her very mourning gown had been taken away; a woman whose modest pile of remaining clothes was to be shipped off to the female prisoners of the Salpêtrière after her death… Marie Antoinette’s stylish, unfailingly contentious wardrobe had vanished forever. Even before she reached the guillotine, this aspect of her history, her body, her being, had been erased – leaving her only white. But the erasure perhaps revealed even more than it concealed, condensing as it did the whole of her perilously fashionable past. White the color of the fleur-de-lys and of a young bride’s complexion. White the color of a corset’s whalebone stays. White the color of costume parties and sleigh rides in the snow. White the color of powdered hair, coiffed by Bertin and Léonard – or by the mob. White the color of the muslin gaulle, imported or otherwise: pretty at Trianon, perverse in Paris. White the color of Boehmer’s diamond necklace and of “Austrian” ostrich feathers. White the color of the monarchist cockade that launched the march on Versailles. White the color of the Princesse de Lamballe’s skin and hair, mirror images of Marie Antoinette’s own, and fatally sullied for her sake. White the color of true-blue loyalist emblems. White the simultaneous coexistence of all colors: revolutionary blue and red, royalist violet and green. White the color of the locks that she saw the executioner slip into his pocket as he sheared her head to prepare her for her fate. White the color of martyrdom, of holy heaven, of eternal life. White the color of a ghost too beautiful, or at least too wilful, to die. White the color of the pages on which her story has been written – and will be – written. Again and again and again.” As she passed by the crowds of thousands, some did call out insults, some laughed, some spat and pointed; a few cried out, “Vive la République!” Others remained silent; the secret police spotted several royalists in the crowd, with their faces conspicuously grief-stricken. Near the Church of the Oratory, a working-class woman bravely held up her infant son, to show her gesture of maternal solidarity with the Queen. The Queen gave no sign of seeing any of it – the sympathisers or the detractors. Her face was frozen into an expression of dignified acceptance. There was no token of fear to be seen on her, as she approached closer and closer to death. The moderately Left-wing paper Le Moniteur conceded that the former queen showed “courage enough,” while the more radical Père Duchesne called her “audacious and insolent,” writing that it was the kind of serenity endowed by habitual criminality. Only at one point, when they passed by the Tuileries Palace, did the Queen’s eyes fill with tears and her lips quiver – it was there that she and her family had lived under house arrest since the storming of Versailles, just over four years earlier. It was there, on a baking hot day in 1792, that the monarchy had made its last-stand for survival and the courtyards of the palace had run red with the blood of royalist soldiers as a result of its failure. When the cart went past the Rue St.-Honoré, the great revolutionary artist, Jean-Jacques David, made a quick sketch of the Queen. It was heroically vicious, showing her proud, disdainful, bloated and ugly. However, as one of the queen’s later biographers noted, “Not even hatred, which made this picture, can deny the awful dignity with which Marie Antoinette endured the shame of her drive to the place of execution.” Seeing the sketch for the first time in 1955, Diana Mitford, Lady Mosley, wrote that it was enough “to bring tears to one’s eyes”; what David saw as ugly disdain, others were to see as heroic dignity. History is very much in the eye of the beholder. Over an hour later, the cart finally reached the Place de la République, once the Place Louis XV now the Place de la Concorde, where the guillotine stood before a large statue of the Goddess of Liberty; “Lady Liberty,” as she would be renamed, when her image was re-invented, re-modelled and later exported to the United States in the following century. Liberty's cold, passive eyes stared down on the square, neither seeing nor knowing what was being done in the pursuit of the Revolution’s most seductive catchphrase. Earlier in the year, when the moderately republican Madame Roland had been sent to her death for insufficient zeal in the Revolution’s cause, she had turned to the statue and cried out, “O Liberty! What great crimes are committed in your name.” Marie-Antoinette made no such grand gesture, instead she simply stepped down lightly, “with bravado,” from the tumbrel and gazed up at the guillotine. Sensing a moment to make himself useful, the republican priest at her side spoke comfortingly, “This is the moment, Madame, to arm yourself with courage.” With death imminent, the Queen thawed and turned to him, with a smile: “The moment when my ills are going to end is not a moment when courage is going to fail me.” She went up the steps confidently, stopping to apologise to the executioner when she accidentally trod on his foot. Having her hands bound behind her back limited her sense of balance and freedom of movement. She was strapped into place, lowered beneath the blade and secured. Sanson walked around her, flicked the lever and the blade fell. It was fifteen minutes after noon on Wednesday October 16th 1793 and Marie-Antoinette of Austria, Queen of France and Navarre, was dead, two weeks before her thirty-eighth birthday. Her body was hurled in a mass grave, where it was eventually lovingly recovered by French monarchists twenty years later and solemnly re-interred in the Cathedral of St.-Denis, where it rests to this day. In the years since that terrible day in 1793, Marie-Antoinette has been constantly re-invented. Today, she is seen as both an icon of fashion and of wronged womanhood. The legend of Marie-Antoinette is a polymorphous one, in which the figure of the dead Queen has become everything from a gay icon to a de facto Catholic martyr; she is still considered by many European royalists to be “the incarnation of The Cause.” Feminists too have lamented over the sheer venom of the misogyny which was so brutally deployed against her by the Revolution; movie-makers are continually drawn to the story of a life which encompassed the twin polarities of privilege and privation, glamour and grief. But, it has been over seventy years since a truly realistic portrayal of her has been offered in an English-language movie. She has been dismissed by some scholars as "a feckless, ruthless and manipulative ultra-monarchist," while many others have been just as happy to present her as a self-indulgent bimbo – "frivolous without being funny, extravagant without being elegant." The false story of “Let them eat cake” is just one of many which refuses to go away, despite historians’ best efforts. Those who knew the real Marie-Antoinette painted a very different picture of the vulgar airhead or naïve and lonely spendthrift so beloved by modern accounts of the last Queen of France. The Comte de St.-Priest, one of her husband’s political advisers, who had disliked her and positively loathed many of her friends, wrote: “She was never evil or cruel. She never betrayed France and at moments of great danger she showed a kind of magnanimity.” The English politician and writer, Horace Walpole MP, said: “Mine is not grief… No, it is all admiration and enthusiasm!” Marie-Antoinette was, for him, “an unparalleled Princess.” Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, remarked that if one wanted to gain the true measure of Marie-Antoinette then one only had to contrast her behaviour with that of her enemies. Edmund Burke's beautiful reflections on her life and downfall are amongst some of the most exquisite pieces of panegyric in the English language. But perhaps the fairest assessment of her personality comes from Maxime de la Rocheterie, who wrote: "She was not a guilty woman, neither was she a saint; she was an upright, charming woman, a little frivolous, somewhat impulsive, but always pure; she was a queen, at times ardent in her fancies for her favourites and thoughtless in her policy, but proud and full of energy; a thorough woman in her winsome ways and tenderness of heart..." Marie-Antoinette died a heroine and a lady. One does not have to be a monarchist to see that, obviously. The worst criticism that can be fairly levied against her is that, as a young woman, she was “a little frivolous, somewhat impulsive”. If such a criticism was the worst thing that one could have said against the leaders of the French Revolution, the world might have been a much happier place. Posted by
Marie Antoinette
"Which product was advertised on TV as ""it spreads straight from the fridge""?"
A Death a Day: October 16 | Marie Antoinette October 16 | Marie Antoinette November 2, 1755 - October 16, 1793: Age 38 Marie Antoinette was born as an Archduchess of Austria. Her mother, the Empress of the Holy Roman Empire and Queen of Hungary, was a formidable woman who read and signed state papers while in labour with Marie Antoinette, who was her 15th child. The main job of a young royal female in those days was to get married as advantageously as possible, but since Antoinette had 10 sisters she didn't receive much attention until 1767, when a smallpox epidemic reduced the number of eligible sisters by two. Other sisters were already married (except one who was crippled and ineligible) so plans began for a marriage between the young Antoinette and the Dauphin of France. She was married by proxy in April 1770 (age 14) and was handed over to the French in May. She became Queen four years later, when her father-in-law died of smallpox. Then came the French Revolution. 1989, with the storming of the Bastille, marked the end of any real royal power in France. Popular hatred for the aristocracy gradually and inevitably extended to hatred for the King and Queen, and by 1792 their legal power was abolished and they became known as "Louis and Antoinette Capet" and imprisoned. In December of that year Louis was put to trial for "undermining the Repulic" and condemned to death, which followed by guillotine in January. Antoinette, became known as "Veuve Capet" (Widow Capet). Imprisoned with her surviving son and daughter (two children had died in infancy), she fell into a deep depression. Her 8-year-old son, Louis Charles, by rights the King of France, was taken away from her in July and given into the "care" of a cobbler. There he was mistreated and coached to hate his parents. In October Antoinette was put on trial for various crimes for which there was not a shred of real evidence, including the allegation that she had sexually abused and masturbated her son. The boy was brought into court and coached into accusing his mother, causing her great distress. The conclusion was pre-ordained: she was found guilty on all counts. Early on the morning of her execution her hair was cut and her hands bound. She was put in a open cart and carried through the streets of Paris to the Place de la Révolution. When she stepped down from the cart and looked up at the guillotine, the priest whispered, "This is the moment, Madame, to arm yourself with courage." She replied, "Courage? The moment when my troubles are going to end is not the moment when my courage is going to fail me." When she mounted the platform she accidentally stepped on the executioner's foot, and said, "Monsieur, I ask your pardon. I did not do it on purpose." These were her last words. She was executed shortly after noon. Her head was displayed to a cheering crowd; and her body was dumped in an unmarked mass grave in the Rue d'Anjou. (In 1815 it was retrieved and reburied at St. Denis Cathedral.)
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In the New Testament, which book follows Matthew, Mark, Luke and John?
Who Are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? - New Era Jan. 2007 - new-era Who Are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? Who Are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? By Janet Thomas A doctor, a fisherman, a tax collector, and another who was just a teenager when he heard the Savior speak, they wrote some of the most famous books in existence. 27941_000_011 We recognize their names immediately. Their names are attached to the first four books of the New Testament. And most important of all, their writings are almost all we have describing the mortal life of Jesus Christ and the things He said. The first four books of the New Testament are called the Gospels. It’s easy to imagine why these books were written and why they have always been so important. Can you imagine how exciting it would have been for people who were just learning about the Savior to have someone read to them the things He said and did? These books have always been precious. Matthew and John were two of the original Twelve Apostles. They were with the Savior often as He taught. But who were Mark and Luke, and how did they come to write about the Savior’s life and ministry? Here are a few things scholars know about the four men who wrote their testimonies of the Savior. 1 Matthew Matthew was a publican, or tax collector, before he was called as one of the Lord’s Apostles. Because of that profession, we can guess that he was well educated and knew how to read and write, probably in several languages, including Greek. He also knew arithmetic. He saw and heard many wonderful things while with the Savior, and it is likely he wrote down some of the sayings of the Savior as notes or in a journal. Later, these notes would have helped him when he wrote what he remembered about the teachings of Jesus. In his book, Matthew often stresses that Jesus Christ is the Messiah and came to fulfill the Old Testament prophecies. Matthew wrote specifically to the Jews, who were familiar with those prophecies. Matthew was a man who could have moved comfortably in political circles, and his book mentions things that someone in his position would know. For example, his account of the Resurrection tells that those assigned to guard the Savior’s tomb saw two angels roll back the stone that covered the door of the tomb. They told their superiors what had happened, so the soldiers were offered large sums of money to say that the Lord’s followers had crept in and carried His body away. This lie was then spread among the Jews. (See Matthew 28:2–15 .) Matthew must have been informed about the bribery. The book of Matthew is the only place this interesting bit of information is told. Mark Mark was much younger than the other writers. His mother was a prominent follower of Jesus Christ. Acts 12:12 tells us that her house in Jerusalem was used as a meeting place for other disciples. From this verse we also learn that her son’s full name is John Mark. Mark was also a follower of Jesus Christ but would likely have been in his teens when the Lord was in Jerusalem. He may have seen and listened to the Savior on occasion. After the Resurrection, as the Savior’s message was beginning to be spread, Mark traveled with the Apostle Paul. He then accompanied the Apostle Peter to Rome and stayed by him while he was in prison. Mark is known as Peter’s interpreter, both in speech and in writing. As a fisherman from Galilee, Peter may not have spoken Greek fluently, so Mark interpreted for him. In his book, Mark wrote down the observations and memories of Peter, one of the original Apostles. Mark’s book reflects Peter’s interest in spreading the gospel among the Gentiles. Luke Luke is an interesting writer because he did not know Jesus Christ personally. He became a follower after the Lord’s death, when Paul taught him the gospel. Luke had been a physician, but he left that profession to travel with Paul. He had the opportunity to talk with many of the Apostles as well as others who were eyewitnesses to special events or moments in the Lord’s life. In the first few verses of his book, Luke says that he is going to write the things that eyewitnesses and other teachers of the gospel had to say about the Savior. Apparently he had the opportunity to talk to many who were present when the Savior taught or performed miracles. One of the most amazing stories Luke wrote about was the birth of the Savior. Elder Bruce R. McConkie (1915–85) of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles says that Luke probably got his information about Jesus’s birth from Mary herself. 2 Who were the other people Luke interviewed about Jesus Christ? The list would have been long. Many of the people who knew the Savior would still have been alive and would have remembered such important times in their lives. Paul mentions that about 500 people saw the Savior after His Resurrection and that most of them were still alive when he was writing to the Corinthians (see 1 Corinthians 15:6 ). John John, or John the Beloved as he was known, served as one of the Apostles. His book was probably written last, as John seems to have already read the other Gospels before he wrote his own book. Often, instead of telling his version of an event or parable the others had already written about, he writes about things the other writers did not include. Also, John’s Gospel includes the testimony of John the Baptist. It seems likely that he had some of the writings of John the Baptist. John was writing to members of the Church, who already knew something of the Lord. John emphasizes Jesus’s divine nature as the Son of God. In the last five verses of his book, we find out what happened to John. Referring to himself as “the disciple whom Jesus loved,” John tells us that he would not die but would remain on earth until the Second Coming (see John 21:20–23 ; D&C 7 ). Four Separate Books Right after the Lord’s death and Resurrection and for many years afterward, each of the books written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John was a separate item, written on a separate scroll and copied over and over. The individual books weren’t put together into the New Testament until several hundred years after they were written. This explains John’s warning in Revelation 22:18 : “If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book.” Some people have interpreted this to mean that no other scriptures could be revealed after the book of Revelation, which in modern times is the last book of the Bible . But John was most likely warning people not to add anything to his writing only in the book of Revelation. Eventually the four Gospels were joined with other valuable writings such as the letters that Paul and others wrote. Other original Apostles also wrote things that were copied repeatedly. Remnants of these writings survive, but it is difficult to determine which are authentic. When the New Testament was gathered into a single book, these writings were not included. The Rest of the New Testament After the four Gospels, the book of Acts records the events following the Ascension of the Savior. Most scholars agree that Luke wrote the Acts of the Apostles. Nearly all the rest of the books in the New Testament are letters, or epistles. Paul wrote most of these, but also included are letters written by James, Peter, John, and Jude. The book of Revelation, written by John, concludes the collection we now call the New Testament. The Gospels in Harmony A wonderful help to use when studying the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John is found in the Bible Dictionary, after “Gospels.” The Harmony of the Gospels is a chart that tells where in each book a teaching or an incident in the life of Jesus Christ is told. You get a more in-depth understanding of events or parables when you read about them everywhere they are written. Try looking up the baptism of Jesus. You will see that it is mentioned in all four Gospels. But Jesus’s appearance to Thomas, for instance, is found only in John. John has the most unique material in his book. About 90 percent of the information in the book of John is not in the other three Gospels. Mark’s book has the least unique material: only 7 percent. [illustrations] Illustrated by Paul Mann
ACTS
"In the USA what is the value of a banknote sometimes referred to as a ""Sawbuck""?"
Introduction to Matthew, Mark and Luke Introduction to Matthew, Mark and Luke The four gospel books of the Bible - Matthew, Mark, Luke and John - tell the dramatic story of Jesus, the Son of God and our Savior. His birth, His parables and other teachings, His love for all God's people, His miracles, triumphs, disappointments, conflicts, prayers, arrest, trial, crucifixion, resurrection and ascension to heaven are all narrated in the gospels. Map of Palestine at the Time of Jesus (left) and Today Synopsis of the Gospels Almost everything we know about Jesus' life, ministry, teachings, death and resurrection comes from the four gospels. Both Matthew and Luke recount Jesus' birth in the city of Bethlehem, in what is now southern Israel. He spent his youth and early adulthood in the city of Nazareth, in the land of Galilee. Almost nothing is known of this period of His life, except for the incident at the Temple told in Luke 2:41-51 . At about age 30, Jesus was baptized in the River Jordan by John the Baptist and began His public ministry. He selected 12 disciples who would carry on his ministry after Him. He traveled through the regions of Galilee, Samaria, and Judea in Palestine teaching in the synagogues and speaking to the crowds of people who followed wherever He went. He preached about the kingdom of God, repentance, and love for all people. The gospels tell how He healed the sick wherever He went and performed many other miracles. Jesus was very critical of the hypocrisy of the religious leaders of His time. He said they observed the letter of the Jewish law, but defiled its spirit by living lives of greed and sin. These religious leaders plotted to kill Jesus, and eventually forced the Roman governor, Pilate, to order His crucifixion on Friday, the eve of Passover. The gospels tell that Jesus arose from the dead on the following Sunday, and He remained on Earth another 40 days before ascending into heaven. Jesus, Himself, said He was the Son of God, the Christ, the Messiah awaited by the Jews. He said His death and resurrection were all part of God's mysterious plan for our salvation. History of the Gospels In the year 532 A.D., a monk named Denys le Petit calculated that Jesus was born in the Roman year 753, and that year was gradually adopted as year 1 A.D. by Christian countries. However, it is now believed that Denys miscalculated and Jesus was actually born between 6 and 4 B.C. From the accounts in the gospels Jesus was probably crucified, resurrected and ascended to heaven in the year 29 or 30 A.D. Saul, a fierce persecutor of Christians, had a dramatic conversion experience around the year 35 A.D. ( Acts 9:1-19 ). He changed his name to Paul and became the first and most influential interpreter of the Christian message. The gospel message was preserved in oral form for many years before being written down. Bible scholars believe the letters of Paul are the oldest books in the New Testament, written between 50 and 60 A.D. Mark was written around 70 A.D., about 40 years after Jesus was crucified. Matthew and Luke were written between 80 and 90 A.D. Finally, The Gospel of John appeared in its final form around 95 A.D. Bible Scholars believe Matthew and Luke incorporated much of the material from Mark into their gospels. They also included unique material of their own plus common material from a presumed source called "Q" (from the German, quelle, meaning "source"), which has not been preserved. Because of their similarity, Matthew, Mark and Luke are called the synoptic gospels (from the Greek synopsis, meaning "a seeing together"). Most of the Bible Studies will be on a single book, but we are grouping the three synoptic gospels together because they have so much in common. All four Gospels are anonymous in the sense that none mentions the author's name. The traditional names - Matthew, Mark, Luke and John - did not become associated with these writings until the second century. Whether or not these men were the actual authors is very controversial. For convenience, however, we will refer to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John as if they are the true authors. The synoptic gospels read like a biography of Jesus, but that was not their original purpose. Neither were they written as history books or as books of a Christian Bible. Instead, they were first used in the early Christian churches as devotional materials, much like sermons. The human authors of these books selectively picked materials to include, rearranged it, and presented it in a way to suit their devotional purposes. Therefore we have to be content with gaps in our knowledge of Jesus' life and with some inconsistencies in names, places, times and other details of the events narrated in the gospels. However, we get a very similar "big picture" of Jesus' life and work from all four gospels, and we are fortunate to have these four "windows" to see four views of the central events of Christianity. The Bible Study Lessons Each lesson in this series of Bible studies has a reading assignment and a number of thought-provoking questions to be answered by the reader. The questions are intended to help us think about what the Bible passages really mean and how they apply to our lives, and to lead us to a deeper, more mature faith. We cannot truly say we know and trust Jesus until we have studied His words to us spoken through the four gospels. We also supply answers for some of the questions. However, for maximum personal benefit, you should answer all the questions yourself before looking at our answers. Our answers are given from a mainstream Christian and historical viewpoint. We use the best reference materials available to present the Bible as it was understood by the original audience in Biblical times. But God calls different people in different ways, and there is no single "right" answer for many of the questions; your answers may well be different from ours. The Bible Studies are nonsectarian, and are suitable for use by all Christians. The vast majority of the gospel passages are interpreted the same way by all mainstream Christian denominations. A few passages are controversial, and we will sometimes point out and explain the denominational differences. Most of the Bible studies in this series will proceed from beginning to end of the Bible book in an orderly manner. In contrast, the study of Matthew, Mark and Luke will seem very fragmented. We have used the arrangement of verses suggested by Dr. Burton Throckmorton in his book, Gospel Parallels, A Synopsis of the First Three Gospels. Every verse is included, but, as much as possible, corresponding sections of the three gospels are grouped together and arranged in chronological order. This will somewhat disturb the flow of the individual gospels, but it will hopefully provide the clearest overall picture of Jesus' life, works, death, resurrection and His messages to us.
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"Which landlocked country in West Africa had previous names ""French Upper Volta"" and from 1958 to 1984 ""Republic of Upper Volta""?"
Burkina Faso: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities President Compaoré Is Deposed Geography Slightly larger than Colorado, Burkina Faso, formerly known as Upper Volta, is a landlocked country in West Africa. Its neighbors are Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, and Ghana. The country consists of extensive plains, low hills, high savannas, and a desert area in the north. Government Parliamentary. History Burkina Faso was originally inhabited by the Bobo, Lobi, and Gurunsi peoples, with the Mossi and Gurma peoples immigrating to the region in the 14th century. The lands of the Mossi empire became a French protectorate in 1897, and by 1903 France had subjugated the other ethnic groups. Called Upper Volta by the French, it became a separate colony in 1919, was partitioned among Niger, the Sudan, and Côte d'Ivoire in 1932, and was reconstituted in 1947. An autonomous republic within the French Community, Upper Volta became independent on Aug. 5, 1960. President Maurice Yameogo was deposed on Jan. 3, 1966, by a military coup led by Col. Sangoulé Lamizana, who dissolved the national assembly and suspended the constitution. Constitutional rule returned in 1978 with the election of an assembly and a presidential vote in June in which Gen. Lamizana won by a narrow margin over three other candidates. On Nov. 25, 1980, Col. Sayé Zerbo led a bloodless coup that toppled Lamizana. In turn, Maj. Jean-Baptist Ouedraogo ousted Zerbo on Nov. 7, 1982. But the real revolutionary change occurred the following year when a 33-year-old flight commander, Thomas Sankara, took control. A Marxist-Leninist, he challenged the traditional Mossi chiefs, advocated women's liberation, and allied the country with North Korea, Libya, and Cuba. To sever ties to the colonial past, Sankara changed the name of the country in 1984 to Burkina Faso, which combines two of the nation's languages and means “the land of upright men.” While Sankara's investments in schools, food production, and clinics brought some improvement in living standards, foreign investment declined, many businesses left the country, and unhappy labor unions began strikes. On Oct. 15, 1987, formerly loyal soldiers assassinated Sankara. His best friend and ally Blaise Compaoré became president. Compaoré immediately set about “rectifying” Sankara's revolution. In 1991, he agreed to economic reforms proposed by the World Bank. A new constitution paved the way for elections in 1991, which Compaoré won easily, although opposition parties boycotted. In 1998, he was reelected by a landslide. A coup against the president was foiled in 2003, and he was reelected a third time in 2005. Prime Minister Yonli resigned in June 2007 and was replaced by Tertius Zongo, who has served as the ambassador to the United States and as the country's finance minister. Violent protests by soldiers and police in the capital of Ouagadougou, sparked by low pay and unpaid housing allowances, were answered by President Blaise Compaore with a new government and a new head of the armed forces in the spring of 2011. In Jan. 2013, Prime Minister Luc Adolphe Tiao's new government was announced; the main portfolios remain unchanged.
Burkina Faso
In the Old testament which book follows Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers?
Burkina Faso, Africa : A Tourism, Travel, and information Guide to Burkina : Basecamp International The island destination of Basseterre is the capital of St. Kitts and Nevis in the West Indies... a classic Caribbean getaway. Introduction to Burkina Faso: Burkina Faso is a landlocked nation in West Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the south east, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the south west. A 2002 estimate of Burkina Faso's population came in at 12,603,185. Its inhabitants are known as Burkinabè. Formerly the Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed on August 4, 1984 by President Thomas Sankara to mean "the land of upright people" (or "upright land") in Mossi and Dioula, the major native languages of the country. A impoverished country, several hundred thousand farm workers migrate south every year to Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana in search of paid labour. Trivia & Quick Points: Burkina Faso, formerly Upper Volta, is a landlocked country in West Africa. Burkina is ranked one of the poorest countries in the world and also as the most illiterate. Burkina is an excellent destination for anyone interested in seeing beautiful West African country and exploring African culture and music. Facts & Information: History Like all of the west of Africa, Burkina Faso was populated early, notably by hunter-gatherers in the northwestern part of the country (12,000 to 5000 BC), and whose tools (scrapers, chisels and arrowheads) were discovered in 1973. Settlements appeared between 3600 and 2600 BC with farmers, the traces of whose structures leave the impression of relatively permanent buildings. The use of iron, ceramics and polished stone developed between 1500 and 1000 BC, as well as a preoccupation with spiritual matters, as shown by the burial remains which have been discovered. Relics of the Dogon are found in the centre-north, north and north west region. They left the area between the 15th and 16th centuries BC to settle in the cliffs of Bandiagara. Elsewhere, the remains of high walls are localised in the southwest of Burkina Faso (as well as in the Côte d'Ivoire), but the people who built them have not yet been definitely identified. Burkina Faso was a very important economic region for the Songhai Empire during the 15th and 16th centuries. From colony to independence In 1896, the Mossi kingdom of Ouagadougou became a French protectorate after being defeated by French forces. In 1898, the majority of the region corresponding to Burkina Faso today was conquered. In 1904, these territories were integrated into French West Africa in the heart of the Upper-Senegal-Niger (Haut-Sénégal-Niger) colony. Its inhabitants participated in the First World War in the heart of the battalions of the Senegalese Infantry (Tirailleurs sénégalais). It was originally administered as part of Côte d'Ivoire colony, but became a separate colony in 1919. On March 1, 1919, François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became the first governor of the new colony of Upper-Volta, which was broken up September 5, 1932, being shared between the Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Niger. On September 4, 1947 Upper-Volta was recreated with its 1932 boundaries. On December 11, 1958, it achieved self-government, and became a republic and member of the Franco-African Community (La Communauté Franco-Africaine). Full independence was attained in 1960. The country's first military coup occurred in 1966; it returned to civilian rule in 1978. There was another coup, led by Saye Zerbo in 1980, which in turn was overthrown in 1982. A counter-coup was launched in 1983, which left Captain Thomas Sankara in charge. Politics Long time Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré October 31st, 2014 photo of Colonel Issaac Zida commander Presidential guard and Army comander announce ouster of Blaise... Kampala, Uganda The current president is Blaise Compaoré, who came to power in 1987 after a coup d'état that killed Thomas Sankara. BREAKING NEWS, NOVEMBER 2014: NEW PRESIDENT OF BURKINA Read more here: Burkina Faso Army Backs Presidential Guard Official to Lead Transition ... which assumes a reconsideration of the constitution of June 2, 1991, which established: a semi-presidential government with a parliament (Assemblée) which can be dissolved by the President of the Republic, who is elected for a term of 5 years. The year 2000 saw a constitutional amendment reducing the presidential term from 7 to 5 years, which was enforced during the 2005 elections. - The parliament consists of two chambers: the lower house (l'Assemblée Nationale) and the upper house (la Chambre des Représentants). There is also a constitutional chamber, composed of ten members, and an economic and social council whose roles are purely consultative. - The administrative divisions of Burkina Faso are divided into 13 regions, 45 provinces, and 301 departments. Culture Probably the thing Burkina Faso is most famous for is its music and drumming culture. What a great country to visit if you are interested in learning West African drumming! As with music, art is also part of the culture of Burkina Faso. The country hosts the International Arts and Crafts Fair, Ouagadougou, better known by its French name as SIAO, Le Salon International de L'Artisanat de Ouagadougou , one of the most important African handicraft fairs in the world. Climate Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons: the rainy season with between 24-35 inches (600 and 900 mm) of rainfall, and the dry season during which the harmattan blows, a hot dry wind from the Sahara. The rainy season lasts approximately 4 months, May/ June to September, and is shorter in the north of the country. Geography The average altitude is 400 metres (1,300 ft) and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600 metres (2,000 ft). Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country, with a very few localised exceptions. Burkina Faso is made up of two major types of countryside: -The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a precambrian massif. - The south-west of the country forms a sandstone massif, where the highest peak is found: Ténakourou (749 m, 2,450 ft). The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 150 metres (490 ft.) high. SEE OUR BURKINA MAPS SECTION Hydrography The country owed its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: le Mouhoun (formerly called the Black Volta), le Nakambé (the White Volta) and le Nazinon (the Red Volta). Le Mouhoun, along with la Comoé which flows to the south west, is the country's only river which flows year-round. The basin of the Niger River also drains 27% of the country's surface. Its tributaries (le Béli, le Gorouol, le Goudébo and le Dargol) are seasonal streams, and only flow for 4 to 6 months a year but can cause large floods. The country also contains numerous lakes. The principal lakes are Tingrela, Bam and Dem, and the large ponds of Oursi, Béli, Yomboli, and Markoye. Water shortages are often a problem, especially in the north of the country. Economy One of the poorest countries in the world, landlocked Burkina Faso has a high population density, few natural resources, and a fragile soil. It is ranked as the 28th poorest nation, among other nations such as the Republic of the Congo and Tajikistan, represented numerically in its low GDP per capita income of $1,300. This can be explained by its population growth and its arid soil. About 90% of the population is engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture, which is highly vulnerable to variations in rainfall. Agriculture represents 32% of its gross domestic product and occupies 80% of the working population. It consists mostly of livestock but also, especially in the south and southwest, of growing sorghum, millet, maize (corn), peanuts, rice, and cotton. Industry remains dominated by unprofitable government-controlled corporations, most specifically in its mineral exploitation of copper, iron, manganese, and, above all, gold. The effects are corruption and financial disparity. (The rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer) A large part of the economic activity of the country is funded by international aid. Lack of work causes a high rate of emigration: for example, three million people from Burkina Faso live in Côte d'Ivoire. According to the Central Bank of Western African States (La Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest), these migrants send tens of billions of CFA francs back to Burkina Faso each year. Demographics United Nations Square in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Burkina Faso has an estimated life expectancy at birth of slightly under 50 years of age. The median age of its inhabitants is under 17. The Population growth rate is 2.71% (2000 est.) Population estimates take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. The July 2000 estimated 11,946,065 Burkinabè belong to two major West African cultural groups-the Voltaic and the Mande. The Voltaic are far more numerous and include the Mossi, who make up about one-half of the population. Additionally, about 5,000 Europeans live in Burkina Faso. The population is concentrated in the south and center of the country, sometimes exceeding 48 per square kilometer (125/sq.mi). This high population density, causes annual migrations of hundreds of thousands, for seasonal employment. Approximately 50% of the population is Muslim; Christians account for about 30%, and followers of traditional African religions (typically animism of various forms) make up about 20%. Many Christians and Muslims incorporate elements of animism into their religious practices. Education Education in Burkina Faso is structured primary, secondary, and higher education. Education is technically free and officially mandatory until the age of 16, however few Burkinabè have had formal education. Though schooling is free, attendance is not enforced, and only about 35% of Burkina's primary school-age children receive a basic education. Institutions of higher education include the University of Ouagadougou and The Polytechnical University in Bobo-Dioulasso. There is also an International School of Ouagadougou, which is an American based private school, which is situated in the capital city, Ouagadougou. The United Nations Development Program Report places Burkina Faso as the most illiterate country in the world, with only a 12.8% literacy rate.
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Who, on January 31st 1606, was executed along with three other prisoners - Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood and Robert Keys?
Gunpowder Plot Explained Gunpowder Plot Explained Participants: Result: Failure, plotters executed The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby . The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of England's Parliament on 5 November 1605, as the prelude to a popular revolt in the Midlands during which James's nine-year-old daughter, Princess Elizabeth , was to be installed as the Catholic head of state. Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing greater religious tolerance under King James had faded, leaving many English Catholics disappointed. His fellow plotters were John Wright , Thomas Wintour , Thomas Percy , Guy Fawkes , Robert Keyes , Thomas Bates , Robert Wintour , Christopher Wright , John Grant , Ambrose Rookwood , Sir Everard Digby and Francis Tresham . Fawkes, who had 10 years of military experience fighting in the Spanish Netherlands in suppression of the Dutch Revolt , was given charge of the explosives. The plot was revealed to the authorities in an anonymous letter sent to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle , on 26 October 1605. During a search of the House of Lords at about midnight on 4 November 1605, Fawkes was discovered guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder —enough to reduce the House of Lords to rubble—and arrested. Most of the conspirators fled from London as they learned of the plot's discovery, trying to enlist support along the way. Several made a stand against the pursuing Sheriff of Worcester and his men at Holbeche House ; in the ensuing battle, Catesby was one of those shot and killed. At their trial on 27 January 1606, eight of the survivors, including Fawkes, were convicted and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered . Details of the assassination attempt were allegedly known by the principal Jesuit of England, Father Henry Garnet . Although he was convicted of treason and sentenced to death, doubt has been cast on how much he really knew of the plot. As its existence was revealed to him through confession, Garnet was prevented from informing the authorities by the absolute confidentiality of the confessional. Although anti-Catholic legislation was introduced soon after the plot's discovery, many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during King James I's reign. The thwarting of the Gunpowder Plot was commemorated for many years afterwards by special sermons and other public events such as the ringing of church bells, which have evolved into the Bonfire Night of today. Background See main article: English Reformation . See also: Roman Catholicism in England and Wales . Between 1533 and 1540, the Tudor King Henry VIII took control of the English Church from Rome, the start of several decades of religious tension in England. English Catholics struggled in a society dominated by the newly separate and increasingly Protestant Church of England . Henry's daughter, Elizabeth I , responded to the growing religious divide by introducing the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , which required anyone appointed to a public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state. The penalties for refusal were severe; fines were imposed for recusancy , and repeat offenders risked imprisonment and execution. Catholicism became marginalised, but despite the threat of torture or execution, priests continued to practise their faith in secret. Succession Queen Elizabeth, unmarried and childless, steadfastly refused to name an heir. Many Catholics believed that her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots , was the legitimate heir to the English throne, but she had been executed for treason in 1587. The English Secretary of State , Robert Cecil , negotiated secretly with Mary's son, James VI of Scotland , who had a strong claim to the English throne as Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. In the months before Elizabeth's death on 24 March 1603, Cecil prepared the way for James to succeed her. Some exiled Catholics favoured Philip II of Spain 's daughter, Infanta Isabella , as Elizabeth's successor. More moderate Catholics looked to James's and Elizabeth's cousin Arbella Stuart , a woman thought to have Catholic sympathies. As Elizabeth's health deteriorated, the government detained those they considered to be the "principal papists", and the Privy Council grew so worried that Stuart was moved closer to London to prevent her from being kidnapped by papist s. Despite competing claims to the English throne, the transition of power following Elizabeth's death went smoothly. James's succession was announced by a proclamation from Cecil on 24 March, which was generally celebrated. Leading papists, rather than causing trouble as anticipated, reacted to the news by offering their enthusiastic support for the new monarch. Jesuit priests, whose presence in England was punishable by death, also demonstrated their support for James, who was widely believed to embody "the natural order of things". James ordered a ceasefire in the conflict with Spain, and even though the two countries were still technically at war, King Philip III sent his envoy, Don Juan de Tassis , to congratulate James on his accession. For decades, the English had lived under a monarch who refused to provide an heir, but James arrived with a family and a future line of succession. His wife, Anne of Denmark , was the daughter of a king . Their eldest child, the nine-year-old Henry , was considered a handsome and confident boy, and their two younger children, Princess Elizabeth and Prince Charles , were proof that James was able to provide heirs to continue the Protestant monarchy. Early reign of James I James's attitude towards Catholics was more moderate than that of his predecessor, perhaps even tolerant. He promised that he would not "persecute any that will be quiet and give an outward obedience to the law", and believed that exile was a better solution than capital punishment: "I would be glad to have both their heads and their bodies separated from this whole island and transported beyond seas." Some Catholics believed that the martyrdom of James's mother, Mary, Queen of Scots , would encourage James to convert to the Catholic faith, and the Catholic houses of Europe may also have shared that hope. James received an envoy from the Habsburg Archduke Albert of the Southern Netherlands, ruler of the remaining Catholic territories after over 30 years of war in the Dutch Revolt by English-supported Protestant rebels. For the Catholic expatriates engaged in that struggle, the restoration by force of a Catholic monarchy was an intriguing possibility, but following the failed Spanish invasion of England in 1588 the papacy had taken a longer-term view on the return of a Catholic monarch to the English throne. During the late 16th century, Catholics made several assassination attempts against Protestant rulers in Europe and in England, including plans to poison Elizabeth I. The Jesuit Juan de Mariana 's 1598 On Kings and the Education of Kings explicitly justified the assassination of the French king Henry III —who had been stabbed to death by a Catholic fanatic in 1589—and until the 1620s, some English Catholics believed that regicide was justifiable to remove tyrants from power. Much of the "rather nervous" James I's political writing was "concerned with the threat of Catholic assassination and refutation of the [Catholic] argument that 'faith did not need to be kept with heretics'". Early plots In the absence of any sign that James would move to end the persecution of Catholics, as some had hoped for, several members of the clergy (including two anti-Jesuit priests) decided to take matters into their own hands. In what became known as the Bye Plot , the priests William Watson and William Clark planned to kidnap James and hold him in the Tower of London until he agreed to be more tolerant towards Catholics. Cecil received news of the plot from several sources, including the Archpriest George Blackwell , who instructed his priests to have no part in any such schemes. At about the same time, Lord Cobham , Lord Grey de Wilton , Griffin Markham and Walter Raleigh hatched what became known as the Main Plot , which involved removing James and his family and supplanting them with Arbella Stuart . Amongst others, they approached Henry IV of France for funding, but were unsuccessful. All those involved in both plots were arrested in July and tried in autumn 1603; Sir George Brooke was executed, but James, keen not to have too bloody a start to his reign, reprieved Cobham, Grey, and Markham while they were at the scaffold. Raleigh, who had watched while his colleagues sweated, and who was due to be executed a few days later, was also pardoned. Stuart denied any knowledge of the Main Plot. The two priests, condemned by the pope, and "very bloodily handled", were executed. The Catholic community responded to news of these plots with shock. That the Bye Plot had been revealed by Catholics was instrumental in saving them from further persecution, and James was grateful enough to allow pardons for those recusants who sued for them, as well as postponing payment of their fines for a year. On 19 February 1604, shortly after he discovered that his wife, Queen Anne, had been sent a rosary from the pope via one of James's spies, Sir Anthony Standen, James denounced the Catholic Church. Three days later, he ordered all Jesuits and all other Catholic priests to leave the country, and reimposed the collection of fines for recusancy. James changed his focus from the anxieties of English Catholics to the establishment of an Anglo-Scottish union. He also appointed Scottish nobles such as George Home to his court, which proved unpopular with the Parliament of England . Some Members of Parliament made it clear that in their view, the "effluxion of people from the Northern parts" was unwelcome, and compared them to "plants which are transported from barren ground into a more fertile one". Even more discontent resulted when the King allowed his Scottish nobles to collect the recusancy fines. There were 5,560 convicted of recusancy in 1605, of whom 112 were landowners. The very few Catholics of great wealth who refused to attend services at their parish church were fined £20 per month. Those of more moderate means had to pay two-thirds of their annual rental income; middle class recusants were fined one shilling a week, although the collection of all these fines was "haphazard and negligent". When James came to power, almost £5,000 a year (equivalent to over £10 million in 2008) was being raised by these fines. On 19 March, the King gave his opening speech to his first English Parliament in which he spoke of his desire to secure peace, but only by "profession of the true religion". He also spoke of a Christian union and reiterated his desire to avoid religious persecution. For the Catholics, the King's speech made it clear that they were not to "increase their number and strength in this Kingdom", that "they might be in hope to erect their Religion again". To Father John Gerard , these words were almost certainly responsible for the heightened levels of persecution the members of his faith now suffered, and for the priest Oswald Tesimond they were a rebuttal of the early claims that the King had made, upon which the papists had built their hopes. A week after James's speech, Lord Sheffield informed the king of over 900 recusants brought before the Assizes in Normanby, and on 24 April a Bill was introduced in Parliament which threatened to outlaw all English followers of the Catholic Church. Plot The conspirators' principal aim was to kill King James, but many other important targets would also be present at the State Opening, including the monarch's nearest relatives and members of the Privy Council . The senior judges of the English legal system, most of the Protestant aristocracy, and the bishops of the Church of England would all have attended in their capacity as members of the House of Lords, along with the members of the House of Commons . Another important objective was the kidnapping of the King's daughter, third in the line of succession, Princess Elizabeth. Housed at Coombe Abbey near Coventry , the Princess lived only ten miles north of Warwick—convenient for the plotters, most of whom lived in the Midlands . Once the King and his Parliament were dead, the plotters intended to install Elizabeth on the English throne as a titular Queen. The fate of Princes Henry and Charles would be improvised; their role in state ceremonies was, as yet, uncertain. The plotters planned to use Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland , as Elizabeth's Protector, but most likely never informed him of this. Initial recruitment Robert Catesby (1573–1605), a man of "ancient, historic and distinguished lineage", was the inspiration behind the plot. He was described by contemporaries as "a good-looking man, about six feet tall, athletic and a good swordsman". Along with several other conspirators, he took part in the Earl of Essex 's rebellion in 1601, during which he was wounded and captured. Queen Elizabeth allowed him to escape with his life after fining him 4,000 marks (equivalent to more than £6 million in 2008), after which he sold his estate in Chastleton . In 1603 Catesby helped to organise a mission to the new king of Spain, Philip III , urging Philip to launch an invasion attempt on England, which they assured him would be well supported, particularly by the English Catholics. Thomas Wintour (1571–1606) was chosen as the emissary, but the Spanish king, although sympathetic to the plight of Catholics in England, was intent on making peace with James. Wintour had also attempted to convince the Spanish envoy Don Juan de Tassis that "3,000 Catholics" were ready and waiting to support such an invasion. Concern was voiced by Pope Clement VIII that using violence to achieve a restoration of Catholic power in England would result in the destruction of those that remained. According to contemporary accounts, in February 1604 Catesby invited Thomas Wintour to his house in Lambeth , where they discussed Catesby's plan to re-establish Catholicism in England by blowing up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament. Wintour was known as a competent scholar, able to speak several languages, and he had fought with the English army in the Netherlands. His uncle, Francis Ingleby , had been executed for being a Catholic priest in 1586, and Wintour later converted to Catholicism. Also present at the meeting was John Wright , a devout Catholic said to be one of the best swordsmen of his day, and a man who had taken part with Catesby in the Earl of Essex's rebellion three years earlier. Despite his reservations over the possible repercussions should the attempt fail, Wintour agreed to join the conspiracy, perhaps persuaded by Catesby's rhetoric: "Let us give the attempt and where it faileth, pass no further." Wintour travelled to Flanders to enquire about Spanish support. While there he sought out Guy Fawkes (1570–1606), a committed Catholic who had served as a soldier in the Southern Netherlands under the command of William Stanley , and who in 1603 was recommended for a captaincy. Accompanied by John Wright's brother Christopher, Fawkes had also been a member of the 1603 delegation to the Spanish court pleading for an invasion of England. Wintour told Fawkes that "some good frends of his wished his company in Ingland", and that certain gentlemen "were uppon a resolution to doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spain healped us nott". The two men returned to England late in April 1604, telling Catesby that Spanish support was unlikely. Thomas Percy, Catesby's friend and John Wright's brother-in-law, was introduced to the plot several weeks later. Percy had found employment with his kinsman the Earl of Northumberland, and by 1596 was his agent for the family's northern estates. About 1600–1601 he served with his patron in the Low Countries . At some point during Northumberland's command in the Low Countries, Percy became his agent in his communications with James. Percy was reputedly a "serious" character who had converted to the Catholic faith. His early years were, according to a Catholic source, marked by a tendency to rely on "his sword and personal courage". Northumberland, although not a Catholic himself, planned to build a strong relationship with James in order to better the prospects of English Catholics, and to reduce the family disgrace caused by his separation from his wife Martha Wright, a favourite of Elizabeth. Thomas Percy's meetings with James seemed to go well. Percy returned with promises of support for the Catholics, and Northumberland believed that James would go so far as to allow Mass in private houses, so as not to cause public offence. Percy, keen to improve his standing, went further, claiming that the future King would guarantee the safety of English Catholics. Initial planning The first meeting between the five conspirators took place on 20 May 1604, probably at the Duck and Drake Inn, just off the Strand , Thomas Wintour's usual residence when staying in London. Catesby, Thomas Wintour, and John Wright were in attendance, joined by Guy Fawkes and Thomas Percy . Alone in a private room, the five plotters swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book. By coincidence, and ignorant of the plot, Father John Gerard (a friend of Catesby's) was celebrating Mass in another room, and the five men subsequently received the Eucharist . Further recruitment Following their oath, the plotters left London and returned to their homes. The adjournment of Parliament gave them, they thought, until February 1605 to finalise their plans. On 9 June, Percy's patron, the Earl of Northumberland, appointed him to the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms , a mounted troop of 50 bodyguards to the King. This role gave Percy reason to seek a base in London, and a small property near the Prince's Chamber owned by Henry Ferrers, a tenant of John Whynniard, was chosen. Percy arranged for the use of the house through Northumberland's agents, Dudley Carleton and John Hippisley . Fawkes, using the pseudonym "John Johnson", took charge of the building, posing as Percy's servant. The building was occupied by Scottish commissioners appointed by the King to consider his plans for the unification of England and Scotland, so the plotters hired Catesby's lodgings in Lambeth, on the opposite bank of the Thames, from where their stored gunpowder and other supplies could be conveniently rowed across each night. Meanwhile, King James continued with his policies against the Catholics, and Parliament pushed through anti-Catholic legislation, until its adjournment on 7 July. The conspirators returned to London in October 1604, when Robert Keyes , a "desperate man, ruined and indebted" was admitted to the group. His responsibility was to take charge of Catesby's house in Lambeth, where the gunpowder and other supplies were to be stored. Keyes's family had notable connections; his wife's employer was the Catholic Lord Mordaunt. Tall, with a red beard, he was seen as trustworthy and, like Fawkes, capable of looking after himself. In December Catesby recruited his servant, Thomas Bates , into the plot, after the latter accidentally became aware of it. It was announced on 24 December that the re-opening of Parliament would be delayed. Concern over the plague meant that rather than sitting in February, as the plotters had originally planned for, Parliament would not sit again until 3 October 1605. The contemporaneous account of the prosecution claimed that during this delay the conspirators were digging a tunnel beneath Parliament. This may have been a government fabrication, as no evidence for the existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution, and no trace of one has ever been found. The account of a tunnel comes directly from Thomas Wintour's confession, and Guy Fawkes did not admit the existence of such a scheme until his fifth interrogation. Logistically, digging a tunnel would have proved extremely difficult, especially as none of the conspirators had any experience of mining. If the story is true, by 6 December the Scottish commissioners had finished their work, and the conspirators were busy tunnelling from their rented house to the House of Lords. They ceased their efforts when, during tunnelling, they heard a noise from above. The noise turned out to be the then-tenant's widow, who was clearing out the undercroft directly beneath the House of Lords—the room where the plotters eventually stored the gunpowder. By the time the plotters reconvened at the start of the old style new year on Lady Day , 25 March, three more had been admitted to their ranks; Robert Wintour , John Grant , and Christopher Wright . The additions of Wintour and Wright were obvious choices. Along with a small fortune, Robert Wintour inherited Huddington Court (a known refuge for priests) near Worcester , and was reputedly a generous and well-liked man. A devout Catholic, he married Gertrude Talbot, who was from a family of recusants. Christopher Wright (1568–1605), John's brother, had also taken part in the Earl of Essex 's revolt and had moved his family to Twigmore in Lincolnshire , then known as something of a haven for priests. John Grant was married to Wintour's sister, Dorothy, and was lord of the manor of Norbrook near Stratford-upon-Avon . Reputed to be an intelligent, thoughtful man, he sheltered Catholics at his home at Snitterfield , and was another who had been involved in the Essex revolt of 1601. Undercroft In addition, 25 March was the day on which the plotters purchased the lease to the undercroft they had supposedly tunnelled near to, owned by John Whynniard. The Palace of Westminster in the early 17th century was a warren of buildings clustered around the medieval chambers, chapels, and halls of the former royal palace that housed both Parliament and the various royal law courts. The old palace was easily accessible; merchants, lawyers, and others, lived and worked in the lodgings, shops, and taverns within its precincts. Whynniard's building was along a right-angle to the House of Lords, alongside a passageway called Parliament Place, which itself led to Parliament Stairs and the River Thames . Undercrofts were common features at the time, used to house a variety of materials including food and firewood. Whynniard's undercroft, on the ground floor, was directly beneath the first-floor House of Lords, and may once have been part of the palace's medieval kitchen. Unused and filthy, its location was ideal for what the group planned to do. In the second week of June Catesby met in London the principal Jesuit in England, Father Henry Garnet , and asked him about the morality of entering into an undertaking which might involve the destruction of the innocent, together with the guilty. Garnet answered that such actions could often be excused, but according to his own account later admonished Catesby during a second meeting in July in Essex, showing him a letter from the pope which forbade rebellion. Soon after, the Jesuit priest Oswald Tesimond told Garnet he had taken Catesby's confession, in the course of which he had learnt of the plot. Garnet and Catesby met for a third time on 24 July 1605, at the house of the wealthy catholic Anne Vaux in Enfield Chase . Garnet decided that Tesimond's account had been given under the seal of the confessional, and that canon law therefore forbade him to repeat what he had heard. Without acknowledging that he was aware of the precise nature of the plot, Garnet attempted to dissuade Catesby from his course, to no avail. Garnet wrote to a colleague in Rome, Claudio Acquaviva , expressing his concerns about open rebellion in England. He also told Acquaviva that "there is a risk that some private endeavour may commit treason or use force against the King", and urged the pope to issue a public brief against the use of force. According to Fawkes, 20 barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first, followed by 16 more on 20 July. The supply of gunpowder was theoretically controlled by the government, but it was easily obtained from illicit sources. On 28 July, the ever-present threat of the plague again delayed the opening of Parliament, this time until Tuesday 5 November. Fawkes left the country for a short time. The King, meanwhile, spent much of the summer away from the city, hunting. He stayed wherever was convenient, including on occasion at the houses of prominent Catholics. Garnet, convinced that the threat of an uprising had receded, travelled the country on a pilgrimage . It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England, but he was back in London by late August, when he and Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed. More gunpowder was brought into the room, along with firewood to conceal it. The final three conspirators were recruited in late 1605. At Michaelmas , Catesby persuaded the staunchly Catholic Ambrose Rookwood to rent Clopton House near Stratford-upon-Avon. Rookwood was a young man with recusant connections, whose stable of horses at Coldham Hall in Stanningfield , Suffolk was an important factor in his enlistment. His parents, Robert Rookwood and Dorothea Drury, were wealthy landowners, and had educated their son at a Jesuit school near Calais . Everard Digby was a young man who was generally well liked, and lived at Gayhurst House in Buckinghamshire . He had been knighted by the King in April 1603, and was converted to Catholicism by Gerard. Digby and his wife, Mary Mulshaw, had accompanied the priest on his pilgrimage, and the two men were reportedly close friends. Digby was asked by Catesby to rent Coughton Court near Alcester . Digby also promised £1,500 after Percy failed to pay the rent due for the properties he had taken in Westminster. Finally, on 14 October Catesby invited Francis Tresham into the conspiracy. Tresham was the son of the Catholic Thomas Tresham , and a cousin to Robert Catesby—the two had been raised together. He was also the heir to his father's large fortune, which had been depleted by recusant fines, expensive tastes, and by Francis and Catesby's involvement in the Essex revolt. Catesby and Tresham met at the home of Tresham's brother-in-law and cousin, Lord Stourton . In his confession, Tresham claimed that he had asked Catesby if the plot would damn their souls, to which Catesby had replied it would not, and that the plight of England's Catholics required that it be done. Catesby also apparently asked for £2,000, and the use of Rushton Hall in Northamptonshire . Tresham declined both offers (although he did give £100 to Thomas Wintour), and told his interrogators that he had moved his family from Rushton to London in advance of the plot; hardly the actions of a guilty man, he claimed. Monteagle letter The details of the plot were finalised in October, in a series of taverns across London and Daventry . Fawkes would be left to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames, while simultaneously a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth. Fawkes would leave for the continent, to explain events in England to the European Catholic powers. The wives of those involved and Anne Vaux (a friend of Garnet who often shielded priests at her home) became increasingly concerned by what they suspected was about to happen. Several of the conspirators expressed worries about the safety of fellow Catholics who would be present in Parliament on the day of the planned explosion. Percy was concerned for his patron, Northumberland, and the young Earl of Arundel 's name was brought up; Catesby suggested that a minor wound might keep him from the chamber on that day. The Lords Vaux, Montague , Monteagle , and Stourton were also mentioned. Keyes suggested warning Lord Mordaunt, his wife's employer, to derision from Catesby. On Saturday 26 October, Monteagle (Tresham's brother-in-law) received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton . Having broken the seal, he handed the letter to a servant who read it aloud: Uncertain of the letter's meaning, Monteagle promptly rode to Whitehall and handed it to Cecil (then Earl of Salisbury ). Salisbury informed the Earl of Worcester , considered to have recusant sympathies, and the suspected papist Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton , but kept news of the plot from the King, who was busy hunting in Cambridgeshire and not expected back for several days. Monteagle's servant, Thomas Ward, had family connections with the Wright brothers, and sent a message to Catesby about the betrayal. Catesby, who had been due to go hunting with the King, suspected that Tresham was responsible for the letter, and with Thomas Wintour confronted the recently recruited conspirator. Tresham managed to convince the pair that he had not written the letter, but urged them to abandon the plot. Salisbury was already aware of certain stirrings before he received the letter, but did not yet know the exact nature of the plot, or who exactly was involved. He therefore elected to wait, to see how events unfolded. Discovery The letter was shown to the King on Friday 1 November following his arrival back in London. Upon reading it, James immediately seized upon the word "blow" and felt that it hinted at "some strategem of fire and powder", perhaps an explosion exceeding in violence the one that killed his father, Lord Darnley , at Kirk o' Field in 1567. Keen not to seem too intriguing, and wanting to allow the King to take the credit for unveiling the conspiracy, Salisbury feigned ignorance. The following day members of the Privy Council visited the King at the Palace of Whitehall and informed him that, based on the information that Salisbury had given them a week earlier, on Monday the Lord Chamberlain Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk would undertake a search of the Houses of Parliament, "both above and below". On Sunday 3 November Percy, Catesby and Wintour had a final meeting, where Percy told his colleagues that they should "abide the uttermost triall", and reminded them of their ship waiting at anchor on the Thames. By 4 November Digby was ensconced with a "hunting party" at Dunchurch , ready to abduct Princess Elizabeth. The same day, Percy visited the Earl of Northumberland—who was uninvolved in the conspiracy—to see if he could discern what rumours surrounded the letter to Monteagle. Percy returned to London and assured Wintour, John Wright, and Robert Keyes that they had nothing to be concerned about, and returned to his lodgings on Gray's Inn Road. That same evening Catesby, likely accompanied by John Wright and Bates, set off for the Midlands. Fawkes visited Keyes, and was given a pocket watch left by Percy, to time the fuse, and an hour later Rookwood received several engraved swords from a local cutler . Although two accounts of the number of searches and their timing exist, according to the King's version, the first search of the buildings in and around Parliament was made on Monday 4 November—as the plotters were busy making their final preparations—by Suffolk, Monteagle, and John Whynniard. They found a large pile of firewood in the undercroft beneath the House of Lords, accompanied by what they presumed to be a serving man (Fawkes), who told them that the firewood belonged to his master, Thomas Percy. They left to report their findings, at which time Fawkes also left the building. The mention of Percy's name aroused further suspicion as he was already known to the authorities as a Catholic agitator. The King insisted that a more thorough search be undertaken. Late that night, the search party, headed by Thomas Knyvet , returned to the undercroft. They again found Fawkes, dressed in a cloak and hat, and wearing boots and spurs. He was arrested, whereupon he gave his name as John Johnson. He was carrying a lantern now held in the Ashmolean Museum , Oxford , and a search of his person revealed a pocket watch, several slow match es and touchwood. The barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of faggot s and coal. Fawkes was taken to the King early on the morning of 5 November. Flight As news of "John Johnson's" arrest spread among the plotters still in London, most fled northwest, along Watling Street . Christopher Wright and Thomas Percy left together. Rookwood left soon after, and managed to cover 30 miles in two hours on one horse. He overtook Keyes, who had set off earlier, then Wright and Percy at Little Brickhill , before catching Catesby, John Wright, and Bates on the same road. Reunited, the group continued northwest to Dunchurch , using horses provided by Digby. Keyes went to Mordaunt's house at Drayton . Meanwhile, Thomas Wintour stayed in London, and even went to Westminster to see what was happening. When he realised the plot had been uncovered, he took his horse and made for his sister's house at Norbrook , before continuing to Huddington Court . The group of six conspirators stopped at Ashby St Ledgers at about 6 pm, where they met Robert Wintour and updated him on their situation. They then continued on to Dunchurch, and met with Digby. Catesby convinced him that despite the plot's failure, an armed struggle was still a real possibility. He announced to Digby's "hunting party" that the King and Salisbury were dead, before the fugitives moved west to Warwick. In London, news of the plot was spreading, and the authorities set extra guards on the city gates , closed the ports, and protected the house of the Spanish Ambassador, which was surrounded by an angry mob. An arrest warrant was issued against Thomas Percy, and his patron, the Earl of Northumberland, was placed under house arrest. In "John Johnson's" initial interrogation he revealed nothing other than the name of his mother, and that he was from Yorkshire. A letter to Guy Fawkes was discovered on his person, but he claimed that name was one of his aliases. Far from denying his intentions, "Johnson" stated that it had been his purpose to destroy the King and Parliament. Nevertheless, he maintained his composure and insisted that he had acted alone. His unwillingness to yield so impressed the King that he described him as possessing "a Roman resolution". Investigation On 6 November, the Lord Chief Justice, Sir John Popham (a man with a deep-seated hatred of Catholics) questioned Rookwood's servants. By the evening he had learnt the names of several of those involved in the conspiracy: Catesby, Rookwood, Keyes, Wynter, John and Christopher Wright, and Grant. "Johnson" meanwhile persisted with his story, and along with the gunpowder he was found with, was moved to the Tower of London , where the King had decided that "Johnson" would be torture d. The use of torture was forbidden, except by royal prerogative or a body such as the Privy Council or Star Chamber . In a letter of 6 November James wrote: "The gentler tortours [tortures] are to be first used unto him, et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur [and thus by steps extended to greater ones], and so God speed your good work." "Johnson" may have been placed in manacles and hung from the wall, but he was almost certainly subjected to the horrors of the rack . On 7 November his resolve was broken; he confessed late that day, and again over the following two days. Last stand On 6 November, with Fawkes maintaining his silence, the fugitives raided Warwick Castle for supplies and continued to Norbrook to collect weapons. From there they continued their journey to Huddington. Bates left the group and travelled to Coughton Court to deliver a letter from Catesby, to Father Garnet and the other priests, informing them of what had transpired, and asking for their help in raising an army. Garnet replied by begging Catesby and his followers to stop their "wicked actions", before himself fleeing. Several priests set out for Warwick, worried about the fate of their colleagues. They were caught, and then imprisoned in London. Catesby and the others arrived at Huddington early in the afternoon, and were met by Thomas Wintour. They received practically no support or sympathy from those they met, including family members, who were terrified at the prospect of being associated with treason. They continued on to Holbeche House on the border of Staffordshire , the home of Stephen Littleton, a member of their ever-decreasing band of followers. Tired and desperate, they spread out some of the now-soaked gunpowder in front of the fire, to dry out. Although gunpowder does not explode unless physically contained, a spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed Catesby, Rookwood, Grant, and a man named Morgan (a member of the hunting party). Thomas Wintour and Littleton, on their way from Huddington to Holbeche House, were told by a messenger that Catesby had died. At that point, Littleton left, but Thomas arrived at the house to find Catesby alive, albeit scorched. John Grant was not so lucky, and had been blinded by the fire. Digby, Robert Wintour, John Wintour, and Thomas Bates, had all left. Of the plotters, only the singed figures of Catesby and Grant, and the Wright brothers, Rookwood, and Percy, remained. The fugitives resolved to stay in the house and wait for the arrival of the King's men. Richard Walsh ( Sheriff of Worcestershire ) and his company of 200 men besieged Holbeche House on the morning of 8 November. Thomas Wintour was hit in the shoulder while crossing the courtyard. John Wright was shot, followed by his brother, and then Rookwood. Catesby and Percy were reportedly killed by a single lucky shot. The attackers rushed the property, and stripped the dead or dying defenders of their clothing. Grant, Morgan, Rookwood, and Wintour were arrested. Reaction Bates and Keyes were captured shortly after Holbeche House was taken. Digby, who had intended to give himself up, was caught by a small group of pursuers. Tresham was arrested on 12 November, and taken to the Tower three days later. Montague, Mordaunt, and Stourton (Tresham's brother-in-law) were also imprisoned in the Tower. The Earl of Northumberland joined them on 27 November. Meanwhile the government used the revelation of the plot to accelerate its persecution of Catholics. The home of Anne Vaux at Enfield Chase was searched, revealing the presence of trap doors and hidden passages. A terrified servant then revealed that Garnet, who had often stayed at the house, had recently given a Mass there. Father John Gerard was secreted at the home of Elizabeth Vaux, in Harrowden. Elizabeth was taken to London for interrogation. There she was resolute; she had never been aware that Gerard was a priest, she had presumed he was a "Catholic gentleman", and she did not know of his whereabouts. The homes of the conspirators were searched, and looted; Mary Digby's household was ransacked, and she was made destitute. Some time before the end of November, Garnet moved to Hindlip Hall near Worcester , the home of the Habingtons, where he wrote a letter to the Privy Council protesting his innocence. The foiling of the Gunpowder Plot initiated a wave of national relief at the delivery of the King and his sons, and inspired in the ensuing parliament a mood of loyalty and goodwill, which Salisbury astutely exploited to extract higher subsidies for the King than any (bar one) granted in Elizabeth's reign. Walter Raleigh, who was languishing in the Tower owing to his involvement in the Main Plot , and whose wife was a first cousin of Lady Catesby, declared he had had no knowledge of the conspiracy. The Bishop of Rochester gave a sermon at St. Paul's Cross, in which he condemned the plot. In his speech to both Houses on 9 November, James expounded on two emerging preoccupations of his monarchy: the divine right of kings and the Catholic question. He insisted that the plot had been the work of only a few Catholics, not of the English Catholics as a whole, and he reminded the assembly to rejoice at his survival, since kings were divinely appointed and he owed his escape to a miracle. Salisbury wrote to his English ambassadors abroad, informing them of what had occurred, and also reminding them that the King bore no ill will to his Catholic neighbours. The foreign powers largely distanced themselves from the plotters, calling them atheists and Protestant heretics. Interrogations Sir Edward Coke (pronounced "Cook") was in charge of the interrogations. Over a period of about ten weeks, in the Lieutenant's Lodgings at the Tower of London (now known as the Queen's House) he questioned those who had been implicated in the plot. For the first round of interrogations, no real proof exists that these people were tortured, although on several occasions Salisbury certainly suggested that they should be. Coke later revealed that the threat of torture was in most cases enough to elicit a confession from those caught up in the aftermath of the plot. Only two confessions were printed in full: Fawkes's confession of 8 November, and Wintour's of 23 November. Having been involved in the conspiracy from the start (unlike Fawkes), Wintour was able to give extremely valuable information to the Privy Council. The handwriting on his testimony is almost certainly that of the man himself, but his signature was markedly different. Wintour had previously only ever signed his name as such, but his confession is signed "Winter", and since he had been shot in the shoulder, the steady hand used to write the signature may indicate some measure of government interference—or it may indicate that writing a shorter version of his name was less painful. Wintour's testimony makes no mention of his brother, Robert. Both were published in the so-called King's Book, a hastily written official account of the conspiracy published in late November 1605. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, was in a difficult position. His midday dinner with Thomas Percy on 4 November was damning evidence against him, and after Thomas Percy's death there was nobody who could either implicate him or clear him. The Privy Council suspected that Northumberland would have been Princess Elizabeth's protector had the plot succeeded, but there was insufficient evidence to convict him. Northumberland remained in the Tower and on 27 June 1606 was finally charged with contempt. He was stripped of all public offices, fined £30,000 (about £ in), and kept in the Tower until June 1621. The Lords Mordaunt and Stourton were tried in the Star Chamber . They were condemned to imprisonment in the Tower, where they remained until 1608, when they were transferred to the Fleet Prison . Both were also given significant fines. Several other people not involved in the conspiracy, but known or related to the conspirators, were also questioned. Northumberland's brothers, Sir Allen and Sir Josceline, were arrested. Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu had employed Fawkes at an early age, and had also met Catesby on 29 October, and was therefore of interest; he was released several months later. Agnes Wenman was from a Catholic family, and related to Elizabeth Vaux. She was examined twice but the charges against her were eventually dropped. Percy's secretary and later the controller of Northumberland's household, Dudley Carleton , had leased the vault where the gunpowder was stored, and consequently he was imprisoned in the Tower. Salisbury believed his story, and authorised his release. Jesuits Thomas Bates confessed on 4 December, providing much of the information that Salisbury needed to link the Catholic clergy to the plot. Bates had been present at most of the conspirators' meetings, and under interrogation he implicated Father Tesimond in the plot. On 13 January 1606 he described how he had visited Garnet and Tesimond on 7 November to inform Garnet of the plot's failure. Bates also told his interrogators of his ride with Tesimond to Huddington, before the priest left him to head for the Habingtons at Hindlip Hall, and of a meeting between Garnet, Gerard, and Tesimond in October 1605. At about the same time in December, Tresham's health began to deteriorate. He was visited regularly by his wife, a nurse, and his servant William Vavasour, who documented his strangury . Before he died Tresham had also told of Garnet's involvement with the 1603 mission to Spain, but in his last hours he retracted some of these statements. Nowhere in his confession did he mention the Monteagle letter. He died early on the morning of 23 December, and was buried in the Tower. Nevertheless he was attainted along with the other plotters, his head was set on a pike either at Northampton or London Bridge, and his estates confiscated. On 15 January a proclamation named Father Garnet, Father Gerard, and Father Greenway (Tesimond) as wanted men. Tesimond and Gerard managed to escape the country and live out their days in freedom; Garnet was not so lucky. Several days earlier, on 9 January, Robert Wintour and Stephen Littleton were captured. Their hiding place at Hagley , the home of Humphrey Littleton (brother of MP John Littleton , imprisoned for treason in 1601 for his part in the Essex revolt) was betrayed by a cook, who grew suspicious of the amount of food sent up for his master's consumption. Humphrey denied the presence of the two fugitives, but another servant led the authorities to their hiding place. On 20 January the local Justice and his retainers arrived at Thomas Habington's home, Hindlip Hall, to arrest the Jesuits. Despite Thomas Habington's protests, the men spent the next four days searching the house. On 24 January, starving, two priests left their hiding places and were discovered. Humphrey Littleton, who had escaped from the authorities at Hagley, got as far as Prestwood in Staffordshire before he was captured. He was imprisoned, and then condemned to death at Worcester . On 26 January, in exchange for his life, he told the authorities where they could find Father Garnet. Worn down by hiding for so long, Garnet, accompanied by another priest, emerged from his priest hole the next day. Trials By coincidence, on the same day that Garnet was found, the surviving conspirators were arraigned in Westminster Hall. Seven of the prisoners were taken from the Tower to the Star Chamber by barge. Bates, who was considered lower class, was brought from the Gatehouse Prison . Some of the prisoners were reportedly despondent, but others were nonchalant, even smoking tobacco. The King and his family, hidden from view, were among the many who watched the trial. The Lords Commissioners present were the Earls of Suffolk , Worcester, Northampton, Devonshire , and Salisbury. Sir John Popham was Lord Chief Justice , Sir Thomas Fleming was Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer , and two Justices, Sir Thomas Walmsley and Sir Peter Warburton, sat as Justices of the Common Pleas . The list of traitors' names was read aloud, beginning with those of the priests: Garnet, Tesimond, and Gerard. The first to speak was the Speaker of the House of Commons (later Master of the Rolls ), Sir Edward Philips , who described the intent behind the plot in lurid detail. He was followed by the Attorney-General Sir Edward Coke , who began with a long speech—the content of which was heavily influenced by Salisbury—that included a denial that the King had ever made any promises to the Catholics. Monteagle's part in the discovery of the plot was welcomed, and denunciations of the 1603 mission to Spain featured strongly. Fawkes's protestations that Gerard knew nothing of the plot were omitted from Coke's speech. The foreign powers, when mentioned, were accorded due respect, but the priests were accursed, their behaviour analysed and criticised wherever possible. There was little doubt, according to Coke, that the plot had been invented by the Jesuits. Garnet's meeting with Catesby, at which the former was said to have absolved the latter of any blame in the plot, was proof enough that the Jesuits were central to the conspiracy; according to Coke the Gunpowder Plot would always be known as the Jesuit Treason. Coke spoke with feeling of the probable fate of the Queen and the rest of the King's family, and of the innocents who would have been caught up in the explosion. Each of the condemned, said Coke, would be drawn backwards to his death, by a horse, his head near the ground. He was to be "put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both". His genitals would be cut off and burnt before his eyes, and his bowels and heart then removed. Then he would be decapitated, and the dismembered parts of his body displayed so that they might become "prey for the fowls of the air". Confessions and declarations from the prisoners were then read aloud, and finally the prisoners were allowed to speak. Rookwood claimed that he had been drawn into the plot by Catesby, "whom he loved above any worldy man". Thomas Wintour begged to be hanged for himself and his brother, so that his brother might be spared. Fawkes explained his not guilty plea as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment. Keyes appeared to accept his fate, Bates and Robert Wintour begged for mercy, and Grant explained his involvement as "a conspiracy intended but never effected". Only Digby, tried on a separate indictment, pleaded guilty, insisting that the King had reneged upon promises of toleration for Catholics, and that affection for Catesby and love of the Catholic cause mitigated his actions. He sought death by the axe and begged mercy from the King for his young family. His defence was in vain; his arguments were rebuked by Coke and Northumberland, and along with his seven co-conspirators, he was found guilty by the jury of high treason . Digby shouted "If I may but hear any of your lordships say, you forgive me, I shall go more cheerfully to the gallows." The response was short: "God forgive you, and we do." Garnet may have been questioned on as many as 23 occasions. His response to the threat of the rack was "Minare ista pueris [Threats are only for boys]", and he denied having encouraged Catholics to pray for the success of the "Catholic Cause". His interrogators resorted to the forgery of correspondence between Garnet and other Catholics, but to no avail. His jailers then allowed him to talk with another priest in a neighbouring cell, with eavesdroppers listening to every word. Eventually Garnet let slip a crucial piece of information, that there was only one man who could testify that he had any knowledge of the plot. Under torture Garnet admitted that he had heard of the plot from fellow Jesuit Oswald Tesimond, who had learnt of it in confession from Catesby. Garnet was charged with high treason and tried in the Guildhall on 28 March, in a trial lasting from 8 am until 7 pm. According to Coke, Garnet instigated the plot: "[Garnet] hath many gifts and endowments of nature, by art learned, a good linguist and, by profession, a Jesuit and a Superior as indeed he is Superior to all his predecessors in devilish treason, a Doctor of Dissimulation, Deposing of Princes, Disposing of Kingdoms, Daunting and deterring of subjects, and Destruction." Garnet refuted all the charges against him, and explained the Catholic position on such matters, but he was nevertheless found guilty and sentenced to death. Executions Although Catesby and Percy escaped the executioner, their bodies were exhumed and decapitated, and their heads exhibited on spikes outside the House of Lords. On a cold 30 January, Everard Digby, Robert Wintour, John Grant, and Thomas Bates, were tied to hurdles—wooden panels—and dragged through the crowded streets of London to St Paul's Churchyard. Digby, the first to mount the scaffold, asked the spectators for forgiveness, and refused the attentions of a Protestant clergyman. He was stripped of his clothing, and wearing only a shirt, climbed the ladder to place his head through the noose. He was quickly cut down, and while still fully conscious was castrated, disembowelled, and then quartered, along with the three other prisoners. The following day, Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, Robert Keyes, and Guy Fawkes were hanged, drawn and quartered , opposite the building they had planned to blow up, in the Old Palace Yard at Westminster. Keyes did not wait for the hangman's command and jumped from the gallows, but he survived the drop and was led to the quartering block. Although weakened by his torture, Fawkes managed to jump from the gallows and break his neck, thus avoiding the agony of the gruesome latter part of his execution. Steven Littleton was executed at Stafford. His cousin Humphrey, despite his cooperation with the authorities, met his end at Red Hill near Worcester. Henry Garnet's execution took place on 3 May 1606. Aftermath See also: Gunpowder Plot in popular culture . Greater freedom for Roman Catholics to worship as they chose seemed unlikely in 1604, but the discovery of such a wide-ranging conspiracy, the capture of those involved, and the subsequent trials, led Parliament to consider introducing new anti-Catholic legislation. In the summer of 1606, laws against recusancy were strengthened; the Popish Recusants Act returned England to the Elizabethan system of fines and restrictions, introduced a sacramental test, and an Oath of Allegiance, requiring Catholics to abjure as a "heresy" the doctrine that "princes excommunicated by the Pope could be deposed or assassinated". Catholic Emancipation took another 200 years, but many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during King James I's reign. Although there was no "golden time" of "toleration" of Catholics, which Father Garnet had hoped for, James's reign was nevertheless a period of relative leniency for Catholics, and few were subject to prosecution. The playwright William Shakespeare had already used the family history of Northumberland's family in his Henry IV series of plays, and the events of the Gunpowder Plot seem to have featured alongside the earlier Gowrie conspiracy in Macbeth , written some time between 1603 and 1607. Interest in the demonic was heightened by the Gunpowder Plot. The King had become engaged in the great debate about other-worldly powers in writing his Daemonology in 1597, before he became King of England as well as Scotland. Inversions seen in such lines as "fair is foul and foul is fair" are used frequently, and another possible reference to the plot relates to the use of equivocation ; Garnett's A Treatise of Equivocation was found on one of the plotters. Another writer influenced by the plot was John Milton , who in 1626 wrote what one commentator has called a "critically vexing poem", In Quintum Novembris. Reflecting "partisan public sentiment on an English-Protestant national holiday", in the published editions of 1645 and 1673 the poem is preceded by five epigram s on the subject of the Gunpowder Plot, apparently written by Milton in preparation for the larger work. The plot may also have influenced his later work, Paradise Lost . The Gunpowder Plot was commemorated for years by special sermons and other public acts, such as the ringing of church bells. It added to an increasingly full calendar of Protestant celebrations that contributed to the national and religious life of 17th-century England, and has evolved into the Bonfire Night of today. In What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded? historian Ronald Hutton considered the events which might have followed a successful implementation of the plot, and the destruction of the House of Lords and all those within it. He concluded that a severe backlash against suspected Catholics would have followed, and that without foreign assistance a successful rebellion would have been unlikely; despite differing religious convictions, most Englishmen were loyal to the institution of the monarchy. England might have become a more "Puritan absolute monarchy", as "existed in Sweden, Denmark, Saxony , and Prussia in the seventeenth century", rather than following the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it did. Accusations of state conspiracy Many at the time felt that Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the King and enact more stridently anti-Catholic legislation. Such conspiracy theories alleged that Salisbury had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda. The Popish Plot of 1678 sparked renewed interest in the Gunpowder Plot, resulting in a book by Thomas Barlow , Bishop of Lincoln, which refuted "a bold and groundless surmise that all this was a contrivance of Secretary Cecil". In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst College , namesake of John Gerard (who, following the plot's discovery, had evaded capture), wrote an account called What was the Gunpowder Plot?, alleging Salisbury's culpability. This prompted a refutation later that year by Samuel Gardiner , who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to "wipe away the reproach" which the plot had exacted on generations of English Catholics. Gardiner portrayed Salisbury as guilty of nothing more than opportunism. Subsequent attempts to prove Salisbury's involvement, such as Francis Edwards's 1969 work Guy Fawkes: the real story of the gunpowder plot?, have similarly foundered on the lack of any clear evidence. The cellars under the Houses of Parliament continued to be leased out to private individuals until 1678, when news of the Popish Plot broke. It was then considered prudent to search the cellars on the day before each State Opening of Parliament , a ritual that survives to this day. Bonfire Night See main article: Guy Fawkes Night . In January 1606, during the first sitting of Parliament since the plot, the Observance of 5th November Act 1605 was passed, making services and sermons commemorating the event an annual feature of English life; the act remained in force until 1859. The tradition of marking the day with the ringing of church bells and bonfires started soon after the Plot's discovery, and fireworks were included in some of the earliest celebrations. In Britain, the 5th of November is variously called Bonfire Night, Fireworks Night, or Guy Fawkes Night . It remains the custom in Britain, on or around 5 November, to let off fireworks . Traditionally, in the weeks running up to the 5th, children made "guys"—effigies supposedly of Fawkes—usually made from old clothes stuffed with newspaper, and fitted with a grotesque mask, to be burnt on the 5 November bonfire. These guys were exhibited in the street to collect money for fireworks, although this custom has become less common. The word guy thus came in the 19th century to mean an oddly dressed person, and hence in the 20th and 21st centuries to mean any male person. November the 5th firework displays and bonfire parties are common throughout Britain, in major public displays and in private gardens. In some areas, particularly in Sussex, there are extensive processions, large bonfires and firework displays organised by local bonfire societies , the most elaborate of which take place in Lewes . According to the biographer Esther Forbes , the Guy Fawkes Day celebration in the pre-revolutionary American colonies was a very popular holiday. In Boston , the revelry took on anti-authoritarian overtones, and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes. Reconstructing the explosion In the 2005 ITV programme , a full-size replica of the House of Lords was built and destroyed with barrels of gunpowder. The experiment was conducted on the Advantica Spadeadam test site, and demonstrated that the explosion, if the gunpowder was in good order, would have killed all those in the building. The power of the explosion was such that the 7feet deep concrete walls (replicating how archives suggest the walls of the old House of Lords were constructed) were reduced to rubble. Measuring devices placed in the chamber to calculate the force of the blast were themselves destroyed by the explosion; the skull of the dummy representing King James, which had been placed on a throne inside the chamber surrounded by courtiers, peers and bishops, was found a considerable distance from the site. According to the findings of the programme, no one within of the blast could have survived, and all of the stained glass windows in Westminster Abbey would have been shattered, as would all of the windows in the vicinity of the Palace. The explosion would have been seen from miles away, and heard from further away still. Even if only half of the gunpowder had gone off, everyone in the House of Lords and its environs would have been killed instantly. The programme also disproved claims that some deterioration in the quality of the gunpowder would have prevented the explosion. A portion of deliberately deteriorated gunpowder, of such low quality as to make it unusable in firearms, when placed in a heap and ignited, still managed to create a large explosion. The impact of even deteriorated gunpowder would have been magnified by its containment in wooden barrels, compensating for the quality of the contents. The compression would have created a cannon effect, with the powder first blowing up from the top of the barrel before, a millisecond later, blowing out. Calculations showed that Fawkes, who was skilled in the use of gunpowder, had deployed double the amount needed. Some of the gunpowder guarded by Fawkes may have survived. In March 2002 workers cataloguing archives of diarist John Evelyn at the British Library found a box containing a number of gunpowder samples, including a compressed bar with a note in Evelyn's handwriting stating that it had belonged to Guy Fawkes. A further note, written in the 19th century, confirmed this provenance, although in 1952 the document acquired a new comment: "but there was none left!" See also
Guy Fawkes
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Guy Fawkes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Guy Fawkes This article is about the historical figure. For other uses, see Guy Fawkes (disambiguation) . Gunpowder Plot George Cruikshank 's illustration of Guy Fawkes, published in William Harrison Ainsworth 's 1840 novel Details Edward Fawkes, Edith (née Blake or Jackson) Born Hanged Guy Fawkes (13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes, the name he adopted while fighting for the Spanish in the Low Countries , belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Fawkes was born and educated in York . His father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his mother married a recusant Catholic. Fawkes later converted to Catholicism and left for the continent, where he fought in the Eighty Years' War on the side of Catholic Spain against Protestant Dutch reformators . He travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England but was unsuccessful. He later met Thomas Wintour , with whom he returned to England. Wintour introduced Fawkes to Robert Catesby , who planned to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne. The plotters secured the lease to an undercroft beneath the House of Lords , and Fawkes was placed in charge of the gunpowder they stockpiled there. Prompted by the receipt of an anonymous letter, the authorities searched Westminster Palace during the early hours of 5 November, and found Fawkes guarding the explosives. Over the next few days, he was questioned and tortured, and eventually he broke. Immediately before his execution on 31 January, Fawkes jumped from the scaffold where he was to be hanged and broke his neck, thus avoiding the agony of the drawing and quartering that followed. Fawkes became synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot, which has been commemorated in England since 5 November 1605. His effigy is burned on a bonfire, often accompanied by a firework display. Contents Childhood Fawkes was baptised at the church of St. Michael le Belfrey. Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in Stonegate, York . He was the second of four children born to Edward Fawkes, a proctor and an advocate of the consistory court at York, [nb 1] and his wife, Edith. [nb 2] Guy's paternal grandmother, Ellen Harrington, came from a line of Protestant public servants, but his mother's family were recusants , and his cousin, Richard Cowling, became a Jesuit priest. [4] Guy was an uncommon name in England, but may have been popular in York on account of a local notable, Sir Guy Fairfax of Steeton. [5] The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the church of St. Michael le Belfrey on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born on 13 April. [4] In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively. [5] [6] In 1579, when Guy was eight years old, his father died. His mother remarried several years later, to the Catholic Dionis Baynbrigge (or Denis Bainbridge) of Scotton, Harrogate . Fawkes may have become a Catholic through the Baynbrigge family's recusant tendencies, and also the Catholic branches of the Pulleyn and Percy families of Scotton, [7] but also from his time at St. Peter's School in York. A governor of the school had spent about 20 years in prison for recusancy, and its headmaster, John Pulleyn, came from a family of noted Yorkshire recusants, the Pulleyns of Blubberhouses . In her 1915 work The Pulleynes of Yorkshire, author Catharine Pullein suggested that Fawkes's Catholic education came from his Harrington relatives, who were known for harbouring priests, one of whom later accompanied Fawkes to Flanders in 1592–1593. [8] Fawkes's fellow students included John Wright and his brother Christopher (both later involved with Fawkes in the Gunpowder plot ) and Oswald Tesimond , Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who became priests (the latter executed in 1601). [9] After leaving school Fawkes entered the service of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu . The Viscount took a dislike to Fawkes and after a short time dismissed him; he was subsequently employed by Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu , who succeeded his grandfather at the age of 18. [10] At least one source claims that Fawkes married and had a son, but no known contemporary accounts confirm this. [11] [nb 3] Military career In October 1591 Fawkes sold the estate in Clifton that he had inherited from his father. [nb 4] He travelled to the continent to fight in the Eighty Years War for Catholic Spain against the new Dutch Republic and, from 1595 until the Peace of Vervins in 1598, France. Although England was not by then engaged in land operations against Spain, the two countries were still at war , and the Spanish Armada of 1588 was only five years in the past. He joined Sir William Stanley , an English Catholic and veteran commander in his mid-fifties who had raised an army in Ireland to fight in Leicester's expedition to the Netherlands . Stanley had been held in high regard by Elizabeth I , but following his surrender of Deventer to the Spanish in 1587 he, and most of his troops, had switched sides to serve Spain. Fawkes became an alférez or junior officer, fought well at the siege of Calais in 1596, and by 1603 had been recommended for a captaincy . [3] That year, he travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England. He used the occasion to adopt the Italian version of his name, Guido, and in his memorandum described James I as "a heretic", who intended "to have all of the Papist sect driven out of England." He denounced Scotland, and the King's favourites among the Scottish nobles, writing "it will not be possible to reconcile these two nations, as they are, for very long". [12] Although he was received politely, the court of Philip III was unwilling to offer him any support. [13] Gunpowder Plot Main article: Gunpowder Plot A contemporary engraving of eight of the thirteen conspirators, by Crispijn van de Passe . Fawkes is third from the right. In 1604 Fawkes became involved with a small group of English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby , who planned to assassinate the Protestant King James and replace him with his daughter, third in the line of succession, Princess Elizabeth . [14] [15] Fawkes was described by the Jesuit priest and former school friend Oswald Tesimond as "pleasant of approach and cheerful of manner, opposed to quarrels and strife ... loyal to his friends". Tesimond also claimed Fawkes was "a man highly skilled in matters of war", and that it was this mixture of piety and professionalism which endeared him to his fellow conspirators. [3] The author Antonia Fraser describes Fawkes as "a tall, powerfully built man, with thick reddish-brown hair, a flowing moustache in the tradition of the time, and a bushy reddish-brown beard", and that he was "a man of action ... capable of intelligent argument as well as physical endurance, somewhat to the surprise of his enemies." [4] The first meeting of the five central conspirators took place on Sunday 20 May 1604, at an inn called the Duck and Drake, in the fashionable Strand district of London. [nb 5] Catesby had already proposed at an earlier meeting with Thomas Wintour and John Wright to kill the King and his government by blowing up "the Parliament House with gunpowder". Wintour, who at first objected to the plan, was convinced by Catesby to travel to the continent to seek help. Wintour met with the Constable of Castile, the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen, [17] and Sir William Stanley, who said that Catesby would receive no support from Spain. Owen did, however, introduce Wintour to Fawkes, who had by then been away from England for many years, and thus was largely unknown in the country. Wintour and Fawkes were contemporaries; each was militant, and had first-hand experience of the unwillingness of the Spaniards to help. Wintour told Fawkes of their plan to "doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott", [3] and thus in April 1604 the two men returned to England. [16] Wintour's news did not surprise Catesby; despite positive noises from the Spanish authorities, he feared that "the deeds would nott answere". [nb 6] One of the conspirators, Thomas Percy was promoted in June 1604, gaining access to a house in London which belonged to John Whynniard, Keeper of the King's Wardrobe. Fawkes was installed as a caretaker and began using the pseudonym John Johnson, servant to Percy. [19] The contemporaneous account of the prosecution (taken from Thomas Wintour's confession) [20] claimed that the conspirators attempted to dig a tunnel from beneath Whynniard's house to Parliament, although this story may have been a government fabrication; no evidence for the existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution, and no trace of one has ever been found. Fawkes did not admit the existence of such a scheme until his fifth interrogation, but even then he could not locate the tunnel. [21] If the story is true, however, by December 1604 the conspirators were busy tunnelling from their rented house to the House of Lords. They ceased their efforts when, during tunnelling, they heard a noise from above. Fawkes was sent out to investigate, and returned with the news that the tenant's widow was clearing out a nearby undercroft , directly beneath the House of Lords. [3] [22] The plotters purchased the lease to the room, which also belonged to John Whynniard. Unused and filthy, it was considered an ideal hiding place for the gunpowder the plotters planned to store there. [23] According to Fawkes, 20 barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first, followed by 16 more on 20 July. [24] On 28 July however, the ever-present threat of the plague delayed the opening of Parliament until Tuesday, 5 November. [25] Overseas In an attempt to gain foreign support, in May 1605 Fawkes travelled overseas and informed Hugh Owen of the plotters' plan. [26] At some point during this trip his name made its way into the files of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury , who employed a network of spies across Europe. One of these spies, Captain William Turner, may have been responsible. Although the information he provided to Salisbury usually amounted to no more than a vague pattern of invasion reports, and included nothing which regarded the Gunpowder Plot, on 21 April he told how Fawkes was to be brought by Tesimond to England. Fawkes was a well known Flemish mercenary, and would be introduced to "Mr Catesby" and "honourable friends of the nobility and others who would have arms and horses in readiness". [27] Turner's report did not, however, mention Fawkes's pseudonym in England, John Johnson, and did not reach Cecil until late in November, well after the plot had been discovered. [3] [28] It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England, but he was back in London by late August 1605, when he and Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed. More gunpowder was brought into the room, along with firewood to conceal it. [29] Fawkes's final role in the plot was settled during a series of meetings in October. He was to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames. Simultaneously, a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth. Acts of regicide were frowned upon, and Fawkes would therefore head to the continent, where he would explain to the Catholic powers his holy duty to kill the King and his retinue. [30] Discovery Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot (c. 1823), Henry Perronet Briggs A few of the conspirators were concerned about fellow Catholics who would be present at Parliament during the opening. [31] On the evening of 26 October, Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter warning him to stay away, and to "retyre youre self into yowre contee whence yow maye expect the event in safti for ... they shall receyve a terrible blowe this parleament". [32] Despite quickly becoming aware of the letter – informed by one of Monteagle's servants – the conspirators resolved to continue with their plans, as it appeared that it "was clearly thought to be a hoax". [33] Fawkes checked the undercroft on 30 October, and reported that nothing had been disturbed. [34] Monteagle's suspicions had been aroused however, and the letter was shown to King James. The King ordered Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath Parliament, which he did in the early hours of 5 November. Fawkes had taken up his station late on the previous night, armed with a slow match and a watch given to him by Percy "becaus he should knowe howe the time went away". [3] He was found leaving the cellar, shortly after midnight, and arrested. Inside, the barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of firewood and coal. [35] Torture Fawkes gave his name as John Johnson and was first interrogated by members of the King's Privy Chamber, where he remained defiant. When asked by one of the lords what he was doing in possession of so much gunpowder, Fawkes answered that his intention was "to blow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains." [36] He identified himself as a 36-year-old Catholic from Netherdale in Yorkshire, and gave his father's name as Thomas and his mother's as Edith Jackson. Wounds on his body noted by his questioners he explained as the effects of pleurisy . Fawkes admitted his intention to blow up the House of Lords, and expressed regret at his failure to do so. His steadfast manner earned him the admiration of King James, who described Fawkes as possessing "a Roman resolution". [37] James's admiration did not, however, prevent him from ordering on 6 November that "John Johnson" be tortured, to reveal the names of his co-conspirators. [38] He directed that the torture be light at first, referring to the use of manacles, but more severe if necessary, authorising the use of the rack : "the gentler Tortures are to be first used unto him et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur [and so by degrees proceeding to the worst]". [36] [39] Fawkes was transferred to the Tower of London . The King composed a list of questions to be put to "Johnson", such as "as to what he is, For I can never yet hear of any man that knows him", "When and where he learned to speak French?", and "If he was a Papist, who brought him up in it?" [40] The room in which Fawkes was interrogated subsequently became known as the Guy Fawkes Room. [41] Fawkes's signature of "Guido", made soon after his torture, is a barely evident scrawl compared to a later instance. Sir William Waad , Lieutenant of the Tower, supervised the torture and obtained Fawkes's confession. [36] He searched his prisoner, and found a letter, addressed to Guy Fawkes. To Waad's surprise, "Johnson" remained silent, revealing nothing about the plot or its authors. [42] On the night of 6 November he spoke with Waad, who reported to Salisbury "He [Johnson] told us that since he undertook this action he did every day pray to God he might perform that which might be for the advancement of the Catholic Faith and saving his own soul". According to Waad, Fawkes managed to rest through the night, despite his being warned that he would be interrogated until "I had gotton the inwards secret of his thoughts and all his complices". [43] His composure was broken at some point during the following day. [44] The observer Sir Edward Hoby remarked "Since Johnson's being in the Tower, he beginneth to speak English". Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November, and told his interrogators that there were five people involved in the plot to kill the King. He began to reveal their names on 8 November, and told how they intended to place Princess Elizabeth on the throne. His third confession, on 9 November, implicated Francis Tresham . Following the Ridolfi plot of 1571 prisoners were made to dictate their confessions, before copying and signing them, if they still could. [45] Although it is uncertain if he was subjected to the horrors of the rack, Fawkes's signature, little more than a scrawl, bears testament to the suffering he endured at the hands of his interrogators. [46] Trial and execution The trial of eight of the plotters began on Monday 27 January 1606. Fawkes shared the barge from the Tower to Westminster Hall with seven of his co-conspirators. [nb 7] They were kept in the Star Chamber before being taken to Westminster Hall, where they were displayed on a purpose-built scaffold. The King and his close family, watching in secret, were among the spectators as the Lords Commissioners read out the list of charges. Fawkes was identified as Guido Fawkes, "otherwise called Guido Johnson". He pleaded not guilty, despite his apparent acceptance of guilt from the moment he was captured. [48] A 1606 etching by Claes (Nicolaes) Jansz Visscher , depicting Fawkes's execution The outcome was never in doubt. The jury found all of the defendants guilty, and the Lord Chief Justice Sir John Popham proclaimed them guilty of high treason . [49] The Attorney General Sir Edward Coke told the court that each of the condemned would be drawn backwards to his death, by a horse, his head near the ground. They were to be "put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both". Their genitals would be cut off and burnt before their eyes, and their bowels and hearts removed. They would then be decapitated, and the dismembered parts of their bodies displayed so that they might become "prey for the fowls of the air". [50] Fawkes's and Tresham's testimony regarding the Spanish treason was read aloud, as well as confessions related specifically to the Gunpowder Plot. The last piece of evidence offered was a conversation between Fawkes and Wintour, who had been kept in adjacent cells. The two men apparently thought they had been speaking in private, but their conversation was intercepted by a government spy. When the prisoners were allowed to speak, Fawkes explained his not guilty plea as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment. [51] On 31 January 1606, Fawkes and three others – Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood , and Robert Keyes – were dragged from the Tower on wattled hurdles to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster, opposite the building they had attempted to destroy. [52] His fellow plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered . Fawkes was the last to stand on the scaffold. He asked for forgiveness of the King and state, while keeping up his "crosses and idle ceremonies", and aided by the hangman began to climb the ladder to the noose. Although weakened by torture, Fawkes managed to jump from the gallows, breaking his neck in the fall and thus avoiding the agony of the latter part of his execution. [36] [53] His lifeless body was nevertheless drawn and quartered, [54] and as was the custom, [55] his body parts were then distributed to "the four corners of the kingdom", to be displayed as a warning to other would-be traitors. [56] Legacy See also: Gunpowder Plot in popular culture Procession of a Guy (1864) On 5 November 1605 Londoners were encouraged to celebrate the King's escape from assassination by lighting bonfires, "always provided that 'this testemonye of joy be careful done without any danger or disorder'". [3] An Act of Parliament [nb 8] designated each 5 November as a day of thanksgiving for "the joyful day of deliverance", and remained in force until 1859. [57] Although he was only one of 13 conspirators, Fawkes is today the individual most associated with the failed Plot. [58] In Britain, 5 November has variously been called Guy Fawkes Night , Guy Fawkes Day and Bonfire Night; the latter can be traced directly back to the original celebration of 5 November 1605. [59] Bonfires were accompanied by fireworks from the 1650s onwards, and it became the custom to burn an effigy (usually the Pope) after 1673, when the heir presumptive, James, Duke of York made his conversion to Catholicism public. [3] Effigies of other notable figures who have become targets for the public's ire, such as Paul Kruger and Margaret Thatcher , have also found their way onto the bonfires, although most modern effigies are of Fawkes. [57] The "guy" is normally created by children, from old clothes, newspapers, and a mask. [57] During the 19th century, "guy" came to mean an oddly dressed person, but in American English it lost any pejorative connotation, and was used to refer to any male person. [57] [60] William Harrison Ainsworth 's 1841 historical romance Guy Fawkes; or, The Gunpowder Treason , portrays Fawkes in a generally sympathetic light, [61] and transformed him in the public perception into an "acceptable fictional character". Fawkes subsequently appeared as "essentially an action hero" in children's books and penny dreadfuls such as The Boyhood Days of Guy Fawkes; or, The Conspirators of Old London, published in about 1905. [62] Fawkes is sometimes referred to, jokingly, as "the only man ever to enter Parliament with honest intentions". [63] References Notes ^ According to one source, he may have been Registrar of the Exchequer Court of the Archbishop. [1] ^ Fawkes's mother's maiden name is alternatively given as Edith Blake, [2] or Edith Jackson. [3] ^ According to the International Genealogical Index, compiled by the Mormon Church, Fawkes married Maria Pulleyn (b. 1569) in Scotton in 1590, and had a son, Thomas, on 6 February 1591. [8] These entries, however, appear to derive from a secondary source and not from actual parish entries. [11] ^ Although the Oxford Database of National Biography claims 1592, multiple alternative sources give 1591 as the date. Peter Beal, A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology, 1450 to 2000, includes a signed indenture of the sale of the estate dated 14 October 1591. (pp. 198–199) ^ Also present were fellow conspirators John Wright, Thomas Percy , and Thomas Wintour (with whom he was already acquainted). [16] ^ Philip III made peace with England in August 1604. [18] ^ The eighth, Thomas Bates, was considered inferior by virtue of his status, and was held instead at Gatehouse Prison. [47]
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"Which actress played the role of Morticia Addams in the TV series ""The Addams Family""?"
'Addams 'Family': Where are they now? FacebookEmail Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest 'Addams Family': Where are they now? Carolyn Jones, who played Morticia Addams, died in 1983 John Astin, who plays Gomez Addams, is still a working actor. His next project is 2015's Starship II: Rendezvous with Ramses. Ted Cassidy, who played Post to Facebook 'Addams Family': Where are they now? Carolyn Jones, who played Morticia Addams, died in 1983 John Astin, who plays Gomez Addams, is still a working actor. His next project is 2015's Starship II: Rendezvous with Ramses. Ted Cassidy, who played Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1D4QGRi CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 11 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs 'Addams Family': Where are they now? Donna Freydkin, USA TODAY Published 4:17 p.m. ET Dec. 9, 2014 | Updated 4:21 p.m. ET Dec. 9, 2014 The Addams Family moved to the stage after a TV series and two movies (Photo: Joan Marcus, AP) 125 CONNECT TWEET LINKEDIN 11 COMMENTEMAILMORE Ken Weatherwax, who played pugnacious Pugsley Addams on ABC's comedy The Addams Family, died on Dec. 7. The show aired from 1964-66 and was later revived in two films and a theater production. Given the impact of the faux-horror series, we decided to check in on the rest of the cast from the show. Pugsley from 'The Addams Family' dies Carolyn Jones, who played matriarch Morticia Addams, died in 1983. John Astin, who played charming paterfamilias Gomez Addams, is still a working actor. His next project is 2015's Starship II: Rendezvous with Ramses. Ted Cassidy, who played giant manservant Lurch, died in 1979. Jackie Coogan, hulking Uncle Fester, died in 1984. Lisa Loring, who played creepy-cool Wednesday Addams, most recently appeared in the horror/sci-fi flick Way Down in Chinatown (2013). CLOSE
Carolyn Jones
"Which actress played the role of Lily Munster in the TV series ""The Munsters""?"
1000+ images about Carolyn Jones on Pinterest | Carolyn jones, Morticia addams and The addams family Forward Carolyn Sue Jones was born on April 28, 1930 in Amarillo. She began her film career in the early 1950s & her film career continued for another 20 years. In 1964 she began playing the role of Morticia Addams in the television series The Addams Family, receiving a Golden Globe Award nomination for her work. She died of colon cancer on August 3, 1983, at the age of 53. See More
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"Which town in West Yorkshire takes it's name from the Latin for ""Broken Bridge""?"
The Broken Bridge | Pub in Pontefract - J D Wetherspoon Not what you were looking for? Try our advanced search The Broken Bridge *Please note: actual opening hours are subject to change. For confirmation, please contact the pub. Opening Times Find out More > Our History It was the Normans who gave Pontefract its name, derived from the Latin ‘pontus fractus’, meaning broken bridge. The bridge is thought to have been on the outskirts of today’s town, at Ferrybridge. This building has housed various supermarkets since it was built in the 1960s. It stands on the site of one of Pontefract’s oldest houses, recorded on the 1742 map of the town. For many years, from c1900, it was home to Gardiner’s window-cleaning business. Facilities
Pontefract
What is the name of the Italian dessert that can vary with ingredients but mainly consists of coffee-soaked biscuit layered with sweetened cream?
Chicken club Wednesday - The Broken Bridge, Pontefract Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor Restaurant details Good for: Cheap Eats, Groups, Bar Scene, Child-friendly Dining options: Brunch, Breakfast, Lunch, Drinks, Dinner, Free Wifi, Full Bar, Highchairs Available, Outdoor Seating, Seating, Serves Alcohol, Television, Waitstaff, Wheelchair Accessible Description: A JD Wetherspoons set in the Historic Market town of Pontefract. The Broken Bridge which name hails from "Pontus Fractus" meaning "Bridge Broken" in latin, is like a "TARDIS" - Bigger on the inside! There are plenty of tables inside with comfortable booths and even a sperate childrens seating area. The lengthy Bar is full with a great range of products including Real Ale, Real Cider, World Beers and Wines at competitive prices. There is a Beer Garden to the rear of the property where you can relax with friends and family. Becoming famous for great food the Broken Bridge has the following available:(prices as of 01/09/2014 - See menu for details & price variations) Breakfast served 8am-12noon Mon-Sun. All week - 2 meals for £7.19. Deli Deal (Toastie, Baguette or wrap with a Soft Drink) £4.39. Mon-Fri 12-3. FRESH from the Grill - 14oz Aberdeen Angus Rump Steak, 8oz Rump Steak, 8oz Sirloin Steak, 10oz Gammon Steak, Mixed Grill, all meals from the grill include a FREE drink. Burgers & Hot Dogs, A large selection of burgers and hot dogs, from classic to our gourmet range, all our burgers and hot dogs include a FREE drink. TUESDAY - Steak Club £7.09. WEDNESDAY - Chicken Club £6.59. THURSDAY - Curry Club £5.99. Friday - Fish Friday £5.09. Sunday - Sunday Club £7.09. All Club meals include a drink. There are newer reviews for this restaurant
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Taking office on May 4th 1979, who was Margaret Thatcher's first Chancellor of the Exchequer?
John Harris talks to past chancellors of the exchequer about their time in office | Politics | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close Times may be grim and getting grimmer, but things could be worse. We could, for example, be living in the mid-to-late 1970s, when Woolworths managed to remain in business but the world was reeling from quadrupling oil prices, the lights regularly went out, and around the corner were mass unemployment and social breakdown. Denis Healey, defence secretary in the Labour government of the 60s, became chancellor of the exchequer in March 1974, serving for five years under two prime ministers, Harold Wilson and James Callaghan. His Tory predecessor had been the late and long-forgotten Anthony Barber, the humble servant of Edward Heath, whose most notable contribution to history was the Barber Boom, a mess of - and some of this may sound familiar - inflation, ramped-up government borrowing and a banking crisis. To make life even more painful, the Labour party was starting to tear itself apart, and Healey was bedevilled by out-of-control trade unions. When I meet Healey, now 91, at his Sussex home and reel off all these problems, he casts his mind back and cracks a smile worthy of the gallows. "To put it in a polite way," he says, "it was a fucking disaster." Aside from a brief upswing in 1978, his time at the Treasury was one long firefight. The insanity of it all is captured by an occasion in 1976 when Healey was en route to Heathrow, to fly to Hong Kong for a meeting of Commonwealth finance ministers. That day, the pound was falling fast and, rather than be out of contact for 17 hours, he had his ministerial car turned round and went back to work. He awoke the next morning to hear that the British workforce of Ford had gone on strike, and - to quote from his memoirs - "for the first and last time in my life, for about 12 hours, I was close to demoralisation." I suggest that he must have lost a lot of sleep. "Yes, I did. Not only that, but I went to bed, as I always wrote in my diary, dog tired." You also think the job made you ill. "Yes," he says. "I got shingles." And that being chancellor made you deaf. "Yes. A little bit." And you got colds and flu a lot more. "That's right." You also say the job affected your teeth. "Well, I can now put my teeth on my nose." Just to prove it, he calmly removes his false front teeth and does exactly that. "I found it physically exhausting and very worrying," he says. "Shingles was the best example of that, because it's a nervous illness." Trying to break out of all this doom, I wonder whether the job had its positive aspects. Were there things about life at the Treasury that made it enjoyable? Healey gives a mirthless laugh. "No. I wouldn't say so. The great thing about Defence was, I went to the most wonderful and interesting parts of the world. But the Treasury's just bloody hard work." So what kept you going? "Energy and determination, really. I wanted to make a success of the job. It was very tiring, but I'd been in the army for five years in the war, so I'd learned to put up with things." To be chancellor of the exchequer is to walk in the footsteps of giants: Gladstone, Disraeli, Lloyd George, Churchill. Given that no policy will fly without money, the job brings dizzying power, and close involvement in every aspect of government. All this is dramatised by the annual, very British ritual that is Budget Day: the red box held aloft, a long Commons speech, and the country on tenterhooks about tax, spending and the price of fags, booze and fuel. But then there is the downside. As Alistair Darling well knows, it is a quirk of the British system of government that the prime minister retains the title of First Lord of the Treasury. As the Brown/Blair years proved, even supposedly clearcut agreements about who does what will never resolve the endless tensions between numbers 10 and 11. The chancellor is a victim of a particularly thorny problem: that despite having the whip hand over his colleagues' spending requests, he must ultimately defer to the man - or woman - next door. As Healey puts it, "If the chancellor is really making a cock of it, then the prime minister must stop him. But if the prime minister makes a cock of it, the chancellor has to resign." Worse still, he - and thus far it has only been he - is effectively in command of a huge army of producers and consumers who may not just ignore his orders, but respond in the exact opposite way. He will constantly find himself navigating between the demands of economic stability, and the cruder imperatives of politics (essentially, that elections demand tax cuts and low interest rates). The forecasts on which decisions are based will often turn out to be wildly wide of the mark, leaving yesterday's inspired decision looking like today's great mistake. A crisis of some kind will never be far away. Oh, and the hours are cruel, and the chancellorship has long been known as the loneliest job in government. Really: who'd want it, least of all at a time like this? For the past few months, I have been meeting ex-chancellors. The record-breaking length of the current PM's time at the Treasury, and the Tories' dominance of the 80s and 90s, have led to the Tory-Labour ratio coming in at four to one - so as well as meeting Healey, I've sat in a Mayfair boardroom with Norman Lamont , taken tea at the House of Lords with Nigel Lawson, and shared the company of Kenneth Clarke and Geoffrey Howe. Some describe no end of anxieties, and the fretful business of pulling policy levers with precious little certainty about what will happen next. But some - all Conservatives, which may say something about a certain kind of Tory insouciance - claim they never lost sleep through their time at the Treasury, nor viewed their job with anything other than calm level-headedness. When Jim Callaghan's Labour government was defeated by Margaret Thatcher's Tories in May 1979, she and her allies were gifted with one of those rare occasions when the balance of political forces allowed the people at the core of a government to do exactly what they wanted - and in the vanguard of their revolution was Geoffrey Howe. He remains a hero to all his Tory successors. Nigel Lawson and Ken Clarke name him as their most admired postwar chancellor; Lamont demurs only because he is torn between Howe and Lawson. "He took over the kind of thing that George Osborne will be taking over," Clarke says, "and he did lots of necessary things in the teeth of all the accepted wisdom, and he was right." At 30 years' distance, the eye-watering ferocity of Howe's decisions as chancellor is incredible. In keeping with the Tories' belief that it was better to tax spending than earnings - which, of course, meant the poor paying proportionally more than the rich - his first budget increased VAT, in most cases from 8% to 15%. In 1981, there came that great slaying of postwar conventions: rising joblessness and social strife would have to be tolerated in the cause of tackling inflation. Moreover, these were the days when budgets contained small acts of class war: in 1980, for example, Howe announced that benefits paid to the families of people who went on strike would be cut by £12 a week, and made liable to tax. I spend 90 minutes talking to him in a windowless anteroom close to the House of Lords. We discuss it all: his fateful arrival at the Treasury ("I was very anxious - it was a hugely exciting, frightening, important moment"), the occasion when the Thatcher government lifted controls on foreign exchange and the worry kept him up all night, and one of the great ironies of the Thatcher years: that for all her branding as the resolute, not-for-turning Iron Lady, he and Lawson regularly found that she would fret about the possible fallout from some of their most radical moves and propose what amounted to half-measures (before Lawson dropped the top rate of tax from 60% to 40%, for example, she suggested 50% would be more sensible). "Margaret was always more sensitive to the electoral consequences," says Howe, now 82. "Caution was quite frequent with her." So was behaviour that bordered on the imbalanced, as one story from the period proves. In late 1981, her government was feeling the pinch. Manufacturing capacity had fallen by a fifth, there had been a summer of riots and unemployment was nearing three million. It was time for the chancellor's autumn statement, and yet more bad news: rises in housing rents and prescription charges, and another upping of National Insurance, to pay for the ever-lengthening dole queues. Presentation was all-important. There is a famous door that links numbers 10 and 11 Downing Street, and as Howe and his aides worked on the speech, through it came the prime minister, spoiling for a fight. "We were drafting the statement," Howe says, "and she felt it was wrong, I forget in what respect. She came back in at 10 or 11 o'clock at night after a dinner engagement and behaved very intemperately... much worse than usual." In his memoirs, he recalls Thatcher "playing to the gallery outrageously". At one point, he says, she turned to him and shouted, "If this is the best you can do, I'd better send you to hospital and deliver the Statement myself." Trying to put it all in context, he compares his 15-year spell as one of Thatcher's closest allies to a marriage, and says, "Some people put the cap on the toothpaste and some don't." His successor, Nigel Lawson, served as chancellor between 1983 and 1989, a time of momentous happenings: the frenzy of deregulation that included the Big Bang, the Thatcher era's iconic privatisations, successive cuts in income tax, and the so-called Lawson Boom, in which credit exploded and house prices ballooned, thus laying the ground for the recession of the early 90s. It all ended with the falling-out with Thatcher that defined his last 18 months in office, and warfare between numbers 10 and 11 over something that now looks rather arcane: his determination to keep sterling's rate within a ceiling of three deutschmarks to the pound, and his associated belief that the UK should join the European system of fixed exchange rates that preceded the euro. Thatcher, encouraged by her quietly notorious economic adviser Alan Walters (who died, aged 82, a fortnight ago), was having none of it, a position dramatised by the infamous quotation that sealed Lawson's fate: "I must prevail." Lawson is now an admirably youthful-looking 76, around five stone lighter than during his time at the Treasury, and these days chiefly famed for his lonely war against the consensus on climate change (his book An Appeal To Reason, subtitled A Cool Look At Global Warming, was published last year). His falling-out with Thatcher, he says, was "grim - it didn't do me any good, it didn't do her any good, and it didn't do the government any good." On occasion, he tells me, Thatcher's behaviour was "bizarre", and the accusation in her memoirs that he ended up running exchange-rate policy in secret is "a lie". Trying to heal wounds 20 years on, he says, would be pointless - so on the occasions when the two now meet, the conversation amounts to "only politesse, nothing of substance." He comes to life when he talks about what might be called The Chancellor's Condition. "If I wasn't incurring resentment among a number of the spending ministers," he says at one point, "it would mean I wasn't doing my job." Later on, he acknowledges that he has "always been, to some extent, a loner". By way of underlining his habit of wilful isolation, I remind him of an off-the-record judgment from an old Tory colleague: "For years, Nigel ignored everybody, and he was the best chancellor we ever had." "As chancellor, you have to have a curious combination of traits," he says. "You have to be both thick-skinned and sensitive. You can't let things get to you - but on the other hand, you have to be extremely sensitive to what's happening in the country, and what your colleagues' feelings are. But you don't want to show it; that would be a big mistake. "The other thing about me in particular," he goes on, "is that I never thought there would be any circumstances in which I would be prime minister. Perhaps it was a mistake, but I didn't - like many chancellors do - go around cultivating people and ingratiating myself in the hope that one day I would get their support for the top job. That meant that when I was engaged in an argument in cabinet, I was less likely to get support." Towards the end of our conversation, Lawson comes up with one more requirement for a successful chancellor: "Never lose sleep over anything." This, I suggest, is surely impossible - did he never wake in the dead of night, worrying? "No," he shoots back. "I am really very good at switching off." Lawson finally went on his way in October 1989, and John Major began 13 months at the Treasury in which he managed to convince Margaret Thatcher to agree to Britain's membership of the ERM. Her acquiescence was one of many signs of the increasing weakness that led to her being toppled, whereupon Major became Tory leader, and his job was handed to Norman Lamont. Lamont's spell at the Treasury (whose ambience, he says, suggested a "Russian psychiatric hospital") amounts to a cautionary tale about the perils of high office. His unfortunate place in modern history was sealed by a pantomimic run of stories, gleefully chewed over by the red-top press: the renting of a flat he owned to an S&M prostitute known as Miss Whiplash, the discovery by the Sun that he was in arrears on his credit card, the entirely made-up story of a mysterious late-night trip to a branch of Threshers in Paddington - and that memorable occasion, six months after his sacking, when he took the stage at the British Comedy Awards, and Julian Clary put his career on hold by telling the host - Jonathan Ross, appropriately enough - that he'd been backstage, "fisting Norman Lamont". Rather more auspiciously, it is one of the more notable details of his time at the Treasury that his close advisers included David Cameron, described in Lamont's memoirs as a "brilliant Old Etonian with a taste for the good life" - a description he proves very reluctant to flesh out, aside from the observation that "he liked jetskiing". "Some of what happened was ridiculous," Lamont says now. "The credit card story was ridiculous too: £200 overdrawn - so what?" He sighs. "A lot of the tabloid silliness was just a product of the frustration people felt with the recession." What truly did for Lamont's reputation, of course, was Black Wednesday: that high-velocity run of events on September 16 1992 that saw millions tumbling through the foreign exchange markets, interest rates springing from 10% to 15% in a matter of hours, and Britain exiting the European exchange rate mechanism. Sixteen years on, he denies that he felt much anxiety. "It was just clinical," he says. "The patient was dead." Lamont is a fascinating interviewee: wryly funny, only too aware of the fact that though politics attracts those who seek power, events can render them impotent victims. When it comes to his legacy, he seems ambivalent: "I've always regarded the job of being chancellor as one in which you're likely to be pretty unpopular," he tells me. But he's also very keen to make his case. The day after we meet, he emails me a document full of tributes to his time in the job, from a selection of journalists and economists, who salute his blazing of a trail that led to independence for the Bank of England, and the tax hikes in his last budget - most infamously, the introduction of VAT on fuel - that improved the state of the public finances. "Hopefully," says his accompanying note, "history will be written more by people like them than the tabloids." Thus far, fate has been much kinder to Lamont's successor, Kenneth Clarke. Credited with beginning the decade of economic sunshine in which Gordon Brown made hay, he is still an MP, and seemingly tipped each week for a return to frontline Tory politics (after pre-Christmas suggestions that he might take George Osborne's job as shadow chancellor, at the time of writing, fevered speculation surrounded his possible appointment as shadow business secretary). Having already taken care of health, education and the Home Office, Lamont's sacking led to him being shunted to the Treasury by John Major in May 1993 - whereupon he got to work on the public finances by introducing the biggest tax rises in at least two decades. There were, he admits, "slight qualms of self-doubt: 'Am I going to make a pig's ear of this? Am I going to destroy my reputation by being overwhelmed?' " On the whole, however, he says he arrived in his last government job brimming with enthusiasm and ambition. "There was an air of crisis," he says. "Black Wednesday wasn't long behind us. It was just about possible to say we were coming out of recession. But the thing I was convinced would dominate my life - and it did - was the fact that we had a huge and growing budget deficit that was burgeoning out of control. So I realised that I was going to have to put up taxes and control public spending much more toughly, which was going to be tricky. I knew it was tin-hat time, not least because we'd just fought an election on tax cuts, which I told my colleagues at the time was a foolish platform. I had privately said, 'Whoever wins this election is going to be putting taxes up, not cutting them' - something one might repeat in 2008." Two weeks after we meet, George Osborne and David Cameron serve notice of new Tory proposals for tax cuts - in which context, what Clarke says next might definitely give the two pause for thought: "Anybody who stands at the next election on a platform of tax cuts is asking for trouble." By comparison with some of his predecessors, Clarke seems to have been a rather laid-back kind of chancellor, as proved by two episodes in particular. In 1996, the Treasury was sent into a spin when the entire contents of the budget were leaked to the Daily Mirror - but Clarke's response was calmly to ask for the advice of a lawyer and go for a curry. The previous year, when Barings merchant bank crashed thanks to unauthorised dealing by the infamous Nick Leeson, his civil servants frantically did their best to find someone to buy the remains - and their boss, characteristically, was unimpressed. "I wasn't quite sure what we were supposed to be doing. We were just sitting there trying to look important." That day, Clarke's beloved Nottingham Forest were playing at Queens Park Rangers, the team supported by his private secretary. Their west London ground was only a short drive away. "So off we went to the football." What made Clarke's breezy approach to the job all the more unlikely was the wider political picture: the Tory party ripping itself to shreds amid an insurgent Labour party. There again, within Major's fragile position, there lurked good reason for him to feel safe. "I felt confident because I thought I could keep John's confidence. And I also thought my independence was fairly well-assured because I'd succeeded a chancellor he'd sacked. I don't think any prime minister has ever sacked two." For the past three decades, we have lived under the dominance of the ideas that Thatcher and Howe pioneered, Lawson and Lamont stuck to, and even that not-exactly-Thatcherite chancellor Ken Clarke happily embraced: deregulation, easy access to credit, mortgages for all, the letting loose of the City, and no return to the days when governments rescued ailing businesses. Until recently, Brown, Blair and the other creators of New Labour were no exception. It's an old Tory line, but it nails the essential point: as Geoffrey Howe tells me, "The importance of what we achieved was the transformation of the Labour party. That was the scale of our success." Now, these men have watched as the old rules have suddenly been shaken. Banks have been nationalised; there is talk of state aid for what remains of the British car industry; the name of John Maynard Keynes is back in fashion. All this might suggest the passage of the Tory old guard into irrelevance, though of late, the Conservative ex-chancellors have reportedly been tapped for advice by the new generation, including Norman Lamont who has recently been giving advice to his former aide David Cameron - a matter, he says, of "one or two meetings". Clarke, for what it's worth, has denied suggestions that he might be in line for Osborne's current job, though if some strange realignment of the universe happened and he faced our current problems as chancellor, he says it would be with relish. "The challenge would excite me," he says. "And because it's so desperately important, what's going on... The idea of being able to sit at the table where the decisions are being taken to tackle the problem and improve the situation - that's what you go into politics for." Clarke - who, despite being 68, recently claimed he was in "mid-career" - has yet to publish any memoirs, which looks like a wise move. There are, after all, passages from ex-Tory chancellors' autobiographies that now look very shaky. In Nigel Lawson's, for example, the credit binge and "banking fever" of the late 80s are written about as an adjustment to deregulation from which lasting lessons would be learned: as he puts it, a "once-for-all occurrence". But it wasn't, was it? "No," Lawson says. "I was wrong about that. I saw it coming some time ago - the same sort of thing that had happened during my time, only worse." By way of explaining how we got to where we are, Lawson directs me to a speech he recently made in the Lords, which mentions "the folly of the bankers who, whether out of ignorance or greed... threw prudence to the wind". Howe talks about people in the financial markets "taking reckless decisions, and allowing themselves to incur debts on a scale that should never have been undertaken." Lamont focuses on "a housing bubble, a credit bubble, financial innovation, too much leverage in the banking system, people unloading assets off-balance sheet". They each make equally unsurprising mention of the failures of financial supervision under Gordon Brown's chancellorship, and the perils of the government's ballooning budget deficit. But their great omission comes when I ask what they make of the idea that the current economic whirlwind was let loose under their watch. Read Lawson's autobiography and it's all there: a 10-point breakdown of the Thatcher period's great bonfire of regulation that includes the end of mortgage lending guidance, the legislation that allowed building societies to turn themselves into banks (among those who did were Northern Rock, Bradford & Bingley and the Halifax - those who remained as building societies have been nowhere near as troubled by the financial crisis) and the Big Bang. Isn't that where all this began? "I don't think there's anything in that at all," he says. "I think all those aspects of deregulation were absolutely right. That's not to say that there are not both advantages and disadvantages - it's just that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages." Lamont makes much the same point. Only once does one of the Tory ex-chancellors come close to considering that our current problems might have started when they were in charge: I suggest to Geoffrey Howe that Britain's love affair with consumer debt decisively began in the Thatcher years, and he suddenly goes quiet. "That may be," he says. "I haven't really thought about it." Thankfully, one surviving ex-chancellor has detailed the obvious connections between out-of-control high finance and the politics that took root in the 80s - and he did so in rather visionary terms, in a memoir titled The Time Of My Life, published no less than 20 years ago. Back then, wrote Denis Healey, "most western governments followed the lead set by President Reagan and Mrs Thatcher in removing the restrictions which had hitherto prevented the various financial institutions... from competing with one another for the same type of business." This, he said, "led to cut-throat competition" between the big financial corporations, who "lent money on paper-thin margins, often in areas they did not understand". And there was more. "As if this was not enough," he wrote, "the desire to hedge against unpredictable changes in exchange rates and interest rates led to a feverish rash of new financial instruments, starting with swaps, futures, options, and options on futures." One page later, there comes the coup de grâce: "Most of the new activities spawned by the financial revolution... assume that all trees grow up to the sky - that there will never be another recession. If the United States does have a recession, even one as modest as in the Carter years, its whole financial system could collapse like a pack of cards." Sitting in the drawing room of his Sussex home, Healey listens to it all, then turns to me with the happily fatalistic look of someone who has lived through no end of economic and political turnabouts. "Well, isn't it true?" he says. "There you are." For an ex-chancellor, the irony must be sweet indeed: here, for once, is an economic forecast that turned out to be right on the money.
Geoffrey Howe
What is the name of the curved knife traditionally used by Gurkha soldiers?
John Harris talks to past chancellors of the exchequer about their time in office | Politics | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close Times may be grim and getting grimmer, but things could be worse. We could, for example, be living in the mid-to-late 1970s, when Woolworths managed to remain in business but the world was reeling from quadrupling oil prices, the lights regularly went out, and around the corner were mass unemployment and social breakdown. Denis Healey, defence secretary in the Labour government of the 60s, became chancellor of the exchequer in March 1974, serving for five years under two prime ministers, Harold Wilson and James Callaghan. His Tory predecessor had been the late and long-forgotten Anthony Barber, the humble servant of Edward Heath, whose most notable contribution to history was the Barber Boom, a mess of - and some of this may sound familiar - inflation, ramped-up government borrowing and a banking crisis. To make life even more painful, the Labour party was starting to tear itself apart, and Healey was bedevilled by out-of-control trade unions. When I meet Healey, now 91, at his Sussex home and reel off all these problems, he casts his mind back and cracks a smile worthy of the gallows. "To put it in a polite way," he says, "it was a fucking disaster." Aside from a brief upswing in 1978, his time at the Treasury was one long firefight. The insanity of it all is captured by an occasion in 1976 when Healey was en route to Heathrow, to fly to Hong Kong for a meeting of Commonwealth finance ministers. That day, the pound was falling fast and, rather than be out of contact for 17 hours, he had his ministerial car turned round and went back to work. He awoke the next morning to hear that the British workforce of Ford had gone on strike, and - to quote from his memoirs - "for the first and last time in my life, for about 12 hours, I was close to demoralisation." I suggest that he must have lost a lot of sleep. "Yes, I did. Not only that, but I went to bed, as I always wrote in my diary, dog tired." You also think the job made you ill. "Yes," he says. "I got shingles." And that being chancellor made you deaf. "Yes. A little bit." And you got colds and flu a lot more. "That's right." You also say the job affected your teeth. "Well, I can now put my teeth on my nose." Just to prove it, he calmly removes his false front teeth and does exactly that. "I found it physically exhausting and very worrying," he says. "Shingles was the best example of that, because it's a nervous illness." Trying to break out of all this doom, I wonder whether the job had its positive aspects. Were there things about life at the Treasury that made it enjoyable? Healey gives a mirthless laugh. "No. I wouldn't say so. The great thing about Defence was, I went to the most wonderful and interesting parts of the world. But the Treasury's just bloody hard work." So what kept you going? "Energy and determination, really. I wanted to make a success of the job. It was very tiring, but I'd been in the army for five years in the war, so I'd learned to put up with things." To be chancellor of the exchequer is to walk in the footsteps of giants: Gladstone, Disraeli, Lloyd George, Churchill. Given that no policy will fly without money, the job brings dizzying power, and close involvement in every aspect of government. All this is dramatised by the annual, very British ritual that is Budget Day: the red box held aloft, a long Commons speech, and the country on tenterhooks about tax, spending and the price of fags, booze and fuel. But then there is the downside. As Alistair Darling well knows, it is a quirk of the British system of government that the prime minister retains the title of First Lord of the Treasury. As the Brown/Blair years proved, even supposedly clearcut agreements about who does what will never resolve the endless tensions between numbers 10 and 11. The chancellor is a victim of a particularly thorny problem: that despite having the whip hand over his colleagues' spending requests, he must ultimately defer to the man - or woman - next door. As Healey puts it, "If the chancellor is really making a cock of it, then the prime minister must stop him. But if the prime minister makes a cock of it, the chancellor has to resign." Worse still, he - and thus far it has only been he - is effectively in command of a huge army of producers and consumers who may not just ignore his orders, but respond in the exact opposite way. He will constantly find himself navigating between the demands of economic stability, and the cruder imperatives of politics (essentially, that elections demand tax cuts and low interest rates). The forecasts on which decisions are based will often turn out to be wildly wide of the mark, leaving yesterday's inspired decision looking like today's great mistake. A crisis of some kind will never be far away. Oh, and the hours are cruel, and the chancellorship has long been known as the loneliest job in government. Really: who'd want it, least of all at a time like this? For the past few months, I have been meeting ex-chancellors. The record-breaking length of the current PM's time at the Treasury, and the Tories' dominance of the 80s and 90s, have led to the Tory-Labour ratio coming in at four to one - so as well as meeting Healey, I've sat in a Mayfair boardroom with Norman Lamont , taken tea at the House of Lords with Nigel Lawson, and shared the company of Kenneth Clarke and Geoffrey Howe. Some describe no end of anxieties, and the fretful business of pulling policy levers with precious little certainty about what will happen next. But some - all Conservatives, which may say something about a certain kind of Tory insouciance - claim they never lost sleep through their time at the Treasury, nor viewed their job with anything other than calm level-headedness. When Jim Callaghan's Labour government was defeated by Margaret Thatcher's Tories in May 1979, she and her allies were gifted with one of those rare occasions when the balance of political forces allowed the people at the core of a government to do exactly what they wanted - and in the vanguard of their revolution was Geoffrey Howe. He remains a hero to all his Tory successors. Nigel Lawson and Ken Clarke name him as their most admired postwar chancellor; Lamont demurs only because he is torn between Howe and Lawson. "He took over the kind of thing that George Osborne will be taking over," Clarke says, "and he did lots of necessary things in the teeth of all the accepted wisdom, and he was right." At 30 years' distance, the eye-watering ferocity of Howe's decisions as chancellor is incredible. In keeping with the Tories' belief that it was better to tax spending than earnings - which, of course, meant the poor paying proportionally more than the rich - his first budget increased VAT, in most cases from 8% to 15%. In 1981, there came that great slaying of postwar conventions: rising joblessness and social strife would have to be tolerated in the cause of tackling inflation. Moreover, these were the days when budgets contained small acts of class war: in 1980, for example, Howe announced that benefits paid to the families of people who went on strike would be cut by £12 a week, and made liable to tax. I spend 90 minutes talking to him in a windowless anteroom close to the House of Lords. We discuss it all: his fateful arrival at the Treasury ("I was very anxious - it was a hugely exciting, frightening, important moment"), the occasion when the Thatcher government lifted controls on foreign exchange and the worry kept him up all night, and one of the great ironies of the Thatcher years: that for all her branding as the resolute, not-for-turning Iron Lady, he and Lawson regularly found that she would fret about the possible fallout from some of their most radical moves and propose what amounted to half-measures (before Lawson dropped the top rate of tax from 60% to 40%, for example, she suggested 50% would be more sensible). "Margaret was always more sensitive to the electoral consequences," says Howe, now 82. "Caution was quite frequent with her." So was behaviour that bordered on the imbalanced, as one story from the period proves. In late 1981, her government was feeling the pinch. Manufacturing capacity had fallen by a fifth, there had been a summer of riots and unemployment was nearing three million. It was time for the chancellor's autumn statement, and yet more bad news: rises in housing rents and prescription charges, and another upping of National Insurance, to pay for the ever-lengthening dole queues. Presentation was all-important. There is a famous door that links numbers 10 and 11 Downing Street, and as Howe and his aides worked on the speech, through it came the prime minister, spoiling for a fight. "We were drafting the statement," Howe says, "and she felt it was wrong, I forget in what respect. She came back in at 10 or 11 o'clock at night after a dinner engagement and behaved very intemperately... much worse than usual." In his memoirs, he recalls Thatcher "playing to the gallery outrageously". At one point, he says, she turned to him and shouted, "If this is the best you can do, I'd better send you to hospital and deliver the Statement myself." Trying to put it all in context, he compares his 15-year spell as one of Thatcher's closest allies to a marriage, and says, "Some people put the cap on the toothpaste and some don't." His successor, Nigel Lawson, served as chancellor between 1983 and 1989, a time of momentous happenings: the frenzy of deregulation that included the Big Bang, the Thatcher era's iconic privatisations, successive cuts in income tax, and the so-called Lawson Boom, in which credit exploded and house prices ballooned, thus laying the ground for the recession of the early 90s. It all ended with the falling-out with Thatcher that defined his last 18 months in office, and warfare between numbers 10 and 11 over something that now looks rather arcane: his determination to keep sterling's rate within a ceiling of three deutschmarks to the pound, and his associated belief that the UK should join the European system of fixed exchange rates that preceded the euro. Thatcher, encouraged by her quietly notorious economic adviser Alan Walters (who died, aged 82, a fortnight ago), was having none of it, a position dramatised by the infamous quotation that sealed Lawson's fate: "I must prevail." Lawson is now an admirably youthful-looking 76, around five stone lighter than during his time at the Treasury, and these days chiefly famed for his lonely war against the consensus on climate change (his book An Appeal To Reason, subtitled A Cool Look At Global Warming, was published last year). His falling-out with Thatcher, he says, was "grim - it didn't do me any good, it didn't do her any good, and it didn't do the government any good." On occasion, he tells me, Thatcher's behaviour was "bizarre", and the accusation in her memoirs that he ended up running exchange-rate policy in secret is "a lie". Trying to heal wounds 20 years on, he says, would be pointless - so on the occasions when the two now meet, the conversation amounts to "only politesse, nothing of substance." He comes to life when he talks about what might be called The Chancellor's Condition. "If I wasn't incurring resentment among a number of the spending ministers," he says at one point, "it would mean I wasn't doing my job." Later on, he acknowledges that he has "always been, to some extent, a loner". By way of underlining his habit of wilful isolation, I remind him of an off-the-record judgment from an old Tory colleague: "For years, Nigel ignored everybody, and he was the best chancellor we ever had." "As chancellor, you have to have a curious combination of traits," he says. "You have to be both thick-skinned and sensitive. You can't let things get to you - but on the other hand, you have to be extremely sensitive to what's happening in the country, and what your colleagues' feelings are. But you don't want to show it; that would be a big mistake. "The other thing about me in particular," he goes on, "is that I never thought there would be any circumstances in which I would be prime minister. Perhaps it was a mistake, but I didn't - like many chancellors do - go around cultivating people and ingratiating myself in the hope that one day I would get their support for the top job. That meant that when I was engaged in an argument in cabinet, I was less likely to get support." Towards the end of our conversation, Lawson comes up with one more requirement for a successful chancellor: "Never lose sleep over anything." This, I suggest, is surely impossible - did he never wake in the dead of night, worrying? "No," he shoots back. "I am really very good at switching off." Lawson finally went on his way in October 1989, and John Major began 13 months at the Treasury in which he managed to convince Margaret Thatcher to agree to Britain's membership of the ERM. Her acquiescence was one of many signs of the increasing weakness that led to her being toppled, whereupon Major became Tory leader, and his job was handed to Norman Lamont. Lamont's spell at the Treasury (whose ambience, he says, suggested a "Russian psychiatric hospital") amounts to a cautionary tale about the perils of high office. His unfortunate place in modern history was sealed by a pantomimic run of stories, gleefully chewed over by the red-top press: the renting of a flat he owned to an S&M prostitute known as Miss Whiplash, the discovery by the Sun that he was in arrears on his credit card, the entirely made-up story of a mysterious late-night trip to a branch of Threshers in Paddington - and that memorable occasion, six months after his sacking, when he took the stage at the British Comedy Awards, and Julian Clary put his career on hold by telling the host - Jonathan Ross, appropriately enough - that he'd been backstage, "fisting Norman Lamont". Rather more auspiciously, it is one of the more notable details of his time at the Treasury that his close advisers included David Cameron, described in Lamont's memoirs as a "brilliant Old Etonian with a taste for the good life" - a description he proves very reluctant to flesh out, aside from the observation that "he liked jetskiing". "Some of what happened was ridiculous," Lamont says now. "The credit card story was ridiculous too: £200 overdrawn - so what?" He sighs. "A lot of the tabloid silliness was just a product of the frustration people felt with the recession." What truly did for Lamont's reputation, of course, was Black Wednesday: that high-velocity run of events on September 16 1992 that saw millions tumbling through the foreign exchange markets, interest rates springing from 10% to 15% in a matter of hours, and Britain exiting the European exchange rate mechanism. Sixteen years on, he denies that he felt much anxiety. "It was just clinical," he says. "The patient was dead." Lamont is a fascinating interviewee: wryly funny, only too aware of the fact that though politics attracts those who seek power, events can render them impotent victims. When it comes to his legacy, he seems ambivalent: "I've always regarded the job of being chancellor as one in which you're likely to be pretty unpopular," he tells me. But he's also very keen to make his case. The day after we meet, he emails me a document full of tributes to his time in the job, from a selection of journalists and economists, who salute his blazing of a trail that led to independence for the Bank of England, and the tax hikes in his last budget - most infamously, the introduction of VAT on fuel - that improved the state of the public finances. "Hopefully," says his accompanying note, "history will be written more by people like them than the tabloids." Thus far, fate has been much kinder to Lamont's successor, Kenneth Clarke. Credited with beginning the decade of economic sunshine in which Gordon Brown made hay, he is still an MP, and seemingly tipped each week for a return to frontline Tory politics (after pre-Christmas suggestions that he might take George Osborne's job as shadow chancellor, at the time of writing, fevered speculation surrounded his possible appointment as shadow business secretary). Having already taken care of health, education and the Home Office, Lamont's sacking led to him being shunted to the Treasury by John Major in May 1993 - whereupon he got to work on the public finances by introducing the biggest tax rises in at least two decades. There were, he admits, "slight qualms of self-doubt: 'Am I going to make a pig's ear of this? Am I going to destroy my reputation by being overwhelmed?' " On the whole, however, he says he arrived in his last government job brimming with enthusiasm and ambition. "There was an air of crisis," he says. "Black Wednesday wasn't long behind us. It was just about possible to say we were coming out of recession. But the thing I was convinced would dominate my life - and it did - was the fact that we had a huge and growing budget deficit that was burgeoning out of control. So I realised that I was going to have to put up taxes and control public spending much more toughly, which was going to be tricky. I knew it was tin-hat time, not least because we'd just fought an election on tax cuts, which I told my colleagues at the time was a foolish platform. I had privately said, 'Whoever wins this election is going to be putting taxes up, not cutting them' - something one might repeat in 2008." Two weeks after we meet, George Osborne and David Cameron serve notice of new Tory proposals for tax cuts - in which context, what Clarke says next might definitely give the two pause for thought: "Anybody who stands at the next election on a platform of tax cuts is asking for trouble." By comparison with some of his predecessors, Clarke seems to have been a rather laid-back kind of chancellor, as proved by two episodes in particular. In 1996, the Treasury was sent into a spin when the entire contents of the budget were leaked to the Daily Mirror - but Clarke's response was calmly to ask for the advice of a lawyer and go for a curry. The previous year, when Barings merchant bank crashed thanks to unauthorised dealing by the infamous Nick Leeson, his civil servants frantically did their best to find someone to buy the remains - and their boss, characteristically, was unimpressed. "I wasn't quite sure what we were supposed to be doing. We were just sitting there trying to look important." That day, Clarke's beloved Nottingham Forest were playing at Queens Park Rangers, the team supported by his private secretary. Their west London ground was only a short drive away. "So off we went to the football." What made Clarke's breezy approach to the job all the more unlikely was the wider political picture: the Tory party ripping itself to shreds amid an insurgent Labour party. There again, within Major's fragile position, there lurked good reason for him to feel safe. "I felt confident because I thought I could keep John's confidence. And I also thought my independence was fairly well-assured because I'd succeeded a chancellor he'd sacked. I don't think any prime minister has ever sacked two." For the past three decades, we have lived under the dominance of the ideas that Thatcher and Howe pioneered, Lawson and Lamont stuck to, and even that not-exactly-Thatcherite chancellor Ken Clarke happily embraced: deregulation, easy access to credit, mortgages for all, the letting loose of the City, and no return to the days when governments rescued ailing businesses. Until recently, Brown, Blair and the other creators of New Labour were no exception. It's an old Tory line, but it nails the essential point: as Geoffrey Howe tells me, "The importance of what we achieved was the transformation of the Labour party. That was the scale of our success." Now, these men have watched as the old rules have suddenly been shaken. Banks have been nationalised; there is talk of state aid for what remains of the British car industry; the name of John Maynard Keynes is back in fashion. All this might suggest the passage of the Tory old guard into irrelevance, though of late, the Conservative ex-chancellors have reportedly been tapped for advice by the new generation, including Norman Lamont who has recently been giving advice to his former aide David Cameron - a matter, he says, of "one or two meetings". Clarke, for what it's worth, has denied suggestions that he might be in line for Osborne's current job, though if some strange realignment of the universe happened and he faced our current problems as chancellor, he says it would be with relish. "The challenge would excite me," he says. "And because it's so desperately important, what's going on... The idea of being able to sit at the table where the decisions are being taken to tackle the problem and improve the situation - that's what you go into politics for." Clarke - who, despite being 68, recently claimed he was in "mid-career" - has yet to publish any memoirs, which looks like a wise move. There are, after all, passages from ex-Tory chancellors' autobiographies that now look very shaky. In Nigel Lawson's, for example, the credit binge and "banking fever" of the late 80s are written about as an adjustment to deregulation from which lasting lessons would be learned: as he puts it, a "once-for-all occurrence". But it wasn't, was it? "No," Lawson says. "I was wrong about that. I saw it coming some time ago - the same sort of thing that had happened during my time, only worse." By way of explaining how we got to where we are, Lawson directs me to a speech he recently made in the Lords, which mentions "the folly of the bankers who, whether out of ignorance or greed... threw prudence to the wind". Howe talks about people in the financial markets "taking reckless decisions, and allowing themselves to incur debts on a scale that should never have been undertaken." Lamont focuses on "a housing bubble, a credit bubble, financial innovation, too much leverage in the banking system, people unloading assets off-balance sheet". They each make equally unsurprising mention of the failures of financial supervision under Gordon Brown's chancellorship, and the perils of the government's ballooning budget deficit. But their great omission comes when I ask what they make of the idea that the current economic whirlwind was let loose under their watch. Read Lawson's autobiography and it's all there: a 10-point breakdown of the Thatcher period's great bonfire of regulation that includes the end of mortgage lending guidance, the legislation that allowed building societies to turn themselves into banks (among those who did were Northern Rock, Bradford & Bingley and the Halifax - those who remained as building societies have been nowhere near as troubled by the financial crisis) and the Big Bang. Isn't that where all this began? "I don't think there's anything in that at all," he says. "I think all those aspects of deregulation were absolutely right. That's not to say that there are not both advantages and disadvantages - it's just that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages." Lamont makes much the same point. Only once does one of the Tory ex-chancellors come close to considering that our current problems might have started when they were in charge: I suggest to Geoffrey Howe that Britain's love affair with consumer debt decisively began in the Thatcher years, and he suddenly goes quiet. "That may be," he says. "I haven't really thought about it." Thankfully, one surviving ex-chancellor has detailed the obvious connections between out-of-control high finance and the politics that took root in the 80s - and he did so in rather visionary terms, in a memoir titled The Time Of My Life, published no less than 20 years ago. Back then, wrote Denis Healey, "most western governments followed the lead set by President Reagan and Mrs Thatcher in removing the restrictions which had hitherto prevented the various financial institutions... from competing with one another for the same type of business." This, he said, "led to cut-throat competition" between the big financial corporations, who "lent money on paper-thin margins, often in areas they did not understand". And there was more. "As if this was not enough," he wrote, "the desire to hedge against unpredictable changes in exchange rates and interest rates led to a feverish rash of new financial instruments, starting with swaps, futures, options, and options on futures." One page later, there comes the coup de grâce: "Most of the new activities spawned by the financial revolution... assume that all trees grow up to the sky - that there will never be another recession. If the United States does have a recession, even one as modest as in the Carter years, its whole financial system could collapse like a pack of cards." Sitting in the drawing room of his Sussex home, Healey listens to it all, then turns to me with the happily fatalistic look of someone who has lived through no end of economic and political turnabouts. "Well, isn't it true?" he says. "There you are." For an ex-chancellor, the irony must be sweet indeed: here, for once, is an economic forecast that turned out to be right on the money.
i don't know
"Designed in the USA and first created by knife maker James Black, which large knife, 6 to 24 inches in length frist became famous in an 1827 brawl that was entitled ""The Sandbar Fight""?"
COMBAT MilTerms: B a missile that travels to its target unpowered and unguided after being launched; see DOODLEBUG, ROCKET. BALLISTICS : the study of the movement and effects of projectiles, such as BULLETs, SHELLs, ROCKETs, and MISSILEs, which art and science encompasses the proper design of such projectiles; this discipline includes the study of the projectile before it departs its launcher (internal ballistics), the study of the projectile after it's launched (external ballistics), and the study of the effects produced by the projectile upon impact (terminal ballistics). [v: variable parameter, standard atmosphere (of pressure, temperature, and density)] [nb: the plethora of pseudoscience associated with ballistics is commonly known as "bullistics"] [v: Firearms Glossary ] BALLOON / BALLOONING : a lightweight bag made of thin rubber or other elastic material, that's inflated with air or with some lighter-than-air gas for use as a brightly colored children's plaything or as an attractively patterned decoration; compare PRO KIT. Also, a bag made of a lightweight material, such as silk or nylon, rubber or plastic, that's designed to rise and float in the atmosphere when filled with heated air or a gas lighter than air, and often having a car or gondola attached below for carrying passengers or scientific instruments; see GAS BAG, BLIMP, RIP-CORD, SKYHOOK, BALLAST, NACELLE, PILOT. Also, in TRADECRAFT, the practice of drifting around or floating loose in the area of a surveillance while trying to remain inconspicuous; the technique of merging with the background while remaining unnoticed but without losing contact with the target; compare GHOST, SKATE, SLACKER, TAP-DANCER. Also, a metaphor for an idea or concept that's offered as a proposal or COURSE OF ACTION, an option or alternative, in order to ascertain its efficacy or viability, as when "floating a trial balloon"; see EYE-CHECK, RUN IT UP THE FLAGPOLE, NOSE COUNT, RUNNING DOG. Also, a metaphor for a crisis or critical event, as represented by the expression when .../ if THE BALLOON GOES UP. Also, anything inflated or swollen, puffed-up or puffed-out, multiplied or exponentially increased, such as interest rates or bellicose demands; see POUTER PIGEON, TOY SOLDIER. Also, anything resembling a ball, from a globular finial to a round-bottomed flask. Also, informal reference to a woman's breasts (eg: HANG LOOSE, TOPSIDE, HIGH POCKETS, MAE WEST, PIRATE'S DREAM) or to a man's testes / testicles (eg: ONIONS, HANG LOOSE). THE BALLOON GOES UP : (forthcoming); start, commencement BALLS TO THE WALL : vernacular slang expression for completely or thoroughly; vulgar slang expression for a total commitment without hesitation or reserve, as all the way, full force, full bore, whole hog. Compare NINE-YARDS; see FIRE IN THE BELLY, SWEAT HOG, FAST MOVER, HARD CHARGER, HOT SHOT, SUPER-TROOPER, HARD-ASS, BOY WONDER, DEEP DIP, GOLDEN BOY, BARREL-ASS, FORTHWITH, SCRAMBLE, HAUL-ASS, RIKI TIK, CHOP CHOP, CHOGI, GET ON THE STICK, ONIONS. [v: amain] BALL TURRET : in WWII-era aircraft (eg: B-17, B-24, PB4Y, PBM-3), a domed transparent structure mounted on the underside (ventral) of the FUSELAGE that houses a pair of .50cal machineguns and the gunner, together with the ammunition feed and gun control mechanisms for rotating or pivoting when aiming at a target; also called a DUSTBIN. Contrary to popular belief, the BALL TURRET was not occupied during take-offs and landings, neither did the gunner sit upside down in this rotating TURRET during flight operations; however, the space inside the dome was too restricted for the gunner to wear a parachute, so it was kept nearby inside the airplane cabin. The gunner crouched between the machineguns, cocking them with extension cables, the gunner's left foot controlled the sight range reticle (CROSS HAIRS), the gunner's right foot operated a push-to-talk (PTT) intercom switch, and simple JOYSTICK handles moved and fired the machineguns. Compare CUPOLA, BLISTER, BARBETTE, SPONSON, RING MOUNT; see HATCH. [nb: on aircraft, blister is transparent, sponson is not transparent, turret is transparent and rotates] BALONEY / BOLOGNA : see HORSE COCK. BAM : the unofficial USMC acronym for their "sisters-in-arms", meaning Broad-Assed Marines; as derived from the fact that only twelve women could sit side-by-side on the "six-by" TRUCK benches, which normally held fourteen fully-equipped males! The BAMs responded to this characterization by dubbing the men: Hairy-Assed Marines (HAM). Unlike the other women's auxiliaries, the Marine Corps Women's Reserve does not have a cute acronym to identify it. Before women were accepted into military service during WWII, this acronym purportedly meant "Bad Assed Marine", referring to troublemakers and malcontents. See WM, BOSNIA, SKIRT, GI JANE, RUNTS 'n' CUNTS, PIRATE'S DREAM. BAMBOO : a disparaging ethnic slur by one Asian for another, often due to caste or class, that's analogically based upon the target being yellow on the outside and hollow on the inside; see GOOK, DINK, SLOPE, SLANT-EYE, RICE BALL, ZIP, NIP, CHINK, BUDDHAHEAD, BASKET HEAD, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, INDIG, YELLOW PERIL, YELLOW DOG, BAD GUYS. [cf: 'banana' and 'Twinkie' are slurs for an Oriental who's yellow on the outside and white on the inside] BAMBOO CURTAIN : a political and ideological barrier that impeded relations between communist Asia, especially Red China (PRC), and the West from the end of WWII to end of the VIETNAM WAR; compare STAR WARS, MAGINOT LINE, SIEGFRIED LINE, MARETH LINE, SMEZ, BERLIN WALL, IRON CURTAIN, BAR LEV LINE, CACTUS CURTAIN, McNAMARA'S WALL, McNAMARA LINE, CHINESE WALL, DEW LINE, PHASE LINE. [cf: Hadrian's Wall, Antonine Wall, Great Wall of China] [nb: the Dutch built Wall Street (1652-98) as a defense against the British in New York] [nb: "The strength of a wall is neither greater nor less than the men who defend it." by Genghis Khan; "Whoever loves a quarrel loves sin; whoever builds a high gate invites destruction." Proverbs 17:19 NIV Bible] BAMBOO ENGLISH : a "slanguage" or PIDGIN of Asian tongues (eg: Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Thai, etc) admixed with English (ie: Thaiglish), as used for primitive communications with indigenous peoples by American servicemembers stationed in the Far East; see POLYGLOT, CREOLE, LINGUA FRANCA, GOOKANESE, DOUBLE DUTCH, MONKEY VOICES, HOBSON-JOBSON, JARGON, VERNACULAR, GONE NATIVE, INDIG. BAMBOO TELEGRAPH : rapid and accurate word-of-mouth communications, also called "coconut telegraph", "lip radio", "moccasin telegraph", "tom-tom telegraph", "smoke signal", "jungle drums", "grapevine", "hearsay", "bush telegraph", "brush telegraph", sagebrush telegraph"; see BACK CHANNEL, SCUTTLEBUTT, GOUGE, POOP, THE WORD, GREEN GREASE, GRIPEVINE, FALSE FLAG, DECEPTION, RUMOR, NET. [nb: the Industrial Revolution coincided with the second tour-de-force in communications: the invention of the telegraph. Early experiments with electrical circuits were surpassed by line-of-sight visual codes ("tachygraphy": 'swift' &plus; 'write', shorthand) to convey messages quickly. Visual limitations (eg: darkness, weather, etc) contributed to the decline of the clockwork system, and the preference for the more consistent electrical code system ("telegraphy": 'far' &plus; 'write'). From 1816 to 1844, utilizing voltaic magnetism and galvanic deflection, many telegraphic systems were devised before Samuel F.B. Morse was credited with the "bi-signal" patent. Although LANDLINEs were used to carry reliable and efficient signals, an experiment in 1843 attempted to transmit signal code directly through water without using underwater cable. The first woman to be certified as a telegrapher was Sarah G. Bagley in 1846. By 1853, the first trans-Atlantic cable (insulated with GUTTA-PERCHA gum) was operational. The presence of the telegraph during the Crimean War (1853-6) brought meddling bureaucrats and incompetent supervisors into annoyingly direct and interferingly immediate contact with battlefield commanders. The 1864 connection from Great Britain to India was extended to China in 1870 and Australia in 1871. By 1874, a mere thirty years after its inception, the "Victorian InterNet" could transmit a message around the world in only four minutes! The subsequent commercial codes, using abbreviations and substitutions, were designed to save transmission time and money, rather than to protect privacy. The telephone was accidentally invented in 1876 while attempting to upgrade the duplex and quadruplex modes of telegraphy with an experimental harmonic multiplexer. In 1903, automatic telegraphy was married to a typewriter to form the teleprinter. See CW, TWX, TELECON, BUG, SALTING, ENCRYPT, UWT, RADIO, TELEPHONE, LANDLINE, COAX.] BAMBOO VIPER : a venomous pit viper endemic to Asia that's patterned bright to dark green above pale green with a bicolored ventrolateral stripe (white over orange or brown), and sized about 30"-37" in length; it's also commonly known as the "bamboo snake", "Chinese bamboo viper", "Chinese tree viper", "Chinese green tree viper", "Formosan bamboo viper", "Taiwan green tree viper", "Stejneger's pit viper", "Stejneger's palm viper", "Stejneger's bamboo pit viper", and "red tail snake". The wound from a bite usually feels extremely painful, as if branded by a hot iron, and does not subside for about a day afterwards; the surrounding flesh at the site swells and dies (necrosis), turning black within a few minutes, extending due to the volume and depth of venom, which highlights the puncture wound. The distribution of this snake and its subspecies is extensive, including higher elevations and islands. BA MUOI BA : (bah-mee-bah) Vietnamese "33" brand beer, being the number thirty-three in Vietnamese (literally three - ten - three = 33); also called "Tiger Piss". Sometimes misspelled "Ba Moui Ba" or "Ba Moi Ba". See LA VAY, BEERLAO, BREW; compare SAIGON TEA. [nb: brand name changed to "333" by SRV after the Second Indochina War; cf: 33 beer from Rolling Rock] BANANA : see SECOND BANANA, GOING BANANAS. BANANA BOLO : banana bolo an unmarked (STERILE) curved blade ("banana" shaped) jungle knife, about 16" overall with an 11" blade, sharpened on the inside edge around to the curved-tip for chopping, with an unfinished wooden handle and housed in a canvas scabbard; it was issued to U.S. Army advisory and recon team members instead of the longer (16"BL) MACHETE; see BOLO, KNIFE. [v: gollock, kukri; cf: secateurs, pruners, loppers, shears, scissors] [v: Knife Terms ; The Language of Swordplay ] BANANA CLIP : a long curved magazine, holding 30 rounds, being standard on the AK-47, and adopted for the M-16 midway through the VIETNAM WAR; compare CLIP, C-CLIP; see CARTRIDGE, BANDOLEER, MAG. BANANA PASS : an arced flight path that descends to a point and then ascends to the original altitude in a swerving trajectory, which is so-called for its putative resemblance to the profile of a curve banana; compare FLAT PASS, KNIFE EDGE PASS; see AEROBATICS. [v: AvnSpeak, an Aerobatics and Aviation Lexicon ] BANANA WARS : a catch-phrase for small wars, especially in the early 20th century, of interventionist expeditions in response to political pressure from commercial or religious entities, often without military objectives or exit strategies. These violent squabbles ranged the world, including Tripoli, Panama, Samoa, the Philippines (1899-1902), China, Haiti (1915-34), the Dominican Republic (1916-22), Nicaragua (1912-3, 1927-33), Mexico, El Salvador, Lebanon, Grenada, Somalia, and Bosnia. Such GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY extracted concessions and redeemed investments on behalf of private commitments by the application of public resources. War is never exclusively military, with American troops being dispatched as "social workers in uniform" in recent times, but they were previously sent forth as "global policemen" when international relations were more autonomous. See ROOSEVELT COROLLARY, JUST CAUSE, WAR. [nb: Haiti Occupation (1915-34): 146 battle deaths; El Salvador (1980-92): 20 battle deaths] BAND-AID : slang for a lightly armored TRACKed vehicle, such as the M-577 command APC, that's used as an ambulance on the battlefield, while also serving as a limited treatment facility (AID STATION) for minor injuries and wounds; also called "Band-Aid Box" or "meat wagon"; see CRACKER BOX, MEDEVAC, DUSTOFF, AIR AMBULANCE, CASEVAC, CIVCAS, NEO, LUGGAGE TAG, TRIAGE. [cf: ambulette] Also, a metonym for an enlisted medical aidman and CORPSMEN, who's also called "shank mechanic", "pill pusher", and MEDIC; see DOC, BABY DOC, PECKER-CHECKER, BAC SI, Y SI, BONE CUTTER, ANGEL, RAMP TRAMP, ORDERLY. Also, any temporary, limited, or makeshift solution or resolution; a "jackleg repair" or "quick fix" that's named after the trademarked (1924) adhesive bandage used for minor cuts and abrasions; see COURSE OF ACTION, PLAN B, RUN IT UP THE FLAGPOLE, WIGGLE ROOM, WHITE ELEPHANT, BELL THE CAT, WANGLE, MIND CANDY, RAIN ON PARADE. Also, the small adhesive bandage itself, invented 1921, that's used for minor cuts and abrasions; see ASA, APC, MED BAG, SICK CALL; compare COMPRESS. BANDIT : an attacking enemy fighter; a positively identified enemy aircraft; in Naval aviation, if the suspect BOGIE is confirmed as a target, the call skips the preliminary BANDIT, and issues a TALLY-HO immediately. Compare BOGIE, VISUAL, JUDY, BATTER UP; see TALLY-HO, PRIMROSE PATH, SCRAM, SPLASH, GOMER, BAD GUYS. Also, slang for the symbolic representation of enemy targets successfully destroyed by an aircraft, usually in the form of silhouettes or flags painted onto the fuselage near the cockpit, which unofficial depictions are illegal, but mysteriously and anonymously materialize out of unit pride; see SPLASH, TROPHY, BRAGGING RIGHTS, TOP DOG, KILL RING, KILL CREDIT. Also, a vendor or other businessman who takes unfair advantage by working without the required permit, and without observing the usual rules; as derived from proscribed, banished [bandetto / banditti]; see CHEAP CHARLIE, JINGLE TRUCK, CYCLO, COWBOY, HAJJI SHOP. [v: gypsy cab] BAND OF BROTHERS : a phrase, expressive of loyalty and comradeship, that was excerpted from a monologue ("We few, we happy few, we band of brothers") by King Henry V, which has since been adopted as a designation for a military unit (eg: Horatio Nelson at 1798 Battle of the Nile), as lyrics in a patriotic song (eg: 1861 "The Bonnie Blue Flag", also known as "We Are a Band of Brothers" [from "The Irish Jaunting Car"]), and as a theme in modern film and literature (eg: 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment [PARADICE]). See COMRADE, SHIPMATE, MESSMATE, ASSHOLE BUDDY, CAMARADERIE, BUDDY SYSTEM, TRADE ENVELOPES, RABBI, PATRON SAINT, SEA DADDY, LOYALTY UP - LOYALTY DOWN, KEEP THE FAITH, SEMPER FI, ESPRIT DE CORPS. [nb: "This story shall the good man teach his son; And Crispin Crispian shall ne'er go by, From this day to the ending of the world, But we in it shall be remember'd; We few, we happy few, we band of brothers; For he to-day that sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother; be he ne'er so vile, This day shall gentle his condition: And gentlemen in England now a-bed Shall think themselves accursed they were not here, And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks That fought with us upon Saint Crispin's day." by William Shakespeare, act 4 sc 3 Henry V (1598)] BANDOLEER : a CARTRIDGE belt worn across the chest or over one shoulder; an AMMO belt. Originally a wide leather belt with loops for each additional SHELL, but has evolved into a belt of pouches containing clipped ammunition, ready for stripping into empty magazines (MAG). BANG : any suddenly loud or sharp noise, such as a resounding slam or a violent strike; see BLAST, EXPLOSIVE PRESSURE, OVERPRESSURE, BANG READER, EXPLOSIVE, SONIC BOOM, HYPERSONIC, SOUND AND FURY, SHOCK 'n' AWE, FIREWORKS, SOUND AND LIGHT SHOW, WATERWORKS. [cf: "Not with a bang but a whimper." by T.S. Eliot in The Hollow Men (1925)] Also, by onomatopoeic association, slang for a thrill or excitement; see BLAST, GUNG-HO, WETSU, GUSTO, A FINE AND PLEASANT MISERY, NICKEL RIDE, THEME PARK, JRTC, NTC, RED FLAG, WAR GAMES. Also, in publishing and computer jargon, slang for the 'exclamation point' (!); see HASH MARK. [v: interrobang, tittle] Also, a euphemism for sex, sexual relations, sexual intercourse, coitus, coition, venery, copulation, fornication, commerce, congress, seduction, intimate knowledge; see CHURNING BUTTER, BOOM-BOOM, SHORT-TIME, FUCK, HOOKUP, DIDDLY, ACT OF CONGRESS, BUTTERFLY, SANDWICH, HAT TRICK, DAISY CHAIN, AROUND THE WORLD, TRICK, PASSION RATION, LOVE HANDLES; compare STEAM 'n' CREAM, SHACK-JOB, HELL ON WHEELS, CHOWING DOWN, HUMMERR, BUSH PILOT, MUFF DIVER, TRAINING FILM, STROKE BOOK. BANGALORE TORPEDO : a tube filled with explosives, used to clear BARBED WIRE entanglements or to detonate land mines; also called "land torpedo" or "snake". See CONCERTINA, RAZOR WIRE. BANGER : slang for a non-lethal short-FUZEd FLASHBANG / FLASH BANG stun GRENADE that disorients with brilliant light and explosive sound; also known as "flash crash". BANGLE : an ornamental wood or metal circlet that a woman wears at her wrist or ankle; originating as a closed ring of glass that was slid over the hand and worn on the arm ('armlet'). These decorative BRACELETs or anklets formerly signified a girl's womanhood, marital status, and tribal affiliation ... typically the number and style of such ethnic bangles betokened the social standing of a woman's family. [nb: in Sikhism, a bracelet is one of the mandatory articles known as the Five Virtues; some prehistoric cultures tied a cord around the wrists of the couple during the marriage ceremony as a symbolic bond of commitment, and some primitive cultures tie a cord around the wrist of a child to deflect excessive admiration, or to ward-off the ill will of the evil eye] BANG READER : a satellite-based thermonuclear detonation detector that notes the flash of an explosion and estimates the strength of the WARHEAD employed; compare FOREST GREEN, CHIRPER; see DRAGON'S BREATH, GENIE, NEST, NUKE. BANH MI / BÁNH MÌ : a Vietnamese submarine-style SANDWICH on a French baguette; sometimes called a "Vietnamese hoagie" or "Vietnamese grinder". BANJO COUNTRY : facetious reference to the hinterlands, populated by people so primitive and uncivilized that their family tree has no branches and they're proud of their obtuse stupidity; also known as "banjo zone" or "banjo area", as expressed in a bathetic confidence: "We were so far out that all we could hear were banjos!" This CARICATURE of an alien wilderness, wherein only depravation and devilment exists, was made famous in the book Deliverance by James Lafayette Dickey, and popularized by the duelling banjos theme song of the film version. See BOONDOCKS / BOONIES, BUSH, DOWN RANGE, SANDBOX, BACKWASH, MAGICAL MYSTERY TOUR, BUMFUCK, GARDEN SPOT, HARDSHIP TOUR; compare WHITE TRASH, KNUCKLE-DRAGGER, MEAT EATER, HUMAN ZOO, SHAVED MONKEY, BRUTE, REACTIONARY, BUBBA EFFECT, CONSERVATIVE, ANTI-FEDERALIST, SILENT MAJORITY, THIRD ESTATE. BANK : the lateral inclination of an aircraft, especially during a turn; also called YANK 'n' BANK; see AEROBATICS, ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT. Also, a long pile, heap, mass, or bank-like border constructed of SANDBAGs. Also, a slope or acclivity. Also, a broad sea floor elevation around which the water is relatively shallow, but not a hazard to surface navigation; compare ROCKS 'n' SHOALS, BREAKWATER. Also, the inclination of an angled road or track; also called "cant". Also, a number of similar objects or devices arranged in a line or tier so as to be able to act together. Also, a store or reserve, as of money or blood; see DUMP, DEPOT. BANQUETTE : a ledge or platform along the inside of a parapet for use as a "firing step", being higher than the floor or PASSAGEWAY, as derived from "bench"; compare CATWALK, see DEFILADE, BERM, HESCO BARRIER, T-WALL [cf: escarp, scarp/escarpment, counterscarp]. Also, a raised sidewalk; see DUCKBOARDS. BANSHEE : twin-engined McDonnell F2H/F-2 Navy fighter jet, nicknamed "Banjo". BAQ : Basic Allowance for Quarters, being supplemental pay for living off-post / -base, living "on the economy"; since redesignated as "Basic Allowance for Housing" (BAH). See SEPARATE RATS, QTRS. BAR : Browning Automatic Rifle; a heavy .30cal magazine-fed shoulder fired weapon, used extensively in WWII and Korea, but didn't perform as well as British Bren. The M-14 rifle sought to combine the BAR firepower with M-1 portablilty. The M-60 machinegun replaced both the BAR and the Browning light machinegun (LMG). The BAR stock had to be cut-down for ARVN troops to use it; compare JOHNNY-GUN, see RIFLE, CAR, MG, MAG, SLING, RAMROD, MUZZLE, FLASH SUPPRESSOR, KICK, FIREPOWER. Also, any rectilinear insignia symbolizing status or achievement; see CANDY BAR, BOLO, HERSHEY BAR, BUTTER BAR, BROWN BAR, LOOEY, AIMING STAKES, RAILROAD TRACKS. Also, short for barrier, as an obstacle, hindrance, or obstruction; to be behind bars, or protected by a mosquito bar [nb: the word "canopy" originally meant net, as a gauze insect or mosquito barrier; cf: sparver]. Also, short for crowbar; see HOOLIGAN. Also, a horizontal band on an heraldic shield. Also, a standard of attainment, a level of measure, a qualifying line of demarcation; a delimiter. Also, a counter or establishment for the serving of food or beverages to customers, as a club or concession; see ANNEX, SLOP CHUTE, CANTEEN, HOT SPOT. [cf: barrelhouse, cocktail lounge, saloon, roadhouse, speakeasy, blind pig / blind tiger, pub, ginmill, public house, tavern, cantina, bar, barroom, bar-and-grill, grogshop, watering hole, tippling house, 11th Frame, 19th Hole, honky-tonk, dive, brasserie, bistro, taproom, beer joint, beer parlor, brewpub, alehouse, rathskeller, cabaret, nightclub, drinkery] BARBARY COAST WARS : wars fought (1801-15) by Americans along the coast of north Africa over the harassment of U.S. ships despite the payment of tribute money to the piratical Barbary States (ie: Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli/Tripolitania); compare TRIPOLITAN WAR. [nb: Barbary Coast Wars (1801-15): 35 battle deaths] [nb: "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute." by Robert Goodloe Harper in a Congressional dinner toast for John Marshall on 18 June 1798; often attributed to Charles C. Pinckney, who purportedly said "Not a penny! Not a penny!" or possibly "No, no, not a six-pence." during the 1797 XYZ Affair] BARBED WIRE : twisted wire strands with spaced projections, used as a barrier or fencing, first patented in 1874; also spelled "barbwire" or "barbed-wire", and sometimes called tanglefoot, devil's rope, bobbed- / bobwire (short), warwire, or tactical wire (tac-wire). Originating at the siege of Vicksburg as smooth entanglement wire recovered from destroyed communication lines, BARBED WIRE was identical to livestock fencing until after the SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, then widely used as anti-intrusion wire at checkpoints, DEPOTs, STOCKADEs, CHOKE POINTs, MLRs and FRONT LINES, finally evolving into RAZOR WIRE. Except for temporary positions (eg: LAAGER), a BARBED WIRE barrier is an inadequate defense, so it is usually combined with AP and AT MINEs, or other devices. See CONCERTINA, BANGALORE TORPEDO, LOW-CRAWL, CREEP, WORM PIT. BARBERSHOP QUARTET : see GLEE / GLEE CLUB. BARBETTE : a platform or mound of earth in a fortification, from which guns may be fired over the parapet; also called "gun mount", "firing pit", "gun pit", or EMPLACEMENT; see ARTY, MORTAR. Also, an armored cylinder for protecting the lower part of a TURRET on a WARSHIP; as derived from "beard"; compare CASEMATE, CITADEL, SPONSON, SPLINTER SHIELD. [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] BARBICAN : the OUTWORK for an entrance to a fortification, especially at a bridge or gate; see REDOUBT, SENTRY BOX, GUARDHOUSE. [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] BAR-B-Q : (forthcoming); informal spelling of barbecue or barbeque; burnt offering, immolate, self-immolation; DRAGON LADY BARCAP : (bar-cap) Barrier Combat Air Patrol; also spelled "Bar-CAP" or "Bar CAP". See CAP, UMBRELLA, HIGH 'n' DRY, RACETRACK; compare ABCCC, ABNCP. BAR LEV LINE : a chain of heavy fortifications and gigantic earthworks along the Suez Canal, built during 1968-71 to defend the cease-fire line in the Sinai after the Six-Day War, and to pre-position essential materiel for defense; also spelled "Bar-Lev Line", named after General Chaim Bar-Lev, the Israeli Chief of Staff. Compare STAR WARS, MAGINOT LINE, SIEGFRIED LINE, MARETH LINE, SMEZ, BERLIN WALL, IRON CURTAIN, BAMBOO CURTAIN, CACTUS CURTAIN, McNAMARA'S WALL, McNAMARA LINE, CHINESE WALL, DEW LINE, PHASE LINE. [cf: Hadrian's Wall, Antonine Wall, Great Wall of China] [nb: the Dutch built Wall Street (1652-98) as a defense against the British in New York] [nb: "The strength of a wall is neither greater nor less than the men who defend it." by Genghis Khan; "Whoever loves a quarrel loves sin; whoever builds a high gate invites destruction." Proverbs 17:19 NIV Bible] BARNSTORMER : an aerial demonstration team, or a member thereof, performing exhibition flights for the public, beginning in the interwar period with "Three Men on a Flying Trapeze", from the original stunt fliers who toured rural areas. See AEROBATICS, BIRD, PILOT, FLYOVER, BLUE ANGELS, THUNDERBIRDS, SKYBLAZERS, SILVER EAGLES; compare DREAMLAND, HAWC, TOP GUN, RED FLAG. [v: AvnSpeak, an Aerobatics and Aviation Lexicon ] BARRACK : building or casern for lodging soldiers in garrison, usually "barracks", but also known as Bachelor Enlisted Quarters (BEQ); see BILLET, BLDG, QTRS, COMPOUND, CANTONMENT, GUARDHOUSE, TEAMHOUSE, BUTLER BUILDING, SEA HUT, QUONSET HUT, JAMESWAY HUT, B-HUT, CHU, CHUVILLE, HOOCH, SUDS ROW, GI PARTY, DAYROOM, COMPANY STREET, MESSHALL, ORDERLY ROOM. [nb: the Portuguese word for slave pens or barracks ("baracoons") is probably the origin of the racial slur 'coon', referring to BLACK people] BARRACK BAG : (forthcoming); colors, dates, sizes; cf: DUFFEL BAG, DITTY BAG; at the RECEPTION STATION or induction center, new MIL-PERS were issued one barrack bag and one haversack during WWI, then two barrack bags at the beginning of WWII, and later one barrack and one duffel bag with their basic issue of uniforms and blankets; during Vietnam-era, the barrack bag was primarily a "laundry bag" [nb: "rucksack" = back-sack; "knapsack" = bite/snap-up/eat, food sack; "kit-bag" = soldier's small bag/knapsack; "haversack" = single-strapped feed bag worn over one shoulder; musette = single-strapped small bag worn over one shoulder] [cf: bundle, bindle/bindlea, swag, bluey, dilly bag, tucker-bag, bag, pouch, tote, sack, traps, pack, grip, gripsack, overnighter, weekender, holdall, carpetbag, B-4 bag, suitcase, one-suiter, single-suiter, two-suiter, three-suiter, portmanteau, Gladstone bag, traveling case, garment bag, Val-Pack, luggage; v: "scrip" wayfarer's bag or wallet; "viaticum" traveler's money and necessities] BARRACKS COVER : in the Marine Corps, the billed, fabric-covered framework, wheel-style hat (SERVICE CAP) that's worn green with the service uniform and white with the dress uniform; this HEADGEAR is traditionally ornamented with the quatrefoil and gilt devices that increase in complexity with the rank of the wearer ... such CONTRAFOIL decoration was introduced in the days of wooden sailing ships to prevent sharpshooters from targeting their own leaders during CLOSE QUARTERS BATTLE, and has been part of the uniform for USMC warrant and commissioned officers since 1859. BARRACKS LAWYER : any disgruntled or maladjusted soldier who is inclined to question orders, who constantly complains and persistently quibbles; a fellow servicemember who has acquired a level of legalistic familiarity with military law and regulations by being repeatedly upbraided, and offers controversial advice as an imperfect warrant to anyone who will listen; also called "bunk room lawyer", GUARDHOUSE LAWYER, or SEA LAWYER. See YARDBIRD; compare JAG. BARRAGE : a heavy barrier of artillery (ARTY) fire to protect troop movements (SCREEN) or to stop an enemy advance (BLOCKADE); see DRUMFIRE, SHELLFIRE, BROADSIDE, VOLLEY. Also, any overwhelming quantity or volume, as of blows or complaints. BARREL : the tube-like part of a gun from which the projectile emerges; also called "gun barrel" or "rifle barrel"; see BORE, RIFLING, SMOOTHBORE, GUN, MAIN-GUN, TUBE. Also, any tube-like passageway or throat-like enclosure, as in a Venturi tube, carburetor, or watch. Also, any unspecified large quantity. Also, any case or container that's similar in form or function to a wooden barrel (ie: a cylindrical wooden container with slightly bulging sides made of staves hooped together, with flat parallel ends); the standard quantity that such a vessel can hold (ie: 31.5 liquid gallons or 105 dry quarts); see CANTEEN, FLASK, LISTER BAG, BLADDER, JERRY CAN, BLIVET, POD, WATER BUFFALO. [v: cask, vat, tun, butt, drum, hogshead, barrel, tank, rundlet, kilderkin, puncheon, keg, carboy, breaker, jug, tub, firkin, salmanazar, pottle, flask, pony, gill, pot, flagon, bottle, demijohn] BARREL-ASS : vulgar or vernacular slang meaning to move at high speed, to charge headlong; commonly expressed as "high speed, low drag". See JUMP-START, CHARGE, SPEARHEAD, STORM, RAT RACE, AUTOTOMY, CAREEN, FIREBALLING, HARD CHARGER, HIGH SPEED, FLANK SPEED, FAST MOVER, BALLS TO THE WALL, FORTHWITH, SCRAMBLE, HAUL-ASS, RIKI TIK, CHOP CHOP, CHOGI, PDQ, STAT, SPEEDY. [v: tout de suite (French: at once, immediately)] [v: amain] BARREL ROLL : air operations during 1964 against the NVA in Laos by USAF and VNAF. Also, an aerial maneuver that combines a loop and a roll, with the flight path resembling an horizontal spiral or corkscrew (helical), as if the wheels of the airplane were rolling around the inside of an imaginary cylinder while continuing to move forward; compare SNAP ROLL, SPIN; see AEROBATICS. [v: AvnSpeak, an Aerobatics and Aviation Lexicon ] BARREL SLEEVE : a protective cover or ventilated shroud that encases the barrel of a submachinegun (SMG) so that the barrel will not overheat during firing, and to enable it to be safely grasped (like a forearm) by the shooter for improved control; often perforated or insulated, this casing has sometimes been connected (for stability) to a SILENCER, or extended to incorporate a FLASH SUPPRESSOR; also known as "barrel jacket", "barrel guard", or "barrel shroud". Those SMALL ARMS lacking such a grip (eg: Henry rifle, PPSh-41 BURP GUN) had to be grasped by the magazine, magazine well, or forward sling swivel. Specimen weapons exhibiting a BARREL SLEEVE include the German Schmeisser (Maschinenpistole) MP-18/1, British STEN, French MAT-49, Swedish Carl Gustav M/45B, Red Chinese Type 50 SMG, North Vietnamese K-50 SMG, and others. See MUZZLE-BRAKE, STACKING SWIVEL, BIPOD. [v: Firearms Glossary ] Also, part of the exterior nomenclature of artillery cannon or main gun tube, a cover for the chamber situated between the muzzle and breechblock for the attachment of the recoil system slides and recuperators; see GUN MOUNT, ARTY. BAS : Battalion Aid Station; see AID STATION. BASE : a military operations and logistics installation, usually fortified, such as Naval Air Station (NAS) or Air Force Base (AFB); see PUZZLE PALACE, PINK PALACE, MADHOUSE, STRONGPOINT, FSB, FOB, AOB, MOB, MCB, NOB, SFOB, ADVANCED BASE, BASE CAMP, POST, FORT, COMPOUND, CANTONMENT, GARRISON, RESERVATION, NATURAL AREA, SHADOW OF THE FLAGPOLE, DODGE CITY, CRUSADER FORT, LITTLE AMERICA. [nb: Vietnamese term: Can Cu] BASE CAMP : a semipermanent field headquarters (HQ); a logistical and administrative center for a unit, usually within that unit's tactical area of responsibility (TAOR). A unit may operate in or away from its BASE CAMP. BASE CAMPS usually contain all or part of a given unit's service support elements. See LSA, FOB, FSB, STRONGPOINT, CP, JUMP CP, AOB, MOB, ADVANCED BASE, COMPOUND, BIVOUAC, PERIMETER, RESERVATION, LITTLE AMERICA. BASE OF FIRE : direct or indirect fire support that augments an attack or assault, as in "Lay down a base of fire to support their advance!". BASE LEG : the position of an approaching aircraft that's perpendicular to the RUNWAY on which it intends to land; compare DOWNWIND LEG, see TOUCHDOWN. BASE PAY : see BP, SALARY, RANK, RATING, GRADE. BASE PIECE : the artillery (ARTY) gun located closest to the Battery (BTY) COMMAND ELEMENT or Fire Direction Center (FDC), so usually being the first to shoot a FIRE MISSION; see HOWITZER. BASEPLATE : a small (round or square) mounting platform that's used to level and stabilize a MORTAR during its operation; indirect fire cannons with larger bore (eg: 81mm, 4.2") require such a platform for both accuracy and crew safety, while the smaller bore cannon (eg: 60mm) can improvise a relatively accurate BASEPLATE from a dirt-filled helmet. See BIPOD, BARBETTE, CREW-SERVED WEAPONS. [nb: documents from AD 1412 in Chinese archives discuss the techniques and tactics for launching rocket assisted arrows (called "eruptors"), fire-arrows, and rocket launched pellet bombs at ranges from 100yds to 1000yds, being fired as a soldier's individual weapon or from a wheelbarrow as a mobile platform.] BASHING : the heuristic or punitive beating administered to Allied prisoners of war by enemy guards with a culture of corporal discipline, such as Imperial Japan or Soviet Russia; such "abuse" was considered "normal" treatment in that milieu or society, inasmuch as they administered the same treatment to themselves. The term BASHING was applied to this practice by British POWs, who had a similar background in the English public schools, and this referent was then adopted by Australian, American, Dutch, Belgian, and other Western servicemen who lacked this cultural perspective. Together with BLISTER, this term became the most common referent for physical beating or thrashing, which is formally called CORPORAL PUNISHMENT. See SQUEEZE, BLISTER, THIRD DEGREE, BITCH SLAP, OVER A BARREL, WHIP, PAIN, SCAR, TORTURE. [v: bastinado] [nb: a 19th century Navy expression for a formal flogging with the cat-o'-nine-tails as ship's punishment was: "dance at the gratings"; while a Navy version of the pillory or stocks, known as "kiss the wooden lady", bound a sailor facing the mast for fatigue punishment and intermittent or random kicks to his buttocks by shipmates] BASIC : informal designation of basic training, basic military training, Basic Entry Training, Basic Combat Training (BCT), or boot camp; see CRUIT, BOOT, MAGGOT, YARDBIRD, SMACK, TRAIN, OSUT, AIT, ACT, MOS. [nb: Vietnamese term: Huan Luyen Can Ban] [nb: it's a well established fact that a good Drill Sergeant will take the raw material of a civilian and turn him into a soldier in the same way that he would take a tangled mess of steel wool and knit it into a tank!] Also, an acronym for British American Scientific International Communication, an English trade language for information exchange with a restricted vocabulary; not to be confused with a computer programming language (ie: Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) or an artificial language (eg: Interlingua, Esperanto, and Ido). See LINGUA FRANCA, PIDGIN, BAMBOO ENGLISH, GOOKANESE, POLYGLOT, CREOLE, VERNACULAR, MIL-SPEAK. [nb: despite the Mongol reign over most of medieval EurAsia for centuries, its linguistic legacy has been sparse, with only remnant influences in Magyar, Samoyedic, and Uralic; while Hispanic conquests have culturally persisted, making Spanish a global linguistic contender; and due to a combination of the international suppression of Judeo-Christian propagation by communists and fascists, and global proselytizing by Muslims, making Islam the world's fastest growing religion, the Arabic language (which supplanted Aramaic) is now being insinuated and interlarded into native tongues worldwide] BASKET : Stokes litter informal for wastebasket or wastepaper basket, being any open trash receptacle; see FILE 13, DUSTBIN, GI CAN. Also, informal for basket litter or basket stretcher, which is also known as an "alpine litter" or "rescue sled", "Stokes litter" or "Stokes rescue basket", being a rigid wire-basket litter that can safely transport a properly secured patient either horizontally or vertically; devised in 1942 by the 10th Mountain Division as a field expedient stretcher for evacuating injured persons during winter weather conditions by using chicken wire and a mummy-style sleeping bag; see LITTER, STRETCHER, DOOLIE, BODY BAG, LITTER-BEARER, STRETCHER-BEARER, BODY-SNATCHER. [nb: the 'Stokes' eponym is properly spelled without the possessive apostrophe] [nb: wickerwork baskets of reed or osier, due to being lightweight and disposable, were widely used before WWII to transport corpses to morgues and mortuaries] BASKETBALL : a pyrotechnic illumination FLARE dropped from any aerial platform, such as a FLARESHIP or TANKER. Also, designated CODENAME for the GLOBEMASTER C-124 TANKER that performed air-to-air refueling on YANKEE STATION. BASKET HEAD : any Asian, especially a peasant or farm laborer, due to their prevalent wearing of a straw hat (eg: NON LA) patterned in a traditional or tribal style; a neutral or unbiased reference to an oriental, also expressed as "straw hat" or "rice stick". See INDIG, BUDDHAHEAD, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, JOSS STICK, NHA THO, DESEGREGATION; compare LITTLE PEOPLE, YELLOW PERIL, YELLOW DOG, DINK, GOOK, SLOPE, RICE BALL, ZIP, SLANT-EYE. BASKET LITTER : (aka: "alpine litter" or "rescue sled", "Stokes stretcher" or "Stokes rescue basket") see BASKET, LITTER, STRETCHER. BASKET STRETCHER : (aka: "alpine litter" or "rescue sled", "Stokes stretcher" or "Stokes rescue basket") see BASKET, LITTER, STRETCHER. BASS : shooter's mnemonic for Breathe, Aim, Slack, Squeeze in target acquisition and GUN CONTROL; see SIGHT PICTURE, ZERO, PEEP SIGHT, DRY FIRE, KICK, FIREPOWER, TRAIN. [v: Firearms Glossary ] BASTARD : originally a separate unit, often specialized, but evolved to include any unit separated into its coherent parts for reinforcement or augmentation. In WWII, BASTARDs included airborne and ranger units, while in Vietnam they were cavalry and artillery units, assigned and reassigned wherever needed, usually with less support and higher casualties than "parented" units. The Airborne-Ranger Companies activated for the KOREAN WAR are an example of BASTARDs used as CANNON FODDER; which is contrasted by the 6th Army ALAMO SCOUTS and Vietnam LRRPs. The military sense of this term, unlike civilian interpretations of "illegitimate", "spurious", "abhorent", or "abnormal", hearkens to its origin of "unacknowledged offspring" [nb: "nullius filius" means 'son of nobody']; such BASTARDs are usually proud of their difference, despite having to achieve twice as much for half the recognition. See AIRBORNE, RANGER, SF, FORCE RECON, RAIDER, MERRILL'S MARAUDERS, MARS, BLACK DEVIL, OSS, FLYING TIGERS, PURPLE HEART BATTALION. BAT / BATT : this slang term is an informal and unofficial truncation of battalion (BN), and does not refer to an artillery battery (BTY); it has also been misused in the plural (bats / batts) to misrepresent battalions (BNs) or batteries (BTYs). BATA BOOTS : sterile footwear with a human footprint direct molded sole (DMS) for leaving indistinct or untraceable tracks, instead of recognizable bootprints, as used by special operations troops disguising their presence; contract manufactured by Bata Boot Company. Compare HO CHI MINH SANDALS, JUNGLE BOOTS; see FOOTWEAR. BATAAN DEATH MARCH : see DEATH MARCH. [nb: the forgotten and emaciated POWs in the Philippines during WWII referred to themselves as "ghost soldiers" (eg: ghost soldiers of Bataan)] [nb: the Bataan Death March is commemorated by an ultra-marathon (63.4mi) on Bataan, covering only about two-thirds of the original (98.8mi) route traveled by thousands of American and Filipino prisoners of war; and by a memorial marathon (26.2mi) around White Sands, near Las Cruces, New Mexico] BATHTUB : a condensed depiction representing a battle or campaign so as to illustrate a point, to teach a lesson or portray an historic event; also known as a "bathtub campaign" or "kitchen sink battle", these layouts are not used by operational personnel when mapping the tactics for a developing situation. Compare SAND TABLE. [v: maquette] BATH SALTS : a pharmacologically diverse drug (eg: cathinone (MDPV), methylone, mephedrone, pyrovalerone, pipradrol, etc) of the GULF WAR-era that's similar in its effect to amphetamine stimulants, which is so-called by its resemblance; see DOPE, JUNK, STONED, WASTED, SPICE, LSD, COLORS, SMACK, FIVE FINGERS, TAR, STICK, CAN SA, HAY, GRASS, HUBBLE-BUBBLE, PIGTAIL. BATMAN : a corruption dating from a WWI misunderstanding of the duties of the soldier in charge of the packhorse carrying its load of officer's baggage; 'bat' is the Old French term for packsaddle, which was confused with its load and combined with the horse's attendant to produce a misnomer for 'servant', hence its modern misinterpretation; see ORDERLY, STRIKER, STEWARD. Also, together with "Bat-Man", a misspelling of 'Bat Man' (qv), being a masked and costumed superheroic FICTIONAL CHARACTER. BAT MAN : Bat Man contraction of BATtle MANagement center, being a command and surveillance station located at Battle Mountain Air Force Base (NV) for the remote control and processing of unmanned aircraft through satellite links around the world; see UAV, DRONE, BOT. Also, (forthcoming); a FICTIONAL CHARACTER featured in comics since 1939; a superhero wearing a disguise and utility belt, operating as the "Dynamic Duo" with a partner called BOY WONDER; also spelled "Bat-Man" and "Batman"; compare CAPTAIN MARVEL, see PIG, POLICE. BATON : a rod or wand, staff or truncheon that serves as a mark of office or authority, being a type of scepter/sceptre; see SWAGGER STICK, WARDER, COUP STICK, BATS 'n' HATS, FIST-LOAD, SANDBAG, MARSHALING BATON. [cf: truncheon, billy, night stick, espantoon, cudgel, bludgeon, shillelagh/shillealah, knobkerrie, cosh, bastinado, singlestick, waddy, club, blackjack, sap, slapjack; cf: bauble] Also, in heraldic design, a narrow diagonal stripe that does not touch the edges of the shield; a couped bendlet. [v: Heraldry ] BATRACHOMYOMACHIA : the title of a mock-heroic Greek epic that was probably composed by Pigres of Caria in the 5th century BC, which describes, in Homeric style, a battle between mice and frogs in which Zeus and Athena join; the name has since been used to imply a trivial or meaningless battle, as a tempest in a teapot or a storm in a teacup (batrachomyomachy). [v: "The Frogs" by Aristophanes, and "Much Ado About Nothing" by William Shakespeare (1600); cf: swarm of frogs as the second plague against the Egyptians in Exodus 8:3: "The river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into thine house, and into thy bedchamber, and upon thy bed, and into the house of thy secants, and upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and into thy kneading troughs."] [nb: while the "Battle of the Frogs and Mice with the Remarks of Zoilus" by Thomas Parnell (1717) was once considered imitative but it was merely an attack on the authors John Dennis and Lewis Theobald, who'd offended the coterie of Pope, Fielding, et al, with their unrepentant scholarship] BATS 'n' HATS : rhyming slang for the uniform (batons and helmets) to be worn when the CONSTABULARY or military police (MP, AP, SP) is responding with "less than lethal force" to riot or civil unrest, such as at prisons or embassies; see BATON, WARDER, SWAGGER STICK, COUP STICK, FIST-LOAD, SANDBAG, MARTIAL ART, JAP SLAPPER, KNUCKLE SANDWICH, KATN, RIOT ACT, MUTINEER, PROVOCATEUR, PROTESTOR, POLICE. [cf: truncheon, billy, night stick, espantoon, cudgel, bludgeon, shillelagh/shillealah, knobkerrie, cosh, bastinado, singlestick, waddy, club, blackjack, sap, slapjack, SANDBAG] [v: pygmachy] BATTAILOUS : an archaism meaning ready for battle, being warlike; see GOOD TO GO, COMBAT LOADED, MISSION READY, UNLIMBER, LOCK 'n' LOAD, OP TEMPO, JUMP-START, FAT, SADDLE-UP, HOOPLA, MOVE OUT. [cf: battalia] BATTEN : a thin flat length of wood or metal used in construction or reinforcement, often used to bolster or secure; compare DUNNAGE. Also, a thin or narrow strip of lumber attached to sailcloth to keep it flat or taut. Also, to cover a HATCH or other opening so as to make it watertight. Also, a flexible strip of wood used for fairing the lines of a HULL on the floor of a mold loft during shipbuilding. BATTER UP : slang from WWII for US Naval ships positively identifying an enemy vessel or other target; see PLAY BALL, PLAY THE GAME; compare BANDIT. BATTERY : see BTY, ARTY. BATTERY ACID : slang for military coffee, also known as joe, mud, sludge, washy, java, mocha, espresso, brew, black water, brown blood, boiler acid, and nectar of the gods; see GI JOE. BATTLE : to force or accomplish by fighting, as to struggle, contend, contest, skirmish, scrimmage, scrummage, conflict, affray, FIREFIGHT, combat, AMBUSH, STALKING HORSE, CONTACT, MEETING ENGAGEMENT, SPOILING ATTACK, SPEARHEAD, FORCE MAJEURE, FRONTAL ASSAULT, PITCHED BATTLE, CLOSE QUARTERS BATTLE, PINCER, ENVELOPMENT, DOUBLE ENVELOPMENT, REVOLUTION, PYRRHIC VICTORY, FIGHT LIKE KILKENNY CATS, BITTER END, SNOWBALL, BELL THE CAT, TAR BABY, BATRACHOMYOMACHIA, and so forth, now called "war fighting"; see BLOODY SHIRT, JUST WAR, CROSS THE RUBICON, FIGHTING WORDS, PLAY THE GAME, COLLATERAL DAMAGE, FIGHTING MAD. Also, a hostile encounter between opposing military forces, affected by numbers, weapons, orders, equipment, time, supplies, terrain, weather, and policies; see GOOD TO GO, COMBAT LOADED, MISSION READY, UNLIMBER, LOCK 'n' LOAD, OP TEMPO, FAT, SADDLE-UP, HOOPLA, MOVE OUT, BATTAILOUS. Also, the place, act, or incidence of such hostile encounter, as a battlefield, combat zone, KILL ZONE; compare CONTACT, SHOOTING WAR, LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT, FIREWORKS, COLD WAR, FLOWER WAR, VICTORY, DEFEAT. [cf: slugfest, battalia, stour] [nb: Frederick the Great's mule attended many battles but learned nothing about war from them!; the difference between the OLD MAN and the TOP KICK is the same in war as it is in sex: officers need to talk about it in great detail for a long time before it happens, but sergeants need to talk about it in great detail for a long time after it happens!] BATTLE-AX / BATTLE-AXE : slang for an aggressive or domineering woman, especially a female MIL-PERS who exhibits a hostile or assertive attitude; as derived from the broadax / broadaxe formerly used as a weapon of war. See SKIRT, GI JANE, WARRIOR PRINCESS, WONDER WOMAN, QUEEN FOR A YEAR, SQUEAK, RUNTS 'n' CUNTS, BALL BUSTER, HELL ON WHEELS, FLYING BRAVO, BITCH, SPLIT, DISTAFF. BATTLE CRY : the rousing shout or emblematic call of troops going into combat, such as a morale-boosting slogan or onomatopoeic war whoop (eg: the proverbial "Rebel yell"); also spelled "battlecry", being a shout, out-cry, bellow, hoot, howl, yell, ululation, cooee, baying, scream, cry, wail, shriek, holler, hollo, or AHOY. Just as significant campaigns are incorporated into the uniform [v: shoulder cord] or insignia [v: Guadalcanal on 1st Mar Div SSI] of the affected units, so inspired phrases become part of the insignia and history of affected units, creating a mark of distinction, officially known as a "special designation". Statements made during controversy or combat (eg: "liberty or death", "only one life to give", "not yet begun to fight") are more akin to 'famous last words' than to a BATTLE CRY, but are often invoked when preparing for battle. See CREST, PATCH, SIGNATURE, MOTTO, TOAST, GUSTO, HOOAH, OORAH, GUNG-HO, ESPRIT DE CORPS, WETSU, DIEHARD, ROOT HOG OR DIE, WAKE UP, WAR PARTY, WARMONGER, MERCENARY, RE-UP, KILL 'EM ALL, VIETNAM IS FOREVER, WINNING HEARTS AND MINDS, STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND, THEY'LL GIVE A WAR AN' NOBODY'LL COME. [nb: the term 'slogan' is derived from the Scottish words ('sluagh' &plus; 'gairm') meaning "army cry" or "war cry"; cf: misnomer "slughorn"] [nb: Imperial Japanese "banzai" (ten-thousand years; not "bonsai" gardening) similar to Chinese "wàn-sue"] [cf: warison; v: clarion call] [nb: the "thin red line" was applied to the British ("Redcoats") in the Crimean War because they did not form into a defensive square when engaged, making their line weak, which impugned their military prowess; likewise, the Scottish bagpipers accompanying British troops in WWI were labeled "ladies from hell" for wearing kilts into battle while playing an instrument instead of carrying a weapon ... each attribution was initially offensive, but both were later adopted as proud distinctions] [v: mottoes and nicknames of military units ; Names of Foreigners or Foes ] BATTLE DRESS : a military field uniform and accouterments, generally camouflaged and stripped of all ornamentation; see FATIGUES, UTILITIES, CAMMIES, BDU, ACU, DIGITALS, DRESS, FULL BATTLE RATTLE, LOADOUT, EQUIPAGE, COMBAT LOADED. BATTLE DRESSING : synonym for a sterile COMPRESS pressure bandage. BATTLE DRESSING STATION : see AID STATION; compare COMFORT STATION. BATTLE FATIGUE : formerly known as combat fatigue, combat exhaustion, shell shock, or war neurosis, and formally known as Acute Environmental Reaction, which is related to a "survivor guilt" syndrome, being a term denoting the mental disorder or psychiatric illness that's consequent to the stressful conditions present on the battlefield or during wartime; see PTSD. [nb: "basket-case" is term for multiple amputee; now meaning an incapacitated or dysfunctional person, anyone or anything totally impaired] BATTLEFIELD : the place where fighting has occurred, or is presently occurring, as distinguished from the general hostile area (COMBAT ZONE) where fighting may occur at some point in time; that contended area of actively hostile opposition, also called "battleground" or RED FIELD. See CONFLICT, KILL ZONE, FIREFIGHT, CONTACT, BATTLE, FEBA, MLR, FLOT, FRONT LINE, CHOKE POINT, STRONGPOINT, ESPLANADE, FORCE MULTIPLIER, INDIAN COUNTRY, DOWN RANGE, FIELD ALLOWANCE. [nb: Vietnamese term: Chien Truong] BATTLE JACKET : a close-fitting, waist-length woolen jacket with snugly fitting cuffs and waist, collar and epaulets, worn as part of the service uniform during WWII; also known as "combat jacket", "Ike jacket" or "Eisenhower jacket"; see TANKER JACKET, FLIGHT JACKET, FIELD JACKET, DRESS. Also, any of various imitations or adaptations of this jacket in civilian sportswear or paramilitary attire; see BUSH JACKET, COMBAT CASUAL / COMBAT CASUALS. BATTLE LANTERN : a battery-operated emergency light, usually mounted in a fixed position on an interior BULKHEAD, PASSAGEWAY, or LADDERWELL to afford tactical (red or amber) illumination in vessels and buildings during power outages; also called "battle lamp". Such BATTLE LANTERNs are typically encased for protection against physical damage to ensure its proper function during an emergency, and to prevent harmful interaction with the environment. BATTLE OF WITS : an idiomatic expression representing the attempt or effort to resolve a conflict or competition by intelligence, rather than by violence; a problem-solving challenge wherein intellect is one's only recourse. BATTLE RATTLE : rhyming slang denoting the condition of an individual being completely equipped (ie: body armor, backpack, helmet, weapon, gas mask, ammunition, rations, etc) for the conduct of combat operations; most commonly rendered as FULL BATTLE RATTLE, but also called "play clothes" and "mommy's comforts". See COMBAT LOADED, CROSS-LOADING, MISSION READY, UNLIMBER, LOCK 'n' LOAD, BATTAILOUS, OP TEMPO, FAT, GOOD TO GO, SADDLE-UP, HOOPLA, MOVE OUT, WEB GEAR, BATTLE DRESS. BATTLE ROYAL : a violent fight, often confused and noisy, involving more than two combatants, as a donnybrook, melee, free-for-all, rumpus, knock-down-drag-out, rough-and-tumble, slugfest, brawl, fracas, affray, brannigan, rencounter, rhubarb, pandemonium; this phrase originated with cockfighting (alectryomachy), where a certain number of game birds are pitted together and left until there is only one survivor [cf: Welsh Main, v: WHITE FEATHER]. See KING OF THE HILL, HIDE-AND-SEEK, DOGFIGHT, FIREFIGHT, CATCH AND GRASP, HUG, EVERY MAN FOR HIMSELF, CUTTHROAT, RAMPAGE, TRAILING HIS COAT, FIGHTING MAD, CQB, BATTLE, WAR. [cf: barratry] BATTLESHIP : see BATTLE WAGON, WARSHIP. BATTLE STAR : informal reference to a "service star", being a DEVICE attached to the ribbon portion of a "service medal" (commonly called CAMPAIGN MEDAL) which indicates service during one or more campaigns authorized for that award; the SILVER STAR medal originated as a distinguished BATTLE STAR. See OLC, V-DEVICE, GONG, FRUIT SALAD, TRASH, I WAS THERE. [v: Heraldry ] BATTLE TAXI : except during WWI, when actual taxicabs were used to convey troops forward to reinforce the desperate fighting on the FRONT LINE, this slang expression refers to half-tracked ARMORED CARs and armored personnel carriers (APC) that transport men and their equipment to the BATTLEFIELD; although these vehicles have some defensive armaments, they are not designed to be used as fighting platforms by their passengers ... like the DRAGOONs of earlier times, the mechanized infantrymen (MECH) are supposed to dismount in order to engage the enemy. BATTLE WAGON : informal NavSpeak for a battleship, being any of the most heavily armored ships that are equipped with the most powerful armaments; see DREADNOUGHT, WARSHIP. Also, slang for any powerful and formidable vehicle, craft, or vessel, from TANK to FLYING FORTRESS; an implacable juggernaut or a devastating "engine of war". BAY : a compartment or section, as a "bomb bay" or CARGO BAY. Also, an alcove or recess, as a "sick bay" or "bunk bay"; compare APARTMENT. Also, an honorary CROWN or garland, as a "laurel wreath"; see CROWN OF WILD OLIVES. Also, inset land or inlet water, as a cove or bight. Also, to resist or repel, as "to hold at bay". BAYONET : M-8 bayonet M-9 bayonet a knife-like weapon attached to the muzzle of a firearm for close combat; derived from 17th century plug-bayonet invented in Bayonne France to convert single-shot muskets into pikes. The Chinese "fire lance", utilized as both a flamethrower and as a prototype shotgun, also included a fixed point for use as a pike. See KNIFE, KNUCKLE-DUSTER, MUZZLE-RING, LUG, SPIKE, ON GUARD, BUTT STROKE, AT CLOSE QUARTERS, CQB, CAB. [nb: the M-1 bayonet issued in 1943 for the M-1 Garand rifle was identical to the earlier M-1905 bayonet, only shorter (10" tempered steel blade with black oxidized coating instead of 16"), with both featuring a textured Bakelite handle and a molded olive drab plastic scabbard] [nb: the "spirit of the bayonet" is "to kill!" ... not only was the word "kill" banned from the training and indoctrination (TRADOC) vocabulary (see SMACK) during the VIETNAM WAR, but bayonet, pugil stick, and hand-to-hand close combat training have since been eliminated from soldierly preparation. Although the "little corporal" Napoleon claimed that three hostile newspapers are to be feared more than thousands of BAYONETs, Voltaire said, as both social and political philosophy, that "You can do anything with a BAYONET, except sit on it!". An old military maxim states: "Deny your soldiers a proper bayonet and you will find a foreign one at your throat."] [nb: "Few men are killed by bayonets, but many are scared by them. Having the bayonet fixed makes our men want to close. Only the threat to close will defeat a determined enemy." by George S. Patton Jr (29 July 1943); "It is the cold glitter of the attacker's eye not the point of the questing bayonet that breaks the line." by George S. Patton Jr] [v: Knife Terms ; The Language of Swordplay ] Also, figurative use for a ruthless attack or murderous treatment, as to be executed by a BOARD, or bloodied by a committee; see BACK CHANNEL, BAYONET SHEET, MURDER BOARD. [cf: "to put the knife in", "to have a knife in", "to have a knife out for someone", "the knives are out for someone"] Also, a locking pin or flange. Also, an outdated metonym that was formerly used to tally the strength of a given unit (ie: "a battalion of a thousand bayonets"); compare SABER. Also, slang for penis, phallus, PRICK / CU, SHORT ARM, JOYSTICK, STICK, SPAR, YARDARM, HOT DOG, HOSE, BIRD, DIPPER, POGY BAIT, POGUE, and the like; compare LITTLE PRICK, DEAD-SOLDIER, ONIONS. BAYONET LUG : (aka: mounting lug) see LUG, MUZZLE-RING, BAYONET. BAYONET SHEET : slang for an effectiveness or efficiency report (ER); usually considered official fiction, it is frequently a way of ridding the military of unpopular officers and NCOs, regardless of their true skills (roorback). See FITREP, EER, NCOER, OER, UP OR OUT; compare BACK CHANNEL, FANG, KICK ASS, NASTY-GRAM. [nb: "Your enemies stab you in the back, but your friends stab you in the front!"; "Your enemies cut your throat with a smile, but your friends cut your throat with regret."; "What Peter says about Paul says more about Peter than it does about Paul" by Arthur Schopenhauer; the "narcissism of small differences" by Sigmund Freud; "When you hear somebody usin' words ag'in somebody, don't go by his words, for they won't make no damn sense, [but] go by his tone, and you'll know if he's mean and lying." by Forest Carter, The Education of Little Tree (1976)] BAZOOKA : informal term for a tube-shaped "rocket gun" developed by L.A. Skinner and C.N. Hickman, and standardized in 1942; this portable, lightweight, short-range ROCKET launcher was operated by a two-man crew against armored vehicles and fortifications during WWII and the KOREAN WAR, firing a fin-stabilized 2.36" (M-6, M-9, M-18) or 3.5" (M-20) MISSILE. Plagued by electrical problems, it was superseded by the M-18 57mm shoulder-fired, air-cooled, single-loading Recoilless Rifle (RR) during WWII. The BAZOOKA rocket launcher resembled an unlikely looking musical instrument so named and played by comedian Bob Burns in vaudeville from the 1930s. See LAW, PREDATOR, SMAW, TOW. [nb: the BAZOOKA would malfunction at temperatures lower than 20°F and higher than 120°F] [v: panzerfaust, raketenpanzerbüchse, panzerschreck] BB STACKER : slang for anyone assigned to work directly with ordnance; also known in NavSpeak as "ordie" or "red shirt"; see MUNITIONS, DUMP, BOMB FARM, TOMB, HARDPOINT, COMBAT LOADED, EOD, UXO, EXPLOSIVE; compare SAPPER, CE, BREACHER. Also, slang for the ordnanceman who loads MUNITIONS onto aircraft as cargo to be transported for delivery; also called LOAD TOAD or KICKER; see LOADMASTER, DROPMASTER, CREW CHIEF. BCD : Bad Conduct Discharge, which is sardonically known as the "Big Chicken Dinner"; see DISCHARGE. [nb: during the 19th century, a "bobtail" discharge was slang for both a curtailed term of service, and for a certificate with its character cutoff so as to obscure or conceal the type of discharge ... always "other than honorable"] BCG : Birth Control Glasses; see BIRTH CONTROL DEVICE, DOUBLE-O. BCND : Biet Cach Nhay Du, or Vietnamese Airborne Rangers; see AIRBORNE RANGER, compare MIKE FORCE, CIDG, BDQ, BORDER DEFENSE RANGER, STRIKER, RF/PF, LRRP, FORCE RECON, RANGER. BCT : Basic Combat Training; also called basic, basic training, basic military training, Basic Entry Training, or boot camp; see CRUIT, BOOT, MAGGOT, SMACK, YARDBIRD, TRAIN, OSUT, AIT, ACT, MOS. [nb: it's a well established fact that a good Drill Sergeant will take the raw material of a civilian and turn him into a soldier in the same way that he would take a tangled mess of steel wool and knit it into a tank!] Also, the abbreviation for Basic Cadet Training, being a six- or eight-week course of essential military instruction and physical development that's required as preparation prior to admittance into any of the ROTC programs or service academies; this abbreviation is pronounced as the word 'beast', and this summer camp is a prerequisite for admission as a CADET. Also, Brigade Combat Team, being an autonomous infantry brigade (BDE) that's reinforced with integral artillery (ARTY), air cavalry (ACAV) or armored cavalry (ACR), and combat engineers (CE / ENGR) elements; compare SBCT, RCT, see FIRE BRIGADE. [nb: Vietnamese term: Lu Doan Chien Thuat] BDA : Bomb Damage Assessment, later redesignated as "Battle Damage Assessment" to include all forms of tactical destruction; being a standard I&R or recon team mission after a FIRE MISSION or airstrike. Compare AAR, DEBRIEF, COLD WASH; see RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE), SOFT TARGET, HARD TARGET, OBJ, COLLATERAL DAMAGE. BDE : 191 Inf Bde 2 Inf Bde brigade; a military unit subordinate to a division (DIV) that consists of a headquarters (HQ) and two or more regiments (RGT), squadrons (SQDN), groups (GP), or battalions (BN), and is commanded by a colonel (COL). Although three brigades typically comprise a division, separate brigades of medical, supply, maintenance, and transportation can operate autonomously under corps or theater command. The 11th, 196th, 198th, and 199th Infantry Brigades and the 173rd Airborne Brigade operated independently in Vietnam. A brigade usually contains about 3,500 soldiers, but can be as large as 5,000 members for the heavily armored units, and is usually subdivided by battalions that are typically sized between 600 - 800 soldiers. See BCT, FIRE BRIGADE; compare BRIG. [nb: Vietnamese term: Lu Doan, Chien Doan] BDQ : BDQ Biet Dong Quan, or Vietnamese Rangers, being the elite infantry of the Vietnamese Army; also called Biet Cach, Biet Kich, Biet Dong Doi. Vietnamese Ranger trainees were taught how to operate in forest, mountain, and mud [Rung - Nui - Sin Lay (RNSL)] in a course at Duc My in Nha Trang. (history forthcoming); maroon beret See BORDER DEFENSE RANGER, STRIKER, MIKE FORCE, CIDG, RF/PF, LRRP, LRSP, RECONDO, RANGER, AIRBORNE, AIRBORNE RANGER, SPECIAL OPERATIONS, COUNTERPART. BDU : Battle Dress Uniform, being an all-purpose camo-patterned cloth uniform worn as the standard work or duty dress as well as worn in combat; a post-Vietnam uniform similar in appearance to woodland Jungle FATIGUES, which replaced the normal olive drab (OD) FATIGUES or utility work uniform, and was also issued in desert and urban patterns. BDUs were replaced in 2004 by the Army Combat Uniform (ACU), and wear is no longer authorized after 30 April 2008. See CHOCOLATE CHIP, DRESS. Also, U.S. Air Force abbreviation for Bomb Dummy Unit (BDU-48), which is a small winged simulator used as a safety and economy measure when practicing aerial bombardment; commonly called a "flying juice can" or "beer can", as in a "beer can toss" bombing run; see DIVETOSS, SKIP BOMBING. BEACHHEAD : the secure initial position of an amphibious assault into enemy territory, used for farther advancement and resupply, a foothold or WAY POINT; see PHASE LINE, AIMPOINT, compare AIRHEAD, BRIDGEHEAD. [cf: esplanade] BEACHMASTER : a Navy CHIEF (CPO) or Warrant Officer (WO) responsible for the proper placement and movement of men, supplies, equipment, and vehicles on and off a BEACHHEAD; which duties may include evacuation of the wounded (WIA), clearance for safe travel lanes, and erection of a temporary WHARF. Also spelled "beach master"; compare LOADMASTER, CREW CHIEF, JUMPMASTER; see SHORE PARTY. BEAK : common nickname for the Northrop-Grumman B-2 strategic bomber aircraft known as the SPIRIT; also called the "stealth bomber". BEAM : the maximum width of a ship; see ATHWART. Also, a narrowly focused radio signal for navigation; see VOR, VORTAC, VECTOR, MEACONING, CWI. BEAM DEFENSE POSITION : see THACH WEAVE. BEAN-COUNTER : any niggling administrator or finicky quartermaster (QM), also known as a "nitpicker" or "nose-picker"; who makes the military more CHICKEN SHIT for everyone by their meticulous adherence to obstructive RED TAPE and picayune FORMs, under the guise of being essential and indispensable, but especially those anal-retentive supply geeks, obsessive-compulsive finance hacks, and perverse admin drudges! See REMF, HOMESTEADER, PUKE, CREEP, CLERKS 'n' JERKS, PENCIL PUSHER, ACETATE COMMANDO, CHAIRBORNE, TICKET-PUNCHER, CHAIR FORCE, TAP-DANCER, CYA, WONK, WALLAH, MILICRAT, ORIFICE. [v: "spill the beans"] [cf: apparatchik, nomenklatura, eunuch, nabob, nibs; placeholder, chair warmer; checkbook gardener, gentleman farmer, patron of the arts, white knight, fairy godmother, benefactor] [nb: "Algerism", an eponym for the politico who was probably the worst Secretary of War in American history, became the national byword for bureaucratic sloath, cronyism, and incompetence, becoming a synonym for venality and ineptitude; after Russell A. Alger, attorney and capitalist, Michigan governor and U.S. Senator, CIVIL WAR Major General and Spanish American War Secretary of War] BEANER : disparaging metonymic slang for any person of Hispanic or Pre-Columbian ancestry, civilian or otherwise, inhabiting the Americas (especially Latin-, Central-, or Meso-America), that's used as a generalization for convenient description or identification; also called Latino, Chicano, "spic", or "wetback" [after name of 1954 Eisenhower project to restrict illegal immigration]. See SEMINOLE WAR, MEXICAN WAR, INDIAN WARS, SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, BANANA WARS, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, INDIG, DESEGREGATION, CHITTY CHITTY BANG BANG. [nb: "spic" is purported to be either an elision from the word Hispanic, or a corrupt pronunciation of the phrase "(no) speak (English)"] [v: BANDIT (bandetto / banditti)] [v: pollo (chicken, victim, laborer)] BEANS : any food or meal (not just "whistle-berries"), as "beans and bullets" for troops; with the source of supply or point of distribution called a "beanery", and any out-dated, bland, and otherwise unpalatable provender being called "has beans". See CHOW, THREE SQUARES, CHOKE, SQUARE MEAL, CHOWING DOWN, C-RATIONS, MRE, PIR, LRRP-RATIONS, HAM 'n' MOTHERS, TURKEY, SOUP, DYNAMITED CHICKEN, HAMSTER, CONDIMENTS, GI JOE, BUG JUICE, WASH, WAD, GUT BOMB, SLOP, FEEL AWFUL, CRITTER FRITTER, SLIDER, SOS, PUPPY PETERS, CAVALRY STEAK, SOLDIER'S BREAKFAST, IRON RATIONS, DOG, FISH-EYES, SUGAR PILL, GEDUNK, POGY BAIT, SINKER, PANCAKE, SANDWICH, HORSE COCK, CAMEL BURGER, PITA, RATIONS, HEAT TABS, STERNO, MERMITE, EVAPORATOR, MESS, GALLEY, COOKIE, LIP SMACKING, FORAGE. [v: beanfeast, wayzgoose] [nb: since the era of the CIVIL WAR, American troops have mockingly mislabeled salt pork as "Cincinnati chicken" just as ground or smothered entrees are now called "mystery meat"; v: mock chicken, mock turtle soup, sea legs / surimi, Bombay duck, Welsh rabbit, golden buck] [nb: priorities of combat: GRUNTS want "beans, bullets, beer"; REMFs want "bucks, broads, bars"; and CMDRs want "brags, bimbos, bribes"] [cf: "battels" (probably a corruption of the obsolete 'battle', to feed) meaning the expense of board and provisions, or the board and provisions themselves; housing and meals, shelter and rations] [v: field cookware includes MESS KIT, CANTEEN CUP, billy/billy-pot/billy-can] [nb: it requires more time and fuel to cook at higher altitudes because the boiling point (212°F/100°C) of water is more difficult to attain as the atmospheric pressure decreases, leaving the food desiccated and partially cooked, so a small sealed container is needed to increase the pressure (which also increases the boiling point) for efficient food and beverage preparation, enabling a higher temperature to be reached before boiling occurs (water at 15psi boils at 252°F/125°C); although pressure cookers (aka: waterless cooker) reduce cooking time by a factor of three, they also prevent the escape of air and liquids below a preset temperature, which conserves their contents from evaporation ... one of the earliest models was called a "steam digester", invented by physicist Denis Papin in 1679; commercial kitchens use large volume "pressure canners" ... WARNING: as with boiling, the use of contaminated water in pressure cooking will not cleanse its impurities, since distillation requires evaporation (and condensing) to achieve potability; cf: osmotic (or reverse osmosis) filtration] [nb: high-muckety-muck and high-muck-a-muck are corrupt Americanisms from Chinook jargon ("hayo makamak") meaning plenty to eat or much food, from the layer of whale meat between blubber and flesh] [nb: according to Claude Levi-Strauss (1970), cooking is the quintessential inauguration of civilization, which demarcation separates the primitive kinship structure that concentrates upon survival from the cooperative social organization that has since developed specialization and leisure] BEAR : nickname for the Electronic Warfare Officer (EWO) in the backseat of an assault aircraft; see GIB, TFO, RIO, RSO, WSO (WIZZO); compare FUF. A BEAR BY THE TOOTH : see HEAD IN THE LION'S MOUTH. BEARD : with the advent of the SAFETY RAZOR and the necessity to properly fit a GAS MASK for the TRENCH WARFARE of WWI, beards were discouraged when not officially prohibited. In a Vietnam-era "Zgram" message, ADM Elmo Zumwalt endorsed the "tradition" of shipboard beards, as were worn, in marked contrast to shorter haircuts, by sailors and soldiers on various vessels. French officers historically wore a tuft of hair below their lower lip, above the chin, without a goatee or beard but sometimes with a moustache, as an adornment denoting their military status; and although this embellishment has gone out of fashion with soldiers, it remains popular, and is known as a "royale", "impériale", "mouche / mosca" (fly), "small beard", "soul patch", "dab", "barnacle", "tickler", "honey mop", or "flavour-saver". See CAVALRY WHISKERS, SIDEBURNS, FACE FUZZ, RELAXED GROOMING STANDARDS, LONGHAIR. [nb: the Army Transportation Corps has a tradition of beards for landing craft crews, as does the Navy ... both approved for wear during the VIETNAM WAR] [nb: Alexander the Great was reputedly clean-shaven so as to prevent an enemy from grabbing his beard, and holding him long enough to deliver a killing stroke] BEARD THE LION : to be impudently confrontational or personally challenging toward a fearsome opponent, as when face to face; from the longer phrase "to beard the lion in his den", which entails trespass or transgression when bringing the fight into his territory. The 'beard', which is a symbol of strength and wisdom (v: female rulers who've worn ornamental beards of office) in many cultures, is also representative of TRUTH and HONOR, in the same way as the FACE, and has been sworn by in OATHs of veracity as a sign of good faith ... in fact, Muslims often swear by the beard of the Prophet. Yanking or even shearing a man's beard is an extreme affront and deadly insult ... much worse than tweaking someone's nose ... and represents bold opposition. See BELL THE CAT, FIGHT LIKE KILKENNY CATS, HEAD IN THE LION'S MOUTH, RAT RACE, WHITE ELEPHANT, PAPER TIGER, YELLOW DOG, AT CLOSE QUARTERS, UP-CLOSE 'n' PERSONAL. BEAR HUG / BEAR-HUG : see HUG, KISS; compare PAX, CATCH AND GRASP. BEARING : a horizontal direction, expressed in degrees, east or west of the true or magnetic north (or south) direction; see AZIMUTH, PELORUS, COMPASS, HEADING, OMNIRANGE. [nb: the 4 cardinal points are subtended by 32 compass points, which are equivalent to 360 degrees or 6400 mils; as a rule of thumb: 1 mil subtends 1 meter at 1 kilometer] Also, one's relative position or direction, often expressed as "bearings"; see DEAD-RECKONING, LEEWAY. Also, the manner in which one conducts or carries oneself, being the postures and gestures of comportment; to exhibit proper demeanor and military deportment, exacting punctilio, as when "bearing up" under pressure; see THE BIBLE, MANUAL OF ARMS, SILENT INSOLENCE, EYE-FIGHTING, TACT, RESPECT, COMMAND VOICE, COMMAND PRESENCE, STANDARD-BEARER, MUFTI, TOAST, O CLUB. [nb: before international homogenization by cultural admixture in global communications, when racial and ethnic characteristics were still discrete, the French expressed contempt by shitting on something or someone, the British by pissing on it, and the Americans by spitting, which was a factor considered when determining the extent of legitimate response or reprisal to alleged provocation] Also, the act of enduring or the capacity to endure; see GUTS, WATCH MY SMOKE, DIEHARD, BITE THE BULLET, WINTER SOLDIER, MOXIE, V-CAMPAIGN, CODE OF CONDUCT, DUTY. Also, a supporting part of a structure; hence, by analogy to that contact area, a reference or relationship, as "that has no bearing on the problem". Also, a device on a heraldic field [v: Heraldry ]. BEAST : pronunciation of the abbreviation BCT, meaning Basic Cadet Training, being a six- or eight-week course of essential military instruction and physical development that's required as preparation prior to admittance into any of the ROTC programs or service academies; this summer camp is a prerequisite for admission as a CADET. BEAT AROUND THE BUSH : an idiomatic expression meaning to delay, to evade, to avoid, to skirt, to hedge, to straddle or sidestep, to waffle or pussyfoot, to dissemble or stonewall, to equivocate or tergiversate; compare DON'T DO NOTHING, CLUTCH-UP, PUSH COMES TO SHOVE, RISKY-SHIFT EFFECT, PING-PONG, WAR GAMES, OODALOOP, BOYDLOOP, COUNTERINTUITIVE, NO EXCUSE, MEA CULPA, ACCOUNTABILITY, RESPONSIBILITY, ZERO TOLERANCE, PISO'S JUSTICE, DRUMHEAD, TWIST IN THE WIND, NOSE COUNT, EYE-CHECK, REASSURANCE, RUN IT UP THE FLAGPOLE, POPULARITY CONTEST, WHISPERING CAMPAIGN, PETTICOAT COMMAND, TACT. [v: shilly-shally (der: "Shall I? Shall I?")] Also, the application of indirection or misdirection. Also, to literally surround what is obscure or concealed. Also, to cause whatever is hidden to be exposed, to be flushed out, to be driven out into the open; see TRACE, TRACK, TRAIL, DRAG. [nb: more so than foreign armies, Americans can usually be traced by their excessive noise and exotic odors as well as by the trail of trash (LITTER) that they leave behind themselves in the field] BEAT A HASTY RETREAT : to rapidly withdraw, as from an encounter or an engagement; also expressed as "beat a retreat" ... originally meaning to beat (on drums) or call (with bugles) the 'retreat' formation for dismissal or retirement to quarters. See RETREAT, RETROGRADE, CHANGING TUNE, BEAT FEET, BAILOUT, DECAMP, HAUL-ASS, BUG-OUT, CUT AND RUN, SPLIT, ROUT, DEFEAT. [nb: before becoming clichéd by a misapplication of the proper rules of engagement, the military retreat procedure, established by the British Army's Rules and Ordynaunces for the Warre (1554) and Theorike and Practice of Moderne Warres by Robert Barrett (1598), consisted of a cessation of all hostilities at sunset, whence the soldiery was restored to their camps for refreshment and replenishment] BEATEN ZONE : the exposed area of saturated fire where most casualties will occur; also called "killing ground", "killing field", "dead zone", or KILL ZONE. BEATERS 'n' BLEATERS : musicians, especially drummers and trumpeters; also known as TOOTER. See BUGLE CALL, DRUM, BOATSWAIN'S PIPE, TATTOO, SALUTE, RUFFLES 'n' FLOURISHES, REVEILLE, RETREAT, TAPS, CADENCE, HEP, CHANTEY, HOISE, JODY CALL, GUNG-HO, HEAVE-HO, NO-DOZE, DANCE CARD, PASSING HONORS, CHANGING TUNE, FACE THE MUSIC, ROGUE'S MARCH. [nb: a scrap of largely blue and red tartan, with the thread count falling in sevens, entitled "The 7th Cavalry Tartan", appears in a Scottish pattern book of the 19th century, which researchers now conclude was a design commissioned by George Armstrong Custer for outfitting a regimental marching band of pipers and drummers, which order was interrupted by the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn] [v: paradiddle] BEAT FEET : slang for withdraw, RETREAT, evacuate, RETROGRADE; also called BUG-OUT, CUT AND RUN, or SPLIT. See CHANGING TUNE, BAILOUT, DECAMP, HAUL-ASS, ROUT; compare BUSTER, PULL PITCH, SCRAMBLE, JUICE, GOYA, ASAP, PDQ, STAT, CHOGI, FORTHWITH, COUNTERMARCH, RETROGRADE, DESERTER, TRAITOR, TURNCOAT, DEFEAT. [nb: to skedaddle or scarper in a disorderly or panicked manner is an unmilitary reversion to primaeval atavism; "Retreat, hell! We're attacking in a different direction!" by O.P. Smith; "Retreat, hell! We just got here!" by Lloyd Williams; "If he can fight, he advances and takes the offensive; if he cannot fight, he retreats and remains on the defensive. He will invariably conquer who knows whether it is right to take the offensive or the defensive." by Chang Yu] BEAT HIM TO THE PUNCH : an idiomatic expression, extended from boxing, representing a preventive or preemptive strike against one's opponent, as "They were maneuvering, so we beat them to the punch." See KNOCK INTO A COCKED HAT, SPOILING ATTACK, PREEMPTIVE STRIKE, STRIKE FORCE, FIRE BRIGADE, DETERRENCE; compare COUNTERPUNCH, RIPOSTE / RIPOST, SMACK DOWN, MEETING ENGAGEMENT. BEAU CHARGER : an amphibious operation on 18-26 May 1967 in the Ben Hai River region in support of Operation Hickory; also known as the "Battle of the Ben Hai River", being the first incursion into the demilitarized zone (DMZ) by conventional forces. BEAUCOUP : (bo-koo) French/Vietnamese slang term for "much", "many", "plenty", or "lots of..."; idiom literally derived 'pretty' &plus; 'much'. BEAUFORT SCALE : a scale indicating the speed or force of wind, enumerated 0-12 or 0-17, commonly expressed as "Force #"; devised by British Admiral Francis Beaufort around 1855. See SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE, FUJITA SCALE, STORM WARNING, WINDSOCK, TELLTALE. BEAUTY MARK : sardonic slang for the gunshot wound placed in the center of the forehead of the assassinated victim by a SNIPER; derived by its resemblance to the Hindu tilak, a religious symbol. See SNIPER'S TRIANGLE, BULL'S-EYE, DECAPITATION, HEADHUNTING, DOUBLE TAP, GSW-TTH. BEAVER : DeHavilland L-20 / U-6 fixed-wing "bush" aircraft, STOL capable by wheels, skis, or floats; see BIRD. BEDBUG / BED BUG : a flat-bodied, oval-shaped, reddish brown, wingless, bloodsucking insect that emits an unpleasant-smelling oily secretion from two glands on its underside, and infests the habitat of warm-blooded mammals; largely nocturnal, spending the day in the crevices of walls and furniture, it's not known to be a disease vector, and can subsist up to a year without feeding. Maturation takes about two months in temperate regions, reproducing three or four generations a year; control methods include steaming, spraying, and fumigating. The bedbug is also called chinch, crumb, or vantz (Yiddish). See COOTIE, GRAYBACK, CRAB, COMFORT STATION. Also, deranged, agitated, or irrational, as "crazy as a bedbug" or "crazy as a bessie bug" (actually a pinch bug or horn beetle); seemingly derived from BUG or bugge in the sense of defective or dysfunctional (as in bughouse). Also, slang for anyone preoccupied with going to bed so as to engage in sexual abandon. BED CHECK CHARLIE / BEDCHECK CHARLIE : an enemy airplane with its engines set deliberately out of synchronization, which was flown at night so as to harass friendly ground personnel and to inflict minor damage along allied lines; a coinage from the KOREAN WAR for the under-powered Soviet-built Yakovlev YAK-18 training plane and Polikarpov PO-2 wood-and-fabric biplane. BEDROLL STRAP : a set of olive drab webbing straps (5/8" X 24" with darkened buckle and tip) that were issued to mount the sleeping bag (FART SACK) onto the backpack (RUCK / RUCKSACK) for field carry by infantrymen; commonly called "general purpose strap" or "GP strap" because of the widespread utility of these straps, from attaching extra gear to tying down bulky items ... used instead of PARA-CORD by "old hands" who have learned to trade for such valuable items. BEEHIVE : a direct-fire artillery round incorporating approximately 8,500 steel darts (FLECHETTEs), used as a primary base defense munition against ground attack. See NAILS, CANISTER, SHRAPNEL, AP, KILLER JUNIOR, KILLER SENIOR. BEER : see BREW, BA MUOI BA, BEERLAO; compare HOOCH, GI JOE, JUICE. [nb: Gambrinus is the mythical Flemish king, depicted in folk art as straddling a keg, who is credited with the invention of beer; cf: Bacchus / Dionysus] BEERCAN / BEER CAN : any thin metallic ornament or device, often painted or enameled, as derived from recycled beer cans, primarily used on end-of-tour plaques; see CREST, DI, TRENCH ART. BEER CAN : aviation slang for a small winged simulator, being a Bomb Dummy Unit (BDU-48), that's used as a safety and economy measure when practicing aerial bombardment, as in a "beer can toss" bombing run; also known as a "flying juice can". See DIVETOSS, SKIP BOMBING; compare SOUP CAN. BEERLAO : a rice malt beer brewed in Laos, which is garnering an international reputation for excellence since the end of the Indochina Wars; compare BA MUOI BA; see BREW. BEETLE BAILEY : a comic strip character inaugurated September 1950 by Mort Walker and syndicated by King Features, that originated as a cartoon about "Spider" and his fraternity brothers, but during March 1951, in the midst of the KOREAN WAR, the character drops out of college to join the Army ... leaving all the frat boys behind and acquiring new comic strip comrades; the selected surname was a tribute to a Saturday Evening Post editor, John Bailey, who encouraged Walker's artistry. The BEETLE BAILEY comic strip (and later comic book, film, and TV series) is set on a typical Army training base ("Camp Swampy") and peopled with stereotypic personalities of the era, including 'Killer' Diller (lover), Plato (intellectual), Zero (rube), Cosmo (huckster), Rocky, Julius Plewer (fussbudget), PVT Blips (flat-chested secretary), SPC Chip Gizmo (geek), CPL Yo, Cookie, SGT Louise Lugg, SFC Orville P. Snorkel ("Sarge"), LT Sonny Fuzz, LT Jack Flap, CPT Sam Scabbard, MAJ Greenbrass, Chaplain Staneglass, Doctor Bonkus, BG Amos T. Halftrack, Bunny (Beetle's girlfriend), Miss Buxley (buxom secretary), Martha Halftrack (general's wife), Otto (Sarge's dog), and Bella (Lugg's cat). Some retired characters include: Moocher, Pop, Ozone, Bammy, Snake Eyes, Dawg, and SGT Webbing. Although the story line has been updated over the years, the soldiers still wear uniforms and use equipment of the 1950s, and are posted on perpetual training or garrison duty ... none having ever served in combat. Early in its syndication, the BEETLE BAILEY comic strip was dropped from STARS AND STRIPES, allegedly because it encouraged disrespect of officers, but the resultant news coverage caused the military so much embarrassment that it was shortly reinstated, and the ensuing notoriety greatly increased its circulation. BEETLE BAILEY's sister is Lois Flagston, who became a spin-off character in the 1954 "Hi and Lois" comic strip that was created with Dick Browne as artistic partner. BEETLE BAILEY appeared intermittently as a comic book from 1953 to 1994 in productions by Dell, King, Charlton, Gold Key, and Harvey Comics. A cartoon series, entitled "Beetle Bailey and Friends", appeared on television in 1963, followed by an animated TV special in 1989. [nb: the 'Plato' character in "Beetle Bailey" was inspired by Dik Browne, a fellow Army illustrator during WWII and later cartoonist friend of Mort Walker; v: Hagar the Horrible] BEFORE FLIGHT INSPECTION : see PRE-FLIGHT, WALK AROUND; compare POST-FLIGHT. BEGGING BOWL : request for surplus or largess, as a field medic asking hospital staff for extra supplies; phrase imitative of Buddhist mendicants seeking alms (qv). See SCROUNGE, CUMSHAW, WAD, SOUVENIR; compare MIDNIGHT REQUISITION, RICE BOWL. BEHEAD : see DECAPITATION, HEADHUNTING, GUILLOTINE, BLOCK, COUP D'ETAT, BEAUTY MARK; compare GARROTE, KEELHAUL, DEATH OF A THOUSAND CUTS, LYNCH, STRANGE FRUIT, CHRISTMAS TREE, TWIST IN THE WIND. BELAY : to tether or restrain, as a safety anchor in RAPPELLING, which may involve friction against the body, hardware (piton, bong, SNAP-LINK, cam, nut, plate, PAD EYE, DEADEYE), natural or man-made (eg: CLEAT, BOLLARD) objects; also called cinch ("cingula") or dally ("dale vuelt"). See HARD-AND-FAST, KNOT. [v: Climbing Terms ] Also, to stop or cease, disregard or rescind, as to "strike the foregoing"; see COUNTERMAND, CEASE-FIRE, STAND FAST, WAVE OFF, KNOCK IT OFF, SCRUB, RING THE BELL; compare AS YOU WERE, CARRY-ON, RECOVER. BELIEVER : any dead enemy soldier, as "made a believer out of him"; compare TRUE BELIEVER, see DEATH CARD, TWEP. BELL-BOTTOMS : blue or white Navy trousers with traditional thirteen-button flap closure instead of a zippered fly, as part of the "service dress" uniform; commonly called BELLS. See FALL, BIB, compare DUNGAREES, AQUAFLAGE, DRESS. [nb: sailors used to also have "undress blues" (and "undress whites") as a semi-work uniform without neckerchief or piping; but in 2006 the Navy exchanged its service dress blues and whites for a year around tan, and its DUNGAREES for digitized multicolor work utilities with an 8-point COVER, abolishing their traditional bell-bottoms and DIXIE CUPs] BELLIGERENT : a person engaged in battle, or a nation waging war; see COMBATANT, WARRIOR, GRUNT, SNUFFY, WAR FIGHTER, QUIET PROFESSIONAL, WINTER SOLDIER, VETERAN, GUNSLINGER, SAILOR, MARINE, AIRMAN, SOLDIER, GI, WEEKEND WARRIOR, SHADOW WARRIOR. [nb: Vietnamese term: Chien Si] [nb: persons or groups engaged in violent conduct against a duly constituted authority or its designated adherents are not entitled to the protective provisions of domestic or international laws; see MILITIA, MINUTEMAN, PARAMILITARY, MERCENARY, GUERRILLA, INSURGENT, TERRORIST] [nb: the difference between a TERRORIST and a FREEDOM FIGHTER, a GUERRILLA and an IRREGULAR, a "militiaman" and a "defense warden", a "revolutionary" and a "criminal", a "Death Squad" and a "SWAT Team" has more to do with one's perspective and allegiance than with the il-/legality of the violent acts themselves; synonyms include: rebel, dissident, insurgent, raider, marauder, jayhawker, bushwhacker, scallywag / scalawag, firebrand, fire-eater, redneck, cracker, reaver / reiver, rascal, ruffian, brigand, outlaw, desperado, villain / villein, freebooter, pirate, buccaneer, privateer] [cf: barrator, wight] BELLS : any of the half-hour units of nautical TIME [nb: the nautical day began at noon until changed in the 20th century]; or shipboard enunciator commands. Also, short form of Navy bell-bottom trousers in blue or white with traditional thirteen-button flap closure instead of a zippered fly, as part of the "service dress" 'Cracker Jack' uniform; compare JUMPER, DUNGAREES, AQUAFLAGE; see FALL, BIB, DRESS. BELLS ON : see MORRIS DANCE, WITH BELLS ON, DRESS. BELL THE CAT : an impractical remedy or impossible solution to a pressing issue or vexing problem; by reference to the Aesop fable wherein a clever mouse proposes that a bell be tied to the cat to give all mice warning, to which suggestion a prudent mouse replies that: It's easy to propose a panacea, but who shall accomplish it? Such wisdom was a common reference among partisan IRREGULARS during the CIVIL WAR, and such unworkable assignments among SOF have lately been called "Mission Impossible", after the popular TV program featuring fantastic resolutions to extraordinary scenarios. Also expressed as "belling the cat" or a "mouse belling the cat", as when assuming extreme hazard or great risk in service or sacrifice. See OVER A BARREL, CLOUD-CUCKOO-LAND, COURSE OF ACTION, PLAN B, RUN IT UP THE FLAGPOLE, WIGGLE ROOM, WANGLE, MIND CANDY, BAND-AID, RAIN ON PARADE, AUTOTOMY, BITTER END, HEAD IN THE LION'S MOUTH, FIGHT LIKE KILKENNY CATS, PYRRHIC VICTORY, TAR BABY, WHITE ELEPHANT, BEARD THE LION, SHIT HIT THE FAN, CANNON FODDER, SNOWBALL, RAT RACE, SUICIDE SQUAD, SPEARHEAD, WASTED. [v: enfants perdus, forlorn hope] BELLY-WASH : slang for any barely drinkable liquid or beverage, such as inferior beer, tasteless coffee, or weak soup; dilute, insipid, adulterated, slumgullion. See WASH, SLOP, THE DRINK, GI JOE, BREW. BELOW DECK : the area aboard ship where RATINGS and CHIEFs live and work, with the separation from "above DECK" being both functional and social; deck levels are numbered downward from the main deck (1); see COMPARTMENT, BULKHEAD, COAMING, OVERHEAD, PASSAGEWAY, LADDERWELL, COMPANIONWAY, ORLOP, GOAT LOCKER, compare OFFICER'S COUNTRY, WARDROOM, TOPSIDE. Also, a euphemism for a woman's crotch or groin, her buttocks or derriere, and her legs or gams; which segment is differentiated from her bosom or breasts, commonly known as "upper deck" or TOPSIDE. BELTWAY BANDIT : with reference to the circumferential highway encircling the complex of national capital departments in Washington D.C., which provides ready access for fly-by-night and upstart contractors seeking to opportunistically exploit defense or government relations; sometimes acting as consultants or lobbyists. See HIRED GUN, AUGMENTEE, WAR TOURIST, DAC, OGA, GOCO, COCO, NGO, QUANGO, RED TAPE, GSA, GAO, PORK BARREL, THE G, FOGGY BOTTOM, UNCLE SAM, MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX; compare SAND CRAB, BELTWAY CLERK. BELTWAY CLERK : slang for an alleged defense expert who has never served in the Armed Forces, being someone who trades on his supposed political connections in the capitol; a political operative who represents his ostensible expertise so as to broker deals on behalf of manufacturers, organizations, and other beneficiaries; a lobbyist. See HIRED GUN, AUGMENTEE, BELTWAY BANDIT, SAND CRAB, WAR TOURIST, DAC, PORK BARREL, THE NATIONAL JOKE FACTORY, MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. BE NICE : common expression or injunction directed at rude and crude, insensitive and overbearing Americans by Vietnamese, variously meaning "Give Me", "Shut Up", "Go Away", or "Be Good" depending upon the participants engaged in the encountered situation. Compare SOUVENIR, CHEAP CHARLIE, FACE. BENNY : in NavSpeak, a treat or favor, gift or present, bonus or reward; also known as "goody" or "goodie", this term is a diminutive of 'benefit'. BENSON SILK : CODENAME for clandestine introduction of counterfeit NVN money into enemy territory; said funds were accountable, and were signed-out prior to each mission. The intent of this project was not to destabilize the NVN economy (which was already quite artificial and extremely vulnerable), but to plant a sum of money, in a camp or on a corpse, large enough to create mistrust, engender suspicion, and demoralize the soldiers. The money was only a TRIGGER for PSYOPS. The allegation that this counterfeit currency, ostensibly created by patriotic forgers specifically released from prison pursuant to a mafia concordat with the federal government, was introduced to wreck the communist economy by devaluation is pure fantasy; since the triple digit inflation of NVN could not be checked by any external influence, and SRV's money has remained among the world's three least valuable currencies since the end of the Second Indochina War. See DONG, BAD PAPER, SUPER NOTE, LEGAL TENDER. BENTWING : slang for a wing that was swept back. Also, nickname of the gull-winged, propeller-driven Vought F4U Corsair fighter airplane. BEQ : Bachelor Enlisted Quarters, which are better known as BARRACKs; see BILLET, QTRS, BLDG. BERET : Army beret Ranger beret the world's worst style of HEADGEAR, providing neither shade nor protective COVER, but by metonymic imitation of WWII commandos and paratroopers, has acquired sufficient prestige to cause the U.S. Army to adopt the black beret as standard issue in the year 2000; retaining red berets (cf: RED HATS) for AIRBORNE units, the GREEN BERET for Special Forces units, and reverting to the tan beret for RANGER units. See BLACK HATS, BLANKET HEAD, HEADGEAR. [nb: U.S. Army RANGERs resisted imposition of the tan beret, claiming precedence with the black beret when both TANKERs and OPFOR were also wearing it, falsely attributing its wear to their antecedent Colonial units, such as Rogers' Rangers, except that this British unit still exists as a Canadian territorial unit based in Toronto, and their lineage clearly shows that they originally wore blue-green 'Scotch Bonnets'; the tan beret is quite respectably worn by British and ANZAC Special Air Service (SAS) regiments] [nb: a Balmoral hat, which somewhat resembles a beret, and is traditionally blue (from the campaigning dress of the Blue Bonnets), and is often accented with a surrounding "diced" pattern (called "checky" after an accounting process of the Stewarts or High Stewards, from which "exchequer" derives) that symbolizes guardianship and protection; the boat-shaped Glengarry hats are of 19th century military origin] [v: Flashing Sampler ] BERLIN AIRLIFT : Operation Vittles was initiated from June 1948 to September 1949 in response to a land and water blockade of Berlin by the Soviet Union, this massive relief effort entailed the provision of vital necessities by air transport to West Berlin ... some 277,000 flights were made around-the-clock, many at 3-minute intervals, during this airlift which delivered 8000 tons of food and fuel each day to the two million isolated residents. Although the blockade was lifted in May 1949 when the USSR determined that the Allies could not be forced to abandon the city, the supply of essential goods continued for several more months, ensuring against a recurrence. See CHOCOLATE BOMBARDIER, TRUMAN DOCTRINE, MARSHALL PLAN. BERLIN BLOCKADE : a blockade by the Soviet Union (USSR) of the allied sectors of Berlin that curtailed travel through East Germany (German Democratic Republic) from 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949; see BERLIN AIRLIFT. BERLIN WALL : a guarded concrete wall, 28 miles long, with minefields and controlled checkpoints, erected across Berlin by East Germany [or German Democratic Republic (DDR), being the Soviet Zone of Occupation (aka: "Soviet Germany")] in 1961 and dismantled in 1989; known as the "Peace Wall" by the USSR. The BUFFER ZONE bordering the BERLIN WALL was commonly known as "the death strip" (ie: DEADLINE) where anyone therein became a target. See BIG FIVE, CONDOMINIUM, BERLIN AIRLIFT; compare STAR WARS, MAGINOT LINE, SIEGFRIED LINE, MARETH LINE, SMEZ, IRON CURTAIN, BAMBOO CURTAIN, BAR LEV LINE, CACTUS CURTAIN, McNAMARA'S WALL, McNAMARA LINE, CHINESE WALL, DEW LINE, PHASE LINE. [cf: Hadrian's Wall, Antonine Wall, Great Wall of China] [nb: the Dutch built Wall Street (1652-98) as a defense against the British in New York] [nb: "The strength of a wall is neither greater nor less than the men who defend it." by Genghis Khan; "Whoever loves a quarrel loves sin; whoever builds a high gate invites destruction." Proverbs 17:19 NIV Bible] BERM : a rise or swell in the ground, such as a dike or a dirt parapet around fortifications; or an artificial rampart imitative of such an obstacle. Also, a hedgerow or foliated area, such as field separations; and sometimes known as "berm line". See COVER, REVETMENT, BLAST WALL, DEFILADE, BANQUETTE, BUTT, FACE. [cf: escarp, scarp/escarpment, counterscarp] [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] BERSERK : frenzied violence or maniacal destruction, as in wild and unrestrained abandon ... often expressed as "going tropical" or "going bananas". In early Norse society, a devotee (berserker) of Odin would fight with frenzied rage in battle; however, the ancient Greeks believed that such recklessness was not true heroism, which is disciplined and consequential. See GO KINETIC, WILD-EYED, FIGHTING MAD, SEE RED, BLOOD IN THE EYE, GOING COMMANDO, DINKY DAU. BERTH : a shelflike sleeping space, as aboard ship or train; see RACK, CAPTAIN'S BED, BUNK, STATEROOM, SLOP; compare HAMMOCK, SACK, FLEABAG, SHAKEDOWN, HOT BUNKING. Also, a position or placement, as a duty assignment or duty post; see BILLET, DUTY, ON STATION, POST, WATCH, MOS, OJT, TDY / TAD, PCS, SHEEP-DIPPED, HARDSHIP TOUR, BUMFUCK. Also, the space allocated for a vessel to dock or moor; see WHARF. BEST AND BRIGHTEST : ironic reference to those privileged and educated idealists who were responsible for the terrible and tragic mismanagement of American foreign and domestic policies during the Vietnam-era, despite their inherent conspecificity with the unappointed SILENT MAJORITY; as derived from "The Best and the Brightest" by David Halberstam (1972). Specifically identifies political WISE MEN and KITCHEN CABINET advisers who rationalized inappropriate decisions ("the end justifies the means"), but has since been extended to the immorality of the MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. Phrase derives from a 1811 hymn by Reginald Heber: "brightest and best of the sons of the morning". In 1822, Percy Bysshe Shelley penned the line: "Best and brightest, come away!", in his poem "To Jane: An Invitation. In 1840, Thomas Carlyle used a similar phrase: "What is aristocracy? A corporation of the best, of the bravest" in his "Chartism". See WHIZ KID, BRAIN TRUST, SECOND ESTATE, MANDARIN, CLUB FED, POWER ELITE, FRUIT FLY, CAKE-EATERS, YOUNG LIONS, DECENT INTERVAL, DOMINO THEORY, APOCALYPSE, DISINFORMATION, PROPAGANDA, RUMOR. [v: Do-Well, Do-But, and Do-Best in "Piers Plowman"] [v: know-it-all, besserwisser; realpolitik, machtpolitik] [nb: the Kennedy-Johnson administrations cultivated "new frontiersmen", adopted from a chapter heading ('The New Frontier') in a 1936 book written by Kansas governor Alfred M. Landon, who ran for president as a Republican that year; v: New Frontiers by Henry Wallace (1934)] [nb: "Let America first praise mediocrity even, in her children, before she praises ... the best excellence in the children of any other land." by Herman Melville (17-24 Aug 1850); "The best must never be allowed to drive out the good; in the absence of genius, there is always craftsmanship." by Robert Harris (2007)] [v: Myths of the Vietnam War ] BETEL : an East Indian pepper plant, also called "betel pepper", the leaves of which are chewed with other ingredients as a mild intoxicant. [nb: pan, the leaf of the betel, is also a betel-nut mixture compounded for chewing] BETEL NUT : the astringent seed kernel of the betel palm, chewed with slaked lime and betel leaves as a mild intoxicant that turns teeth pearly black or nacreous maroon. [nb: pan, the leaf of the betel, is also a betel-nut mixture compounded for chewing] BETRAY / BETRAYAL : the exposure of treachery, faithlessness, or disloyalty; to violate a confidence, or to lead astray; see SABOTAGE, DECEPTION, MOLE, SLEEPER, STOOGE, PROVOCATEUR, CULTURE WAR, SOFT TYRANNY, GONE NATIVE, DECOY, JUDAS GOAT, KISS OF DEATH, PEACE WITH HONOR, DECENT INTERVAL, VIETNAM SYNDROME, BOHICA, SHIT HIT THE FAN, FLAP, SOL, SCREW THE POOCH, BLUE FALCON, SEMPER KNIFE, SEMPER I, BAYONET SHEET, McCARTHYISM, CREDIBILITY GAP, SYMPATHIZER, INVISIBLE, USEFUL IDIOTS, RUNNING DOG, QUISLING, TURNCOAT, WHITE VC, TRAITOR, TREASON, DRAFT DODGER, DESERTER, MUTINEER, WHITE FEATHER, NIHILISM, CULTURAL SUICIDE, BOAT PEOPLE, LOST GENERATION, WHO NEEDS ENEMIES WITH A FRIEND LIKE THIS?. [v: perfidious Albion ("la perfide Albion")] BETTER THE DEVIL YOU KNOW : a proverbial expression, "better the devil you know than the devil you don't", which suggests that the problem or difficulty (evil) that is being or has been experienced may be preferable to whatever (evil) is unfamiliar; an idiom implying that change may make matters worse. Under the supposition that nature abhors a vacuum, and given the deplorable state of human character, this phrase presumes that a confirmed scoundrel or identified spy is better than an unknown or undetected opponent. See CLIENT STATE, PROTECTORATE, SATELLITE, GARRISON STATE, PUPPET, FLAG OF PROTECTION, REALPOLITIK, THE LESSER OF EVILS, THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS, NO REST. [nb: "He may be a son-of-a-bitch, but he's our son-of-a-bitch." by Franklin Delano Roosevelt (referring to Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza); "He's a bastard, but he's our bastard." by William Casey (referring to Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega)] BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE : see (A) ROCK AND A HARD PLACE. BET YOUR BOOTS : an idiomatic expression meaning to be sure or certain, as being willing to wager one's very attire; equivalent to "bet your bottom dollar"; compare YOU BET YOUR LIFE, see FOOTWEAR. (YOU) BET YOUR LIFE : see YOU BET YOUR LIFE. BEYOND THE PALE : analogically derived from the paling or picket separating the insiders from the outsiders, one's homeland from hostile territory, this idiomatic expression differentiates the limits of propriety, courtesy, and the like; see OUTSIDE THE WIRE, OFF THE RESERVATION, OFF LIMITS, SHADOW OF THE FLAGPOLE, SIEGE MENTALITY. [cf: culture shock; v: nativism, adaptation, accommodation, acculturation / assimilation, exclusion / extermination, xenophobia] BEZEL : the angled rim surrounding the face of a wristwatch or COMPASS, especially a rotating ring that can serve to mark time or indicate position; as derived from 'bevel' or 'chamfer'. BFA : abbreviation for Blank Firing Adapter; see BLANK ADAPTER. BFD : literally "Big Fucking Deal"; often used sardonically. B4 / B-4 / B-4 BAG : see FLIGHT BAG, GO-BAG, WAR BAG, KIT BAG, DUFFEL BAG, DUNNAGE. B-5 FRONT : Communist military unit in Quang Tri and Thua Thien provinces; see MAIN FORCE. BG / BRIG GEN : abbreviation for Brigadier General (O-7); see RANK, RATING, LDR, FLAG OFFICER. B-HUT : short for 'Barrack hut', being a primitive structure erected for the temporary lodging of soldiers in GARRISON; typically a painted plywood shelter with few amenities (eg: electricity, telecom, etc) and without bathroom facilities. B-HUTs superseded TENTs in Iraq and Afghanistan but were not expected to last more than four years; housing eight persons in a single two-door space, or subdivided with windows in each room. B-HUTs afford no protection against direct or indirect fire, and are especially subject to the devastations of weather as well as to infestation by vermin. See BILLET, BARRACK, SEA HUT, QUONSET HUT, JAMESWAY HUT, HUTMENT, CHU, BEQ, BOQ, QTRS, GUARDHOUSE, TEAMHOUSE, HOOCH, BUTLER BUILDING, BLDG. [nb: the British Army commonly used the term "Barracks Hut" to refer to temporary billets for military personnel as long ago as the 1800s; it's alleged that this older British usage may have influenced current American usage throughout this Mid-East region] BIATHLON : an athletic competition in which cross-country (Nordic) skiers, carrying rifles, shoot at targets at four intervals along a 20km (12.5mi) course. Also, an athletic contest comprising any two consecutive events, whether organized as sprint, intermediate, or endurance. Compare TRIATHLON, PENTATHLON, DECATHLON; see PT, PFT, EXERCISE, AIRBORNE SHUFFLE, TRUSCOTT TROT, MARATHON, FIELD HOUSE, WAR GAMES. [v: Pheidippides was the Athenian runner sent to request aid from Sparta before the battle at Marathon plain (490BC) against the Persians; which inaugurated the long-distance footrace and other endurance events] [nb: "With all our technology, we should never forget that soldiering is first and foremost an outdoor sport." by David Petraeus (2009)] BIB : in the U.S. Navy, that portion of an enlisted sailor's uniform that hangs from the back of the neck; originating as a scarf tied around the neck so as to protect the uniform from stains when sailors wore their hair long and kept it neat with ship's tar, and said scarf was eventually incorporated into the official uniform. Also, the front flap (ie: FALL) on the traditional sailor's uniform trousers that is secured by thirteen buttons; also known as a "Marine bib" to imply CHOWING DOWN or giving HEAD when being vulgar and offensive; see HUMMER, DAISY CHAIN, LOVE HANDLES, HONG KONG HAIRCUT, STEAM 'n' CREAM. THE BIBLE : slang for FM 22-5 Drill and Ceremonies, being the standard training guide for close-order or dismounted drill, and the most common reference for the proper conduct of all military events or EVOLUTIONs. See ATTENTION, PARADE REST, AT EASE, POST, DISMISS, CARRY-ON, AS YOU WERE, RECOVER, BELAY, SALUTE, HIGH BALL, SPIT 'n' POLISH, CLOSE ORDER, DRILL, EYE-BALL, GUNDECKING, CARRY ARMS, CARRY SWORDS, MANUAL OF ARMS, ORDER, BY THE BOOK, SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER, SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD, SCRIPTURES. [cf: vade mecum (Latin: handbook, guide (literally: "go with me")] [v: the "Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States" (also known as the "Blue Book" from the color of its binding) by Friedrich W.L.G.A. von Steuben (1779) details America's first manual on military organization and drill specifications] [nb: The military "bible" should've been FM 100-5 Operations, FM 31-22 U.S. Army Counterinsurgency Forces, FM 31-18 Long Range Patrols, or the like. There is usually enough physical distance between the MLR/FEBA and the rear area such that leaders will emphasize the military mission (function) over formal protocol (form); but the admixture in the VIETNAM WAR contributed to combat stress and discipline problems, culminating in TICKET-PUNCHING and FRAGGING.] BIET : (bick) Vietnamese term for "know", to discern or apprehend, be cognizant; compare KHUNG BIET. BIET CACH NHAY DU : Vietnamese Airborne Ranger, abbreviated BCND; see AIRBORNE RANGER; compare MIKE FORCE, CIDG, BDQ, BORDER DEFENSE RANGER, STRIKER, RF/PF, LRRP, FORCE RECON, RANGER. BIET DONG QUAN : Vietnamese Ranger; see BDQ, compare BORDER DEFENSE RANGER, MIKE FORCE, CIDG, STRIKER, RF/PF. BIG BLACK : common nickname for the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). BIG BLUE : slang reference to the U.S. Air Force (USAF), by association with its BLUE-SKY operational environment, and with the implication of the implacable monolithic authority of AIR POWER; reference probably derives from an extension of its namesake, the IBM supercomputer, since the Air Force is so thoroughly technologized. BIG BROTHER : the aggregate of powerful officials and policymakers of a totalitarian regime that keeps its citizens under close surveillance; after the Orwellian leader ("Big Brother Is Watching You!") in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), who was based upon Joseph V. UNCLE JOE Stalin. Also, the nickname of the classified database setup by the Clinton Administration to catalogue background information on ordinary Americans, with cross-references to military, financial, medical, and other databases. BIG EYE : initial designation applied to airborne radar project; see COLLEGE EYE. BIG FIVE : referring to the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan during World War I, and at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Also, referring to the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, China, and France after World War II; compare ABCD, see ALLY, UN, NATO, LEAGUE OF NATIONS. BIG FOOT / BIG-FOOT : to overwhelm or dominate, overpower or control, suppress or repress, squash or quash, quell or inhibit, check or restrain, as by influence or authority, position or status, as "The generals are big-footing the details of the operation."; derived by extension of 'bigfoot' (sasquatch / yeti), the legendary humanoid of gigantic proportions; see ELEPHANT, TOP DOG, RAINMAKER, GO TO GUY, BRASS HAT, CHIEF, HONCHO, THE UNHOLY TRINITY. BIGGER BANG FOR THE BUCK : catch-phrase by SECDEF Charles W. Wilson, which encapsulated the John Foster Dulles doctrine (1954) of "massive retaliatory power", which was immediately condensed to "massive retaliation" by the media, and this deterrence was derisively ascribed as BRINKMANSHIP. Like STRATEGIC BOMBING, this policy ignores the many painful lessons of history (ie: short of extermination, weapons cannot defeat determined resistance), and it attempts to substitute force for technique, power for control, and machines for men. Spending defense dollars on things instead of people is a false economy because, if any of the weapons ever need to be used, the budget must include both replacements and people to perform the mission that the remote weapons cannot accomplish. And, if the CADRE of experience has been purged by reductions in force (RIF), then it is probable that neither weapons nor people will be able to solve the problem. See MAD, OVERKILL, OUTGUN, ARMS RACE, FIREPOWER; compare GRADUATED RESPONSE, FLEXIBLE RESPONSE. BIG GREEN HEAVEN : see GREEN MACHINE. BIG GREEN PARADISE : slang for a retirement village situated near a major military installation, where CAREER TRACK military RETIREEs can associate with like-minded neighbors, and maximize their benefits by availing themselves of the nearby facilities setup for active duty servicemembers; also known as the "great green heaven" or the "vast green heaven", and called "...blue..." by Air Force and Navy LIFERs. See FOLLOW THE DRUM, DOUBLE-DIP, PAY DUES; compare GREEN MACHINE, THE BIG PX IN THE SKY. BIGHT : a looped or slack part of a ROPE; see KNOT. [v: Climbing Terms ] Also, a bend or curve in the shoreline of a sea or river; see NECK. Also, a body of water bounded by such a bend, as a bay or gulf. THE BIG PX IN THE SKY : heaven, paradise; an afterlife of luxury and comfort [not VALHALLA (everlasting war) or Nirvana (nothingness)]. See HAPPY VALLEY, FIDDLER'S GREEN; compare LAND OF THE BIG PX. BIG LIE : a false statement of outrageous magnitude employed as a PROPAGANDA measure in the belief that a lesser falsehood would not be credible; expression derived from "The great mass of people ... will more easily fall victim to a big lie than to a small one." by Adolf Hitler [v1 ch10 Mein Kampf (1925)]. See FRUIT FLY, SECRET AGENT, RUMOR, CONTROLLED INFORMATION, DISINFORMATION, FACTOID, HOOPLA, SPIN, DECEPTION, PSYOPS. [nb: the "big lie" is often misattributed to Joseph Paul Goebbels, probably because he served as Nazi propaganda director] [nb: "More persons are, on the whole, humbugged by believing nothing than by believing too much." by Phineas Taylor Barnum; "People like to be humbugged." by Phineas Taylor Barnum; "Vox populi, vox humbug." by William Tecumseh Sherman (1863), a parody of "Vox populi, vox Dei" attributed to Alcuin (cAD800); "Men can always be blind to a thing so long as it is big enough." by G.K. Chesterton] [cf: Platonic "noble lie"] BIG LIFT : operational name for the 1963 test of pre-positioned armor equipment and materiel for the rapid deployment of a CONUS unit to Germany (REFORGER), as if in wartime; see PRE-POS, POMCUS, APS. BIG ONE : slang for the 1st Marine Division, which served in the Pacific during World War II, the KOREAN WAR, and the VIETNAM WAR; compare BIG RED ONE / BRO. BIGOT / BIGOTRY : the stubborn intolerance of any creed, belief, or doctrinaire opinion that differs from one's own; the narrow-minded beliefs or biased actions of a prejudiced or discriminating person. [nb: when the accused were paraded through the streets during the Roman Catholic Inquisition, they were taunted by the crowd of spectators with the question: "Will you recant?", to which query many replied: "By God, I hope not.", thus designating steadfast 'bigots'] [ety: dedicated ('by God')] [v: pardi / pardie / pardy / perdie, as an interjection meaning verily or indeed (der: by God (latin: 'per deum')] BIG PICTURE : a wider view or broader perspective of a given problem or issue, the whole gestalt that's ostensibly objective and typically macrocosmic; as distinguished from subjective and microcosmic, which are often alleged too trifling or picayune. This preference for "ends" over "means" tends to devalue, if not disregard, individualistic motives and efforts, except those pertaining to the commanders, politicians, nabobs and other movers-and-shakers. See PARTY LINE, TOE THE LINE, FACE, MICROMANAGEMENT, SCRIPTURES, NATIONAL SECURITY; compare RIGHT STUFF. [v: anti-hero, fractal; cf: "The breeze from the flutter of a butterfly's wings will create a storm in the next valley."; "Though the youth at last grows indifferent, the laws of the universe are not indifferent, but are forever on the side of the most sensitive. Listen to every zephyr for some reproof, for it is surely there, and he is unfortunate who does not hear it." by Henry David Thoreau Walden (1854)] BIG RED ONE : 1st Inf Div nickname for the 1st Infantry Division, based on the red numeral "1" over the olive green (OG) background as the division shoulder patch. Inspired the catch-phrase "If you're gonna be one, be a BIG RED ONE!!". Also known as the "Bloody Red One", "Bloody One", "Big Dead One", and "BRO". The divisional BASE CAMP was nicknamed "Little Appalachia" due to its close resemblance to a remote poverty area. BIG SHOT : a large or heavy load of ordnance or MUNITIONS; see LOADED FOR BEAR, BIG STUFF, HEAVY STUFF. Also, by analogy, a powerful or influential person ... all too often, a self-important one; see WHIZ KID, WISE MEN, BRAIN TRUST, BLUE BLOOD, POWER ELITE, BRASS HAT, CZAR, CAKE-EATER, MANDARIN, SECOND ESTATE, BEST AND BRIGHTEST, GOODWILL AMBASSADOR. [aka: the pick, chosen, select, cream, flower, notable, VIP, dignitary, magnate, cavalier, aristocrat, crème de la crème, socialite, haut monde, celebrity, personage, snob, hincty, high-hatter, bigwig, high-muck-a-muck, mogul, potentate, nabob, tycoon, big deal, wheeler-dealer, wheel / big wheel, big cheese, fat cat, big gun] BIG SHOTGUN : a recoilless rifle using CANISTER anti-personnel ammunition; see RR, LAW, compare SHOTGUN. BIG STICK : a metaphor for power or force, especially political or military, that's used by a government as a means of influence. [nb: "Speak softly and carry a big stick." by Theodore Roosevelt] BIG STICK DIPLOMACY : in international relations, the backing of negotiations with the implied or implicit threat of military force; that's based upon Theodore Roosevelt's 1900 policy statement adapted from a West African proverb, "speak softly and carry a big stick", as successfully employed in the 1902-4 Alaskan boundry dispute and in the second Venezuelan crisis. Compare GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY, PING-PONG DIPLOMACY; see BLOODY SHIRT, JUST WAR, SABER-RATTLING, GUNPOINT, CROSS THE RUBICON, DECENT INTERVAL, HOT PURSUIT, RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE), FAIL-SAFE, PROMISE, TRUCE, LAWS OF WAR. BIG STORY : a captivating report (authentic or otherwise) that ensures the prestige (notorious or otherwise) of the person first breaking the news, or initially divulging the incident or event to the eternal posterity of the gratified public. The BIG STORY may be hypothetical, conjectural, speculative, or descriptive; and is differentiated from "big talk", which is merely exaggeration, and from "big stick", which is only threatened force. It is an axiom of military operations that "the first report is always wrong". See BEST AND BRIGHTEST, MANDARIN, MAVERICK, WAR CORRESPONDENT, FRUIT FLY, RUMOR, DISINFORMATION, CONTROLLED INFORMATION, BIG PICTURE, FIVE O'CLOCK FOLLIES, WHITE PROPAGANDA, COUNT COUP, PROPAGANDA, FACTOID, HOOPLA, FALSE FLAG, SPIN, SCOOP, BIG LIE, WAR STORY, SEA STORY, TALK TRASH, TELL IT TO THE MARINES, CHITTY CHITTY BANG BANG. [nb: fact, fiction, faction, fictitious, factitious, story, drama, melodrama, soap opera, adventure, horse opera, techno-thriller, space opera, play] BIG STUFF : tactical air ordnance or artillery fire support; compare HEAVY STUFF. BIG WILLIE : slang for a COMBAT LOADED pallet of essential resupply (eg: AMMO, food, water, medicine, etc) and support weaponry (eg: LAWs, CLAYMOREs, GRENADEs, etc) that's AIRDROPped on a DZ to troops already deployed in the field on operation. BIKINI : a remote atoll of the Marshall Islands in the northern Pacific, which was the site of atomic and hydrogen bomb testing, targeted at the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga and the battleship USS Arkansas, in 1946; compare ENIWETOK, see ZERO POINT, GROUND ZERO, OVERKILL, CBR, PAPER TIGER, DARPA, BIGGER BANG FOR THE BUCK, NUKE, HEAVY WATER, YELLOWCAKE, HOT GREASE, SCRAM, CONTAINMENT, BROKEN ARROW. Also, toponym for the brief, close-fitting, two-piece woman's bathing suit, which was introduced as an "explosive" fashion to capitalize on the notoriety of the atomic test site. BILGE : either of the rounded areas that form the transition between the bottom and the sides on the exterior of a HULL; derived by alteration of "bulge". Also, an enclosed area at the bottom of a vessel where seepage collects; usually called "bilges". Also, the seepage collected in this space; also called "bilge water". Also, slang for foolish talk or worthless ideas; nonsense, claptrap, malarkey, bafflegab, gibber jabber, gibble-gabble, bushwa / bushwah, gobbledygook, CONFETTI, SNOW, BLOW SMOKE. BILIOUS FEVER : BILLED CAP : Army svc cap slang for the service cap, also called "brim cap", "visor hat", "wheel hat", SAUCER CAP, "pizza hat" (USMC), and "Donald Duck cap" (USN), as worn by all branches and grades with variations of color, style, and insignia; the so-called "fifty mission crush" (CRUSHER) has had the stiffening removed so that headphones could be worn over the hat. See SCRAMBLED-EGGS, SPAGHETTI, FARTS 'n' DARTS, COMBINATION COVER, BARRACKS COVER, GARRISON CAP, CAMPAIGN HAT, BERET, HEADGEAR. BILLET : a bed, bunk, or BERTH assigned to a member of the military; see RACK, SACK, HAMMOCK, FART SACK, FLEABAG, SHAKEDOWN, RUBBER LADY, DUTCH WIFE, HOSPITAL CORNER, HOOCH, SUDS ROW, BARRACK, COMPARTMENT, CANTONMENT, BAY, BEQ, NOB HILL, BOQ, VOQ, ENSIGN LOCKER, STATEROOM, GOAT LOCKER, SAFE HOUSE, GUARDHOUSE, CHU, CHUVILLE, BUTLER BUILDING, SEA HUT, QUONSET HUT, JAMESWAY HUT, PACIFIC HUT, EMKAY HUT, UTILITY BUILDING, MULTIPLE UTILITY BUILDING, ELEPHANT HUT, HUTMENT, B-HUT, TEAMHOUSE, LONG HOUSE, WANIGAN, SHEBANG, QTRS, PRIME RIBS. [v: bield, bower, arbor, rock-shelter, den, lair, bothy, cot, cabin, cottage, casita, cabana, lodge, earth lodge, hogan, squat, shed, byre; cf: garret, cockloft, dovecote] Also, non-military lodging for a soldier in a public building or a private dwelling. Also, an official order directing the addressee to provide such lodging or accommodation. Also, a job, position, or appointment; see MOS, DUTY, POST, PDS, PCS, TDY / TAD, BERTH, ON STATION, WATCH, OJT, SHEEP-DIPPED, HARDSHIP TOUR, BUMFUCK. [ety: the term 'cahoot', meaning a nefarious conspiracy ("in cahoots with"), derives from cabin or hut, as in shared partnership, in the same way that 'comrade' ("kamara") is related to being billeted together; its connotation of illegality is secondary to its denotation of partner or associate, union or league] BILLIKEN : a somewhat grotesque charm figure that was designed (1908) by Florence Pretz, an American art teacher and illustrator, as a fanciful novelty that's intended to promote good luck by rubbing the revealed soles of its feet; this elephant-like humanoid with short arms, pointed ears, a mischievous smile, and a tuft of hair on its pointed head, is posed in a seated posture such that its bare feet are prominently exposed. This talisman, known as "the god of things as they ought to be", has acquired international appeal, offering its greatest influence when presented as a gift to others. See MOJO, HOODOO, VOODOO, JOSS STICK, FOO DOG. [nb: the name 'Billiken' may have originated in the 1896 poem, "Mister Moon: A Song Of The Little People" by Bliss Carman] [cf: 'boojum' (an imaginary creature invented by Lewis Carroll in the 1876 poem "The Hunting of the Snark")] BINGO : pilot's PROWORD term for the point in a flight when there's only enough fuel remaining to return to base (RTB); compare JOKER, POINT OF NO RETURN; see ENDURANCE, DROP-TANK, POD, DROGUE, TANKER. BINH TRAM : Vietnamese name for the infiltration route defense and trail maintenance unit; see TRAIL WATCHER, HO CHI MINH TRAIL. [v: Viet-Nam Military Terms ] BINH XUYEN : an organization of gangsters that controlled Saigon's gambling dens and brothels, having strong influence with the police; this gang resisted both the establishment of the Diem regime and the communist insurgency, forming a private army from 1954 that made common cause with the independent religious sects, CAO DAI and HOA HAO. See MERCENARY. BINJO MARU : name given to the White River. BINNACLE : a stand or housing for a nautical compass; derived from lodge. See GIMBAL, DEAD-RECKONING. BINOS : truncation of BINOcularS; also expressed as "binocs"; see FIELD GLASSES, GLASS, PEEPERS, VIPER. BIOMETRICS : any technology that measures and analyzes human physical characteristics (eg: fingerprints, facial patterns, DNA, etc) and/or behavioral traits (eg: gait, vocal patterns, social networking, etc) for identification, authentication, surveillance or screening purposes; 'biometry' is a subset of 'biostatistics', which is the application of statistics to biological and medical data. BIPLANE : an airplane with two sets of wings, one above and usually slightly forward of the other; compare CANARD, MONOPLANE, TRIPLANE, FLYING WING, BLIMP. BIPOD : a two-part or two-legged supportive stand that may be attached to or extended from the forward portion, forearm, or barrel of many firearms, especially automatic RIFLEs and machineguns (MG); each extension is usually independently adjustable, as for leveling a MORTAR on its BASEPLATE. Compare TRIPOD, PINTLE. BIRD : informal referent for any aircraft, including AARDVARK, APACHE, ATCA, AVITRUC, BEAVER, BIRD DOG, BLACKBIRD, BLACKHAWK, BLADDER BIRD, BLUE CANOE, BRONCO, BUFF, BUFFALO, BUMMER BIRD, CANBERRA, CARGOMASTER, CARIBOU, CATALINA, CAYUSE, CHINOOK, COBRA, COMANCHE, COMMANDO, CONVERTER, CORSAIR, COUGAR, CRUSADER, DAKOTA, DELTA DAGGER, DELTA DART, DRAGONFLY, DRAGON LADY, DUFF, DUMBO, EAGLE, EXCALIBUR, EXPEDITOR, FAT ALBERT, FIGHTING FALCON, FLYING BOAT, FLYING BOXCAR, FLYING COW, FLYING CRANE, FLYING FORTRESS, FREEDOM BIRD, FREEDOM FIGHTER, FURY, GALAXY, GLIDER, GLOBEMASTER, GOONEY BIRD, GOSHAWK, GRASSHOPPER, GREYHOUND, GROWLER, HABU, HARRIER, HELLCAT, HELLDIVER, HERCULES, HORNET, HUEY/IROQUOIS, HUN, HUSKY, HUSTLER, INTRUDER, IROQUOIS/HUEY, JAYHAWK, JETSTAR, JOLLY GREEN GIANT, KINGBEE, KIOWA, LANCER, LIBERATOR, LIFTMASTER, LIGHTNING, LIGHTNING II, LITTLE BIRD, LOOKING GLASS, MARAUDER, MARLIN, MITCHELL, MOHAWK, MOSQUITO, MUSTANG, NEPTUNE, NIGHT FIGHTER, NIGHTHAWK, NIGHTINGALE, NIGHTWATCH, OLD GROWLER, ORION, OSPREY, OTTER, PACKET, PBM, PBY, PEACEMAKER, PHANTOM, PLASTIC BUG, PROVIDER, PUFF, RAPTOR, SABRE, SAMARITAN, SEA COBRA, SEA HAWK, SEA KING, SEA KNIGHT, SEA SPRITE, SEA STALLION, SEASTAR, SENTINEL, SHAWNEE, SHOOTING STAR, SIOUX, SKYCRANE, SKYHAWK, SKY KNIGHT, SKYLANCER, SKYMASTER, SKYNIGHT, SKYRAIDER, SKYRAY, SKYTRAIN, SKYTRAIN II, SKYTROOPER, SKYWARRIOR, SPERM, SPIRIT, STARFIGHTER, STARFIRE, STARLIFTER, STRATOCRUISER, STRATOFREIGHTER, STRATOFORTRESS, STRATOJET, STRATOLIFTER, STRATOTANKER, STRIKE EAGLE, SUPER FORTRESS, SUPER HORNET, SUPER SABRE, SUPER TWEET, SUPER VARK, TALON, TEXAN, THUNDERBOLT, THUNDERCHIEF/THUD, THUNDERFLASH, THUNDERJET, THUNDERSTREAK, TIGERCAT, TIGER II, TIGERSHARK, TOMCAT, TORNADO, TROJAN, TWEET, TWIN MUSTANG, TWIN OTTER, UTE, VIGILANTE, VOODOO, WACO, WALLABEE, WARTHOG, WILDCAT, WILD WEASEL. Aircraft prefixes under the Joint Service Designation System include: A = attack (aka: "ground attack"); AC = armed cargo; AH = attack helicopter; AV = attack vertical (VTOL); AT = advanced trainer; B = bomber; BT = basic trainer; C = cargo; CA = cargo assault; CG = cargo glider; CH = cargo helicopter; D = drone; E = electronic warfare; EB = electronic bomber; EW = electronic warfare; F = fighter (interceptor, pursuit, hunter/killer); FA = fighter attack (multi-role); G = glider; H = helicopter (formerly R = rotor); HH = heavy helicopter; HMM = helicopter medium Marine; J = test / temporary; K = (refuel) tanker; KC = kerosene cargo tanker; L = light (fixed-wing); LH = light helicopter; LOH = light observation helicopter; M = multi-mission; MH = minesweeper helicopter; N = test - permanent; O = observation; OH = observation helicopter; OV = observation (fixed-wing); P = patrol/pursuit; Q = target; R = reconnaissance; RC = radio/RADAR reconnaissance cargo; RV = radio/RADAR reconnaissance (fixed-wing); S = anti-submarine; SR = strategic reconnaissance; T = trainer; U = utility (fixed-wing); UC = utility cargo; UH = utility helicopter; V = executive (VIP); W = weather; X = experimental; Y = prototype / service test; Z = lighter-than-air. [nb: during WWI, USN/USMC designated "heavier than air" craft as 'V' (eg: aeroplane, biplane, glider), and "lighter than air" craft as 'Z' (eg: airship, blimp, dirigible)] [nb: first successful flight of prop-driven fixed-wing airplane by Orville and Wilbur Wright (1903); first successful flight of rotary winged aircraft by Igor Sikorsky (1909); first successful flight of multimotored aircraft by Igor Sikorsky (1913); first successful flight across the Atlantic Ocean was made by Albert Cushing Read in a Glenn Curtiss seaplane NC-4 (1919); first successful jet-powered flight by Ernst Heinkel HE-178 (1939); although three Douglas "World Cruiser" airplanes (sponsored by the US Army Air Corps) flew around the world in 175 days (1924) by landing numerous times, the first non-stop circumnavigation orbit was made by satellite (1957), then by the Rutan "Voyager" airplane (1986); first supersonic (Mach 1.06) flight by Chuck Yeager in Bell X-1 "Glamorous Glennis" that was launched from B-29 bomber at 29,000 foot altitude (1947); first successful carbon-fiber jet wing flight by Yves Rossy/Rossi (2004)] [nb: although Russia designed a passenger airplane in 1913, and regular passenger routes were established between London and Paris in 1919, the Guggenheim Foundation was the first to sponsor an experimental American airline ('Western Air Express') in May 1928, which could transport eight to twelve passengers per flight between San Francisco and Los Angeles ... furthermore, the Guggenheim Foundation sponsored development of the precision Collsman altimeter, the Sperry artificial horizon, the Sperry radio directional gyrocompass, point-to-point instrument navigation, plane to ground communication, and standardized weather reporting] [v: AvnSpeak, an Aerobatics and Aviation Lexicon ] Compare CHOPPER, GLIDER, BLIMP; see PILOT, AC, BIRDMAN, AIRDALE, BIRD DOG, JET JOCKEY, PETER PILOT, GOOD STICK, SEAT TIME, BUSH PILOT, FUF, GIB, WSO, BEAR, EWO, RSO, RIO, WING MAN, CREW DOG, CREW PUPPY, IP, NICKEL RIDE, LINK TRAINER, PITCH, YAW, ROLL, ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT, TRIM, FEATHER, BLADE STRIKE, CANARD, STALL, CRAB, JINK, BANK, YANK 'n' BANK, WALK AROUND, KNEEBOARD, PLASTIC BRAINS, CHECK RIDE, UP CHECK, DOWN CHECK, BARNSTORMER, SILVER EAGLES, BLUE ANGELS, THUNDERBIRDS, SKYBLAZERS, WELDED WING, MISSING MAN FORMATION, FLYOVER, FINGER FOUR, V FORMATION, COMBAT BOX, TOP GUN, RED FLAG, DREAMLAND, AREA 51, HAWC, AEROBATICS, MACH, FAST MOVER, SLOW MOVER, MUD MOVER, PURSUIT PLANE, SPYPLANE, BOMBER, WARBIRD, PAYLOAD, BOMB FARM, APRON, TAXIWAY, THRESHOLD, CATAPULT, UNDERCARRIAGE, FIXED GEAR, DIRTY, CHASSIS, BASE LEG, TOUCHDOWN, BOUNCE, RUNWAY, OVERSHOOT, UNDERSHOOT, BIRDCAGE, ATC, LIMA SITE, STOL, VTOL, VSTOL, NOSE, SPINNER, WHEEL PANTS, FAIRING, COWLING, CANOPY, COCKPIT, AIRFRAME, FUSELAGE, BLISTER, SPONSON, TURRET, NACELLE, WING, TAILBOOM, TAB, FIN, RUDDER, FLAP, PANCAKE, GROUND LOOP, NOSEDIVE, AUGER-IN, ALUMINUM RAIN, BLACK BOX, ALS, ILS, PADDLES, BURBLE, NIGHT TRAP, BOLTER, BOUNCE, TAILHOOK, SPLASHDOWN, FEET DRY, FEET WET, THE DRINK, CUPID, ANGEL, SHORT ORBIT, DOUBLE DRIFT, VFR, POPEYE, IMC, IIMC, ARTIFICIAL HORIZON, ABSOLUTE ALTITUDE, VOR, VECTOR, BEAM, MEACONING, MIJI, RRA, STRIP ALERT, AIR LANE, AIRWAY, ORBIT, RACETRACK, STACK, CAP, UMBRELLA, FCSL, NO FLY ZONE, SQUAWK, IR MARKERS, BROWN-OUT, WHITEOUT, GOO, ZERO-ZERO, FLAT LIGHT, VISUAL, BOGIE, BANDIT, JUDY, TALLY-HO, PRIMROSE PATH, JOY, SCRAM, HUD, VD, BITCHIN' BETTY, SHARON, LETDOWN, VOLPLANE, DEAD STICK, CONTROL STICK, JOYSTICK, STICK, PICKLE, HARDPOINT, PYLON, DIVETOSS, BOMBSIGHT, INTERVALOMETER, LRU, AVIONICS, ACE, SPLASH, SORTIE, TAC-AIR, AIR STRIKE, CAS, STRAFE, GUN RUN, SKIP BOMBING, SMOOGE, SLEEVE, PUNCH-OUT, BAILOUT, NYLON LETDOWN, REVETMENT, HANGAR, FLIGHTWORTHY, ACOOC, HANGAR QUEEN, WINDSOCK, APU, BINGO, JOKER, PETROL, JUICE, POL, JP, AVGAS, TOP-OFF, HOT-FUELING, AIR AMBULANCE, HEAVENLY HOST, LAND TAIL, PENGUIN, WING WIPER, GROUND HOG, GROUNDED. [nb: aeroplanes were used in warfare for the first time in 1911, during the Italo-Turkish campaign in Tripoli, North Africa] [nb: all aircraft designs are a compromise between stability and maneuverability; but the cost of military aircraft has quadrupled each decade from their inception to the present] THE BIRD : sardonic reference to the American eagle represented in various INSIGNIA, from BADGEs to RATINGs; also called BUZZARD, CROW, and "chicken"; see PUKING BUZZARDS, BIRD UMBRELLA, PO, CPO, CHIEF. Also, informal reference to the MASCOT of the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA, ZOO), being a 'falcon' in the school colors of blue and silver, as adopted by the first graduating class in 1959; see MULE, GOAT, BULLDOG, BLACK DEVIL, MEAT MARKER. Also, slang for penis (eg: dickey bird, pecker, cock), phallus, PRICK / CU, SHORT ARM, JOYSTICK, STICK, SPAR, YARDARM, HOT DOG, HOSE, BAYONET, DIPPER, POGY BAIT, POGUE, and the like; compare LITTLE PRICK, DEAD-SOLDIER, ONIONS. Also, a rude hand gesture, formed by extending the middle finger with the other fingers curled toward the palm of the hand, being symbolic of male genitalia, representative of fornication, expressive of contempt and carelessness, as in "flip him The Bird"; also known as THE FINGER and the ONE-FINGER SALUTE; compare A-OK, ITALIAN SALUTE, POLISH SALUTE, HIGH BALL, HAND SIGN. Also, slang for an expression of disapproval, as by hissing or booing, scoffing or some other ridicule. BIRDCAGE : slang for the airspace over an airport, together with the airplanes flying approach or departure orbits within that airspace; see ATC, ATRC, ADIZ. BIRD COLONEL : also called "chicken colonel"; see FULL BIRD / FULL BULL, OFFICER, RANK. BIRD DOG : the Piper L-4 / l-5 or Cessna L-19 / O-1, being a light, propeller-driven, single-engine, high fixed-wing, two-seat monoplane used by USA/USAF/USMC for liaison, observation, and forward air control (FAC) missions; see GRASSHOPPER, FIREFLY. Also, a metonym for the PILOT of such an aircraft flying such missions. Also, to trace, track, seek, follow, investigate, study, observe, watch, watch carefully, or supervise in a determined, relentless, or obtrusive manner; see SNOOPER, WATCHER. Also, slang for the misappropriation or attempted stealing of another person's (male or female) date. BIRD FARM : airport or landing strip, especially parking aprons or ramps with REVETMENTs. Compare MOTOR POOL. BIRDMAN : aviator an aviator, or anyone associated with aircraft or flying; see PILOT, JET JOCKEY, FUF, FAG, AIRDALE, BROWN SHOE / BOOT, ZOOMIE, DOOLIE, JUNIOR BIRDMAN, AC, IP, ROTOR HEAD, WOBBLY, WOP, PROP JOCKEY, FLY-BOY, AIRMAN, WING MAN, PETER PILOT, WSO (WIZZO), RSO, EWO, RIO, BEAR, GIB, BOMBARDIER, CREW DOG, Q-COURSE, GOOD STICK, HELMET FIRE, SEAT TIME; compare PENGUIN, WING WIPER, GROUND HOG, GROUNDED. [v: AvnSpeak, an Aerobatics and Aviation Lexicon ] [nb: flying truism: Any landing the crew can walk away from is a "good" landing; and any landing that leaves the plane in a condition to be used again is a "great" landing!] [eg: I wanted wings till I got the goddamned things. Now I don't want them anymore. They taught me how to fly, and sent me here to die. I've had a bellyful of war. Oh, I wanted wings till I got the goddamned things. Now, I don't want them anymore.] BIRD UMBRELLA : SP7 slang reference to any sleeve RANK insignia showing an eagle with one or more ROCKERs arching above it, especially the Vietnam-era Army Specialist RATINGs, but also includes Chief Petty Officers. See SPEC, MOSQUITO SMILE, SWINE LOG, SARGE, CHIEF, GUNNY, SUPER GRADE, NCO, BUZZARD. BIRTH CONTROL DEVICE : military issue eyeglasses, also called "birth control glasses" (BCG); the standard issue eyeglasses are a universal barrier and ubiquitous impairment to sexual relations devised by Pentagon geeks and Congressional dweebs to limit paternity suits. In the case of female servicemembers wearing these unstylish military spectacles, they are widely known as a "rape prevention device". Also called specs (spectacles), cheaters, PEEPERS, eyewear, glasses or eyeglasses. See THE PILL, PRO KIT, DOUBLE-O, EYESHOT. BISCUIT : a small cake or loaf of unraised bread, of many varieties, that's baked hard, such as a ship's biscuit or pilot bread; as derived from the ancient Roman practice of preparing military bread twice in the oven; see HARDTACK, PITA, PANCAKE, RATIONS. [v: Dunand's army bread] [cf: Edgemont brand or Pelican Cracker factory hard bread] [v: staff of life] [v: biscuit, challah, croissant, bun, roll, pancake, chapati / chapatti, pita, cracker, cracknel, pretzel, shortbread, cookie, wafer, roly-poly, shortcake, teacake, tea bun, sally lunn, cupcake, pandowdy, cobbler / grunt, funnel cake, friedcake, doughnut (eg: beignet, bismarck, olykoek, fasnacht, cruller, brioche, bath bun, honey bun, soul cake, marlboro, dunker, clogger, kolacky / kolache, jelly doughnut, bear sign, bear paw, etc)] Also, slang for a limited access SWIPE CARD, especially one containing password encryption; this term probably originated by association with the electronic tracking 'cookie'. Also, informal reference to bisque, being earthenware pottery or vitreous china that has been fired once, and may be fired a second time with a glaze. [v: biscuit ware] Also, slang for a sarcastic or ironic reward; also called "dog biscuit", which is like a cookie but neither as nice nor as sweet; see GONG, TRASH, IMPACT AWARD. Also, slang for a methadone pill, similar to oxycodone (CHEERIOS); see CANDY, JUICE, DOPE, JUNK, COLORS, WASTED, STONED. Also, slang for testicle (typically plural); 'biscuits' are not to be confused with "buns" or "hotcakes"; see ONIONS, GUTS, SPUNK. BIT : Built-In Test, being an operator actuated test of the readiness or functionality of an electronic system that's integrated into a device or weapon without activating it; it's a command initiated form of the Power On Self Test (POST) subroutine that automatically scrutinizes a digital device whenever its operating system is launched. This internal survey assures the user that the device or weapon will operate properly when so directed. Also, a single, basic unit of computer information, valued at either 0 or 1, to signal binary alternatives; as derived from "binary &plus; digit". [cf: pixel, analog, quantum, bitstream, byte] Also, informal reference to an amount equivalent to 12.5 cents, which is only used in even multiples; as derived from a former small silver coin of Spain and Spanish America that was worth one-eighth of a real; see TWO-BIT / TWO-BITS. [nb: Spanish real is equal to one-eighth of a peso] Also, a small piece or quantity of something, a small amount or sum of anything; see FRAG, SMITHEREENS, DECONSTRUCT. [v: particle, mote, speck, grain, shred, scrap, crumb, smidgen, scintilla, morsel, granule, fleck, fragment, shard, trifle, trace, snippet, snip, whit, iota, jot, tittle, modicum, mite] BITCH : to complain, gripe, grouse, or grumble; being the paramount DUTY of every soldier, and therefore the primary indicator of troop morale; see PECKER-CHECKER; compare SUCK IT UP, MAN-UP, WHITE-KNUCKLE, BITE THE BULLET, DIEHARD, FIDO, BALLS TO THE WALL. [nb: "Grumblers are deaf to any voice but their own." aphorism] Also, to ruin, spoil, or bungle something; see SOL, FUCKED-UP. Also, anything difficult or unpleasant; compare BASTARD, SONS OF BITCHE. Also, any female animal or person, pre-menstrual or post-coital, inebriated or expurgated; see DISTAFF, SKIRT, SQUEAK, RUNTS 'n' CUNTS, GI JANE, GOLD STAR, DRAG, LADY, COW, OFFICER'S WIFE, PETTICOAT COMMAND, CAMP FOLLOWER, CAMPAIGN WIFE, SHACK-JOB, SLEEPING DICTIONARY, ROUND EYE, HAPPY VALLEY, STRANGE, SPLIT, SNATCH, HOLLOW BUNNY, BALL BUSTER, FLYING BRAVO; compare PRICK, CU, ONIONS. BITCH BOX : slang for the electrical intercom system connecting offices or departments within a building, or building to building within a unit (as from ORDERLY ROOM to BARRACKS), also known as a SQUAWK BOX; as derived from complain or gripe (bitching, bitchy). Compare BLOWER, HORN, PBX, TANNOY, 1-MC, TOCSIN, KLAXON. BITCHIN' BETTY : slang for the synthesized female voice that automatically announces changes and warnings detected by the control and survey computers in an operational aircraft; also called "naggin' Nancy". It should be noted that a psychological study in the 1950s determined that a feminine voice, with its maternal and sexual associations, was preferable whenever alerts or precautions needed to be announced; however, with the increase in announcements, the changes in American society, and the introduction of female aircrew, the negative aspects of the feminine voice, including its pitch and clarity, are now outweighing its original selection impetus. See SQUAWK, SCRAM, SCRAMBLE; compare SHARON, BITCH BOX, BLOWER, HORN, PBX, TANNOY, 1-MC, TOCSIN, KLAXON. BITCH SLAP / BITCH-SLAP : slang for the open-handed slap across the face of an inferior or subordinate that's administered as a rebuke in an expression of dominance; such an admonitory gesture has been prohibited in the American military since CORPORAL PUNISHMENT was declared illegal in 1964, but has always been distinguished from a close-handed 'punch' administered as punishment or abuse. American advisors have sometimes been shocked when witnessing such insulting slaps administered to foreign troops by their own officers and NCOs where such BASHING was still permitted (eg: Vietnam, Thailand, Korea, Taiwan, etc); the warder or baton (SWAGGER STICK) is sometimes used instead of the open-hand in these cases, probably to ensure that the reprimand is 'impersonal' ... gloves held in the hand (gage) have also been used in this same manner. Such a castigating slap is also used during the interrogation of a prisoner, and does not constitute TORTURE when so done. This expression represents the hierarchical status of domination (ie: upper slaps lower, lower never slaps upper), and is unrelated to sexism or sexual abuse. [v: strike, slap down, smite, slam, whomp, swat, slat, smackeroo, skelp / scelp] BITE THE BULLET : to require oneself to endure hardship or PAIN courageously, to compel oneself to face trouble or adversity with fortitude, to force oneself to behave stoically; as when resisting manfully by clenching on a lead bullet. See V-DEVICE, BRAGGING RIGHTS, COUNT COUP, WATCH MY SMOKE, GUTS, MOXIE, BEARING, ONIONS, TAKE IT ON THE CHIN, DIEHARD, HERO, SCAR, WHITE-KNUCKLE, SUCK IT UP, MAN-UP, MANLY ARTS, REFERRED PAIN, SLOW MATCH, A MAN'S GOTTA DO WHAT A MAN'S GOTTA DO, WINTER SOLDIER. BITE THE DUST : a euphemism for sudden or violent death, as in battle, that was made popular by Western novels and films, and has been commonly used by MIL-PERS since WWII; the expression originated as "May many of his men fall about him prone in the dust and bite the earth!" by Homer [The Iliad]. See BUY THE FARM, WASTED, ZAPPED, CHECK OUT, PUSHING UP DAISIES, WAXED, BITTER END; compare BAD DAY AT BLACK ROCK, A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE. [nb: "lick the dust" Psalm 72:9; "return to the dust" Genesis 3:19; "All go unto one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again." Ecclesiastes 3:20] BITT : see BOLLARD. BITTER END : the inboard end of an anchor chain or other line; probably a corruption of "bitt end" as the secured end of a LINE or CABLE. Also, the conclusion to any difficult circumstance or unpleasant situation; compare TAR BABY, BELL THE CAT, AUTOTOMY, LAST STAND, FIGHT LIKE KILKENNY CATS, PYRRHIC VICTORY; see SHIT HIT THE FAN, DEEP SHIT, SNOWBALL, DOG'S CHANCE, BUY THE FARM, ZAP / ZAPPED, WASTED, CHECK OUT, BITE THE DUST, PUSHING UP DAISIES. BIVOUAC : an impermanent military encampment, made with TENTs or improvised shelters, or the place used for such an encampment; sometimes nicknamed "tent city". Derived from auxiliary patrol or by-watch; see CAMP, BASE CAMP, FOB, COMPANY STREET, PUP TENT, HUTMENT, BOHIO, SHEBANG, WANIGAN, PORTALEDGE; compare LAST BIVOUAC. BIVVY : informal term for a small tent or temporary shelter, as by adaptation of 'bivouac'; compare PORTALEDGE. BIVY : a fitted cover secured over the mummy-style sleeping bag, and serving as external protection from abrasion or weather. Also, a waterproof bag or "stuff-sack" intended for stowing a sleeping bag, but widely used for other utilitarian storage. See FART SACK, SHAKEDOWN, AWOL BAG, MUSETTE, DUFFEL, WAR BAG, KIT BAG, FLIGHT BAG. BLACK : figuratively secret, covert, or clandestine; see THUNDER TIGER, SOG [nb: the law required that oversight commissions be informed of all "Black Operations" after completion]. Also, figuratively harmful or lethal, as "Black Arts" used in special operations; see UW. Also, figuratively illicit, as the "Black Market" or "Black Marketeering"; see MIDNIGHT REQUISITION. Also, figurative censure or disgrace, as a "Black Mark" on the record; see GIG, CALL ON THE CARPET. Also, figuratively bad or evil, as the allegedly incurable "Black Syph", which RUMOR mongers claim accounts for all the MIAs and is the true origin of AIDS; see SHORT ARM. Also, figuratively morbid; as grim satire or gallows humor. Also, figuratively inoperative, as a broken mechanism or an empty weapon. Also, literally undetectible, as a negative chiaroscuro image during infrared (IR) scanning. Also, any individual member of the dark-skinned peoples of Africa, Oceania, Antilles, and Australia, especially an Afro-American; also known as "negro" [ety: niger], "creole", or "colored"; see BUFFALO SOLDIER, TRIPLE NICKEL, BLACK WINGS, SPOOK, SMOKE, LEROY, SPLIB, SPEAR-CHUCKER, MAN FRIDAY, NUBUSH, LULU THE ZULU, WOG, WOP, JUNGLE MUSIC, DESEGREGATION. [aka: bro/brother, homeboy/homey, ebony, blood, dinge, shade, darky, spade, shine, brownie, blue-gums, Billy Reuben (bilirubin), boogie, coon, Americoon, Africoon, buck, jungle bunny (cf: CHOCOLATE BUNNY), nappy, Afro, brillo, 8-ball, cotton ball, cotton-picker, lawn jockey, porch monkey, yard ape, jig/jigga/jigaboo, et cetera ad nauseam] [nb: the term 'kafir', being Arabic for an infidel or unbeliever (cf: goy/goyim), is probably the origin of 'kaffir', which is a derogatory reference to BLACK people; the term was probably imported into South Africa during the Boer War by British soldiers who had fought in the Sudanese campaign] [nb: the Portuguese word for slave pens or barracks ("baracoons") is probably the origin of the racial slur 'coon', referring to BLACK people] [nb: a "wight" (man) is a human being, who is defined as such by his ability to fight, hence is someone who's strong and brave in war; consequently the phrase "(that's) mighty white of you" or "(that's) really white of you" is a misapprehension of the homonym, and has nothing to do with race, when complimenting someone for being kind or decent, generous or forbearant, which is equivalent to 'mensch'] [nb: "The danger of a conflict between the white and the black inhabitants perpetually haunts the imagination of the Americans like a bad dream." by Alexis de Tocqueville (Democracy in America 1835); "One of the things that makes a Negro unpleasant to white folk is the fact that he suffers from their injustice. He is thus a standing rebuke to them." by H.L. Mencken (Notebooks 1930); "The history of an oppressed people is hidden in the lies and the agreed-upon myths of its conquerors." by Meridel Le Sueur (Crusaders 1955); "People are so damned sensitive about color around here that you can't ask a barman for a jigger of rum ... you have to ask for a jiegro." by Ian Fleming (Diamonds are Forever 1956)] THE BLACK ART / THE BLACK ARTS : a modern euphemism for the TRADECRAFT of espionage, after the arcane magic of witchcraft and other esoteric skulduggery; see INTEL, CIC, MI. BLACK BAG : (forthcoming); metonymic euphemism, "black bag job"; see BAGMAN, CANDY, HONEY POT, DIRTY TRICKS; compare DIPLOMATIC POUCH, FARADAY POUCH. [eg: Boo, boo, baby. Look at me swagger. I know things that'll make you stagger! I'm ninety percent cloak and ten percent dagger. Boo, boo, baby. I'm a black bagger!] BLACKBIRD : Lockheed SR-71 surveillance aircraft, designated "Strategic Reconnaissance", had a self-annealing titanium shell, and could fly faster than Mach 3 at over 100,000ft height ... the world's fastest air-breathing man-piloted airplane; it was retired in 1989. See HABU, DREAMLAND, SPYPLANE. [nb: the SR-71 holds the speed record of 2,193.17 mph for a piloted air-breathing jet airplane; but NASA's experimental scramjet-powered pilotless X-43A has bested this, almost reaching Mach 7 (about 5,000 mph) and Mach 10 (about 6,800 mph) in brief test flights during 2004] Also, slang reference to any STERILE or BLACK aircraft employed in covert operations, regardless of configuration; see GREEN HORNET, LANCER, SPIRIT. BLACK BLOC : an affinity group of demonstrators who make common cause with other sympathetic antiestablishment factions so as to opportunistically employ shared tactics against their separate objectives; some elements are notable for their vandalism and sabotage, while others are typically pacifistic. The wearing of black-colored clothing and face masks is a technique used to enhance the group's presence, to imply unity and solidarity, to promote a revolutionary atmosphere, and to avoid personal identification by authorities. Although BLACK FLAGs have been traditionally associated with nihilism and anarchism, the BLACK BLOC ostensibly derived from the autonomen movements in Germany during the 1980s, where they were identified as "der schwarze Block" by the media, with their first appearance in America as anti-war picketers of the GULF WAR in February 1991. See NEW MOBE, NCC, PROTESTOR, BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY, BEST AND BRIGHTEST, BULLSHITVIK, FIFTH COLUMN, RUNNING DOG, YIPPIE. [v: grievance culture, populism, dual consciousness, relative deprivation theory, J-curve theory, frustration-aggression theory, obstructive dissociative disorder, value-added schema, hooliganism (including lunatic fringe or fanatical riffraff) and other collective aberrant behaviours; cf: scapegoat Atonement] BLACK BOX : an electronic device aboard an aircraft that automatically records certain aspects of the aircraft's performance in flight; properly known as a "flight recorder" [nb: Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) and Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR)], it is actually colored high-visibility orange, and is designed to endure impact, fire, and immersion. Also, any unit that forms part of an electronic circuit that has its function but not its components specified, such as a safeguard. Also, slang for a type of phreaking box that allowed incoming calls to be received without incurring a charge by altering the line voltage so as not to signal an open circuit and establish a billing sequence; it worked by inserting a resistor or zener diode into the mechanical relay series with a bypass capacitor to prevent voice attenuation (made obsolete by electronic switching systems) used in telephone exchanges during the 1960s to 1980s; the applicable range of phreaking boxes was color coded for specificity, running the gamut from black, blue, green, red, magenta, orange, vermilion, gold, beige, silver, to clear, depending upon device utility, such as the dial-up modems for online bulletin board systems (BBS) of that era. Also, any concealed or protected container, often small and lockable, intended for the safe and secure storage of sensitive or secret materials, the unauthorized opening of which may have disastrous or catastrophic consequences; a complex box of mysteries, not unlike Pandora's Box. BLACK CAT : see LUCKY THIRTEENTH. BLACK DEATH : a form of bubonic plague that spread over Europe in the 14th century, killing about a quarter of the population; see GERM WARFARE, CBR, VECTOR, GENOCIDE, FOUR HORSEMEN, APOCALYPSE. [nb: the rats carrying this pestilence are believed to have arrived in the Mediterranean aboard trading vessels from Asia] BLACK DEVIL : FSSF unofficial mascot and talisman of the First Special Service Force (FSSF), a joint Canadian-USA unit (5 July 1942 - 6 Feb 1945) that passed its WWII lineage to the US Army SPECIAL FORCES (USSF / SF); as derived from Nazi German attribution of "camouflaged devils" with superior fighting ability. Compare BULLDOG, GODDAM; see MULE, GOAT, V-42 STILETTO. BLACK ECHO : an indicative phrase used by Americans to describe the living conditions of the elaborate tunnel environment used by Viet Cong (NLF/VC/PRG) and North Vietnamese Army (NVA/PLA) soldiers as a underground base for disestablishment operations; living in the tunnels was primitive and perilous, where air and movement was as restricted as the limited food and water, where the inhabitants were plagued by vermin and poor sanitation, where confinement was dictated by ground and air patrols, subsurface and air raids, direct and indirect targeting. Some tunnel systems included truck and tank parks, ammo dumps and fuel storage, hospitals and operating rooms, kitchens and barracks, all of which had to be vented and shored, guarded and booby-trapped by malnourished and diseased troops. See TUNNEL RAT. [nb: captured documents revealed that malaria was the second greatest cause of fatality (after battle deaths) and that virtually every soldier was significantly afflicted with intestinal parasites] BLACK FLAG : the symbol for total war, take no prisoners, show no mercy; traditionally associated with extirpation and annihilation, nihilism and anarchism. Compare RED FLAG, PLAY CHARLEMAGNE; see STRIKE THE FLAG, LAST STAND, COUP DE GRACE, QUARTER, WHITE FLAG, FALSE FLAG, SHOW THE FLAG, YELLOW JACK. [v: Flag Terms ] [nb: the so-called "jolly roger", featuring a skull with crossed bones on a black field, that was purportedly flown by pirates, as a declaration of "no quarter" and "non-alliance", originated as the "jolie rouge", a plain red flag] [nb: baucans (or bauccedillian) was a plain red streamer, flown from a ship's masthead, signifying that "no quarter" would be given; which antedates the "flag of defiance" or "colors of defiance", also known as the "bloody flag", a practice abandoned after 1800] [nb: "Every normal man must be tempted, at times, to spit on his hands, hoist the black flag, and begin slitting throats." by H.L. Mencken] BLACK GANG : nautical slang for the engine room crew, formerly stokers and GREASE MONKEYs who were also known as "black-hand gang" for handling coal, but are now technicians and mechanical engineers; see MECH, SNIPE, GASOLINE ALLEY. [nb: members of the ship's engine room crew (SNIPE or BLACK GANG) were issued black DIXIE CUPs during WWII, so were sometimes called 'black hats'] BLACK HATS : a black-colored baseball-style cap worn by AIRBORNE instructors at the US Army Infantry School. Similar non-uniform cap affixed with the "winged torch" device was adopted for wear by VN-era PATHFINDERs. During the post-VN era, when drill sergeants (DI) no longer wore the WWI campaign hat, and before the Army-wide adoption of the beret, a BLACK baseball-style HAT was worn by training CADRE. Compare RIGGER, RED HATS, GREEN BERET. [nb: when 5th SFGAbn departed RVN on 5 March 1971, the cover assignment for SOG ADVISORs was changed to USARV; so berets were no longer authorized, hence the distinctive (but unofficial) BLACK baseball-style HAT was adopted by SOGgies] BLACKHAWK : the UH-/MH-60 single-rotor utility helicopter, successor to HUEY; also designated SEA HAWK and JAYHAWK, and commonly called "Hawk" ... being a medium-lift helicopter that can transport eleven fully equipped MIL-PERS at a maximum speed of 193knots. See CHOPPER. BLACK HOLE : slang for the Tactical Operations Center (TOC) that was buried below the open expanse of ground-level desert during the GULF WAR, like a BUNKER or REDOUBT; it was so nicknamed by those who had to work within its subterranean environment; name by analogy to the astronomical phenomenon that absorbs everything but radiates nothing, receives everything but transmits nothing ... its whole existence is inferred by negative evidence (ie: intel goes in but none comes out; people go in but no one returns). See WAR ROOM, CP; compare THE CAVE. [nb: the first underground command and operations center was instituted by Winston L.S. Churchill during the Battle of Britain (BLITZ) and was immediately imitated by Franklin D. Roosevelt; all buried TOCs have subsequently been patterned on the British model] BLACKJACK : operational designation for several Mobile Guerrilla Force (MGF) missions; including Blackjack-33 with Project Sigma in III CTZ from 27 April to 24 May 1967; and Blackjack-41 from 13 May 1967 parachute jump into Seven Mountains region of IV CTZ and evolving into combined US/ARVN Operation Attleboro. Named after sobriquet of 5th SFGAbn commander, COL Francis J. Kelly; who was also known as "Splash" for his magnetic attraction to water when parachuting; see GREEKS, MIKE FORCE, STRIKER. Also, nickname of John Joseph Pershing, commander of AEF in WWI, obtained from his preference for command of BUFFALO SOLDIERs (while George Armstrong Custer refused such assignments, believing them to be harmful to his reputation and career); see PERSHING, OPEN WAR, GASPER, DOG TAGS. Also, informal referent for a large drinking cup or oversized mug for beer or ale; originally made of tar coated leather; see BREW, HOOCH. Also, a compact, leather-covered club with a flexible handle; also known as sap or slapjack; see BATON, WARDER, FIST-LOAD, SANDBAG. Also, a gambling game with the object of reaching (but not exceeding) a count of twenty-one on playing cards, dominos, or dice; compare CRIBBAGE, CRAPS. THE BLACK JET : the Lockheed F-117 fighter, or NIGHTHAWK, being a stealth aircraft developed from the DARPA "Have Blue" project; see BIRD. BLACK KNIGHT : the mascot of the U.S. Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, NY; compare MULE, GOAT, FALCON. BLACK LADY MOUNTAIN : a distinctive topographic terrain feature in Tay Ninh province, about 100km northwest of Saigon, being a solitary prominence that abruptly rises 800m from the surrounding landscape; this landmark, called "Nui Ba Den" in Vietnamese, takes its name from the legend of a woman who went to pray for the safe return of her warrior husband and, when threatened by bandits, threw herself off of this sheer escarpment. Long the site of a Buddhist shrine, and riddled with caves that were intermittently occupied by GUERRILLAs throughout the VIETNAM WAR, it hosted a VECTOR and radio relay (RR) site for Allied forces. Compare MARBLE MOUNTAIN, LIMA SITE 85; see LEGHORN, HICKORY, FISHHOOK, PARROT'S BEAK, DOG'S FACE, ELEPHANT'S FOOT, ANGEL'S WING. [cf: "Helen's Dome", near Fort Bowie in Arizona Territory, as the site of a promontory from which a woman lept to escape violation by marauding Apaches] BLACKLIST : a list (typically private or restricted) of persons who are under suspicion of disloyalty or untrustworthiness, or whose unmilitary or ANTI-AMERICAN activities have marked them for disfavor or censure, including barring them from appointment or employment, promotion or security clearance. Compare WHITE LIST; see SHIT LIST, THE SILENCE. Also, a list of objectionable works, in whole or in part, that are suppressed or excluded by the authority of a religious or governmental censor based upon an examination of them for moral transgressions, political or military violations, or some other worthy grounds, including literature, dramas, illustrations, speeches, and other published or broadcast matter; see CENSORSHIP. [v: blackball, bar, debar, proscribe, ban, boycott, shun, ostracize] BLACK MAGIC : M-16A1 the nickname for the M-16A1 assault rifle; that was more cynically identified as WIDOW MAKER, or by the popular catch-phrase "If it's Mattel it's swell!". The M-16 was the standard American assault rifle used in Vietnam after 1966, shooting 5.56mm/.223cal AMMO in either semi- or full-automatic modes. Originating as a plastic-housed version of the M-14A2, the Stoner AR-15 evolved through hundreds of changes before becoming a reliable infantry rifle. There is no such thing as an "ideal weapon", but only one best suited for the intended purpose from the compromised exchange of options; for example, the "inferior" Brown Bess musket was short, heavy, and effective only to 50yds, but could mount a bayonet and reload four times faster than the "superior" Pennsylvania rifle, which had an effective range of 200yds. See TUPPERWARE, POODLE SHOOTER, BURST, MAG, ACOG, ACTIV, CAR / XM-177E2, RIFLE, OVER 'n' UNDER. [nb: "Ahh, lotsa plastic. Feels like a BB gun to me. Believe I'm gonna stick with my pistol." by SGM Basil Plumley (1965)] BLACK MARKET : the place where rationed or prohibited goods are illicitly sold or traded; the place where such illegal transactions are conducted. Also, the act of illicitly selling or trading rationed or prohibited goods, as to obtain from "under-the-counter" so as to avoid the payment of taxes; also known as "black economy" and "gray economy", being the unauthorized exchange or disposal of products. Compare GRAY MARKET, WHITE MARKET; see CONTRABAND, DARK WEB, SHAKEDOWN, MIDNIGHT REQUISITION, KHAKI MAFIA, CARPETBAGGERS, SLICKY BOY. [cf: hole-and-corner business; v: dirty money] BLACKOUT : using light discipline and masks; usually entails hooded or slit aperture lamps, red-lens lights, and draped windows or doorways; see VESTIBULE, LIGHTS OUT, NIGHT TRAP, compare CHRISTMAS TREE. Also, obstruction of communications media, or suppression of particular information broadcast by some medium; censorship; see GAG ORDER, D-NOTICE, NEED TO KNOW, OPSEC. [nb: at the beginning of WWII, insurance underwriters were openly reporting the contents of cargo, together with shipping schedules and other details, in transatlantic messages, which resulted in many losses from enemy predation because the commercial codes were insecure, but the agents were unresponsive to government censorship until they were finally threatened with prosecution under the Espionage Act] Also, a partial loss of memory, or a total loss of conscious awareness of one's acts; see PTSD, FLASHBACK, THOUSAND-YARD STARE, TELESCOPING, ZOMBIE, BROKEN-WING SYNDROME, FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT, DISSOCIATION, OBJECTIFICATION, CONVERSION SYMPTOMS, STRESS OF SOUL, G-FORCE, G-LOCK, G-SUIT; compare GRAYOUT, RED-OUT. [v: visual blackout (amaurosis fugax)] BLACK SHIRT / BLACKSHIRT : an identifying garment worn to signify membership in or affiliation with a fascist organization; a symbol of fascism, or of a fascist militia. Also, a metonym for a member of a fascist organization [eg: Italian Fascists (ca1920)]. Compare BROWN SHIRT, RED SHIRT; see BAD GUYS, DRESS. BLACK SHOE / BOOT : among sailors, anyone serving in the sea-going Fleet; among soldiers, the New Breed or Modern Army, as exemplified by black colored COMBAT BOOTs and LOW-QUARTERS (instituted 1954). Compare BROWN SHOE / BOOT; see FOOTWEAR. BLACK STALLION : designation for the experimental (XRA9) single-stage-to-orbit space plane. BLACK SWAN EVENT : an instance of a rare occurrence that exerts a disproportionate influence upon history or politics, economics or finance, science or technology; being a hard to predict event with an unusually high impact that's well beyond the realm of normal expectations. This hypothesis was initially proposed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his book The Black Swan, The Impact of the Highly Improbable, which expounds upon the exceptional influence of such anomalous deviations. People tend to resist uncertainty and they attempt to act in a consistent manner, but life is always changing, sometimes catastrophically, so outliers and other oddities play a much larger role than regularly occurring events ... and because these happenings are so improbable, their consequences are unpredictable. The expression 'black swan' was coined in the 16th century to represent an impossibility, until live specimens were discovered in western Australia, hence the extraordinary nature of a BLACK SWAN EVENT disproving conventional wisdom. See CAT SKINNER, OUTSIDE THE BOX, PARADIGM SHIFT, GAMBLER'S FALLACY, LAW OF AVERAGES, LAW OF UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES, UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE. [v: mutation in Darwinian evolution] [v: deus ex machina (Latin: any desperate or contrived solution (literally: "god from the machine"); cf: pons asinorum (Latin: insolvable problem (literally: "bridge of asses")] BLACK TIE / BLACK-TIE : a stipulation that guests wear semiformal evening attire, being a black bow tie worn with a dinner jacket or tuxedo by men; compare WHITE TIE. BLACK WATER / BLACKWATER : slang for military coffee, also known as joe, mud, sludge, washy, java, mocha, espresso, brew, brown blood, boiler acid, battery acid, and nectar of the gods; see GI JOE. Also, the dark depths of seawater that's below the level of penetration of sunlight; being at or below a depth of 90ft or two atmospheres of pressure; compare BLUE WATER, BLUE LINE, BROWN WATER. Also, wastewater from toilets, garbage disposal, and industrial processes; compare GRAY WATER; see TROTS, SQUIRTS, DUMP, SHIT, TRA CA, WAD, WASH, SLOP, SLOP CHUTE, WATERWORKS, COMFORT STATION. [v: soil pipe] BLACKWATER / BLACKWATER FEVER : since the post-CIVIL WAR era, the common reference for a severe form of MALARIA characterized by kidney damage and hemoglobinuria resulting in urine that is dark red or black; any of several diseases characterized by the production of dark urine as a result of the rapid breakdown of red blood cells. BLACK WINGS : refers to the skill qualification badge earned by non-white PILOTs and PARATROOPERs during WWII, when military DESEGREGATION was still problematic; this dismissive reference to Tuskegee Institute aviators and 555th Parachute Infantry Regiment (TRIPLE NICKEL) parachutists was intended to be disparaging and dismissive, but became a "mark of distinction". See WINGS, TRASH, BLACK, BEANER, FLIP, CHINK, NIP, CREOLE, COON-ASS, REDBONE, CHIEF; compare WHITE TRASH. [nb: the "thin red line" was applied to the British ("Redcoats") in the Crimean War because they did not form into a defensive square when engaged, making their line weak, which impugned their military prowess; likewise, the Scottish bagpipers accompanying British troops in WWI were labeled "ladies from hell" for wearing kilts into battle while playing an instrument instead of carrying a weapon ... each attribution was initially offensive, but both were later adopted as proud distinctions] [v: Names of Foreigners or Foes ] BLACK WORK / BLACKWORK : informal reference to anything secret, covert, or clandestine, whether surveillance or intelligence analysis, recruitment or other special operations in the field; also known as "shadow work". The law requires that oversight commissions be informed of all "Black Operations" after completion. See WET WORK. Also, work in the "underground economy" for which a person is paid in cash, with the transaction unrecorded or unreported, so as to avoid paying income tax on the amount earned. BLADDER : large, heavy-duty, rubberized, collapsible drum ranging from 2,000 to 50,000 gallons for POL products; also called "bowser". See BLIVET, JERRY CAN, DONKEY DICK, PETROL, JUICE, HOT-FUELING, TOP-OFF; compare POD, WATER BUFFALO, LISTER BAG. BLADDER BAG : collapsible CANTEEN, up to 1 gallon capacity; see WATER PURIFICATION TABLET. BLADDER BIRD : see FLYING COW. BLADE : a flat device of various sizes and configurations used for cutting or stabbing; the functional portion of a KNIFE or SWORD, as derived by its resemblance to a broad flat leaf. Also, the thinner flat part of something, as on an oar or a shovel. Also, the arm of a propeller or other similar rotary mechanism. Also, slang for a dashing or jaunty young man, especially a swaggering swordsman (fencer, soldier). BLADE STRIKE : referent for one or more arms (blades) of a propeller hitting some object, or being hit by some object, which event can affect prop balance and structural integrity, rendering the aircraft unflyable; see TRIM, FEATHER, AUTO-ROTATE, FLIGHTWORTHY, CHOPPER, BIRD. BLADE TIME : a meter measuring helicopter engine usage relative to mandatory maintenance, hence the informal reference for available helicopter hours that can be allocated to each unit for operational flights, logistical support, command and control. BLANK : a CARTRIDGE or SHELL loaded with gunpowder and primer, but the case is crimped without a projectile or BULLET, as used in training, WAR GAMEs, and SALUTEs; also called a "blank cartridge" or "blank shell", as derived from "white" meaning void or empty. A BLANK ADAPTER or "blank firing adapter" (BFA) is used on SMALL ARMS to avoid the manual cycling of the weapon's bolt. Compare SIM-AMMO, DUMMY, MILES; see RIFLE GRENADE, AMMO. BLANK ADAPTER : an accessory device, affixed to the muzzle by the bayonet lug, enabling a rifle or machinegun to function "normally" when firing BLANK ammunition. The BLANK ADAPTER, also known as a "blank firing adapter" (BFA), functions by blocking the barrel of the firearm, permitting enough back-pressure to allow the bolt to recoil properly, ejecting the spent case and automatically loading the next cartridge, without manual assistance from the operator. Because the weapon's barrel is blocked, the BLANK ADAPTER is painted bright red as a warning, since the firing of a live round of regular AMMO through the weapon's barrel would cause an explosion, damaging the firearm and injuring the shooter. The BLANK ADAPTER is only used in training; the ceremonial firing of BLANK ammunition is manually cycled, typically from older rifles, which manipulations add pomp to the occasion. BLANKET DIVISION : 1st Cav Div nickname of the First Cavalry Division; derived from the size and design (depicts a saddle blanket) of the unit shoulder patch. Formally called "First Team", but formerly known as "Hell for Leather". FIRST CAVALRY DIVISION: during the nineteenth century, American cavalry units were horse-mounted troops designed to survey enemy positions and provide SCREENs for incoming infantry units. The horse-mounted cavalry gave way during the twentieth century to armored personnel carriers and tanks. A major innovation of the VIETNAM WAR was the use of air cavalry units where troops are moved into battlefield positions by helicopters. The FIRST CAVALRY DIVISION was one of the main air cavalry units in Southeast Asia. Originally activated in 1921, the First Cavalry Division fought (dismounted) in the Pacific during World War II and later in Korea. In 1965 the division's flag was taken from Korea and presented to the experimental 11th Air Assault Division, which became the First Cavalry Division (Airmobile). (The former First Cavalry Division, still in Korea, became the new 2nd Infantry Division.) The division was deployed to South Vietnam in September 1965 and was the first full division to arrive in the country. It was almost immediately in battle in the Ia Drang Valley. The division won a Presidential Unit Citation for its fierce fighting. During 1966 and 1967 elements of the division were engaged in numerous actions throughout the II Corps Tactical Zone. Initially committed to operations in Binh Dinh Province in early 1968, the bulk of the division was hurriedly recommitted to the Battle for Hue and then to the relief of the marine position at Khe Sanh. Later in the year the division served in the A SHAU VALLEY before being shifted to protect the northern and western approaches to Saigon. As the Army's first airmobile division, the First Cavalry Division pioneered air assault tactics... It was considered one of the Army's elite units in Vietnam, highly valuable because of its extreme mobility. The division suffered over 30,000 casualties during the war. BLANKET HEAD : green beret nickname for US Army Special Forces, who were awarded the distinctive hat on 12 October 1961 by President John F. Kennedy, after BG William P. Yarborough (CG, SWC) adopted the practice from COL Edson D. Raff (who imitated British para "red beret" for 509th PIB during WWII, and introduced a "teal beret" to 77th SFGAbn for branch-unassigned), and from COL Donald D. Blackburn (CO, 7th SFGAbn), who inherited the design project from former OSS agents CPTs Herb Brucker and Roger Pezzelle (copying WWII British and French commandos). The GREEN BERET is also called "green beanie" and "head-shrinker". A Special Forceman or SFer is not a GREEN BERET; he just wears it as "... a symbol of excellence, a badge of courage, a mark of distinction in the fight for freedom." John F. Kennedy, 11 April 1962. Beret FLASHes at this time were worn "tombstone fashion" (flat side down) and were made of wool felt. The unique arrowhead shoulder patch worn by Special Forces, designed by CPT John W. Frye, has been called the ELECTRIC BUTTERKNIFE and "Saigon Electric Works". The motto of USSF is: to free the oppressed ("De Oppresso Liber"). See GREEN BERET, SF, SNAKE-EATER, SNEAKY PETE, GABRIEL, BRONZE BRUCE, HEADGEAR; compare RED HATS, BLACK HATS. Also, after much debate, the new standardized HEADGEAR for the U.S. Army, adopted in 2000 for uniformity and prestige. SFers and RANGERs know that "if it weren't for the honor of the thing..." the beret is one of the world's worst forms of HEADGEAR ... but when has the theatrical military ever been 'practical'?! The Army retained the Airborne red and SF green, reverted to the original RANGER tan, and bestowed black berets upon all other units and branches ... so everyone can now pretend they're elite, and suffer without a sun-visor or rain-brim! ... why didn't some gristled GRUNT tell those BRASS HATs what's the real purpose of a hat?! See RED HATS, BLACK HATS. BLANKET PARTY : form of mob justice, in which the vigilantes seek either to inspire conformity or expel nonconformity by corporal punishment of a maladjusted SQUAD member, so as to achieve unit cohesion; also called ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT. See AIRMAN ALIGNMENT TOOL, GI SHOWER, GIG, CALL ON THE CARPET, DRUMHEAD, RIOT ACT, PAIN. [nb: a BLANKET PARTY attacks the misfit for the good of the unit, but a FRAGGING attacks the leadership to terrorize and disintegrate the unit] [cf: kangaroo court, honor court, grievance committee, vigilance committee, tribunal, sanhedrim] BLANK FLANGE : see EXPLETIVE, OATH, GODDAM, SWEAR, VULGAR, FUCK, BAD-MOUTH, TALK TRASH. BLAST : the act of exploding; an explosion; see EXPLOSIVE PRESSURE, BLAST SYNDROME, EXPLOSIVE. Also, the CHARGE of explosive used at one firing in blasting operations; see DETONATOR, TRIGGER. Also, slang for a parachute jump; probably derived from the definition of a violent gust or forcible stream of air; see ABN, AIRBORNE, PARACHUTE, PARATROOPER, JUMPER, JUMPIN' JUNKIE, HIT THE SILK, JUMPMASTER, JUMP SCHOOL, PROP BLAST; compare CHERRY BLAST, HOLLYWOOD BLAST, GANG-BANG, MASTER BLASTER. Also, slang for anything that gives great pleasure or excitement, such as a party or entertainment; see DINING-IN, SIGG, FEATHERS, WITH BELLS ON, THEME PARK. BLAST ASS : see BULLET HEAD, CANNON-COCKER, TUBE MONKEY, FAG, DAGBY, REDLEG, CREW-SERVED WEAPONS. [nb: Vietnamese term: Phao Thu (cannoneer)] BLAST DEFLECTOR : (forthcoming); compare PERCUSSION CAP; see DETONATOR. BLASTING GELATIN : a type of plastic dynamite (containing about 7% cellulose nitrate) that's used chiefly when working underwater. BLASTING POWDER : a form of GUNPOWDER that's made with sodium nitrate (instead of saltpeter), as used when exploding rocks so as to extract metals, minerals, and other ore. BLASTOFF / BLAST-OFF : the announcement that a ROCKET or MISSILE has been launched, being a WWII expression (from "blasted off") that's since been extended into thrusting spacecraft aloft. BLAST SHADOW : (forthcoming); compare ACOUSTIC SHADOW; see FLASH BURN. BLAST SYNDROME : the effects upon the human body from exposure to explosive detonation, such as projectile impact, shock wave, and excessive heat, especially to the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, including delayed reactions (eg: embolism, aneurysm, tinnitus, PTSD, etc); see TBI, WIA, OVERPRESSURE, EXPLOSIVE PRESSURE. [cf: concussion] BLAST WALL : informal term for an uncovered construction of various heights or thicknesses, relatively portable or permanent, that's designed to absorb or direct the explosive force or impact effect of POL ignition, munitions discharge, or gunfire; also known as parapet, rampart, or bulwark. See CONCEALMENT, COVER, BUNKER, RIPRAP, DEFILADE, REDOUBT, EMPLACEMENT, BUTT, BERM, STAND-OFF, REVETMENT, HESCO BARRIER, T-WALL, FACE, SANDBAG. [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] BLAST WAVE : a violent propagating disturbance that's produced by an explosion in air, which consists of an abrupt rise in atmospheric pressure that's immediately followed by a significant drop in atmospheric pressure, to or below its pre-disturbance level; compare SHOCK WAVE, see BLAST. BLDG : abbreviation for BuiLDinG, often accompanied by a unique number, as radiating from post headquarters (HQ) through every unit and residence to the farthest range house or watchtower; used for accountability of government property, and for location or navigation (eg: "Report to Bldg #1234 at 0800 for processing."). See PUZZLE PALACE, MADHOUSE, GUARDHOUSE, SENTRY BOX, SAFE HOUSE, STOCKADE, BUTLER BUILDING, SEA HUT, B-HUT, HUTMENT, QUONSET HUT, JAMESWAY HUT, PACIFIC HUT, EMKAY HUT, HOOCH, TEAMHOUSE, LONG HOUSE, TENT, HUT, PUP TENT, BIVOUAC, BOLT HOLE, HIDE, DUGOUT, BOHIO, SHEBANG, WANIGAN, BOMB SHELTER, FALLOUT SHELTER, ELEPHANT HUT, UTILITY BUILDING, MULTIPLE UTILITY BUILDING, DEPOT, GODOWN, DUMP, TOMB, HANGAR, STEELDROME, BUNKER, BLOCKHOUSE, QTRS, SUDS ROW, BARRACK, BEQ, NOB HILL, BOQ, VOQ, BILLET, BERTH. [v: bield, bower, arbor, rock-shelter, den, lair, bothy, cot, cabin, cottage, casita, cabana, lodge, earth lodge, hogan, squat, shed, byre; cf: garret, cockloft, dovecote] BLEEDING EDGE : rhyming slang for "leading edge" or "cutting edge", wherein the foremost element or the most advanced part is subject to the greatest risk; the term "bleeding" implies a tendency toward casualties due to the probability of mistakes from more frequent encounters; there is also a necessity to spend more time and money on engaged units ... which is an essential commitment to elicit change, if not squandered. See FEBA, MLR, FRONT LINE, FLOT, DOWN RANGE, INDIAN COUNTRY, SHARP END, THE EDGE. BLIMP : slang for any small nonrigid airship, dirigible, or balloon, as used for observation, training (eg: parachute, pilot), or transport; also called "sausage" or GAS BAG; see NACELLE, RIP-CORD, SKYHOOK; compare MONOPLANE, BIPLANE, TRIPLANE, FLYING WING. [nb: first successful manned flight of hot-air balloon by Joseph-Michael and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier (1783)] [nb: reconnoitring balloons were first used by the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Fredericksburg (12 December 1862)] [nb: during WWI, USN/USMC designated "heavier than air" craft as 'V' (eg: aeroplane, biplane, glider), and "lighter than air" craft as 'Z' (eg: airship, blimp, dirigible)] [v: an experimental sealed cabin, called an "air cabin", was lofted by balloon to 53,400' in 1954 by Auguste Piccard; cf: bathyscape/bathyscaphe] Also, a pompous old reactionary, "Colonel Blimp", was a post-WWI cartoon character conjured by David Low that satirized resistance to progressive change; see MOSSBACK, DINOSAUR, OLD BREED, OLD SALT, SHELLBACK, BROWN SHOE / BOOT. BLIND : see HIDE, BOLT HOLE, RABBIT HOLE, GILLIE SUIT, SHROUD. BLIND AMBITION : a driven desire for achievement or distinction and the willingness to ruthlessly strive for it; an overweening aspiration that's destitute of consequential restraint or moral compunction, being behavior that's careless or heedless, indifferent or oblivious, unmindful of or insensitive to its side-effects and aftereffects. See LAW OF UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES, COLLATERAL DAMAGE, FALLOUT, DO OR DIE, EVERY MAN FOR HIMSELF, CUTTHROAT, UP OR OUT, HIGHER, TICKET-PUNCHER, FAST MOVER, BOOMER, HOT SHOT, GOLDEN BOY, DEEP DIP, MILICRAT, KHAKI MAFIA, BOHICA. [nb: this figurative catch-phrase has become an essential character trait for the successful aspirant in the modern era] BLIND ATTACK : a violent ASSAULT or wild CHARGE that's rash or reckless, hasty or impetuous; an irrational or uncontrollable SALLY that's careless or heedless, indifferent or oblivious, unmindful of or insensitive to any of its consequences. See STORM, DEBOUCH, WATCH MY SMOKE. BLIND BAT : designation given to C-130 aircraft used in nighttime SCAR operations. BLIND DATE : a meeting, or the place of meeting, usually with covert PASSWORDs, arranged for communication or other exchange between previously unknown agents or operatives representing opposition elements; compare DEAD DROP, LETTER BOX; see POC, TRADECRAFT. [v: accommodation address] BLIND FIRE : spraying an area with SMALL ARMS or machinegun (MG) fire, also spelled "blind-fire" or "blindfire"; see SPRAY, FLOCK SHOOT, TRIGGER-HAPPY, HAPPY FIRE, WILD SHOT, BUSTING CAPS, MAD MINUTE, compare RECON BY FIRE, DOUBLE TAP, HAMMER, GUN CONTROL. [nb: the amateur's rule for discharging a firearm: "If anyone shoots then everyone shoots!"] BLIND LOYALTY : an absolute commitment or indissoluble allegiance, as an adherent of inviolate faithfulness or unbreakable fidelity; someone whose boundless dedication is oblivious or indifferent to distraction. See LOYALTY, TRUE BLUE, ESPRIT DE CORPS, LOYALTY UP - LOYALTY DOWN, SUMMUM BONUM; compare CREDIBILITY GAP, SEDITION, TREASON. BLIND TRANSMISSION : any RADIO transmission, usually desperate or emergency, of information that is made without first establishing a link or without expectation of acknowledgement. See GUARD, SOS, MAYDAY. BLINK : a white or yellow luminosity reflected onto the underside of clouds from the surface of snow or ice; also known as "snowblink" or "iceblink", as derived from the applied meaning of gleam, twinkle, glitter, or shine. Compare MOONLIGHT, FRESNEL UNITS, FLARE. BLINKER : slang for the battery-powered strobe light or stroboscopic lamp, being a handheld electronic flash that rapidly produces brilliant bursts of light, as used for identification during AIRDROP, reinforcement, or rescue (SAR) operations. The early models did not have a masking collar to restrict the direction of the illumination, so PILOTs and LRRPs covered the base with 100 MPH TAPE to eliminate lateral illumination, making its use in enemy territory much safer. Colored filters were also added to later models because the flashing light looks very similar to automatic gunfire without TRACERs! An infrared (IR) version is also available for instrument detection. See FLASHLIGHT, LIGHT STICK, BUD LIGHT, AIS, WIGWAG, IDENTIFICATION PANEL. [v: cresset] BLINKER FLUID : a nonexistent substance that a novice or tyro is required to obtain in the same manner as any other SNIPE HUNT objective; compare MERMAID, DRAGON. BLISTER : a transparent bulge, bubble or dome on the fuselage of an airplane, used for mounting one or more guns, cameras, antennas, weather sensors, or other special items; discouraged by designers after WWII due to aerodynamic drag and noisy turbulence, as derived from "swollen"; compare TURRET, BALL TURRET, DUSTBIN, SPONSON. [nb: on aircraft, blister is transparent, sponson is not transparent, turret is transparent and rotates] Also, informal term for criticize or rebuke severely; see CALL ON THE CARPET, VERBUM SAP, BROWBEAT, KICK ASS, FANG. Also, to beat or thrash; punish severely; chastise or chasten; see OVER A BARREL, SQUEEZE, CAT-O'-NINE-TAILS, THIRD DEGREE, BASHING, PAIN. BLISTER AGENT : any of various poisonous compounds (eg: mustard gas, nitrogen mustard, lewisite, etc) that were developed for military use, causing burns and tissue destruction so as to incapacitate the opposition; such a vesicant is also called "blistering agent". See COCKTAIL, CBW, CW, CBR, HAZMAT. BLITZ : the intensive aerial bombing campaign by Nazi Germany against British cities during WWII, often expressed as "The Blitz", and also called the Battle of Britain; as derived from "lightning". Also, an improper truncation of BLITZKRIEG; used to mean any sudden, swift, vigorous, and overwhelming attack or barrage, including sports analogues. [v: foudroyant] BLITZ CLOTH : (forthcoming); compare BRASSO, see SPIT 'n' POLISH. BLITZKRIEG : a sudden, swift, and overwhelming military attack, usually using TANKs, artillery (ARTY) barrage, and aerial bombardment to demoralize, defeat, or destroy the enemy; derived from "flash war", which term was coined by a Spanish journalist describing the highly mobile combined arms tactics used by Nazis in 1939. Compare FULL-COURT PRESS, SHOCK 'n' AWE, HYPERWAR; see WAR. BLIVET : a smaller (than a BLADDER), heavy-duty, rubberized, collapsible drum ranging from 250 to 500 gallons for POL products setup in temporary refueling sites; see PETROL, JUICE, JERRY CAN, DONKEY DICK, HOT-FUELING, TOP-OFF; compare POD, WATER BUFFALO, LISTER BAG. Also, probably due to the bloated appearance of the actual container, anyone or anything that's inflated, exaggerated, distended, or overloaded, including events and demonstrations, such as the proverbial "ten pounds of SHIT (or bullshit) stuffed into a five pound bag"; see DOG 'n' PONY SHOW, FIVE O'CLOCK FOLLIES, SMOKE 'n' MIRRORS, TAP-DANCER. [nb: obfuscation and obscurantism are widely represented by the military maxim: "Bullshit baffles brains!", sometimes called a "Well sir,..." excuse] BLIZZARD BLAZER : slang for any full-dress suit, such as a tuxedo; see DRESS WHITES, ICE-CREAM SUIT, SPANKERS AND CLANKERS, MESS DRESS, WITH BELLS ON, FEATHERS, CUMMERBUND, BLACK TIE, WHITE TIE, DRESS. BLOATER : see FLOATER; compare CREATURE FEATURE, RICE KRISPIES, CRISPY CRITTER. BLOB : Big Lump On-Board, an observer; any extra person or noncontributing passenger. See SANDBAG; compare STRAP-HANGER, DEADHEAD, POB. BLOC : a group of persons or entities acting in concert for common cause or mutual benefit; see ANZUS, PENTALATERAL AGREEMENT, ASEAN, SEATO, NATO. BLOCK : any solid material mass with one or more flat faces; see CHOCK, SHORE. Also, a housing or part enclosing one or more freely rotating, grooved pulleys, about which ropes or chains pass to form a hoisting or hauling TACKLE; also known as "tackle block" or "block 'n' tackle"; see FALL, FAIRLEAD, PARBUCKLE, CRAB, WHIP, BOOM. Also, a section, segment, part, or group; compare BLOC. Also, an obstruction, obstacle, hindrance, or stoppage. Also, a stump, platform, or other structure used for speeches, auctions, or beheadings. Also, a person's head. Also, any generally rectilinear building material. [v: quoin] BLOCKADE : any obstruction of passage or progress, especially the closing-off of a city or port by military forces so as to prevent entrance or exit. See BERLIN BLOCKADE. BLOCKBUSTER : a huge aerial-delivery demolition bomb. Also, any person or thing that's overwhelmingly effective or impressively successful. BLOCKHOUSE : a defensive military structure, as one made of concrete, that's used for observation and directing gunfire; see BUNKER, PILLBOX, REDOUBT, CASEMATE, BLACK HOLE, VESTIBULE, STRONGPOINT. Also, a reinforced structure for housing and protecting personnel and their equipment during weapons testing or rocket launchings. Also, a stout building of hewn timbers, usually with a projecting upper story, having loopholes (EMBRASUREs) for musketry, as was formerly used as a FORT; also known as a "garrison house". [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] BLOCKING FORCE : the use of vessels, vehicles, or troops for the hostile obstruction or closing-off of enemy passage or progress; also called "blockader"; see SCREEN, CORDON. Also, the stationary element against which the SWEEP element drives the enemy; the fixed 'anvil' in a "hammer and anvil" PINCER movement. BLOCK THE COLORS : to raise the flag to the top of the mast or flagpole on a HALYARD through a running-block. See SHIFT COLORS, COLORS. BLONDIE : a comic strip by Chic Young (1930) featuring Blondie Boopadoop as a flapper who subsequently became the wife of the ineffectual Dagwood Bumstead and then mother of the precocious Baby Dumpling; the domestic dramas of this heroine burgeoned into a series of over twenty films [ending with Blondie's Hero (1950)], before being serialized for early television. See DISTAFF, SKIRT, GI JANE, HOLLOW BUNNY, BALL BUSTER, AMAZON, FLYING BRAVO, SQUEAK, RUNTS 'n' CUNTS, FATHER KNOWS BEST, FICTIONAL CHARACTER. BLOOD : see BLOOD TYPE, ABO, BLOOD TEST, DOG TAGS, BLOOD EXPANDER, SERUM ALBUMIN, BLOOD SERUM, IMMUNE SERUM, BLOOD PLATELET, BLOOD PLASMA, BLOOD BANK, BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, SYRINGE, SYRETTE, COMPRESS, CASTOFF, DOG BITE, SPILL THE GROCERIES, BLOODY, MED BAG. BLOOD ALLEY : any street where passers-by are at risk from barroom patrons and loitering hoodlums; a sleazy district containing cocktail lounges, cheap restaurants, tattoo parlors, clip joints, tourist traps, and other low-life establishments; such designation of a squalid or sordid quarter was probably adopted from Mediterranean references during WWII; compare SIN CITY, HELL ON WHEELS, HELL'S HALF ACRE, FOUR CORNERS, DODGE CITY, LITTLE AMERICA. Also, any hazardous route of travel, whether as a convoy corridor or as a dangerous roadway; see FIREBALLING, ZIGZAG, STREET SURFING, CHOKE POINT. Also, the title of a 1955 adventure movie featuring John Wayne, Lauren Bacall, and Paul Fix, which was based upon a novel of the same title authored by Albert Sidney Fleischman, wherein a stranded Merchant Marine captain, rescued from the Chinese communists by local villagers, is shanghaied into transporting the whole village to Hong Kong aboard an ancient paddle steamer; this story exemplifies the perils of "running the gauntlet"; see GAUNTLET, ORDEAL, HOLD ONE'S FEET TO THE FIRE, SNAKE PIT, CUTTHROAT, MARATHON. BLOOD BANK : beginning in the pre-WWII era, a place where whole blood or blood plasma is collected, processed, stored, and distributed; see BLOOD. [v: American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)] BLOODBATH / BLOOD BATH : the ruthless slaughter of a great number of people; a MASSACRE or BLOODFEST. Also, a metaphoric elimination or eradication; a widespread purge or dismissal. Also, a time of such clearances; a period when such disastrous losses have occurred. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER : a layer of tightly packed cells that make up the walls of brain capillaries, serving as a physiological defense mechanism, preventing substances in the blood from diffusing freely into the brain; passage across these cell membranes is determined by solubility in the lipid bilayer, or from recognition by a transport molecule. BLOOD BROTHER / BLOOD BROTHERHOOD : a man bound to another by ties of great friendship, being a fraternal compact imitative of a person's brother by birth; a man who is established in a close relationship (bond) with another man through the performance of a specific ritual, such as the commingling of their blood; see BLOOD OATH, INITIATION. [v: consanguinity] Also, a quality, circumstance, or anything else that's thought to be inextricably associated with or to exist inseparably from something else, such as a character trait acquired from a challenging experience (eg: veterans are more wise than rash). BLOOD CHIT : a printed cloth "promisory note" or "redemption coupon", imitative of the original WWII versions, inspired by British specimens issued to RAF pilots in India, showing an American flag, and explaining in the several languages of the region that assisting in the repatriation of any separated American would be rewarded. These BLOOD CHITs, also known as "escape and identification flags" or "goolie chits", and sometimes spelled "blood-chits", were usually carried by aircrewmen and LRRPs, together with an escape map and tokens (gold coins during WWII), but have been rarely redeemed ... never during the VIETNAM WAR. If as only a morale device, the BLOOD CHIT is part of the aircrew survival kit, with wear on the uniform prohibited since the end of WWII. Produced on leather and silk, nylon and Tyvek, many have been kept as wartime souvenirs, despite being serial numbered. See POINTIE TALKIE, CHIT, FLYING TIGERS, BRIGHT LIGHT, SAFE, HOME RUN, POW, E&E, SERE, BUG-OUT KIT, IRC, DP, BOAT PEOPLE, YELLOW BIRD. [v: blood chit ] [cf: laissez-passer] BLOOD EXPANDER : serum albumin [not "albumen"], for intravenous administration to severely wounded persons to help maintain osmotic blood-pressure during shock, as carried by medics and recon teams. Serum albumin is the principal protein of blood plasma (fluid portion, not cellular compound); and is distinguished from whole blood, packed red blood cells, and artificial blood. A FIELD EXPEDIENT blood substitute for transfusions is coconut milk. See BLOOD, MED BAG. BLOODFEST : any bloody or sanguinary indulgence; wanton and profuse bloodshed, being a bloodbath ... typically associated with a slaughter or MASSACRE. BLOOD GROOVE : a forged depression or milled recess in the side of a blade, which increases strength without increasing weight; properly called a "fuller". The design attributions of "running blood" or "breaking suction" are mythical. See KABAR, PILOT'S SURVIVAL KNIFE, KNIFE. [cf: kullen] [v: Knife Terms ; The Language of Swordplay ] BLOOD GROUP : see BLOOD TYPE. BLOOD 'n' GUTS / BLOOD-AND-GUTS : a graphic or lurid depiction of violence; any harsh representation of fighting, especially the consequences of combat; compare BLOOD 'n' THUNDER. Also, dealing with or concerned with life's fundamentals; the real needs or genuine concerns of challenging problems or authentic values ... getting down to the nitty-gritty or brass tacks, to the nub or gist, to the heart or core of the matter. BLOODING : an extreme form of "tagging" during a PINNING ceremony; illegal since the Vietnam-era. During any PINNING ceremony, whether graduation or promotion, the newly acquired insignia (BADGE or RANK) would be lightly punched ("tagged") by the presenter after attachment to the recipient's uniform, and subsequently "tagged" by all friends and associates during the following graduation or promotion party. When these fraternal rituals were officially discouraged, the clandestine rites became bizarre and brutal, including directly "pinning" WINGS onto the chest by a forceful punch ... an act of assault in both civil and military law. See INITIATION, BOLO BADGE, Q-TAB, SLICK SLEEVE, ROCKER, BLOOD STRIPE, DIVER, BUDWEISER. BLOOD IN THE EYE : a figurative allusion to mayhem, as "he's got blood in his eye" or "they've got blood in their eyes", being expressive of a desire to fight that's used either descriptively or as a precaution; also represented as "seeing red", this idiom seemingly derives from the practice of readying (bait or heckle) dogs to fight in a sporting match. See BERSERK, AMOK, FIGHTING MAD, WILD-EYED, GO KINETIC, SEE RED. [v: synesthesia / synaesthesia] BLOOD AND IRON : the attainment of political objectives by the use of aggressive militaristic policies, such as BRUTE FORCE; see MIGHT MAKES RIGHT, THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS, BETTER THE DEVIL YOU KNOW, DIVIDE AND CONQUER, FLAG OF PROTECTION, REALPOLITIK. BLOOD MONEY : a sum paid by the perpetrator to the victim (or to the victim's family) for the injury inflicted, for the harm or damage incurred, for the loss or disadvantage sustained; see PENSION, COMPENSATION, RETRIBUTION, DAY OF RECKONING, COLLATERAL DAMAGE. BLOOD OATH : a PROMISE or OATH attested with one's own blood as a sign of one's utter devotion or complete commitment; a pledge vouched unto death, as of HONOR or LOYALTY. See CREED, CORE VALUES, CODE OF CONDUCT, ABOVE BOARD, SUMMUM BONUM, BLOOD BROTHER, TRADITION, MORAL COURAGE. BLOOD PLASMA : the plasma or liquid portion of human blood; the fluid part, as opposed to the cellular portion, which derives from 'plastic' (able to be formed). BLOOD PLATELET : any number of minute protoplasmic bodies in mammalian blood that aid in coagulation; a small plate-like colloidal body. BLOOD SERUM : the clear, pale-yellow liquid that separates from the clot in the coagulation of blood; compare IMMUNE SERUM, see BLOOD. BLOODSHED : to cause someone sufficient injury to shed blood; to harm or wound severely enough to draw or spill blood. Also, the destruction or taking of life, as in combat or murder; slaughter or mayhem. BLOOD SPORT : any competitive activity that involves killing or the shedding of blood, such as bullfighting, cockfighting, and the like; although this definition has been extended to recreational hunting, it has not yet been applied to martial arts and warfare. BLOOD STRIPE : the red stripe added to the outside seam of Marine service dress (Class-A) trousers upon promotion to NCO rank; this emblem symbolically memorializes the death of most of the sergeants leading Marines at the 1847 battle for Chapultepec. The celebratory "tagging" for this "rite of passage" usually involves fist and knee punches to the new NCO's arm and leg, leaving him happily "crippled" by the promotion party! See SLICK SLEEVE. BLOOD - SWEAT : see TRAIN HARD - FIGHT EASY. BLOOD TEST : the process of classifying blood into blood groups, based on laboratory tests to reveal the presence or absence of particular antigens on the surface of red blood cells; also called "blood typing" or "blood grouping", as when determining compatibility for transfusions. Also, any laboratory test of human blood, as for analysis, diagnosis, or efficaciousness. BLOODTHIRSTY : eager to or desirous of shedding blood, especially someone who encourages or enjoys violent bloodletting, either as a spectator or a participant; to run amuck or act murderous, to be pitilessly brutal or mercilessly savage, bloody-minded or sanguinary. BLOOD 'n' THUNDER / BLOOD AND THUNDER : to exaggerate or sensationalize violence; the melodramatization of combat. [cf: sturm und drang; v: bathos] BLOOD TRAIL : the evidence of wounded enemy leaving the area; the sign or spoor (especially blood-spatter or -droplets) of injured combatants, by which they can be followed and captured. See CASTOFF, PECKER TRACKS, TRAIL, TRACE, TRACK, DRAG, BEAT AROUND THE BUSH, WALK BACK THE CAT. [v: pug / pug marks] [nb: more so than foreign armies, Americans can usually be traced by their excessive noise and exotic odors as well as by the trail of trash (LITTER) that they leave behind themselves in the field] BLOOD TYPE : any of various classes, established since the WWI-era, into which human blood can be divided according to its immunological compatibility, based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells; the test for such blood groupings is called "blood typing" or "blood grouping". See BLOOD. [v: ABO system, Rh factor; American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)] [nb: people with blood types B and O are more naturally resistant to smallpox than those with blood type A] BLOODY : stained with or covered in blood, as from effusive bleeding; resembling, pertaining to, or composed of blood. Also, inclined toward bloodshed or bloodletting; bloodthirsty or sanguinary. Also, an intensifier used colloquially (eg: bloody shame; bloody nuisance; bloody awful; bloody wonderful). BLOODY FLAG : see RED FLAG. BLOODY FLUX : common referent for dysentery, either amebic dysentery or bacillary dysentery (shigellosis); see TROTS, SQUIRTS, DUMP, SHIT, SLOP CHUTE, CAT HOLE, BLUE CANOE, SLIT TRENCH, HEAD, LATRINE, HONEY BUCKET. [v: giardiasis, Escherichia coli, bacterial gastroenteritis] BLOODY-MINDED : disposed to violence or bloodshed; bloodthirsty or sanguinary. BLOODY SHIRT : any event or occurrence sufficient to validate or justify a declaration of war; incitement or provocation to fight, a casus belli. See TONKIN GULF INCIDENT, WAR POWERS ACT, GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY, BIG STICK DIPLOMACY, SABER-RATTLING, GUNPOINT, ALL'S FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR, WARNING SHOT, CROSS THE RUBICON, CAT AMONG THE PIGEONS, HAIR-TRIGGER, HALF-COCKED, FIGHTING WORDS, TRAILING HIS COAT, FIGHTING MAD, ANTEBELLUM, JUST WAR, LAWS OF WAR, UCMJ, RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE), BATTLE, WAR. [nb: historically adequate justifications include "a place in the sun" or "lebensraum"; cf: bellicose, antagonistic, hostile, pugnacious, Firebrand, fire-eater] [nb: "Wars generally begin over an incident, but after the fighting has begun, the reasons can change without ending the conflict, because, in the end, every war is decided by which side hates the most."] BLOOMING SKY FLOWER : an informal allusion to a fully deployed PARACHUTE canopy, also called "sky blossom" or "falling down umbrella"; see RAKKASAN, HIT THE SILK, AB, ABN, AIRBORNE, PARATROOPER, FREE-FALL, MFF, BLAST, HOLLYWOOD BLAST, GANG-BANG, AIRDROP. BLOOPER : M-79 pump XM-79 nickname for the M-79 single-shot, single-barreled, break-action grenade launcher, which may also be spelled "bluper", and is also onomatopoeically known as "bloop tube" and "thump gun"; which fired 40mm projectiles of various types, from CANISTER to high explosive (HE) at ranges to 400m. An experimental style "pump M-79", with a five-round tube-magazine below the barrel, was selectively issued to recon (LRRP) and SPECIAL OPERATIONS teams in Vietnam. The OVER 'n' UNDER M-203, introduced into the field in 1970, hung a single-shot BLOOPER barrel under the foregrip of the M-16 assault rifle, which impaired the accuracy of both. The grenadier's proper grasp of the M-79 grenade launcher when firing, as portrayed in books or movies, is a reliable TELLTALE for detecting phonies. See THUMPER, MGL, DOVER DOG, BOFORS, DUSTER; compare SHOTGUN, GYROJET, FRAG, GRENADE, RPG. [nb: the "fire lance" flamethrower of AD 905 China utilized propulsion to launch small objects and pellets, like a shotgun, becoming a prototype firearm; with a three-barreled version for repeat firing developed later] [nb: there probably ought to be a MURPHY LAW of Combat to the effect that "weapons don't win wars", as a corollary to "the side with the simplest weapon will win the war"; since there is no doubt that the test and procurement system is defective. The other sides had better and finer weapons during WWII (the proof existing in the pistols, rifles, machineguns, and tanks adopting enemy innovations), but the American GREASE GUN and the British Sten gun triumphed behind better armies. jury-rigging and complicating US weapon systems will not defeat us, but compromising and discarding all the simple and effective designs will make the future BUTCHER'S BILL extremely expensive!] BLOUSE : a single-breasted, semifitted outer military garment, sometimes belted, reaching to the hip or thigh, or to above the knee, such as a jacket or tunic, coat or smock; see MILITARY PRESS, DRESS [v: camisards; camisado or camisade]. Also, to dispose in loose folds, or to arrange so as to droop or puff with fullness, as pants BLOUSEd into paratrooper boots; see FOOTWEAR. BLOVIATE : to boast or brag; to speak pompously; this pseudo-Latinate coinage was purportedly derived from 'blow', and was made popular by Warren G. Harding. See TALK TRASH, SHOOT THE SHIT, ATFU, ATE UP, MACHO, BRAGGART, WHISKEY WARRIOR, BRAGGING RIGHTS, COUNT COUP, OLD BREED, OLD SALT, MOSSBACK, DINOSAUR. BLOWER : shipboard communications system, originally a set of "blow pipes" connecting each department, but replaced by telephonic intercom system; usage is similar to HORN; see UWT, SQUAWK BOX, BITCH BOX, PBX, RADIO, LANDLINE, TWX, RTP, TANNOY. Also, slang for a jet-propelled aircraft engine; see BUSTER, JUICE, FAST MOVER, AFTERBURNER, SONIC BOOM. BLOWN : exploded, detonated, destroyed, obliterated, eradicated; see EXPLOSIVE, SECONDARY EXPLOSION; compare OVERKILL, BLAST SHADOW, ACOUSTIC SHADOW, HUSH-A-BOOM. Also, detected or compromised, such as a revealed or exposed operation or operational element, including a CACHE or HIDE, STALKING HORSE or TROJAN HORSE, or any other subterfuge; also expressed as "busted". BLOW-OUT KIT : slang for FIRST AID KIT (qv); compare MED BAG, FIELD SURGICAL KIT, BUG-OUT KIT, GO-BAG. BLOW SMOKE : slang for make unclear, to obscure, to confuse, to obfuscate, to deceive; as "blow smoke up his ass" or "... her skirt". See SNOW, CONFETTI, TALK TRASH, SHOOT THE SHIT, HOT AIR, WASHINGTON WALTZ, BRAVO SIERRA, WOOF, GODDAM, CHICKEN SHIT, MICKEY MOUSE, HALF-ASSED, SMOKE 'n' MIRRORS, TAP-DANCER, HIDE, MILICRAT; compare BRING SMOKE, POP SMOKE, MIGHTY MITE, SMOKY BEAR. [nb: 'hooey', allegedly an Americanism used as an interjection for nonsense or tripe, is actually a corruption of the Russian vulgarity ("khuy") for penis, and is commonly used alone (eg: dick, dickhead, dick-wad) or in phrases (eg: dumber than dick; he doesn't know dick; don't dick around; don't stir your tea with your dick)] [cf: migration of "putz" from shine through ornament to penis and dolt; as sexual lure] [v: lucky stiff] BLT : USMC Battalion Landing Team, the primary infantry element in the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), typically part of an Amphibious Ready Group; see BN. BLUE ALERT : an alert following the first or primary alert in military or civilian defense wherein the initial danger or hazard seems probable; the period during which this continuing condition is declared to exist. Compare RED ALERT, YELLOW ALERT, WHITE ALERT; see ALERT. BLUE ANGELS : Blue Angels Blue Angels nickname of the US Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, being a precision AEROBATIC flight team used for public ceremonies and demonstrations; see BARNSTORMER, AEROBATICS. BLUE BALL : referent for the low priority transport flights on fixed-wing cargo airplanes that enabled MIL-PERS to travel from location to location within the RVN/SVN theater, including routine resupply and mail delivery (ASH 'n' TRASH) as well as in-country rest and recuperation (R&R) trips; these TRASH HAULER or MILK RUN sorties were regularly scheduled between bases. Compare RED BALL; see MSR. [nb: derivation of lade/laden, as in "bill of lading", is load or burden; not carry or transport; v: fardel] BLUE BAT : a peacekeeping operation in Lebanon from 1 July to 1 November 1958, including Task Force 201, the Army component. BLUE BLOOD : slang for an enlisted Marine promoted to officer RANK by any means, with the implication of "royal transformation"; see MAVERICK, MUSTANG, UP THE HAWSEPIPE, COCKTAIL, OFFICER'S COUNTRY; compare GREEN BLOOD, RED-BLOODED. [nb: until recently, an OFFICER was simultaneously designated a "gentleman" when appointed by an ACT OF CONGRESS, which not only inspired further intellectual development but also encouraged cultural sophistication, which refinements were mocked as being 'suave and debonair' (deliberately mispronounced as "soo-wave" and "dee-boner"); v: BRASS HAT, TALLY-HO, TACT; cf: HARD-ASS, MACHO] BLUE BOOK : the bound copy of U.S. Navy regulations since 1914; see ROCKS 'n' SHOALS, SCRIPTURES, ORDER, UCMJ. Also, slang for the lineal list of Naval and Marine officers, in order of succession; see DOR. BLUE CANOE : USAF L-27 / U-3, being a sleek utility aircraft (Cessna 310/320) that seated 5-7 passengers, having twin propeller-driven engines, a wing span of 36ft, a range of over 870nm at a service ceiling of 19,000ft, it was produced from 1954-80; turbocharged models ("Skyknight" and "Executive Skyknight") were produced from 1961. Also, slang prevalent in the politically-correct post-Vietnam era for a portable chemical toilet (variously brand named, including "Porta-John", "Porta-Potty", "Jiffy-John", and "Royal Flush"); typically being a blue plastic enclosure that offers personal privacy while housing containerized human waste, these "environmentally friendly" toilets are positioned and serviced by subcontractors whenever troops are deployed into field training areas or BASE CAMPs, including overseas combat zones; see LATRINE, HEAD, HEAD CALL, PISS TUBE, PIDDLE PACK, CAT HOLE, SLIT TRENCH, DUMP, SHIT, TROTS, SQUIRTS, HONEY BUCKET, CORK, COUGH DROP, BLACK WATER, SLOP CHUTE. BLUE FALCON : in the politically-correct military, someone who exploits others for his own comfort or convenience, being a form of backstabbing (instead of brotherhood) that's used to favor or advance oneself. Phrase is alleged to be a euphemism for "buddy fucker", but it's more likely to derive from 'giving the bird' in a non-lethal BLUE ON BLUE situation (that is, being careless or inconsiderate of one's comrades); equivalent to Marine SEMPER KNIFE. See BAYONET SHEET; compare SEMPER I. BLUE FORCE : designation for U.S. components, especially when war gaming or during training exercises; label sometimes applied to allied or friendly elements. See CPX, FTX, JTFEX, JRTC, NTC, GQ, WAR GAMES, "Blue Flag" at RED FLAG, GREEN FORCE, ALLY, FRIENDLIES, BLUE ON BLUE; compare GRAY FORCE, PURPLE FORCE, ORANGE FORCE, RED FORCE, OPFOR, BANDIT, BAD GUYS, BELIEVER. BLUE HOUSE : slang for the presidential palace in Seoul, being a city almost as populous as Tokyo; the blue color is symbolic of 'yin' in Taoist geomancy, so serves as an attractant for its complementary 'yang' aspects. See ROK, compare PINK PALACE, WHITE HOUSE. [v: gogok / kokok, t'ae guk / sam-taeguk] [cf: Argentina's presidential Casa Rosada ("The Pink House"), together with a museum and assembly hall, is situated on the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires] BLUE JACKET : originally referring to the distinctive uniform of British Commonwealth sailors, but extended in the twentieth century to include all allied naval personnel, including Americans (who also wear a blue uniform in winter). A more simplified origin attributes the phrase metonymically to the blue, double-breasted, coarse woolen peacoat (PEA JACKET) worn by seamen. See JUMPER, DIXIE CUP, SWABBY, SQUID, JARHEAD, DOGFACE, ZOOMIE, GI. [nb: sailors used to also have "undress blues" (and "undress whites") as a semi-work uniform without neckerchief or piping; but in 2006 the Navy exchanged its service dress blues and whites for a year around tan, and its DUNGAREES for digitized multicolor work utilities with an 8-point COVER, abolishing their traditional bell-bottoms and DIXIE CUPs] BLUELEG : an infantryman, as derived from the traditional color of infantry uniforms, but especially the blue-colored branch stripe on DRESS uniforms; see GRUNT, CRUNCHY, BOONIE RAT, BUSHMASTER, LEG, INF, 03, SNUFFY, DOZER INFANTRY; compare REDLEG, YELLOWLEG. BLUE LINE : a watercourse or waterway marked on a map; see BROWN WATER. BLUE NOSE : a ship that has crossed the Arctic Circle (at 66.5° north latitude, between the North Frigid Zone and the North Temperate Zone), so-called from painting the HAWSEPIPEs blue, as being representative of the cold; the ship's company of such a voyage may be called "blue noses", after each "warm body" is inducted into the "Order of the Blue Nose". Compare RED NOSE; see BOW, PROW, STEM, FORECASTLE, INITIATION. BLUE ON BLUE : a euphemism to describe air, artillery, or small-arms fire from U.S. elements, components, or forces that is accidentally or mistakenly directed at or impacting upon other U.S. personnel or positions; also called "misadventure" and FRIENDLY FIRE. These incidents can also be classified, depending upon participants, as "Blue on Green" or "Green on Blue". See SHORT-SHOT, BLUE FORCE; compare GREEN ON GREEN, RED ON RED, FRATRICIDE, FRAGGING, BLANKET PARTY. BLUE ON GREEN : see GREEN ON GREEN. BLUE PETER : the international signal flag for the letter "P" ['papa'], being a blue BURGEE with a central white square, which is flown to indicate the imminent departure of a vessel from port; the widespread usage of this expression [cf: blue balls] probably implies sexual abstinence. Compare PAPA HOTEL. BLUE-SKY : optimistic, fanciful, or impractical, to the point of having dubious or fraudulent value; polyannic, roseate, propitious. [v: blue-sky law; cf: dark cloud] Also, a salutation or SALUTE informally exchanged among parachutists, equivalent to well wishes or good times; compare HOOAH, GUNG-HO, WETSU, FREE-FALL, PARATROOPER. Also, the primary operational environment (ie: sky, firmament, arch or vault of heaven, space or outer space) of the aviation branch (AVN) of each service, especially the U.S. Air Force (USAF); see WILD BLUE YONDER. BLUE STAR : a plaque or scroll that denoted the service of a family member in the Armed Forces during wartime, as displayed on a wall or outward in a window; compare GOLD STAR. [nb: in the event of death while serving in combat, a gold star was overlaid upon the original blue star (instead of replacing it) such that the slightly smaller gold star was outlined by the original blue one] Also, a training exercise on Taiwan (19-24 March 1960) that was the largest amphibious operation conducted since World War II. BLUE STAR OF LIFE : see STAR OF LIFE. BLUE SUIT : the dress blue (MESS DRESS) uniform, or the blue CLASS-A uniform, such as the Army Service Uniform (ASU). Also, the blue woolen uniform worn by sailors in wintertime; commonly known as BLUE JACKET. [nb: sailors used to also have "undress blues" (and "undress whites") as a semi-work uniform without neckerchief or piping; but in 2006 the Navy exchanged its service dress blues and whites for a year around tan, and its DUNGAREES for digitized multicolor work utilities with an 8-point COVER, abolishing their traditional bell-bottoms and DIXIE CUPs] Also, informal reference to the blue-colored protective body suit, sealed against external exposure with its own internal breathing system, that's constantly kept (like a spacesuit) under positive pressure to prevent contamination from CBR or HAZMAT if the covering is breached; see MOPP, BUNNY SUIT, MOON SUIT, JSLIST, CPOG, H-GEAR, GAS MASK, MASTER-SLAVE MANIPULATOR. [cf: remote mechanical agents or servo-manipulation systems for use in sterile, hazardous, or contaminated environments began during WWII with the handling of radioactive materials; initially in the form of insulated gripper arms named "Waldo" (being a cognate of 'rule' or 'command', after the 1942 novel by Robert A. Heinlein), later known as the "Waldo F. Jones Synchronous Reduplicating Pantograph", and now as a telefactoring device, useful in bomb disposal and extraterrestrial maintenance] BLUE-SUITER : slang for an Army or Air Force officer wearing the blue CLASS-A uniform; see ASU, GREEN-SUITER, compare EMPTY SUIT. BLUE WATER : nautical reference to the open sea, or oceangoing; also represented as "deep water", and sometimes spelled "blue-water". See POND, THE DRINK; compare BLUE LINE, GREEN WATER, WHITE WATER, BROWN WATER, BLACK WATER. [nb: "O Lord, your sea is so great and my boat is so small"] BLUE-WATER NAVY : the fleet of oceangoing ships that constitute a strategic force and diplomatic presence which influences international relations; the United States has succeeded to the role of global superpower formerly established by the PAX BRITANNICA, projecting its authority worldwide through more than eleven nuclear aircraft carrier task groups. Compare BROWN WATER SAILOR; see HAZE GRAY, PAX AMERICANA. [cf: Theodore Roosevelt's Great White Fleet] BLUE WEENIE : see GOOD CONDUCT MEDAL; compare RED WEENIE. Also, see BLUE PETER. BLUFF : a conversational pastime involving historical facts, battle tactics, nomenclatural etymology, materiel specifications, famous quotes, and other military lore that's tested in a convivial atmosphere, like the modern playing of trivia games, with bets on detecting deliberate fabrications and exaggerations; as derived from bluster, to make a trick at cards; also known as "Brag" or "Hazard"; see PLAYING CARDS, DICE GAMES, WAR GAMES, PLAY THE GAME. [v: "to call his bluff"] Also, to mislead or deceive by a bold or self-confident display of strength. Also, the characteristic of being good-naturedly direct, blunt, or frank; heartily outspoken. BLUING : a corrosion-inhibiting and wear-protection coating applied to metals, appearing dull or bright, matte or glossy, and variously colored blue, black, gray, or brown. BLUING guards metal against damage by skin-oils and other acids, but the metal must be clean, and often stripped or exposed before treating or re-finishing. Applied remotely (as with gloves, tongs, or hooks) to ensure uncontaminated coverage of cold chemical blue, hot Belgian blue, or baked-on lacquer; treatment lasts indefinitely, until worn away by friction or abrasion. Compare PARKERIZE. BLUNT : having an obtuse, thick, or dull edge or point; to be made such (hebetate). Also, to weaken or impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility of something; as akin to "blind". Also, to be abrupt or insensitive in address or manner; to be tactless or insensitive, candid or forthright; see UNIVOCAL. Also, slow in perception or understanding; thick or dense, obtuse; not keen or sharp. Also, slang for a short thick cigar, especially one stuffed with marijuana; see GRASS, CAN SA, STICK, THAI STICK, PIGTAIL, HAY, HUBBLE-BUBBLE, STONED. BLUNT FORCE : to render a swift and savage conclusion; compare BRUTE FORCE. Also, to solve a problem or resolve an issue without finesse or sensitivity, without subtlety or perceptivity, as by a maladroit trick or artless stratagem; see CUT THE GORDIAN KNOT, ALEXANDRIAN SOLUTION. [nb: Sigmund Freud in Civilization and its Discontents (1930) contends that replacing the power of the individual with the "blunt force" of the power of the community is "the decisive step of civilization"] BMS : U.S. Air Force designation for a Bombardment Squadron; suffixed (H) for Heavy, (M) for Medium, and (L) for Light. BN : battalion; a military unit of ground forces comprising a headquarters (HQ) and two or more companies (CO); infantry and artillery battalions are commanded by an Army or Marine Corps lieutenant colonel (LTC). Along with squadrons (SQDN) and groups (GP), battalions are typically subdivisions of brigades (BDE) or regiments (RGT); each battalion usually contain 600 - 800 soldiers. [nb: Vietnamese term: Tieu Doan] Also, an army in battle array. [cf: battalia] [nb: the slang term "Bat" is short for battalion (BN), and does not refer to an artillery battery (BTY)] [nb: "I think the assignment (other than combat), and you know as a young officer, that was most pivotal for me was the battalion command, because that was the first time -- that's about eight hundred soldiers, five companies inside of it -- but it's the first time you actually have a staff. So you're a lieutenant colonel, you're about 38 years old, and so you have more resources to be able to do things, and you can take this organization and really help to shape it. And the way I ran an organization is, I mean, you have a lot of authority, obviously, but you don't run an organization based on your authority; you actually run it on motivating and inspiring the people that are in it, and getting them to participate willingly, and trying to increase their own personal growth as a result of being a part of your organization. So I delegated a lot, I shaped a lot, I taught. I was a teacher as well as a leader. And I think the organization was known as being highly trained, highly disciplined. We had a very high level of contentment in it. That battalion command experience was the one I realized that I could use personal leadership, but also some strategic leadership, and begin to move organizations in the right direction, even though they became more complex as the years went by." by GEN Jack Keane] BOAR : Brotherhood Of Army Registrars, being a play on words (bore) for a fraternal organization of medical administrators serving in the Medical Service Corps (MSC) who are responsible for documenting the admission, care, and discharge (including medical retirement or burial) of servicemembers and their dependents (and the emergency intake and transfer of civilians injured on or near a military facility) ... a task performed on paper before and during the Vietnam-era but converted to computerization shortly afterwards; see BOY'S CLUB, VETERANS' ASSOCIATION, REGISTRAR. BOARD : an official group of directors or supervisors for some activity, such as a Draft Board, Promotion Board, Medical Review Board, BOARD OF INQUIRY, or Court Martial Board, sometimes called a tribunal; see ABCMR, ADRB, AFBCMR, AFDRB, CORB, DRB, OCB, PEB, DISCHARGE, ARTICLE 32, MURDER BOARD. Also, to retrain or discharge an individual for cause after a military review BOARD hearing of evidence; see RECYCLE, COG, CHAPTER 10, SECTION EIGHT. Also, the side of a ship; or the windward tack of a ship's course; compare DECK, HULL, FREEBOARD, GUNWALE, HEADWAY. BOARDING LADDER : any stairway, ladder, net, or similar construction used to accommodate the ingress or egress of people over the side of a ship; compare ACCOMMODATION LADDER, JACOB'S LADDER, DEBARKATION NET, CHRISTMAS TREE LADDER, CHICKEN LADDER, GANGWAY. BOARDING PARTY : a group of persons who board a vessel, especially to attack, seize, or search it. BOARD OF INQUIRY : a fact-finding body convened when evidence is unclear, when misconduct or negligence may exist, or when criminal acts are suspected without certain guilt, comprised of officers equal to or superior in RANK to any suspect or accused servicemember; an Article 32 investigation under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). BOAR'S NEST : slang for the living quarters in a camp where only men are present; an expression made popular during the Vietnam-era by Westerns describing the cowboy lifestyle. See BARRACK, BILLET, TEAMHOUSE, QTRS, GARRISON. [cf: dormitory, bunkhouse] BOAT : a specialized vessel, smaller than or carried by a ship, and variously propelled through the water; including AAV, ALLIGATOR, ALPHA, AMTRACK, ASPB, BUM BOAT, CCB, CRRC, CUTTER, DPB, ELSIE, GATOR, GATOR-FREIGHTER, GIG, GHOST, GUNBOAT, HIGGINS BOAT, IBS, JUNK, LANDING CRAFT, LBGB, LCI, LCM, LCVP, LIFEBOAT, LIGHTER, LONG-TAIL, LSMR, LSD, LSI, LST, MICKEY MOUSE BATTLESHIP, MINISUB, MRF, MTB, NASTY, PBL, PBR, PCF, PT BOAT, RIB, SAMPAN, SCOW, SDV, SKIMMER, SMACK, STAB, SUBCHASER, SWIFT BOAT, TAB, TANGO BOAT, TUB, WPB, ZIPPO BOAT, ZODIAC. See ACCOMMODATION LADDER, AFT, AHOY, APARTMENT, ATHWART, BARBETTE, BELLS, BOAT CREW, BOATSWAIN'S CHAIR, BOATSWAIN'S PIPE, BOW, BRIG, BULKHEAD, BULL'S-EYE, CAREEN, CASTOFF, CHANTEY, COCKPIT, COLLAPSE DEPTH, COMPANIONWAY, CRAB, CRASH-BACK, CRUISE, CUTWATER, DEAD IN THE WATER, DEADLIGHT, DECK, DRAFT, DRESS, THE DRINK, EMBRASURE, FANTAIL, FIRE QUARTERS, FLANK SPEED, FLOAT, FORECASTLE, FREEBOARD, GANGWAY, GIGGLES 'n' BANGS, GQ, HATCH, HARD-AND-FAST, HEAVE, HEAVE-HO, HIGHLINE, HOISE, HULL, JACOB'S LADDER, KLAXON, KNEE-KNOCKER, LADDERWELL, LOAD-LINE MARK, MOSQUITO FLEET, OVERHEAD, ORLOP, PASSAGEWAY, PITCH, PLIMSOLL MARK, POOP DECK, PORT, PORTHOLE, PRESSURE HULL, PROW, PULPIT, QUARTERDECK, ROCK THE BOAT, ROLL, SAILOR, SHOWBOAT, SPONSON, STACK, STACK GAS, STARBOARD, STEM, STERN, TANNOY, TIME, TOCSIN, TRIM, YAW; compare DUCK, SUBMARINE, BATTLE WAGON, WARSHIP, FLATTOP, CRUISER, TIN CAN, BABY FLATTOP, Q-SHIP, GHOST SHIP, OILER, TENDER, CONCRETE BATTLESHIP. [v: tug, trawler, packet, yacht, runabout] [nb: the hull on European ships bears a resemblance to fish, while the hull on Asian junks bears a resemblance to waterfowl] [nb: everything taken aboard watercraft acquires a new and confusing name, probably so seagoing folk can talk openly and scorn those remaining ashore] BOAT CLOAK : referrent for the dress cape worn with formal attire by naval personnel, being a garment that formerly functioned like a PONCHO and OVERCOAT; the sidearm worn with this cape is either a sword for officers or a cutlass for petty officers. BOAT CREW : a superstructure deck on which most of the LIFEBOATs of a ship are stowed. BOATLIFT : the transport of persons and/or cargo by ship, boat, or other vessels, especially during an emergency; compare AIRLIFT. BOAT NOODLES / BOAT NOODLE SOUP : in the regional cuisine of Bangkok, a rich pork blood gravy with spicy vinegar that's garnished with chili pepper flakes and green morning glory sprigs, seasoned with pieces of beef or pork, and enriched by rice noodles (either thick or thin); compare TOM KHA KAI. BOAT PEOPLE : refugees fleeing Vietnam by boat after 1975; see PASSAGE TO FREEDOM, FREQUENT WIND, DOMINO THEORY, DECENT INTERVAL, DP, E&E, BLOOD CHIT, IRC, YELLOW BIRD; compare EXILE. [nb: although this phrase has been expanded to "anyone fleeing repression by watercraft", the Caribbean refugees emigrating to America on rafts are called "boat rowers"] BOATS : see BOATSWAIN. BOAT SCHOOL : slang reference to the United States Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis, MD; also called "Canoe U" or "Small Boat and Barge School". See COLOR COMPANY, NAPS, CADET, CRAB, MIDDIE, GOAT, RING-KNOCKER, TRADE SCHOOL, HUDSON HIGH, ZOO, OCS, ROTC. [v: Military Schools ] [v: Siwash ("At Good Old Siwash" by George Helgeson Fitch (1911)] BOATSWAIN : (bosun) an enlisted rating, running from boatswain's striker (E-2) thru Master Chief and then into Warrant Officers, commonly called "Boats"; a Navy and Coast Guard rating for deck crew. Also, personnel, generally specified as specializing in water transportation and all affiliated chores pertaining to operation and maintenance of deck equipment such as lines, paint, etc., which reflect the general "health" of the ship. Compare CHIEF, PILOT. BOATSWAIN'S CHAIR : a wooden plank or canvas seat for a worker, that's hung by one or more ropes (ie: GANTLINE) over the side of a ship's rail, deck, bridge, and the like. BOATSWAIN'S LOCKER : a storage compartment, usually located forward, where tools, LINE, and other small equipment for working on DECK is stowed. BOATSWAIN'S MATE 1st CLASS : usually the "deck apes" and small box coxswains. The Aviation Boatswain's Mates were usually the guys who took care of towing the birds around the ramp area or flight decks and who made sure they were secured to the 'ground' when the weather went to pot. BOATSWAIN'S PIPE / BOATSWAIN'S WHISTLE : a simple musical device used by the BOATSWAIN to make shipboard announcements over the public address (PA) or loudspeaker system (1MC); often just a series of melodious notes (not even accompanied by words of instruction). Like BUGLE CALLs, the tune itself was the announced message. See BULLETIN, HEADS-UP, POOP, DOPE, PIPING HOT, PIPE DOWN, TOCSIN, TANNOY, HORN, BEATERS 'n' BLEATERS, TOOTER. BOATSWAIN'S PUNCH : a nonexistent object that a novice or tyro is required to obtain in the same manner as any other SNIPE HUNT objective; compare MERMAID, DRAGON. BOC : Basic Officer's Course, being the introductory branch-specific training for newly commissioned officers, especially from ROTC programs; later redesignated Officer's Basic Course (OBC) and Basic Officer Leadership Course (BOLC); see TBS. [nb: Germany has traditionally trained its officer candidates in an eight week basic course at one of several academies (kriegsschule) before sending the graduates along to further training for varying periods in their branch specialization] BODE : short for Cambodian, also expressed as "Cambode"; see INDOCHINA, KHMER REPUBLIC, INDIG, KHMER SEREI, KKK, FARK, SEALORDS, KHMER ROUGE, CLA, YEAR ZERO, ANGKOR WAT, ANGEL'S WING, DOG'S FACE, ELEPHANT'S FOOT, FISHHOOK, PARROT'S BEAK, TRI-BORDER, CEDAR WALK, PIKE HILL, SIDESHOW, PENTALATERAL AGREEMENT, ASEAN, SEATO, DECENT INTERVAL, SAMPEAH. BO DOI : a uniformed North Vietnam Army (NVA) soldier; enemy weapons of the Vietnam-era included: SKS, PPSh-41, PPS-43, MP-40, MAT-49, K-50M, AK-47, AKM, Type 50 (unlicensed PRC copy w/30rd mag). Compare NLF, PAVN, VIET MINH, PRG, PLA, VC, CHARLIE, VPA, GOMER, LONGHAIR, LUKE THE GOOK, BAD GUYS. BODY ARMOR : see FLAK JACKET, HAPPY SUIT, OTV, IOTV, ESAPI, SAPI, FLAK VEST, CHICKEN PLATE, SKIN, MAIL, HARDEN, HILLBILLY ARMOR, IRONCLAD. [nb: during the ninth century, China replaced lacquered leather, cloth bound rattan, and iron body protection with a superior pleated-paper body armor, which could reputedly stop an arrow; during the American CIVIL WAR, some Federal troops privately purchased bulletproof vests (cuirass) made of steel, but most were abandoned due to their excessive weight] [nb: like the plate armor worn by European knights, the privileged Gilbert Islanders (Kiribati) wore impregnable body armor made of twisted coconut husks that was so heavy and inflexible that the wearer was immobilized, having to be carried on and off the battlefield like a statue] [cf: flexible 'mail'; v: doublet] BODY BAG : plasticized nylon bags, with reinforcing carry-straps and central closure, used for the retrieval of corpses on the battlefield; also known as a "cadaver pouch" and sometimes called "long term bivy sack" or "full body condom", they are properly known as a "Human Remains Container" or "Human Remains Pouch". Smaller sizes were specially manufactured for Asian Allies. There were rarely enough BODY BAGs when needed, so corpses were often wrapped and tied into ground-sheets, PONCHOs, PONCHO LINERs, sleeping bags (FART SACK), or even TARPs and SHELTER-HALves as improvised winding sheets (ie: SHROUD) for removal from the field. Before the specialty manufacture of BODY BAGs during WWII, the military issued chemically-treated mattress covers to serve this purpose; the impregnated cloth was intended to inhibit the spread of diseases. The reported color of BODY BAGs as portrayed in books or movies is a reliable TELLTALE for detecting phonies. See "body bag with a window" at MOPP, CRISPY CRITTER, RICE KRISPIES, CREATURE FEATURE, FLOATER, TADPOLE, BODY-SNATCHER, BODY COUNT, BUTCHER'S BILL, LUGGAGE TAG, BAG TAG, ZULU, KIA, DOW, KILL CREDIT. [nb: after the American CIVIL WAR, a "rubber coated body removal bag" was invented by Thomas Holmes, the "father of embalming", and sold to his fellow morticians with the added benefit, according to its advertising, of being able to "double as a sleeping bag" on excursions] [nb: soldiers often used PETROL, either dabbed directly into their nostrils or soaked into an improvised mask, to disguise the mephitic smell and taste associated with corpse recovery; with the civilian equivalent being Vicks "VapoRub"] BODY COUNT : a tabulation of known or confirmed dead, called "war arithmetic" by Abraham Lincoln during the CIVIL WAR, this was an accounting based performance measure, instituted by Robert Strange McNamara, since no other long-term military objectives existed for Vietnam; the attrition theory was refuted by demographers as a viable solution to guerrilla insurgency. The US/allies neglected their primary motives, as checkmate is more important than attrition in playing chess, but the PAVN never did, no matter how expensive (ratios: Dien Bien Phu @ 3000 French / 20,000 Viets, and Viet Minh estimated over one-million dead fighting the French 1946-54; then later 380,000 US-ARVN / 1.4 - 2 million PAVN-NLF) ... but they prevailed! See KIA, BUTCHER'S BILL, KILL 'EM ALL, MASSACRE, ZULU, HEADHUNTING, KILL CREDIT. [nb: "Field body count math: two armed guerrillas plus three blood trails plus two dead chickens and a pig equals a promotion for the commander!"] [v: Myths of the Vietnam War ] BODYGUARD : a person or group of persons who protect an individual against bodily harm, such as "executive protection" for FLAG OFFICERs and junketeers (including embed journalists) by a Personal Defense Specialist (PDS) or a Personal Security Detachment (PSD); also called "meat shield". See TWEP, KILLER KANE, SWEEPER, STROLLER, SNIPER, SHADOW WARRIOR, DECAPITATION, KILL HOUSE, SHELL GAME, DSS, USSS, POLICE. BODY-SNATCHER : a professional operative who specializes in capturing enemy personnel for interrogation; this descriptive slang is associated with the B-rate fantasy movies of the 1950s, as derived from kidnapper (snatcher) and graverobber; see SNATCH, PACKAGE, TONGUE, PANTY RAID, GOO, BRACELET, SRI, I&R, RECON, POW. Also, slang for the MIL-PERS involved in corpse recovery, known as Personnel Retrieval and Processing (PRP), which typically excludes forensic investigators (CANOEMAKER); see RICE KRISPIES, BODY BAG, BASKET, BODY COUNT, BUTCHER'S BILL, KIA, ZULU, RECOVERY, LAID BY THE WALL, GRAVES REGISTRATION, MORTUARY AFFAIRS; compare LITTER-BEARER, STRETCHER-BEARER, GHOUL. BOFORS / BOFORS GUN : an automatic 40mm gun that was primarily used for antiaircraft; often mounted as a pair and fired together; term derives from its first place of manufacture in Bofors Sweden (ca1933). See THUMPER, BLOOPER, MGL, DUSTER, DOVER DOG, MK19-3. BOGIE : AvnSpeak for any unidentified probable enemy air target, or any unidentified potential target; derived as a variation of "bogy" [cf: boogie, booger, boggard], and also spelled "bogey". The RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE) always require target confirmation before attack. Compare BANDIT, GOMER, VISUAL; see SCRAM, JUDY, TALLY-HO, SPLASH, SQUAWK. [cf: bete noire, bugaboo, bugbear, goblin, gremlin, hobgoblin, loup-garou, werewolf, lycanthrope, ogre, troll, specter, wraith, demon] Also, informal reference to the drive-sprocket on TRACKed vehicles, especially TANKs; by extension of the dual rear axle drive on heavy-duty trucks; see CATERPILLAR. BOHICA : acronym for 'Bend Over, Here It Comes Again'; usually describing another undesirable assignment or an unwanted effect / side-effect (or aftereffect); a representation of the soldier's attitude of being exploited or betrayed again by circumstances or "the powers that be". See BUMFUCK, SOL, SHIT HIT THE FAN, CYA, PING-PONG, PYHOOYA, FUCK-UP, FUCKED-UP, CLUSTER FUCK, WTFO. BOHIO : a raised-platform sleeping shelter with slanted roof of semi-permanent primitive construction, used widely by VC/NVA. Compare SHEBANG, HIDE, HOOCH, HUT; see DUGOUT, BIVOUAC, TENT. [cf: ramada, chickee; v: bield, bower, arbor, rock-shelter, den, lair, bothy, cot, cabin, cottage, casita, cabana, lodge, earth lodge, hogan, squat, shed, byre; cf: garret, cockloft, dovecote] BOK-BOK : fight/fighting. BOLC : Basic Officer Leadership Course, being the introductory branch-specific training for newly commissioned officers, especially from ROTC programs; formerly known as Basic Officer's Course (BOC) and Officer's Basic Course (OBC); see TBS. [nb: Germany has traditionally trained its officer candidates in an eight week basic course at one of several academies (kriegsschule) before sending the graduates along to further training for varying periods in their branch specialization] BOLDLY GO WHERE NO MAN HAS GONE BEFORE : see TO BOLDLY GO WHERE NO MAN HAS GONE BEFORE. BOLLARD : a substantial post on a WHARF or DECK ("bitt") made of wood, metal, or concrete that's used for mooring vessels; see BELAY, CLEAT, BUOY, DOLPHIN. Also, a substantial post, or series of posts, used as an expedient barrier or obstacle controlling vehicular access to a designated area or roadway; see CALTROP, ABATIS, FRAISE, HEDGEHOG, DRAGON'S TEETH. BOLO : military issue jungle bolo knives failure to qualify for marksmanship rating; see MAGGIE'S DRAWERS, GROUP TIGHTENER, BULL'S-EYE, POINT-BLANK. Also, an acronym for 'Be On (the) LookOut' for insurgents and provocateurs who've been identified as enemy operatives, as used by civil affairs (CA) and CONSTABULARY elements; this referent has been brought into military parlance from police practices. Also, a single-edge jungle knife, often with blunt or rounded tip and front-heavy curved blade, originating in the Philippines; see BANANA BOLO, MACHETE, SMATCHET, KNIFE. [v: gollock, kukri; cf: secateurs, pruners, loppers, shears, scissors] [v: Knife Terms ; The Language of Swordplay ] BOLO BADGE : Army Expert nickname for qualification or proficiency badges, from marksmanship to driver, usually referring to the lowest, basic, or minimum rating, as in "coming up to scratch". See SHARPSHOOTER, MIL-CRAFT, REVOCATION; compare Q-TAB, TRASH. [v: expert, master, virtuoso, bailiwick] [nb: an insignia emblematic of the honors and lineage of a military organization, unlike familial "coats of arms", may be individually enhanced but not personally heritable; v: Heraldry ] BOLOGNA / BALONEY : see HORSE COCK. BOLTER : an airplane that misses the landing restraint wire on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier, or the ROOF of a FLATTOP; see NIGHT TRAP, TAILHOOK. BOLT HOLE : a secure escape route or hideout, especially one reserved for an emergency during covert operations. See SAFE, RABBIT HOLE, TRADECRAFT, SAFE ROOM; compare SAFE HOUSE, HIDE, SHROUD, BREAKWEATHER, DUGOUT, SMUGGLER'S TRAP, DODGE THE BULLET, STALKING HORSE. BOLTROPE : cordage sewn to the edge of canvas yardage or sheeting (ie: tarp, tentage, sail) that's used to reinforce and strengthen it. See FOOTROPE, GROMMET. BOMB : a case filled with a bursting charge that's exploded by a detonating device, as on impact, especially an explosive device used as a weapon; term derived from a booming sound or noise. See IRON BOMB, CBU, BUTTERFLY BOMB, GBU, LGB, EOGB, VB, JDAM, FAE, DAISY CUTTER, LZ CUT, NAPALM, SNAKE, SNAKES 'n' NAPES, DIVETOSS, SKIP BOMBING, BUNKER BUSTER, SMART BOMB, A-BOMB, H-BOMB, N-BOMB, ZERO POINT, GROUND ZERO, OVERKILL, FOOTBALL, PENTAGONAL, BDU, BOMBSIGHT, PICKLE, STICK, BOMB FARM, DUMP, BULLSHIT BOMB, BIKINI, NUKE, EMP, E-WARHEAD, CBR, YELLOWCAKE, HEAVY WATER, HOT GREASE, PROXIMITY FUZE, VT, FUSE, FUZE, EXPLODER, TRIGGER, CHARGE, MUNITION, EXPLOSIVE, C-4, HEP, SATCHEL CHARGE, EFP, IED, BOOBY-TRAP, TOE-POPPER, MINE, MORTAR, GRENADE, BLOOPER, THUMPER, DARPA, BIGGER BANG FOR THE BUCK, BOMB 'EM BACK TO THE STONE AGE, PAPER TIGER. BOMBARD : to batter with bombs; to attack or assail with indirect fire. Also, the earliest kind of cannon. [cf: bombard as the earliest type of indirect cannon launching stones, from "noise" (bomb) and "stone-throwing engine" (bombarda)] BOMBARDIER : the crewmember of a bombing airplane who operates the BOMBSIGHT and the bomb-release mechanism. Also, obsolete designation for an artilleryman; see REDLEG, BULLET HEAD, CANNON-COCKER, DAGBY, TUBE MONKEY, FAG. BOMB 'EM BACK TO THE STONE AGE : novelty peace sign notorious catch-phrase of the VIETNAM WAR, distilling the essence of the STRATEGIC BOMBING campaign promoted by USAF GEN Curtis LeMay, and also expressed as "bomb 'em out of existence" by Senator Sam Ervin. The phrase seems to have originated with the German attempt at utter destruction at the battle of Stalingrad, but the Soviets used the rubble for concealment and advancement. The Allies attempted to demoralize and subdue the Axis with STRATEGIC BOMBING during WWII with no better success than its later use in Vietnam. See ARC LIGHT, CARPET BOMBING, BIGGER BANG FOR THE BUCK, BOUNCE THE RUBBLE, NOT ONE STONE LEFT UPON ANOTHER, BRINKMANSHIP, FAST MOVER, SLOW MOVER, FCSL, TAC-AIR. [nb: "People with the noise of bombs in their ears are not anxious to negotiate." by Alexei Kosygin; "Nobody has yet found a way of bombing that can prevent foot soldiers from walking." by Walter Lippmann] BOMBER : informal reference to an airplane equipped to carry and drop bombs; see IRON BOMB, SMART BOMB, BOMBSIGHT, BIRD. [nb: Vietnamese term: Phi Co Oanh Tac] Also, a person who illegally constructs, sets, or detonates an EXPLOSIVE device; see IED, BOOBY-TRAP, GAMMON GRENADE, TERRORIST. BOMBINATE / BOMBINATION : to make a humming or buzzing noise, as coined by François Rabelais; see WHIZ BANG, WHISTLER, BOXCAR CHARLIE, DOODLEBUG, NOISE. BOMBER JACKET / BOMBERS' JACKET : see FLIGHT JACKET. BOMB FARM : a staging area or assembly point for explosive ordnance and other munitions that have been drawn from the storage DUMP and setup for a specific mission or operation, especially on-board an aircraft carrier (FLATTOP), usually with portable REVETMENTs or BLAST WALLs, and adjacent firefighting supplies or equipment; handling personnel are known as "ordie", "red shirt", or BB STACKER. BOMBING : slang for a vehement verbal assault perpetrated upon one person by all the other members of a self-criticism STRUGGLE session; in communist methodology, to reprimand, castigate, upbraid, rebuke, reproach, admonish, chastise, reprove, censure, chide, berate, take to task, or fulminate against, so as to publicly expose individual errors or deviations from the ideological norm. Compare VERBUM SAP, FANG, BLISTER, ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT, CALL ON THE CARPET; see REEDUCATION, INTERNAL EXILE. BOMB-PROOF / BOMBPROOF : a relatively safe or secure job in a protected area; see REMF, HOMESTEADER, MILICRAT, BEAN-COUNTER, PUKE, CLERKS 'n' JERKS, ACETATE COMMANDO, CHAIRBORNE, TOCROACH, TAP-DANCER. Also, slang for a BUNKER, dugout, or other position fortified against indirect or aerial assault; also called "shellproof" or "shell-proof". [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] BOMB SHELTER : (forthcoming); HIDE, SAFE ROOM, FALLOUT SHELTER, ELEPHANT HUT, BUNKER, BLOCKHOUSE [v: Anderson shelter, Morrison shelter; cf: Svalbard "Doomsday" Global Vault in Spitsbergen] [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] BOMBSIGHT : an aiming device installed in an aircraft for determining the optimal release point for bombs; a device that factors altitude, wind speed, and other variables when calculating the proper moment for releasing BOMBs from an aircraft ... with SMART BOMBs, this aiming device uses RADAR or LASER to guide the MUNITIONs onto their TARGET after computing their appropriate release. See PICKLE, DIVETOSS, LASER AIMING DEVICE, HARDPOINT. BOND : something that, figuratively or literally, binds, fastens, confines, or holds together: a promise, commitment, agreement, or covenant. Also, a rope, cord, band, or other ligature that binds, fastens, confines, or holds together. Also, a written promise of a surety; any written obligation under seal, such as a surety agreement, wherein money is deposited (eg: bail bond), or a reimbursement arrangement (insurance) is tendered. Also, a formal instrument by which a person, corporation, or government guarantees to pay a stated sum of money on or before a specified date; a certificate of ownership of a specified portion (par value) of a debt, usually bearing a fixed rate of interest, due to be paid by a government or corporation to an individual holder; see SAVINGS BOND, LIBERTY BOND, WAR BOND, PATRIOT BOND; compare T-BILL, INCOME TAX, LEGAL TENDER. [cf: bearer bond, registered bond, convertible bond, flat bond, revenue bond, municipal bond, general-obligation bond, guaranteed bond, strip bond, junk bond, yankee bond] Also, a superior variety of paper with a high cotton fiber content that's used for stationery; also called "bond paper". Also, the state of dutiable goods stored without payment of tariffs or taxes until withdrawn from storage. Also, liquor (eg: bonded whiskey) that has been aged under seal in a bonded warehouse for at least four years before bottling; see HOOCH, CLASS SIX. Also, adhesion between two substances or objects; a substance that causes particles to adhere, including coordinate bond, covalent bond, electrovalent bond, hydrogen bond, metallic bond, chemical bond. Also, any of various overlap arrangements of bricks, stones, or other masonry having a regular pattern that's intended to increase the strength or enhance the appearance of a construction. Also, to establish a close emotional relationship with another; see BRO, BLOOD BROTHER, MANLY ARTS, RED-BLOODED, A FINE AND PLEASANT MISERY, FOXHOLE CONVERSION, ARMY CHRISTIAN, VALHALLA, VALLEY OF DEATH. [v: blessed be the tie that binds] (JANE) BOND : common nickname for the Rockwell/Boeing B-1 LANCER bomber aircraft; see LRCA, BIRD. BONE BREAK FEVER : slang for Dengue Fever due to symptomatic contractures or seizures; see FUO. BONE CUTTER : Medical Corps slang for a physician or surgeon, a medico or medical doctor; also called SAWBONES, "medicine man", or "croaker". See BABY DOC, DOC, ANGEL, RAMP TRAMP, ORDERLY, PECKER-CHECKER, CANOEMAKER, MEDIC, CORPSMEN, SSTP, BAC SI, Y SI, BAND-AID, CHOP SHOP, LUGGAGE TAG, TRIAGE. [nb: Vietnamese term: Nguoi Giai Phau] [nb: a separate medical department was established in the U.S. Army in 1818, and in the U.S. Navy (BuMed) in 1842; the Army established a corps for nurses (ANC) in 1901, and the Navy accepted nurses in 1908; the medical branch also includes dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, and other specialists] BONE DOME : slang for the ballistic communications helmet worn by PILOTs and TANKERs / TOADs, equipped with visors and filters, and variously colored; although unit property, they are typically personalized. See HARD HAT, K-POT, STEEL POT, HEADGEAR. BONEYARD : slang for cemetery or graveyard; see GARDEN OF STONES, BOX JOB, NATIONAL CEMETERY, DAVY JONES'S LOCKER, CATAFALQUE, MORTUARY AFFAIRS, GRAVES REGISTRATION; compare LAID BY THE WALL. [nb: "long home" is slang for gravesite; v: graveyard, boneyard, boot hill, God's acre, churchyard, catacomb, necropolis, cist, dolmen, chamber tomb, cenotaph, columbarium, sepulcher; cf: "whited sepulcher" (Matthew 23:27)] Also, slang for a DUMP or TOMB, especially long term storage of DEACTIVATEd systems, obsolete equipment or materiel, such as DECOMMISSIONed aircraft [v: Aerospace Maintenance And Regeneration Group (AMARG)]; see MOTHBALL, CANNIBALIZE. BONNIE DICK : nickname of the USS Bonhomme Richard (CV-31), an Essex class aircraft carrier; being the only aircraft carrier to serve during World War II, the KOREAN WAR, and the VIETNAM WAR. BONUS ACT : some veterans' groups (including Veterans of Foreign Wars and American Legion) initiated a demand for an ex-servicemen's bonus shortly after the close of WWI, based upon the proposition that former servicemembers ought to be compensated for the differential between their military pay and the wages received by wartime workers who had remained in civilian life; vetoed by presidents Harding (19 Sept 1922) and Coolidge (15 May 1924), but the "World War Adjusted Compensation Act" (commonly known as the "Soldiers' Bonus Act" or the "Veterans' Bonus Act") finally overrode its veto on 19 May 1924. This BONUS ACT provided for the payment of adjusted compensation to all veterans (excluding officers above the rank of captain) on the basis of $1.25 a day for overseas service and $1.00 a day for stateside service. The bonus was made in the form of 20-year endowment policies upon which ex-servicemen might borrow up to about 25% of its full value from the government. As a result of the Great Depression, veterans' groups demanded that government loans be authorized for 50% of the full value of the BONUS ACT certificates; a bill that Congress passed but President Hoover vetoed (26 Feb 1931) because it would benefit some veterans who weren't actually in distress, and such an expenditure would adversely affect the federal budget ... this veto too was overridden (27 Feb 1931). A major issue in the 1931-32 BONUS MARCH was the cash-in redemption or cash-out payment for the adjusted compensation certificates. The Patman Bonus bill provided for the full and immediate payment in cash for the adjusted compensation certificates held by WWI veterans, which, under the original provisions of the 1924 BONUS ACT, were not due to mature until 1945; in an unprecedented address before a joint session of Congress, President Roosevelt justified his veto (22 May 1935) by arguing that enactment of the measure would spur inflation and increase the national deficit. Payment of the entire bonus in cash was finally authorized in 1936. See GI BILL. BONUS MARCH : (forthcoming); re: 1924 World War Adjusted Compensation Act; Bonus Expeditionary Force (1932). BOOB TUBE : slang for a television (TV) set; also called "idiot box" or "one-eyed monster"; see CRT, SCREEN, SCOPE DOPE, ELECTRONIC CAMPFIRE, IMAGE-CONVERTER TUBE. BOOBY-TRAP : a concealed munition with an automatic trigger, an explosive charge hidden in a harmless object which detonates on contact, or a disguised lethal device, including snare or springe, pitfall or man-trap, deadfall or deathtrap, gin or drop trap, as to entoil and entrap. See PUNJI STAKE, FRAISE, ABATIS, TROU-DE-LOUP, TIGER PIT, TIGER TRAP, PITFALL, MALAYAN GATE, NIGHTINGALE, TU DAI, ELDEST SON, MA, ALPHA-ALPHA, AMBUSH, TOE-POPPER, MINE, IED, TATP, MOTHER OF SATAN, HME, EXPLOSIVE; compare TRICK, DECOY, RUSE DE GUERRE. [nb: copying the successful sabotage of the OSS and resistance during WWII, SOG introduced BOOBY-TRAPped rifle and mortar AMMO, canteens, cameras, field gear and radios into southeast Asian enemy-controlled territory, along with anti-personnel (AP) mines imitative of rocks and foliage] BOODLE : that which is despoiled by PILLAGE or PLUNDER, as in war; see SPOILS OF WAR, HAVOC, RANSACK, ROMAN HOLIDAY. Also, West Point (USMA) slang for snack foods (eg: cake, cookies, candy, ice cream, etc) that are hidden during inspections; see POGY BAIT, SUGAR PILL, GEDUNK, SNIVEL GEAR, CREATURE COMFORTS, GUNS OR BUTTER. BOOJIE : slang for a haughty or snobbish elitist; an Americanism of the Vietnam-era formed by the shortening and alteration of 'bourgeois'; see GRASSROOTS, SILENT MAJORITY, CAKE-EATER, BEST AND BRIGHTEST, POWER ELITE, SECOND ESTATE, RING-KNOCKER, UNTOUCHABLE, BULLETPROOF, VULCANIZE, FAIRY DUST. [cf: 'boojum' (nonsense word for an imaginary creature invented by Lewis Carroll in the 1876 poem "The Hunting of the Snark")] BOOKIE BIRD : nickname for the Fairchild C-123 PROVIDER (qv). BOOM : a deep resonant sound, often prolonged, as from EXPLOSIVE detonation or SONIC BOOM. Also, short for TAILBOOM, being a FUSELAGE extension for the tail assembly (empennage) of an aircraft. Also, the steerable hose extending behind and below an aerial TANKER that's used for in-flight refueling at a high transfer rate. Also, any of various spars, beams, or poles projecting from its abutting attachment at a mast, as used to extend a ship's sails, to handle cargo, to guide objects, or to hold devices; also called a derrick or crane, an arm or STICK; see LUFF, compare DAVIT, YARDARM, BLOCK, TACKLE, WHIP. Also, a chain, cable, or the like serving to obstruct navigation. BOOM-BOOM : SHORT-TIME sex with a prostitute, typically cost about 500 Piasters or $3; see CHURNING BUTTER, FUCK, CHOCOLATE BUNNY, BUTTERFLY, HORIZONTAL COLLABORATOR, DIDDLY, TRICK, DU, STEAM 'n' CREAM, HOOKUP, LBFM, LULU THE ZULU, HELL ON WHEELS, ACT OF CONGRESS. [nb: the "comfort girls" who were employed as contract prostitutes to serve the sexual needs (TRICKs) of Imperial Japanese troops in the field, usually at a COMFORT STATION or SIN CITY, were called "shock absorbers" by the Allied POWs who happened to observe their (mis-)treatment] BOOMER : USN slang for a nuclear-powered SUBMARINE, officially identified as Submersible Ship Nuclear (SSN); sometimes called "sewerpipe". Such ships were operated by two crews in separate rotation, called "blue" and "gold" teams (after traditional Navy colors), to keep mission stations constantly covered. See GUPPY, ASW, SLBM. Also, a submariner, especially one qualified on "sewerpipes", as opposed to DOLPHIN; see BUBBLEHEAD, DIPPER, compare SKIMMER, AIRDALE, SHELLBACK. Also, USAF slang for anyone of superior achievement, as a "high flier"; see ZOOMIE, TOP GUN, FAST MOVER, FIGJAM, SUPER-TROOPER, TOP DOG, GOLDEN BOY, DEEP DIP, UP OR OUT. Also, slang for an expert telegrapher; see SALTING, CW, TTY, TWX, BAMBOO TELEGRAPH. [v: expert, master, virtuoso, bailiwick] Also, truncation of BABY BOOMER. BOOMERANG : something that does injury to the originator, as a scheme or argument that backfires; derived from the curved throwing club of the Aborigines. See REVOLUTION, TURN IN THE BARREL. BOONDOCKERS : service shoe an ankle-high rough-out leather work shoe or demiboot, worn until WWII with LEGGINGs, gaiters, or PUTTEEs; also called jodhpurs, jodhpur boots, brogans, or "gunboats". Authorized for wear by aircrew and aircraft ground maintenance personnel during Vietnam as a safety precaution; also issued without LEGGINGs to Marines as a second pair of COMBAT BOOTs during the VIETNAM WAR. Compare BROWN SHOE / BOOT, OLD BREED, BUSKINS, BLACK SHOE / BOOT, LOW-QUARTERS, LPC, FOOTWEAR. [nb: "rough-out" is not 'suede' (split leather with nap on both sides) but full-grain leather with the finished (smooth) side used on the interior, which is more comfortable, wears longer, and waterproofs more thoroughly ... everyone who wore these rough-out BOONDOCKERS and BOOTs preferred them to their BLACK replacements ... the "secret" to superior German military field boots was a double layer of full-grain (corium) leather with the smooth waxed sides facing on the inside, letting the inner nap wick perspiration and the outer nap protect the sealed sides] [nb: Gaelic for shoe is 'brog', from which comes the English word "brogue" or brogan; the vent holes or decorative perforations that are often punched in the leather represent the piercings for drainage in the traditional deerhide footwear; Gaelic for 'my footwear' is "mo chasan", which usage by Scottish immigrants may have spawned the American name "moccasin" for the one-piece AmerIndian shoe (alternatively: "maxkeseni" in Algonquian)] BOONDOCKS / BOONIES : also called bush, sticks, woods, barrens, brush, weeds, scrub, veg, rough, THULE, hinterlands, INDIAN COUNTRY, bad lands, bandit country; being terms for the field or jungle, as any remote area away from BASE CAMPs or cities. Sometimes used to refer to everywhere in Vietnam, despite the fact that almost all enemy contact occurred in the less inhabited areas, outside the cities, along the border. See ELEPHANT GRASS, SAW GRASS, KUNAI, NIPA PALM, PITA, TULE, THE J, AGENT ORANGE, GUMBO, QUAGMIRE, BACKWASH, BANJO COUNTRY, DOWN RANGE, SANDBOX, FEBA, MLR, FLOT, FRONT LINE, FIELD ALLOWANCE. [nb: as a tactical element, the jungle is neutral, offering the same advantage or disadvantage to both sides; so it only becomes a factor when troops are exploited by their ignorance of it, or strategy does not exploit its latent opportunities] Also, any disagreeable assignment or remote posting (BILLET or HARDSHIP TOUR) that's perceived as sidetracking or punishment; not a preferred or favored "mainstream" POST; being a more polite form of BUMFUCK (qv), a GARDEN SPOT. [aka: podunk, jerkwater, hicksville, nowheresville, boringburg, splitsville, sunset town, one-horse town, shithole, back-of-beyond, middle-of-nowhere, faraway, nowhither, lost-in-the-woods, north remote, east stranded, one-eyed town, ass-end of nowhere, nastyland, badland, dead-letter office, elephant's boneyard, elephant's graveyard; v: wop-wops, Woop Woop, Waikikamukau, Eketahuna, beyond the Black Stump, back of Bourke, boohai, outback] BOONDOGGLE : work that's of little or no practical value that's done merely to keep people occupied or to make them look busy; a project funded by the government out of political favoritism that's of no real value to the community. Also known as "makework", this Americanism was coined by R.H. Link, a scoutmaster, as a referent for the product of simple manual skills, or occupational handicrafts, used to monopolize campers on vacation. See GOOD ENOUGH FOR GOVERNMENT WORK, HALF-ASSED, MARK TIME, GHOST, SKATE, SLACKER, REST ON OARS, GUNDECKING, LOYALTY UP - LOYALTY DOWN, PARTY LINE, MIL-SPEC. [v: boondoggler, tinkerer, putterer; cf: to busy oneself by tinkering or puttering with something in an ineffective manner or without useful results] Also, to deceive or attempt to deceive; see DECEPTION, TRICK, GAMBIT, RUSE DE GUERRE, FALSE FLAG, RED HERRING, CAT'S-PAW, TROJAN HORSE, DECOY, SANDBAG, SHAKEDOWN. BOONIE / BOONIE HAT : OD bush hat a wide-brimmed soft hat for wear during field operations in forest or jungle, desert or mountains, also called "bush hat", "floppy hat", "crusher", "slouch hat", "field fedora", "tropical topper", or "Saigon stetson", with screened ventilation holes, sewn loops for camouflage, and neck/chin strap, in colors to match the issue FATIGUE uniform; variously styled and personalized, as by shortened brim, grenade pull-pins, safety-pins, and insignia (inside or out, official or not). Preferred to the STEEL POT for field wear, despite the increased risk of head injury, due to improved hearing, decreased noise, and reduced weight. This "soft cover" was worn as a proud distinction from REMFs, who were required to wear the baseball cap or utility COVER. See BLANKET HEAD, GREEN BERET, HEADGEAR, SHORT-TIMER PIN. [v: petasus / petasos : a broad-brimmed hat worn by ancient Greek travelers and hunters, often represented in art as a winged hat worn by Hermes or Mercury] BOONIE PUP : see K-9, SCOUT DOG, LEND-LEASH, A DOG IN A DOUBLET. [nb: while dogs have only about ten vocal sounds to express themselves, cats have more than a hundred] BOONIE RAT : a VIETNAM WAR infantryman, being someone who slogs through the BOONDOCKS; see GRUNT, BUSHMASTER, GROUND POUNDER, CRUNCHY, LEG, BLUELEG, INF, 03, SNUFFY. [v: bushranger] BOONIES : see BOONDOCKS. BOOT : slang for a trainee, novice, tyro, neophyte, or abecedarian, especially a Marine in recruit training or a GI in BASIC training; see MAGGOT, SMACK, CRUIT, YARDBIRD, SLICK SLEEVE, BCT, TRAIN [nb: it's a well established fact that a good Drill Sergeant will take the raw material of a civilian and turn him into a soldier in the same way that he would take a tangled mess of steel wool and knit it into a tank!]. Also, various singular types of protective FOOTWEAR (qv). Also, to urge, encourage, inspire, incite, enjoin, invoke, sustain, as to "boot up"; see BOOTSTRAP. Also, an instrument of TORTURE applied to the victim's lower leg, being a vise-like contraption that can be gradually tightened by turning screws so as to inflict enough PAIN to defeat resistance and extract information; see TORTURE. BOOT CAMP : informal reference to the training facility where new recruits are instructed in BASIC military education and discipline, DRILL and weapons familiarization, before proceeding to advanced specialization training. See BCT, AIT, MOS; compare BOC, OBC, TBS. BOOT KNIFE : Kershaw Trooper Kershaw Secret Agent a proportionately small concealable knife of miscellaneous shape, usually being strictly functional, low-profile, lightweight, short hilted, and optionally guarded, which serves for personal defense or stealth attack; ostensibly named for being housed in a gambler's boot since the early 19th century, this inconvenient and hazardous practice is dubious (probably a commercial gimmick, not unlike the so-called "neck knife"), since "hidden knives" are more serviceable at forearm-, underarm-, or girth-carry positions. OSS agents were supplied with "knives of last resort" that were concealed in a coat lapel or shoe heel, but belt buckle push-daggers and other unconventional shivs are too quixotic to be reliable ... at best, such an "insurance policy" generates a false confidence. Compare LADY'S BEST FRIEND, EQUALIZER; see SILENT PARTNER, KNIFE. BOOTLESS / BOOTLESSNESS : an unavailing act, a useless effort, or a futile event without result or advantage; as derived from 'unpardonable'; see TILT AT WINDMILLS, WHISTLE IN THE WIND, WHISTLIN' DIXIE, NUGATORY, SPEARHEAD, SHOCK TROOPS, SUICIDE SQUAD, SNOWBALL, CANNON FODDER, BITTER END, NIHILISM, CULTURAL SUICIDE, CREDIBILITY GAP. [v: Sisyphean; enfants perdus, forlorn hope] BOOT NECK : see BOOT, FOOTWEAR. BOOTS AND SADDLES : a BUGLE CALL among U.S. Army cavalry and dragoon units heralding a formation for mounted drill; the call for men and horses to assemble ... used in the post-WWII era to call the members of armor and cavalry units into formation. BOOTS ON THE GROUND : a catch-phrase that generally refers to MIL-PERS who are actually engaged with enemy elements, or are occupying a disputed territory, as distinguished from the implied threat of force in airpower or seapower; a generic term that makes no distinction between males or females, officers or enlisted men, combat or combat support troops. The ground forces actually deployed in a conflict or war, as opposed to troops not engaged; abbreviated as BOG or BOTG. This expression is often misused by journalists when they mean "ground forces" or "troops in place", as opposed to reserve elements or units in transit. BOOTSTRAP : a loop of leather (or cloth) sewn at the top of the legging of a boot, either at the rear or on both sides, to facilitate pulling it onto the wearer's foot. Also, to help oneself without the aid of others, as by relying entirely on one's own efforts or by using one's own resources; to "pull oneself up by one's own bootstraps" is to be self-generating or self-sustaining ... a self-reliant rugged individualist. Also, military program for attaining educational certification from civilian institutions as preliminary to promotion or career advancement; formally operated under the auspices of United States Armed Forces Institute (USAFI) or Servicemember's Opportunity College (SOC). The newer Army University Access Online offers eligible soldiers the opportunity to obtain college degrees or technical certification through internet-based courses while serving on active duty, which students are assisted with tuition, textbooks, laptop computers, printers, internet access, and other resources. See NESEP, CONAP, ACASP, DEP, ROTC, RE-UP, UP OR OUT. [nb: "Pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps is like riding your own coattails ... the natural laws just don't work that way, so expect alot of inertial resistance and numerous impeding hindrances."] BOOTY : goods and valuables seized from an enemy in war; as derived from "sharing of the spoils"; see PILLAGE, PLUNDER, SPOILS OF WAR, HAVOC, RANSACK, ROMAN HOLIDAY, SOUVENIR. [cf: bootee, bootie] BOOZE : see HOOCH, compare BREW, GI JOE. [cf: catlap; apéritif] BOQ : (b-o-q, not "bock") Bachelor Officer's Quarters, being apartments provided on post or BASE for unmarried officers; see QTRS. BORDEN : a PSYOPS deception project for recruiting and training FALSE FLAG captives (allegedly HOI CHANH), who were then returned to NVN with explicit DISINFORMATION and spurious contact data; these conduits were expected to become double-agents for SOG to manipulate in DECEPTION operations. BORDER DEFENSE RANGER : BDQ during VIETNAMIZATION, when US Special Forces was departing, the Mike Forces and many A-Team Camps were converted to BDR units under ARVN Ranger command. The VN Special Forces (LLDB) COUNTERPARTs were permitted to transfer to either the ARVN Airborne or ARVN Rangers (BDQ). Also known as "Border Rangers". [nb: Vietnamese term: Biet Dong Quan Bien Phong, Luc Luong Gioi Tuyen] BORE : a hole made in a gun barrel by boring; see GUNLOCK, MUZZLE, BREECH, GUN TUBE, MAIN-GUN, FLAREBACK, FOUL BORE, DONKEY DICK, SWAB, FIREARM. Also, the inside diameter of a hollow cylindrical chamber; see CALIBER, BORESIGHT. Also, the inner surface of a hollow cylindrical chamber, especially inside the barrel of a gun, whether smooth or rifled (with "lands and grooves"); see RIFLING, SMOOTHBORE. [nb: RIFLEd guns are denoted "inch" (eg: 3" Field Gun called "three incher"), which is the diameter of the projectile, while SMOOTHBORE cannons are denoted "pound" (eg: 12# Mountain HOWITZER called "twelve pounder"), which is the weight of the projectile] [cf: bombard as the earliest type of indirect cannon launching stones, from "noise" (bomb) and "stone-throwing engine" (bombarda)] [nb: the 1795 Springfield Arsenal musket (smoothbore, flintlock, .69 caliber muzzleloader) was the first official shoulder-firearm to use standardized interchangeable parts] BORESIGHT : boresight alignment from a fixed position centered in the barrel of a gun, usually large bore CANNON or recoilless rifles (RR), by use of precision CROSS HAIRS and/or cored bore blocks, the weapon's aiming system is matched to the gun-tube's actual center at a fixed distance. All subsequent aiming adjustments are compensation for firing trajectory. See ZERO, BULL'S-EYE; compare SIGHT PICTURE, PEEP SIGHT, POINT-BLANK. BOREX : mock designation for any BORing EXercise, especially CPX, TTX, or other DRY RUN; see EXERCISE, WAR GAMES. BORING HOLES IN THE SKY : colloquialism for random recreational flying without a set pattern or flight plan; also called "joyriding". Compare PUNCHING HOLES IN THE SKY. BOSNIA : a central region (ie: Bosnia - Herzegovina) of Yugoslavia which was formerly the kingdoms of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, and Macedonia, wherein NATO and UN forces attempted to secure a cease-fire in an ethnic conflict (JOINT ENDEAVOR, JOINT FORGE, ALLIED FORCE), while a UN aid/relief mission (PROVIDE PROMISE) operated from 1995; see GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY, BANANA WARS, GENOCIDE, MISSION CREEP, VIETNAM SYNDROME, "Bosnian coat-of-arms" at ITALIAN SALUTE. [nb: it has been said that Yugoslavia has one people, two alphabets, three religions, four languages, five nationalities, and six republics!] Also, naval slang for Big Old Standard Navy Issue Ass, or Broad Ol' Sweet Navy Issued Ass; being a reference to the size of the 'stern' of some (female) NavPers; see BAM, PIRATE'S DREAM, GI JANE, SKIRT. BOSS : a person in authority over others, as a leader (LDR) or commander (CO); a foreman or manager, director or supervisor, head or kingpin. See CHIEF, CREW CHIEF, BOATSWAIN, SKIPPER, HONCHO, RAMROD, BRASS HAT, WALLAH, OLD MAN, CAPTAIN, TOP DOG, MOTHER HEN, 10, MC, BREVET, RAINMAKER. [nb: spec ops teams in the Mid-East have adopted the Farsi word "abun" (meaning 'father' or 'elder') as an honorific term for straw boss or boss man, which is used as an informal sign of respect for the section or team leader] [nb: GEN Douglas ("Generalissimo") MacArthur, whose arrogance was too great to indulge the slightest humor (except schadenfreude), permitted his intimates (damned few!) to informally address him in private as "sir boss", without any ironic or facetious intent] [nb: a female unit commander is not called the OLD MAN nor "old lady", not "chieftain" nor "chieftess", not the HONCHO nor "honchette", not TOP DOG nor "top bitch", but is rather antonomastically identified by the generic "boss" or "boss lady", or by her designated NICKNAME or CODENAME; also see "GI Jane", "Jane Bond", "Acting Jane", "Swinging Dickless", "Dear Jane", SKIRT, ANGEL] BOSUN : the phonetic spelling of the proper pronunciation of BOATSWAIN (qv). BOT : contraction of roBOT, being slang for any unmanned vehicle or pilotless craft, including DRONE, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV), Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), and the like. [cf: cyborg, android, automaton; v: humanoid, mannequin, homunculus, golem, Frankenstein's monster, yahoo (degraded brute), booboisie (H.L. Mencken), philistine] [nb: the word "robot" was coined by Karel Capek, the Czech playwright, in his 1920 "R.U.R!", where it was used as a combining form (eg: "inrobota": compulsory labor; "robotník": a peasant owing compulsory labor; etc) to represent human enslavement to automation; Isaac Asimov later established the fundamental principles of robotics] [nb: in 2009, the UAV operators were granted "flight status" for their remote guidance (ie: "piloting") of these drones while positioned a continent away from the target area, making them eligible for both Air Medals (AM) and supplemental flight proficiency pay; and in 2012, the US Air Force presented the first Medal of Honor awarded since the Vietnam War to the remote pilot of an unmanned aerial vehicle supporting ground combat operations in Afghanistan] BOTHERATION : an interjection coined during the AMERICAN REVOLUTION for the typical HARASSMENTs and ordinary vexations endemic to a soldier's life; those petty interferences, trivial nuisances, and inconsequential annoyances comprising military affairs ... this colloquialism was still extant in the sergeant's argot during the Vietnam-era; see PRESTRESS. BOTTLENECK : being an "area of vulnerability" that constricts movement, maneuver, or fire; also known as "fatal funnel"; see CHOKE POINT, STRONGPOINT, KEY TERRAIN. BOTG : see BOOTS ON THE GROUND. BOTULISM : a sometimes fatal disease of the nervous system caused by the botulin neurotoxin acquired from the ingestion of improperly marinated or preserved food; derived from the Latin word for 'sausage', this FOOD POISONING malady mainly affects man, chickens, water fowl, cattle, sheep, and horses (swine, dogs, and cats are somewhat resistant), and is characterized by paralysis in all species. BOURGEOIS : a person whose political, economic, and social opinions are mainly determined by conventional respectability, including traditional customs, lawful order,educational preparation, and material achievement; a member of the middle class, such as a businessman or professional, merchant or artificer, tradesman or artisan; as derived from 'burgess' and corrupted into "boojie" as a snobbish elitist during the Vietnam-era. Compare BOURGEOISIE. [nb: as artisans and shopkeepers in medieval walled towns, the bourgeois was socioeconomically positioned between the peasants and the landlords, and despite being satirized as inelegant and materialistic, their capitalistic bent impelled them toward reforms that included uprooting feudal trammels and establishing constitutional democracies as well as promoting laissez-faire trading and autonomous civil liberties ... therefore modern Western culture is significantly indebted to bourgeois practices] BOURGEOISIE : in Marxist theory, the socioeconomic class ('bourgeois') that is primarily concerned with property values, which is in contrast to the wage-earning class ('proletariat'); see PINKO, SOCIALISM, RED, COMMIE, HAMMER AND SICKLE, COMINTERN, SOFT TYRANNY, USEFUL IDIOTS, SYMPATHIZER. [v: 'bourgeoise' (a female member of the bourgeoisie)] [nb: in the hypothetical class struggle proposed by Marxism, the property-owning bourgeoisie was originally perceived as a progressive influence for its role in dismantling feudalism, but was later cast as reactionary for suppressing the ascendency of the wage-earning proletariat in order to maintain its predominant position; but as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution, the widening spread of technology enabled blue-collar migration into the petite bourgeoisie and white-collar mobility into the upper register, thus abrogating the revolutionary tenets (and vaunted benefits) of an idealized classless society] BOULEVARD : see ROAD. BOUNCE : US Navy aviation slang for practice landings on an airstrip that's simulating the size, shape, and markings of an aircraft carrier (CV) RUNWAY, including TAILHOOK arresting wires, as required preparation for an actual qualification landing on a FLATTOP; properly known as a FIELD CARRIER LANDING. This exercise is similar to the TOUCH AND GO landing practice of ground-based PILOTs. See TOUCHDOWN, SPLASHDOWN, THRESHOLD, WINDSOCK. Also, slang for a hard or jarring landing, like dribbling down the RUNWAY, that gives the impression of damaging the aircraft; see AUGER-IN, NOSEDIVE, PANCAKE, GROUND LOOP, TOUCHDOWN, ALS, AUTO-ROTATE, CHOPPER, BIRD. BOUNCE THE RUBBLE : a WWII catch-phrase expressive of the STRATEGIC BOMBING viewpoint: to "pound the target into rubble, then bounce the rubble"; which destructive sentiment has also been expressed as: "trying to put a period where God has put a comma". see ARC LIGHT, CARPET BOMBING, BIGGER BANG FOR THE BUCK, BOMB 'EM BACK TO THE STONE AGE, NOT ONE STONE LEFT UPON ANOTHER, BRINKMANSHIP, OVERKILL, KNOCK INTO A COCKED HAT, DOUBLE TAP, CBR, WMD, NUKE, COLLATERAL DAMAGE, MASSACRE, HEADHUNTING, TURKEY SHOOT, KILL 'EM ALL, ATROCITY, GENOCIDE, HOLOCAUST [eg: Albi, Atlanta, Baharestan Square, Beziers, Carthage, Chatham Islands, Columbia, Covington, Dresden, Glencoe, Guernica, Hiroshima, Katyn, Lidice, Meroë, Nagasaki, Nanking/Nanjing, Shanghai, Sybaris, Tiananmen Square, Veii]. [v: vernichtungsgedanken] [nb: "Attack them everywhere and shake the ground beneath them." by Abu Muhammad al-Adnani; "Most of the world's ills would be cured with one three-day open season on people." by Ernest M. Hemingway] BOUNCING BETTY : anti-personnel mine that is propelled upwards about waist height (one meter) before detonating. Known as "jumping jack" by AUSSIE and KIWI forces, it derived from the WWII "S Mine" containing bearings or scrap metal in a two stage activation: triggered launch and delayed explosion. Had great psychological effect. Compare FIRECRACKER, CBU. BOW : the front of a craft or vessel; designated by the color white, and displays a white navigation light showing over an unbroken arc of the horizon of 135 degrees, centered dead ahead. Compare STERN, AFT; see STEM, PROW, CUTWATER, ROSTRUM, SHARP END, FORECASTLE, HAWSEPIPE, BLUE NOSE, STARBOARD, PORT, IR MARKERS, CHRISTMAS TREE. BOWER : an anchor carried at the BOW of a vessel; see HOOK, DROGUE, HEAVE-HO, DAVIT, MAINSTAY. BOWIE / BOWIE KNIFE : 1840 Ibbotson bowie a large, heavy sheath knife having a long, single-edged blade with a clipped point; the design of this mythic knife is attributed to James Bowie (Kentucky frontiersman, Louisiana smuggler, and Texas colonel of militia), purportedly due to his need for a reliable dueling knife ... essentially a small cutlass, influenced by French and Spanish patterns, some versions of the BOWIE have a 10"-17" long blade with a fuller and brass backstrap, an S-guard or knuckle bow. Part of the legend mentions that after a particularly bloody duel (1827 Natchez sandbar duel resulted in the death of Major Norris Wright and six seconds, and the wounding of 15 spectators), Bowie sent his now famous knife to Philadelphia so it could be manufactured for general sale to pioneer aspirants, and many were carried during the American CIVIL WAR. Although clip-pointed knives (eg: MK2 / KABAR, PILOT'S SURVIVAL KNIFE, etc) have been issued to MIL-PERS, the traditional BOWIE KNIFE was largely forgotten until the 1950 film The Iron Mistress revived its popularity ... inspiring the Western W-49 and Randall #12 Sportsman Bowie, both of which were private-purchase carry items during the VIETNAM WAR. Compare SOG BOWIE, SMATCHET, V-44 MARINE RAIDER KNIFE; see KNIFE. BOXCAR : nickname of the Fairchild Republic C-119 transport; also known as FLYING BOXCAR. BOXCAR CHARLIE : slang for an eight-inch MORTAR round that tumbled in flight (making a distressing noise) and so was notoriously inaccurate; launched by rocket from a V-shaped ground-level platform, this indirect fire bomb was used by the Imperial Japanese against the Allies in the Pacific theater (PTO) during WWII, especially on Iwo Jima and Okinawa ... during the VIETNAM WAR, the VC used a similarly inaccurate ground launch platform for ROCKETs aimed at FOBs and BASE CAMPs. This enemy mortar bomb was also called a "flying sea bag" or "flying DUFFEL BAG" due to its size, and "screaming meme" due to its sound. See WHISTLER, WHIZ BANG. [nb: hysteria is also known as the "screaming-meemies"] [v: "Stalin's Organ" at MISSILE; "Screaming MeMe", "Moaning Mini", "buzz-bomb" (DOODLEBUG)] BOXED NASTY : slang for a light meal that's packed in a portable (often disposable) container, as a brown-bag or cardboard carton holding a snack or lunch; usually supplied to travelers (casuals or transients), it requires no additional preparation and is consumed cold. See DUTCH LUNCH, SANDWICH, RICE BALL, HORSE COCK, JERKY, RATIONS. [cf: Japanese bento/obento (to manage or provide provisions for an eat-out meal)] BOXER UPRISING : a xenophobic movement in China that culminated in a desperate effort to expel Westerners and foreign influences in retaliation for concessions (treaty port, extraterritoriality) granted to Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia following the Opium War (1839-42). This insurrection (also called "Boxer Rebellion") was endorsed by Tz'u Hsi, the Ch'ing dynasty dowager empress, who encouraged a secret society (1898) called "I Ho Ch'uan" [righteous and harmonious fists] to revolt against non-native presence, especially Christians and railroads. From June 1900, the Boxers besieged foreigners in the northern provinces, Inner Mongolia and Manchuria, until an international relief force arrived to quell the dissidents. The expedition of British, French, Russian, American, German, and Japanese troops then occupied the country, but China was not further partitioned; however an indemnity and more amendments were levied in 1901. Compare TAIPING REBELLION, see HOLY WAR. [nb: Boxer Rebellion (1900-01): 37 battle deaths] [nb: kiao-tse represents combat boxing, as taught and practiced in lodges, such as Chao-lin] BOX HEAD : slang for someone who is predictable or routinized, as anyone who exhibits typical or conventional thinking; a stereotypic generalization for a military member who has been taught the "right", "proper", or "approved" school solution to any problem or difficulty; see BRASS-COLLAR, BRASS EAR, HIDEBOUND, BRASSBOUND, MILITARY MIND, PARTY LINE, TOE THE LINE, PRIMROSE PATH, SCRIPTURES; compare OUTSIDE THE BOX. Also, slang for a squarehead or blockhead, being a bonehead, lunkhead, woodenhead, dunderhead, jughead, hardhead, knucklehead, or numskull; see DUD, DOPE, NUMB NUTS, SOS, TURD, DOUCHE BAG, SHIT MAGNET, DEADHEAD, YARDBIRD, FIELD REJECT, LOOSE CANNON, HOT DOG, COWBOY, SMACK. BOX JOB : funeral, obsequy, or burial ceremony involving a coffin, pall, or casket; not cremation with storage in a columbarium or sepulchral vault. See GARDEN OF STONES, BONEYARD, "long home" at LONG HOUSE, NATIONAL CEMETERY, FUNERAL PACE, PALLBEARER, CATAFALQUE, DAVY JONES'S LOCKER, MORTUARY AFFAIRS, GRAVES REGISTRATION; compare LAID BY THE WALL. [nb: "long home" is slang for gravesite; v: graveyard, boneyard, boot hill, God's acre, churchyard, catacomb, necropolis, cenotaph, columbarium, sepulcher; cf: "whited sepulcher" (Matthew 23:27)] [nb: the traditional three-shot volley at burial derives from the pagan ritual of shouting the name of the deceased three times to tell the gods who is coming] [nb: the tradition of placing a coin in the mouth of the deceased before burial derives from the pagan rite of paying for passage into the Afterlife (cf: Christian eschatology, re: "harder for a rich man to get into Heaven"); compare "tooth notch" at DOG TAGS] BOX OF ROCKS : derisive reference to any group of MIL-PERS who have performed their work in an unsatisfactory or unacceptable manner; a group of LOOSE CANNONs or DUDs, PUKEs or DOUCHE BAGs, TURDs or SHIT MAGNETs, YARDBIRDs or FUCK-UPs; see SMACK, FIELD REJECT. BOX THE COMPASS : to repeat the names of all 32 points of the compass in sequential order; see COMPASS CARD, COMPASS ROSE, COMPASS. Also, to turn about in a clockwise direction, pausing at each of the 32 points of the compass and reciting its direction, while executing the MANUAL OF ARMS at each station. Also, a form of punishment at military training facilities wherein the student performs all of the proper DRILL and MARCHing routines, usually with a rifle, that will sequentially cover each of the compass points in a quadrangle or on a PARADE GROUND; a CADET "boxes the compass" to discount his demerits; see ADY, GIG, TURD, SHIT LIST, ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT, FASHION SHOW, DROP, FRONT LEANING REST, AIRMAN ALIGNMENT TOOL, BLANKET PARTY, SQUEEZE. BOY : an apprentice seaman, especially one who has not before gone to sea (eg: cabin boy, powder monkey); being a recognized RANK below PRIVATE (USMC) or Seaman in the U.S. Navy until after the CIVIL WAR. Also, any young male servant, houseboy, or attendant, such as a page, GOFER, or HOUSE MOUSE. Also, a male who is considered by the speaker to be inferior in race, nationality, or occupational status, being typically a WOG or LITTLE PEOPLE; see DINK, GOOK, SLOPE, SLANT-EYE, RICE BALL, ZIP, NIP, JAPE, CHINK; compare LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, BUDDHAHEAD, INDIG. [v: Names of Foreigners or Foes ] BOYDLOOP : developed from KOREAN WAR statistics as a way to violate linear programming or conventional mind-sets (eg: action / reaction, move / counter-move) by gaining a tactical advantage through either unexpected action, or performance that exceeds regular limits; also called OODALoop (Observation, Orientation, Decision, Action Loop). See LAW OF AVERAGES, GAMBLER'S FALLACY, UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE, PRINCIPLE OF LEAST FORCE, LEAST RESISTANCE, LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS, LAW OF UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES, LORENTZ CONTRACTION, LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION, PARADIGM SHIFT, OUTSIDE THE BOX, MILITARY MIND. BOY'S CLUB : (forthcoming); fraternal order, fraternity; "boys will be boys" vs "old boys club" [eg: Kit-cat Club]; see GOOD PEOPLE, GOOD STICK, GOOD OLD BOY, TRADE SCHOOL, RING-KNOCKER, CASTE, KHAKI MAFIA, THE ESTABLISHMENT, BROWNIE, VET / VETERAN, PROFESSIONAL VETERAN, VETERANS' ASSOCIATION, SIX DEGREES OF SEPARATION, INITIATION, EARRING, MEAT MARKER, TATTOO, CHALLENGE COIN; compare FRATERNIZATION. BOY WONDER : dismissive reference to any young and ambitious soldier, often regardless of ability; also called "Baby Hero" or "General in Waiting"; see BABY 007, SHAVETAIL, SHAKE 'n' BAKE, HOT DOG, SPEEDY, GOLDEN BOY, HARD CHARGER, SWEAT HOG, HOT SHOT, FIGJAM, FAST MOVER, BOOMER, SUPER-TROOPER, FUGLEMAN, TOP DOG. [nb: known as "show pony" by AUSSIE and KIWI troops] [v: enfant terrible (French: prodigy); wunderkind (German: prodigy)] Also, fictional character in BAT MAN (qv) comics, serving as partner during operations, and known as the "Dynamic Duo" when paired. BP : Base Pay, without adjustment for supplements or allotments; see THE EAGLE SHITS, SALARY, RANK, RATING, GRADE, PAY-GRADE. THE BRA : distinctive terrain feature, resembling a brassiere, formed by a recurving river in the TRI-BORDER area of Laos and Cambodia with Vietnam; a PAVN sanctuary visited by SOG missions. BRACE : a rigid form of ATTENTION, with head, shoulders, buttocks, and heels in alignment, especially as if "pinned" against a wall or BULKHEAD as a specimen; also known as "strain" or "crank" / "cranked". Also, a confrontation or resolution. Also, a clamp, CHOCK, or other reinforcement. BRACELET : a loop or band of material, often joined or interlocking, such as a strap or chain, that's intended to be worn around the wrist or forearm as a symbolic object or decorative ornament; a distinctive wristband or circlet, made of various materials and variously marked to signify status or affiliation, especially tribal bands worn by native peoples, who sometimes present them to ADVISORs as a token of tribal adoption; compare BANGLE; see MONTAGNARD, INDIG. [nb: pagan Norsemen awarded metallic bracelets in recognition of meritorious or valorous deeds; likewise, various AmerIndian bands recognized bravery with the award of bracelets] Also, a copper or aluminum (later enameled) cuff engraved with the identifying particulars of individual POWs or MIAs, which were sold for fund- and consciousness raising by non-profit organizations; commonly called POW-MIA BRACELET; see POW-MIA DAY, MEAT MARKER, COINING, ID BRACELET, PARA-CORD BRACELET, SOUVENIR, YELLOW RIBBON. [cf: a "key to paradise" that's engraved with the name of a martyr is presented by a mullah to an acolyte when dispatched on a fatwa or jihad] Also, slang for handcuffs or manacles, as used to safely and securely restrain a PACKAGE, TONGUE, EPW, YARDBIRD, or other detainee; sometimes called cuffs, clips, nips / nippers, ruffles, clamps, or hooks (as "hook 'n' book") when made of metal, and self-locking flex-cuff, wrist-lock, zip-tie, lock-tight, cable-tie, or tie-tight when made of nylon or plastic (disposable one-time use that must be cut-off of the prisoner). Compare GOO; see SHACKLE, SNATCH, PANTY RAID. [v: fetter, chain, leggings, hobble, gyve, bilboes] BRADLEY : the Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle (M-2) and the Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (M-3), introduced to inventory in 1981 with the mission to transport and reinforce dismounted infantry squads, engage lightly armored vehicles and semi-HARD fortifications, and to scout the ground advance while providing flank security. The BRADLEY has a 600hp diesel engine with a hydro-mechanical automatic transmission, a 250mi range at 38mph, is equipped with Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) sensors, a GPS and inertial navigation system, and is armed with a 25mm Bushmaster cannon (M-242) or TOW II missile system, and two 7.62mm machineguns (M-240C), and may utilize "armor tiles" (REACTIVE ARMOR). See APC, TRACK. BRAG : a storytelling pastime used to recount battle action as a test of knowledge or gullibility since before the American CIVIL WAR; also known as "Hazard" or "Bluff", this exercise in deception and misdirection contributed to the development of both POKER and LIAR'S DICE. See PLAYING CARDS, DICE GAMES, PLAY THE GAME, WAR GAMES. BRAGGART : someone who extols his abilities or attainments, one who "beats his own drum" or "blows his own horn" out of vanity, as to vaunt or flaunt, gasconade or fanfaronade, bravado or braggadocio, especially talking big in an exaggerated manner; also known as bragger or boaster, bluffer or blusterer, blowhard or crow. See ATE UP, ATFU, BRAGGING RIGHTS, A-1, ATTABOY, BRAVO ZULU, WATCH MY SMOKE, COUNT COUP, KILL CREDIT, KILL RING, TROPHY, IMPACT AWARD, V-DEVICE, GONG, POWER WALL, GUTS, MOXIE, DIEHARD, ROOT HOG OR DIE, BALLS TO THE WALL, RIGHT STUFF, FUGLEMAN, SUPER-TROOPER, SWEAT HOG, HARD CHARGER, FAST MOVER, BOOMER, HOT SHOT, GOLDEN BOY, FIGJAM, HOT-SHIT, DEEP DIP, WINTER SOLDIER, HERO, MACHO, WHISKEY WARRIOR. [nb: braggadocio is a pseudo-Italianate coinage by Edmund Spenser, used as the name of a boastful character (Braggadocchio) in the Faerie Queene (1590); also, a profound military braggart in the character of Captain Bobadil from Every Man in His Humour by Ben Jonson (1598), which was probably derived from the last Moorish king (Boabdil) of Granada, a corruption of Arabic Abu 'abd Allah ('father of the servant of God')] BRAGGING RIGHTS : the authority to claim competitive achievement, as with skill contests and intramural sports, as prized by SWEAT HOGS and YOUNG LIONS; in the modern era, this practice is considered socially inappropriate and personally reprehensible when extended to battlefield actions. See TRASH, ATTABOY, BRAVO ZULU, A-1, KICK ASS, FIGJAM, STREAMER, GONG, TROPHY, EARS, SCALPING, SOUVENIR, KILL CREDIT, KILL RING, POWER WALL, PISSING CONTEST, MACHO, WATCH MY SMOKE, DIEHARD, TOP DOG, HERO; compare DUD, WANNABE. [v: fanfaronade] [v: bragging song, bragging dance (Algonquian, Narragansett, etc)] Also, anything that may serve to distinguish or differentiate one MIL-SPEC unit from its uniformly comparable, if not identical, component units, such as a corner BARRACK, an air-conditioned BOAT, a MESSHALL mural, the propinquity of a shuttle bus stop, a decorative shrub or flower bed beside the ORDERLY ROOM, the first issue of replacement equipment, and so forth ad nauseam! [nb: "A silly little cock proudly sits atop his own dunghill, crowing about his prowess, and showing off his plumage ... this noisome pest is delighted by his delusions!"; "Every cock crows on its own dunghill."; "Proud as a cock on his own dunghill."; "Every cocke is proud on his owne dunghill." by John Heywood; "A cock has great influence on his own dunghill." by Publilius Syrus; "Pride begs as loud as want." paraphrase of Benjamin Franklin; "Pride sits like an empty attic high atop the house where character resides." paraphrase of John Gay] BRAGGING SCAR : (forthcoming); see DUELING SCAR, RED BADGE OF COURAGE, PURPLE HEART, BADGE OF COURAGE. BRAGGING WALL : see POWER WALL. BRAID : see AIGUILLETTE, FOURRAGERE, CORD, CORDON, LANYARD, CONTRAFOIL, SHOULDER KNOT, SHOULDER BOARD, EPAULET, SCRAMBLED-EGGS, FARTS 'n' DARTS, SPAGHETTI, FEATHER, BAY, CROWN, CROWN OF WILD OLIVES, FOOFARAW, WITH BELLS ON. BRAILLE : a coded orthographic system of writing in which combinations of raised dots ("punctaform") wherein six-space cells, each fingertip sized, represent letters, words, numbers, punctuation marks, and the like, that are read by touch; adapted from Barbier's twelve-element NIGHT WRITING system by Louis Braille (1824) for use by the blind, inspiring a competition among various tangible writing systems from 1825 through 1860. [nb: Valentin Hauy first printed an embossed Roman script alphabet onto paper about 1786; the process used shaped copper wire to impress dampened paper, which hardened and fixed the relief when drying. Proceeding to produce literature and musical notation, this tactile printing process could only be read without the facility to be written by the user] [nb: Louis Braille invented "raphigraphy", a method of composing Roman letters from the cells for tactile embossing on a slate, so that blind persons could write directly to sighted persons without a transcriber] [nb: In early literate societies (eg: Phoenician, Hebrew, Greek), before the introduction of distinct Arabic numerals, letters were also used as numbers (gematria / gimetria), either in context or with the addition of a number sign to cue (q/quando) the reader, which practice is still used in braille and TAP CODE but not in sign language or MORSE CODE] BRAIN FART : a dysphemism for a brilliant idea, seminal creation, original afflatus, or any similar inspiration, especially one symptomatic of the conceptual "egg" laid by the too-remote commander (v: CLOUD-CUCKOO-LAND, PUZZLE PALACE, MADHOUSE, HEADSHED); an occurrence that's also known as a brainstorm, brain wave, brainchild, brain flash, brain fire, or brain fever; see HELMET FIRE, THOUGHT GRENADE. [v: imagineering, Pierian Spring, Hippocrene] Also, a slang expression for conceptual discontinuity, allegedly derived from "brain infarction", representing the lacuna or hiatus that interrupts consistent communication or normal routine, which symptom is purportedly indicative of abnormal brain activity [v: "maladaptive brain activity change"] or even of senile dementia; such a loss of focus or forgetfulness is also known as brain drain, brain fade, brain fog, brain cramp, brain freeze, mental meltdown, brain seizure, brain fry, senior moment, highway hypnosis, or TASK SATURATION. BRAINIAC : an intelligent person or one who learns quickly, especially one who uses their aptitude in perverse ways; by merging of 'brain' and 'maniac'; see PROFESSOR, WIZARD, WONK, WALLAH. [aka: intellectual, thinker, scholar, pundit, guru, savant, sage, quick-witted, genius, brain, highbrow, big headed, longhair, pointy-headed, master, mastermind, expert, virtuoso, rocket scientist, magus, mage, bailiwick] [v: enfant terrible (French: prodigy); wunderkind (German: prodigy)] [nb: "Eggheads, unite! You have nothing to lose but your yolks!" by Adlai E. Stevenson (1952); "Pointy-headed intellectuals of the world unite. You have nothing to lose but your brains." by George Wallace (1972); cf: "Workers of the world unite. You have nothing to lose but your chains." by Karl Marx, "The Communist Manifesto" (1848)] BRAINSTORMING : a conference technique of solving specific problems, amassing information, stimulating creative thinking, developing new ideas, and so forth, by unrestrained and spontaneous participation in discussion; a SKULL SESSION. BRAIN TRUST : (forthcoming); see WISE MEN, KITCHEN CABINET, DEFENSE POLICY BOARD, THINK TANK, WHIZ KID, MANDARIN, BEST AND BRIGHTEST. [nb: after the coup that toppled the Diem regime in Nov 1963, a "council of sages", consisting of prominent SVN citizens and bloc representatives, was established to advise the government on resumption, reformation, and redirection] [v: know-it-all, besserwisser; realpolitik, machtpolitik] BRAINWASHING / BRAIN-WASHING : the methodology for changing attitudes or altering beliefs by the manipulation of associative reflexes; the technique of selectively conditioning specific responses through the systematic use of TORTURE, drugs, physical deprivation or isolation, mental or psychological stress, as practiced by communist regimes on foreign and domestic prisoners; see FIELD EXPEDIENT FACIAL, TRUTH SERUM, SCAR, TORTURE, POW, CODE OF CONDUCT. Also, any method of controlled or systematic indoctrination, especially one based on repetition or confusion; see REEDUCATION, GULAG, CONCENTRATION CAMP, PAIN. [v: menticide] BRANCH : a principal section or primary division of a body, discipline, or system, specifically the separate elements comprising the armed forces: military and maritime, or army and navy, as denoted by a "branch of service" insignia. Also, the distinct and specialized subdivisions of a body, discipline, or system, specifically the combat or supporting arms of the military. Also, the particular subdivisional elements within each combat or supporting arm of the military, as denoted by a "branch specialty" insignia. As an hierarchical example, infantry is a specialty branch of combat arms within the army branch of service of the armed forces. The U.S. Army consists of 20 specialty branches of service: Combat Arms: Air Defense Artillery, Armor, Aviation, Corps of Engineers, Field Artillery, Infantry; Combat Support: Chemical Corps, Military Intelligence Corps, Military Police Corps, Signal Corps; Combat Service Support: Adjutant General's Corps, Chaplain's Corps, Judge Advocate General's Corps, Medical Corps, Medical Service Corps, Nurse Corps, Finance Corps, Ordnance Corps, Quartermaster Corps, Transportation Corps. See AAA, AG, ANGEL, ARM, ARTY, BIRDMAN, BLUELEG, BONE CUTTER, CAV, CE, CHOP SHOP, COOKIE, DOC, ENGR, FAG, INF, JAG, LOGISTICS, MI, MOTOR POOL, MP, MUNITIONS, QM, REDLEG, SAPPER, SKY PILOT, TANKER, TOAD, WIGWAG / WIGWAGGER, RATING, DEVICE, CAB, WAR COLLEGE, ROTC, SKIRT; compare CREST. BRASS : metonymic slang for an OFFICER or commander, a BRASS HAT. Also, metonymic slang for command, staff, or headquarters (HQ). Also, slang for SHELL and cartridge CASINGs, which are also known as "droppies" (DROPPY). Also, slang for the Class-A / service dress uniforms, or for any SPIT 'n' POLISH routine. Also, slang for any insignia of RANK, DEVICE, BADGE or CREST, regardless of color or actual metal content [nb: the USAF adopted brushed aluminum emblems to officially discourage excessive polishing, which wastes time that's better spent on improving military skills or attaining mission objectives]. Also, an unconventional unit of measure for an area, sized 100ft by 100ft, to be worked (ie: painted, waxed, scrubbed, etc); alternatively designates a cubic volume, sized 100ft by 100ft by 100ft, of material (ie: sand, gravel, dirt, etc) to be worked [cf: 'square' equal to 100 square feet]. BRASSARD : a band worn around the upper arm to signify position, duty, or affiliation; armband may extend to shoulder connection or into EPAULET. See ACTING JACK, GADGET, CQ, OOD, OOG, SDO. [nb: for the first time, American flag armbands were issued to US troops on Operation Torch into north Africa, to distinguish them from Axis Germans and Vichy French, because, as Churchill said, "In the night, all cats are grey." The wearing of American flags on the US combat uniform became standard practice after the VIETNAM WAR] BRASS BALLS : slang for audacity or courage, daring or fearlessness, brazenness or impudence, as being gutsy or ballsy; originally meaning stubborn or relentless, unyielding or uncompromising, implacable or intractable, as when a pawnbroker drives a hard bargain ... the "brass balls" were traditional symbols of a pawnshop. When referring to manliness, bravery, or endurance, any metal (eg: iron balls, steel balls, etc) may be used metonymically to represent testicular determination or gonadal dedication, which is in marked contrast with the true state of these weak and vulnerable body parts. See ONIONS, GUTS, SPUNK, MOXIE, WATCH MY SMOKE, DIEHARD. Also, by extension of those weak and vulnerable body parts, the putative bits of an emblematic brass monkey that froze when exposed to the ravages of severe cold, and may be mistaken for scattered chunks of ice on the coldest of winter days! BRASS BLOAT : alliterative allusion to the phenomenal excess of OFFICERs in the military, especially at the highest RANKs; the practice of specifying officer ranks for any highly technical (eg: physician) or overtly responsible (eg: aircraft commander) position, being a promotion policy that makes the pyramidal rank structure of the Armed Forces unbalanced by a surfeit of supervisors or a plethora of managers at senior levels in all branches. See COMMAND RATIO, TOOTH-TO-TAIL RATIO, CHAIN-OF-COMMAND; compare BRASS-COLLAR, BRASS HAT. [nb: in his infinite wisdom, President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that no one below the rank of PFC would be killed in Vietnam, so regardless of ability or time in service, all PVTs were promoted upon arrival IN-COUNTRY ... just in case they got wasted on their first day; it's interesting that the genius of this management policy was not introduced earlier, since those pitiful old EMs, many of whom went through battle after battle in distant wars without promotion (or even pay in some cases!), would have surely welcomed meaningless inflation in RANKs as much as modern troops] [nb: although the USAF phased-out their Warrant Officer ranks in 1979, designating technical personnel as NCOs and command personnel as officers, they did not resume the WWII Army Air Corps program of "Flying Sergeants", inasmuch as pilots and weapons officers are "technicians" ... so a Lieutenant "commands" a one- or two-person aircraft worth $20-million but a Sergeant "commands" a three- or four-person tank crew worth $60-million!] BRASSBOUND : rigid or inflexible, as "brassbound regulations"; see HIDEBOUND, TOE THE LINE, BOX HEAD, BRASS-COLLAR, BRASS EAR, HARD-AND-FAST, MILITARY MIND, GOOD ENOUGH FOR GOVERNMENT WORK, PARTY LINE, BY THE BOOK, ZERO TOLERANCE, HARD-NOSE, HARD-ASS, CHECKING THE DICTIONARY, SOP, SCRIPTURES. Also, something strengthened or reinforced by brass, bronze, or the like, such as a campaign chest; see FOOTLOCKER, SEA CHEST. Also, impudent or brazen. [v: indurate] BRASS-COLLAR : unwavering allegiance or affiliation, as to a leader or sovereign, a people or nation, a party or cause, a creed or code; such loyalty or faithfulness is generally characterized as hidebound or narrowminded, as with chauvinists or jingoists, but people of any stripe who have the courage of their convictions are always rare. This term probably derives from the thrall ring worn by bondmen and other henchmen, such as a squire, thane, yeoman, or villein; not to be confused with "brass ring" or "golden ring". See CREED, PROMISE, OATH, HONOR CODE, CODE OF CONDUCT, LOYALTY UP - LOYALTY DOWN, DUTY, A MAN'S GOTTA DO WHAT A MAN'S GOTTA DO, NATIONAL SECURITY, TOE THE LINE, BRASSBOUND, SCRIPTURES, PARTY LINE, STRAIGHT ARROW, TRUE BELIEVER. BRASS EAR : used since the American CIVIL WAR for obstinate commanders or intractable authoritarians, as one being too deaf or too stupid to listen to new information or an alternative opinion; the audio version of perblind, probably derived from the brass ear trumpet or ear horn, with 'brass' metonymically doubled for RANK. see LITTLE PRICK, MARTINET, TRUE BELIEVER, ROUGHSHOD, FALL ON DEAF EARS, HIDEBOUND, BRASSBOUND, HARD-SET, EMPTY SUIT, PIG LOOKING AT A WRISTWATCH, HELL ON WHEELS, BALL BUSTER, "Hollow Bunny" at EMPTY SUIT, THE GLASS CLIFF, MILICRAT, HEADQUARTERISM, PARTY LINE, DEAD HORSE, SCRIPTURES; compare HARD-ASS, RUN IT UP THE FLAGPOLE, NOSE COUNT, EYE-CHECK, BEAT AROUND THE BUSH, REASSURANCE, POPULARITY CONTEST. [cf: tone-deaf, word-deaf] [nb: "Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass ...." Isaiah 48:4 KJV Bible] BRASS HAT : metonym for an OFFICER; derived from the ancient practice of equipping leaders or commanders with distinctive HEADGEAR ... Alexander the Great is said to have worn a golden helmet, but most lexicographers date this phrase to the gold oak leaves on the caps of senior officers during the First Boer War (1880-1). See BAY, PIP, SCRAMBLED-EGGS, SPAGHETTI, FARTS 'n' DARTS, RHIP, CASTE, ROUGHSHOD; compare CHROME-DOME, LITTLE PEOPLE, SWINE LOG. [v: turkey cock, popinjay, sophist, nabob, nibs, stuffed-shirt, pooh-bah, panjandrum, high and mighty, hogen mogen, high-muckety-muck, high-muck-a-muck] [nb: the word "caddie", with the same origin as CADET, and sometimes shortened to "cad" (irresponsible, dishonorable), was the 17th century term for a gentleman who learned the military profession by serving in the army without a commission; henceforth, it was applied to any person seeking employment] [nb: until recently, an OFFICER was simultaneously designated a "gentleman" when appointed by an ACT OF CONGRESS, which not only inspired further intellectual development but also encouraged cultural sophistication, which refinements were mocked as being 'suave and debonair' (deliberately mispronounced as "soo-wave" and "dee-boner"); v: BLUE BLOOD, UP THE HAWSEPIPE, OFFICER'S COUNTRY, TALLY-HO, TACT; cf: HARD-ASS, MACHO] BRASS KNUCKLES : see KNUCKLE-DUSTER. BRASSO : a fine abrasive polish developed to remove tarnish from brass and copper, corrosion from chrome and stainless steel, and scratches from acrylic and other plastics; invented as a liquid in 1905 for commercial and industrial applications, displacing similar paste products, it was also offered for a time on an impregnated cloth (v: BLITZ CLOTH) for ready application. BRASSO is a trademarked product of the British commonwealth that was modified in 2008 to comply with the U.S. law on volatile organic compounds. See SPIT 'n' POLISH. BRASS TACKS : the most fundamental concerns, the basic or essential considerations; see NITTY-GRITTY, BLOOD 'n' GUTS. BRAT : slang for a minor military dependent, especially a child reared on a military installation; such as "Army BRAT" or "Navy BRAT". Due to early exposure to crosscultural environments, foreign languages, and familial discipline, most BRATs are more intelligent, responsible, and self-reliant than their CIVILIAN peers. Compare ARMY SOUP; see GREEN BLOOD, DRAG, OFFICER'S WIFE, THE DAUGHTER OF THE REGIMENT, SEPARATE RATS, CAMP FOLLOWER. [aka: crumb-cruncher, curtain-climber, rug rat, ankle-biter, nip / nipper, squaller, yeanling, weanling, whelp, sperm blossom, youngling, grig, sprat, lambkin, shrimp, shaver, bantam, mite, dandiprat, peewee, wisp, peanut, munchkin, hop-o'-my-thumb, Lilliputian, pixie, sprite, pipsqueak, waif, wildling, darter, changeling, jackanapes, shortie, rascal, imp, hoyden, chit] [nb: until the Vietnam-era, the military did not recognize the spouse or other dependents of enlisted personnel below the non-commissioned officer ranks] B-RATIONS : communal foodstuffs, sized for a squad, requiring preparation and distribution to teammates and squad members; see RATIONS. BRAVE NEW WORLD : that which is superficially attractive but substantially deficient in quality and character; originating with a naïve speech by Miranda [the daughter of the wizard Prospero in The Tempest (1611)]. The word 'brave' in this usage means "handsome" and 'new world' refers to any unknown territory, such as a stranger, not just unexplored land. Modern reference to this catch-phrase derives from the dystopian classics: Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (1932) and Brave New World Revisited by Aldous Huxley (1958). This darkly sarcastic allusion is lately being twisted into blithely heralding a bright future. See NEW AGE, NEW WORLD ORDER, SOCIAL CONTRACT, CULTURE WAR, BREAD AND CIRCUSES, SOFT TYRANNY, NANNY STATE, HAPPY VALLEY, WINNING HEARTS AND MINDS, NATION BUILDING, THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS, HOMOSOCIAL, ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT. BRAVERY : splendid conduct or magnificent spirit; see V-DEVICE, IMPACT AWARD, GUTS, MOXIE, ONIONS, DIEHARD, VETERAN, WINTER SOLDIER, NOBLE SAVAGE, COUNT COUP, BRAGGING RIGHTS, QUIET PROFESSIONAL, HERO, MACHO. [nb: "That which valor has joined cannot be parted by death, and that which has been ennobled by courage shall not be diminished by passing, even out of remembrance."; "Uncommon valor was a common virtue."; "The bravest are the tenderest, and the loving are the most daring."; "It's good to be brave, but it's better to be smart."] BRAVO : the word assigned to represent the letter "B" in the international phonetic alphabet; at various times in different spelling schemes, it has also been acrophonetically represented as Boy and Baker. See ALPHABET SOUP, PHONETIC ALPHABET. [v: Alphabet Codes & Signal Flags ] BRAVO SIERRA : the phonetic representation of B S, hence less vulgar than bullshit, but meaning the same thing; see TALK TRASH, SHOOT THE SHIT, BLOW SMOKE, WOOF, HOT AIR, GAS BAG, TELL IT TO THE MARINES, CONFETTI, SNOW, MOTOR MOUTH, TAP-DANCER, RUMOR, BTDT, MUSHROOM, ATFU, SEA STORY, WAR STORY; compare COUNT COUP, NEED TO KNOW, MIL-SPEAK, BRAVO ZULU, BULLSHITVIK. [nb: 'hooey', allegedly an Americanism used as an interjection for nonsense or tripe, is actually a corruption of the Russian vulgarity ("khuy") for penis, and is commonly used alone (eg: dick, dickhead, dick-wad) or in phrases (eg: dumber than dick; he doesn't know dick; don't dick around; don't stir your tea with your dick)] [cf: migration of "putz" from shine through ornament to penis and dolt; as sexual lure] [v: lucky stiff] BRAVO ZULU : "well done", from fleet B - Z burgees signaling "good performance"; hence, a compliment. See A-1, ATTABOY, WARM FUZZY, GLORY PIE, KICK ASS, YOUNG LIONS, GONG, GREEN WEENIE, STREAMER, BRAGGING RIGHTS, TOP DOG, POWER WALL; compare BRAVO SIERRA. [v: fanfaronade] BREACH : a gap or opening, such as one created by mechanical, ballistic, or explosive means in a FORTIFICATION or other BULWARK, or a rift or rupture forced in a defensive LINE of troops; see BREACHER, ONCE MORE UNTO THE BREACH, PETARD. [nb: not 'breech' (qv)] Also, an infraction of the law or a violation of trust, especially in the severance of friendly diplomatic relations; see FIGHTING WORDS, BLOODY SHIRT, TRAILING HIS COAT, LAST STRAW, CAT AMONG THE PIGEONS, SABER-RATTLING, HAIR-TRIGGER, HALF-COCKED, RAMPAGE. Also, obsolete reference to a wound; as derived from 'break'; see MILLION DOLLAR WOUND, GSW-TTH, WIA, SIW, DOW. BREACHER : the person trained and equipped, with tools and munitions, to force a gap or opening in a wall, or to otherwise rupture a fortified defense. Although the BREACHER is part of the assault team, he does not lead the other members through the new opening; but after making the breach (ie: mechanical, ballistic, or explosive), he falls into the security support group to aid in SEARCH AND CLEAR or SEARCH AND DESTROY operations, until called upon to open another entrance. See CHARGE, PETARD, ENGR, EOD, CE, SAPPER, HOOLIGAN, ONCE MORE UNTO THE BREACH. BREAD AND CIRCUSES : this expression originally described all that was needed for emperors to placate the Roman mob ["panem et circenses" from Decimus Junius Juvenalis], but today is used to describe any entertainment that's used to distract public attention from more important matters; it's equivalent to "let the rabble amuse themselves with the crumbs of our leavings". See THE EAGLE SHITS, SALARY, BP, PRO PAY, FIELD ALLOWANCE, UA, BAQ, BAH, SEPARATE RATS, DEAD HORSE, SDP, TSP, DOUBLE-DIP, COLA, MISERY INDEX, GI BILL; compare SLUSH FUND, CANDY, GOLDEN SHOWER, PORK BARREL, THIRD ESTATE, SILENT MAJORITY, WHITE TRASH. [nb: 'stipend', as a tax-exempt allowance or honorary salary, usually a pittance, derives from "soldier's pay"] [cf: blood money; 'wages' are compensation or recompense, from carry on, struggle, pledge] [v: rabble, the great unwashed, riffraff, proletariat, prole, lumpen proletariat, rank and file, commoner, commonalty, pleb / plebeian, hoi polloi, canaille, lower classes, campesino, peasant, indigent, lowest of the low, menial, populace, crowd, multitude, mass / the masses, the herd, cracker, hillbilly, hill jack, jackstraw, peckerwood, redneck, trailer park trash, human debris, scum of society, scum of the earth, scum of the universe, useful idiots] BREADBOARD : (forthcoming); BREADCRUMBING : slang for the high-tech spyware method of tracing or backtracking the use of electronic devices (especially internet traffic and cellular connectivity), as when inferring exchanges or deducing locations; by allusion to the fairy tales where the route back home is safely marked by breadcrumbs. See WALK BACK THE CAT, TRACK, TRACE, TRAIL, DRAG, BACKTRACK, PECKER TRACKS, BEAT AROUND THE BUSH, INDIAN ROPE TRICK, MAIL, TELEPHONE, HACK, WIZARD, WONK, NETRUSION, INFORMATION WARFARE. [nb: fairy tales that involve children following marked trails include: "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" by Charles Perrault (1697), "Finette Cendron" by Madame d'Aulnoy (1721), "The Lost Children" French fairy tale, and "Hansel and Gretel" by Brothers Grimm (1812)] BREAK : the term used to close or clear a series of transmissions prior to opening or beginning another series of transmissions on the same network, such as when a commander relays instructions to each subordinate in sequence, instead of simultaneously; see EOT, SQUELCH, RADIO. BREAK A FLAG : to raise a rolled or furled flag aloft, then at an appropriate moment, usually for dramatic effect, to suddenly release its binding hitch so that it opens to fly in full display; see SHOW THE FLAG, RUN IT UP THE FLAGPOLE, HALF-MAST, HOIST, STRIKE THE FLAG. [v: Flag Terms ] BREAKAWAY : AvnSpeak for the emergency maneuver that's used during midair refueling when the airplanes must separate quickly and safely; this procedure entails the TANKER aircraft accelerating and climbing at least 500ft to the upper-right while the aircraft being refueled decelerates and descends at least 500ft to the lower-left. Compare WAVE OFF, SCRUB, KNOCK IT OFF. BREAK BRUSH : to travel or maneuver off of paths and byways so as to avoid BOOBY-TRAPs and MINEs; also called "break trail". BREAK CHOP : to utterly reject a BEGGING BOWL request (in the sense of CHOPSTICK), or to contemptuously disregard the authority of a GOFER or ACTING JACK (as a seal of office, CHOP, PIP, or ENSIGN); expressed as "he BROKE my CHOP when ..." or "don't BUST his CHOP". [nb: not "choppers" or "chompers" as related to teeth or jaw or jawbone; not a hit in the mouth] BREAKFAST : the first meal of the day, as literally derived from ending one's overnight fast with a morning meal; see CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST, SOLDIER'S BREAKFAST, ENGLISH BREAKFAST, EGGS BENEDICT, SCOTCH WOODCOCK, TOAD-IN-A-HOLE, SOS, FRENCH TOAST, HARDTACK, PANCAKE, DOUGHNUT, SINKER, GI JOE, RANGER COFFEE, BEANS, CHOW, RATIONS. BREAKING POINT : the point at which a situation or condition becomes critical. Also, that point beyond which a person or object collapses under stress or pressure, becoming dysfunctional or deformed; see ZOMBIE, BLACKOUT, THOUSAND-YARD STARE, TELESCOPING, DISSOCIATION, OBJECTIFICATION, CONVERSION SYMPTOMS, STRESS OF SOUL, BROKEN-WING SYNDROME, FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT. BREAK NEW GROUND : figurative expression for doing something new, or commencing a new project, with the allusion derived from digging a new trench in a siege operation. [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] BREAK SHIP : an idiom meaning that a sailor has failed to return to his assigned vessel after a period of leave; see UA, AWOL. BREAK SQUELCH : to send a "click-hiss" signal on a radio by depressing the push-to-talk button without speaking, used by OPs, LPs, LRPs and others when actually speaking into the microphone might reveal or compromise their position. See SQUELCH, RADIO. BREAKWATER : a barrier that breaks the force of incoming waves, as before a harbor or BAY; see MOLE, WHARF, SHORE; compare SURF, WHITECAP, WHITE WATER. [nb: this term has often been mistakenly used to mean "where waves break" before a shore or upon shoals; which is properly known as 'surf'] BREAKWEATHER : any makeshift shelter or protective refuge; see COLD CAMP, FLY CAMP, HUT, BOLT HOLE, HIDE. [cf: line camp, shelter camp] BREASTWORK : a hastily erected chest-high field fortification; usually expressed as "breastworks"; see PARAPET, REVETMENT, EMPLACEMENT. BREECH : the rear part of the BORE of a FIREARM or other gun, being the opening that permits the insertion of a CARTRIDGE or other projectile; see GUNLOCK, FLAREBACK. Also, the end of a BLOCK or pulley farthest from the supporting hook or eye. [nb: not 'breach' (qv)] BREECHBLOCK : a movable piece of metal for closing the BREECH in certain FIREARMs or other guns. BREECHCLOTH / BREECHCLOUT : an Americanism for a cloth worn about the breech and loins; also called a "waistcloth" or LOINCLOTH. BREECHES BUOY : a life preserver with a pants-like canvas seat for hauling a shipwrecked or disabled person on or off a vessel; also called "britches buoy". See BUOY. [ety: knee-length trousers, derived from buttocks] BREN / BREN GUN : a British-made magazine-fed light machinegun that was sometimes used by NVA and VC troops as a holdover from WWII stockpiles, and so was selectively issued to SPECIAL OPERATIONS teams performing reconnaissance and surveillance missions "behind enemy lines" in hopes of avoiding sound signature identification and tracking if gunfire was exchanged. This .303caliber LMG was clip-fed, gas-operated, and air-cooled; its name derives from the towns where it was manufactured: BRno (Moravia) and ENfield (England). BREVET : a promotion to a higher RANK, especially of a commissioned officer, without an increase in pay-grade RATING; before the creation of medals for distinguished service or valor, the BREVET promotion was used to recognize and reward such achievements (cf: origin of SILVER STAR as BATTLE STAR on CAMPAIGN MEDAL). See FROCKED, ACTING JACK, GADGET, PULL RANK, DEEP DIP, UP OR OUT. [v: Arthur ("the Boy Colonel") MacArthur, George A. ("the Boy General") Custer] [nb: while FROCKED is the authorization to wear RANK of higher GRADE, but without benefits and without actual authority, a BREVET bestows the actual authority, but without the pay of a promotion; so a frocked BG cannot legally order a COL but a brevet BG can, however, since a frocked BG will eventually be confirmed in GRADE, any COL who doesn't obey the order of a frocked BG will have problems later; to anyone not privy to these nuances, a FROCKED or BREVET RANK is indistinguishable from the actual permanent GRADE] BREVITY CODE : (forthcoming); see CIPHER, CODE, PROWORD, INTERCO, CODENAME, CODEWORD, NICKNAME, 10-CODES, ACRONYM, ABBREVIATION. BREW : imported 33 beer slang for military coffee, also known as joe, mud, sludge, washy, java, mocha, espresso, black water, brown blood, boiler acid, battery acid, and nectar of the gods; see GI JOE. Also, slang for beer, ale, lager, pilsner, stout, porter, malt liquor, white beer, wheat beer, rye beer, corn beer, swats, bitter, bock, mum, brewski, suds, small beer, swipes, near beer, horse-piss, and so forth; see BA MUOI BA, BEERLAO; compare HOOCH, GROG, JUICE, TORPEDO JUICE, MOONSHINE, IRISH SODA POP, GROUP TIGHTENER, Kickapoo Joy Juice at SKUNK WORKS, DEAD-SOLDIER, DUTCH COURAGE, WHISKEY WARRIOR, SPLICE THE MAINBRACE, HOIST, HATCH, TOAST, SUNDOWNER, KEG, GUSTO, STONED. [v: witbier, witbieren, hefeweizen, weisse, weissbier, weizenbier, weizenbock, kristallweizen, dunkelweizen, lambic] [nb: beer, hard cider (eg: pulque, perry, etc), and wine (eg: hock, vermouth, plonk (vin blanc), etc) are fermented; brandy ("burnt wine") (eg: cognac, marc, applejack, schnapps/schnaps, kirsch/kirschwasser, calvados, grappa, slivovitz, etc) or eau-de-vie ("water of life") (aqua vitae, elixir, etc), cordial or liqueur (eg: amaretto, benedictine, chartreuse, drambuie, absinthe, curacao/curacoa, kümmel, ouzo, pastis, etc), and liquor (eg: rum / rumbouillon (sugarcane brandy, killdevil, grog, etc), whiskey, sour mash, usquebaugh, poteen, gin, vodka, tequila, mescal, arrack, aquavit, etc) are distilled after fermentation (cohobation) ... producing regular beer @3-5% alcohol, wine @11-14% alcohol, saké ("strong beer") @15% alcohol, distilled liquors @30-95% alcohol. The "proof" standard is a rating equal to half its alcoholic percentage. Strong beer, made from brewed cereals fermented with mold, was invented in China] [nb: Although the 1919 Volstead Act was introduced to implement the 18th Amendment, a WWI Executive Order by President Woodrow Wilson had already effected a prohibition against the brewing of grains to make alcoholic beverages, so as to supply food for the allied war effort; similarly, in 1862, the Confederacy prohibited the making of alcoholic beverages from food stuffs reserved for the military, except the regulated production of medicinal alcohol for medical treatments] [v: 1794 Whiskey Rebellion from 1791 excise tax laid by Hamilton] [cf: catlap; apéritif] [nb: "Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach's sake and thine often infirmities." I Timothy 5:23 KJV Bible; "No longer drink only water, but use a little wine for the sake of your stomach and your frequent ailments." 1 Timothy 5:23 RSV Bible; "Wine is as good as life to a man, if it be drunk moderately: what is life then to a man that is without wine? for it was made to make men glad." Ecclesiasticus 31:27; "Under the pressure of the cares and sorrows of our mortal condition, men have at all times, and in all countries, called in some physical aid to their moral consolations – wine, beer, opium, brandy, or tobacco." by Edmund Burke (1795); "Wine makes a man better pleased with himself. I do not say that it makes him more pleasing to others .... This is one of the disadvantages of wine, it makes a man mistake words for thoughts." by Samuel Johnson (1778-91); "Alcohol is nicissary f'r a man so that now an' thin he can have a good opinion iv himsilf, ondisturbed be th' facts." by Finley Peter Dunne (26 April 1914); "I only drink to make other people seem more interesting." by George Jean Nathan (1958); "I'll n'er be drunk whilst I live, but in honest, civil, Godly company." by William Shakespeare (1602); "Wine gives a man nothing. It neither gives him knowledge nor wit; it only animates a man, and enables him to bring out what a dread of the company has repressed. It only puts in motion what had been locked up in frost." by Samuel Johnson (1778-91); "Drink! for you know not whence you came nor why: / Drink! for you know not why you go, nor where." by Omar Khayyam (1859); "Over the years I believe that I have taken more from alcohol than alcohol has ever taken from me." by Winston L.S. Churchill] BRIARPATCH : nickname for Bat Bat (geo: 21 09 08N 105 20 31E; UTM: 48QWJ35493884), site of major NVN prison camp for captive allied population; also known as [nb: some names only refer to sections within this prison] Tic-tac-toe, Country Club, Farm, Xom Ap Lo, and also spelled "Brierpatch". Dates US POWs present: 15 Sep 65 to 10 Oct 65, 15 Dec 65 to 02 Feb 67, and 05 Feb 71 to 09 Jul 71. The PAVN built Bat Bat before the war as a military jail for PAVN convicts, and was originally administered by the PAVN equivalent of the PROVOST MARSHAL. Located in Ba Vi District, Son Tay Province, about 35 kilometers west-southwest of Hanoi. Bat Bat was transferred to the Enemy Proselyting Department in 1965 for use as a POW camp for Americans. Several American civilians, who were captured by PAVN forces during the final offensive in 1975, were held at Bat Bat. One of those captive Americans, named Arlo Gay, escaped in 1976, remaining free for nearly one month, but turned himself in after succumbing to hunger and disorientation ... Hanoi released Arlo Gay in September 1996. Trai Tre is located in Son Da Village, about two kilometers from Bat Bat prison, where the America POWs were held, and was where convicted USMC collaborator, Robert Garwood, lived for a period in the early 1970s. Trai Tre (literally, Camp Bamboo) was the site of a re-education camp for South Vietnamese military officers after the Second INDOCHINA War, but was dismantled in the early 1990s. See POW. BRICK : slang for the rough-cut bar of brownish bathing soap that was issued to soldiers during the twenty year period after WWII, which included the KOREAN WAR and extended into the VIETNAM WAR. Compare SOAP, SOFT SOAP, MR. CLEAN, WD-40; see MONKEY BUTT, WHORE'S BATH, MARINE SHOWER, NAVY SHOWER, GI SHOWER, PT SHOWER, DOUCHE BAG, LATRINE, COMFORT STATION. [nb: although soap is clearly more beneficial, most MIL-PERS believe that 100 MPH TAPE is the greatest of all human inventions!] [v: shaving cream, shampoo, shower gel, toiletry, suds / soapsuds / lather, scouring powder] Also, an informal contranym for either a solid reliable comrade (ie: GOOD PEOPLE) or a lazy burdensome shirker (ie: GOLDBRICK), with the proper meaning inferred from context and facial expression. BRIDGE : a structure spanning and providing passage over an opening or past an obstacle. Chinese catenary or suspension-archbridges of rope, bamboo, and iron chain have been known to exist from AD20. The first segmental arched bridge, being made stronger with the use of fewer materials, was completed in China, AD610; later, multiple spans of arched segments carried roadways (viaduct) over obstacles. Chinese archives document the repair of a pre-existing pontoon bridge in AD714. See AVLB, BAILEY BRIDGE, TREADWAY BRIDGE, PONTOON BRIDGE, CUTWATER, BRIDGE RATING, ROUTE STEP, GANGWAY, BROW, ROPE BRIDGE, HIGHLINE. Also, the platform from which a vessel is controlled and navigated; see HELM, PLOT, BRIDGE DECK, FLYING BRIDGE; compare COCKPIT, CONNING TOWER, PILOTHOUSE. Also, an overarching span, gallery, or gantry; see BOOM, CATWALK, FLYING GANGWAY. Also, any connective, transitional, or intermediate structure, component, element, development, process, passage, stage, phase, or the like. BRIDGE COAT : see GREATCOAT, OVERCOAT; compare PEA JACKET, REEFER. BRIDGE DECK : a deck on top of a bridge house; also called a FLYING BRIDGE or "monkey island". Also, the deck from which a vessel is usually operated; the location of the PILOTHOUSE. Also, the first deck in a bridge house. BRIDGEHEAD : the position secured on the enemy side of a CHOKE POINT or other obstacle, so as to cover the crossing or advancement of friendly elements toward a farther objective; the secure initial position of an assault across a barrier or obstacle into enemy territory, used as a foothold or WAY POINT for farther advancement and resupply; see PHASE LINE, AIMPOINT; compare AIRHEAD, BEACHHEAD. Also, a defensive work protecting a passage or foothold; see STRONGPOINT, PILLBOX, BUNKER. [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] BRIDGE RATING : load-carrying capacity of a bridge, as displayed on a sign, posted with diagonal warning stripes pointing toward the roadway, in a numeric fraction showing wheeled vehicle limit (concentrated) on top (numerator) and tracked vehicle limit (distributed) on bottom (denominator) in tons (eg: "50/80"). See AVLB, BAILEY BRIDGE, PONTOON BRIDGE, TREADWAY BRIDGE, ROUTE STEP. BRIEF-BACK : a method developed to give operational autonomy, with improved security and innovation, to LRRP or I&R units, in which a WARNING ORDER with its mission statement is issued to a team, and the team then develops the method of execution which will fulfill the objective. The assigned team "briefs the OPLAN back" to the headquarter's staff for approval, and then implements the operation. This method improved operational success, reduced casualties, and eliminated friction between field and staff personnel. Compare READ-BACK; see BRIEFING, DEBRIEF, COMPARTMENTALIZATION. BRIEFING : a short factual summary, usually oral, of the details of a current or projected military operation that's given to the participants or their supervisors; a verbal report or information update on official activities by one or more subordinates to the commander or an inspector. Also, any concise set of instructions or a summary of events; see RAPPORTEUR, OFFICER'S CALL, CONFAB, EAR-BANG, CHATTER, CROSS-TALK, HALF-MAST, BUB, CHIN CHIN, POWWOW, SUMMIT, BRIEF-BACK; compare DEBRIEF, HOT WASH, COLD WASH, AAR, READ-BACK. [nb: a so-called "back brief" must be rendered when an intermediate-level officer or NCO, acting on his own initiative, launches an operation or commences a series of events, usually reactive, which develop in unpredicted ways or expand beyond their original scope, necessitating a combined BRIEFING and DEBRIEFing to the next higher echelon] [cf: consistory, gabfest] BRIEFING OFFICER : the OFFICER or NCO who is responsible for BRIEFING or DEBRIEFing an operation (OPN); see OPLAN, BRIEF-BACK. Also, the individual who supervises a covert or clandestine intelligence operation; a "controller" or HANDLER. BRIG : a place of confinement on-board ship, usually located in the FORECASTLE; see CAPTAIN'S MAST, MASTER-AT-ARMS, ROCKS 'n' SHOALS. Also, Naval term for military prison; see THE CASTLE, STOCKADE, GUARDHOUSE, CROSSBAR HOTEL, HOT HOUSE, LBJ, MONKEY HOUSE, DEADLOCK, CHL, DEADLINE, CLUB FED, UCMJ. [v: dog house, poky, clink, nick, slam, slammer, cooler, jug, can, joint, cage, glasshouse, big house, house of many doors, house of blue light, graystone college, stony lonesome, up the river, hoosegow, gaol, bagnio, lockup, pen, reformatory, jailhouse, penal institution, penitentiary, panopticon, keep, calaboose, dungeon, oubliette, hock (sty or prison as a miserable place to live)] Also, an improper abbreviation for brigade; see BDE. Also, an improper abbreviation for brigadier general; see BG, FLAG OFFICER. BRIGHT LIGHT : an interservice project (OP 80) CODENAME for rescue missions of allied POWs, which operated from 16 September 1966 as an element of SOG, under the MACV Joint Personnel Recovery Center (JPRC) cover designation; which included RECON and tracking, surveillance and INTEL, rehearsal and staging prior to any rescue attempts. See BLOOD CHIT, SON TAY, SAFE, HOME RUN, E&E, IRC, DP, BOAT PEOPLE, YELLOW BIRD; compare SNATCH, PACKAGE, TONGUE, SAR, CSAR, JSARC, SERE. [nb: the same doctrine was followed during the 1980 "Blue Light" / EAGLE CLAW hostage rescue attempt from Iran] [cf: Feb-Mar 1864 Kilpatrick-Dahlgren raid of Union cavalry dispatched to rescue prisoners confined in Richmond; resultantly moved to Andersonville] BRIM CAP : slang for the service cap, also called "visor hat", BILLED CAP, "wheel hat", SAUCER CAP, "pizza hat" (USMC), and "Donald Duck cap" (USN), as worn by all branches and grades with variations of color, style, and insignia; the so-called "fifty mission crush" (CRUSHER) has had the stiffening removed so that headphones could be worn over the hat. See SCRAMBLED-EGGS, SPAGHETTI, FARTS 'n' DARTS, COMBINATION COVER, BARRACKS COVER, GARRISON CAP, CAMPAIGN HAT, BERET, HEADGEAR. BRING SMOKE : to direct intense artillery fire or tactical air ordnance upon an enemy position; see WATCH MY SMOKE, STORM, SMOOGE, POP SMOKE. BRINKMANSHIP / BRINKSMANSHIP : the technique of maneuvering a dangerous situation to the limits of tolerance or safety in order to secure the greatest advantage; a willingness of the USA to go to the edge of all-out War, as formulated during the Eisenhower administration. Compare GAMESMANSHIP, STATESMANSHIP; see MAD, BOMB 'EM BACK TO THE STONE AGE, UP-GUN, OUTGUN, BOUNCE THE RUBBLE, KNOCK INTO A COCKED HAT, NOT ONE STONE LEFT UPON ANOTHER, DOOMSDAY, OVERKILL. BRO : acronym for BIG RED ONE, the nickname of the 1st Infantry Division. Also, truncation of 'brother', meaning friend or companion, as derived from the fraternal relationship; especially expressive of solidarity among combatants (ie: brother in arms) or among BLACKs (ie: soul brother); see LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, ANH, BLOOD BROTHER. [v: consanguinity] [nb: the etymology of 'soul brother' translates into 'spiritual friend', as in "blue-eyed soul brother"; the phrase seemingly originated about 1957, but it became prominent when widely displayed as a graffito on business fronts during the 1967 Detroit riot in hopes of avoiding damage, injury, or looting] [nb: "A friend loves at all times, and a brother is born for a time of adversity." Proverbs 17:17 NIV Bible] BROADSIDE : the whole side of a ship above the waterline. Also, all the guns that can be fired from one side of a warship. Also, a simultaneous discharge of all the guns on one side of a WARSHIP. Also, any strong or comprehensive attack. See SALVO, VOLLEY, STORM, FUSILLADE, ENFILADE, DRUMFIRE, SHELLFIRE, BARRAGE, AT CLOSE QUARTERS. BRODIE : slang for a sharp reversal in a wheeled vehicle's direction by the sudden application of brakes and the wrenching of the steering wheel, being a severe vehicular skid controlled by the driver; compare COUNTER-ROTATE, CRASH-BACK; see WHEEL JOCKEY, JOHN WAYNE DRIVING SCHOOL, CONVOY, FIREBALLING, BLOOD ALLEY, ZIGZAG, STREET SURFING, HYDROPLANE, DUI, DWI, OWI. [cf: autocross, gymkhana, enduro, wheelie] [nb: although ancient Greek and Roman cavalrymen approached their opponents from the left so as to favor the weapon held in their right hand, tournament jousting by right-handed lancers is the basis for driving vehicles on the left side of the roadway (eg: Japan, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Macao, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Kenya, South Africa, Hong Kong, Virgin Islands, Bermuda, Jamaica, Bahamas, Grenada, Barbados, Australia, New Zealand, Falkland Islands, England, Ireland, Isle of Man, Guernsey, Jersey, Malta, Cyprus, and other British influenced countries ... except Gibraltar)] [nb: on the advice of a geomancer in 1970, Burma changed from driving on the left side of the roadway to driving on the right] [nb: Okinawa, a Japanese prefecture under American military occupation since 24 June 1945, accommodated U.S. administration by driving on the right side of the roadway until after sovereignty was restored in 1972, then reverted to left side 'rules of the road' in common with other Japanese regions on 30 July 1978 ... an occasion known locally as "730"] Also, a daredevil leap or a suicidally wild dive from a precipice or other high ledge; eponymously after Steve Brodie, who claimed to have jumped from the Brooklyn Bridge in 1886. [cf: Evel Knievel] BROKEN ARROW : the interservice code phrase for a nuclear accident; see SCRAM, FOOTBALL, CONTAINMENT. Also, apparent IN-COUNTRY CODENAME adopted by one or more commands (eg: 1st Cav Div) for an American unit about to be overrun, which dire circumstance took priority and diverted assets or support from other missions or operations. BROKEN-WING SYNDROME : informal reference to the condition of mental and physical, as well as the moral and spiritual impairment that's caused by combat action exhibited in a population of permanently disabled veterans, whether existing as a separate individual or as an affiliated group; this categorization is generally used as an excuse for substandard performance, but sometimes represents unimpeachable integrity or the exhibition of remarkable courage and self-sacrifice [cf: feigned injury of plover or killdeer]. See PTSD, THOUSAND-YARD STARE, BLACKOUT, FLASHBACK, TELESCOPING, BUBBLE, ZOMBIE, FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT, WATERWORKS, DISSOCIATION, OBJECTIFICATION, CONVERSION SYMPTOMS, STRESS OF SOUL, WINTER SOLDIER, PROFESSIONAL VETERAN, VET, VETERAN; compare MILLION DOLLAR WOUND, WHOLE MAN, HORS DE COMBAT, LAID BY THE WALL. [nb: "Hold fast to dreams, for if dreams die, life is a broken winged bird that cannot fly." by Langston Hughes] BRONCO : North American OV-10 Short Take-Off and Landing (STOL) fixed-wing aircraft, used for forward air control (FAC) and SPECIAL OPERATIONS. BRONZE BRUCE : soldier statue on the plaza at the US Army Special Warfare Center and School (SWS/SWC&IMA) to memorialize SFers who died in the line of duty; erected six years (1969) after the assassination of President Kennedy, containing a copy of his book ("Profiles in Courage") together with a GREEN BERET in its base. The SFer depicted holds a RIFLE in one hand, and offers the other as an open hand of assistance; symbolic of special warfare. See GABRIEL. BRONZE STAR : see BRONZE STAR MEDAL / BSM, DEVICE, BATTLE STAR. BRONZE STAR MEDAL / BSM : BSM created during WWII to recognize intermediate-level heroism or service, rated between the SILVER STAR and ARCOM for valor, and between the Legion of Merit (LOM) and Meritorious Service Medal (MSM) for achievement. It's commonly called the junior-grade officer's version of the 'Good Conduct' medal (GCM) because failure to earn it usually results in non-retention (RIF). See DEVICE, OLC, V-DEVICE, IMPACT AWARD, GONG. BROTHEL : see BRO, BLOOD BROTHER, ANH, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER; compare ONG, PAPA-SAN. [v: consanguinity] BROTHER IN ARMS : see BRO, BLOOD BROTHER, COMRADE, SHIPMATE, MESSMATE, CAMARADERIE, ASSHOLE BUDDY, BAND OF BROTHERS, BUDDY SYSTEM, TRADE ENVELOPES, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER. [nb: "wight" is a human being, who is defined as such by his ability to fight, hence is someone who's strong and brave in war] BROW : a gangplank [aka: "chicken ladder"]; see GANGWAY. Also, the edge of a steep place or drop-off, as a brink or brim as by analogy. Also, a person's countenance or mien, from the brow of the head. BROWBEAT : to domineer or intimidate with overbearing looks or words, as when scowling like thunder; compare HAIRY EYEBALL, EYE-CHECK, EYE-FIGHTING; see CALL ON THE CARPET, BLISTER, FANG, KICK ASS, HAWK. BROWN BAR : camouflage version of Second Lieutenant (2LT/O-1) insignia, with the derogatory implication of sycophantic BROWN NOSE; also called "peanut butter bar" as the subdued version of BUTTER BAR. See LOOEY, AIMING STAKES, OFFICER, RANK. BROWN BLOOD : slang for military coffee, also known as joe, mud, sludge, washy, java, mocha, espresso, brew, black water, boiler acid, battery acid, and nectar of the gods; see GI JOE; compare RED-BLOODED, BLUE BLOOD, GREEN BLOOD. BROWN-FINGERED DATA : a dysphemism in NavSpeak for a "guesstimate" that has been pulled out of one's ass; otherwise called a Wild-Assed Guess (WAG) or a Semi-scientific Wild-Assed Guess (SWAG). BROWNIE : a person who defecates in their clothing, or the act of so doing; as "beat the shit out of ..." or "frightened the crap out of ...". Also, short for a BROWN NOSER; perhaps indicative of the ingratiating "apple polishing" deeds of little girls intent upon earning "Brownie points" in Girl Scouts ... and by extension, those credits for advancement earned by TICKET-PUNCHERs and MILICRATs; see FAST TRACK, DEEP DIP, VULCANIZE, UP OR OUT. BROWN NOSE / BROWN NOSER : bootlicker, lickspittle/lickspitter, flatterer, fawner, yes-man, rubber stamp, apple-polisher, hanger-on, henchman, ass-kisser, kiss-up, suck ass, sycophant, pickthank, toady, lackey, truckler, flunky, stooge, tool, putz; also called BROWNIE. See MAN FRIDAY, GOFER, HACK, CAT'S-PAW, EYE-CHECK, NOSE COUNT. [v: 'claque' for group or coterie of sycophants (eg: MILICRAT, RING-KNOCKER, KHAKI MAFIA, BOY'S CLUB, LIFER)] [cf: apparatchik, nomenklatura, eunuch, nabob, nibs] BROWN-OUT : (forthcoming); aka: "dust-out"; compare WHITEOUT, see ZERO-ZERO, GOO, FLAT LIGHT, WEATHER EYE, MET MESSAGE, CHOPPER, BIRD. Also, a transient state of half- or semiconsciousness that's also called GRAYOUT; compare BLACKOUT, RED-OUT; see TELESCOPING, DISSOCIATION, G-FORCE, G-LOCK, G-SUIT. [v: visual blackout (amaurosis fugax); hypnopompic] BROWN SHIRT / BROWNSHIRT : an identifying garment worn to signify membership in or affiliation with the National Socialist German Workers' Party; a symbol of National Socialism, or of a Nazi militia (especially "storm trooper" [Sturmabteilung]). Also, a metonym for a member of a National Socialist political party [eg: German Nazi (ca1923); revised as an instrument of physical training and political indoctrination (ca1934)]. Compare BLACK SHIRT, RED SHIRT; see NAZI, BAD GUYS, DRESS. [v: pandour (Croatian militia noted for ruthless cruelty)] BROWN SHOE / BOOT : WWII combat boot among sailors, anyone in Naval aviation (AIRDALE); among soldiers, the OLD BREED or Old Army, a DINOSAUR, from the rugged rough-out brown leather boot introduced in WWII, replacing the PUTTEE wrapped BOONDOCKERS. These two-buckle boots were also issued in winter white with lining for use by WWII mountain troops. Including oxford-style full-grain leather LOW-QUARTERS, the Army officially changed from brown footwear to black in 1954. Compare BLACK SHOE / BOOT; see LPC, FOOTWEAR. [nb: "rough-out" is not 'suede' (split leather with nap on both sides) but full-grain leather with the finished (smooth) side used on the interior, which is more comfortable, wears longer, and waterproofs more thoroughly ... everyone who wore these rough-out BOONDOCKERS and BOOTs preferred them to their BLACK replacements ... the "secret" to superior German military field boots was a double layer of full-grain (corium) leather with the smooth waxed sides facing on the inside, letting the inner nap wick perspiration and the outer nap protect the sealed sides] BROWN WATER : nautical reference to shallows, shoals, littoral or estuarial waters; compare BLUE LINE, BLUE WATER, GREEN WATER, WHITE WATER, BLACK WATER. BROWN WATER SAILOR : all Army, Coast Guard, Marine, and Navy personnel assigned to various small BOAT operations, especially Mobile Riverine Force (MRF) and JUNK FORCE, often called a MUD DUCK serving in the "Brown Water Navy". See COASTIES, MRF, NAG, SEALORDS. BRUNT : the main force of an attack, or the impact from a blow or strike. BRUSH FIRE WAR : any small but persistent dispute between nations; being an Americanism for a low-intensity skirmish or limited conflict that represents a surrogate confrontation for major powers. See PROXY WAR, GRADUATED RESPONSE, FLEXIBLE RESPONSE, INSURGENCY, GUERRILLA WARFARE, LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT, STRUGGLE, COLD WAR, LIMITED WAR. [nb: "Strike a spark and create a conflagration." revolutionary doctrine; "Strike a match and call it a forest fire!" unknown diplomat's estimation of rebellious insurrection] BRUTE : a crude or insensitive person, as one who exhibits animal qualities, savage traits and bestial desires; a person of cruel or carnal mien; see KNUCKLE-DRAGGER, SHAVED MONKEY, HUMAN ZOO, BUBBA EFFECT, BANJO COUNTRY, REACTIONARY, CONSERVATIVE, ANTI-FEDERALIST, MEAT EATER, WHITE TRASH, THIRD ESTATE. [v: savage, barbarian, outlander, alien, troglodyte, ignoramus, know-nothing, lowbrow, booboisie (H.L. Mencken), philistine, old Adam, vandal, pillager, hooligan, vulgarian, yahoo (degraded brute); cf: second-class citizen, noble savage] [nb: "If Germany, thanks to Hitler and his successors, were to enslave the European nations and destroy most of the treasures of their past, future historians would certainly pronounce that she had civilized Europe." by Simone Weil; "Civilisation is not by any means an easy thing to attain to. There are only two ways by which man can reach it. One is by being cultured, the other by being corrupt." by Oscar Wilde (Fingal O'Flahertie Wills); "Man is neither angel nor brute, and the pity of it is that he who wants to play the angel acts the brute." by Blaise Pascal; "Civilization is a heap of useless rubble scavenged by pseudosophisticates for their own amusement ... the rest of mankind is working too hard at survival to pay them any attention. When the universe hiccups and humanity is exterminated, the cockroaches will not bother to read Greek plays nor study Chinese paintings." paraphrase of Malcolm Muggeridge; "A 'civilized' man will give a serious answer to a stupid question, while an 'uncivilized' man won't even bother to ask, much less respond with anything less than violence." paraphrase of Ezra Pound] Also, a non-human creature that's not characterized by intelligence or reason; an animal exhibiting the characteristics and qualities of a beast; this word is derived from heavy, devoid of feeling, or irrational. [v: therianthropic, paleoanthropic; cf: neanthropic / neoanthropic] BRUTE FORCE / BRUTE-FORCE : an expression that implies savage barbarism, as contrasted with artful cunning or shrewd guile, so as to massively overwhelm an obstacle or difficulty by gross instead of precise technique; it means to operate like a butcher instead of a surgeon. Also, a problem-solving methodology where all possible alternatives are attempted at the same time, or where all possible paths to a solution are simultaneously followed; such brute-force techniques are usually last resorts in the absence of heuristics. See MIGHT MAKES RIGHT, THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS, BLOOD AND IRON, BETTER THE DEVIL YOU KNOW, DIVIDE AND CONQUER, NO REST, REALPOLITIK. [nb: associated with ignorance and blindness, brute force is represented by the iron hammer and vicious lion, being further symbolized by Ares, the god of war, who cultivates conquest and disdains justice, by Cyclops, the master of thunder and lightning, and by Cerberus, the Hound of Hades] [nb: "It is all a question of sensitiveness. Brute force and overbearing may make a terrific effect. But in the end, that which lives lives by delicate sensitiveness. If it were a question of brute force, not a single human baby would survive for a fortnight. It is the grass of the field, most frail of all things, that supports all life all the time. But for the green grass, no empire would rise, no man would eat bread: for grain is grass; and Hercules or Napoleon or Henry Ford would alike be denied existence." by D.H. Lawrence (1932); "Who were the fools who spread the story that brute force cannot kill ideas? Nothing is easier. And once they are dead they are no more than corpses." by Simone Weil (1938); "I can stand brute force, but brute reason is quite unbearable. There is something unfair about its use. It is hitting below the intellect." by Oscar Wilde [Fingal O'Flahertie Wills] (1891)] [v: similar to Aesop's fables, Reynard the Fox fables were a series of popular stories during the 12th-14th centuries that expose the foibles of wit against brute force in ridiculous parodies and satirical struggles, which then generated the Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris (ca1879ff) wherein native intelligence invariably wins over brute force] BS : U.S. Air Force designation for a Bomber Squadron (1992). BSA : Brigade Support Area. BTDT : literally "Been There, Done That"; later modified to "Been there, done that, got the t-shirt!", and sometimes expressed as "Seen it all, done the rest!". See UP-CLOSE 'n' PERSONAL, WANNABE, CANDY-ASS, IOTA, THE NAM, I WAS THERE, JOCKSTRAP MEDAL, PAY DUES, COUNT COUP, PISSING CONTEST, BRAVO SIERRA, SEA STORY, WAR STORY, CAMP FOLLOWER. [nb: there was a discharge chevron (worn mid-sleeve) for WWI service, and a RUPTURED DUCK (worn right breast) for WWII service, but no similar award exists for honorable discharge upon demobilization (RIF) from subsequent wars ... but if it did, like so much else about the "moral watershed" of the Third American Revolution, it too would be counterfeited by phonies!] [nb: "Don't say things. What you are stands over you the while, and thunders so that I cannot hear what you say to the contrary." by Ralph Waldo Emerson] B TEAM : the intermediate-level SPECIAL FORCES unit, also known as "Operational Detachment Bravo" (ODB) and sometimes spelled B-Team; superior to the A TEAM and subordinate to C TEAM detachments. [nb: The Rangers of World War II and Korea had been designed as light-infantry shock troops; their mission was to hit hard, hit fast, then get out so larger and more heavily armed units could follow through. Special Forces, on the other hand, were designed to spend months, even years, deep within hostile territory. They would have to be self-sustaining, without extensive resupply from the outside. They would have to speak the language and know the customs of their target area.] [nb: six A TEAMs or ODAs comprise a company (CO), three SF Companies comprise a battalion (BN), and four SF Battalions comprise a group (effective 2007); each active duty SF Group specializes in the languages and cultures of a particular region (ie: 1st SFGA in East Asia; 3rd SFGA in Africa, Mid-East, and Central Asia; 5th SFGA in Mid-East and Central Asia; 7th SFGA in South America; and 10th SFGA in Europe)] Also, slang reference to the CIVILIAN consultants and contractors who are employed by the government (THE G) to augment (AUGMENTEE) the Armed Forces (or Uniformed Services) on military operations; these "second string" participants are also called "junior varsity" or "JV's" (jay vees) serving as over-paid but under-utilized WAR TOURISTs of the region. BTY : battery; an artillery company-sized element; see CO, TRP; compare IN-BATTERY. [nb: the slang term "Bat" or "Batt" is short for battalion (BN), and does not refer to an artillery Battery (BTY)] BUB : abbreviation for Battle Update Briefing during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF); see BRIEFING. [cf: consistory, gabfest] BUBBA EFFECT : a classification for the hysterical reaction to a perceived threat made by the least responsible segment of society, based upon their ethnic and racial prejudices, such as when vigilantes attack innocent victims who happen to resemble the profile of TERRORISTs in a self-justified retaliation for a terrorism incident that has occurred elsewhere; this same (mis-)behavior occurred in the United States during both World Wars against German, Italian, and Japanese immigrants to America ... Likewise, this same irrational discrimination is widely promoted by Leftists and other PINKOs against returning war veterans and other enemies of enlightened society (eg: WASPs, fat-cats, etc), equally without justification. See FALL GUY, SCAPEGOAT, BANJO COUNTRY, BRUTE, SHAVED MONKEY, WHITE TRASH, CONSERVATIVE, ANTI-FEDERALIST, THIRD ESTATE, KNUCKLE-DRAGGER, GRUNT, SNUFFY, ATLAS, VIGILANTE, REGULATOR, VIGILANCE COMMITTEE, PROVOST COURT, MARTIAL LAW. [nb: when exercised by so-called ensemble Liberals, such bigoted discrimination is not considered "ignorant" because Leftists always believe themselves to be the smartest people in any group, hence the BUBBA EFFECT label is only applied to lowbrow rednecks and others of that mediocre ilk] Also, this phrase has been used to describe the (mis-)behavior of servicemembers who would ignore their commanders and disobey their lawful orders when directed to disarm fellow Americans or quell the disorderly assembly of citizens ... which allegation is either hopeful ("wishful thinking") or misguided ("undisciplined disloyalty"), with negative implications for the character of dutiful MIL-PERS ... this conventional slur of the second-class citizenship of servicemembers holds greater repercussions for the speculators than for the MIL-PERS themselves! BUBBLE : an area protected against surveillance, or a shielded or masked environment, as used for classified briefings; a safe and secure room, the sanctum or sanctum sanctorum, that's sometimes called the TANK or "sensitive information compartment". Compare SUB-ROSA, ISOFAC, SCIF, FISHBOWL, SAFE ROOM, SAFE HOUSE, DUNGEON [v: oubliette]. Also, referent for the individual isolation that enables total concentration and complete indifference to externals, as a warrior's focus; sometimes called 'the zone'; see COLD ZERO, HEAD IN THE GAME, SPIDER SENSE, COLD-BLOOD, DISSOCIATION, OBJECTIFICATION, TELESCOPING, ZOMBIE, STRESSOR, STRESS OF SOUL. Also, slang for a bulge or dome on the fuselage of an airplane or missile that's used for mounting cameras, antennas, weather sensors, or other special items; see BLISTER, TURRET, SPONSON. [v: 'doghouse' is rocketry slang for a bulge on the surface of a rocket or missile used for housing scientific instruments] BUBBLEGUM MACHINE : slang for the revolving light atop a police cruiser, as seen at traffic stops and crime scenes, which was so-called for its resemblance to the old arcade lures for children's penny candy; also known as "gumball machine" or "cherry top", these alert or pursuit lights were later replaced by flashing stroboscopic lights called WIGWAG. See BLINKER. [nb: first specially equipped police car (1922)] [nb: "I promise you a police car on every sidewalk." by Marion Barry, Washington D.C. mayor] BUBBLEHEAD : slang for a submariner, from the necessary preoccupation with the BOAT's trim gauge; may be spelled "bubble-head", and also known as BOOMER, DOLPHIN, DIPPER. Compare SKIMMER, AIRDALE, SHELLBACK; see GUPPY, SUBMARINE. [nb: to "lose the bubble" is to be disoriented, or so far out of control that the SUBMARINE is in jeopardy; see PITCH, YAW, ROLL, ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT] BUBBLE-TOP : nickname of the Bell OH-13 SIOUX observation helicopter, a SCOUTSHIP that's starkly configured; also called "bubble". BUBONIC PLAGUE : a serious disease, caused by the bacterial toxin yersinia pestis, that's transmitted by fleas from infected rodents, which is characterized by high fever, weakness, the formation of buboes (especially in the groin and armpits), and is sometimes fatal; see GERM WARFARE, CBR, VECTOR, GENOCIDE, FOUR HORSEMEN, APOCALYPSE. BUCK : buck SGT the lowest RANK within a military designation, as "buck private" or "buck sergeant"; see SLICK SLEEVE, GRADE, RATING, NCO. Also, to risk, oppose, resist, or counter, as to "buck the odds" or "buck the system". Also, to strive or compete, as to "buck for promotion". Also, to force through or proceed against, as by striking or butting. Also, to advance, forward, or pass, as to "buck it along" or to "buck it up the line"; see BUCK SLIP. Also, a ball or pellet of buckshot; see SHOT, DUST SHOT, CANISTER, CASE SHOT, SHOTGUN. Also, a marker or designator that indicates authority or responsibility, as to "pass the buck" or the "buck stops here"; derived from either the buckshot slug or buckhorn knife used to designate the dealer in a game of cards. Also, completely, starkly, boldly, being undisguised, as "buck naked". Also, a dollar, or money, as derived from "buckskin"; see BIGGER BANG FOR THE BUCK, LEGAL TENDER, MPC, SLUSH FUND, CANDY, SOUVENIR, CUMSHAW, WAD. Also, a mixed drink of base liquor (eg: gin, vodka, rum, brandy, scotch or bourbon whiskey) that's blended with either ginger ale or ginger beer and a citrus juice, which may be variously garnished; also called MULE; see BREW, HOOCH, GROG, JUICE, MOONSHINE, THE DRINK, HOIST, GUSTO. Also, to make or to become high-spirited or buoyant, to "buck-up" or be "bucked-up", as if uplifted; compare MAN-UP. Also, a vital or robust person, being one who acts in a spirited or impetuous manner, which exuberant behavior also designates a virile person of demonstrated sexual prowess [v: buckra/bucker]. Also, to engage in lively or vigorous sexual relations, as "to buck the tiger"; see KISS THE MISTRESS, FUCK. [nb: in its 'marker' sense, the BUCK was sometimes a coin or token that was passed during a game; however, according to Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the buck in the U.S. Navy is a small dining table marker that indicates to the steward which officer is to be served first, a designation that rotates daily, so when it remains at one place ("the buck stops here"), that officer is always served first] [nb: some etymologists attribute the phrase "buck the tiger" to faro gambling, but can not explain its usage, however the same phrase is widely associated with lusty gratification, and needs no explanation; v: "They won't drink, they won't buck the tiger, they won't even fight." Roads of Destiny; "Nothing stronger than bouillon, not a chance to buck the tiger even for one moment...." Hagar's Daughter] BUCKLE BOOTS : buckle boot slang for the rugged rough-out brown leather boots that were introduced in WWII to replace the WWI-era PUTTEE wrapped BOONDOCKERS; also called "two-buckle boots". These buckle boots were also issued in winter white with lining for use by WWII mountain troops. A heavy rubber and canvas duck version was under development as JUNGLE BOOTS when the war ended, but was never issued. See BROWN SHOE / BOOT, COMBAT BOOTS, FOOTWEAR. BUCKRA / BUCKER : see WHITE TRASH. BUCKSHOT : a large sized ball or pellet used in hunting larger game birds and animals; also called BUCK. See SHOT, DUST SHOT, CANISTER, CASE SHOT, SHOTGUN. BUCK SLIP : slang for the memorandum or message slip, yellow in color, with appropriate fill-in blocks and action boxes, sized about 4" square, that was attached to any forwarded paperwork or used for recording TELEPHONE notes passed to superiors. Typically, the BUCK SLIP was used to direct an item to its proper recipient or to the responsible authority; often expressed as "buck it along" or "buck it up the line", as derived from the BUCK marker or designator indicating authority. It is a MILICRAT axiom that "any problem shuffled off to another desk is a problem solved"! The onus of command is that when the BUCK or BUCK SLIP is passed, like passing a hot potato, the BUCK always stops with the COMMANDER. See RED TAPE, PAPER BULLET, SNOWFLAKE, POCKET BRAINS, WHEEL BOOK, WHITE PAPER, FINDING, REPORT, TELECON. [cf: bout de papier, aide-memoire] BUDDHAHEAD : slang reference to any ethnic-Asian, especially someone serving in Allied forces; by analogy with Buddhahood. During WWII, the 100th BN and 442nd RCT, both of which were principally comprised of Nisei and Kibei, were self-described BUDDHAHEADS, but members also bantered between the units by calling each other "Ko-tonk" (knock head, from the sound of a melon striking the floor) and "buta-head" (pidgin for pig head). Because "buta-head" sounds like BUDDHAHEAD, it was clever mockery; compare COWBOY. See LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, BASKET HEAD, INDIG, JOSS STICK, KOWTOW, NHA THO, DESEGREGATION; compare LITTLE PEOPLE, YELLOW PERIL, YELLOW DOG, DINK, GOOK, SLOPE, RICE BALL, ZIP, SLANT-EYE. BUDDHIST CALENDAR : see BUDDY SYSTEM. BUDDY SYSTEM : the companion placement of South Vietnamese units in partnership with American combat units for training (OJT) and operational experience; see DOUBLE FORCE, STRIKER, KATUSA, OMLT. Also, assignment of replacements (eg: CHERRY, FNG, NEWBEE) to sponsorship or mentoring by more experienced personnel within the same unit to ensure transition and improve survivability. Also, recruiting option for friends or relatives who want the same assignments; this program was known as "Buddy Plan" among Navy and Marine MIL-PERS; see COMRADE, SHIPMATE, MESSMATE, ASSHOLE BUDDY, BAND OF BROTHERS, TRADE ENVELOPES, GOTCHA, TOTAL FORCE. [nb: as with "swim buddy" and "Ranger buddy", the military BUDDY SYSTEM is not a codependency relationship, but a dyadic mutuality of cooperation, such that a pair does not redouble but reinforces; cf: Damon and Pythias (Phintias), Pylades and Orestes, David and Jonathan] [v: geminate] [nb: US Navy UDT/SEAL "swim buddy" adage: "two is one, one is none"] [nb: early combat losses in VN compelled USMC FORCE RECON to alter their "broken contact" doctrine inherited from RAIDER practice: instead of individual and separate dispersion after enemy action, the team will remain connected and act concertedly, whether in defense or evasion, adopting the "Ranger buddy" protocol] [ety: the term 'cahoot', meaning a nefarious conspiracy ("in cahoots with"), derives from cabin or hut, as in shared partnership, in the same way that 'comrade' ("kamara") is related to being billeted together; its connotation of illegality is secondary to its denotation of partner or associate, union or league] BUD LIGHT : double-entendre slang for the "buddy light" developed during the GULF WAR by DARPA to help identify allies, and to hopefully reduce the incidence of FRIENDLY FIRE casualties. The BUD LIGHT, a small shrouded beacon visible for over 8km to only thermal and night vision devices, was supposed to be mounted on the back of the HEADGEAR, facing comrades following from the rear, but most soldiers feared their position would be revealed whenever they turned their head, since the enemy also had NVGs, so almost everyone kept these beams turned off. See CAT'S-EYES, GLINT TAPE, LIGHT STICK, FLASHLIGHT, AIS, BLINKER, LOCATOR BEACON. [v: cresset] BUDS : Basic Underwater Demolition School; see TADPOLE, FROGMAN, UDT, PUP, HELL WEEK, SEAL, NSWG, BUDWEISER. BUD/S : Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training; being the initial phase of instruction and indoctrination for SEAL qualification. See TADPOLE, FROGMAN, UDT, PUP, HELL WEEK, SEAL, NSWG, BUDWEISER. BUDWEISER : Vietnam-era trident Navy SEAL trident nickname for the "Trident" SEAL qualification badge, formally called the Special Warfare Badge, which was adopted in 1971; as derived from reference to both the basic school, and to design similarity with the "Budweiser" beer logo. The Basic Underwater Demolition School (BUDS) is the preliminary training for SEAL specializations; so the name is a play on words: 'BUDS' &plus; 'wiser'. The TRIDENT incorporates the original UDT badge as its central motif; both badges were initially partitioned silver for EM/NCO and gold for OFFICER, but later combined into a single gold badge for all ranks. See SEAL, HELL WEEK, UDT, NSWG, SCUBA, DIVER, BLOODING. [nb: 'Budweis' is the German name for a Czech (Bohemia and Moravia) town] BUF / BUFF : mnemonic for Big Ugly Fucker, or Big Ugly Fat Fucker (especially B-52 D model), being the STRATOFORTRESS heavy strategic bomber; also called Big Ugly Fellow / Big Ugly Fat Fellow, ALUMINUM OVERCAST, Aluminum Eclipse, and Monkey-Killer. Also used to refer to several other "ugly" aircraft, such as SKYRAIDER and HORNET, WARTHOG and SUPER HORNET, AARDVARK and PBM, which are beloved by their crews! ... as well as the GROUND POUNDERs they support! The common approbation of 'beauty' is sleek and streamlined, but FAST MOVERS are notoriously ill-suited for close air support (CAS) of ground troops engaged with the enemy, so efficient and effective becomes much more "beautiful" to real people on the real line in real situations. Compare DUFF, see BIRD. Also, a well-informed student of some subject or activity, such as an amateur or hobbyist, devotee or enthusiast, aficionado or fan, admirer or reenactor/re-enactor; see MOCK-COMBAT, WAR GAMES, REENACTMENT / RE-ENACTMENT. Also, a common synonym for 'hunky' or 'ripped', which is purportedly descriptive of the well-built physique of a "muscle man" ... being another juvenile misapprehension, since "it ain't what ya got but how ya use it!" BUFFALO : a specialized 23-ton route-clearing vehicle (a heavily modified Peterbuilt Mac-10 truck) that has protective armor to resist shrapnel and small arms fire, using a push-ahead roller to detonate roadside bombs or landmines. It utilizes a capsule design that was imported from South Africa in 1998 to protect passengers and key vehicle components from explosive damage. Compare COUGAR; see MRAP, TRUCK. Also, the Brewster F2A Navy fighter employed during WWI. BUFFALO SOLDIER : 10th Cav Rgt (forthcoming); designating members of the 9th and 10th Cavalry or 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments formed after the American CIVIL WAR from manumitted slaves and veterans of U.S. Colored Troops (USCT); 92nd "Buffalo" Infantry Division formed from elements of Harlem's "15th Heavy Foot" for WWI, also called "men of bronze" of the "Black Watch" and the "Dixie poilu"; see BLACK. [nb: the U.S. Army standardized the names of "colored units" under the rubric of United States Colored Troops (USCT) in 1864, following their authorization by the Congressional confiscation and militia acts of July 1862, and Lincoln's emancipation proclamation of January 1863] [nb: John Joseph Pershing obtained his nickname "Blackjack" from his preference for command of BUFFALO SOLDIERs; while George Armstrong Custer refused such assignments, believing them to be detrimental to his reputation and harmful to his career] [cf: 1944-5 Jewish Brigade of the WWII British Army] BUFFER STATE : a nation situated between larger and potentially hostile nations; compare CLIENT STATE, SATELLITE, GARRISON STATE, PUPPET, GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY, CONTAINMENT, REALPOLITIK, FLAG OF PROTECTION, INTERVENTIONISM, ISOLATIONISM. BUFFER ZONE : a neutral area between two hostile nations that's intended to prevent inadvertent acts of aggression; often stipulated as a margin of safety that's beyond delivery error or impact area. Also, by extension, any area that serves to mitigate or neutralize potential conflict; see DEMILITARIZE, DMZ, NO MAN'S LAND, DEADLINE, McNAMARA'S WALL, OVER THE FENCE, HOT PURSUIT. BUG : any defect or error in a techno-mechanical system, affecting opperation or utility, also called "crock"; the fault-checking of which is usually called "debug", and a repair is usually called a "patch", "kludge", "botch", or "bug-fix". A minor problem or power surge is called a "glitch". Term ostensibly derives from the discovery of an insect inside an early computer causing it to malfunction, but actually originating with insects interfering with electrical contacts at telegraphic stations, as noted by Thomas A. Edison; see GREMLIN, FIFINELLA, SNIVITZ, SNARK, TWX, MUSIC, NOISE, GRIPE SHEET, MURPHY's LAW; compare DISGRONIFICATOR, SNIPE HUNT. Also, slang for any annoyance or frustration. Also, a small or concealable listening device, as used by SECRET AGENTs in covert or clandestine TRADECRAFT; also called "glass", after the practice of eavesdropping by placing the bell of a glass against a wall and the base against the listener's ear [cf: SUB-ROSA]; see EARS. Also, any insect or insect-like invertebrate, especially one that's vexatious or pestiferous; see COOTIE, FLEA, GRAYBACK, CRAB, CHIGGER / CHIGOE / JIGGER, FLY, BEDBUG, TICK, ASSASSIN BUG, DOODLEBUG. Also, any microorganism, especially a virus (eg: intestinal bug). BUGBEAR : (forthcoming); aka: "bugaboo"; see STUMBLING BLOCK, HOODOO, BOGY. BUG JUICE : insect repellent [v: insecticide, hirudicide, sanguivoricide]; see WD-40, MALARIA, HORSE PILL, DAPSONE. The removal of leeches (averaging 3"-5") by cigarette burn works well, but regular insect repellent is wonderful, since it strangles their breathing, makes them vomit all the blood they sucked, and then suffocates them! ... it's a very gratifying form of field entertainment for GRUNTS. The manner of carry of the plastic dispensers of insect repellent as portrayed in books or movies is a reliable TELLTALE for detecting phonies. Also, any sweet flavored drink, such as "Kool-Aid", usually too diluted and the flavor unconnected with its color; probably derives from the dead bugs ("They didn't drink much!") floating in every vat; see GI JOE, JUICE, ERGO, THE DRINK, NUOC, CANTEEN, WATER PURIFICATION TABLET. [nb: a non-concentrate called "Fruit Smack" was marketed by Kool-Ade, the precursor of Kool-Aid, in 1927; '-ade' is a suffix meaning fruit drink (eg: lemonade)] Also, slang from the KOREAN WAR for propeller deicing fluid. BUGLE CALL : traditional military signals sounded by a bugler or trumpeter on a brass wind-instrument, similar to a trumpet or cornet but without keys or valves. Compare BOATSWAIN'S PIPE, CLARION, TOCSIN, HORN; see RUFFLES 'n' FLOURISHES, REVEILLE, OFFICER'S CALL, BOOTS AND SADDLES, RETREAT, TATTOO, LIGHTS OUT, TAPS, SCOTT TATTOO, MEMORIAL DAY, FACE THE MUSIC, BULLETIN, HEADS-UP, POOP, DOPE, FYI, FOLLOW THE DRUM, CHARGE, CHANGING TUNE, BEATERS 'n' BLEATERS, TOOTER. [cf: warison; v: clarion call] BUG-OUT : a hasty RETREAT from combat, especially in the absence or in defiance of orders; being a slang term coined from the ROUT of US and ROK forces in Korea during the initial NKPA invasion throughout the summer of 1950; also spelled "bugout", as derived from "leave" or "depart"; also expressed as "bugout boogie"; compare DUGOUT. Also, slang for the person who absents himself from his duties or obligations. See CUT AND RUN, SPLIT, BEAT FEET, CHANGING TUNE, DECAMP, HAUL-ASS, RETROGRADE. [nb: "Bug-out Blues" by 24th Infantry Regiment (July 1950): When the commie mortars start to chug, / The ol' Deuce Four begin to bug, / When you hear the pitter-patter of little feet, / It's the ol' Deuce Four in full retreat!] [nb: In the midst of the Battle of Bataan, on 11 March 1942, President Roosevelt required that General Douglas MacArthur be spirited out of the Philippines by PT boat and airplane. This flight from the battlefield was characterized as a "relocation of headquarters" to a more secure venue; and included Manual Quezon, the president of the Philippines, and selected allied staff, not omitting MacArthur's family with their Chinese amah and pet monkey ... but lacking space for other worthies, such as civilians and nurses, who were interned until rescued at the end of the war. The political mistakes that attempted to emend the military mistakes complicating operations in the Pacific Theater only exacerbated and compounded them. It has often been noted that MacArthur's "genius" was diminished by his arrogance and obstinence. Although MacArthur never obeyed an order he disagreed with, he expected others to faithfully obey him, attempting to take revenge (even after the war) on those he deemed disloyal or insubordinate, he obeyed this directive with which he disagreed from a commander-in-chief with whom he disagreed. The original allusion to "dug-out Doug" was a disdainful reference to him commanding from a protected underground location, a bunker or 'dug-out'. So although the alliteration characterizing this flight now seems affected, that's only because we, with the benefit of hindsight, have a comparison for a word (bug-out) that hadn't been invented at the time; therefore, the correct historical reference for this mandatory evacuation from the Philippines is "dug-out Doug", which was common at the time, despite being unsympathetic and disrespectful.] [nb: "A Filamerican force of 140,000 men had been defeated. More than seven million Filipinos had been enslaved by the invader [Imperial Japan]. The United States had failed in its political and moral commitment to defend the Philippines, and more than 20,000 American officers and enlisted men had been either killed or captured [when the war broke out]. It was the worst military defeat in the history of the US armed forces." by John Jacob Beck MacArthur and Wainwright: Sacrifice of the Philippines] [nb: just as sports cards and redemption coupons were included in select brands of cigarettes during the post-WWII era, a morale card featuring the motto "I shall return" and a picture of General Douglas MacArthur was enclosed in packs of "Lucky Strike" cigarettes during WWII as a reminder of his promise on behalf of America's commitment; George C. Marshall suggested that the phrase be depersonalized by stating "We shall return", but MacArthur summarily dismissed it] BUG-OUT KIT : slang for a small survival kit issued to aircrew and other MIL-PERS operating near enemy lines, that's designed to assist a downed or stranded individual during a three-day escape and evasion (E&E) back to allied territory. This kit, sized to fit in a compass pouch, contains high-energy food concentrate, condiments, aspirin/APC, antibiotics, adhesive bandages, and WATER PURIFICATION TABLETs. Restricted by its small size and limited purpose, this kit is not a complete survival kit, in that it does not contain alternative fire starters, signal mirror, snare line, fishing hooks, scalpel blades, metal or wood saw, SIGNAL PANEL, IDENTIFICATION PANEL, emergency RADIO, ENVIS scope, or BLOOD CHIT. See SERE; compare BLOW-OUT KIT, GO-BAG, KIT. BULKHEAD : a reinforced wall-like partition inside ships and aircraft that separates COMPARTMENTs, typically connected to a DECK and OVERHEAD, and often air- or water-tight; see HOLD, HATCH, GANGWAY, GASOLINE ALLEY, LADDERWELL, COMPANIONWAY. [v: cofferdam] BULKHEAD STARE : see THOUSAND-YARD STARE. BULLDOG : the USMC mascot; as derived from the Imperial German attribution of "hell hounds" or "devil dogs" [teufelhunden] for the Marines' prowess (ie: ferocity, courage, tenacity) in combat during the battle of Belleau Wood (1918) in WWI. See LEATHERNECK, SNUFFY, GI / GYRENE, MILITARY ORDER OF THE DEVIL DOGS. Also, caricature of a BULLDOG, called "Rocky the Marne Dog", which serves as the MASCOT of the 3rd Infantry Division; contributed during WWII (1942) by Walt Disney after departing that unit; compare BLACK DEVIL, MULE, GOAT, THE BIRD, MEAT MARKER, GODDAM. BULLET : a small projectile, variously shaped (from round nose and boattail to wadcutter and hollow-point), that's expelled from a cartridge through the gun barrel when a firearm is discharged; also called pellet, ball, pill, slug, or shot. See BUCK, AMMO, CALIBER, CARTRIDGE, HARDBALL, DUMDUM, SABOT, KEYHOLE, YAW, DUMMY, SRTA, DODGE THE BULLET, MISFIRE, BULLETPROOF. [nb: RIFLEd guns are denoted "inch" (eg: 3" Field Gun called "three incher"), which is the diameter of the projectile, while SMOOTHBORE cannons are denoted "pound" (eg: 12# Mountain HOWITZER called "twelve pounder"), which is the weight of the projectile] [nb: although "gauge" is actually a measure of weight (not size), representing the bore diameter sized to equal the number of lead balls of that diameter to weigh one pound avoirdupois (12ga converts to .69cal), but the so-called ".410ga" SMOOTHBORE barrel is actually a caliber] [nb: during WWII, the Imperial Japanese used wooden bullets for marksmanship training and practice SMALL ARMS shooting, but a shortage of metals necessitated their wider issue to field forces, which caused more severe wounds and increased infection; by the end of WWII, Nazi Germany was also issuing wooden bullets] [v: Firearms Glossary ] [nb: "Projectile: the final arbiter in international disputes. Formerly these disputes were settled by physical contact of the disputants, with such simple arguments as the rudimentary logic of the times could supply -- the sword, the spear, and so forth. With the growth of prudence in military affairs, the projectile came more and more into favor, and is now held in high esteem by the most courageous. Its capital defect is that it requires personal attendance at the point of propulsion." by Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce; "Every bullet has its billet." aphorism] BULLET HEAD / BULLETHEAD : an artillerist or ARTILLERYMAN (qv). [nb: Vietnamese term: Phao Thu (cannoneer)] BULLETIN : official publication, as a Daily Bulletin (DB) or subscription bulletin; see JOURNAL. Also, the posting or announcement of factual or official information; see FYI, HEADS-UP, POOP, DOPE, GOUGE, THE WORD, WRITING ON THE WALL, SKINNY, GREEN GREASE, HOT-SHIT, BOATSWAIN'S PIPE, BUGLE CALL, TANNOY, SCUTTLEBUTT, RUMOR. BULLETPROOF / BULLET-PROOF : an informal concept stemming from the antebellum period as anything that is safe from failure, being without shortcomings or errors, and beyond criticism; that which is invulnerable or invincible. Also, according to its impact rating, that capability or characteristic that repels or deflects, resists or absorbs the strike of one or more bullets when referring to shielding or glass, vehicles or clothing; see HARDEN, CHICKEN PLATE, VULCANIZE; compare FLAK JACKET, FLAK VEST, HAPPY SUIT. [nb: a preliminary treatment of polycarbonate (eg: Lexan) windows with acetone / dimethylketone will sufficiently compromise its inherent structure so that it will shatter under impact] Also, actual or imagined resistance, immunity, invulnerability, or invincibility, being either an ignorant or foolish response to danger, its threat or prospect, usually at the expense of innocent lives; see FAIRY DUST, DODGE THE BULLET, GOLDEN BB, MAGIC BULLET, ACHILLES HEEL, CHINK, SILVER BULLET. BULLPUP : early pilot guided bomb under visual control by radio steerage. Also, in-line configuration of barrel, receiver, and buffer in LONG ARMS so as to shorten the firearm's overall length without shortening the barrel length, with consequent high accuracy but also increased vulnerability to head wounds from exposure while using higher profile sights. BULL'S-EYE : the center of a target, representing the highest score for best accuracy; see POINT OF IMPACT, AIMPOINT, TEE, SIGHT PICTURE, ZERO, BORESIGHT, SHARPSHOOTER, DEADEYE, SNIPER'S TRIANGLE, KISS THE MISTRESS, KNOCK THEIR SPOTS OFF, MONEY SHOT, POINT-BLANK, DEFLECTION, BOLO, MAGGIE'S DRAWERS, TARGET. Also, to hit exactly on target in a bombing raid or missile strike. Also, any statement or act that is precisely to the point, or directly achieves the desired result. [v: Aunt Sally, Jack-a-Lent, cockshy, clay pigeon, sitting duck, mark, gull, dupe, pigeon, prey, quintain, wand, hit list] Also, a small circular opening or window set into a roof, ship's DECK or OVERHEAD, used to admit light; compare DEADLIGHT, PORTHOLE. Also, a Reference Point (RP), especially in NavSpeak, but spelled without the hyphen or the possessive apostrophe: "bulls eye"; a designated point from which the range and bearing information to an objective can be openly transmitted ("in the clear") in regular unencrypted communication without revealing anyone's position or the target location. BULLS EYE : a Reference Point (RP), especially in NavSpeak; a designated point from which the range and bearing information to an objective can be openly transmitted ("in the clear") in regular unencrypted communication without revealing anyone's position or the target location. BULLSHIT / HORSESHIT : see BRAVO SIERRA, SHIT. BULLSHIT BOMB : an AIRDROPped container that releases its PAYLOAD of PSYOP leaflets at an altitude predetermined for best distribution over an area, given its particular weather and terrain features. See INTEL, ICAP, PARTY LINE, TRUE BELIEVER, RUMOR, PROPAGANDA, WHITE PROPAGANDA, NO-DOZE. [nb: the Chinese are known to have used kites from at least AD1232 for airborne leaflet drops over enemy positions] BULLSHITVIK : military (mis-)pronunciation of "bolshevik", which is often indiscriminately extended from communists (eg: IVAN) to all kinds of political radicals and rabble-rousers (eg: PROTESTOR, BLACK BLOC). See SYMPATHIZER, PINKO, PROVOCATEUR, RED, BAD GUYS. [v: grievance culture, populism, dual consciousness, relative deprivation theory, J-curve theory, frustration-aggression theory, obstructive dissociative disorder, value-added schema, hooliganism (including lunatic fringe or fanatical riffraff) and other collective aberrant behaviours; cf: scapegoat Atonement] BULLY SOUP : slang for a gruel concocted from crumbled HARDTACK, water, and medicinal whiskey or wine, as given to weak patients in FIELD HOSPITALs from the Mexican War through WWII. Formally known as 'panada' and called "ginger panada" when ginger and cornmeal were added, the name means "boiled soak". Its invention is credited to Eliza Harris of the CIVIL WAR Sanitary Commission, but Mary Anne "Mother" Bickerdyke, a volunteer Union nurse, was also noted for dispensing it in the underequipped facilities of that time. See SOUP, WASH, IRON RATIONS, SOLDIER'S BREAKFAST, CHOW, BEANS, RATIONS; compare STONE SOUP, DUCK SOUP. BULWARK : a defensive wall of earth or other materials, as a rampart; see BUTT, BERM, STAND-OFF, REVETMENT, DEFILADE, BLAST WALL. [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] Also, a protective wall enclosing the perimeter of a DECK, especially the main or weather deck; usually expressed as "bulwarks"; compare PULPIT, TAFFRAIL, LIFELINE, SNAKING, TOE RAIL, KNEE-KNOCKER, GANGWAY. Also, any person or thing giving strong support or encouragement in time of need, danger, or doubt. BUMBLE BOMB : see DOODLEBUG. BUM BOAT / BUMBOAT : in NavSpeak, an unofficial supply boat, such as one hired locally for deliveries, but often one that purveys curios and souvenirs. BUMFUCK : a fictitious place that represents the proverbial nightmare posting to a dead-end assignment, especially one perceived as punishment for overly ambitious "ladder monkeys" by other jealous MILICRATs; name derives from the humiliation of sodomy. See SOL, BOHICA, MAGICAL MYSTERY TOUR, GARDEN SPOT, BACKWASH, BANJO COUNTRY, HARDSHIP TOUR, DUTY, BILLET, BERTH, POST, ON STATION, WATCH, MOS, OJT, SHEEP-DIPPED, TDY / TAD, PDS, PCS. [aka: podunk, jerkwater, hicksville, nowheresville, boringburg, splitsville, sunset town, one-horse town, shithole, back-of-beyond, middle-of-nowhere, faraway, nowhither, lost-in-the-woods, north remote, east stranded, one-eyed town, ass-end of nowhere, nastyland, badland, dead-letter office, elephant's boneyard, elephant's graveyard, BOONDOCKS; v: wop-wops, Woop Woop, Waikikamukau, Eketahuna, beyond the Black Stump, back of Bourke, boohai, outback] BUMMER : slang for any unfortunate event, bad experience, or negative attitude, especially the unpleasant aftereffects of narcotic, psychotropic, or hallucinogenic drugs; see COLORS, STONED, DOPE. Also, someone who makes a full-time job of a part-time position in the National Guard (NG) or Reserve (RESERVE COMPONENT); a person "bumming" an assignment in the military; see WEEKEND WARRIOR, READY RESERVE. Also, slang for any member of a raiding or marauding band, whether a regular or partisan militia, who commits mayhem or other depredations upon an unprotected or disarmed populace, whether sanctioned or not; an outlaw or vigilante who usurps or disdains proper authority. Derived from "taking a stroll, to dawdle or loiter"; not from "bumbler", despite their similarity. [nb: this derogatory term was applied to Union troops on punitive expeditions during and after the American CIVIL WAR, but the same scurrilous misconduct after the American Revolution was attributed to rapscallion "skinner" bands; compare CARPETBAGGERS] BUMMER BIRD : any aircraft that transported MIL-PERS for arrival in Vietnam, leaving America for a tour of duty IN COUNTRY, especially commercial flights contracted [v: ATS] for this service; compare FREEDOM BIRD, see INDIAN COUNTRY, DOWN RANGE. BUMMING : someone making a full-time job of a part-time position in the National Guard (NG) or Reserve (RESERVE COMPONENT); a "bummer" exaggerating an assignment in the military; see WEEKEND WARRIOR, READY RESERVE. BUND : in Asia, an earthen dike built to restrain the movement of water, as along a river; a levee or embankment. Also, a street or road, often a main thoroughfare, atop such a construction; an embanked quay that often provides a promenade. [nb: a 'boulevard' is a broad avenue (with landscaped areas at its sides or center) that's built on the site of a razed rampart] Also, informal designation of a foreign COMPOUND or CANTONMENT, especially a district or zone of EXTRATERRITORIALITY. Also, an association or society, league or alliance, such as the German-American Volksbund. BUNGEE / BUNGIE / BUNGY : see SHOCK CORD. BUNK : a single bed, often connected one above another (ie: bunk bed), especially a platform built into a compartment, as assigned to a member of the military; see RACK, BERTH, STATEROOM, SACK, HAMMOCK, BIVY, FART SACK, FLEABAG, SHAKEDOWN, RUBBER LADY, DUTCH WIFE, SLOP, HOT BUNKING, HOSPITAL CORNER, BILLET. Also, humbug or claptrap, balderdash or bombast, malarkey or nonsense, as by shortening of 'bunkum'; see TALK TRASH, CONFETTI, SNOW, BLOW SMOKE, FROSTING, RED TAPE, SHOOT THE SHIT, TALK THE TALK, VERNACULAR. BUNKER : any partly buried and roofed defensive fortification with apertures or loopholes (EMBRASUREs), used as a reinforced fighting pit or a BOMB SHELTER; a larger version used for observation and directing gunfire is called a BLOCKHOUSE, and a more compact version used to fortify a CHOKE POINT or GUARD station is called a PILLBOX. See CONCEALMENT, COVER, REVETMENT, DEFILADE, REDOUBT, CASEMATE, TOMB, BLACK HOLE, VESTIBULE, FOXHOLE, SPIDER HOLE, HASTY TRENCH, STRONGPOINT, BRIDGEHEAD, BOMB-PROOF. [nb: Vietnamese term: Phao Dai] [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] Also, in NavSpeak, to fuel or refuel a vessel during provisioning; see NSFO. Also, in NavSpeak, to convey goods or transfer cargo from a vessel to dockside storage (wherein a "bunker" is a 'bin' or 'receptacle'). BUNKER BUSTER : slang for the class of delayed action, heavy duty, laser-guided conventional bombs that bury themselves deeply within a hardened target before detonating after its programmed interval, especially the laser-guided 5000# GBU-37 penetrating conventional munition; also nicknamed "deep throat". See GBU, EOGB, EGBU, PAVEWAY, VB, JDAM, SMART BOMB. BUNKER MENTALITY : (forthcoming); [cf: shortsighted, narrow-minded] BUNNY BOOTS : slang for the military-style mukluk that was developed during WWII for MOUNTAINEERs in winter operations, as so-called by members of the 10th Mountain Division. Being a knee-high, soft-soled, moccasin-like, fur- or pile-lined boot for wear in deep snow, or with SNOWSHOEs and cross-country (Nordic) skis; BUNNY BOOTS were developed to overcome the limitations of the then-standard issue "shoepacs" as winter boots ... 'shoepacs' (or "shoepacks"), often called "pacs", were heavy waterproofed boots imitative of "double insole" moccasins originating with the Delaware Indians. Compare MICKEY MOUSE BOOTS, see FOOTWEAR. [cf: mukluk, a high soft boot of sealskin or deerhide, usually double-soled and fur-lined, originally worn by Eskimos; also spelled "mucluc" or "muckluck", as derived from 'bearded seal' ("maklak"), misapplied to sealskin boots] BUNNY SUIT : any protective coverall garment with cap, gloves, and foot coverings, as developed for anti-contamination in medical or scientific, manufacturing or combat environments, that may also include an anti-dehydration nourishment supply and a self-contained breathing or re-breathing system; so-called due to its resemblance to the children's coverall costume. See MOPP, BLUE SUIT, MOON SUIT, JSLIST, CPOG, H-GEAR, GAS MASK, HAZMAT, CBR, NEST. [cf: remote mechanical agents or servo-manipulation systems for use in sterile, hazardous, or contaminated environments began during WWII with the handling of radioactive materials; initially in the form of insulated gripper arms named "Waldo" (being a cognate of 'rule' or 'command', after the 1942 novel by Robert A. Heinlein), later known as the "Waldo F. Jones Synchronous Reduplicating Pantograph", and now as a telefactoring device, useful in bomb disposal and extraterrestrial maintenance] BUOY : an anchored float used as a marker or as a mooring, as derived from "boye a float", beacon [v: cresset]; see DOLPHIN, RUBBER DUCK, LAGAN, BOLLARD. Also, any of various buoyant devices for supporting a person in the water, as a "life buoy" or "life preserver"; see BREECHES BUOY. BUPERS : U.S. Navy BUreau of PERSonnel; see NPRC. BURBLE : wind disturbance or turbulence at the end of a FLATTOP's RUNWAY due to movement of the aircraft carrier, which makes TAILHOOK landings more difficult than field landings. See PADDLES. BUREAUCRAT : see EMPTY SUIT, DRONE, HOLLOW BUNNY, PIG LOOKING AT A WRISTWATCH, WONK, BEAN-COUNTER, CARPETBAGGERS, MANDARIN, POOH BAH, EUNUCH, MILICRAT, DOUBLE-DIP, CIVIL SERVICE. BURGEE : a small nautical signal flag or identification pennant. See STREAMER, GUIDON, WIGWAG. [v: pencel / pennoncel / pensil] [v: Alphabet Codes & Signal Flags ] BURIAL AT SEA : see DAVY JONES'S LOCKER. BURMA ROAD : a handmade roadway from Lashio Burma through Kunming (Yunnan) to Chungking (Chongqing) in southwestern China, including the curvaceous (and therefore hazardous) 24 TURNS in southwestern China; constructed from 1937, this 717mi road became an extension of the LEDO ROAD from Assam India in 1945. Supplies would be landed from British ships at Rangoon (meaning "end of strife"; now renamed Yangon, Myanmar) and were then moved by rail to the beginning of the Burma Road at Lashio. BURN BABY BURN / BURN, BABY, BURN : a catch-phrase that signaled the end of the era of non-violent protest by Afro-Americans who were impatient with the persistence of poverty, injustice, and other forms of discrimination in American society. The race riot in Watts, a largely black section of Los Angeles, that was precipitated by a routine traffic stop on 11 August 1965 led to generalized rampage and vandalism against whites, including the looting and burning of businesses, which inhibited fire and ambulance response for five more days. It took the National Guard (15,000 members from elements of 160th Infantry, 18th Armored Cavalry, and 40th Armor) supporting the police (1500 LAPD and CHP) to quell the sector's quarter million residents; 4000 arrests were made from a mob ranging from 30-90,000 strong, with 34 deaths and 1032 injured, and 977 buildings damaged or destroyed. Although MARTIAL LAW had been invoked, when the Watts riot had mostly ended by 15 August, the CURFEW was lifted on 17 August; however, this breach of the peace inspired further disturbance in other urban ghettoes across the country. This catch-phrase, a rallying cry ("Burn, baby, burn!") broadcast by Magnificent Montague of KGFJ radio, was generally uttered as approbation of especially "hot tunes", but during the Watts riot, it was shouted as an anthem in memory of Malcolm X (Little), who had been assassinated earlier that year (Feb 1965) in a Black Muslim coup. See DAYS OF RAGE, AMERIKA, BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY, PROVOCATEUR, SYMPATHIZER, PROTESTOR, WE SHALL OVERCOME. BURN BAG : the secure container that's used to collect and remove classified documents and other sensitive materials that are scheduled for destruction, usually on a daily basis. Compare FILE 13, GI CAN, DUSTBIN, BUTT CAN; see DEMILITARIZE, CLASSIFIED. BURNER : that part of a mechanical device or fixture from which controlled flame issues, or by which regulated heat is produced, as one fueled by electricity, oil, gas, or any other combustible matter, as used for cooking or heating, welding or torch cutting, propulsion or the like. Also, slang for any apparatus or receptacle (eg: furnace, boiler, crucible, etc) in which fuel or the like is burned. Also, slang for a rocket stage. Also, slang for a component of a jet engine system wherein fuel is introduced (atomizer or vaporizer) into the combustion chamber in a state so as to burn efficiently; see AFTERBURNER, BLOWER, JET PROPULSION. Also, slang for an optical disc drive that copies data to a write-once medium (eg: CD-R or DVD-R; not CD-RW and DVD-RW/+RW). Also, slang for a pre-paid cellphone (CELLULAR TELEPHONE), acquired so as to obtain relative privacy and/or anonymity by non-registration or non-subscription; see ELECTRONIC PACIFIER, MEACONING, PORTABLE BRAINS, TELEPHONE. BURNING WORM : 196 Inf Bde slang reference to a SLOW MATCH, the symbol of the 196th Light Infantry Brigade, Americal Division, which is a slow-burning igniter that's lit at both ends to signify readiness. The SLOW MATCH, being a cord impregnated with saltpeter (potassium nitrate), was invented as a flamethrower FUSE in AD 919 by the Chinese; also called "fusee/fuzee", compare PUNK, SPUNK, and "touchwood". The word "spunk", meaning spark or sparkling, has also referred to PUNK and to "mettle", with the implication that readiness becomes courage. Formed in 1965, the BURNING WORM (or "Flaming Noodle") was dispatched to Vietnam in August 1966, where it operated independently until, integrated into TASK FORCE OREGON, it formed part of the AMERICAL division, but was later returned to independent activity after the 23rd Infantry Division was disbanded in November 1971. The 196th Light Infantry Brigade (LIB) was withdrawn in June 1972 ... the last U.S. combat brigade to depart Vietnam. See LIGHT, PATCH, ZIPPO, LIGHTER, WAD. [cf: quick match] BURP GUN : PPSh 1941 SMG as a result of the Soviet Union's experience in the Russo-Finnish War (aka: "Winter War"), they adopted a series of submachineguns (SMG) that, although imitative (eg: Tokarev 1926, PPD 1934 / PPD 1940, Schmeisser MP-38 / MP-40), proved to be too expensive and technical to fulfill their needs until the simple and robust PPSh 1941, designed by Georgi S. Shpagin. Made of stamped-metal parts, it included a crude MUZZLE-BRAKE to help control targeting. The PPSh-41 [Pistolet-Pulemyot Shpagina: "Shpagin machine pistol"], equipped with a box (35-round) or drum (71-round) magazine, is chambered for the 7.62x25mm Tokarev pistol cartridge (also accepts the less powerful 7.63x25mm Mauser cartridge) firing a cyclic rate of 900rpm from an open bolt with a blowback recoil action with top ejection, and an effective range of 200m. Admired for its reliability and lethality at close ranges (100m), its hinged receiver for field stripping and its chrome-lined chamber and bore helped to make the gun very low-maintenance in combat environments. Despite being less accurate than the American M-1 Garand, and shooting smaller pistol-type ammo, the PPSh-41 could be decisive in a close-range firefight due to its high rate and high volume of fire, especially during nighttime encounters. Although approximately six million of the PPSh-41 submachineguns were produced for use in WWII, the KOREAN WAR and VIETNAM WAR, among others, it was not updated due to its displacement by the AK-47 and AKM. The North Korean Type 49 and the Chinese Type 50, with some mechanical changes, were licensed copies of the Soviet PPSh-41; the North Vietnamese K-50 was a revision of the Type 50 submachinegun. See BARREL SLEEVE, GREASE GUN, TOMMY-GUN, SMG. BURST : a mode of compact or condensed transmittal that involved either prerecording a keyed or voice message, which were often bundled together in a presorted secure cluster; also called SQUIRT or "Quick-Talk"; see ENCRYPT, SCRAMBLE, SSIX, RDF, RADIO. Also, a sudden manifestation or display, as a breach or acceleration; compare BREACHER, DOOR KICKING, BUSTER, QUARTERDECK FACE. Also, to break or break open, or to cause to break open or fly apart with sudden violence, as an explosion or detonation. Also, a short sequence of controlled automatic fire, usually from three to six rounds, as shot from a carbine (CAR), assault rifle (AR), or machinegun (MG); compare DOUBLE TAP, HAMMER, ROCK 'n' ROLL, SPRAY, HOSE, FLOCK SHOOT, BLIND FIRE, BUSTING CAPS. Also, a selective fire mode that rapidly shoots three BULLETs during a single pull of the TRIGGER, as introduced with the M-16A2 as a mechanically limited full-auto option after extensive testing showed that accuracy diminished sharply following the third round of sustained fire due to recoil effect; see KICK, HAMMER, FIREPOWER, BLACK MAGIC, WIDOW MAKER, CAR / XM-177E2, ACTIV, TUPPERWARE. [nb: in an effort to economize after the CIVIL WAR, Congress mandated that each Spencer repeater be retrofitted with the Stabler Cut-off Device, which modification converted the 7-shot carbine into a single-shot firearm, until combat losses in the INDIAN WARS forced its abandonment, and later succession of the Spencer by the trapdoor Springfield having even more firepower] BURSTING CHARGE : the EXPLOSIVE that fills a BOMB casing or an artillery (ARTY) SHELL; see CHARGE, GUNCOTTON, GUNPOWDER, MUNITIONS. BURY ONE'S HEAD IN THE SAND : an idiomatic expression that's purportedly descriptive of an ostrich, with the meaning of willfully ignoring reality, as when deliberately denying threat warnings or any other unwelcome evidence; also known as "head in the clouds" (or "head buried in concrete") or "rectal defilade". See HIC, PYHOOYA, SMOKE 'n' MIRRORS, MUSHROOM, COMPARTMENTALIZATION. BUSH : the field or jungle, being any remote area away from BASE CAMPs or cities; also known as sticks, woods, barrens, brush, weeds, scrub, veg, rough, hinterlands, bad lands, or bandit country. See BOONDOCKS / BOONIES, THE J, BACKWASH, INDIAN COUNTRY, THULE, TULE, DOWN RANGE, SANDBOX, FEBA, MLR, FLOT, FRONT LINE, FIELD ALLOWANCE. BUSH DOCTRINE : (forthcoming); see PRESIDENTIAL DOCTRINE. BUSH HANKY : the absence of a handkerchief (SNOT-RAG); the practice of blowing one's nose without the use of a handkerchief or bandana, facial tissue or wipe, which is performed by occluding one nostril by pressing on the outside of the nare while vigorously blowing through the other nasal passage. This inelegant technique of finger blowing, also known as "bushman hanky" or "indig hanky", is widely practiced by native or country peoples worldwide; it has the benefit of keeping the hands clean, and requires some finesse to avoid blowing snot onto oneself! See BUSH OYSTER. BUSH HAT : a wide-brimmed soft hat for wear during field operations in forest or jungle, desert or mountains, also called BOONIE / BOONIE HAT, FLOP HAT / FLOPPY HAT, "crusher", "slouch hat", "field fedora", "tropical topper", or "Saigon stetson". [v: petasus / petasos : a broad-brimmed hat worn by ancient Greek travelers and hunters, often represented in art as a winged hat worn by Hermes or Mercury] BUSHIDO : the traditional code of the samurai, especially in feudal Japan, which emphasizes loyalty and obedience in valuing honor above life; as translated from "the way of the military gentleman". See MARTIAL ART, HARA-KIRI, RECONDO. [v: budo] BUSHIPS : BUreau of SHIPS; Washington, D.C.; in charge of monitoring all Naval vessel activities, especially in regards to civilian contracts. BUSH JACKET : a belted jacket, usually with epaulets, a notched collar, and large patch pockets, as adapted from an African hunting coat; also called "safari jacket", "bush shirt" or "safari shirt". See COMBAT CASUAL / COMBAT CASUALS. BUSHMASTER : any elite soldier or unit skilled in jungle operations, as derived from the reputation earned by the WWII 158th RCT; see JUNGLE EXPERT, SHADOW WARRIOR, BOONIE RAT, GRUNT. [v: bushranger] Also, name of the 25mm (M-242) CHAIN GUN. BUSH OYSTER : slang for nasal mucus; snot or booger; see BUSH HANKY, SNOT-RAG. [v: prairie oyster; cf: sweetsop, soursop, salsify] BUSH PILOT : master bush pilot a mock qualification badge ironically presented to Navy or Air Force pilots for sexual performance, especially cunnilingus; badge depicts a fully exposed naked woman spread across pilot's WINGS. A similar Army or Marine parachutist's badge for paratroopers was "awarded" to MUFF DIVERs. See CHOWING DOWN, LOVE HANDLES, DAISY CHAIN, HAT TRICK, HEAD, HUMMER, WINGS, BIB, TRICK, BUTTERFLY, FUCK, DIDDLY, STEAM 'n' CREAM, HOOKUP, CHURNING BUTTER, BOOM-BOOM, SHORT-TIME, HELL ON WHEELS, SHACK-JOB. [nb: a "red wing" variant is "awarded" for performing cunnilingus during menstruation] [aka: 60, 69, oral sex, oral copulation, cunnilingus, cunny-delicious, rug / carpet muncher, eat / eating out, lickety-splitter, cunt licker, pussy eater, pussy chewer, cunt chomper, tongue 'n' groove, lip sucker, lick the cat, eat the beaver, taste tuna taco, go down / -on, pearl diver, deep dive, Aussie kiss (a French kiss down under)] [nb: 'lecher' derives from "to lick gluttonously"] BUSH SHIRT : a shirt resembling a BUSH JACKET; also called a "safari shirt"; see COMBAT CASUAL / COMBAT CASUALS. BUSH TELEGRAPH : see BAMBOO TELEGRAPH, BACK CHANNEL, SCUTTLEBUTT, POOP, GRIPEVINE, RUMOR. BUSKINS : a lace-up half-boot with a thick sole, also known as "cothurni"; comparable to demiboots, JODHPURs, jodhpur boots, brogans, gunboats, or BOONDOCKERS. See FOOTWEAR. BUSTER : full aircraft engine power, less AFTERFURNERs; to go fast. See JUICE, BLOWER, FAST MOVER, SONIC BOOM. BUSTING CAPS : rapid firing of individual weapons, as in response to attack or during RECON BY FIRE or MAD MINUTE; also called "popping caps". The kill ratio to expended AMMO during the VIETNAM WAR was about 20,000 rounds per enemy kill. See HOSE, ROCK 'n' ROLL, SPRAY, HAPPY FIRE, FLOCK SHOOT, BLIND FIRE; compare DOUBLE TAP, HAMMER, GUN CONTROL. [nb: the amateur's rule for discharging a firearm: "If anyone shoots then everyone shoots!"] BUSTLE : slang for the framework protruding from the back side of the TURRET on a TANK that's used to stow extra equipment and some gear for the CREW; serves as a shared backpack for TANKERs. See SPACED ARMOR. BUS TRANSFER : standard tongue-in-cheek expression for the impersonal process whereby everyone does what he's told and goes where he's sent. Ironic offer made to use your metro bus transfers to change buses at a transfer point. Meant humorously, as troops did not have their "bus passes" with them at the time, so everybody rides to the end of the line. See TS CARD, PAIN, SYMPATHY. BUTCHER OF BAGHDAD : informal designation of Saddam Hussein, with reference to his Stalinistic practices; see MOUSY DUNG, UNCLE HO, UNCLE JOE, UNCLE SAM. BUTCHER BRIGADE : 11th Inf Bde nickname given the 11th Light Infantry Brigade after the exposure (29 March 1969) of the My Lai MASSACRE by C/1/20/11LIB under the direction of LT William L. Calley and CPT Ernest L. Medina; this brigade was combined with others in Task Force Oregon, which became the 23rd Infantry Division. See AMERICAL, PINKVILLE, PEERS INQUIRY, FALL GUY. [nb: "Unhappy is he whose misfortunes make him infamous." paraphrase of Lucius Accius] BUTCHER'S BILL : slang for casualty report; the toll of waging war. See BODY COUNT, ZULU, KILL CREDIT. BUTLER BUILDING : proprietary name for pre-engineered, ready to assemble, standardized metal building shells with gabled roofs, which are variously used for BILLETs, offices, or storage; developed by the Butler Manufacturing Company of Kansas City, Missouri. It originated as the "Butler hut" during WWII, which was an all-steel hut with U-shaped arched ribs around an eight-foot radius, giving it a profile of slightly more than a half circle; its endwalls were framed with steel, and both end walls and sidewalls were enclosed with two-foot standing-seam metal sheets. The curved roof design was abandoned shortly after WWII in their continuing production of prefabricated metal buildings. See BLDG, BILLET. BUTT : an earthen wall or backstop, located behind the targets to prevent bullets from scattering over a large area; see BERM. Also, a wall behind which targets can be safely lowered, scored, and raised during firing practice; also known as "butts". Also, the end or extremity of anything, especially the thicker, larger, or blunt end considered as a base, bottom, or support; including butt cap and RIFLE butt or BUTTSTOCK. Also, slang for a SMOKE, a cigar or cigarette, or its stub or fag-end remnant (which, when filter-tipped, are called "mini-tampons"); also known as FAG or cig/cigee, coffin-nail or cancer-stick, factory-made or ready-made, hand-made or hand-roll; see GASPER, PIGTAIL, DRAG, SOLDIER'S BREAKFAST, SMOKING LAMP, STICK, FIELD STRIP, BUTT CAN, LITTER, POLICE CALL, SMOKER; compare CHEW, SNUFF. Also, an end that is not used or consumed; remnant. Also, the object, as a person or thing, of wit, ridicule, sarcasm, contempt, humor, and the like. [v: Aunt Sally, Jack-a-Lent, cockshy, clay pigeon, sitting duck, mark, gull, dupe, pigeon, prey, quintain, wand, hit list] Also, to place or join the ends of two things together; such as to abut by setting them end-to-end. Also, slang for the ass, arse, fanny, derriere / derrière, keister, fundament, nates, hindquarters, hind-end, honky-donk, hunky-dunk, haunches, rump, behind, posterior, booty, bum, tootie, patootie, rear, rear end, backside, bottom, buttocks; see FOURTH POINT OF CONTACT, MONKEY BUTT. Also, to interfere, meddle, interrupt, or obtrude, as to butt-in; or to abstain or restrain from same, such as to butt-out. Also, a push, strike, or blow with the head; compare BUTT STROKE. Also, any cask or barrel; see SCUTTLEBUTT, LISTER BAG, WATER BUFFALO, POD, BLIVET, BLADDER. [v: cask, vat, tun, butt, drum, hogshead, barrel, tank, rundlet, kilderkin, puncheon, keg, carboy, breaker, jug, tub, firkin, salmanazar, pottle, flask, pony, gill, pot, flagon, bottle, demijohn] BUTT CAN : a military ashtray; being a can, recycled from the MESS, containing a quantity of sand or water, painted red, sometimes stenciled, placed in BARRACKs and PASSAGEWAYs, ORDERLY ROOMs and DAYROOMs, offices and elsewhere, as a receptacle for the safe disposal of hot ashes and burning remnants of tobacco products consumed by smoking. See BUTT, GASPER, PIGTAIL, FAG, SOLDIER'S BREAKFAST, FIELD STRIP, LITTER, POLICE CALL, SMOKER; compare FILE 13, DUSTBIN, GI CAN, BURN BAG. BUTTER BAR : Second Lieutenant (2LT/O-1), based on the insignia of a single gold bar; with the derogatory implication of slimy, slick, oleaginous, greasy. The camouflage version was called BROWN BAR or "peanut butter bar"; with the derogatory implication of sycophantic BROWN NOSE. See LOOEY, AIMING STAKES, OFFICER, RANK. [v: pickthank; cf: apparatchik, nomenklatura, eunuch, nabob, nibs] BUTTERFLY : patrolling on multiple axes in frequently changing patterns; often used as a technique of advance through unknown terrain; also called CLOVERLEAF; see FIRE 'n' MANEUVER, LEAP FROG, CHECKERBOARD, STACK, ZIGZAG, DASH, SCUTTLE, BUTTONHOOK, WAY POINT, COMBAT SPREAD. Also, an exotic sex act; see FUCK, CHURNING BUTTER, HAT TRICK, DAISY CHAIN, AROUND THE WORLD, SANDWICH, TRICK, DU, STEAM 'n' CREAM, HOOKUP, HELL ON WHEELS, ACT OF CONGRESS. Also, an amateur "good-time girl" who enjoys being a flirt or tease, a vamp or coquette for the pleasure of an interesting evening with an attractive companion; alternatively, a professional hostess or B-girl, a taxi dancer or SHORT-TIME entertainer, offering SAIGON TEA or a SHACK-JOB; see LBFM, LULU THE ZULU, CAMP FOLLOWER, GRASSHOPPER, HORIZONTAL COLLABORATOR, CLASS-B DEPENDENT, BITCH, STRANGE, SPLIT, SNATCH, CAMPAIGN WIFE, SLEEPING DICTIONARY. [aka: prostitute, hooker, strumpet, fornicatrix, trollop, bawd, doxy, tart, jade, soiled dove, chippy, baggage, fancy woman, joy lady, joy-girl, streetwalker, call girl, woman of ill fame, woman of ill repute, lady of the night, woman of easy virtue, scarlet woman, painted woman, loose woman, kept woman, fallen woman, courtesan, demimondaine, jezebel, harlot, whore, hussy, floozy, bimbo, wench, slut, wanton, hustler, slattern, tramp] [nb: many young women during WWII, enthralled by the wartime drama and excitement, became "uniform groupies" who were sufficiently "khaki wacky" to express their ardor by casual favor or intimacy bestowed upon almost any serviceman for simple companionship; such patriotic chippies or amateur trollops were known as "V-girls" (probably by analogy to B-girl), with the dual implication of "victory" and "venereal"] [nb: the American GI's standard reference for a "woman of easy virtue" during WWI was Miss Laycock and WWII was Mary Quicklay, during Vietnam was Susie Rottencrotch or Mary Meatgrinder, while any Asian was either Madam Butterfly or Suzie Wong] [cf: vivandière] [nb: the "comfort girls" who were employed as contract prostitutes to serve the sexual needs (TRICKs) of Imperial Japanese troops in the field, usually at a COMFORT STATION or SIN CITY, were called "shock absorbers" by the Allied POWs who happened to observe their (mis-)treatment] BUTTERFLY BOMB : introduced to US air support of French INDOCHINA by the CIA, a small grenade-like anti-personnel (AP) bomblet with short wings to retard its descent, actuated by disturbance; compare CBU, see IRON BOMB, SUBMUNITION. BUTTERFLY TRIGGER : an actuating tongue or lever, as positioned at the rear of a heavy belt-fed machinegun, between the control handles, which can be operated by either or both thumbs; also called "thumb trigger"; see HEAVY MG, HAIR-TRIGGER, CREEP, TRIGGER. BUTTERHEAD : derogatory slang for an Asian (especially an Imperial Japanese) as used in books and films of the WWII-era, as well as in the Pacific theater of operations (PTO) by soldiers during the war; this term probably derives analogically from skin color, but may be a corruption of BUDDHAHEAD. See NIP, JAPE, MEATBALL, GOOK, DINK, SLOPE, SLANT-EYE, RICE BALL, ZIP, CHINK, BASKET HEAD, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, INDIG, YELLOW PERIL, YELLOW DOG, BAD GUYS. [aka: lemonhead, Twinkie, banana] BUTTON : an inscribed badge or emblem, showing one's credentials ("creds") or bona-fide authority; also called "buzzer". A BABY 007, who cherished such tokens of symbolic status, would be mockingly asked if they also received a "secret decoder ring"! See POLICE. BUTTONHOOK : a maneuver by a rear-security element or a RECON team to double-back or reverse direction onto their back-trail to check for trackers; see DRAG, STERILIZED, WATCHER; compare DASH, SCUTTLE, LEAP FROG, HOPSCOTCH, CHECKERBOARD, BUTTERFLY, STACK, ZIGZAG, FIRE 'n' MANEUVER, WAY POINT, COMBAT SPREAD. BUTTSTOCK : the wooden piece or composite framework to which the gun barrel, action, and related parts or mechanisms of a RIFLE or other SMALL ARM are attached, especially that segment positioned against the shoulder, as used for solid support and firm stability when aiming and firing; see BUTT, FOREARM, PISTOL GRIP, SLING. [cf: gunstock, stock] [v: Firearms Glossary ] BUTT STROKE : to powerfully strike, hit, whack, bash, slug, smash, bat, blow, or smite an enemy with a rifle butt or BUTTSTOCK, in either the vertical or horizontal plane, using the leverage of pivotal opposition, as taught in hand-to-hand combat and BAYONET drill, which technique is both faster and stronger than swung force clubbing. See BATTLE ROYAL, DOGFIGHT, FIREFIGHT, FIGHTING MAD, BAYONET, ON GUARD, CQB, UP-CLOSE 'n' PERSONAL, BATTLE, WAR. BUY THE FARM / BOUGHT THE FARM : mortal injury, kill/killed, croak/croaked, slay/slain, die/dead, grease/greased, dusted, skragged, goner, gone West; also called WASTED, ZAPPED, CHECK OUT, BITE THE DUST, PUSHING UP DAISIES, WAXED; see BELIEVER, SOL, BITTER END, DEATH CARD, TWEP, KIA, DOW; compare WIA, GSW, MILLION DOLLAR WOUND. [nb: phrase is alleged to derive from the payment of the death benefit to the Next of Kin (NOK), but is more likely to relate to CIVIL WAR religiosity, where battlefield death would grant a peaceful homestead in the hereafter] BUZZ : a low-level high-speed overflight, usually for dramatic effect; such a performance is called "flat-hatting" in the Navy; compare ROOF KNOCKING / KNOCKING ON THE ROOF, NOE, CONTOUR FLYING, VICTORY ROLL, SNAP ROLL; see AEROBATICS. Also, slang for a close crew-cut or flattopped BUZZ haircut as favored by career MIL-PERS; see FLATHEAD, FLATTOP, WHITE WALLS, HIGH 'n' TIGHT, MOHAWK, LONGHAIR, RELAXED GROOMING STANDARDS. [v: glaber/glabrous; cf: roach, hog] Also, idle talk, chatter, chitchat, babble, prattle, prate; see RUMOR, SCUTTLEBUTT, TALK TRASH, BRAVO SIERRA. Also, a telephone or radio call; see HORN, BAMBOO TELEGRAPH. BUZZ-BOMB : see WHIZ BANG, WHISTLER, BOXCAR CHARLIE, DOODLEBUG. [nb: hysteria is also known as the "screaming-meemies"] BUZZ-CUT : a crew-cut or flattopped BUZZ haircut as favored by career MIL-PERS; see FLATHEAD, FLATTOP, WHITE WALLS, HIGH 'n' TIGHT, LONGHAIR, RELAXED GROOMING STANDARDS. [v: glaber/glabrous; cf: roach, hog] BUZZARD : sardonic name for the American EAGLE, as represented on various BADGEs, RATINGs, and INSIGNIA; also called CROW, "chicken", and "the bird"; see PUKING BUZZARDS, BIRD UMBRELLA, PO, CPO, CHIEF. BUZZ BOMB : Beyond Visual Range. BX : Base eXchange, same as PX or NEX concession; the sutler's store of general merchandise for military personnel and their dependents. See SLOP CHEST. [cf: vivandière] BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY : a catch-phrase of the Vietnam-era, propounded by Malcolm X (Little) for civil rights activists, then adopted by anti-war and anti-establishment PROTESTORs; this rallying call for militant action was employed by Abbie Hoffman, one of the founders of the Youth International Party (YIPPIE), in a 1968 pledge: "We'll build our society in the vacant lots of the old, and we'll do it by any means necessary." See BY THE BOOK, BY THE NUMBERS, LEAST RESISTANCE, NIGHTCRAWLER, WE DON'T NEED NO STINKIN' BADGES, DAYS OF RAGE, ALL'S FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR. [v: agitprop; strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP / SLAPP suit); cf: counter-demonstration] BY ASSOCIATION : a proposition that seeks to persuade (pro or con) that any sufficiently similar person or thing is interchangeable with any other comparative person or thing by a hypothetically shared mutuality of traits or characteristics, that this pairing or linking of indexed identifiers connects them irrevocably, regardless of coincidence, whether for affirmation ("approved by association") or for discredit ("guilty by association"); this is a form of the 'fallacy of ignoratio elenchi', which are arguments that are irrelevant. See TWEEDLEDUM 'n' TWEEDLEDEE, RING-KNOCKER, TICKET-PUNCHER, KHAKI MAFIA, MILICRAT. [v: inferential types of informal, semiformal, or quasi-formal fallacies] [v: "peas in a pod", "birds of a feather", "coattail benefits"] Also, an INTERROGATION technique wherein a half-truth or outright lie is introduced into the interview by coupling it with authentic facts, especially when attempting to introduce an unknown character, an unsuspected trait, or to obscure a valuable detail; such errors or counterfeits may be overlooked when passed with genuine data; see SCREEN, SQUEEZE, DEBRIEF. BYOB : abbreviation for Bring Your Own Bottle / Booze; also represented as "Please Bring A Bottle" (PBAB); see HOOCH, GROG, BREW, JUICE, GROUP TIGHTENER, DEAD-SOLDIER, SPLICE THE MAINBRACE, DUTCH COURAGE, WHISKEY WARRIOR, TOAST, HATCH, HOIST, SUNDOWNER, CLASS SIX. [cf: catlap; apéritif] BY THE BOOK : conformity with the correct or established form; being in accord with gathered information and recommended strategy regarding a task or procedure, problem or opponent; see NO EXCUSE, ZERO TOLERANCE, CHECKING THE DICTIONARY, CHAPTER AND VERSE, ACCORDING TO HOYLE, READ-BACK, HIDEBOUND, BRASSBOUND, HARD-SET, THE BIBLE, DRILL, MANUAL OF ARMS, SOP, ORDER, SCRIPTURES. Also, the correct or customary manner of proceeding; see RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE), LAWS OF WAR, CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES OF THE SERVICE. Also, where the "book" is an agreed or established set of rules, conventions, or standards, functioning or operating in a manner that has proven to be successful more often than not; see CAPABILITY, COURSE OF ACTION, KNOW THE ROPES, TOE THE LINE, LEAST RESISTANCE, KNOW YOUR ENEMY, ABSTRACTION, FIELD EXPEDIENT, NATIONAL SECURITY, ZERO TOLERANCE, RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE); compare WIGGLE ROOM, PLAN B, WANGLE, ALL'S FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR, WHEN IN ROME, MIND CANDY, WE DON'T NEED NO STINKIN' BADGES, OFF THE RESERVATION, OUTSIDE THE WIRE, VFR DIRECT, UNODIR, VIETNAM SYNDROME. [nb: although flukes, windfalls, and other exceptions (v: "one for the book") occur in the vicissitudes of war, a general axiom of military operations postulates that one must know the rules before one can disregard them, thus to violate conventions without fully understanding them is to invite disaster or chaos; "It's not wise to violate rules until you know how to observe them." by T.S. Eliot (1963)] [cf: vade mecum (Latin: handbook, guide (literally: "go with me")] BY THE NUMBERS : anything that is methodical or repetitive, ordered or sequential, such as to DRILL or CIPHER, especially those practices or procedures that are performed in a rhythmic tempo; see EXERCISE, DAILY DOZEN, AIRBORNE SHUFFLE, CADENCE, JODY CALL, CHANTEY, HEP, HEAVE-HO, HOOAH, OORAH, BATTLE CRY. Also, anything done according to standard procedures; as BY THE BOOK; see CHAPTER AND VERSE, CHECKING THE DICTIONARY, SCRIPTURES. Also, to enumerate or tabulate, mark or itemize each one of a series of things (one by one) so as to fix the number of the whole; or to ascertain the amount or quantity of an aggregate ("head-count" or "nose-count") by a called-out count so as to apportion or divide the entirety; see COUNT-OFF, SOUND-OFF, NUMERAL, NUMBER. [nb: In early literate societies (eg: Phoenician, Hebrew, Greek), before the introduction of distinct Arabic numerals, letters were also used as numbers (gematria / gimetria), either in context or with the addition of a number sign to cue (q/quando) the reader, which practice is still used in braille and TAP CODE but not in sign language or MORSE CODE] [nb: Roman numerals: I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, M = 1000] BZ :
Bowie knife
Taking office on May 27th 1993, who was margaret Thatcher's last Chancellor of the Exchequer?
Big Blend's Radio & Tv Magazine - Oct 2015 by Big Blend Magazines - issuu 233 4th Avenue, Yuma, AZ 85364 Toll Free: (877) 234-5567 Local: (928) 783-4453 www.CoronadoMotorHotel.com PAGE 2 Contentsâ&#x20AC;Ś 5. Editors Block 22. Big Blend Bonanza Giveaway! Toast to the Arts 6. Experience the Arts of Tulare County 10. Tucson Modernism Week 2015 12. The Barbizon School 14. Dos Angeles 15. 5 Common Mistakes Writers Make 16. Music News & Interviews Rants, Raves & Rock â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;n Roll 18. Music News & Interviews 20. Book News & Interviews Creative Celebrations! 28. Halloween Cocktails Eat, Drink & Be Merry! 30. Pure Portobello Pleasure 32. Bake It Beautiful & Slice It Up! 36. News & Interviews Garden Gossip 38. Harvesting & Cooking With Herbs 39. Rose Report 40. Real Estate Secrets Nature Connection 42. Tiger Tragedy in Asia PAGE 3 Contents Cont’ … Nature Connection Continued 43. Fisher Kits Reintroduced in Yosemite 44. Greening of New Orleans 46. Hi-Five to Solar Power! Spirit of America 48. Yosemite National Park 50. Hans Florine Rocks 51. Kids in Parks Vacation Station 54. Fall Weekend in Tres Pinos Way Back When 58. Historic Graveyards of Norfolk, England 60. Ghost Party! Success Express 70. Do You Work in the Food & Drink Industry? Quality of Life 72. Excellence & Education 73. Commitment 74. Organize For Transition 76. No Sew Clothing Repairs 77. Laundry Revolution! 78. Rock Talk - Herkimer Diamonds PAGE 4 EDITORS BLOCK This issue celebrates the month of October with Fall Recipes and Halloween Cocktails, Graveyard Haunts and Ghost Stories, a spotlight on 125 yearold Yosemite National Park, and a feature on Kids in Parks. Speaking of parks, check out our new National Park Planner Facebook Page to keep up with our daily park posts and news from the Big Blend Spirit of America Tour, our quest to visit and cover all 408 National Park units and their gateway communities. Our Nature Connection department shares how Global Green USA continues to rebuild a Green New Orleans 10 years after Hurricane Katrina, how Solar Power Benefits Society, and why there’s such a desperate need to Save Asia’s Tigers. See our Front Cover Photo: Yosemite National Park coverage of the arts with new music, books, art events and destinations, and take a weekend trip to Lisa D. Smith historic Tres Pinos, California. There’s home and garden news and interviews, legal advice for the food and drink industry, a look at quantum learning in education, tips on getting organized, and more! We hope you enjoy this issue! Big Blend Radio streams live online on Wednesdays at 4pm PT / 7pm ET, and Fridays and Sundays at 11am PT / 2pm ET – catch our live or archived shows on BigBlendRadio.com. One of the best ways to keep up with our upcoming shows is by following us on Facebook. Be sure to subscribe to our Big Blend e-Newsletter so you can enter our Big Blend Bonanza Giveaway. Remember, one winner wins all the prizes we add to the prize pot throughout the year. You will also receive our Big Blend Radio & TV Magazine in your email. Here’s to a Fabulous Fall Season! Nancy J. Reid and Lisa D. Smith Big Blend’s mother-daughter publishing, radio and travel team; along with Priscilla - Big Blend’s pink sock monkey travel mascot. This magazine is developed by Big Blend Magazine™. copyrighted since 1998. No part of it may be reproduced for any reason, without written permission from Big Blend Magazine, P.O. Box 87633, Tucson, AZ 857547633. Opinions expressed by contributors are not necessarily that of this publication or any of its staff. We reserve the right to edit submittals. All subject matter is intended for general information only and not to be taken as personal advice in any matter. Although every effort is made to be accurate, we cannot be held responsible for inaccuracies or plagiarized copy submitted to us by advertisers or contributors. PAGE 5 A Toast to the Arts Experience the Arts of Tulare County Art, Music and Theatre in California’s Sequoia Country Listen! Listen to the Sandy Blankenship – Exeter Chamber of Commerce, Shirley Keller – artist/ co-ordinator of 1st Saturday Art in Three Rivers, and Erin Olm-Shipman of the Fox Theatre in Visalia. Located in central California, Tulare County is nestled at the base of the spectacular western Sierra Nevada mountain range, and is home to Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Sequoia National Forest and Giant Sequoia National Monument. While Tulare County may get an ‘A’ for being one of the most productive agricultural regions in the state, the area also gets an ‘A’ for its dedication to The Arts. Numerous artists, performers, musicians and authors are drawn to this region, many of them calling it home. The local towns and cities host monthly art walks and studio tours, seasonal concerts, theatre performances, and a calendar chock-full of annual events and festivals that showcase visual art, music and the performing arts. The historic downtown districts feature beautiful architecture and colorful murals that provide a sense of place, telling visual stories of the land, community and its people. Four Destinations that Celebrate the Arts in California’s Sequoia Country EXETER Established in 1911, Exeter was once home to the largest cattle ranch in the US. Today, this quaint community grows citrus, deciduous fruit and table grapes, and is known for its outdoor gallery of over 30 murals that adorn the walls of the historic brick buildings in the charming downtown district. It’s a pleasure to stroll the flower-filled downtown and learn about the area’s cultural, natural and agricultural heritage as portrayed in the murals. Docents lead guided mural tours, and the Mural Gallery & Gift Shop carries mural-themed gifts. Open on weekends, the Exeter Courthouse Gallery is attached to the Exeter Historical Museum, so you can view the historic artifacts alongside current local artist works. The gallery features a permanent fine art collection with exhibits that change every three months, focusing on artists from throughout Tulare County and the San Joaquin Valley. Other It’s well worth adding a couple of extra days to your highlights include a Summer Concert Series, Sequoia travel itinerary so that you can experience Summer Movies in the Park Series, and October’s the arts in Tulare County, savor the region’s diverse month-long Scarecrow Contest and week-long annual Fall Festival that features live entertainment and delicious culinary scene, and delight in some as well as art and crafts. Downtown Exeter also has true boutique and specialty shopping. When it a fantastic selection shops and dining options. To comes to lodging, there’s something for everyone including forest campgrounds and cabins, bed and book a mural tour and learn more about Exeter, visit www.ExeterChamber.com. breakfast inns, and hotels. PAGE 6 A Toast to the Arts Listen to historian/author Terry Ommen talk about the history of the Visalia Fox Theatre! Listen! VISALIA Settled in 1852, Visalia is the oldest permanent inland settlement between Stockton and Los Angeles. Home to the Visalia Convention Center and the Visalia Fox Theatre, the historic downtown district features over 50 murals, art galleries and theatres, the 45-minute Historic Visalia Walking Trail, a good selection of antique and specialty shops, and a wonderful array of restaurants. The historic Visalia Fox Theatre was built in 1929 and opened in February 1930 during the days of “talking pictures” as part of Fox West Coast Theaters, the largest chain of motion picture theaters in the country. Today you can still see the ornate décor that features a garden court of an East Indian temple with wall murals, trees, and twinkling stars. From performances by the Tulare County Symphony and local community theatre companies, to major acts and touring shows, the Visalia Fox Theatre is heralded as one of the finest performing arts venues in California. A good introduction to the area’s talent, First Friday Downtown Visalia is a free monthly event that showcases a variety of visual and performing artists. Other noteworthy art venues in Visalia include the Arts Consortium, Arts Visalia, Creative Center, Imagine U Interactive Children’s Museum, Visalia Opera Company, Ice House Theatre and The Enchanted Playhouse Theatre Company. Continued on Next Page… PAGE 7 A Toast to the Arts Three Rivers Performing Arts also serves as part of the volunteer support staff for the summer Located at the entrance of Sequoia National Park, Center State Strings Music Camp & Festival. Other Three Rivers is a vibrant art community with galleries, shops and restaurants situated along the annual art and music events include the Three Rivers Music Festival in May, High Sierra Jazz Kaweah River and throughout the foothills. In true Tulare County tradition there are murals to be seen, Bandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s JazzAffair in September, and month-long plus, the outstanding Paul Bunyan wood sculpture Raven Festival in October. For up-to-date event news visit www.ThreeRivers.com. at the Three Rivers Historical Museum. THREE RIVERS The 1st Saturday Art tour leads you to various artist studios and galleries, plus art demonstrations in the local shops and restaurants. Every month features a different theme. All you do is follow a map and visit venues that fly the 1st Saturday flag. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a great way to learn about art, explore the beautiful surroundings and enjoy some tasty bites along with a little shopping. Three Rivers Performing Arts presents virtuoso chamber music concerts and performing arts events throughout the year, including a Winter Concert Series and the popular Concert on the Grass in September. PAGE 8 A Toast to the Arts The Porterville High School Band and its Fabulous Studio Band is honored by the two-sided “Marching Gateway to Sequoia National Forest, Porterville is Through Time” historical band mural at Centennial an All American City that boasts a vibrant historic Plaza, as well as at the Porterville Historical downtown district complete with murals, art galleries, specialty shops and restaurants. Held the Museum with memorabilia and a life-size mannequin of Frank "Buck" Shaffer, who directed first Friday of each month, the Porterville Art Walk is a wonderful way to experience the downtown art the band for 37 years. scene. On Friday evenings during the spring and Established in 1952 (in a real barn), The Barn fall, guests and locals gather in the Centennial Theater is California's longest running community Plaza for the Music on Main free concert series. theater that offers on-stage performances the Of note, the Porterville High School’s Panther Band whole family can enjoy. The idea for establishing a theater in Porterville came from Peter Tewksbury, is one of the longest running advanced level who later went on to become a successful director marching and concert bands. The band performs in both television and motion pictures. and travels nationally and has marched in six Tournament of Roses Parades, presented solo Visit www.DiscoverTheSequoias.com to plan concerts at The Kennedy Center and Lincoln your Sequoia Getaway and to download a Center, and given two Carnegie Hall performances. visitor’s guide and maps. PORTERVILLE Listen to Steve Schneickert as he recalls the Hollywood History of The Barn Theatre! PAGE 9 A Toast to the Arts TUCSON MODERNISM WEEK 2015 Celebrate Tucsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mid-20th Century Architectural Treasures Tucsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Modernism captured the exuberance of the post WWII era, and is defined by clean, simple lines and a casual informality. In the Southern Arizona desert the movement has come to be defined as Sonoran Modern with the use of regional materials, adaptation to the desert climate and an emphasis on indoor/outdoor living. Listen to Demion Clinco of the Tucson Historic Preservation Foundation and Lance Laber of DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun discuss the modern artwork of Ted DeGrazia and Tucson Modernism Week on Big Blend Radio Tucson Modernism Week 2015 kicks off on October 2, in signature elegant style with an opening reception and a program of lectures, film, exhibits, tours, and gloriously glam parties. The very popular Vintage Trailer Show returns for the third consecutive year, along with a rare opportunity to view the jet-age inspired 1958 GM Firebird III, designed by Detroit legend, Harley Earl. The Vintage Car Show features a wide variety of privately owned finned-era cars. Presented by the Tucson Historic Preservation Foundation, Modernism Week celebrates Mid-Century Modern design and architecture throughout the city. DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun will present a special exhibit of Ted DeGrazia's modern work and fabrics (as pictured). There will be a free reception Sunday, October 4th from 4:006:00pm, with live music and rarely seen DeGrazia pieces. PAGE 10 Listen! A Toast to the Arts This year, Tucson Modernism Week spotlights Architect Icon Nicholas Sakellar, one of three architects credited with bringing modern architecture to Tucson. The son of Greek emigrants, Nicholas and his wife, Phyllis, moved to Tucson shortly after the end of World War II. In his 50 years of practice Sakellar created many of Tucson’s most beautiful buildings. Dino Sakellar will speak about his father’s life and work. President of Sakellar PLLC, Tucson’s oldest architectural firm, Dino has 40 years of experience as an architect and planner, and is a recognized leader in the profession and the community. Lectures include such topics as Saving Urban Renewal, Reading Mid-Century Neon, Garrett Eckbo Modern Landscape in Tucson, The Experimental Films of Charles and Ray Eames, The Past and Future of Midcentury Modern Architecture, Designing GM’s 1958 Firebird III, Danish Modern Design, The Life and Death of Blackwell House, Better Living in the Burbs, Judith Chafee: Artifact of Desert Magic, and The Remarkable Work of Sylvia and William Wilde. In addition to the always spectacular Home Tour, there is a Modernism Downtown Walking Tour, Retro Bus Tour of Miracle Mile, and Guy Greene’s Desert Museum/Sunset Magazine Case Study Garden Tour. The Fabulous Modernist Cocktail Party takes place at sunset in the historic Lininger House located in Flecha Caida, where each house was custom-built by some of the most renowned architects of the time such as Tom Gist, Arthur Brown and Nickolas Sakellar. The Downtown Clifton opens its doors for a wine reception where designer Clifton Taylor will discuss the “Moderne Dude Ranch” aesthetic that inspired much of the hotel’s transformation. Cophenhagen presents Danish Modern Design at a reception with furniture historian, Mark Mussari. The closing reception at the Murphy-Wilmot Library will have a fashion show courtesy of L.A.-based Clever Vintage Fashions with clothes from 1965 – the year the Sakellar-designed library was built. Tucson Modernism Week is a project of the Tucson Historic Preservation Foundation with support from Pima Community College. Tucson Modernism Week 2015 begins Friday, October 2nd and continues through Saturday, October 10th. For a complete listing of all events, and to purchase tickets online, please visit www.Tucsonmod.com. PAGE 11 A Toast to the Arts Constant Troyon, The Ford, 1852 Listen! Victoria Chick discusses The Barbizon School on Big Blend Radio! We are so accustomed to artists working from nature that it may seem strange to think there were long periods in history where this was not the case. Most European artists of the 17th and 18th centuries still looked to past masters, particularly the Italian High Renaissance and Baroque painters, as producing the epitome of color, composition, draftsmanship, and worthy subject matter. Landscape, if used, was minimal and totally subordinate to the lofty subject matter being visually described. Landscape backgrounds usually consisted of generalized trees, often interspersed with remnants of Roman or Greek architecture. Rome was still the place artists all over Europe aspired to go to in order to study classical painting and architecture. The French Academy offered a monetary Prix de Rome award each year to a young painter of promise. It paid his expenses for a year of study in Rome. The idea of landscape as a stand-alone subject did not arise until the early 19th century in France and, even then, it was not well accepted. A few artists, Corot and Millet among them, were dissatisfied with the rules of the French Academy. Knowing that Dutch painters had made landscape an important part of paintings since the 17th century, and that Constable was painting from nature in England, In the 19th century, the classical model of painting they determined to paint from nature. If figures was still revered along with classical subjects. If the were included, they were of peasants and laborers artist was not a portrait painter, his studio time was whose work was given dignity. They viewed themselves as Realists. spent imaginatively arranging his compositions in order to tell a historical, Biblical, or mythological Continued on Next Pageâ&#x20AC;Ś story. PAGE 12 A Toast to the Arts Toward the 1870s, there were discoveries in the new science of Physics regarding refraction of light and new theories of color. A younger group of painters termed Impressionists were influenced by this new information and over a period of ten years eclipsed the Barbizon school. Because of the scientific basis for their painting, they felt they were the true “realists” when they painted out-of-doors. However, the influence of the Barbizon School continued and spread to the United States. The realism of the Barbizon School was an example to painters of the New York Hudson River School and many of the artists that painted natural wonders in wilderness areas of the United States. Victoria Chick is the founder of the Cow Trail Art Studio in southwest New Mexico. She received a B.A. in Art from the University of Missouri at Kansas City and awarded an M.F.A. in Painting from Kent State University in Ohio. Visit her website at www.ArtistVictoriaChick.com. Charles Jacque, The Old Forest, c. 1860s A short trip from Paris by train took them to the village of Barbizon, at the edge of the Forest of Fontainebleau. They were gradually joined in that village by other painters also interested in direct painting from nature, rather than taking sketches back to the studio and painting there. Barbizon became an artists’ community. The term Barbizon School does not refer to any academic entity but, rather, to the style and subject matter adopted by most of the artists in Barbizon during the period from 1830-1870. Barbizon painters painted from nature. Fontainebleau Forest and surrounding farmland were favorite subjects. In some ways, the Barbizon school followed Realist ideals. Yet, their dramatic tones of light and dark and picturesque views also romanticized their subjects. In most Barbizon paintings any figures are tiny, giving the impression of the majesty of nature and the insignificance of man. Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, View of the Forest of Fontainebleau (1830) Besides the invention of engines that made railways possible and, therefore, places like Fontainebleau accessible, two other inventions of the Industrial Age made outdoor painting easier for artists. One invention was standardized metal tubes that held premixed paint. The other invention was a transportable easel that folded out of a wooden box much the size of a small suitcase. A handle enabled it to be easily carried. Both inventions made painting in remote locations practical. PAGE 13 A Toast to the Arts BOOKS & WRITING Listen! DOS ANGELES New Novel by Michael O’Hara Introduces a Series of Mysteries and a Different Breed of Homicide Detective. Dos Angeles brings an exciting new character in the mystery genre: Paco Moran, a multicultural thirty-something, ex-LAPD homicide detective turned reluctant private eye. O’Hara puts Moran on the trail of a beautiful young Latina on the run with ten million dollars in cash. Half Anglo and half Mexican, Moran is a transitional character equally at home working in Beverly Hills or blue collar Boyle Heights, the tough East Los Angeles neighborhood where he was raised by a single mom. In his debut case Paco quickly learns he’ll be the fall guy if he doesn’t track down the young immigrant who allegedly stole a small fortune from a sleazy Hollywood producer secretly laundering money for a notorious drug cartel. Paco’s frantic search takes him on a roller-coaster ride through a shadowy place he calls Dos Angeles – a city within the city and a virtual country unto itself. Listen to Michael O’Hara discuss ‘Dos Angeles’ and writing on Big Blend Radio! Michael O’Hara is an Emmy nominated screenwriter; a former award-winning journalist and writer/producer of more than thirty TV movies and miniseries, including the highest-rated television movie (“Those She Left Behind’); the second highest-rated miniseries (“Switched at Birth”); creator of two TV movie franchises – NBC’s highly successful ‘Moment of Truth,’ and ABC’s ‘Crimes of Passion.’ In addition he wrote and produced a fourhour NBC miniseries based on James Patterson’s “First to Die.” Learn more at www.Michael-OHara.com. Click to Watch Big Blend’s A Toast to the Arts TV! PAGE 14 A Toast to the Arts We all make mistakes. It’s just a part of life. But when you’re on the writing journey, which more often than not is a long excursion, you want to avoid as many setbacks as possible. A good game plan is to take time to avoid the mistakes that waste time. So what are the common mistakes writers make that you want to avoid? 1. Not getting a manuscript professionally edited. Hey, even New York Times bestselling authors have their work edited. A new set of eyes reading your work is a blessing, not a curse. Invest in a talented editor. 2. Not verifying facts. It’s the age of the Internet and viral news. If your info is incorrect, somebody is going to call you on it. Not only is it embarrassing, it affects your credibility. 3. Assuming a publisher will promote your book. NOT! Even the major pubs expect an author to participate in book promotion, so be prepared to engage in social media, schedule your events, and pitch the media. Listen! Listen to the Big Blend Radio interview with Lynn Wiese Sneyd ‘The Book Biz Whiz’. 5. Failing to learn the business of writing. Learning the craft of writing is key to being a successful writer, but then so is learning the business of writing. Book proposals, query letters, working effectively with agents, key components of contracts, book marketing – these are areas that you want to learn about in order to increase the odds of being successful. Lynn is a writer, author, literary expert, PR consultant and owner of LWS Literary Services where she assists authors in book publicity campaigns, agent searches, book proposal writing, and editing. Most recently, she coauthored ‘The Horse Lover: A Cowboy’s Quest to Save the Wild Mustangs’ released by the University of Nebraska Press. Visit www.LWSLitraryServices.com. 4. Assuming that a book promotion campaign lasts 6 months to a year. Sometimes reality bites. Most campaigns need to extend beyond a year, especially for first books. Just ask authors who are out there pounding the virtual and paved sidewalks of publicity. (Tip: bring at least a few pair of shoes.) Photo courtesy FreeImages.com/Chris Greene PAGE 15 A Toast to the Arts MUSIC NEWS & INTERVIEWS JOSEPH EID - ‘Human’ RACHEL LONDON - ‘Runnin’ Americana-folk singer/songwriter Joseph Eid chats with Big Blend Radio about his melodic and insightful full studio album ‘Human’, as well as his music videos, songwriting and musical background. Singer-songwriter Rachel London talks with Big Blend Radio about her pulse-racing latest single ‘Runnin’ that’s distributed by Sony, produced by Mike Gonsolin and co-written by Nick Nittoli. Born in Liberia to Lebanese parents, Joseph Eid grew up in the suburbs of New York in a strict and traditional home where the arts were only supported as a hobby and never as a career. During his college years, Eid studied psychology and pre-med but all the while, he dreamt of a career in music. Eventually Joseph made the bold choice of dropping out of med-school and moved to New York City to pursue music. He joined a band, picked up a guitar, and the songs poured out like rain. His journey led him to Los Angeles in 2007 where he started playing regularly at open mics and showcases. He began working with renowned guitarist/songwriter David Lamar, honing his songwriting at weekly showcases at the Stone Bar. He has written over 30 new songs as well as recorded his debut EP, ‘Cardiac Output’. In her latest single ‘Runnin’, London honestly and powerfully belts out the whirlwind that is new love, and the trials and tribulations of relationships. London is a singer/songwriter creating a genre all her own by infusing contemporary pop with authentically raw and unapologetic lyricism. Her first single “Toxic Magic Tragic” reached people in more than 20 countries within hours of its viral release and received international radio airplay. Her second single, “I’m All Yours,” released under Warner and featuring Jon Secada, reached top 10 on both mainstream and independent charts, earning her an Artists in Music Award nomination for best new pop artist of the year. Her third single, “Marquee” was licensed and released in conjunction with a worldwide commercial placement as the sound of Jerome Alexander’s “Hot Stuff Go Pop” makeup. London’s upcoming EP, co-written and produced by Grammy nominee, Marthin Chan, is anticipated to be her most authentic body of work yet. Keep up with Joseph’s tour dates and new videos at www.JosephEidMusic.com. Visit Rachel at www.RachelLondonMusic.com. A Toast to the Arts MUSIC NEWS & INTERVIEWS AOEDE ‘Do You Believe in Magic?’ Listen! Lisa Sniderman a.k.a. ‘Aoede’ joins BIg Blend Radio to discuss her innovative and mystical new audio musical ‘Do You Believe in Magic?’ written and recorded for young adults and those young at heart. ‘Do You Believe In Magic?’ is a brilliant, inventive alternative Rock Opera Musical for tweens and all "kids at heart" who resonate with the fantasy genre(think Into The Woods, Once Upon A Time and Harry Potter). Creator Lisa Sniderman does not disappoint! This musical masterpiece takes listeners on a spellbinding journey to the cursed kingdom of Wonderhaven where a muse (Aoede) has a secret, and where enchanted books and witches break into song! Audiences will embrace the colorful characters, the compelling story, the infectious songs, danceable duets, narration and full musical score. ‘Do You Believe In Magic?’ (along with her previous albums ‘What Are Dreams Mado Of?’ and ‘Is Love a Fairytale’) was produced, engineered and orchestrated by Aoede’s chief collaborator, Scrote (Jackson Browne, Van Dyke Parks, Daniel Johnston and The Stripminers). Musicians featured include: Craig Eastman, Peter Adams, Mike Klooster, Tim Young, Isaiah Gage, David Sands, Blair Sinta, Scrote and Aoede/Lisa Sniderman. In addition to the return of narrator Kevin Ponthier (who narrated both ‘What Are Dreams Made Of? and ‘Is Love A Fairy Tale?’) and the spirited David Yow as Luk, the collection includes San Francisco Bay Area musical theater actors, who lend their dynamic voices to the characters. Tracks were recorded in Berkeley, San Francisco and Los Angeles, California. The project was mastered by Rainer Gembalcyzk. Listen to Lisa’s Big Blend Radio interview featuring audio clips from ‘Do You Believe in Magic?’ and watch the videos below showing highlights from a staged reading at Tides Theatre, San Francisco. Visit www.DoYouBelieveInMagic.info. PAGE 17 Rants, Raves & Rock ‘n Roll Music News & Interviews ZAKIYA HOOKER ‘In The Mood’ Blues legend John Lee Hooker is best remembered for his iconic hits, "Boom, Boom" and "One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer." But perhaps his greatest legacy is found in the seductively supple vocal stylings of his daughter, the jazz-inflected, bluesy recording artist, Zakiya Hooker. Listen to Zakiya Hooker’s lively Big Blend Radio interview discussing her new albums ‘In The Mood’ and ‘Zakiya Hooker Live at the International BluesFest Eutin, Germany,’ the ins-and-outs of the music industry, and working with her producer / recording artist husband Ollan Christopher aka Chris James. "In the Mood" is one of Zakiya's most diverse efforts to date. With the music actually recorded in Argentina and Zakiya's vocals laid down in her current home state of Georgia, the project boasts eleven tracks drenched deep in the muddied Delta waters. "Zakiya Hooker Live at the International BluesFest Eutin, Germany," transports the listener overseas and right beside Zakiya onstage as she charms a live audience with her jazzy blue interpretations. Performing blues classics as well as material from her vast catalog and John Lee Hooker originals, Zakiya proves she is live and 'not Memorex' with a voice that is smooth as silk and steadies the course under any conditions. Visit www.ZakiyaHooker.com. Listen! Rants, Raves & Rock ‘n Roll Music News & Interviews Listen! Listen to The Loose Hinges on Big Blend Radio where they discuss their new album ‘Nothing’s Permanent’, talk about organic farming and songwriting, and share their timely ‘Rants & Raves’. THE LOOSE HINGES ‘Nothing’s Permanent’ The Loose Hinges are an American singersongwriter duo based on Nashville’s upper west side in the rural community of Joelton, Tenn. Eliot Houser and Kris McCarthy began their collective career in 2010 with an eponymous long-play debut which met with critical reviews and enthusiastic support for more. Since that time, the duo has written prolifically, followed a prudent production schedule, while keeping a regular regional touring schedule. Perfectly centered in the spirit of the independent music movement, Houser and McCarthy are a disciplined writing team pulling organic inspiration from robust and fertile roots. Their lyrics and music blossom without rehashing trifled themes overwrought in America’s cultural consciousness. Bringing their collective influence to the table -- he’s a native Texan and she’s a native Tennessean -- there’s a palpable hipness in the mix. His many years of hands on involvement as a producer, performing and recording artist are the yin to her yang in the performing arts. A heady blend of tradition, originality, familiarity, and maturity is well-established in the DNA of their work. Exceptional harmonies and solidly crafted songs are the chemical strands that bind them. www.TheLooseHinges.com PAGE 19 Rants, Raves & Rock ‘n Roll Book News & Interviews DEVIN S. JAMES ‘Inside Ferguson: A Voice for the Voiceless’. When protests turned violent after Michael Brown was killed, St. Louis County leaders called upon diversity expert Devin S. James to help bridge the gap between Ferguson's allwhite leadership and its outraged Black community. They thought his background made him perfect for the task. James has firsthand experience of the ambiguity of the criminal justice system, making him a very unlikely success story. An abused child, high school drop-out, victim of gun violence and former gang member, his transformation as an astute, educated communications professional speaks volumes about his intellect, character and integrity. In his new memoir, Inside Ferguson: A Voice for the Voiceless, James offers readers a behind-thescenes look at the challenges he experienced while working with Ferguson city officials and leaders resistant to change. ‘Inside Ferguson: A Voice for the Voiceless’ is an explosive missile of truth from a man uniquely positioned to uncover the real mechanics of damage control and race relations. The insider game he reveals is gut wrenching as he exposes the Black community as pawns in a war that rages deeper than the death of one victim. James' account will make you question the progress America has made in the quest for racial equality and reflect upon the true meaning of "Black Lives Matter." Listen! PAGE 20 Listen to Devin S. James on Big Blend Radio and visit www.InsideFerguson.com. Rants, Raves & Rock ‘n Roll Book News & Interviews JONATHAN BANNON MAHER ‘The Destiny of Humanity’ ‘The Destiny of Humanity’ is the first book to have ever been written for, and sent, to the leaders of every country on Earth. Listen! Listen to Jonathan Bannon Maher on Big Blend Radio discuss a variety of topics covered in his book. Chapters cover: War, Privacy, Poverty & Trade; Innovation & Education; Space Exploration & Colonization; Health; Technology, Hunger & Disease; Social & Economic Opportunity; Financial Institutions & Capital Markets; Economic Development; Government & Freedom; Environment, Energy & Transportation. What did the leaders say? "I am confident that this book will surely attract public attention to the important task of building a peaceful and prosperous world for all." Norodom Sihamoni, King, Cambodia “A pointing of horizons and goals to which we must be aware. The quest for harmony and a blend of attitudes that could reach the heights of the global and total dignity of human beings." Jose Maria Neves, Prime Minister, Cape Verde "It is the kindness of people like you that continue to renew my confidence about what we, as Americans, can achieve together." Jill Biden, Second Lady, United States of America Also the author of ‘Building a Successful Organization’ and hit song ‘The Fallout of Love’, Jonathan Bannon Maher writes network intrusion detection and prevention software for the Pentagon. In his free time, he writes investment management algorithms and works on startups. In 2012 at age 29, he ran for the United States Senate. Prior to that, Maher wrote software used to purchase and manage billions in assets at a hedge fund. Visit www.JonathanMaher.com. PAGE 21 ON TA E WI KE NN S A ER LL ! NER N I L! EW ON ES AL TAK Enter to Win the Year-Long Big Blend Bonanza Giveaway! ONE WINNER TAKES ALL! Every few weeks we add new prizes to the giveaway. These are announced in our Big Blend e-Newsletter, and the monthly Big Blend Radio & TV Magazine. ck Cli to ! re Subscribe to the Big Blend e-Newsletter to get the monthly prize update, He cribe s monthly question, and entry form. Maximize your chances of winning by ub S answering as many questions as possible. As a subscriber your entries are tripled HOW DO YOU ENTER? each month. Last entry will be accepted on November 10, 2015. Winner will be announced in the December 2015 issue of Big Blend Radio & TV Magazine. Click Here to Subscribe to Big Blend e-News to Enter the Big Blend Bonanza! Big Blend Bonanza Giveaway Prizes Include: PRIZE #1: 2 Night Stay for Two, at Three Rivers Bed & Breakfast – Located in Three Rivers, California this Riverhouse is only 8 miles from the entrance to Sequoia National Park. Guest rooms feature a high ceiling, tiled floors, queen-sized bed, TV/VCR, Wi Fi, wood-burning fireplace, A/C and heat, small private verandah, private access to Kaweah River, private bathroom, wine and chocolates. Prize added Nov. 25, 2014. See: www.ThreeRiversBedandBreakfast.com PRIZE #2: $75 Gift Certificate at DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun – Located in Tucson, Arizona, this 10acre historic landmark is home to over 15,000 originals of famous Arizona artist Ted DeGrazia’s art pieces. A limited number of DeGrazia originals are available for purchase, while the gift shop offers a wide variety of popular DeGrazia reproductions. This certificate is for in-store use only. Prize added Dec. 22, 2014. See: www.DeGrazia.org. More Prizes! PAGE 22 ER N N WI ALL! E ON KES TA Click Here to Subscribe to Big Blend e-News to Enter the Big Blend Bonanza! PRIZE #3: 2 Night Stay for Two, at Dream Manor Inn – Located in Globe, Arizona, the gateway community of Tonto National Monument, this Tuscan-style hill-top boutique resort features 20 guest rooms and extended-stay villas, a pool and Jacuzzi, walking paths, lush gardens, fountains, waterfall, a putting green, complimentary DVD and book libraries, free WiFi, and BBQ areas. Gift certificate can be used between Sunday-Thursday. Prize added January 20, 2015. See www.DreamManorInn.com. PRIZE #4: Coronado Motor Hotel Getaway – Located in Yuma, Arizona the historic Coronado Motor Hotel features comfortable Spanish hacienda-style guest rooms with modern amenities, 2 swimming pools, Yuma Landing Bar & Grill (the site where the first airplane landed in Arizona), and the Casa de Coronado Museum. The hotel is in walking distance from the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area, the Colorado River, and historic downtown district. This prize includes a 2 night stay for 2 at the Coronado Motor Hotel (includes breakfast), $25 gift certificate for Yuma Landing Bar & Grill, plus a tour of Casa de Coronado Museum. Prize added February 23, 2015. See www.CoronadoMotorHotel.com. PRIZE #5: $25 Gift Certificate for The Peanut Patch - Located in Yuma, Arizona, The Peanut Patch is a popular gift shop that carries a variety peanuts, fresh fudge, homemade peanut butter and peanut brittle, fine chocolates, nostalgic candies, dried fruits and nuts, sugar-free candies, gourmet preserves and relishes, olives, salsas, syrups and raw honey. They have a nice selection of gifts and gift baskets. The Peanut Patch is open October – May, but has a year-round Fabulous Fudge Fan Club. Prize added March 23, 2015. See www.ThePeanutPatch.com. PRIZE #6: 8 Keys of Excellence Gift Set - The 8 Keys of Excellence character education program is a free family program that guides young people toward a positive future full of confidence, motivation, creativity, team work, leadership and valuable life principles. This prize package includes the book “The 8 Keys of Excellence: Principles to Live By” written by Bobbi DePorter, large 8 Keys of Excellence Wall Set, and 8 Keys of Excellence wristbands. Prize added March 23, 2015. To learn more about the 8 Keys and to join the Excellence Movement, visit www.8Keys.org. More Prizes! PAGE 23 PRIZE #7: 2 Night Stay for Two, at Joshua Inn Bed & Breakfast – Located in historic downtown Hollister, California, the gateway community of Pinnacles National Park, Joshua Inn is a charming 1902 Victorian home featuring five beautifully appointed guest rooms, gourmet breakfasts, evening wine and cocktail hour, candy bar, complimentary WiFi. Enjoy a glass of ice tea while rocking on the front porch, out in the garden gazebo or in the parlor. Gift certificate can be used between Sunday-Thursday. Prize added April 28, 2015. See www.JoshuaInn.com. PRIZE #8: Round of Golf for Two at Ridgemark Golf & Country Club – Located in Hollister, California, the gateway community of Pinnacles National Park, Ridgemark features a beautiful 18hole championship golf course designated as a "Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary", a pro shop, tennis courts, The Public House lounge and restaurant, 32 deluxe guest rooms, and indoor and outdoor wedding and event venues. Prize added April 28, 2015. See www.Ridgemark.com. PRIZE #9: 2 Night Stay for Two, at Yerington Inn – Located in historic downtown Yerington, in western Nevada off the Pony Express and California National Historic Trails, Yerington Inn is a newly renovated hotel that features 79 airconditioned guestrooms with complimentary highspeed WiFi, flat screen LCD TVs with cable, inroom microwave and fridge, coffee/tea makers, and more. The area features numerous hiking and biking trails, historic and cultural sites, casinos and restaurants. Prize added May 24, 2015. Visit www.YeringtonInn.com. More Prizes! PAGE 24 ON TA E WI KE NN S A ER LL ! NER N I L! EW ON ES AL TAK PRIZE #10: $200 Gift Card for Dini’s Lucky Club – Located across the street from Yerington Inn, in historic downtown Yerington, Dini’s Lucky Club Restaurant & Casino is the oldest family owned and operated casino in Nevada. Here you can play the latest slots, video poker or keno, enjoy drinks at The Cellar Bar & Lounge, and eat a delicious breakfast, lunch or dinner at Dini’s Coffee Shop. Gift card can be used for food and drinks. Prize added May 24, 2015. Visit www.DinisLuckyClub.com. PRIZE #11: $25 Gift Certificate for The Bakery Gallery - The Bakery Gallery is a popular destination in Yerington, Nevada that offers a delicious variety of made-from-scratch cakes, pies, cookies, cupcakes, muffins, Danish pastries, coffee cakes, biscotti, and breads. They also serve coffee and espresso, have a decadent selection of chocolate truffles and desserts, and serve pre-fixe to-go dinners. Prize added May 24, 2015. Visit www.TheBakeryGallery.com. PRIZE # 12: Book Set from C. Lee McKenzie – California based author C. Lee McKenzie writes young adult and middle grade books as well as short stories and non-fiction articles for young readers. This prize set includes 4 of her young adult novels: ‘Sudden Secrets’ (Evernight Teen 2014), 'Double Negative' (Evernight Teen, 2014), 'The Princess of Las Pulgas' (Westside Books, 2010), and 'Sliding on the Edge' (WestSide Books, 2009). Prize added June 22, 2015. Learn more at www.CLeeMcKenzieBooks.com. More Prizes! PAGE 25 NER N I L! EW ON ES AL TAK ON TA E WI KE NN S A ER LL ! PRIZE #13: The Asphalt Warrior Series – The late author Gary Reilly’s best-selling ‘The Asphalt Warrior’ book series features the adventures of Denver cab driver Brendan Murphy, a.k.a. “Murph”. This prize set features all 7 books including: ‘The Asphalt Warrior’, ‘Ticket to Hollywood’, ‘The Heart of Darkness Club’, ‘Home for the Holidays’, ‘Doctor Lovebeads’, ‘Dark Night of the Soul, and ‘Pick Up at Union Station’. Prize added June 22, 2015. Learn more at www.TheAsphaltWarrior.com. PRIZE #14: Allison Coil Mystery Series – Mark Stevens is the award winning author of the bestselling Allison Coil mystery series that’s set in the Flat Tops Wilderness of Colorado. This prize set features all 4 books including: ‘Antler Dust’, ‘Buried By Roan’, ‘Trapline’, and ‘Lake of Fire’. Prize added June 22, 2015. Learn more at www.WriterMarkStevens.com. PRIZE #15: Blue Cat Balancing: This limited edition art poster is by figurative artist Victoria Chick, the founder of the Cow Trail Art Studio in southwest New Mexico. She received a B.A. in Art from the University of Missouri at Kansas City and awarded an M.F.A. in Painting from Kent State University in Ohio. Prize added July 28, 2015. Visit her website at www.ArtistVictoriaChick.com. PRIZE #16: 2 Night Stay for Two, at Julian Lodge B&B Inn – Located in historic downtown Julian, San Diego’s popular mountain destination, the Julian Lodge and its guest rooms have the Old West ambiance of Julian, yet offer the comfort of modern air conditioning, private baths, TV and WiFi. Park your car and you're steps from shops, galleries, restaurants, historic attractions, wine tasting and Julian's famous apple pie. Gift certificate can be used between Sunday-Thursday, and includes continental breakfast. Prize added Aug. 27, 2015. Visit www.JulianLodge.com. PAGE 26 NER N I L! EW ON ES AL TAK ON TA E WI KE NN S A ER LL ! PRIZE #17: $25 Gift Certificate for Jeremy’s on the Hill California Style Bistro – Owned and operated by Chef Jeremy Manley ‘San Diego’s Sustainable Chef’, Jeremy’s on the Hill is known for serving fresh and delicious farm-to-table cuisine with locally sourced ingredients. Seasonal menu features steaks, seafood, burgers, salads, sandwiches, desserts, micro-brews and local wines. The restaurant is located in Wynola, just a couple of minutes from Julian, CA. Prize added Aug. 27, 2015. Visit www.JeremysontheHill.com. PRIZE #18: $25 Gift Certificate for Crossroads Treasures – Located in Santa Ysabel, just a couple of minutes from Julian, California, Crossroads Treasures features a vibrant variety of rocks, gems and minerals, Zuni fetishes and Native American crafts, jewelry and specialty beads, plants, books, lapidary and gold panning supplies. Prize added Aug. 27, 2015. Visit www.CrossRoadsTreasures.biz. PRIZE #19: CardNinja! - Free your arms from the straps of your purse with CardNinja. The CardNinja is incredibly convenient with its ultra-slim design and can hold cash and up to eight cards in one compact, convenient spot—on the back of your smartphone. CardNinja’s spandex sleeve and 3M adhesive ensure cards and money stay in securely, even if you flip it over. Prize added Sept. 28, 2015. Visit www.CardNinja.com. ONE WINNER TAKES ALL! Every few weeks we add new prizes to the giveaway. These are announced in our Big Blend e-Newsletter, and the monthly Big Blend Radio & TV Magazine. HOW DO YOU ENTER? Subscribe to the Big Blend e-Newsletter to get the monthly prize update, monthly question, and entry form. Maximize your chances of winning by answering as many questions as possible. As a subscriber your entries are tripled each month. Last entry will be accepted on November 10, 2015. Winner will be announced in the December 2015 issue of Big Blend Radio & TV Magazine. Click Here to Subscribe to Big Blend e-News to Enter the Big Blend Bonanza! PAGE 27 Creative Celebrations HALLOWEEN COCKTAILS Spooktacular Sips ‘n Shots! Want a little zombie blood with your martini? Or how about a liquid shot of candy corn? Get into the spirit of Halloween with these easy-to-make cocktail recipes from Tyler Johnston and Heather Witherington, mixologists at the historic Yuma Landing Bar & Grill in Yuma, Arizona. October marks this popular restaurant and watering hole’s 25th anniversary, and the 104th year of being the site where the first airplane landed in Arizona. See more of their cocktail recipes at www.YumaLanding.com. Tyler’s Zombie Blood Martini For Cocktail: 1 oz. vodka 1 oz. peach schnapps 1 oz. sour apple schnapps 1 oz. coconut rum 1 oz. sweet and sour mix For Blood Slime: 3 Tbsp. corn syrup ½ tsp. red food coloring Rim Instructions: Mix corn syrup with red food coloring. Dip the rim of martini glass into the mixture, and slowly spin the glass to coat it. Turn the glass upright and the blood will begin to drip slightly. Set aside. Cocktail Instructions: Pour all ingredients into cocktail shaker half-filled with ice cubes. Shake well and pour over ice cubes into slimerimmed martini glass. Heather’s Candy Corn Shooter Get a plastic shot cup and the fill center with Jagermeister. Fill the outer cup with orange soda. Halloween - Where Did It Come From? Halloween is now one of North America’s most popular observances. It was brought to North America by way of Irish and British colonists, but largely ignored until the Us experienced a sizable influx of European immigrants in the nineteenth century. Thought to originate before Christianity as a Celtic festival known as Samhain, taking place once a year on or about November 1, bonfires were lit and offerings of food and drink were left out to attract the wandering spirits of all those who had passed away during the year. At this time those souls were finally allowed access to the ‘otherworld.’ Part of the celebration apparently included ‘mumming’, or dressing in disguise as the souls, going from home to home and performing in exchange for food and drink. Some souls elected to play pranks, perhaps due to the quality or quantity of the food and drink provided, or just because that was their general personality while among the living. PAGE 28 Yuma Landing Bar & Grill Come Eat, Drink & Be Merry where the First Airplane Landed in Arizona! Hangar Sports Bar 24 Beers on Tap ~ Daily Drink Specials Appetizers & Entrees Televised Sports Events ~ Live Music & Entertainment Captainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lounge Top-shelf Cocktails ~ Fine Wines ~ Specialty Coffees Yuma Landing Restaurant American & South-of-the-Border Cuisine Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner Click to Watch Video! Win! Win! Win! Sign up on YumaLanding.com for our Captainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Log e-Newsletter and you will be entered into our monthly drawing for a $25 Yuma Landing Gift Certificate, plus you'll get news on other great giveaways, specials, Yuma Landing recipes, events news & more! Located on the same property as the Historic Coronado Motor Hotel, the Yuma Landing Bar & Grill is the site where the first airplane landed in Arizona, and features a state monument, historic photos and memorabilia. Groups of 15 or more diners get a 15% discount on breakfast, lunch and dinner. All Military Personnel Receive a 20% Discount on Meals! 195 S. 4th Avenue, Yuma, Arizona Tel: (928) 782-7427 PAGE 47 www.YumaLanding.com PAGE 29 Eat, Drink & Be Merry Portobello mushrooms are actually grown-up brown crimini mushrooms. Their earthy flavor and meaty texture makes them a favorite ingredient for vegetarian dishes, not to mention that they are a good nutritional source for B vitamins, riboflavin, and niacin. Try these recipes from Chef Ivan Flowers and Chef Jeremy Manley that feature the pure delicious pleasures of the Portobello Mushroom. Listen! Listen to Chef Ivan Flowers discuss Portobello Mushrooms on Big Blend Radio! ROASTED PORTOBELLO MUSHROOMS This recipe from Five-Star Chef Ivan Flowers features a Garlic, Olive Oil and Balsamic Glaze, and Citrus Sriracha Aioli. Ingredients: 4 Large Portobello Mushrooms, gills and stems removed ¾ Cup Olive Oil 1/3 Cup Balsamic Vinegar ½ Tsp. Sugar ¾ Tsp. Granulated Garlic ½ Cup Mayonnaise 1 Tbsp. Sriracha Juice of 1 Lemon Salt Pepper Method: In a bowl combine the olive oil, sugar, balsamic vinegar and garlic. Mix well, add salt and pepper to taste. Marinate Portobello mushrooms in this for one hour. In a bowl, combine the mayonnaise, Sriracha and lemon juice. Mix well and hold in the fridge. Preheat oven to 450. On a sprayed baking sheet, place Portobello mushrooms gill side up and fill them with the marinade. Cook for 7 minutes. Flip over and using a pastry brush, brush top side with marinade and cook for 7 more minutes. Remove from oven, slice and serve with Sriracha aioli for dipping. Serves 4. PAGE 30 Eat, Drink & Be Merry PORTOBELLO MUSHROOM BURGERS This recipe from Chef Jeremy Manley ‘San Diego’s Sustainable Chef’ is served on a brioche bun with Chèvre goat cheese, caramelized onions, and avocado. For more of Chef Manley’s recipes visit www.JeremysontheHill.com. Ingredients: 2 Large Portobello mushrooms cut in half 3 Basil leaves sliced as thin as possible, stems removed 2 Cloves of garlic, sliced thin 1/8 Cup balsamic vinegar 1/4 Cup olive oil 1 Teaspoon kosher salt 1 Teaspoon fresh cracked white pepper Cook the Portobellos for 4-8 minutes on each side depending on desired mushroom texture and your personal taste. Serve on a brioche bun with Chèvre goat cheese, caramelized onions, and thinly sliced avocado. Caramelized onions: 1 White onion, thinly sliced 2 Tablespoons of butter 2 Sprigs of thyme 1 Teaspoon kosher salt 1 Shot of Jim Beam Kentucky Bourbon (optional) Thinly slice your white onion and place in Sauté pan with the 2 tablespoons of butter, thyme and salt. Over a high flame begin cooking your onions and stir them every couple minutes. You can turn the flame to low if you like, however high flame and paying attention to the transformation in your sauté pan will mean you can eat at a quicker time. After 15 minutes a caramelization should begin to form on your pan. Deglaze with the shot of Bourbon or water. Let cook another 5-7 minutes and remove from the heat. Add more salt if desired. Method: Combine your basil, garlic cloves, balsamic vinegar, olive oil, salt and white pepper in a mixing bowl and whisk together. Then place your marinade in your casserole pan. Place your mushrooms in the marinade for 20 minutes. After another 20 minutes flip your Portobellos over and marinade for a least another 20 minutes. You can leave your mushrooms in the marinade for up to 5 days. The longer they are in the more they will begin to break down. Reserve the liquid for making your own salad dressing, by adding an extra 1/2 cup of olive oil. Light the BBQ up and heat to 350 degrees. PAGE 31 Click to Watch Big Blend’s Chef Jeremy TV! Eat, Drink & Be Merry There’s nothing like the aroma of fall fruits and spices wafting out of the kitchen, not to mention the delicious flavors of home-style baked goodies. From cornbread to persimmon, pumpkin, date and banana, here are five bread recipes that celebrate the season. Listen! Ruth’s Home-style Cornbread Recipe Cornbread is rich and dense enough to please everyone over the forthcoming holiday season. I like to serve it with honey and/or sour cream on the side. Be careful not to over bake! Makes 12 servings in a 4 1/2 x 8 1/2 x 3 inches loaf pan. This recipe is from Ruth Milstein, author of the Gourmand award-winning recipe book ‘Cooking with Love: Ventures Into the New Israeli Cuisine’. Visit www.RuthMilstein.com for more recipes. Ingredients: 1 cup all-purpose flour 1 cup yellow cornmeal 3 teaspoons baking powder 1/2 teaspoon salt 1/2 cup apple sauce 1/4 cup honey 1 cup soy milk or 3% milk 3 Tablespoons vegetable oil 2 large eggs or 1 egg and 2 eggs white, lightly beaten Ruth & Howard Milstein talk Cornbread and wine on Big Blend Radio! Method: In a large bowl combine the flour, cornmeal, baking powder and salt; stir well. Blend in apple sauce and the honey. In a separate bowl whisk together the milk, oil and eggs. Pour the milk egg mixture into the flour mixture and combine gently. Pour batter into a greased baking pan and bake in a 400◦ preheated oven for 20 minutes until the wooden skewer inserted into the center comes out clean. * For those who love "wet" cake, mix 1/2 cup orange juice with 1 tablespoon orange liquor; drip the mixture by spoon over the cake after baking. * Bread is suitable for breakfast and keeps fresh if frozen, for 2 months. You may double the ingredients and bake 2 loaves for 25 minutes. Let it cool after baking and wrap tightly with plastic wrap and freeze. PAGE 32 Eat, Drink & Be Merry Leah’s Persimmon Bread Featuring Fuyu Persimmons, this fall inspired recipe is from Leah Launey, innkeeper of Three Rivers Bed & Breakfast in California’s Sequoia Country. Visit www.ThreeRiversBedandBreakfast.com to learn more. Ingredients: 1 cup whole wheat flour 3/4 cup unbleached flour 3/4 teaspoon baking soda 1/2 cup dark brown sugar 2 large brown eggs (I use Glaum's organic), lightly beaten 1/4 cup maple syrup 1/3 cup canola oil 1/4 cup plain nonfat homemade yogurt Approximately 3/4 cup peeled and mashed Fuyu persimmons Terri’s Pumpkin Bread This pumpkin bread recipe from Terri Bailey, coowner of Bailey’s Palomar Resort in Palomar Mountain, California, can be baked in two loaf pans or mini loaf pans – perfect for gifts! For more of Terri’s recipes visit www.BaileysPalomarResort.com. Ingredients: 3 cup sugar 1 ½ tsp. salt 3 ½ cup flour ½ tsp. cloves 1 cup oil 1 tsp. cinnamon 4 eggs ½ cup walnuts, chopped 2 cup pumpkin pie filling 2/3 cup water 2 tsp. baking soda Method: Heat oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Grease a 9 x 5 inch loaf pan. Method: Sift the flours and soda together, twice. Gently stir Preheat oven to 350 degrees. in the dark brown sugar. Combine all ingredients in one large bowl. Grease Separately, mix the wet ingredients together. Fold two loaf pans. wet mixture into dry until just blended. Divide batter and pour into baking pans. Bake until golden brown and a toothpick inserted in You can sprinkle nuts on top and they will roast and the middle comes out clean. add a delicious flavor to the bread. Actual oven temperatures vary, but this bread Bake for 1 hour. should be ready in about 50 minutes. The first time you bake it in your own oven, keep an eye on the bread, and if the edges are cooking faster than the middle, cover the edges with foil to prevent them from getting too dark. Oven temperatures vary and the type of pan you are using makes a difference. Again, on average, the bread should be done in about 50 minutes. PAGE 33 Click to Watch Big Blend’s Eat, Drink & Be Merry TV! Eat, Drink & Be Merry Debbie’s Spicy Date Loaf Served with whipped cream or covered in browned butter frosting, this recipe is from Debbie Mansheim, owner of Basket Creations & More in Yuma, Arizona. It features locally grown Medjool dates from Bard Date Company. For more recipes featuring Medjool dates visit www.BardDate.com. Ingredients: 1 ½ cup boiling coffee ½ cup Medjool dates, cut 3 cups all-purpose flour 1 tsp. baking powder 2 eggs 1 cup nuts 2 tsp. vanilla 1 tsp. salt ¾ cups sugar 1 cup brown sugar ¾ cup shortening 1 tsp. baking soda 1 tsp. cinnamon Method: Pour coffee over dates and set aside. Cream sugars and shortening well. Add unbeaten eggs, one at a time. Sift dry ingredients and alternately add with date mixture, beginning and ending with dry ingredients. Add nuts and vanilla. Bake in a 14 x 10 inch greased and floured pan at 350 degrees, for 40-45 minutes. PAGE 34 Eat, Drink & Be Merry Donnaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Peanut Butter Banana Bread Offering a peanut butter twist to regular banana bread, this recipe is from Donna George, owner of The Peanut Patch in Yuma, Arizona. For more recipes featuring peanuts visit www.ThePeanutPatch.com. Ingredients: 2 cups all-purpose flour 1 cup whole wheat flour 1 cup peanuts, chopped 1/4 cup wheat germ 1 tablespoon ground cinnamon 2 teaspoons baking soda 1/2 teaspoon salt 4 eggs, room temperature 2 1/3 cups sugar 3/4 cup creamy peanut butter 1/2 cup canola oil 1 tablespoon vanilla extract 2 cups coarsely mashed bananas (about 3-4) Method: Combine flours, peanuts, wheat germ, cinnamon, baking soda and salt. Beat eggs. Add sugar; beat until creamy. Add peanut butter, oil and vanilla; beat well. Add banana, beat 1 minute. Stir in dry ingredients until blended. Spray two 9X5X3-inch loaf pans with non-stick cooking spray. Divide batter equally between pans; tap on counter to settle batter. Bake at 375 degrees for 55 - 65 minutes or until toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool in pans 10 minutes. PAGE 35 Eat, Drink & Be Merry NEWS & INTERVIEWS Listen! RIDE THE RIVER OF BEER! ALLEZ CUISINE! Rio de Cerveza Brew Fest in Yuma, AZ Iron Chef Team Building at The Wine Artist in SoCal Listen to Linda Morgan, Executive Director of the Yuma Visitors Bureau, chat with Big Blend Radio about the annual Rio de Cerveza Brew Fest and Fall Fun in Yuma! Featuring craft brewers from throughout the region, the 3rd Annual Rio de Cerveza Brew Fest returns to Yuma on October 24, 2015 with over 60 beer samples, food vendors, art, live music by ‘80’s and Gentlemen’ and more! At this 21 and over event you can sample craft brews from a wide variety of regional breweries. Held at the Desert Sun Stadium from 5-9pm, drinkers receive a souvenir sampling mug and 24 pours and designated drivers get free soda and water. Proceeds benefit the Yuma Veterans Fund. For tickets and information visit www.RiodeCerveza.com. MJ Hong, Proprietress of The Wine Artist and SoCal Media Coordinator for International Food Wine Travel Writers Association (IFWTWA), talks with Big Blend Radio about her boutique winery and special event venue in Orange County, California that has hosted special media events for IFWTWA. The Wine Artist is a 2,500 square foot elegantly decorated Tuscan themed boutique winery and event venue that specializes in custom labeled wines, as well as private parties and corporate events that feature team building exercises such as Iron Chef competitions! So whose cuisine will reign supreme? Find out at www.TheWineArtist.com. PAGE 36 Garden Gossip Garlic, my next favorite. Beautiful Basil and Good-for-You Garlic By herbalist Cynthia Johnston As I ponder the array of herbs in my garden that await harvest for use in my kitchen…..I see Rosemary, Basil, Thyme, Garlic and Chives. These herbs are abundant by nature and if you are wise enough to have them in your garden you are able to enhance any meal with the sheer, sharp, pleasure of fresh, fragrant all natural herbs right from your own backyard. There is simply nothing like going out into the garden, digging up a garlic bulb to use in dinner preparations. Washed, crushed, chopped and added to anything……..this is simply the most aromatic experience one can have with garlic. As well as being an amazing immune support, garlic is antibacterial and antimicrobial. If you have picked up any moist, moldy, conditions this summer…this is your antidote. Incorporate garlic in to your diet whenever possible. Aside from these two specific herbs…..there is simply nothing more satisfying then going to one’s garden to harvest chives, tarragon, oregano, thyme or rosemary to use in the days meals. The cycle of nature, the cycles of plants and herbs, will assist you to be more in touch with the cycles of your body….and life. And this is a good thing! My favorite, Basil. Cynthia Johnston is an herbalist and founder of MoonMaid Botanicals, a small herb company that is dedicated to providing high quality herbal products that are free of chemical preservatives, propylparabens or synthetics of any kind. Products include remedies for menopause, PMS, yeast infections, common women’s health issues, and herbal products for the family. Learn more or shop For pesto, mix the frozen, crushed basil leaves with online at www.MoonMaidBotanicals.com. equal parts feta cheese, olive oil, pine nuts (or walnuts, almonds etc.) and a bit of salt and pepper in a bowl. Mix well. I use a narrow mouth spaghetti sauce jar with an Osterizer blender blade to mix on my blender. Simply screw your blender blade/top onto the jar………whalah!!! Perfect for mixing sauces, dressings or smoothies. I harvest this abundant plant just before it begins to show a flower top. Cut it 6 to 12 inches down the plant, depending how tall it has grown. Strip the leaves from the stem. Place the leaves in a plastic bag, seal tightly and put in the freezer. When frozen, crush the leaves well. One can also simply toss these frozen leaves into hot drained pasta, add salt, pepper and olive oil. A bit lower calorie than the pesto…..and equally as good. PAGE 38 Garden Gossip Photos Above : Champagne Wishes & Pink Beverly Photo Below: Belinda’s Dream & Priscilla Photos by Teresa Byington Those topics ranged from fall rose care to new hybrids, the history of the Peace Rose, the naming of roses in regards to country music, and even a lesson on the difference between ‘nekked’ and ‘naked!’ In honor of Priscilla, Big Blend’s pink sock monkey travel mascot, Chris and Teresa also came up with a few rose varieties such as Champagne Wishes, the Pink Beverly and Belinda’s Dream (pictured). Keep up with Chris and Teresa at www.RoseChatPodcast.com. Listen! Rosarians and hosts of the popular Rose Chat Podcast, Chris VanCleave ‘The Redneck Rosarian’ and Teresa Byington (photo above) just returned from the American Rose Society’s National Convention that included a rose show and various lectures presented by experts and well known hybridizers such as Will Radler, Michael Marriott, Alain Meilland, Thomas Proll and Steve Hutton. Listen to their Big Blend Radio conversation that follows Steve Schneickert’s Hollywood History segment on roses. It sure was a lively chat that covered the convention and rose show, and a variety of rose related topics. PAGE 39 Garden Gossip When it comes to purchasing overseas property, there are two vital factors that buyers Listen to have to keep in mind – location, location, Garrett Kenny on location and local knowledge. And for those Big Blend Radio! looking to buy in Central Florida, Garrett Kenny, the Chief Executive Officer of leading developer Garrett Kenny, knows the Orlando region ‘like the and agent, Feltrim Group, has plenty of both! back of his hand’ following his move from Ireland in 1996. He wrote ‘Buying and Owning Property in Anyone who wants practical advice about the buying process – particularly overseas buyers who Central Florida’ because there was no similar guide available. may not be familiar with the process in the United States – will find Mr Kenny’s book ‘Buying and “The more I look at the books and guides available Owning Property in Central Florida’ invaluable. Mr Kenny, who has sold more than US $600 million to those who want to buy real estate in Central Florida – whether as a holiday home, an investment of real estate and won numerous industry awards, says, “It is very important for the buyer to carry out property or to live here – the more I am depressed by the poor quality available. The answer was to in-depth research - not just on the area but on the write my own guide! There is so much I know today property as well.” that I wish I had been aware of when I first came to “Long-distance buyers can be sure they are getting Florida and bought my home. This book provides overseas property buyers with that knowledge and the right information by obtaining local expert knowledge. The internet is a great tool. You have a is focused on practical ‘must-knows’.” lot of photographs, a lot of good stories, but nothing The 322-page book covers everything homebuyers will ever substitute the local expert knowledge – need to know including how to carry out initial knowing exactly what is on the ground and where research, how to find the right property and who are the good locations versus the bad locations.” should own it, inspections, surveys and the financial and legal processes. It also explores other But how do you know who is an expert? “It is important the buyer asks hard questions of the essential issues including the cost of buying, moving in, letting your property, investments, visas so-called expert. How long has he or she been in the business? How long have they been operating and immigration, taxes and more. It aims to provide a short, readable and practical in an area? For example, myself, I’ve been outline to help those buying property in Central operating in Orlando for close to 13 years. I’m not Florida, to understand and solve the problems good in Miami. I’m not good in other parts of Florida, but I consider Orlando my back yard and I involved and to save them time, stress and money. know my back yard.” PAGE 40 Listen! Garden Gossip What makes Orlando so attractive for real estate investors and vacation home owners? It attracted 62 million visitors in 2014, making it the most popular destination in the United States, way ahead of the 48 million in New York. And millions more are to come in the future. Orlando International Airport is just undergoing an US $1.5 billion expansion to cater for visitor growth over the next 10 years. The area is famous for its worldclass theme parks, including Disney, Universal, Legoland, Discovery Cove and SeaWorld, who spend billions of dollars a year in marketing the area. Garrett Kenny says serious international buyers who travel to Orlando receive much more help from Feltrim Group than simply looking at their chosen property. “When you come out to Orlando, we are not just going to show you a three-bedroom house or a four bedroom house. We are going to show you the area and all the economic activity that is happening in the area. It is very important for you as a buyer to understand what is happening in that area. We will help you open a bank account, find a tax advisor and apply for a mortgage if you need one.” Figures recently released by the National Association of Realtors show that the value of US property bought by overseas investors reached US $104 billion in the year to March 2015, up 13% from the previous year, according to the Profile of International Home Buying Activity. Mr Kenny says anyone thinking of buying a property in another country should always take professional advice. Visit www.FeltrimGroup.com for more information. The figures are topped by Chinese and Canadian buyers – who are also the leading overseas buyers of Feltrim Group developments – as well as UK investors. Florida is the most popular state and accounts for 21% of all international purchases. Among in-demand Feltrim Group properties is the new Balmoral at Water’s Edge luxury lakefront resort and community that promises to be one of the most attractive developments south of the Disney area. It is set within a 113-acre private gated community featuring natural and man-made lakes and impeccably landscaped gardens and parks, and provides an upscale, elegant and distinctive lifestyle for owners. The beautiful garden-themed community, just south of Orlando includes Tuscan-style architect-designed homes exclusive to top developer, the Feltrim Group, that are individually designed so no two homes look the same. Balmoral at Water’s Edge features a host of top-class leisure facilities, including a resort-style pool with luxury clubhouse, mini waterpark, lakeside beach, gym and spa, gourmet kitchen, restaurant and more. PAGE 41 Nature Connection - Wildlife Tiger Tragedy in Asia The illegal trade in tiger parts and products, poaching, conflict between tigers and communities living alongside them, and habitat loss and degradation, have caused wild tiger populations to plummet to as few as 3,200 individuals. Tiger range throughout India, Indochina and Southeast Asia is now 40 percent smaller than it was in 1951, and today tigers occupy a mere 7 percent of their historical territory. Amid this, the threats are mounting. On the Indian subcontinent, where the largest tiger population persists, only 11 percent of original habitat remains in an increasingly fragmented and often degraded state. Tigers are a conservation-dependent species, requiring large contiguous forests with access to water and undisturbed core areas in which to breed. China has only between 40 and 50 wild tigers remaining but more than 5,000 tigers in captive breeding facilities, ranging in size from a handful of tigers to two establishments which have more than 1,000 tigers in each. These facilities can be a ready source for a number of tiger products such as tiger skins - used as luxury home dĂŠcor and for tiger bone wine, made by hanging tiger carcasses in vats of wine and then bottling - a prestigious item used to show wealth and status and gifted to curry favor or give thanks for a business deal. Photo courtesy of Suresh Babu / FreeImages.com Listen! Adam Roberts, CEO of Born Free USA and Born Free Foundation, Talks Tiger Conservation on Big Blend Radio Poaching of tigers continues, and despite a 1975 ban on international tiger trade, seizures of tigers and tiger products across the Asian region show a healthy ongoing trade, with a mingling of captive bred tigers and wild tigers. This highlights a growing concern among conservationists: that these captive bred tigers are not only feeding demand for tiger products across Asia, but are also stimulating it, placing an additional and unsustainable pressure on their wild counterparts. Born Free USA and the UK based Born Free Foundation are global leaders in animal welfare and wildlife conservation. Through litigation, legislation, and public education, they lead vital campaigns against animals in entertainment, exotic "pets," trapping and fur, poaching and the destructive international wildlife trade. Visit www.BornFreeUSA.org. PAGE 42 Nature Connection - Wildlife Fisher Kits Reintroduced in Yosemite National Park Four Orphaned Fisher Kits Released North of the Merced River Four rescued fisher (Martes pennanti) kits were released in mid-September, north of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park. This historic reintroduction was a cooperative effort between the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station (PSW), Fresno-Chaffee Zoo, and the Fresno Wildlife Rehabilitation Foundation. The reintroduction aims to increase the long term viability of the declining fisher population by expanding its population to the northern part of Yosemite National Park. The release of these orphan kits, now approximately six months old, back into the wild is part of a four-year effort to reintroduce fishers north of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park. Historic records show that fishers once occupied this area but trapping and logging in the late 1800s and early 1900s likely led to their local extinction. Despite over 70 years of protection, fishers have failed to successfully recolonize the area. Biologists hope that human-assisted migration north of Yosemite Valley and across the Merced River barrier may help increase the long term The kits, two sets of siblings, were rescued south of viability of the population by expanding its distribution. National Park Service and Forest the park on U.S. Forest Service land after two Service biologists will work together to monitor radio-collared female fishers were killed by these four kits. If they survive at rates similar to predators. The kits were rescued by PSW other juvenile fishers, the population will be researchers Craig Thompson and Laura Van augmented in the following years with additional Vranken. Estimated to be approximately eight orphans that would have otherwise died if they had weeks old, the kits were taken to the Fresnonot been rescued by researchers. Chaffee Zoo to be cared for until they could eat solid food. They were then moved to an outdoor The small, isolated population of fishers in the facility near Oakhurst run by the Fresno Wildlife southern Sierra Nevada is listed as threatened by Rehabilitation Foundation where they have since the state and is under consideration for federal grown and learned to hunt live prey. listing. This is due to fire, habitat loss, and other environmental threats. PAGE 43 Nature Connection - Energy & Environment Global Green USA's Vision, Leadership, Community Coalition Building & Persistence Helps Create Models of Climate Resiliency for NOLA and At-Risk Coastal Cities Immediately after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, Global Green USA responded with a greenprint for sustainably rebuilding NOLA's schools, homes and communities to be climate resilient. Global Green USA's goals were to save residents money, improve health and create model buildings that would reduce the CO2 emissions that contribute to global climate change. Time Magazine previously reported, "No organization is doing more to green New Orleans than Global Green USA." While 10 years ago, New Orleans embodied the dire threats and potential devastating impacts of climate change to coastal cities, today many NOLA neighborhoods reveal a green, hopeful future that especially benefits low-income and minority communities disproportionately harmed by climate change. "As we commemorate the 10 year anniversary of Hurricane Katrina and remember the extraordinary loss of life and unimaginable horrors caused by one of the first climate-related natural disasters in North America, we also reflect upon the remarkable resilience of New Orleans residents and the successful transformation of many neighborhoods, schools and communities that are now greener, healthier and more resilient," said Dr. Les McCabe, Global Green USA President and CEO. Today, thanks to Global Green: • Tens of thousands of New Orleanians are enjoying healthier lives in greener homes, schools and other community buildings. Listen! • Thousands of students and teachers now go to school in more energy-efficient classrooms, which save hundreds of thousands of dollars annually in reduced electricity expenses, thanks to a generous grant from the Bush Clinton Katrina Fund. • More than 25,000 people have toured Global Green's Model Green Home Visitor Center in the Holy Cross Project of the Lower Ninth Ward to Listen to Dr. Les McCabe, Global Green USA learn how to build and remodel their homes to be President and CEO, discuss Climate Change greener. The average monthly Energy bill (including and the Rebuilding of a Greener NOLA electricity and gas) of Holy Cross Project on Big Blend Radio! homeowners is less than $30. PAGE 44 Nature Connection - Energy & Environment • More than 20,000 New Orleanians participated in Global Green’s innovative Build it Back Green (BIBG) workshops and community events. BIBG directly assisted over 3,000 New Orleans residents and saved approximately 1,713,500 pounds of CO2 from entering the atmosphere which is equal to the planting of 35,699 trees or taking 150 cars off the road for a year. • Over $1 million dollars in revenue was generated for local and small business contractors through Global Green's implementation of NOLA Wise that completed 170 single-family retrofits which will save a combined total of 763,170 kilowatt hours of energy per year for these families. Global Green USA is also commemorating the 10th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina and their efforts to rebuild a greener New Orleans by launching the Climate Champions fundraising campaign. The initiative recommits resources to NOLA and other at-risk cities such as New York, San Francisco, Miami, and Los Angeles in order to complete their Lower Ninth Ward Climate Action and Community Center, enhance their New Orleans-based Disaster Response Team, and educate and motivate people in other cities to make changes to prevent climate related disasters and become prepared before they happen, thereby lessening the destruction and shortening the reconstruction process. To learn more about Global Green's remarkable initiatives over the past decade check out the Katrina10 blog series at www.globalgreen.org/blog. For more information and to support the Climate Change Champions campaign, log onto www.GlobalGreen.org or text CLIMATE to 77717. PAGE 45 Nature Connection - Energy & Environment Listen! Robert Stayton talks with Big Blend Radio on the benefits of Solar Power. 2. SOLAR PV IS SECURE ENERGY A transportation system based on solar-charged electric vehicles breaks our dependency on oil. Because the sun bathes every country in solar energy, all countries become solar “haves,” and can rely on a secure supply of energy. Another side of energy security is to protect energy infrastructure—power plants, transmission lines, and refineries—from natural disasters and terrorist attacks. A single attack that disables a large centralized power plant can put millions of people in the dark. The wide dispersal of solar PV systems makes them harder to target. 3. SOLAR PV SAVES OIL FOR USE AS A RAW MATERIAL Oil is usually viewed as an energy source, but oil 1. SOLAR PV IS DISTRIBUTED also serves as a raw material for many chemical Distributed energy is defined as electricity products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, produced from many small sources distributed over fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. About 16% of oil a wide geographical area. Solar PV is distributed, production goes to materials other than energy. If while nuclear and coal-fired power plants are not, we burn all the oil for energy, then future because their economics require them to be large generations will not have this valuable resource. and centralized. Distributed energy systems have How much we preserve will depend on how quickly these advantages: we can transition from oil to solar-based energy systems. • Distance to the end user is shorter, so less energy is lost in transmission lines. • Not susceptible to grid-wide failure due to natural disaster or terrorist attack because there’s no single centralized facility. • No need for major new transmission lines and their dedicated corridors of land, which are becoming harder to secure. • Can use smaller distributed units for energy storage, which can be standardized and mass produced to make them cheaper. • Enables reusing waste heat from a generating system for heating buildings and hot water. The distributed nature of solar PV will require a smart grid, which is already being developed. Author of "Power Shift: From Fossil Energy to Dynamic Solar Power,” Robert Arthur Stayton has a master’s degree in physics and has taught college courses in physics, energy, and solar energy. Robert and his wife built a passive solar home have been living with solar energy since then. He drives a solar-charged Plug-in Prius, heats his water with a solar water heating system, and bakes his bread in his solar oven. Visit www.SandstonePublishing.com. PAGE 46 Nature Connection - Energy & Environment 4. SOLAR PV SAVES WATER Most people are surprised to learn how much water our current energy systems use. In coal and nuclear power plants, water is used for cooling. For a heat engine to continue to operate, its waste heat must be removed. Some power plants are sited so they can divert river or seawater through the plant to carry away the heat. In the U.S., 41% of all freshwater withdrawn from lakes and rivers is used for such energy cooling. By contrast, a solar PV system uses no water for its operation. Large PV farms use water to wash the collector surfaces to maximize output, but that process uses only 0.026 gallons per kilowatt-hour. With water stress growing in many parts of the world, energy systems like solar PV, which don’t compete for water, gain an advantage over those that do. 5. SOLAR PV REQUIRES NO DEDICATED LAND Most solar PV systems don’t need land set aside for them. With no moving parts and no noise, solar PV is very flexible in where it can be installed, as long as there’s sun exposure. Rooftops are the obvious choice, but panels can also be installed on racks over parking lots, on the ground along highway medians, and on pole mounts on pastureland. Unlike wind energy, solar PV produces little visual impact. Groups of giant wind turbines with moving blades impose themselves on the visual landscape. Cape Wind, an offshore windfarm slated to be built five miles off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, was held up for years by coast residents who thought it would ruin their views of the horizon. Solar PV sits silently in place, attracting no one’s attention. PV modules in the form of solar shingles or roof tiles are already available to blend PV completely into a roof. Newer PV designs could expand the available areas even more. Semitransparent PV modules under development are tuned to absorb wavelengths that plants cannot use and pass through the wavelengths that plants need for photosynthesis. Such panels could be installed on greenhouses or erected over farmland, providing power without reducing agricultural output. PAGE 47 Spirit of America Tour “Yosemite Valley, to me, is always a sunrise, a glitter of green and golden wonder in a vast edifice of stone and space.” ― Ansel Adams On June 30, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill granting Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove to the State of California. John Muir, artists, writers and photographers helped spread the word about the giant trees, great granite peaks and the beautiful valley. On October 1, 1890, President Benjamin Harrison signed The Yosemite Reserves Act passed by Congress, creating Yosemite National Park as the nation’s third National Park, and preserving over 1,500 square miles of land including Tuolumne Meadows, the park’s high country, Hetch Hetchy and lands surrounding Yosemite Valley. This park was the inspiration for America’s greatest idea, our National Park system. Meadows attract black bear, mule deer, red and gray fox, coyote, and bobcat as well as over 200 species of birds. Most of the year Yosemite has wildflowers in bloom, and is home to over 1450 wildflower species. Hummingbirds and butterflies visit the wildflowers, some emerging even before winter snows have melted, and there are many flower trails throughout the park. Yosemite offers hundreds of miles of hiking trails, rivers and waterfalls, plenty of wildlife, and the magnificent giant sequoias that can live over 2000 years, growing as wide as 25 feet in diameter. You could visit this park every day and see something different. Each season has its own dramatic look and feel as the flora and fauna change their habits to cope with the weather. The Ahwahneechee lived here for generations before the Europeans arrived in the mid-1800s. Their stories live within the towering granite cliffs of Half Dome and North Dome that face each other, watching each other over the valley. These granite cliffs continue to be sculpted by waterfalls, weather and falling rocks–giving Yosemite an everchanging look. Ranging from 3000 to 13,000 feet in elevation, the park’s 750,000 acres of rich habitats range from thick foothill chaparral, conifer forests to expanses of alpine rock and caves. PAGE 48 Continued on Next Page… Spirit of America Tour Yosemite National Park Continued With over 4 million visitors per year, Yosemite is the third most visited National Park in the country, with most of the visitation occurring from late spring through late summer. We found fall and winter to be spectacular seasons to visit, and not overcrowded. A great time of year for hiking and photography, fall heralds the vibrant and rusty colors of the dogwood and maple leaves, and crystal clear reflections in the river. Winter brings the pure beauty of snow, startling ice formations in the river, and utter peace and quiet that promises to be broken by the bickering and chirping of woodpeckers, blue jays and ravens. Winter snow also brings about the opportunity to go snowshoeing or cross-country skiing. Yosemite offers hiking, birding, wildflower trails, rock climbing, fishing, biking, camping, scenic drives and moreâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; and each time you go, just like the seasons, your experience will be different. For more information including road and weather conditions, and park ranger programs visit www.nps.gov/yose. Yosemite National Park was the 11th park visited on the Big Blend Spirit of CROSS COUNTRY THROUGH THE CLOUDS Photo and text by John DeGrazio YExplore Global Adventures A sense of wonder arises as soon as the first snowflake hits the freshly frozen ground. Excitement abounds as outdoor activities are eagerly anticipated. El Capitan is veiled in mystery and a blanket of snow covers Half Dome along with every other Sierra peak. Yosemite transforms into a winter wonderland in a matter of minutes. Photographers flock to the banks of the Merced River ready to capture the mood of the day. Skiers and snowshoers embark on extended journeys across rolling hills and past jutting cliffs to quench their thirst for adventure and gaze upon the magnificent landscape. Winter is here, and the crowds have dissipated. It is time to appreciate the beauty Yosemite offers its most intrepid visitors who are never disappointed and always rewarded. PAGE 49 Spirit of America Tour HANS FLORINE ROCKS! Rock Climber Completes 100th Ascent of the Nose Route in Yosemite National Park Hans Florine, world renowned rock climber, completed his 100th ascent of the Nose Route of El Capitan in Yosemite National Park on September 12, 2015. Florine, along with Jayme Moye, an adventure writer from Boulder, Colorado, and Fiona Thornewell, an adventurer from London, England finished the ascent on Saturday afternoon, after beginning the climb on Thursday, September 10, 2015. This was the first time climbing El Capitan for both Moye and Thornewell. Florine’s first ascent of El Capitan was completed in 1989. The summit of El Capitan is 7,569 feet above sea level, and the climb from the floor of Yosemite Valley (at 4,000 feet) represents over 3,000 vertical feet of climbing. "El Capitan is both the most beautiful rock and has the best routes of any rock in the world", stated Florine. “I chose to do the 100th ascent of the Nose Route with two people who had never done it before. There is a crazy excitement and joy in being on a big wall for the first time and seeing it through their eyes.” Photo by Steve Rokks, courtesy Yosemite NP This historic ascent of El Capitan also coincides with the 100th year of the National Park Service (NPS). The NPS will commemorate its Centennial on August 25, 2016, following the park’s 125th Anniversary on October 1 of this this year. PAGE 50 Spirit of America Tour The faint breeze wrapped itself around my body as goosebumps dotted a course up my spine, across my arms and down my legs. My thirteen-year-old heart felt heavy as somberness washed over me. Standing beside the knee-high pile of white-washed rocks marking a mass grave at Isandlwana, I learned the impact of war. I had heard about the Battle of Isandlwana in school and read about it in my text books. But something about standing where one of the very first battles of the Anglo-Boer War occurred, gave me an intense feeling and a true understanding of this deadly part of South Africa’s history. When school exams came around, I only had to study the dates of the battles. From my experience, I knew the story, it lived within me. From watching birds and wildlife and following hiking trails, I developed the art of patience and the ability to listen to the quietest of sounds and hear their message. I grew to have a high sense of awareness of my surroundings – be it in a city or a natural area. I had an intense passion for photography which taught me how to focus. Providing me with a sense of understanding, to look beyond my bubble of a world, the parks also told me the stories of different people and the history of the land. Continued on Next Page… USFWS photo by Steve Hillebrand I am so very fortunate to have the incredible childhood my mother provided for me. ‘Keeping up with the Joneses’ was not a language she understood, nor wanted for us. Her hard earned resources were invested into creating life experiences for us through travel and by visiting parks, museums and historic sites. Whether it was England’s beautiful Lake District National Park, Kenya’s Nairobi National Park or South Africa’s Kruger National Park, just about every weekend and school holiday was spent exploring a park. From watching a pride of lions feast on an impala to being charged by a young elephant bull, to watching the great wildebeest migration in Maasai Mara, I have a big suitcase of amazing memories. However, I have an even larger set of life lessons. PAGE 51 Spirit of America Tour Kids in Parks Continued…. Parks taught me all these lessons, including the great importance of protecting and preserving not only the world’s wilderness areas, flora and fauna, geology and natural history - but also the diverse heritage of its people and places. By giving back as a volunteer I was fortunate to experience the greater connection between life and one’s soul, to know what I cared about, and to stand up and defend and protect it. Fast forward to my adult life. For the past two years my Mom and I (along with Priscilla, our pink sock monkey travel mascot) continue this journey of ‘life experiences’ by traveling full time on the Big Blend Spirit of America Tour, a quest to visit and cover all 408 National Parks units and their gateway communities. Lessons continue in abundance. And stress? Yes, like most adults it’s there but I guarantee that when we visit a park, you can literally feel it melt away as a whole new world opens up to us. Patience returns, as does focus, awareness and understanding. Last spring we were up in the Northern California Bay Area to visit Muir Woods National Monument and Point Reyes National Seashore. Chris, a good friend who lives up there joined us for our park exploring, and brought along his beautiful 3-yearold daughter Delilah. On our first hike in Point Reyes, I stopped to photograph some lovely lilies on a cliff. Delilah came up to me, held my hand and started a whole conversation with the flowers. EVERY KID IN A PARK INITIATIVE As part of President Obama’s commitment to protect our nation’s unique outdoor spaces and ensure that every American has the opportunity to visit and enjoy them, the Every Kid in a Park initiative allows fourth graders nationwide to go to www.everykidinapark.gov and obtain a pass for free entry for them and their families to more than 2,000 federally managed lands and waters nationwide through August 31, 2016. By introducing fourth graders to public lands in their backyards and beyond at an early age, the I was intent on taking my photograph, and she was innovative Every Kid in a Park initiative delivers a intensely fascinated with the bugs on the petals nationwide call to action to build the next and how the flowers were swaying in the breeze. generation of outdoor stewards of our country’s spectacular and diverse federal lands and waters. Time stood still for her and the flowers were in her Connecting our nation’s youth to the great full focus. She reminded me to not just look and outdoors is even more important at a time when 80 click, but to stop and truly see. percent of American families live in cities and most One of the days we went hiking in Annandale State children spend more time on computers and smartphones than exploring nature. The initiative Park, a park Chris and Delilah visit often in Santa Rosa. Delilah spent time focusing on the lush moss is slated to continue with each year’s group of rolling over the rocks, and the lichen growing on the fourth graders to inspire successive generations to become responsible stewards of our nation’s trees. It was like a fairy garden for her. Crossing natural and cultural heritage. over streams was another fun experience for her, and as soon as we sat down for a little picnic, she Every Kid in a Park invites children of all took off her clothes and splashed around the edge backgrounds to discover their public lands and all of the stream. A product of nature, she was a they offer, including opportunities to be active and happy carefree spirit soaking up the clean air and the freshness of spring. On our way back down the spend time with friends and family. As living classrooms, these outdoor places and historic trail Delilah and Chris gave us a lesson of plant sites also provide hands-on, real-world identification. She was an excellent teacher and a opportunities to develop critical skills and learn good student of land stewardship. about the natural world. PAGE 52 Spirit of America Tour NATURE = BRAIN HEALTH NPS photo by Will Elder, Golden Gate National What are the brain health benefits of taking a hike? Professor and psychologist Brant Cortright, Ph.D, author of the best-selling book â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Neurogenesis Diet & Lifestyle: Upgrade Your Brain, Upgrade Your Life,â&#x20AC;? brings these studies to our attention: A study of kids with diagnosed ADD (attention deficit disorder) were given a task to purposely fatigue their attention. Then they were given a 20 minute walk, either in 1.) a lush park or 2.) a downtown setting or 3.) an area with houses. Then their attention was measured again. The lush park group knocked it out of the park. They had superior attention compared to the other two groups, and the improvement in cognitive function matched that reported for the two top-selling ADHD medications. Also, walking in nature reduces cortisol and other glucocoricoids (stress hormones). In 1990, a Japanese researcher showed that walking indoors for 40 minutes vs. walking in a pristine forest for 40 minutes resulted in the nature walk group having improved mood, vigor, and lower cortisol levels. Another team of Japanese researchers from Chiba University collected data on 500 adults who walked in nature and reported they had lower stress levels, reduced depressive symptoms and hostility, better sleep, lower blood pressure and pulse rate and increased vigor. PAGE 53 Vacation Station Nestled within San Benito County’s golden rolling hills, wine and ranch country, Tres Pinos is a small rustic historic town between the eastern entrance of Pinnacles National Park, and the city of Hollister, “The Birthplace of the American Biker.” Listen! Park Ranger Paul Johnson, Pinnacles NP on Big Blend Radio! SEE & DO Pinnacles National Park is just 30 minutes south of Tres Pinos. The cooler fall temperatures make it an excellent time to explore the park’s hiking trails through varied habitats of chaparral, oak and pine woodland, riparian areas, and grasslands. There are caves to explore and spectacular rock formations. Located on the migratory Pacific Flyway, Pinnacles NP is a bird watcher’s paradise. You may even get a chance to see a California Condor or Peregrine Falcon! See www.nps.gov/pinn. Continued on Next Page… PAGE 54 Listen! Donnette Silva Carter, Bolado Park Event Center on Big Blend Radio! Bolado Park Event Center - Home to the San Benito County Fairgrounds, Bolado Park Event Center hosts numerous events throughout the year, and also features the San Benito County Saddle Horse Association Museum that displays equestrian art, historic photos, saddlery and riding apparel. Upcoming events include: Oct. 1-4: San Benito County Fair; Oct. 17: San Benito Olive Festival; Oct. 24: Fault Line Derby Devilz Roller Derby. See www.BoladoParkEventCenter.com. Listen! Don Pidd & Delbert Dody, San Benito County Historical & Recreational Park San Benito County Historic Park is a historical village on 33 acres within San Benito County Historical and Recreational Park. Tour 10 historic buildings including the Willow Creek School House, Dunneville Dance Hall, Cottage Bar, and Tres Pinos Jail, plus see a diverse collection of historic homes, vehicles, farm and household implements, a rose garden, and more. Guided and group tours are available. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a great place to stop for an afternoon picnic! See www.SBCHistoricalSociety.org. PAGE 55 Continued on Next Pageâ&#x20AC;Ś Vacation Station Tres Pinos Continuedâ&#x20AC;Ś Pinnacles Hill Golf Course features a scenic nine-hole course layout within the Hollister Hills. After your game, relax on the patio with a cold beverage and a burger or sandwich. Tel: (831) 628-9995 PAGE 56 Listen! Shawna Castillo, 19th Hole Booze & Food EAT & SLEEP 19th Hole Booze & Food is a historic restaurant and saloon that was founded in 1883. They are known for their juicy steaks, BBQ tri tip sandwiches and big tasty burgers. It’s a popular stop for motorcycle riders and day drivers who pass through Tres Pinos on scenic CA Route 25. Don’t forget to add your $1 bill to the saloon ceiling! See www.19thHoleTresPinos.com. Pitch Your Tent or Hook Up the RV at Pinnacles National Park or Bolado Park Event Center. Both provide group areas, and Bolado Park also has horse corrals. If camping under the stars isn’t your style, we recommend staying at Ridgemark Golf & Country Club or Joshua Inn Bed & Breakfast just up the road in Hollister. If you stay longer than a weekend, there’s plenty to see and do in San Benito County including wine tasting, boutique shopping, museums and historic sites, and all kinds of great restaurants to experience. For area travel an up-to-ate event information visit www.SanBenitoCountyChamber.com. PAGE 57 Way Back When In England, we are surrounded by historic graveyards. The many churches, which often date back centuries, sit within their own ancient cemetery. In the past, even in cities and towns, people were buried in the area around the Church and this practice did lead to some problems. In 1671, an extract from the memoirs of a local man, talking about Norwich, states: “I observed that most of the church-yards, (though some of them large enough), were filled up with earth, or rather the congestion of dead bodies - one on another for want of earth, even to the very top of the walls, and some above the walls, so as the churches seemed to be built in pits.” Listen! Listen to Glynn Burrows talk about Historic Graveyards on Big Blend Radio! As our churches and churchyards have been used for burials for centuries, there are many memorials, some of which date back many hundreds of years. The memorials inside the church are usually for the rich, as they were the ones who could be buried By 1819, people in Norwich began to see that it just inside the building and some of these memorials wasn’t possible to keep on burying more and more are amazingly ornate. We do have brasses too and these often date back to the medieval period, but people in the city churchyards as there was no most of the memorials inside the churches will be space, so, a burial ground was established in one from the last four hundred years. of the outlying areas. This was the first nondenominational cemetery established in England Most of the population were laid to rest outside and, and soon after, many towns and cities started to if your ancestors were well off, they may have put follow suit. By the middle of the C19th, most large towns and cites had laid out an area to be used as up a memorial stone. Very few of my ancestors a cemetery and churches within the boroughs were have stones, but some do and when I find one, it really helps to feel that connection as I know closed to burials. Today, there are no burials in Norwich city churches, but every church has an old exactly where my own flesh and blood relation is buried. (If the stone hasn’t been moved). graveyard which is often much higher than the surrounding area, showing just how many people Continued on Next Page… are buried there. PAGE 58 Way Back When Memorials often give extra information which would be found nowhere else. Information about date of birth, places where the deceased lived or worked, personality, family members and sometimes, with the rich, even a statue of what they looked like and the sort of clothes they wore! A few months ago, I was able to take a party of sisters to the gravesite of their ancestor who had died in 1786. Beside him was his wife and one of their sons. While we were standing there, knowing that their own family had stood around those same graves over 220 years ago, I read them his will. That is what you call real connection with the past. Glynn Burrows is the owner of Norfolk Tours in England. For help or advice about tracing your family history, or if you are thinking about taking a vacation to England, contact Glynn and visit www.Norfolk-Tours.co.uk PAGE 59 Way Back When By Nancy J. Reid Calm and serene in the daytime, but spooky and eerie at night, graveyards and cemeteries are always a fascination around Halloween. Stories of ghosts, spirits that wander the earth, either incapable or not wanting to ‘move on’ give us a glimpse into the past of colorful characters and remind us of those who helped build this country. Reading and researching the names and writings on headstones, connects you to a time when this country was being settled out of a wilderness. The stories are a reminder of plague, floods, drought, war, pestilence and disease-the many hardships faced by our early settlers. Central Louisiana: Historic Rapides Cemetery (pictured above), located on the Pineville side of the Red River. This cemetery has graves dating back to the early 1800s, and is the final resting place for veterans from every conflict from the Revolutionary War to the Vietnam War. There are a number of interesting stories connected to some of those resting here. The Wells family had settled in the area, along with their relatives the Cuny family. When new families arrived, some with competing financial interests, fighting broke out. There were accusations of vote fixing and unpaid loans that resulted in shouting matches, duals and fist-fights. It was known that Jim Bowie and Norris Wright, the former sheriff, had a violent past, in fact Wright had once shot Bowie and only the intervention of bystanders kept Bowie from killing Wright. Legend has it that it was this altercation that prompted Bowie to have a knife designed that he could wear and quickly use in close combat. At the Vidalia Sanbar Duel, Bowie supported Wells and his nemesis Wright, supported Dr. Thomas Harris Maddox. Wells brought supporters, including Major George McWhorter and General Samuel Cuny. Maddox was supported by Colonel Robert Crain, Carey and Alfred Blanchard, among others. The duelists each fired two shots, missing their opponent. Wells and Maddox, once friends, shook hands and started to leave. Bowie started to move towards the two dualists as Maddox’s friends also moved to join the group. General Cuny (a Wells Robert Alexander Crain, born Nov. 4, 1790 in supporter) thought this would be a good time to Virginia, died August 27, 1852, is buried here. patch up differences between himself and Col. Colonel Crain took part in the Vidalia Sandbar Fight Crain, reportedly calling out “Col. Crain, this is a on September 19, 1827. This is a brawl that took good time to settle our difficulty.” This was met, not place on a sandbar outside of Natchez, Mississippi, with a handshake, but with Crain firing at Cuny. He right after a duel where Jim Bowie was a supporter missed, but his bullet struck Bowie in the hip. Cuny of one of the dualist, Samuel Levi Wells III. fired at Crain, hitting him in the arm, and Crain fired at Cuny, killing him with a shot to the chest. PAGE 60 Way Back When A confusing but action-packed ten minutes followed! Bowie staggered to his feet, produced a knife and charged at Col. Crain. Crain struck Bowie on the side of his head with his now empty pistol, and Bowie fell to the ground. Wright drew his pistol and shot at the fallen Bowie but missed. Wright then drew his sword and stabbed Bowie in the chest, the blade lodging into Bowie’s sternum. As Wright tried to pull his sword free, Bowie reached up and grabbed his attacker–pulling him down on his Bowie knife. Wright died as another member of the Maddox group stabbed and shot Bowie. Bowie struggled to his feet once again, pulled Wright’s sword from his chest, as the Blanchard brothers (Alfred and Carey) fired at him, shooting him in the arm. Bowie swung round and cut off part of Alfred’s forearm. As the brothers ran, Carey was shot by Major McWhorter. The brawl left two dead, and four wounded. Despite the doctors prognosis, Bowie, stabbed, shot and beaten, lived and the legend of the Jim Bowie Knife was born. The Vidalia Sand Bar Brawl is the only documented fight in which Bowie was known to have employed his Bowie knife design. Among the people buried in Rapides Cemetery are Alexander Fulton, the founder of Alexandria; George Mason Graham, known as the "Father of LSU" for his efforts to help found the forerunner to that university; Pierre Baillio, the builder of Kent Plantation House; Judge Henry Boyce, for whom the town of Boyce is named; and James Madison Wells, the controversial governor of Louisiana during the Civil War Reconstruction years. Listen! Listen to Bobby Hynson, Historical Association of Central Louisiana, talk about preserving the Historic Rapides Cemetery. James Bowieie PAGE 61 Continued on Next Page… Way Back When The prison operated for 30 years, and despite the YUMA, AZ: YUMA TERRITORIAL PRISON violent criminals housed there, the ghost people Nothing will draw immigrants faster than the talk about is a small girl. promise of riches, and the discovery of gold in After the prisoners were California in 1849 spurred the settling of the moved to another prison, west. (Photo above) the prison was occupied As countless crossed the Colorado River by ferry by the Yuma High from Yuma, in search of California gold, a military School. Then, around post was needed and eventually built in Yuma in 1915, hobos and drifters 1850. When gold was discovered on the banks of used the empty cells for the Colorado River, Yuma had it’s own gold rush in lodging while waiting to 1858. Yuma grew, incorporated in 1871 and hop the next train out of became the county seat of Yuma County. The town. During the Great Territorial Prison was authorized and the first seven Depression, homeless families occupied the cells inmates built their own cells and moved in on July and it is believed the small ghost, comes from that 1, 1876. era. She apparently resides in what is known as the “dark cell.” She pinches and pokes those who Some of the most notable inmates were women, wear red. There are also reports of lights turning on like Pearl Hart, the “Lady Bandit” and Maria Moreno and off, things moving about the museum and who shot and killed her brother because he offices and on one occasion, coins from the cash complained about her dancing. On the men’s side register in the gift shop literally flew into the air and there was the likes of the notorious West Texan landed back in the drawer! gunslinger, murderer and horse thief, Barney K. Riggs, who served on the posse that chased after Continued on Next Page… the Earps, after their infamous “Vendetta Ride,” but perhaps the most well-known was Frank Leslie. Ghost Party! Continued…. “Buckskin” Frank worked for Wyatt Earp at the Oriental Bar in Tombstone, Arizona. He was living with Mollie Williams, a known whisky-loving, singing prostitute. On July 10, 1889 they had a violent quarrel and Frank shot Mollie in the head. Frank then turned and shot witness James Neil. Mollie died but James Neil survived, testified against Frank, and “Buckskin” Frank found himself sentenced to the Yuma Territorial Prison for 25 years. He served only seven years before being paroled. PAGE 62 Way Back When Ghost Party! Continued…. SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CA: Cabrillo National Monument, Pt. Loma Tight quarters and steep steps down a spiral staircase, and a fantastic view out to the Pacific Ocean await you at the Old Point Loma Lighthouse–but wait, there’s more! Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery is also known to be haunted. It is believed that the soldiers buried there come out at night and look out to the ocean, searching for ships that might threaten our country. When they feel confident there are none, they return to rest peacefully in their graves. Visitors report cold spots at the base of the lighthouse spiral staircase, the sound of heavy footsteps coming from the upper rooms, and breathy moans coming from the bedrooms. Some believe the ghost of Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo lurks there, and others believe the spirit to be that of the final lighthouse keeper, Captain Robert Decatur Israel, returning to do his duties. Israel was dismissed as the lighthouse keeper in 1892. He died at age 81 on January 12, 1908 and is buried at the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, just over a mile away. PAGE 63 Continued on Next Page…. Way Back When Ghost Party! Continued…. SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CA: Julian & Palomar Mountain, CA The historic gold mining town of Julian, California, is located just about 60 miles inland from Oceanside on Hwy 78, in North San Diego County. Drury D. Bailey, his brothers James and Frank (distant relatives of the Bailey’s that settled on Palomar Mountain), and their cousins, Mike and Webb Julian, ex-Confederate soldiers, founded Julian after making the first gold quartz discovery there on Feb. 20, 1870, nearly five years after the end of the Civil War. Earlier, former slave turned rancher Fred Coleman, found gold in what is now known as Coleman Creek, and almost overnight, Julian became a bustling gold rush town. The Julian Pioneer Cemetery became the resting place for many of the miners and pioneers. (Photo above, Doves & Desperado Re-enactors in the cemetery.) Palomar Mountain, about one hour east of Julian, is covered in oak, pine, cedar and fir trees with dense ferns covering the floor of a shady forest. The Palomar Mountain Range boasts one of the highest peaks in San Diego County, and Palomar Mountain State Park is famous for the Palomar Observatory and the Hale Telescope. However, the area is famous for another reason, the legend of the “Weir.” While there is an actual weir that helps to control the water flow into Doane Pond, in this case the Weir is a sort of nature man that is occasionally sighted, but disappears when seen. He is said to be caked in mud with small plants growing off the top of his head, a real mountain man that blends into his surroundings with ease. He appears when a person needs help and has been credited with saving drowning children and distracting predatory animals, allowing hikers or campers to escape. He disappears as soon as he knows his assistance is no longer needed. It is reported that some people have seen a woman in a white night gown walking through the cemetery, while others have reported seeing a woman in Victorian dress with a bonnet on, crying into her handkerchief. The cemetery overlooks the small town of Julian and the clip-clop of a horse drawn carriage adds to the atmosphere of days gone by. Some visitors have also reported feeling a cold energy brush by them when visiting the Eagle & High Peak Mines and taking their mine tour. PAGE 64 PAGE 65 PAGE 66 Way Back When TUOLUMNE COUNTY: Jamestown, CA The National Hotel - Ghost Party! Continued The Saga of Henry & Flo In the bustling, gold rush days of the 1800s, a beautiful young woman meets a handsome young lawyer on her trip out west to live with relatives after the death of her grandmother. It was love at first sight for the young couple and by the time the two reached San Francisco, a marriage was planned. Just a few weeks later, the two meet at the National Hotel in Jamestown, staying in separate rooms, but meeting for breakfast each morning to plan their wedding. A beautiful lace gown is made, and Henry presented a diamond ring to Flo on Christmas day. The next morning, as Flo waited for Henry in the dining room, a shot rang out. By most accounts a drunken young man stumbled into the National Hotel and shot Henry as he was coming down the stairs. Flo ran to her love, finding him at the bottom of the stairs lying in a pool of blood. The hotel staff reported Flo sobbing day and night until there was a chilly quiet on New Year’s Eve. Checking on Flo the staff found her dressed in her wedding gown, sitting in a chair at an open window. Haunted Yosemite National Park Hotels: The Ahwahnee Hotel & the Wawona Hotel Yosemite National Park’s Ahwahnee hotel has reports of the ghost of former operator, Mary Curry Tresidder, who lived on the sixth floor roaming the sixth floor, checking on guests. Mary was the author of Trees of Yosemite, still available today. She died of a heart attack October 29, 1970 in her Ahwahnee Hotel suite. There is also a lone rocking chair seen on the fourth floor rocking, even though that floor does not have a rocking chair. Legend has it that John F. Kennedy once stayed in the suite and a rocking chair was brought in for his comfort. During the 1920s, a small plane crashed outside Her cause of death was listed as a heart attack and the Wawona Hotel, and the badly injured pilot was since that time, reports by those who party late at taken to Moore Cottage, a guest unit. The pilot died night see a “woman in white” floating in an upstairs and since then, both employees and guests report window as they pass the hotel. Some guests and a ghostly figure dressed as a pilot, with a leather staff report lights flickering, clothing being dumped jacket, head gear and goggles and a white silk from their suitcases, items moving off shelves and scarf – walking down Moore Cottage’s inside stairs. doors slamming. Celebrity psychic Nancy Bradley Continued on Next Page…. has certified the hotel as haunted or spirit-filled. PAGE 67 Way Back When LYON COUNTY: Yerington, NV Ghost Party! Continued “Where the Walker runs down to the Carson Valley plain, There lived a maiden, Darcy Farrow was her name The daughter of old Dundee and fair was she And the sweetest flower that bloomed o'er the range. Her voice was sweet as the sugar candy Her touch was as soft as a bed of goose down. Her eyes shone bright like the pretty lights That shine in the night out of Yerington town.” On his return trip he found the first station he was to rest at, had been raided by the Paiute. He rode on, and at one point at night he rode right through a Written in 1964, inspired by an accident Gillette's ring of Indians headed in the same direction he was little sister Darcy had when she was 12, Tom headed. He finally reached Buckland Station after Campbell morphed the story into a young lover’s making a 380 mile round trip, the longest record for tragedy and set it to a melody by Gillette. John the Pony Express. Later he was to make his Denver, plus many others, made it famous and greatest ride, 120 miles in 8 hours and 20 minutes since that time people search for the grave of Darcy while wounded. The fastest trip ever made for the Farrow, supposedly in Yerington, NV. So, we Pony Express - he was carrying Abraham Lincoln’s thought we would have a look. Inaugural Address as his message. Steve Gillette and Tom Campbell We visited the Valley View Cemetery, also known as the St. Joseph Catholic Cemetery, looking for Darcy Farrow’s grave. We were not successful, but we found some interesting headstones, the most interesting one being that of Five Cents. Nobody seems to know when or where he was born or died, but apparently he was a nice guy… worthy of flowers. (Photo above). Wovoka (Jack Wilson) and the Ghost Dance Wovoka was a Paiute mystic who was raised in Western Nevada by a white rancher’s family because of the death of his father. He grew up learning Christianity as well as the Paiute beliefs. Another great story is that of “Pony Bob Haslam”, a young British man who helped build the stations and rode from Fridays Station to Bucklands Station near Fort Churchill, just outside Yerington. Probably the most well-known and respected Pony Express In his own effort to bring peace and hope to his rider, he made the longest uninterrupted ride during people during a time when relations between the the lifetime of the Pony Express. whites and the Paiute and other American Indian Nations were tumultuous and sometimes violent, he The Paiute were on the warpath and war parties developed the Ghost Dance. The Dance was were burning signal fires on every mountain peak dancing and singing in a circle, promising the return the settlers could see. As Haslam came riding into of the Indian ancestors, the revitalization of the the Carson River station he found settlers had earth and the disappearance of the white men, but taken all of the horses at the station to combat the through peaceful ways. As it grew in popularity, Paiute. He rode on, another 15 miles, to the more and more Indians gathered and danced, but Buckland Station, but found his relief rider was too wrote their own meaning and songs into the dance, scared to make the next ride. Pony Bob saddled up making it increasingly militaristic. Eventually the US and rode on to the next station, Carson Sink. Here Calvary was sent to quell the gatherings, which led he got a fresh horse but no water, and rode on. He to the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. Wovoka rode on to two more stations, making it to Smith’s was a respected leader and believers in the Ghost Creek, where he rested and picked up the Dance spirituality are convinced the Ghost Dance westbound mail. will eventually reunite them with their ancestors. PAGE 68 Way Back When The Bakery Gallery â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Popular destination offering a delicious variety of cakes, pies, cookies, cupcakes, muffins, Danish pastries, coffee cakes, biscotti, chocolate truffles, desserts, and breads. They serve coffee and espresso and pre-fixe to-go dinners. 215 W. Goldfield Ave., Yerington, NV 89447. Tel: (775) 463-4070, www.TheBakeryGallery.com PAGE 69 Success Express Do You Work in the Food & Drink Industry? Check Out These California Labor Laws By S. Ward Heinrichs Esq., Backstrom & Heinrichs Attorneys at Law, APC MEAL PERIODS: Listen! Brinker Restaurant Corporation v. Superior Court, (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004: Brinker was a case in which restaurant hourly employees filed a class action against their employer for violations of the California meal period regulations and other wage and hour violations. The Supreme Court said that employers have a duty to “provide” meal periods for its qualifying employees. However, employers need not “ensure” that employees get meal periods, as the plaintiffs argued. Rather, they only need to provide the opportunity to receive a meal period. Sometimes, the work load is so heavy that employees cannot find the time to take a meal period. When that situation arises, the employer can be exposed to liability. If it happens to enough employees, the employer may face a class action. If an employer learns that employees feel as though their workload prevents them from taking a meal period, the employer should adjust the scheduling or workload to allow its employees the opportunity to take a meal period if they want to. Once they have a legitimate opportunity to take a meal period, the employer’s risk of a class action lawsuit should diminish markedly. Listen to Ward Heinrichs on Big Blend Radio! REST PERIODS: Employers must “authorized and permit all employees to take rest periods.” The Brinker court case helped to clarify what an employer must actually “authorize”. An employee is entitled to a 10 minute uninterrupted rest period if the employee’s shift is at least 3.5 hours. An employee is entitled to a second rest period if his or her shift is at least 6 hours and is entitled to a third rest period if the shift is at least 10 hours long. Employees can elect not to take their rest periods, but allowing them to not take them can create the appearance of violations. Cont. On Next Page… PAGE 70 Success Express Food Industry Cont. PAID SICK LEAVE: Starting on July 1, 2015 most employers in Employers should track the rest periods with a sign- California must provide at least 3 days of paid sick in/sign-out sheet. However, tracking rest periods leave for its employees who have worked at least can have a downside. If the rest period tracking 30 days within the year. Restaurant employees will, data shows employees who skip or skimp on rest in most cases, qualify for paid sick leave under the periods, then it can be used by a plaintiff’s attorney new California law. to show violations of the rest period requirements. The sick leave accrues at the rate of 1 hour for In that case, the unanswered question is ‘are employees not taking breaks, or shortening breaks, every 30 hours worked. The employer may provide only 24 hours (3 days) of sick leave per year if the of their own free will.’ employer offers its employees three sick days at the beginning of the employment year. Otherwise, TIP POOLS AND TAXATION: Generally, California law forbids the employer from the employer must allow its employees to accumulate up to 6 days of sick leave per year, but taking or sharing in tips (Labor Code §351), and may still limit each employee to the use of only 3 employers must track all tips that they collect for days per year. In that case, any unused balance employees (Labor Code §353). Employer mandated tip pooling is legal, but the house cannot may be carried over to the next year. Employees share in the pooling arrangement. The tip pool must can begin to use accrued sick leave after 90 days of employment. be fair and reasonable. Only those who are in the chain of service can be in the pool. For instance, an employer cannot require servers to include cooks and dishwashers in the pool. CLASS ACTION WAIVERS: One way an employer can potentially avoid class Tips are taxable income. The IRS now requires all action liability is to have a valid class action waiver tips to be declared. Technically, all persons who in an arbitration agreement. (Concepcion v. AT&T receive tips, or a share of the tips, must report it as Mobility, (2011) 563 U.S. 321.) The United States income. However, a common practice is for the Supreme Court ruled that the Federal Arbitration employer to allocate the entire tip to the server who Act (FAA) preempted state law. In other words, if waits on the table. In that case, even when the the parties freely entered into an arbitration server shares the tip, the server is the only person agreement under the FAA, then state laws that who pays tax on the entire tip. The employers might otherwise invalidate the arbitration record’s do not show any other employees in the agreement could not defeat it. Typically, arbitration service chain as persons who receive tips, even agreements require the consumer or employee to though they actually do in tip pooling arrangements. waive the right to take their cases to court. Further, Presumably, they escape tax liability because the they typically require the consumer or employee to employer’s records do not show them collecting waive their right to bring a class action in the any tips. The server then unfairly pays tax on arbitration proceedings. income that the server did not actually take home. The Courts are still wrestling with arbitration agreements and class action waivers in the employment context. Generally, class action waivers appear to prevent employees from filing class action lawsuits, but that is not true in all cases. Ward Heinrichs is a shareholder and named partner of the San Diego based employment law firm, Backstrom & Heinrichs, Attorneys at Law, APC. The firm represents both employers and employees in almost all areas of labor law. He and his firm litigate cases that have been filed in many different parts of California. Visit www.BestEmploymentAttorneySanDiego.com. PAGE 71 Quality of Life EXCELLENCE & EDUCATION Bobbi DePorter and Barbara K. Given, Ph.D., teamed up to make an impact in classrooms with their new book ‘Excellence in Teaching and Learning: The Quantum Learning System.’ The book demonstrates that the integration of the Brain’s Natural Learning Systems with the Bobbi DePorter, President Quantum Learning System creates an impact that transforms the way teachers teach and students of Quantum Learning Network and Co-founder learn. This comprehensive approach empowers of SuperCamp, explains teachers to achieve the desired goal, that students leave high school prepared for success in college Quantum Learning on and career with strong character and citizenship Big Blend Radio. traits. Listen! What is Quantum Learning? Quantum Learning is a system that artfully orchestrates learning and increases teacher effectiveness while facilitating student mastery of rigorous academic content. The Quantum Learning System focuses on what teachers and students do to teach and learn effectively. Teaching and learning are open, dynamic and complex systems. The QL System is flexible enough to embrace changes in education and research from the neuroscience community, while at the same time remaining stable and consistent with its core principles and beliefs. With today’s more rigorous standards, much is expected from teachers and often there is little direction or support for how to get results. Without new information and professional development tools to improve instruction and develop positive learning cultures, these expectations may be unrealistic. ‘Excellence in Teaching and Learning: The Quantum Learning System’ provides the “how” along with supporting evidence that supplies teachers with the knowledge required for excellence in teaching. Learn more at www.QLN.com. PAGE 72 Quality of Life COMMITMENT Make Your Dreams Happen Take positive action. Follow your vision without wavering. Commitment is the breathtaking moment of making a compelling decision, jumping in, and going forward with gusto. Once a commitment is made, indecision is eliminated—there is no more “Should I or shouldn’t I?” … “Will I or won’t I?” A commitment is not made lightly—it’s about making a decision so strong that there is no going back … like a skydiver The 8 Keys of Excellence Are: 1. Live in INTEGRITY. who has jumped from the plane! 2. Acknowledge FAILURE LEADS TO SUCCESS. The decisive act of making a commitment—when 3. SPEAK WITH GOOD PURPOSE. we decide to do “whatever it takes” to reach a goal—sets in motion an energy field that propels us 4. Live in the now. THIS IS IT! 5. Affirm your COMMITMENT. forward on our path. At each step along the way, 6. Take OWNERSHIP. our commitment inspires us to take positive action 7. Stay FLEXIBLE. and overcome obstacles, and pushes us on until 8. Keep your BALANCE. we “make it happen.” As ambassadors for Quantum Learning Network's “8 Keys of Excellence Character Education Program”, the Big Blend Spirit of America Tour embraces the challenge of bringing excellence to 50 million children and young adults. This free program guides young people and families, toward a positive future full of confidence, motivation, creativity, team work, leadership and valuable life principles. See www.8Keys.org. Watch the video featuring endurance athlete and author Dennis Yang tell his story of Commitment. Founder of Papa Didos Ideals Foundation, Dennis is currently on an epic 11,000 mile ‘Great Reading Run’ around the perimeter of US for children’s literacy and fitness. He started in Southern California and is currently part way through Montana. Along the way he stops at schools, children’s hospitals, and orphanages to motivate children to read and be healthy. This is his second Great Reading Run, with the first run being across the country. Dennis founded the Papa Didos Ideals Foundation with the belief that education is the key to solving this world’s problems. Follow his journey at www.PapaDidos.org PAGE 73 Quality of Life Listen! 1. ‘Stuff’ can clog your environment. It can be as difficult to move around freely as it is to think clearly. The usual culprit is not having been taught the skill of organizing. The second most likely suspect is not knowing the power of the decision making process. Stuff collects when we fail to decide where it should go. Listen to Regina Leeds on Big Blend Radio! A bit of journaling will uncover the reasons for the ‘stockpile of stuff.’ I’ve got journal prompts for every area of the home in One Year to an Organized Life. Why should you spend time examining the No matter what stage of life you’re in, the end of past? Because until you lay down new mental summer is a time of transition. An organized tracks, you are inclined to allow the old causes to plan will make all these transitions a bit easier. produce the same effects. It’s basic psychology. It’s powerful. And it’s in your hands to change. Let me ask you a few questions: - Is your environment chock full of miscellaneous 2. Time is a commodity like food or money. You stuff? use it or lose it. Unlike money, food and any other - Has it been your modus operandi to be late to replaceable commodity, time never gives you a every appointment? second chance. It’s literally now or never with every - Do you make a mental plan to make each fall second of our lives. People squander time for a season the start of a new cycle in your life, only to myriad number of reasons but at the heart of the habitually fall into the same old/same old routines? matter is usually some kind of fear. Maybe showing - Is it difficult for you to imagine success in your up late makes you the star of the show. You new endeavors? unconsciously fear you have no other way to be special. Perhaps making your friends and If you answered ‘yes,’ to any or all of these colleagues wait for you or delaying the delivery of questions, take heart. You’re in the majority of work projects allows you to feel powerful and in readers. control? Or maybe you fear success or failure in the projects assigned to you? If you are late with the Let’s take a quick look at some ways to shake promised results, the pressure to succeed will be up the routines that have run your life up until off you. Once again journaling will reveal the now. reason you are not living life to the full. PAGE 74 Quality of Life Are you spending too much time at various social media forums? Are you going to bed late and over sleeping? Do you rush out the door with a donut in your mouth in the morning? A little planning and a dash of self-control can literally change your day-today experience making you more productive and powerful. Why not give it a whirl for 21 days and see if you like the benefits? 4. Very often it’s our loved ones who hold us back. They do so unwittingly of course because they fear that changes in you will cause seismic changes in their life experience. Change that’s embraced and chosen is a powerful tool. Change This fall will be given to you only once. This is not a that is foisted upon us can be terrifying. Comfort dress rehearsal. Perhaps it was my experience with your loved ones with your words and a solid plan. cancer thirteen years ago that makes me so acutely Yes, you’d like to return to school and get a master’s which means you won’t be free to travel aware of the precious nature of each moment. on a whim or play golf every day but that doesn’t Don’t wait for chemotherapy, an accident, a death mean you don’t love your partner. It means you’re in the family or any life emergency to drive this trying to become the best you can be in life and that point home. Make a plan. What do you want or need to accomplish? What are the individual steps means a more fulfilling relationship. Why? Because you will have to take to make this goal a reality? As fulfilled people are happy and that’s a lot sexier than anything for sale at Victoria Secret this fall! you look at the steps, do you have what it takes? Are you strong enough to do the work? Have you met the underlying financial demands? Should you Next month we’re on the inevitable march to the postpone or charge ahead? Make a plan and honor long, holiday season. Allow the natural energy that fills your mind and body when you realize that fall is it. You’ll always have the memories from this time to remind of you of the fall you finally took control of coming to infuse you with a drive to be more productive, healthier and happier than you have your life. ever been. 3. If your life has never supported your wishes, dreams or goals, what’s going on? Are you eating the right food? Are you drinking enough water? Do you exercise each day? Do you have spiritual beliefs that nurture and support you? These are all key ingredients in your success. If you falter in one or more you can of course still be a success. It will simply be more difficult. Take a look at the practical side of life. An organized environment will enhance your journey. It will provide a springboard for greater accomplishment, joy and meaning. What have you got to love but your old fears and that same old/same old routine that’s boring you to tears? Professional organizer Regina Leeds, known as The Zen Organizer™ has brought order and peace to home and work environments across the country for over 27 years. She is the author of 10 books on organizing including New York Times bestseller ‘One Year to an Organized Life’ and the newest release ‘Rightsize! Right Now!’ The latter presents a sane plan for rightsizing your possessions to fit your home and life and craft a move in 8 weeks. A former actress Regina delights in giving lectures on the benefits of Zen Organizing™. A native of Brooklyn, New York she now lives in Los Angeles with her rescue pup Charlie. Visit www.ReginaLeeds.com. PAGE 75 Quality of Life By fashion designer Aggie Garcia Years ago, almost every woman knew how to sew, darn socks and repair torn clothes. Sewing was also taught in high school home economics classes. These classes are no longer offered in high school. In the busy world we live in, and with more women working, home sewing has long been forgotten. Women today don’t have the time to sew or never learned when they were young and living at home. So what do you do when the pant hem comes undone or a pant pocket has torn apart? What if the length of the pants or jeans you want to wear tonight is too long and there is no time to take them to an alterations person? How do you fix the tear on your children’s pants or jackets? I have seen pant hems stapled or duct taped. I am going to share with you a product that no household should be without. Go to your neighborhood fabric store and pick up a roll of Stitch Witchery. Many larger chain grocery stores will also carry this product under the name of fusible webbing. This product is amazing and the only thing you need to apply it is an iron. This fusible webbing comes on a roll and can be cut to any length you need. For a hem that has come undone, simply cut the amount you need and place between the two layers of fabric. Set your iron on medium heat and press until the webbing melts and creates a bond after cooling. For delicate fabrics, be sure and place a cloth on top of the garment. When hemming jeans you can use high heat. You can even shorten pants with this product. Easy to read directions come with the product and you can even go online for a list of other uses. It is permanent and if it does come loose after several washings, simply reapply. I have a friend that doesn’t even own a sewing machine and she managed to make curtains for her kitchen using stitch witchery. It is not expensive and will save you time and money. If a seam comes undone, you can fold the seam to one side and place a thin piece of the product between the seam and garment and apply with your iron until you can take it to your dry cleaners for repair. Another product that will be of great help to you are fabric patches. These square patches come in black, several shades of denim and tan. You can repair tears and to keep it invisible, place on the wrong side of the garment. Several of my male clients have expressed how valuable they are. Everyone should also carry a couple of safety pins in their handbag or wallet. If the zipper on your pant breaks, you can always use a safety pin to hold it up until you get home. These are simple solutions that will be of great help to you! Aggie Garcia is a San Diego based fashion designer who specializes in designing bikini and figure competition suits, and is the owner of Illusions by Aggie. Visit: www.IllusionsbyAggie.com. PAGE 76 Quality of Life LAUNDRY REVOLUTION! Wash It Clean & Green with MyGreenFills Review by Lisa D. Smith I have always had a problem with the ingredients in laundry detergent. Going down the ‘chemical aisle’ in the grocery store is a complex experience trying to find an authentic non-toxic soap. Trust me, the label may say the soap is safe, but with one wash I’m usually scratchin’ and a sniffin’. It is such a relief to have found MyGreenFills! Toxic-free, planet friendly products like MyGreenFills just make good, healthy and economic sense. I can’t wait to try their I’ll Fly Away Insect Repellant and 100% Naturally Non-Toxic Sunscreen. Join the Green Laundry Revolution and get Your Free Laundry Soap Jug at Free.MyGreenFills.com. MyGreenFills has a wonderful line of all-natural, non-toxic, hypoallergenic laundry soap products that include unscented laundry soap, fabric softener, and colorsafe brightener. The products have no dyes or perfumes, are hot and cold water safe, cruelty-free and vegan too! Your first order comes with a laundry jug for each product, plus a little recyclable refill bag for each powder that you mix with water in the jug (it lasts up to 50 loads!). I was excited to try MyGreenFills, and was thrilled to see my clothes come out of the washer bright and clean, and amazingly static-free after the dryer! There was no fake perfume smell and no itching! They also have a powerful enzyme stain remover, which has been put to some good use! After your initial order, you can order refill products online at www.MyGreenFills.com and they send them to you, shipping free! They know how to ‘Pay It Forward’ too – they send an extra laundry jug with your first order so you can gift it to a friend, and, MyGreenFills will send them a free refill! No more shopping in the chemical aisle! No more used laundry jugs going into the landfill. Did you know that our country uses over 1 billion plastic laundry jugs a year? We know we need to get on ‘The Green Bandwagon’ and I applaud companies like MyGreenFills who provide a cost-friendly solution. PAGE 77 Quality of Life Rock Talk by Marilee Strech Herkimer "Diamonds" are useful for accurate dream recall and beautiful spiritual dreams, as well as allowing one to see through deceptions and make connections with other people on a spiritual level. Listen! Listen to Marilee Strech on Big Blend Radio. Diamonds? No, but they sure do sparkle like diamonds! These sparkly crystals from Herkimer County, New York are actually quartz crystals, formed in pockets of the hard dolostone along a sixty mile corridor of the Mohawk River and its tributaries. This rock formation outcrops on both sides of the river, in farmer's fields, in the canal locks and waterfalls, and can be accessed by several fee dig sites in the area. Herkimer "Diamonds" are unusual among quartz crystals in that they are doubly terminated with eighteen faces on each and every crystal regardless of size--- from almost microscopic to crystals that are over three inches in length. These special quartz crystals affect the body on the deepest level, opening the aura and chakras to spiritual healing, as well as giving access to the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own unlimited potential for growth. They are manifestations of pure solidified spiritual Light and work well with moldavite, danburite, and celestite. They are associated with the Zodiac sign Aries and the Planet Sun. If you would like to collect your very own Herkimer "Diamond", there are two fee digs in Middleville, New York, the Ace of Diamonds Mine and the Herkimer Diamond Development Corp. Mine, open to the public from May 1 through October 1. Be sure and check out their days and hours of operation on line before you make that trip! An avid rock hound, Marilee Strech owns Crossroads Treasures, a gift shop that features a variety of rocks and gems, beads and jewelry, plants and books, and is just down the hill from Julian, a popular mountain destination Southern California. Visit www.CrossroadsTreasures.biz. PAGE 78
i don't know
"Which band in November 1984 reached number one in the UK charts with the record entitled ""I feel for you""?"
UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles 1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952. 1953 2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953 3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953. 4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953. Feb 5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953 March 6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953 April 7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953 8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953 9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953 June 10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953 Aug 11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953 Sept 12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953 Oct 13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953 Nov 14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953 15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953 1954 16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954 March 17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954. April 18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954 19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954 July 20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954 Sept 21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954 22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954 Oct 23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954 Nov 24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954 25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954 Dec 26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954 1955 27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955. 28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955 Feb 29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955 March 30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955 April 31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955 May 32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955 33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955 June 34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955 July 35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955 36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955 Oct 37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955 Nov 38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955 39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955 Dec 40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955 1956 41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956. Feb 42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956 March 43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956 44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956 April 45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956 May 46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956 June 47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956 July 48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956 Aug 49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956 Sept 50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956 Oct 51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956 Nov 52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956 1957 53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957 54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957 55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957 Feb 56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957 April 57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957 May 58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957 59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957 June 60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957 61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957 July 62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957 Aug 63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957 Nov 64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957 65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957 1958 66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958 67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958 Feb 68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958 69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958 April 70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958 May 71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958 June 72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958 July 73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958 Aug 74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958 Sept 75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958 Nov 76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958 77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958 Dec 78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958 1959 79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959 80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959 Feb 81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959 March 82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959 83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959 April 84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959 May 85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959 June 86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959 July 87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959 88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959 Sept 89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959 Oct 90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959 91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959 92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959 Dec 93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959 94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959 1960 95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960 Feb 96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960 March 97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960 98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960 99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960 April 100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960 May 101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960 June 102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960 July 103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960 104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960 Aug 105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960 106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960 107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960 Oct 108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960 Nov 109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960 Dec 110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960 1961 111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961 112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961 Feb 113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961 March 114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961 115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961 May 116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961 117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961 118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961 June 119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961 120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961 July 121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961 Aug 122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961 123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961 124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196 Sept 125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961 Oct 126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961 127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961 128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961 Nov 129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961 Dec 130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961 131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961 1962 132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962 Feb 133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962 March 134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962 May 135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962 136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962 June 137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962 jJuly 138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962 139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962 Sept 140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962 Oct 142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962 Dec 143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962 1963 144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963 145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963 146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963 147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963 March 148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963 149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963 April 150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963 May 151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963 June 152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963 July 153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963 Aug 154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963 155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963 156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963 Sept 157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963 Oct 158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963 159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963 Dec 160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963 1964 161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964 162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964 Feb 164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964 March 165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964 April 166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964 167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964 May 168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964 169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964 170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964 June 171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964 July 172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964 173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964 174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964 Aug 175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964 176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964 Sept 177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964 178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964 Oct 179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964 180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964 Nov 181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964 Dec 182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964 183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964 1965 184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965 185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965 Feb 186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965 187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965 188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965 March 189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965 190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965 April 191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965 192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965 193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965 May 194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965 195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965 196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965 197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965 198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965 July 199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965 Aug 201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965 Sept 202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965 203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965 204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965 Nov 205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965 206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965 Dec 207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965 1966 208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966 209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966 210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966 March 211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966 April 212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966 213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966 May 214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966 215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966 June 216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966 217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966 July 218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966 219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966 220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966 Aug 221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966 222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966 Sept 223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966 224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966 Oct 225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966 Nov 226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966 Dec 227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966 1967 228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967 Feb 229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967 March 230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967 April 231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967 232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967 May 233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967 June 234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967 July 235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967 Aug 236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967 Sept 237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967 Oct 238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967 Nov 239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967 240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967 Dec 241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967 1968 242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968 243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968 Feb 244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968 245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968 March 246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968 247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968 April 248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968 249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968 May 250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968 June 251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968 July 252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968 253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968 254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968 Aug 255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968 256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968 Sept 257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968 258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968 259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968 Nov 260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968 261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968 262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968 1969 263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969 264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69 Feb 265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69 266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969 267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969 March 268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969 April 269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969 270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969 June 271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969 272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969 July 273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969 274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969 Aug 275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969 Sept 276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969 Oct 277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969 278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969 279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969 Dec 280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969 1970 281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970 March 282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970 283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970 April 284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970 May 285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970 286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970 June 287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970 288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970 Aug 289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970 Sept 290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970 291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970 Oct 292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970 Nov 293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970 294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970 1971 295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971 296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971 March 297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971 298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971 May 299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971 300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971 June 301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971 July 302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971 Aug 303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971 Sept 304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971 Oct 305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971 Nov 306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971 Dec 307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971 1972 308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972 Feb 309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972 310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972 March 311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972 April 312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972 May 313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972 June 314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972 July 315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972 316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972 Aug 317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972 Sept 318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972 319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972 320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972 Oct 321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972 Nov 322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972 323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972 Dec 324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972 1973 326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973 327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973 April 328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973 329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973 May 330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973 June 331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973 332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973 333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973 July 334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973 335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973 Aug 336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973 Sept 337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973 338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973 Oct 339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973 Nov 340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973 Dec 341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973 1974 342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974 343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974 Feb 344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974 March 345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974 346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974 April 347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974 May 349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974 June 350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974 351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974 352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974 July 353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974 Aug 354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974 355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974 Sept 356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974 Oct 357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974 358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974 359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974 Nov 360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974 Dec 361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974 362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974 1975 363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975 364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975 Feb 366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975 March 367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975 368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975 May 369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975 370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975 June 371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975 372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975 July 373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975 374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975 Aug 375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975 376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975 Sept 377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975 Oct 378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975 379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975 Nov 380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975 381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975 382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975 1976 383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976 Feb 384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976 385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976 March 386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976 387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976 May 396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976 Dec 397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976 398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976 1977 399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977 Feb 400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977 401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977 March 402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977 April 403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977 May 404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977 405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977 June 406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977 407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977 July 408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977 409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977 Aug 410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977 411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977 Sept 412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977 Oct 413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977 414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977 Nov 415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977 Dec 416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977 1978 417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978 418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978 419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978 March 420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978 April 421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978 422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978 423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978 June 424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978 Aug 425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978 Oct 426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978 427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978 Nov 428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978 Dec 429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978 430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978 1979 431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979 432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979 Feb 433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979 March 434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979 435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979 April 436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979 May 437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979 June 438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979 439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979 July 440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979 Aug 441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979 Sept 442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979 443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979 Oct 444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979 445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979 Nov 446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979 Dec 447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979 448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979 1980 449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980 Feb 450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980 451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980 March 453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980 454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980 April 455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980 456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980 May 457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980 458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980 459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)' 31/5/1980 June 460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980 July 461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980 462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980 Aug 463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980 464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980 Sept 466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980 467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980 Oct 468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980 Nov 469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980 470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980 Dec 471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980 472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980 1981 473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981 Feb 474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981 475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981 March 476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981 477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981 April 478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981 May 479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981 June 480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981 481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981 July 482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981 Aug 483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981 484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981 Sept 485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981 486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981 Oct 487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981 Nov 488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981 489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981 Dec 490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981 491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981 1982 492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982 493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982 Feb 494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982 495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982 March 496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982 497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982 April 498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982 499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982 May 500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982 501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982 June 502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982 503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982 July 504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982 505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982 Aug 506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982 Sept 507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982 Oct 508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982 509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982 Nov 510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982 Dec 511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982 512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982 1983 513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983 514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983 Feb 515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983 March 516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983 517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983 518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983 April 519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983 520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983 May 521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983 June 522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983 July 523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983 524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983 Aug 525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983 Sept 526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983 527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983 Nov 528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983 Dec 529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983 1984 530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984 531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984 March 532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984 533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984 May 534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984 June 535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984 536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984 Aug 537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984 Sept 538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984 Oct 540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984 Dec 541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984 542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984 543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984 1985 544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985 Feb 545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985 March 546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985 547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985 April 548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985 May 549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985 550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985 June 551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985 552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985 July 553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985 Aug 554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985 555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985 Sept 556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985 Oct 557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985 558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985 Nov 559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985 560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985 Dec 561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985 562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985 1986 563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986 564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986 Feb 565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986 March 566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986 567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single April 568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986 May 569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986 570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986 June 571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986 572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986 July 573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986 Aug 574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986 575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986 Sept 576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986 Oct 577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986 578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986 Nov 579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986 Dec 580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986 581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986 582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986 1987 583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987 Feb 584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987 585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987 March 586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987 587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987 April 588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987 589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987 May 590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987 June 591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987 592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987 July 593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987 594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987 Aug 595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987 596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987 597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987 Oct 598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987 599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987 Nov 600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987 Dec 601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987 1988 602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988 603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988 Feb 604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988 March 605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988 April 606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988 607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988 May 608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988 609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988 June 610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988 611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988 July 612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988 Aug 613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988 Sept 614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988 615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988 Oct 617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988 618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988 Nov 619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988 Dec 620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988 1989 621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989 622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989 Feb 623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989 March 624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989 625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989 April 626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989 May 627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989 628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989 June 629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989 630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989 July 631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989 Aug 632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989 Sept 633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989 Oct 634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989 Nov 635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989 636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989 Dec 637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989 638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989 1990 639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990 640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990 Feb 641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990 March 642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990 643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990 April 646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990 647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990 July 648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990 Aug 649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990 Sept 650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990 651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990 Oct 652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990 Nov 653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990 Dec 654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990 655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990 1991 656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991 657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991 658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991 659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991 660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991 March 661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991 662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single 663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 . May 664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991 June 665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991 666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 . July 667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991 Nov 668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991 669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991 670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991 Dec 671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991 672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991 1992 673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992 Feb 674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992 April 675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992 May 676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992 June 677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992 July 678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992 Aug 679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992 Sept 680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992 Oct 681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992 682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992 Nov 683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992 Dec 684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 . 1993 685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993 March 686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993 April 687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993 May 688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993 689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993 June 690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 . 691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 . 692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993 August 693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993 694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993 Sept 695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993 Oct 696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993 697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 . Dec 698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993 699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993 1994 700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994 701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994 Feb 702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994 703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994 704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994 705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994 May 706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994 707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994 708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994 June 709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994 Sept 710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994 Oct 711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994 712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994 Nov 713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994 Dec 714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994 1995 715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995 Feb 716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995 March 717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995 April 718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995 719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995 May 720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995 721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995 722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995 June 723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995 Aug 724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995 725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995 Sept 726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995 727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995 728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995 Oct 729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995 Nov 730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995 Dec 731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995 1996 732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996 733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996 March 734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996 735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 . 736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996 737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996 May 738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 . 739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996 June 740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 . 741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996 July 742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 . 743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996 Sept 744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996 745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996 Oct 746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996 747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996 748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996 749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996 Nov 750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996 751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996 752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996 753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996 754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996 755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996 1997 756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997 757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997 Feb 759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997 760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997 761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997 March 762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies. April 763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997 764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997 May 765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997 766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 . 767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997 768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 . June 770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997 July 771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997 Aug 772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997 Sept 773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997 774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997 Oct 775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997 Nov 776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997 777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997 Dec 778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997 779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997 1998 780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998 781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998 782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998 Feb 783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998 784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998 785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998 March 787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998 May 788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998 789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998 790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998 791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998 June 792. B*Witched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998 793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 . July 794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998 795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998 796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998 Aug 797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998 798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998 Sept 799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998 800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998 801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998 802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998 Oct 803. B*Witched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998 804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998 805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998 806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998 807. B*Witched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998 808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998 1999 809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999 810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999 811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999 812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999 813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999 Feb 814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999 815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999 816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999 817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 . March 818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single 819. B*Witched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999 April 820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999 821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999 May 822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999 823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999 824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999 825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999 June 826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999 827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999 828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999 July 829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999 830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999 831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999 Aug 832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999 833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999 Sept 834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999 835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999 836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999 Oct 837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999 838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999 Nov 839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999 840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999 841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999 842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999 Dec 843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999 844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999 2000 845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000 846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000 Feb 848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000 849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000 March 850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000 851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000 852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000 April 853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000 854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000 855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000 856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000 May 857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000 858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000 859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000 860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000 June 861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks) 862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000 July 863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000 864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000 865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000 866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000 867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000 Aug 868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000 869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000 870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000 871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000 Sept 873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000 874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000 875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000 Oct 876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct 877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000 878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000 879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000 880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000 881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000 882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000 Dec 883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000 884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000 885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000 886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks) 2001 887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001 888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001 889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001 Feb 890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks) March 891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001 892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001 893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001 April 894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001 895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001 May 896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001 897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001 June 898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001 899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001 900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001 July 901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001 902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001 903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001 Aug 904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001 905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001 906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001 Sept 907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001 908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001 909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001 910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001 Oct 911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001 Nov 912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001 913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001 Dec 914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001 915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001 916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001 2002 917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002 918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002 Feb 919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks) March 920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002 921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002 922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks) April 923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002 May 924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002 925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002 926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002 927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002 June 928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002 929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002 930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks) July 931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002 Aug 933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002 934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002 Sept 935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002 936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002 Oct 937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002 938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002 939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002 Nov 940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002 941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002 942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002 Dec 943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002 944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002 945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002 946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks) 2003 947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003 Feb 948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003 March 949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003 950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003 April 951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003 May 952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003 953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003 954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003 June 955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003 July 956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003 Aug 957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003 958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003 Sept 959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003 960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks) Oct 961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003 Nov 962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003 963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003 964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003 965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003 966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003 967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003 968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003 2004 969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004 February 970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004 971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004 972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004 March 973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004 974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004 975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004 976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004 977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004 978: Eamon: F**k It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks) May 979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004 June 980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004 981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004 July 984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004 985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004 August 986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004 987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004 988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004 September 989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004 990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004 991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004 October 992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004 November 993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004 994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004 995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004 996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004 December 997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks) 2005 998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner 999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958) 1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959) 1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005 February 1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960) 1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005 1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005 1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005 March 1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005 1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005 1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single 1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single May 1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2) 1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1) June 1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK) July 1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005 1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005 August 1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005 September 1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005 1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005 1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005 October 1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3) 1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) .. November 1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2) 1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3) December 1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2) 1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1) 1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2006 1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. February 1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2) 1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 .. March 1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1 1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1 1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) .. April 1032: Ne*Yo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1) 1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1 June 1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) .. 1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3) July 1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1) 1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2) 1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. August r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4) September 1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1) 1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1.. 1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4) October 1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1).. 1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2).. November 1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. 1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) .. 1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1) December 1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4) 1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner 2007 1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) .. March 1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) .. 1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2) 1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single 1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single. April 1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1) 1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) .. May 1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1 1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1 August 1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2).. 1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1) 1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2) September 1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4) October 1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4) November 1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 .. December 1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 .. 1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2008 1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5) February 1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1 March 1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 .. April 1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4) May 1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1 1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2) June 1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 .. 1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1 July 1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1) 1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1 August 1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) .. 1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5) September 1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 .. October 1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3) November 1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1 1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1 1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1) December 1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 .. 1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1 1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner 2009 1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3) February 1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1 March 1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1 1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 .. No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years. 1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single. 1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3) April 1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1 May 1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1 1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1 1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1 June r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1) 1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1 1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) .. July 1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1 1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1 1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1 August 1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1) 1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1 r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1) 1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. September 1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 .. 1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1) 1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1 October 1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 .. November 1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .. 1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) .. 1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1 December 1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2) 1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1) 1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1 2010 1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) .. 1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1 1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) .. February 1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1 March 1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1 1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 .. 1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2) April 1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 .. 1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1) May 1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1 1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 .. 1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1 June 1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 .. 1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 .. 1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 .. July 1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 .. 1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 .. 1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) .. 1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) .. August 1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. 1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. 1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1) 1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. September 1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 .. October 1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1 r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) .. November 1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1 1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) .. 1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 . December 1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 . 1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1). 1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2011 1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1). 1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1. February 1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1) 1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1 1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4) March 1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1 April r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1) 1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1 1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4). May 1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1). 1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3) June 1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1. July 1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1. 1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1 1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1 August 1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1 September 1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1. 1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1. 1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1. October 1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1 1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1. 1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 . November 1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] . R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3) December 1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected] 1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1) 1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner 1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected] 2012 1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1) 1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1) 1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2) February 1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected] 1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1) 1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1) 1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1) March R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4) 1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1 April 1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected] 1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4) May 1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected] 1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected] June 1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1) 1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected] 1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1) 1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected] 1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected] July 1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected] R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1) 1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3) August 1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected] 1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected] September 1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected] 1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected] 1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected] 1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2) October 1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1) 1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected] 1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected] 1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected] November 1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1) 1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected] 1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected] December 1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected] 1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1) 1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours 1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected]. 2013 R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2) 1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2) February 1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected] 1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1) 1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected] March 1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single. 1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3) 1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected] April 1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine. 1227: Duke Dumont ft. A*M*E - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected] 1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected] May 1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4) June 1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected] 1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected] July 1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected] 1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected] R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1) 1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected] August 1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected] 1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected] September 1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected] 1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected] October 1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1) 1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected] R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1) November 1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected] 1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected] 1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1) 1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected] 1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1) December 1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected] R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2) 1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1 2014 1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1). 1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2). February 1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected] March 1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1). 1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected]. 1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected]. 1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected] April 1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected]. 1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected]. 1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected]. 1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected] May 1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected]. 1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1). 1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected]. 1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected] June 1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected] 1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected] 1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected] July 1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected] 1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected] 1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected] 1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected] August 1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected] 1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1) 1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2) 1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected] September 1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) . 1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected] 1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1) October 1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] . 1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) . November 1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1) 1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected] 1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected] 1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected] December 1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected] R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1) 1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected] 1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected] 2015 R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6) February 1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected] March 1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected] 1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected] April 1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected] 1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2) May 1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4) June 1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected] July 1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1) WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS 1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1) 1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1) 1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected] August 1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected] 1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1) 1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1) September 1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1) 1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected] 1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1) R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2) October 1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected]. R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2) 1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected] November 1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected] 1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2) December 1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3) 1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected] 2016 January R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3) Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history 1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2) February 1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1 1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5) March 1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4) April 1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15) August 1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5) September 1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4) October 1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3) 1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected] November 1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1 2017 January 1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases. UPDATED: January 13th 2016. A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts) Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1 16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991 Most Weeks at No.1 18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1 33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days. Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo" w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18. w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief. it beat the previous record of 29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet) w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans . Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays. Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday. The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date has remained constant throughout. JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS Information up to 2004 is from the "Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums" 2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1 *****************************************
Chaka Khan
"Which band in June 1985 reached number one in the UK charts with the record ""Frankie""?"
UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles 1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952. 1953 2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953 3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953. 4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953. Feb 5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953 March 6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953 April 7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953 8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953 9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953 June 10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953 Aug 11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953 Sept 12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953 Oct 13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953 Nov 14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953 15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953 1954 16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954 March 17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954. April 18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954 19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954 July 20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954 Sept 21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954 22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954 Oct 23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954 Nov 24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954 25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954 Dec 26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954 1955 27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955. 28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955 Feb 29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955 March 30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955 April 31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955 May 32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955 33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955 June 34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955 July 35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955 36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955 Oct 37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955 Nov 38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955 39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955 Dec 40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955 1956 41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956. Feb 42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956 March 43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956 44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956 April 45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956 May 46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956 June 47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956 July 48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956 Aug 49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956 Sept 50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956 Oct 51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956 Nov 52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956 1957 53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957 54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957 55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957 Feb 56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957 April 57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957 May 58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957 59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957 June 60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957 61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957 July 62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957 Aug 63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957 Nov 64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957 65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957 1958 66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958 67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958 Feb 68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958 69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958 April 70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958 May 71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958 June 72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958 July 73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958 Aug 74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958 Sept 75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958 Nov 76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958 77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958 Dec 78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958 1959 79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959 80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959 Feb 81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959 March 82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959 83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959 April 84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959 May 85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959 June 86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959 July 87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959 88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959 Sept 89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959 Oct 90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959 91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959 92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959 Dec 93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959 94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959 1960 95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960 Feb 96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960 March 97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960 98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960 99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960 April 100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960 May 101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960 June 102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960 July 103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960 104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960 Aug 105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960 106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960 107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960 Oct 108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960 Nov 109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960 Dec 110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960 1961 111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961 112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961 Feb 113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961 March 114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961 115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961 May 116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961 117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961 118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961 June 119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961 120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961 July 121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961 Aug 122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961 123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961 124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196 Sept 125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961 Oct 126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961 127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961 128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961 Nov 129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961 Dec 130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961 131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961 1962 132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962 Feb 133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962 March 134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962 May 135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962 136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962 June 137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962 jJuly 138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962 139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962 Sept 140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962 Oct 142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962 Dec 143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962 1963 144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963 145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963 146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963 147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963 March 148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963 149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963 April 150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963 May 151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963 June 152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963 July 153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963 Aug 154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963 155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963 156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963 Sept 157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963 Oct 158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963 159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963 Dec 160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963 1964 161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964 162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964 Feb 164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964 March 165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964 April 166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964 167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964 May 168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964 169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964 170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964 June 171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964 July 172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964 173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964 174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964 Aug 175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964 176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964 Sept 177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964 178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964 Oct 179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964 180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964 Nov 181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964 Dec 182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964 183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964 1965 184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965 185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965 Feb 186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965 187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965 188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965 March 189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965 190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965 April 191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965 192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965 193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965 May 194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965 195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965 196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965 197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965 198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965 July 199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965 Aug 201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965 Sept 202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965 203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965 204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965 Nov 205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965 206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965 Dec 207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965 1966 208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966 209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966 210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966 March 211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966 April 212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966 213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966 May 214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966 215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966 June 216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966 217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966 July 218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966 219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966 220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966 Aug 221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966 222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966 Sept 223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966 224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966 Oct 225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966 Nov 226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966 Dec 227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966 1967 228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967 Feb 229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967 March 230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967 April 231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967 232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967 May 233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967 June 234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967 July 235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967 Aug 236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967 Sept 237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967 Oct 238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967 Nov 239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967 240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967 Dec 241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967 1968 242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968 243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968 Feb 244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968 245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968 March 246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968 247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968 April 248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968 249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968 May 250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968 June 251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968 July 252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968 253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968 254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968 Aug 255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968 256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968 Sept 257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968 258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968 259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968 Nov 260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968 261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968 262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968 1969 263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969 264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69 Feb 265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69 266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969 267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969 March 268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969 April 269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969 270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969 June 271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969 272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969 July 273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969 274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969 Aug 275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969 Sept 276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969 Oct 277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969 278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969 279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969 Dec 280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969 1970 281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970 March 282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970 283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970 April 284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970 May 285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970 286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970 June 287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970 288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970 Aug 289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970 Sept 290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970 291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970 Oct 292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970 Nov 293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970 294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970 1971 295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971 296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971 March 297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971 298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971 May 299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971 300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971 June 301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971 July 302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971 Aug 303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971 Sept 304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971 Oct 305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971 Nov 306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971 Dec 307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971 1972 308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972 Feb 309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972 310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972 March 311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972 April 312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972 May 313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972 June 314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972 July 315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972 316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972 Aug 317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972 Sept 318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972 319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972 320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972 Oct 321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972 Nov 322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972 323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972 Dec 324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972 1973 326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973 327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973 April 328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973 329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973 May 330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973 June 331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973 332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973 333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973 July 334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973 335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973 Aug 336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973 Sept 337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973 338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973 Oct 339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973 Nov 340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973 Dec 341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973 1974 342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974 343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974 Feb 344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974 March 345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974 346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974 April 347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974 May 349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974 June 350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974 351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974 352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974 July 353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974 Aug 354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974 355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974 Sept 356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974 Oct 357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974 358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974 359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974 Nov 360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974 Dec 361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974 362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974 1975 363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975 364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975 Feb 366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975 March 367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975 368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975 May 369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975 370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975 June 371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975 372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975 July 373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975 374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975 Aug 375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975 376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975 Sept 377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975 Oct 378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975 379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975 Nov 380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975 381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975 382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975 1976 383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976 Feb 384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976 385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976 March 386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976 387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976 May 396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976 Dec 397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976 398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976 1977 399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977 Feb 400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977 401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977 March 402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977 April 403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977 May 404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977 405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977 June 406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977 407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977 July 408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977 409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977 Aug 410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977 411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977 Sept 412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977 Oct 413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977 414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977 Nov 415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977 Dec 416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977 1978 417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978 418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978 419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978 March 420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978 April 421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978 422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978 423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978 June 424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978 Aug 425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978 Oct 426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978 427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978 Nov 428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978 Dec 429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978 430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978 1979 431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979 432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979 Feb 433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979 March 434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979 435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979 April 436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979 May 437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979 June 438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979 439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979 July 440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979 Aug 441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979 Sept 442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979 443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979 Oct 444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979 445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979 Nov 446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979 Dec 447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979 448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979 1980 449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980 Feb 450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980 451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980 March 453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980 454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980 April 455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980 456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980 May 457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980 458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980 459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)' 31/5/1980 June 460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980 July 461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980 462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980 Aug 463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980 464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980 Sept 466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980 467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980 Oct 468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980 Nov 469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980 470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980 Dec 471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980 472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980 1981 473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981 Feb 474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981 475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981 March 476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981 477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981 April 478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981 May 479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981 June 480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981 481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981 July 482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981 Aug 483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981 484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981 Sept 485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981 486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981 Oct 487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981 Nov 488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981 489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981 Dec 490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981 491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981 1982 492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982 493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982 Feb 494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982 495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982 March 496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982 497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982 April 498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982 499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982 May 500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982 501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982 June 502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982 503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982 July 504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982 505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982 Aug 506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982 Sept 507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982 Oct 508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982 509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982 Nov 510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982 Dec 511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982 512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982 1983 513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983 514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983 Feb 515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983 March 516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983 517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983 518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983 April 519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983 520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983 May 521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983 June 522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983 July 523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983 524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983 Aug 525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983 Sept 526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983 527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983 Nov 528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983 Dec 529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983 1984 530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984 531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984 March 532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984 533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984 May 534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984 June 535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984 536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984 Aug 537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984 Sept 538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984 Oct 540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984 Dec 541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984 542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984 543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984 1985 544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985 Feb 545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985 March 546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985 547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985 April 548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985 May 549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985 550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985 June 551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985 552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985 July 553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985 Aug 554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985 555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985 Sept 556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985 Oct 557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985 558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985 Nov 559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985 560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985 Dec 561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985 562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985 1986 563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986 564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986 Feb 565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986 March 566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986 567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single April 568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986 May 569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986 570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986 June 571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986 572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986 July 573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986 Aug 574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986 575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986 Sept 576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986 Oct 577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986 578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986 Nov 579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986 Dec 580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986 581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986 582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986 1987 583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987 Feb 584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987 585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987 March 586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987 587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987 April 588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987 589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987 May 590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987 June 591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987 592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987 July 593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987 594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987 Aug 595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987 596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987 597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987 Oct 598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987 599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987 Nov 600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987 Dec 601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987 1988 602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988 603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988 Feb 604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988 March 605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988 April 606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988 607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988 May 608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988 609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988 June 610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988 611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988 July 612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988 Aug 613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988 Sept 614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988 615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988 Oct 617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988 618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988 Nov 619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988 Dec 620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988 1989 621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989 622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989 Feb 623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989 March 624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989 625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989 April 626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989 May 627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989 628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989 June 629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989 630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989 July 631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989 Aug 632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989 Sept 633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989 Oct 634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989 Nov 635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989 636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989 Dec 637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989 638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989 1990 639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990 640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990 Feb 641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990 March 642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990 643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990 April 646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990 647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990 July 648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990 Aug 649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990 Sept 650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990 651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990 Oct 652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990 Nov 653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990 Dec 654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990 655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990 1991 656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991 657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991 658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991 659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991 660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991 March 661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991 662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single 663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 . May 664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991 June 665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991 666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 . July 667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991 Nov 668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991 669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991 670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991 Dec 671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991 672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991 1992 673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992 Feb 674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992 April 675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992 May 676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992 June 677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992 July 678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992 Aug 679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992 Sept 680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992 Oct 681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992 682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992 Nov 683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992 Dec 684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 . 1993 685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993 March 686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993 April 687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993 May 688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993 689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993 June 690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 . 691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 . 692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993 August 693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993 694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993 Sept 695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993 Oct 696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993 697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 . Dec 698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993 699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993 1994 700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994 701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994 Feb 702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994 703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994 704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994 705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994 May 706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994 707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994 708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994 June 709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994 Sept 710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994 Oct 711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994 712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994 Nov 713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994 Dec 714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994 1995 715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995 Feb 716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995 March 717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995 April 718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995 719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995 May 720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995 721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995 722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995 June 723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995 Aug 724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995 725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995 Sept 726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995 727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995 728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995 Oct 729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995 Nov 730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995 Dec 731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995 1996 732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996 733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996 March 734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996 735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 . 736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996 737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996 May 738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 . 739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996 June 740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 . 741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996 July 742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 . 743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996 Sept 744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996 745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996 Oct 746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996 747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996 748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996 749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996 Nov 750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996 751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996 752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996 753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996 754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996 755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996 1997 756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997 757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997 Feb 759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997 760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997 761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997 March 762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies. April 763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997 764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997 May 765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997 766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 . 767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997 768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 . June 770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997 July 771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997 Aug 772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997 Sept 773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997 774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997 Oct 775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997 Nov 776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997 777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997 Dec 778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997 779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997 1998 780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998 781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998 782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998 Feb 783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998 784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998 785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998 March 787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998 May 788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998 789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998 790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998 791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998 June 792. B*Witched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998 793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 . July 794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998 795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998 796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998 Aug 797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998 798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998 Sept 799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998 800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998 801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998 802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998 Oct 803. B*Witched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998 804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998 805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998 806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998 807. B*Witched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998 808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998 1999 809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999 810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999 811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999 812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999 813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999 Feb 814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999 815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999 816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999 817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 . March 818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single 819. B*Witched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999 April 820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999 821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999 May 822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999 823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999 824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999 825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999 June 826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999 827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999 828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999 July 829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999 830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999 831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999 Aug 832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999 833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999 Sept 834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999 835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999 836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999 Oct 837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999 838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999 Nov 839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999 840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999 841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999 842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999 Dec 843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999 844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999 2000 845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000 846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000 Feb 848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000 849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000 March 850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000 851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000 852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000 April 853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000 854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000 855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000 856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000 May 857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000 858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000 859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000 860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000 June 861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks) 862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000 July 863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000 864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000 865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000 866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000 867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000 Aug 868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000 869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000 870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000 871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000 Sept 873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000 874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000 875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000 Oct 876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct 877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000 878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000 879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000 880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000 881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000 882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000 Dec 883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000 884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000 885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000 886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks) 2001 887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001 888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001 889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001 Feb 890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks) March 891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001 892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001 893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001 April 894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001 895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001 May 896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001 897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001 June 898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001 899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001 900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001 July 901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001 902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001 903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001 Aug 904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001 905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001 906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001 Sept 907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001 908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001 909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001 910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001 Oct 911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001 Nov 912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001 913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001 Dec 914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001 915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001 916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001 2002 917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002 918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002 Feb 919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks) March 920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002 921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002 922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks) April 923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002 May 924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002 925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002 926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002 927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002 June 928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002 929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002 930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks) July 931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002 Aug 933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002 934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002 Sept 935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002 936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002 Oct 937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002 938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002 939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002 Nov 940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002 941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002 942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002 Dec 943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002 944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002 945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002 946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks) 2003 947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003 Feb 948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003 March 949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003 950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003 April 951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003 May 952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003 953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003 954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003 June 955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003 July 956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003 Aug 957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003 958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003 Sept 959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003 960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks) Oct 961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003 Nov 962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003 963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003 964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003 965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003 966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003 967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003 968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003 2004 969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004 February 970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004 971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004 972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004 March 973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004 974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004 975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004 976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004 977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004 978: Eamon: F**k It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks) May 979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004 June 980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004 981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004 July 984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004 985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004 August 986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004 987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004 988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004 September 989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004 990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004 991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004 October 992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004 November 993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004 994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004 995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004 996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004 December 997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks) 2005 998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner 999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958) 1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959) 1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005 February 1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960) 1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005 1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005 1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005 March 1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005 1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005 1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single 1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single May 1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2) 1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1) June 1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK) July 1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005 1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005 August 1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005 September 1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005 1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005 1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005 October 1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3) 1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) .. November 1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2) 1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3) December 1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2) 1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1) 1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2006 1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. February 1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2) 1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 .. March 1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1 1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1 1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) .. April 1032: Ne*Yo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1) 1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1 June 1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) .. 1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3) July 1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1) 1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2) 1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. August r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4) September 1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1) 1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1.. 1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4) October 1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1).. 1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2).. November 1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. 1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) .. 1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1) December 1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4) 1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner 2007 1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) .. March 1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) .. 1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2) 1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single 1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single. April 1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1) 1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) .. May 1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1 1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1 August 1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2).. 1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1) 1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2) September 1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4) October 1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4) November 1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 .. December 1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 .. 1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2008 1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5) February 1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1 March 1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 .. April 1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4) May 1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1 1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2) June 1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 .. 1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1 July 1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1) 1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1 August 1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) .. 1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5) September 1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 .. October 1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3) November 1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1 1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1 1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1) December 1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 .. 1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1 1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner 2009 1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3) February 1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1 March 1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1 1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 .. No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years. 1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single. 1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3) April 1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1 May 1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1 1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1 1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1 June r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1) 1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1 1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) .. July 1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1 1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1 1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1 August 1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1) 1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1 r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1) 1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. September 1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 .. 1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1) 1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1 October 1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 .. November 1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .. 1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) .. 1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1 December 1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2) 1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1) 1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1 2010 1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) .. 1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1 1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) .. February 1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1 March 1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1 1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 .. 1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2) April 1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 .. 1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1) May 1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1 1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 .. 1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1 June 1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 .. 1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 .. 1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 .. July 1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 .. 1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 .. 1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) .. 1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) .. August 1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. 1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. 1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1) 1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. September 1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 .. October 1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1 r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) .. November 1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1 1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) .. 1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 . December 1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 . 1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1). 1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2011 1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1). 1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1. February 1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1) 1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1 1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4) March 1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1 April r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1) 1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1 1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4). May 1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1). 1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3) June 1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1. July 1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1. 1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1 1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1 August 1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1 September 1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1. 1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1. 1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1. October 1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1 1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1. 1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 . November 1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] . R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3) December 1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected] 1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1) 1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner 1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected] 2012 1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1) 1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1) 1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2) February 1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected] 1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1) 1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1) 1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1) March R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4) 1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1 April 1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected] 1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4) May 1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected] 1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected] June 1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1) 1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected] 1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1) 1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected] 1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected] July 1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected] R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1) 1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3) August 1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected] 1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected] September 1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected] 1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected] 1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected] 1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2) October 1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1) 1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected] 1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected] 1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected] November 1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1) 1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected] 1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected] December 1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected] 1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1) 1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours 1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected]. 2013 R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2) 1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2) February 1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected] 1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1) 1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected] March 1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single. 1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3) 1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected] April 1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine. 1227: Duke Dumont ft. A*M*E - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected] 1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected] May 1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4) June 1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected] 1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected] July 1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected] 1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected] R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1) 1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected] August 1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected] 1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected] September 1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected] 1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected] October 1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1) 1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected] R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1) November 1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected] 1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected] 1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1) 1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected] 1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1) December 1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected] R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2) 1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1 2014 1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1). 1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2). February 1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected] March 1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1). 1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected]. 1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected]. 1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected] April 1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected]. 1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected]. 1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected]. 1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected] May 1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected]. 1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1). 1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected]. 1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected] June 1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected] 1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected] 1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected] July 1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected] 1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected] 1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected] 1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected] August 1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected] 1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1) 1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2) 1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected] September 1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) . 1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected] 1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1) October 1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] . 1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) . November 1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1) 1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected] 1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected] 1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected] December 1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected] R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1) 1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected] 1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected] 2015 R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6) February 1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected] March 1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected] 1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected] April 1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected] 1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2) May 1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4) June 1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected] July 1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1) WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS 1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1) 1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1) 1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected] August 1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected] 1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1) 1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1) September 1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1) 1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected] 1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1) R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2) October 1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected]. R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2) 1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected] November 1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected] 1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2) December 1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3) 1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected] 2016 January R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3) Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history 1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2) February 1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1 1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5) March 1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4) April 1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15) August 1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5) September 1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4) October 1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3) 1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected] November 1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1 2017 January 1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases. UPDATED: January 13th 2016. A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts) Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1 16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991 Most Weeks at No.1 18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1 33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days. Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo" w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18. w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief. it beat the previous record of 29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet) w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans . Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays. Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday. The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date has remained constant throughout. JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS Information up to 2004 is from the "Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums" 2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1 *****************************************
i don't know
What do Americans call what we British call a car bumper?
Living in the USA Underground USA Adapting When I first arrived in the USA it seemed inevitable that there would be some "Huh?" moments, when I said words that the local didn't understand and they used words that perhaps I knew but wouldn't necessarily have been my first choice. But what I found a little staggering was that there were many many more words that I would have imagined that are different, and you don't find out what some of them are until you've been there two to three years. Odd, obscure words that suddenly pop out in conversation turn out to be not-for-general-use on the other side of the pond. Everyone knows the obvious ones, for example trousers are pants, a pavement becomes a sidewalk, a nappie is a diaper and you'd get into an elevator and not the lift anymore. But I made a list of all the more obscure ones - the ones you don't discover until you immerse yourself into their culture for a bit. And form the list comes a whole new world of customs and cultures too, and here they all are ... Familiarise yourself first ... Get to grips with the USA first though! I discovered the excellent 'place the state' game, which is one of those things that you'll think you'll try once, and then get sucked in and play it for the next 20 minutes trying to get a perfect 100%. UK - And once you think you've cracked that, try placing all the English counties in their proper place The List So I made a list. This webpage started out at a big list of words that are different between British English and American English. Then I found out that someone had already done it and rather well too. Please go and have a look at the English2American.com site, which also has the brilliant 'What's the difference between Great Britain and the United Kingdom' page, explained for all of those that don't know. Oh and the fact that our date format is superior too. The # key on the keyboard is called the pound. Nothing to do with the UK pound sign. Calling # it's proper name hash gets them looking at you as if you're making a weird drug reference. Driving any where throws up so many, it's hard to know where to start. The bonnet becomes the hood, the boot becomes the trunk, even wing mirrors become side mirrors. You don't have indicators either, you now have turn signals. Traffic light? Don't be silly - they're the stop lights. Food & Drink Everyone know the basics .. like sweets are called candy, crisps are known as chips and biscuits are called cookies. But to an American (especially a southerner) a biscuit is also some pasty-scone-like cake thing to which I can think of no UK equivalent. Their Bacon is weird. You can't get nicely thick and widely cut Danish. Think and streaky seems to be the order of the day. Their eggs are generally more white than brown. And whilst their bread seems to last longer before going mouldy, the slices are just that much smaller than your typical Mothers Pride loaf. Oh, and they have no idea what a crumpet is either, and I have no idea how to best describe it. (No, it's not the same as an English muffin. Incidentally, in the UK, English Muffins are just called 'Muffins'. That's a joke) Food, dining and eating throws up so many anomalies it's hard to know where to start. Crockery for one is more commonly known as flatware. And when you're in a nice restaurant you'll open up with a Starter in England, but Americans wouldn't know that that's what they call an Appetizer. And when you've finished that nice meal, don't use a serviette to wipe your face after you've eaten - no, you'll be using a napkin instead. Don't order a pudding either. You have to order a dessert. To Americans, pudding is a type of dessert, not a generics name for one. Root vegetables seem to be an ares where there are lots of different names - an aubergine is known as an eggplant, corgette's as zuchinni's and a swede is known as rutabega. This causes endless amount of amusement to Americans to think that 'Swede' could be a food, a not just ... a person from Sweden. Squash is Marrow. It took me three years of living in the USA to realise this, but still didn't help me like eating it. I would say Coriander, an American would say Cilantro. I would also say Rocket, whereas an American would say Arugla. Because American thrives on coffee, coffee and more coffee, I often had to take into work my own tea. Now down in the South of American they do have tea, but it's of the cold sweet tea variety, and some American's act surprised here when they see my drinking tea ... "Oh, you drink HOT tea", they say, like that's unusual. Well ... drinking cold tea to me is unusual, oh and downright disgustingly untasty too. Even when I did make hot tea, and wanted to put milk into it .. there's no such thing as semi-skimmed, no it's called two percent milk instead. So I used to get up in the morning and make some tea, drink one at home and then put one on my flask to take to work to drink mid-morning. Except don't say flask to an an American, use the word Thermos instead, because a flask is something that you would only put liquor in. And by liquor I mean spirits - see 'alcohol' below. Canola Oil is Rapeseed oil. A baked potato to an American is one that's been sunbathing, you'll have to say jacket potato. Granola is Muesli. Jelly is Jello, a Sirloin steak is a Porterhouse steak, and Icing Sugar is known as powered sugar. Mince meat is just known as Ground Beef, Mince Meat is known as Ground Beef, and stock cubes (like OXO) are bouillon cubes. Prawns are known as Shrimp. Southerners like to eat a dish which I didn't like called 'Shrimp & Grits', where grits was like .. a weird porridgey substance which wasn't actually porridge. Whatever, everytime someone rolled out the Shrimp & Grits, I was all like "Ah, it's Prawns & Porridge again". What I would call a Spring Onion, the yanks call a Scallion. I'm not sure that anyone in the UK eats semolina anymore, but if they did the Americans call it Cream of Wheat. A friend of mine found the word 'semolina' particular funny, saying it sounded like the nae of a cream you'd use to cure a sexual disease. Other random words which confuse things: Going to the fairground? Be sure to get some Cotton Candy and not Candy Floss. Cops here are famous for eating Donuts and not Doughnuts. And treacle for some reason, is know as Molasses. No really it is, and I don't know why they had to change a perfectly good word either. Blame it on the French! There are some words which Americans just haven't heard of at all. Once I turned to a friend and said "Ooh, I'd like a nice Gateaux" - as in the cake, and they had no idea what I was talking about. Gateaux of course is a word that the English have borrowed from the French, and thus Americans have rarely heard of it, and certainly never use it. I had the same problem with being "Au fait" (familiar) with something, or travelling as a group "en masse" to somewhere. "On a WHAT?" came back the American-English response. Driving There are so many word difference with cars, it's unreal. Once you've gotten over the fact that Americans drive on the wrong side of the road, you realise that a Fender is a bumper, the hood is the bonnet and the trunk is the boot. And just to really confused things, the large yellow metal device that costs you several pounds of dollars to get you car released is what they call a boot and we call a clamp. Tyre is speled with an 'i' Tire, you fill up with gas, not petrol and even poor old wing-mirrors have turned into side mirrors. Oh, and make a turn? You would use your turn signal and not your indicator. In some places, I've even heard roundabout referred to as "rotarys", aaaah! Finally ... when you go to fill up with gas (petrol) as the gas station, the Brits use the word forecourt to describe the area of the tarmac where your car sits as you pump it full of gas. The Americans have NO SUCH equivalent word - it's just part of the gas station. Types of car ... What the Americans called a Station Wagon, I would call an Estate Car. And what I would call a Saloon, they would call a sedan. Other parts of the car ... The emergency brake to me is known as the handbrake, turn signals I would call indicators. Americans have fenders instead of wings. Which is why we call the mirros on the side ... wing mirrors, which they just called side mirrors. And when your battaery is flat and you get a jump start? They use Jumper Cables instead of Jump Leads. To make your radio work, the it has to be plugged into an Aeriel which the Americans would call an Antenna. On the road ... What i call the hard shoulder, Americans just call the shoulder. What they call an overpass I refer to as a fly-over. And when you don't have a car but need to drive one you would hire one in Engand, but in American you would rent one. If you say 'Hire Car' in America, they'll think you're saying 'HIgher Car', and wonder just how high cars can go. A Puncture is a Flat Tire, the Motorway becomes the Freeway, a Lorry is a Truck, and the Boot of a car is the Trunk of a car.(A 'Boot' in fact to an American, is a wheel-clamp). Indicators becomes Turn Signals, Wing Mirrors are just Side Mirros, the Pavement is the Sidewalk, the Central Reservation is the Median, and Jump Leads are better known as Jumper Cables. Oh and the road surface you drive on? No it's not Tarmac, it's Blacktop.   In the home To buy your nice new house in the first place you wouldn't use an Estate Agent, oh no! You must use a local Realtor, which I think is one of the most silliest words that Americans use. All that junk lying around in your house ... where you gonna put it? That's right, in your British Loft which is the American Attic. If you fancied playing with a football at home in England, you might go for a kick about in your Back Garden, which to an American is your Back Yard. And talking of playing football ... If you ask for a Powerpoint they'll think you're talking about the Microsoft application as if it's an object. Just ask for the nearest Electric Socket instead. Underlay becomes Carpet Pad. Screw Anchor              Rawl Plug Sports When at a football game (by which I mean American football, and not soccer which is real football), I totally confused someone by asking if I could walk across the pitch. I was of course referring to the field. Pitching is something that a punter does. But when I explained that to me a punter was someone who attended a concert or gig, this drew bizarre looks. In the world of more dangerous sports, abseiling to me means to dangle yourself down a rope off the side of a cliff. The Americans however calling this rappeling. Turns out the word is apparently derived from the German abseilen, meaning simply “to rope down.”. Christmas They don't do Christmas Crackers. 'nuff said. And there are Americans out there right now reading this thinking 'What the hell are Christmas Crackers"? Brilliant. Oh, and don't expect a batter/yorkshire pudding either with your gravy. You're going to get a weird sweet potato and marshmellow combo mix instead, duh. What we call Father Christmas they always call Santa Claus. And don't expect to get the day off of work after Christmas either - there's no Boxing Day. For a country which is so big and people actually need the extra time to travel to see family for Christmas, it's odd that you only get the one day off for Christmas. Britain have Fairy Lights whilst the USA just call 'em Christmas Lights. And Mince Pies become sweet pies. When you get your Wrapping Paper out to cover up that gift, the Americans are more familiar with the phrase Gift Wrap. They also don't "do" pantomime. The word isn't really used, and the concept of getting have-been celebs to dress up for the Christmas season and act out some camp play just doesn't happen either. And then ... there is singing Christmas Carols in church ... The first time I went to a carol service at Christmas I was rather confused ... There are at two different major melodies for the song 'Away in a Manger' one, "Cradle Song" [1] , more commonly encountered in the United Kingdom ; the other, "Mueller" [2] , more commonly found in the United States . The same goes for 'Oh Little Town of Bethlehem' which has a completely different tune. Cooking and in the kitchen What the Brits call Washing Up Liquid the Americans would call it Dish Soap. Dish Cloth                    Tea Towel Dishware                      Crockery Shopping I discovered that T.K.Maxx in England becomes T.J.Maxx in America. This always made me hum the theme tune to T.J.Hooker instead, yes .. i know that's sad, ok? Numbers You'd think numbers would be easy, right? Wrong! You can't use 'double'. No siree, that's just to confusing. When giving out your phone number of 7688, you can't say "Double eight", oh no. You have to say "Eight, eight" , or their poor little brains get confused. Clothing How can pieces of clothing have different names? .. I found asking to myself. Easy, it would seem, when you discover that they laugh at you when you use the phrase swimming costume proffering instead to say bathing suit. I guess they don't play polo, as a Polo Neck means nothing, try asking for a Turtle Neck instead. When you get dressed up nice and smart, you don't wear a waistcoat, you were a vest. A vest to a British person if of course a string vest. A dressing gown is a bathrobe. Suspenders are known as braces, a sweater is a jumper and sweatpants are actually called tracksuit bottoms. What they call a fanny pack we call a bum bag, and ski-mask is a balaclava, and garter belts are what we'd call suspenders.     Living in America I lived in America for almost four years between May 2006 and November 2009, and it was a continual discovery of obvious and more subtle differences between the two nations that are divided by the same language. Although I should clarify that when I say I say "I live in America", what I really mean is that I moved to Charleston, South Carolina where I never appreciated how 'The South' was different to rest of the USA. Just as the UK has its localised customs and a range of dialects - so does the USA. Americans that I meet here though are never failed to be impressed with my ability to conjure up Scottish, Irish (both hard Belfast and soft Dublin), Welsh, Brummy (midlands), Manchunian, Liverpudlian, Geordie and West Country (Cornwall) based accents. Not to mention received pronunciation (Queens English) and some good old Cockney rhyming slang thrown in for good measure. For such a small country (compared to the USA) we beat them hands down for mix of dialects. Links
Fender
Sb is the chemical symbol for which element?
Parts of a Car English Vocabulary - Vocabulario en inglés Partes del Auto Coche Carro English Vocabulary Accelerator: The foot pedal that makes the car go faster. Battery: Usually near the motor, this provides a supply of energy to the car, especially when the motor isn't running. Sometimes if you leave your lights on when the motor is off, the battery keeps them on and then becomes flat (stops working) which makes it difficult to start your car again. Boot: The enclosed space usually at the back of a car where you can put your bags etc. It is called the Trunk in the United States. Bonnet: The metal lid at the front of the car that covers the motor. It is called the Hood in United States. Brake: The foot pedal you use when you want to make the car go slower or stop it from moving. Brake light: The red light at the back of the car that indicates the the brake is being used and that the car is slowing down. Bumper: The bar at the front and back of the car the helps protects the car when it is hit. It is sometimes called the Fender in United States. Clutch: The foot pedal that you use when you want to change gears. Dashboard: The part in front of the driver that has the controls like the Temperature gauge, Fuel gauge and the Speedometer. Door: The way you enter and leave the car. Some cars have two doors but most have four doors. Exhaust (Pipe): The pipe that takes the waste gases from the motor and lets them go into the air. Fan belt: The belt that keeps a fan moving that helps keep the motor cool. Fender: The bar at the front and back of the car the helps protects the car when it is hit. It is called the Bumper in Britain. Fuel gauge: (US: Gas Gauge) A part of the dashboard that lets you know how much gasoline / petrol there is in the petrol tank. It usually has the letters F for Full and E for Empty. Handbrake: You usually put the handbrake on when you park your car so that it doesn't move by itself later (especially down hills). It is usually situated between the driver's seat and the passenger's seat. Headlight: The lights you turn on so that you can see the road ahead in the dark when you are driving. Headrest: The top part of the seat where you can rest your head. Hood: The metal lid at the front of the car that covers the motor. It is called the Bonnet Britain. Horn: Usually found on the steering wheel, when you press the horn, it makes a sound that other people (in other cars) can hear. Hubcap: The metal covering of the middle part of a wheel. Indicators: (US: Turn Signals) The lights that let others know in which direction a car is turning. Ignition: You put the key here to start the car. Number plate: (US: License Plate) The unique identification numbers and letters for each car. There is usually a number plate at the front and back of the car. Radiator: Cools the water of the motor. Rearview Mirror: The small mirror attached to the middle of your windscreen so that you can see what is behind your car while you are driving. Roof-rack: The metal frame on top of a car that is used to support the weight of things you put on top of the roof of the car. Seatbelt: The belt that is connected to the seat and you place across your body to help protect you in an accident. Speedometer: A part of the dashboard that lets the driver know how fast the car is moving. Steering wheel: The round instrument that the driver uses to make the car go in a certain direction. Temperature gauge: A part of the dashboard that lets you know the temperature of the engine. If the engine is too hot, it can be damaged. Trunk: The enclosed space usually at the back of a car where you can put your bags etc. It is called the Boot in Britain. Tyre: (US - Tire) The round rubber part of the wheel. Wheel: The round parts that connect the car to the road and help the car move. Windscreen: (US: Windshield) The big window at the front of the car that the driver looks through as he/she drives. Windscreen wiper: (US: Windshield wipers) Clears the rain from the windscreen so that you can see through it. Next Activity Try our interactive game with vocabulary about the parts of a car . Practice your Vocabulary (and spelling) with our interactive Hangman Game which includes 50 words associated with Parts of a Car in English . If you found this English Vocabulary about Parts of a Car interesting or useful, let others know about it:
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How many years of marriage are celebrated by a 'Lace' annivesary?
Wedding Anniversary Meanings - The Lore and Wisdom Behind the Symbols Wedding Anniversary Meanings [Below you will find the wedding anniversary meanings for the gifts traditionally associated with each year of marriage.] No one knows precisely when wedding anniversaries were first celebrated.  But the tradition is believed to go back at least to the Middle Ages.  At that time in the Germanic regions of Europe, a husband crowned his wife with a silver wreath on the 25th anniversary of their wedding day.  If the couple was fortunate to live long enough, the husband presented his wife a gold wreath on their 50th wedding anniversary.  By the beginning of the 20th century, an additional 6 anniversaries were celebrated - the 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, and 75th year for a total of 8.  In 1922 Emily Post published Etiquette in which she identified symbolic gifts associated with each of these 8 milestone anniversaries: paper, wood, tin, crystal, china, silver, gold, and diamond.   15 years later, the Jewelers of America expanded her list to include materials for every one of the first 20 years of marriage and every 5 years thereafter.  Thus was born the traditional list of gifts and wedding anniversary meanings we have today. But why were the various materials chosen as gifts to symbolize specific anniversaries? To a certain extent, the reasons are clouded in mystery.  However, it is generally believed that increasingly durable gifts were chosen for successive years to represent the progressive strengthening of the marriage relationship.  As the years go by, the gifts increase in strength and worth from paper to diamond. Would you like to know the wedding anniversary meanings behind the gifts for each anniversary year? Look no further.  The meaning, symbolism, and lore for each are described below. Paper The first year of marriage is like a clean sheet of paper, a new beginning upon which to write your passage through the years together.  Also like paper, it is fragile and can easily rip, not having yet been tried by the fires of adversity and the storms of life. Cotton Like the interwoven fibers of cotton, the second year of marriage brings a couple closer together as their lives become increasingly intertwined. And as cotton is at the same time both strong and soft, the couple is learning how to be flexible and adapt to each other's needs. Leather Leather has traditionally symbolized protection and covering; our ancestors covered and protected themselves from the elements with the leather hides of animals.  The bonds of marriage offer security and shelter as each partner takes care of the other.  Now in its third year, the growing relationship is becoming a source of stability for the married couple. Fruit & Flowers During the fourth year of marriage, the budding relationship is beginning to blossom like a flower and ripen like fruit.  Just as fruit nourishes the body and flowers the soul, so the deepening commitment and nurturing love of the couple brings refreshment and renewal to the marriage.   Wood In ancient times, trees symbolized strength and wisdom.  By the fifth year of marriage, the married couple is developing strong, deep roots like a venerable oak tree and is gaining insight and understanding from the mistakes and stumblings of the first five years. The pair has learned the most important lesson of all and the secret to a successful marriage: forgiveness.   Candy As candy is to the taste, so romance is to marriage: sugary sweet.  Celebrating the sixth year of marriage offers a time to rekindle the flames of love and passion that brought the two of you together.  In older times, iron also symbolized the sixth anniversary.  A strong and sturdy metal that brings good luck, may good fortune shine on your marriage all the days of your life. Copper & Wool Both copper and wool are known for producing heat.  Therefore they represent warmth, comfort, safety, and security - necessary ingredients for a healthy and stable marriage.  Reflect on these traits as you celebrate seven years together. Bronze The gifts for wedding anniversaries tend to increase in substance and value over time as marriage itself should grow and strengthen over time. Bronze is stronger than both iron and copper, symbols of earlier years of marriage, because it is a blend of two metals (copper and tin).  This mixture represents the union of two lives and the strength resulting from combining time with perseverance.    Pottery & Willow A potter molds a lump of clay, shaping it on the potter's wheel, and then fires it in the oven, creating something both rich and beautiful. So too, the marriage of two people is molded and shaped by choices and experiences, fired in the oven of adversity, and over time, something beautiful emerges. Tin Tin symbolizes preservation and longevity.  At one time, food was stored in tin-plated iron cans.  The tin protected the iron from rust and corrosion, preserving the food inside, potentially forever.  A couple at the milestone anniversary of ten years has the ability to go the distance.  Therefore, the tenth anniversary should be celebrated with special honor. Steel Steel is one of the strongest, most durable metals in the world, and therefore a fitting symbol for the eleventh anniversary.  The cord binding the marriage together can no longer be easily broken, if it ever could.  Strength and permanence define this milestone anniversary.  Silk A couple that reaches twelve years of marriage has, undoubtedly, sailed through many rough waters and overcome a great many obstacles in their relationship. Having been strengthened by enduring difficulties, they now eagerly anticipate that the road ahead will be smooth as silk. It is time to enjoy the finer things in life.  Celebrate this anniversary by taking  time to indulge in luxury and pleasure. Lace As lace signifies refined beauty and elegance, so a marriage of thirteen years exemplifies polished and perfected love.  The passage of time has created a delicate but strong object of beauty. Ivory Ivory symbolizes purity and innocence. Rare and beautiful, this precious commodity signifies the integrity and fidelity of the marriage relationship and the extraordinary sense of commitment two people must have to make a marriage last fourteen years.  Loyalty and devotion are qualities worthy of commemoration.    Crystal Crystal is the first truly expensive gift in the traditional anniversary list.  The costliness of crystal is representative of the sacrifice and investment the couple has made to the marriage over the past fifteen years.  Crystal also symbolizes clarity and transparency, reflecting the state of the couple's relationship.  They now know each other better than they know themselves.   China China symbolizes the beautiful, elegant, and fragile nature of love.  It is a reminder not to take your marriage for granted, but to continue to care for it so your love will flourish. In addition, just as China, although fragile, is also durable and long-lasting, so a twenty-year marriage has withstood the test of time. Silver Silver is one of the most precious metals known to man. It has always been prized the world over and considered very valuable. It is therefore an appropriate symbol for the twenty-fifth wedding anniversary. Like silver, may your marriage continue to shine in splendor and radiance all of your days as you grow old together.   Pearl Lying hidden deep inside the shell of an oyster is one of the most exquisite and treasured gems imaginable: the pearl.  Symbolizing hidden beauty, the pearl reminds the maturing couple that true beauty comes from within and that what is most valuable is the shared experience of life with another.  Coral Coral has often been called the "garden of the sea" because it covers the ocean floor.  In ancient times it was considered sacred and believed to contain magical properties of protection from sickness and harm.  It was also thought to represent the life-force due to its blood-red appearance.  Like coral, loyalty and commitment are the lifeblood of a good marriage and love the shield that protects the union.  Ruby Symbolizing love and passion, the ruby is one of the most coveted gemstones of all.  Within the heart of this stone is thought to lie a flame of fire that grows brighter with each passing year, just like the flame of a forty-year marriage. Sapphire For long ages the stone of royalty, the sapphire is the perfect gem to honor a forty-five year marriage.  Two people together for this length of time are a shining example to all married couples.  Theirs is a union worthy of admiration and respect. Gold Only one gift can rightly capture the crowning achievement of lifelong love: gold.  Symbolizing prosperity, strength, and wisdom, it represents the essence of what a fifty-year marriage should be.  Congratulations.  Here's to many more years of health and wedded bliss. Cheers!
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Which 1948 Hitchcock film shares its name with a weapon in Cluedo?
What gifts are suitable for a 39th wedding anniversary? | Reference.com What gifts are suitable for a 39th wedding anniversary? A: Quick Answer The traditional gift for the 39th wedding anniversary is lace. Lace gift ideas include a lace handkerchief, a lace outfit, a blouse with lace in it, lace underwear, a lace tablecloth or other household accessories with lace. Full Answer Lace is also the gift for the 13th wedding anniversary on the traditional list. Lace is a handmade fabric that was popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. In 2014, it continues to hold a very regal and classy look. Lace is symbolic of how the human spirit is woven throughout a marriage. Lace is a timeless, classic illustration of strength and grace.
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Which 1966 Beatles album shares its name with a weapon in Cluedo?
The Beatles (Music) - TV Tropes The Beatles You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share The Supremes Gene Vincent "A man appeared on a flaming pie and said unto them...'From this day on, you are Beatles with an "A"' " — "Being a Short Diversion on the Dubious Origins of Beatles, Translated from the John Lennon, Mersey Beat, July 6, 1961" " Ladies and gentlemen, THE BEATLES! " note cue mass squeeing Four young lads from Liverpool who released some albums in The '60s , and are credited by many for changing the face of rock and popular music, while for others they were at least major pioneers of the new style of pop rock, and were a major force of The British Invasion . For many people, they are also the face of the 1960s. Which is not bad work, really. The Beatles formed in 1960, with the initial stable line-up consisting of John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and George Harrison on guitar and Stuart "Stu" Sutcliffe on bass. After a brief stint with drummer Tommy Moore, they settled with Pete Best . Sutcliffe didn't last too long, quitting the next year to focus on his art work, and McCartney switched to bass. Sutcliffe didn't live to see the Beatles become world-famous, dying of a brain haemorrhage in 1962. Best lasted longer, right up to their first recording session with Parlophone Records . Then, he was infamously sacked and replaced by Richard Starkey (AKA Ringo Starr) just as they were about to make it big. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is considered by many critics to be one of the greatest rock albums of all time; it also has one of the most parodied and homaged album covers in the history of music. The simpler image on the cover of Abbey Road of the band walking in near-lockstep across the street is a close competitor for the most homaged cover, as is the half-shadowed band portrait that was used on the British album With the Beatles and its American equivalent/ Macekre Meet The Beatles. The Beatles were the first band in history to make music video equivalents to their own songs, which every musician does now. They played themselves in three fictional films: the pseudo-documentary A Hard Day's Night (1964), the James Bond parody Help! (1965), and the critically-panned surrealist television film Magical Mystery Tour (1967); they were also the subject of the documentary film Let It Be (1970). Their Celebrity Toon equivalents starred in two very different Band Toons , each with a distinct set of character designs for the Fab Four. Their wacky 1965 Animated Series was the first made-for-TV cartoon based on a real band (or any real people), and therefore both the Ur-Example and Trope Maker . Meanwhile, the 1968 feature Yellow Submarine brought kid-friendly psychedelic imagery to the masses. Once manager Brian Epstein died in 1967, the writing was on the wall for the Beatles. Ringo Starr briefly quit during the making of The White Album , and George Harrison did the same during the Let It Be sessions. Finally, John Lennon quit for good in September 1969. The band broke up in 1970 under circumstances painful to think about . Everyone went on to solo careers of varying success, most notably McCartney with Wings . The dissolution was finalized in 1974, but Apple Corps (the Beatles' management company) was left intact. For perhaps fifteen years, few people saw any purpose for that... But then a second wave of Beatlemania gradually hit — too late for John Lennon, who sadly had been getting the Dead Artists Are Better effect since 1980 when he was murdered by Mark David Chapman , but everyone else got to see it. The events leading to this, in order: the initial release of the British Beatles catalogue on CD in 1987; The Beatles being inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the release of Past Masters (which collects all their non-album singles and rarities) in 1988; Paul McCartney finally embracing his Beatles heritage fully in 1989, in the process settling the last couple of lawsuits and freeing Apple Corps to act; and most noticeably, The Beatles Anthology which is a box set released in 1995, with Beatles singles "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love" (which Covered Up the Lennon versions). Since then, Beatles-related stuff has come out just often enough to keep second-generation fans on their toes and the fandom active and aggressive. George Harrison died of cancer in 2001. Sir Paul McCartney (he was knighted in 1997 and handled it in a way that ensured no one would let him live it down ) and Ringo Starr are still out there touring, doing a bunch of miscellaneous projects, and occasionally making records — and they both still write GOOD music. Even Pete Best released an album and began touring circa 2008. The legacy lives on. An installment of Rock Band was made featuring Beatles songs and only Beatles songs. Not quite coincidentally, the entire catalogue has been remastered and was re-released on CD the same day. After years of legal disputes having to do with the "Apple" label, iTunes finally added Beatles music in 2010. In 2016, Ron Howard and Apple Corps released another documentary: The Beatles : Eight Days a Week, focusing on their live shows and tours between 1962 and 1966. In addition to new interviews with Paul, Ringo and members of their circle, it featured testimony from such young fans as Whoopi Goldberg , Sigourney Weaver , Elvis Costello and Eddie Izzard . In 1966 John Lennon gave an ill-thought-out comment that The Beatles were " more popular than Jesus now ." He promptly apologized for it, but it had already been taken out of context by the press. John wasn't saying that the Beatles were more important than Jesus; but if you were the kind of "thick-headed disciple" who would burn Beatles albums over this, then the context — his thoughts on the state of Christianity — would not be much comfort. Still, in 2008, the Vatican admitted that he had a point. You can vote for your favourite Beatles album by heading over to the Best Album crowner . Similarly, you can vote for your favourite Beatles album by heading over to the Best Song Crowner . invoked Pete Best - drums, vocals (1960-1962) George Harrison - guitar, lead vocals, sitar, bass, keyboard, percussion, synthesizer, ukelele, claves, tamboura, sound effects, maracas, tambourine, harmonica, kazoo, organ, drums, harmonium (1960-1970, 1994-1995, died 2001) John Lennon - guitar, lead vocals, harmonica, keyboard, percussion, bass, organ, tambourine, piano, harmonium, sound effects, cowbell, mellotron, clavioline, saxophone, glockenspiel, ukulele, synthesizer (1960-1969, died 1980) Paul McCartney - bass, lead vocals, guitar, keyboard, piano, percussion, drums, maracas, double bass, cowbell, organ, güiro, clavichord, sound effects, mellotron, recorder, timpani, bells, flugelhorn, trumpet, synthesizer (1960-1970, 1994-1995) Tommy Moore - drums (1960, died 1981) Richard Starkey (Ringo Starr) - drums, lead vocals, percussion, keyboard, tambourine, maracas, bongos, timpani, cowbell, bells, cymbals, congas, piano, tubular bells, harmonica (1962-1970, 1994-1995) Stuart Sutcliffe - bass (1960-1961, died 1962) Studio Discography: note (in Britain. Their American albums pre-Sgt. Pepper's had different names with different track listings, and were eventually released on CD as The Capitol Recordings. See "Cut-and-Paste Translation" below.) 1968 - The Beatles (Better known as The White Album ) 1968 - Yellow Submarine note Although only four of the songs (" Onlya A Northern Song", "Hey Bulldog", "All Together Now", "It's All Too Much") are not pre-existing material from previous albums, the existence of this new material, as well as the flip-side original instrumental orchestral soundtrack by producer and "fifth Beatle" George Martin, makes the soundtrack officially a Beatles album instead of a compilation 1970 - Let It Be note Recorded mainly in 1969, also in 1968 and 1970 Live Discography: 1977 — Live! At the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962 note A bootleg album recorded by the leader of another of the Star-Club's acts, supposedly with the permission of the Beatles, but this was later bitterly disputed as they were all drunk at the time and the recording quality (even after being professionally cleaned up) was terrible. This album saw two releases, the second despite an attempt by the Beatles to block its release, but a third release was successfully and permanently blocked. 1977 — The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl note Recorded in 1964 and 1965 1994 — Live at the BBC note Recorded from 1963 to 1965note It's questionable whether the two BBC albums should be classified as live albums � the radio performances were prerecorded in several takes with some overdubs but were presented as live performances at the time. 2013 — On Air - Live at the BBC Volume 2 note Recorded from 1963 to 1966 2016 — The Beatles Live at the Hollywood Bowl note aka Eight Days a Week: The Touring Years, this is the long-awaited CD release of The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl with four extra tracks. Non-album singles: 1963 - "From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl" 1963 - "She Loves You" / "I'll Get You" 1963 - "I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy" 1964 - "Komm, gib mir deine Hand" / "Sie liebt dich" note German versions of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "She Loves You", respectively 1964 - "I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman" 1965 - "Ticket to Ride" note Otherwise available on their 1965 album Help! / "Yes It Is" 1965 - "Help!" note Otherwise available on their album Help! / "I'm Down" 1965 - "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" 1966 - "Paperback Writer" / "Rain" 1968 - "Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light" 1968 - "Hey Jude" / "Revolution" 1969 - "Get Back" note Otherwise available on their 1970 album Let It Be / "Don't Let Me Down" 1969 - "The Ballad of John And Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe" 1970 - "Let It Be" note Otherwise available on their album Let It Be / "You Know My Name (Look Up The Number)" Past Masters - collection of all the non-album songs listed above "The Fab Tropes":     open/close all folders      A�E  Aborted Arc : Apart from the Intro, the introduction of Ringo in the persona of "Billy Shears" at the beginning of "With A Little Help From My Friends", and the Reprise, the Sergeant Pepper album largely ignores the "concept" of the Sergeant and his band. Accent Upon The Wrong Syllable : Lennon's "Pride comes BE-fore a fall" from "I'm a Loser". Achievements in Ignorance : In December 1963, the music critic of The Times newspaper, William Mann, described Lennon and McCartney as "the outstanding English composers of 1963", severely annoying many people who couldn't believe that four guys from Liverpool deserved to be described as "outstanding composers". Mann has been Vindicated by History , however.note Some commentators have expressed amazement that the band used avant-garde techniques that they couldn't possibly have known about, but this is an argument from incredulity; there's plenty of evidence for how the Beatles, McCartney in particular, followed developments in avant-garde music. Added Alliterative Appeal : "Mean Mr. Mustard" and "Polythene Pam". "Bungalow Bill", "Rocky Raccoon" and "Sexy Sadie". "Whisper words of wisdom, let it be..." "Long Long Long". And The Monkees , to an extent. With the Beatles being as popular and as influential as they were, there are literally more of these than can be counted. For example, The Powerpuff Girls episode "Meet the Beat Alls" is basically a protracted parody of every bit of Beatles trivia that the writer could remember. Also, Sgt. Pepper's Shout-Out and Abbey Road Crossing can usually be considered subtropes of this. Deface the Music by Utopia is a particularly good Affectionate Parody which, like The Rutles , goes through a large portion of the Beatles' career. The 1978 novel Paperback Writer by Mark Shipper. A hilarious absurdist revisionist history of their career (for starters, their debut album is called We're Gonna Change the Face of Pop Music Forever ), ending with an ill-fated late- '70s reunion album and tour. And for the Sesame Street -watching demographic, there was also The Beetles ! Album Filler : McCartney admitted that "Hold Me Tight" off With the Beatles was this. Beatles for Sale is considered to contain a lot of filler due to the fact that there are six covers the band had been playing since their Quarrymen days (as well as "I'll Follow the Sun", which was one of the first songs Paul McCartney ever wrote). Some of the covers are still well liked, but "Mr. Moonlight" is particularly poorly regarded. The Beatles also covered the Larry Williams song "Bad Boy" solely to fill out the US-only album Beatles VI. The song would not see British release until a Greatest Hits album in 1966. From Rubber Soul , "Wait" was a song that remained from the Help! sessions. Sometimes John composed songs just because he didn't have enough in the record, such as "Run for Your Life" in Rubber Soul , "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite" in Sgt. Pepper's. Lennon later admitted to hating "Run for Your Life" perhaps more than any other song he had ever written. And of course, there's The White Album . George Martin even asked them to trim it down to one album since he felt there was too much filler, but the band didn't listen, being eager to fulfill their album commitment to the EMI record label as quickly as possible. The inclusion of "Across the Universe", "One After 909", and "Dig It" on Let It Be couldn't be anything but filler. The first was recorded in early 1968, long before Let It Be was released. The second was one of the first songs Lennon and McCartney had ever written; they recorded a version of it in 1963, which was never included on an album because they were never satisfied with it. They recorded a new version of it for Let It Be. For third, when the album was remixed as Let It Be... Naked in 2002, it was even dropped from the track list. Some consider the George Martin composed orchestrations to be this on the flip side of the Yellow Submarine soundtrack. Alternate Reality Episode : "We're Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band..." Aluminum Christmas Trees : The 1966 fan club Christmas record has a bit set aboard HMS Tremendous. Given the wacky absurdist humor used throughout the disc, this sounds like something they made up, but there really was a Royal Navy ship called that . And Starring : Billy Preston's work on keyboards with the band during the Get Back sessions earned him a special credit; the "Get Back"/"Don't Let Me Down" single was attributed to "The Beatles with Billy Preston". This was the only time the band shared billing with another artist. Animated Adaptation : The Beatles Animated Series and the Yellow Submarine movie. Apple Corps Owns This Trope : Apple Corps and Apple (Computer) Inc. had an argument dating back to the 1980s over the use of the name "Apple" as a trademark. The original agreement—that Apple Corps could never sell computers, and Apple Inc. could never sell music—seemed pretty sensible until the introduction of iTunes. This is part of why it took until November 16, 2010 for The Beatles' output to be available through that service. Antiquated Linguistics : "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!", its lyrics being drawn from a Victorian circus poster. Artifact Title : The name The Beatles is a pun on the genre Beat, which is what the band started off playing, but they changed their sound so much over the years that it wasn't really accurate by the time of Revolver . The casual music crowd of today doesn't listen to any other 60s artists apart from The Beatles, so they are unaware of the context of the band's name. Luckily, it can also refer to the Beat of a song rather than just the genre. Artistic Stimulation / What Do You Mean, It Wasn't Made on Drugs? : After their first visit to America (wherein they had an amusing run-in with Bob Dylan ), the answer to the latter is "well, not all of it," more or less by their own admission. The boys have admitted that the majority of their movie Help! was filmed in "a haze of marijuana," and that this was part of the reason that they didn't bother to take much creative control of the movie. As Long as It Sounds Foreign : "Sun King". Ascended Fangirls : Two of the "Apple scruffs"—mostly female fans that lurked outside Apple studios constantly while the Beatles were recording—were brought inside to sing backup on "Across the Universe". Their off-key bleating was one reason why "Across the Universe" was given away to a charity album, and when the song was remixed for Let It Be the girls were mixed out. Avant-garde Music : The band pushed musical boundaries by experimenting with new sounds and techniques in their work, though they always kept their ear for easy listening melody. The most important exception was also the most brutal track: "Revolution #9" on The White Album . Badass Boast : "When I was a Beatle, I thought we were the best fucking group in the goddamn world."—John Lennon, 1980 Badass Mustache : In early 1967, Paul was in a minor traffic accident and cut his lip. To conceal the (temporary) scar, he grew a moustache. The rest of the band liked the effect so much that they all grew moustaches too. The result was that, at the moment they reached the peak of their creative powers, the entire band rocked moustaches. Baroque Pop : Most of their later output, especially The White Album . The Beat Generation : The name of the band was partially inspired by the Beats and Lennon in particular named Jack Kerouac as an influence. Allen Ginsberg later on became friends with the band, with Paul McCartney actually playing guitar on one of Ginsberg's albums. Be Yourself : "All You Need Is Love" tells us that "Nothing you can do, but you can learn how to be you in time/It's easy!" Bifauxnen : "Well you should see Polythene Pam/She's so good-looking that she looks like a man..." "She loves you yeah yeah yeah" Played sarcastically in "Polythene Pam." Bigger Than Jesus / Blasphemous Boast : The Trope Namer came from a John Lennon interview in which he did NOT say "we're bigger than Jesus" but rather "we're more popular than Jesus now". Given the intensity of Beatlemania, that was a defensible statement. It still garnered a great amount of ill will from the kinds of people who weren't inclined to like The Beatles in the first place—mostly religious fundamentalist types from the Deep South . The protests that dogged The Beatles over their American tour played no small part in convincing them to give up touring for good. The quote was really a swipe at the media by Deadpan Snarker John Lennon, who felt that the media was making the Beatles into a bigger story than was really merited. Given the damage done to the band's reputation, Lennon probably should have kept his opinions to himself . Biopic : Backbeat (1994) depicts the group's Hamburg days, and in particular the relationship between John Lennon, Stu Sutcliffe, and the latter's girlfriend/muse Astrid Kirchherr. Nowhere Boy focuses on Lennon and his complicated family history, but also dramatizes his meeting with McCartney and the formulation of the band. Biting-the-Hand Humor : Paul wrote "You Never Give Me Your Money" to voice complaints about the financial practices of Apple Records and Allen Klein. Black Comedy : The original, infamous "butcher" cover of the album Yesterday and Today. Also, at a stop in Australia , there's a brief clip of them mockingly shouting "Deutschland über Alles!" at the adoring crowd, just to prove they could say or do just about anything and the fans would keep screaming. Bookends : The original Get Back album was supposed to have a 1969 photo of the Beatles in the exact same pose that they used for their breakout 1963 Please Please Me album. This idea was abandoned when the Get Back album was reworked into Let It Be, but the photo was eventually used for the cover of the 1967-1970 compilation album. Sgt. Pepper's opens with the title track, and the penultimate track is a reprise (if "A Day in the Life" is an encore of the band's concert or just a random song is up to you). Possibly unintentional, but "Ain't She Sweet" appears twice on the Anthology albums — on the first disc of Anthology 1 and the last disc of Anthology 3. To a lesser extent, the 2005 Live 8 concerts opened and closed with Paul teaming up with another artist to perform a Beatles song, though not the same one ("Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 for the opening, and "Hey Jude" with every performer for the finale). The opening verse of "Got to Get You into My Life" gets repeated at the end. "Rocky Raccoon": At the beginning and the end of the song, he's checking into a hotel room and finding "Gideon's Bible". Breakup Song : "Don't Bother Me", "No Reply", "Baby's in Black", "I Don't Want to Spoil The Party", "You Won't See Me", "For No One", "Yesterday", "Not a Second Time", "I'll Follow the Sun", "Yes It Is" (which in essence is a rewrite of "Baby's in Black"),... Brilliant, but Lazy : Journalist Maureen Cleave wrote of John, "He can sleep almost indefinitely, is probably the laziest person in England." John even wrote a song about it called "I'm Only Sleeping." He also wrote "I'm So Tired" — though that was less about laziness and more about despair. British Brevity : Averted, with around 200 commercially-released songs in an initial run of eight years. Their early albums, though, could be considered examples if taken individually, since they're mostly around half an hour, which is pretty short for a full-length album. The British Invasion : They launched it. They were the first success. Broken Record : "Wild Honey Pie" ("HONEY PIE! HONEY PIE!") and "Why Don't We Do it tn The Road?", widely considered to be White Album Filler , although John once said the latter was the best thing Paul ever wrote. Also from " The White Album ": "Number nine...number nine...number nine..." Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band contained a few seconds of audio in the usually-empty runout groove of the record. On players that didn't have automatic pickup arm return (fairly common for cheaper players in the 1960s), this would loop until you got sick of it and turned it off. The lyrics of the last four minutes of "Hey Jude" consist entirely of "Na, na na, na na na na, na na na na, Hey Jude" being repeated. Nineteen times. "Blue Jay Way" ends with variations of a certain phrase being repeated 18 times. The phrase? "Don't be long." "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" ends with 3 minutes of the same guitar riff repeated over and over. B-Side : The Beatles' B-sides often weren't the typical throwaway song. Among the notable Beatles tracks released as B-sides were "This Boy", "She's a Woman", "Yes It Is", "Rain", "The Inner Light", "Revolution" (!!), "Don't Let Me Down" (!!!), and "Old Brown Shoe". Sometimes they had two songs that were so strong they wouldn't even say one was the A and the other the B: "We Can Work It Out"/"Day Tripper", and, even more powerfully, "Strawberry Fields Forever"/"Penny Lane". This practice was invented by the Beatles, and is now usually referred to as a "Double-A Side". Call-and-Response Song : "It Won't Be Long", "With a Little Help From My Friends", "Getting Better", "Baby You're a Rich Man" and many others. Call Back : In the middle of "Carry That Weight" they break into a new verse of an earlier '"Abbey Road'' track, "You Never Give Me Your Money", then they switch back to "Carry That Weight". The lyrics of "Glass Onion" consist almost entirely of references to the band's previous songs, including "I Am the Walrus", "She Loves You", "The Fool on the Hill", "Fixing a Hole", and "Strawberry Fields Forever". In the latter case the song even includes a little snatch of flute as a musical echo of the original's introduction. "She Loves You" and "Yesterday" are also quoted at the end of "All You Need Is Love" Probably not intentional, but the first Christmas record for their fan club in 1963 uses re-worded renditions of "Good King Wenceslas" as a Running Gag . In the final fan club Christmas record from 1969, John sings a bit of that carol. Calling the Old Man Out : Not as frequently as might be expected, but "She's Leaving Home" leans in this direction. Canon Immigrant : The American version of Magical Mystery Tour , which added the band's 1967 singles to Side 2 in order to make it a full album, solving the problem the Beatles had with the soundtrack in the first place (there were not enough songs in the movie for an album, and there was almost no incidental music to pad it with). The American version is now the canonical version, so much that the version in the 9/9/09 re-release also has the American box art. (Even the artwork on the actual disc is modeled after a record label from EMI's American Capitol Records brand, instead of its British Parlophone imprint as with the band's other pre-Apple albums.) The stereo versions of their early work could also be considered this. They were mostly produced without the Beatles' involvement. The mono versions of all albums before The Beatles could be considered the "canon" versions. " O-U-T spells out " - "Christmastime is Here Again" "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band": But I thought you might like to know That the singer's going to sing a song Careful with That Axe : The creepy screaming on "Revolution 9", Ringo's quite unsettling "I'VE GOT BLISTERS ON MY FINGERS" at the end of "Helter Skelter", and John Lennon's full-throated screams (after a blistering opening guitar riff) on the single version of "Revolution"; he does another one on "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", which is so alarming that somebody off-mic shouts a response. Celebrity Toons : The Beatles had a cartoon series in the 1960s at the height of their fame. The real lads from Liverpool greatly disliked this series because of cheap animation and terrible voices (provided by Paul Frees and Lance Percival, who later was the voice of Old Fred in Yellow Submarine , which is a masterpiece compared to this series). Changed for the Video : The Beatles made videos for both sides of their "Hey Jude"/"Revolution" single. Both are filmed performances, semi-live (live vocals with at least some instruments synched from the recordings). The "Revolution" video is a hybrid of the single "Revolution" and the album version "Revolution 1", with the harder sound and faster tempo of the single but the "shoo-be-doo-wah" backing vocals from the album version. "Hey Jude" is a good minute shorter than the single, and if you listen to the long coda, Paul McCartney ad-libs different words, like when he gives a Shout-Out to The Band by quoting the "take a load off, Fanny" chorus from Band single "The Weight". The filmed performances of "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road" from the 1970 Let It Be film are different from the versions which were later released. The "Let It Be" recording, both single and album versions, is based on take 27-A from the Jan. 31, 1969 session, while the film version, which has never been released as an audio recording, was the next take, 27-B. In the filmed video, McCartney sings "there will be no sorrow" in the last verse instead of "there will be an answer". Similarly, the filmed performance of "The Long and Winding Road" is from the Jan. 31 session, while the released song is based off a recording from five days earlier. Also, the live performance is in accordance with Paul's original conception of the song as a simple piano ballad, while the released version includes the stringed instruments and backing choir overdubbed by Phil Spector. Chick Magnet : Pretty much the four poster children. Also the subject of " Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby ". Cloudcuckoolander : John Lennon is suspected to have been one of these. It's hard not to conclude that Ringo was one as well—or if he wasn't then, he is now . Comically Small Bribe : In 1976, Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels jokingly offered the ex-Beatles $3,000 to reunite and appear on the show. "Here it is right here. A check made out to you, The Beatles, for $3,000. All you have to do is sing three Beatles songs. She loves you, yeah yeah yeah. That's $1,000 right there. You know the words, it'll be easy." According to John Lennon in a 1980 interview, Paul was visiting John in New York City (during one of their very few friendly meetings post-breakup) and they were actually watching SNL together when Michaels made his appeal. Apparently, they strongly considered going down to the studio but decided not to. George did show up in a subsequent episode in 1976, wherein he demanded the money and was appalled when he was informed that the $3000 was for all four Beatles. "$750 is pretty chintzy." The joke got replayed when Paul McCartney did SNL in 1993 — apparently, he was hoping his touring band would also get paid. Good thing Alec Baldwin was there... (Or was it Jack Donaghy? ) Concept Album : Sgt. Pepper's is widely considered to be one of popular music's first concept albums, although there's little about it that intrinsically makes it such. Lennon admitted that after the first two songs they abandoned the "concept", picking it up only for the reprise of the title track. You could alternately view it as a collection of vignettes about British working class life, though a few songs don't really fit that interpretation. Concept Video : The Beatles were among the first to make music videos. The video for "Strawberry Fields Forever" is a Concept Video . The scene in A Hard Day's Night set to "Can't Buy Me Love" was among the first to pace quick cuts with the rhythm of the song. This technique has since become a staple of music videos and quite common in film and television. Continuity Nod : A few shout outs to older songs exist. Notably "Glass Onion", which seems to be built entirely on this. Others include: "I Am the Walrus" - "See how they fly, like Lucy in the Sky" "Come Together" - "He got walrus gumboot.." "All You Need Is Love" — they begin singing "She Loves You" as the song fades out. "Yesterday" can also be heard at the end of "All You Need Is Love" "Savoy Truffle" - "We all know 'Ob-La-Di-Bla-Da'..." The promotional music video for "Hello Goodbye" was one these, jumping between the band on stage wearing their early, mop-tops-and-suits look and their colorful Sgt. Pepper uniforms. When the band was running through "Mean Mr. Mustard" during the Get Back sessions, Mean Mr. Mustard's sister ("she never stops, she's a go-getter") was named Shirley. When they reconvened to record Abbey Road and John Lennon revived the song, he changed Shirley's name to Pam to go along with another new song of his, "Polythene Pam". Continuity Porn : "Glass Onion". Good to know the true identity of The Walrus and what has become of the fool on the hill and Lady Madonna... but it's also a good thing this is an album track and not a single. The Cover Changes the Gender : Their cover of "Boys", although, oddly, they did not change the title. Also their cover of "Please Mr. Postman". And "Devil in Her Heart", and "To Know Her Is to Love Her". They covered a lot of songs by American girl groups in the early days. Cover Version : On their first, second, and fourth albums there are almost as many covers as there are Lennon/McCartney tunes. Afterwards they got away from this and stuck almost entirely to recording original material. Cover songs were common practice in the pop industry for the time, and it was largely the Beatles who turned the tide towards original performances. Their third album (A Hard Day's Night) may not have been the first album of entirely original compositions, but it was one of the most important. Crazy Jealous Guy : Lennon depicts such a character in "You Can't Do That" and "Run for Your Life". See Misogyny Song for details. Cut-and-Paste Translation : Before Sgt. Pepper, Capitol Records of America released different Beatles albums from its parent company EMI/Parlophone, the original British publisher. Specifically, they removed songs from some albums to tack onto other albums; since the American albums typically held eleven songs and the British ones held fourteen, and the American albums would include tracks from singles not included in the British LPs, there were two or three albums made from whole cloth. One of these, the 1966 release Yesterday... and Today, was a compilation with "new" songs that had been issued the previous year in England, as well as rough mixes of three songs from the then-forthcoming Revolver. Tropes Are Not Bad : The American cut of Rubber Soul inspired The Beach Boys ' Brian Wilson to make Pet Sounds , which, in turn, inspired Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The American album Meet the Beatles! is also well-received (partly because it added the "I Want to Hold Your Hand" single to the core of the British With the Beatles album and removed all but one of the earlier title's cover versions to create a nearly entirely Beatle-written album), and even made it at the Number 59 spot on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums list. The American version of Magical Mystery Tour became the canonical version (see Canon Immigrant above). Darker and Edgier : The Beatles' universe became significantly darker as they earned more freedom to write songs not just for the money, became more jaded at the superficiality of fame and lust, and transformed into very different people through their frequent drug experimentation. The definitive turning point was the single "Yesterday", which both dramatically went against their current image, and managed to be a great success. Their light and fluffy teen-pop image entirely dissipated after Rubber Soul came out, and after realizing how vapid and meaningless their live shows had become, they ceased all touring. In 1966 they constantly created unintentional controversy through some of their flippant statements and actions, angering many groups of people and shocking the classic fans who wrongly believed them to be the perfect role models. This was part of why they changed; they wanted to prove that they weren't teen icons with halos over their heads. Though their spiritual drug use and studio experimentation allowed them to create many songs considered timeless classics, it also severely damaged their unity. By the end of and after their career, the four Beatles were stressed, bitter and thoroughly sick of each other. Breaking up was the only logical option. "Days of the Week" Song : "Lady Madonna" misses only Saturday. "Eight Days a Week" adds an extra day. Dead Artists Are Better : John Lennon. While his musical accomplishments certainly can't be denied, he was a self-admitted Jerkass throughout his life. After his death, he was practically canonized from certain quarters. George also benefited from this following his passing. ◊ is almost a literal example. Deadpan Snarker : In Real Life , all four of them were - their early press conferences consisted of approximately five smart-ass answers for every one serious answer to reporters' questions. They were from Liverpool , after all. It's in the water supply. Reporter at press conference: How did you find America? John Lennon: Turn left at Greenland. Determinator : Ringo. He was born into a poor working-class family and was chronically ill as a kid, spending so much of his childhood in hospital with various ailments (pleurisy, an almost-fatal case of peritonitis, and then he busted his stitches while recovering from peritonitis so he had to spend even more time in hospital) that, when he finally emerged as a teenager, he'd missed so much of his education that he couldn't get a job doing anything clerical, while he was so physically puny from spending so much time in hospital that he couldn't do the only other thing available to a working-class Liverpool teenager, namely get a manual job. He was literally good for nothing — except that he loved drumming. He managed to score a gig with a skiffle group, and before long he was one of the most-wanted drummers in the city. The guy would not lie down, which is a clue to why the rest of the band respected him so much. George. Being the most business minded member of the band, the first song he'd written for the band ("Don't Bother Me") never earned him any pay compared to John and Paul because the songwriting company he worked for called Northern Songs gave about 15% of the assets to John and Paul despite he himself being the one who wrote the song in the first place. So as a matter of being more prepared, he started his very own songwriting company named Harrisongs Ltd. around September 1964 so that once it was active (by around 1968), the songs he'd written during that time would mostly be his own property without anyone's interference and he would attain most of the assets as a result (George's 80% compared to John's and Paul's 15% from Northern Songs). Despite the restructuring of Northern Songs in 1965, he and Ringo were still earning less than John and Paul (1.6% compared to 15%), but during that time he was doing his own groundbreaking East/West collision music, which involved taking proper lessons on a ferociously difficult non-Western instrument (the sitar) from a master musician, Ravi Shankar (instead of just messing about with it á la Brian Jones ). Paul, despite contributing to a lot of his songs, was unwilling to spend a lot of time on them, and John, even though he helped him a bit with some tips on songwriting, couldn't care less. Nonetheless, he persevered and continued to steadily improve his songwriting skills until pretty soon, one of his own songs got featured as the A-side of a record by 1969. He further pursued a solo career that was at least on a par with John's and Paul's, and arguably more consistent in terms of quality. He also released what to this day remains the most commercially successful solo effort by a Beatle, All Things Must Pass Brian Epstein was well-to-do via his record store chain NEMS, but was determined to make more of himself than that. He took on the job of band management in spite of never having done so, and managed to do a reasonably great job at it given his inexperience. He also managed to hawk the same demo tapes to all of the record labels in England for many years; Parlophone, a small label known for classical and novelty records at the time, was literally the last gasp—if it had failed, the band would have given up. Epstein may have had much naivety in his dealings—the band stated often that he was as green at his profession in many ways as the Beatles were at theirs—and perhaps that may have led to the legal maze that the Beatles' copyrights and publishing/royalty issues are to this day (2014), but no one had expected or really knew how to deal with that unprecedented level of success the band achieved. It happened that many particularly shrewd business minds took advantage of the situation, and with Epstein's death and the confusion of Apple and the band's breakup, things understandably took a toll for the worse by 1970 . (Brian also managed a number of other groups, such as Gerry and the Pacemakers, at that time.) Disproportionate Retribution : "Norwegian Wood." The girl refuses to sleep with him, so he lights her apartment on fire. Downer Ending : "Eleanor Rigby", a ballad about a lonely old woman who dies alone at the end and nobody comes to her funeral except the priest . Dreadful Musician : The two Beatles that didn't make the cut, The Pete Best himself (George Martin suggested the band use a session drummer for their first record, whereupon the other Beatles fired Best) and Stu Sutcliffe (who only bought a bass to join the band at John's insistence, and usually was facing backwards on stage to hide his lack of skill). Dr. Feelgood : "Doctor Robert". Egocentric Team Naming : For a short time before they hit it big, they were called " Long John and the Silvermen ", and also "Johnny and the Moondogs". At an earlier point, when they were just John, Paul and George, they billed themselves as "The Japage 3", pronounced jay-page, a sort-of-acronym based on their own initials. "And in the end, the love you take, is equal to the love you make." Enter Stage Window : "She Came in Through the Bathroom Window" Epic Rocking : Throughout their first seven studio albums (up to and including Revolver), there are six songs which exceed three minutes. Epic Rocking for the Beatles is on a smaller scale, but they do have their share of longer songs. Hardcore Beatles fans are dying to get a hold of the legendary 27 minute long version of "Helter Skelter". There's a reason Ringo shouts "I GOT BLISTERS ON MY FINGERS!" at the end of the White Album version. "Hey Jude" is over seven minutes long. "I Want You (She's So Heavy)". "It's All Too Much". Number nine... Number nine... Number nine... (Note that "Revolution 9" was originally constructed around a coda of a lengthy performance of "Revolution 1", which remains unreleased). The legendary unreleased track "Carnival of Light" runs for around fourteen minutes. McCartney has stated several times that he wants to release it, but he needs permission from Starr and the other two Beatles' widows to do so. It has not been released yet. Everything's Better with Penguins : From "I Am the Walrus": "Elementary penguin, singing Hare Krishna - man, you should've seen them kicking Edgar Allan Poe !" Everything Sounds Sexier in French : "Michelle" has a line in French, and a line in English, that mean the same ("these are words that go together well") and are sung to the same tune. Evolving Music : "Revolution 1" was initially recorded as a single, despite being a loping, ten-minute blues number that morphed into a chaotic sound collage. The Beatles decided to put this version aside, and instead recorded "Revolution" for the single - a faster, harder-rocking version of the same song. "Revolution 1" eventually appeared on ' The White Album '' with its first four minutes standing alone, and portions of the bizarre ending incorporated into the separate "Revolution 9." John Lennon's "Child of Nature" was originally conceived and demoed by the band following their trip to India in 1968, but never released. Three years later both was rerecorded with entirely new lyrics and released as "Jealous Guy" on Lennon's Imagine album. Likewise, George Harrison's "Not Guilty" was originally recorded for the The Beatles ( The White Album ) in 1968, but never released until Harrison revived it, gave it a much bluesier take, and released it on his self-titled solo album in 1979. His 1968 version was eventually released on Anthology. A number of Beatles songs had their genesis in their early days but did not get album releases until much later into their career. "I'll Follow the Sun" and "Michelle" (released on Beatles for Sale and Rubber Soul in 1964 and 1965, respectively) date back to at least 1960, where it shows up on home recordings made by Paul McCartney. "One After 909" even went through a number of studio takes in 1963 before being scrapped. It was returned to for the Let It Be album in 1970. Paul's "Junk", from his self-titled solo debut in 1970, was originally demo'd during the 1968 pre-White Album Kinfauns sessions as "Jubilee", though the lyrics weren't yet finished and he didn't have much besides lists of things. Again, his demo appears on Anthology. Excited Show Title! : The movie, song, and soundtrack album—"Help!". Also "Oh! Darling" off of Abbey Road. Expy : By design. The Monkees , the "Pre-Fab" four created to basically make a TV show out of the movie Help! and spin off hit records along the way. Notably, John Lennon is on record as saying he enjoyed the series and said that the writing and performances reminded him of the Marx Brothers .      F–J  Face Framed in Shadow : The cover photo for With the Beatles/Meet the Beatles. Fading into the Next Song : "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" → "With a Little Help from My Friends". Then the "Sgt. Pepper" reprise → "A Day in the Life". "Back in the U.S.S.R." → "Dear Prudence" on The White Album . Also, the B Side Medley on Abbey Road, aside from "She Came in Through the Bathroom Window" → "Golden Slumbers". SCITTBW fades out completely before GS starts up. Failed a Spot Check : No one in the court noticed Maxwell getting the murder weapon and stalking the judge in the courtroom? Rose and Valerie must have been making a hell of a commotion for no one see what Max was doing with his silver hammer. Fake-Out Fade-Out : "Hello Goodbye", "Helter Skelter", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Free as a Bird". Falling Bass : "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds". Fanservice : Pretty much the entire point of Help! Faux Symbolism : Deliberately invoked with "I Am the Walrus," written after John received a letter from a student who attended Lennon's old primary school about an English master there who was forcing his students to analyse the band's Word Salad Lyrics . Upon finishing the song, complete with his classic "first-thing-you-see" lyrics, Lennon turned to his friend and said "let the fuckers work that one out!". The completely random and nonsense line "semolina pilchard" is a reference to semolina pudding and pilchard sardine cans, according to John's childhood friend, Pete Shotton circa 1983. Another interpretation is that it is a Take That to Moral Guardian Detective Norman Pilcher , who was more fanatical about arresting pop stars on drugs charges than about smaller things like actually following the rule of law, and had arrested both John and George on separate occasions. The Fifth Beatle : Billy Preston was called this after he joined The Beatles for Let It Be . Producer George Martin, roadie Mal Evans, personal assistant Neil Aspinall, manager Brian Epstein and former bassist Stuart Sutcliffe have also been called Fifth Beatles. Paul has explicitly said that "if there was a fifth Beatle, it was Brian." The speed with which things began to go downhill for the band after Epstein's death seems to support this theory. Le Film Artistique : Magical Mystery Tour . Flanderization : All of the Beatles were annoyed at the simplistic roles and stereotypes they were reduced to in the media as the 'Fab Four' (John the 'smart' one, Paul the 'cute' one, George the 'quiet' one, Ringo the 'funny' one, etc). In modern times, the Lennon/McCartney writing partnership tends to be oversimplified as 'Lennon wrote all the angsty , complex , rebellious and therefore 'good' songs, whereas McCartney wrote all the Silly Love Songs and fluffy album filler.' This not only tends to unfairly deny McCartney the credit in several cases, but collapses entirely when you remember that Lennon wrote "Mean Mr. Mustard", "Polythene Pam" and "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" (although he did claim that the latter was In the Style of... Paul) as well as the florid lullaby "Good Night", while McCartney wrote "Eleanor Rigby", a stark song about the human struggle with loneliness with a Downer Ending , plus of course "Helter Skelter", one of the hardest rock songs they band ever recorded and one frequently classified as "proto-metal". Lennon did tend more towards Creator Breakdown in later years, though... Foil : Lennon and McCartney tended to write a lot of songs on the same subject or with very similar musical techniques which showed the personality of both songwriters as well as the similarities and differences between them. Their singles tended to provide the best example of this - compare "Paperback Writer" and "Rain", or "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "Penny Lane", or "Hey Jude" and "Revolution", or... "Paperback Writer" and "Rain" are probably the best example of this - both are in the key of G, both are full of special effects, neither uses that many chords, and neither is a love song. However, where "Paperback Writer" is a gritty, fast-paced, journalistic sorta-first person letter, "Rain" is a mystical, slow-paced sorta-third-person rant. It's even better if you compare both songs with "Taxman", Harrison's first song on the album that follows, which is again very similar and very different to both. "We Can Work It Out" is usually taken to be an example of this, but the differences between their respective contributions has been exaggerated: Paul wrote the cautiously optimistic refrain "We can work it out" with the somewhat arrogant insistence "Try to see it my way", but his bits also include the borderline-despairing "There's a chance that we may fall apart before too long", while John wrote the philosophical and passive-aggressive "Life is very short, and there's no time..." middle eight (with the time signature change as George's sole contribution to the song). "I Will" and "Julia", which are even paired together on The White Album , are also good for this - both songs are about a far-away love, someone whom the singer can not (and it's implied may never) be with. "I Will" is optimistic and hopeful, and written for 'you' - Paul is certain that you are out there, that you are the one for him, he is the one for you, and you will be together. "Julia" is melancholic and wilting, and written about 'her' - John knows that he'll never see her again, and is still nursing his broken heart. " The Fool on the Hill", though it turns out to be a subversion, since the Fool on the Hill is the only one who correctly recognises that the earth revolves around the sun, and he recognises that the people who deride him are the fools. Four-Element Ensemble : Mirroring the four universal aspects which make up the Human Spirit (Body, Mind, Heart and Soul). Philosophical and reflective thinker "quiet one" George being Air (the Mind) Easy-going and emotional mediator "happy-go-lucky one" Ringo being Water (the Heart) Opinionated and passionate idealist "outspoken one" John being Fire (the Soul) Down-to-earth and dependable charmer "cute one" Paul being Earth (the Body) Four-Philosophy Ensemble : John was the Optimist (slowly became the Apathetic by the end of his career as a Beatle), Paul is the Optimist, George was the Cynic, and Ringo is the Realist. Their breakup happened only after they'd all taken a turn at being the Conflicted. John became it after he discovered LSD, then George's turn came when he discovered Eastern religion, and Ringo became it when he got sick of the intra-band fighting during the making of The White Album . Paul held out longest, but when the band's legal troubles got too much for him, he finally announced that he was quitting, thereby precipitating the timeliest breakup in popular music history. Four-Temperament Ensemble : John was melancholic, Paul is choleric, George was phlegmatic, and Ringo is sanguine. Friendly Rivalry : With fellow beat group The Big Three when they were still playing the Cavern and Hamburg. Ironically, despite (or because of) Epstein being the Three's manager as well, they failed to gain much of any commercial success and were sadly forgotten. To some extent, true of The Rolling Stones as well - supposedly, Paul and John met Mick Jagger and Keith Richards at a club in 1963, and during the conversation the two Stones off-handedly suggested that the two Beatles write a song for them. Paul and John went off to a corner of the room, and returned a few minutes later with "I Wanna Be Your Man"...which not only gave the Stones an early UK hit, but spurred Mick and Keith to take up songwriting themselves. The two bands actually made a point of coordinating their release schedules so that their respective singles and albums would come out at different times of the year, thereby ensuring that they wouldn't cut into one another's sales. Also with The Beach Boys . To some extent, Sgt. Pepper was the Beatles' attempt to outdo Pet Sounds - which was Brian Wilson 's attempt to outdo Rubber Soul . And, of course, this existed within the band between John and Paul. John would write a song, Paul would top it, John would top that, Paul would top that, and so on and so forth. It's been argued that part of the reason John came out of retirement was because Paul was writing good music again. From Bad to Worse : For the band, after Sgt. Pepper. While the music remained just as good as ever, the band members themselves started arguing a lot more often, to the point where they breakup was a Foregone Conclusion by the time it happened. Generation Xerox : When John's oldest son Julian tried to make it big as a pop star, many people felt that he was trying too hard to imitate the style of his father. Hell, everything about Julian Lennon. Both he and his father were born to parents too young and immature to raise a child; both were pretty much abandoned by their parents (though Julian did still live with his mother); and then, by the time they had mended their respective relationships, both times the parent gets killed by someone else. And Julian looks like his mother, Cynthia, and sounds a lot like his father. Julian's younger half-brother Sean did better, at least from an artistic POV. Sean's 1998 indie rock effort Into the Sun was different enough from not only Julian's more pop efforts, but also the works of a certain other band who played the same genre as him who were endlessly indebted to his father, that it wound up being very well received. Sean reportedly shopped around the world for a record label that cared about his music and not his family name, and found it in Beastie Boys ' label Grand Royal. Sean unfortunately has decided to imitate his parents in his own pretty creepy way . There's also Dhani Harrison, who is half of the alternative rock duo, thenewno2. And by the way, his voice sounds nearly identical to that of his father. And he somehow looks just like George. He looks so much like George that during the big tribute concert that Eric Clapton arranged a year after George's death, Paul quipped that with Dhani onstage alongside himself, Ringo, Eric Clapton, Tom Petty , and a lot of George's other longtime friends, "It looks like George stayed young and all the rest of us got old." Zak Starkey - Ringo's son - plays drums for both Oasis and The Who . His style is a lot different, though; he owes a lot to Keith Moon , though without playing exactly like him. Might have helped that Keith was his godfather... Genre Roulette : The albums post- Rubber Soul go everywhere: folk, psychedelic, Indian, avant-garde... God Is Love Song : "Long Long Long", though he isn't particularly mentioned. Good Bad Bug : A rare musical variant. That alarm clock ringing in "A Day in the Life" was actually a timer used by the studio for the orchestral segment. They couldn't remove the sound, but since it preceded the lines, "Woke up, fell out of bed", it was a happy coincidence and left in.invoked Grand Finale : The Long Medley on Side Two of Abbey Road, ending with, well, "The End" . Abbey Road as a whole was intended to be this for the band, though the release of Let It Be (which was begun first) ended up being pushed back long enough to cause an accidental subversion of the trope. Gratuitous Panning : Early stereo mixes of albums separated entire tracks to one side. All Beatles albums were mixed in mono and different people handled the stereo mixes. It wasn't until Abbey Road that they actually did an album in stereo ("Her Majesty" starts entirely on the right, and moves until it's entirely on the left by the end of the song.)note It's worth noting that this is largely due to technical difficulties. Between Please Please Me (mixed in two-track stereo) and The White Album (eight-track), the Beatles' stereo albums were mixed in four-track stereo, meaning that they only had three places to put the instruments: hard left, hard right, and in the middle (two identical channels panned hard left and hard right). The more technically advanced White Album had more nuanced mixing, though the Beatles and George Martin still had little to do with them. Abbey Road was never intended for mono, and so the Beatles and Martin supervised the eight-track stereo production, making it one of the only modern-sounding stereo Beatles albums. Good luck trying to hear the vocals on "Norwegian Wood" from Rubber Soul if your right channel/speaker/ear is broken. "Run for Your Life" puts the rhythm section entirely on the left channel. "Taxman" from Revolver used the "I Feel Free" method, bundling everything on the left channel, leaving tambourine and cowbell on the right, and filling the center with vocals. "Rain" has everything in either one channel or the other. "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" puts the vocals on the left, and the rest on the right. "Fixing a Hole" and "Lovely Rita" put most of the instrumentation on the left channel. The Magical Mystery Tour album puts almost everything on the left channel, brass on the right channel, and the vocals in the center. The exceptions: "The Fool on the Hill", "Your Mother Should Know", "I Am the Walrus". "Yellow Submarine" throws the vocals on the right channel, and the rest on the left. The sound fx stay on the center. Most songs on the The White Album and some on Abbey Road separate the drums on one of the channels, and sometimes most of the instrumentation as well. On the opening series of "Number 9" in "Revolution 9", "Number" is on the left and "9" is on the right. Makes it even more disconcerting. The opening of "Back in the USSR" has a jet engine noise starting in the left speaker and moving gradually over to the right, designed to create the effect of a plane passing over the listener. It's worth noting that this trope was the reason why George Martin remixed two of the group's earlier albums ( Help! and Rubber Soul) when they were released on CD for the first time in 1987. He also wanted to remix their first four albums as well, but thanks to EMI, didn't have enough time, so they were issued with the original mono mixes instead. According to Giles Martin , when he remixed the "1" albm and several other tracks in 5.1 stereo to make the "1+" re-release, a bad mistake was made in the original (2.0) stereo mix of "Strawberry Fields Forever"; John's voice is supposed to have a Mellotron pulse under it, but in the stereo mix the voice and Mellotron got separated, so that mix sounds thinner than the mono mix. Greatest Hits Album : Several of them. Most notable are The Red and Blue Albums, Past Masters and 1 (all of which seen remastered issues since 2009). Great White Hunter : "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill". Grief Song : "Let It Be" and "Julia" about Paul and John's mothers, respectively. "Baby's in Black" is about someone else's grief. "She's Leaving Home" about a girl who ran away from home. "Yesterday" would be the most famous of quite a few "lost love" songs. Groupie Brigade : One of the most extreme examples in popular music history. The band members initially took full advantage of this, though they later grew disillusioned with it. Hidden Track : The weird cacophonous noise loop that comes after "A Day in the Life" on Sgt. Pepper, if you count that as a song. "Her Majesty" on the end of the Abbey Road album. Possibly the Trope Maker , being the first known song to be left at the end of an album after a period of silence, and without being listed as a track. (Later printings of Abbey Road include "Her Majesty" on the track list.) "Can You Take Me Back", the song fragment on Side 4 of The White Album (included at the end of "Cry Baby Cry" on modern CD tracks), which to this day doesn't even have an official title. Hot And Cold : Although male, John had a personality similar to this. George. According to Ringo, "George had two incredibly separate personalities. He had the bag of love-beads personality, and the bag of anger.". I Am Not Left-Handed : Leftie Ringo Starr played a right-handed drum kit, resulting in his signature style. I Am the Noun : "I Am the Walrus". Idol Singer : They were in the beginning a cute-looking mass-marketed pop band with screaming female fans. George Harrison referred to the band in the Beatles Anthology movie as " The Spice Boys ". The success they had at becoming a pioneering art-rock band might have been looked over for a long while as a result; even by 1966-67 the Spear Counterpart they had on TV, The Monkees , was based on the 1964-era Beatles. Of course, even in their "mass-marketed pop band" days the Beatles wrote original material and played their own instruments, which doesn't really fit this trope. In the Style of... : "Rocky Raccoon," more or less an Affectionate Parody of cowboy ballads. "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" is supposedly John doing a song In the Style of... Paul. "Please Please Me", their first real hit, was a deliberate and blatant homage to Roy Orbison , whom they toured with soon thereafter; the original was a much slower, Orbison-style ballad and was sped up to its current tempo by producer George Martin. Now, without doing anything else to it as it is now, just try listening to this track from now on without ever being able to imagine Roy's characteristic warbling tremolo voice...I dare you! "If I Fell" from A Hard Day's Night also...that "chord strumming" intro and song structure/style is classic Roy, vis a vis "In Dreams", etc. PS: if you ever wondered how or why Roy and George ended up together in The Traveling Wilburys , there's your answer! "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" is basically John doing Bob Dylan (with John himself saying he'd never have used the "clown" line/rhyme otherwise). "I'm a Loser" is also reminiscent of Dylan. And, of course, there's the "Like a Rolling Stone" pastiche of "Dig It". "If I Needed Someone" in the style of The Byrds . (George, by his own admission, took his guitar riff from their version of "The Bells of Rhymney".) "Here, There and Everywhere" and "Because" being in the style of The Beach Boys (no, seriously — listen to those harmonies). "Back in the U.S.S.R." is not only in the style of Chuck Berry , but also a striking parody of The Beach Boys (who themselves took flak for an earlier In the Style of... of Mr. Berry). This one always gets played straight or inverted, however, with almost no one seeming to get the joke; it still gets played regularly on any and all Rock radio stations around the world with no tongue-in-cheek whatsoever, and even today Paul himself still plays it straight as part of his standard live-stage set...and he *wrote* the damn song! Although Paul playing the song in his set doesn't mean he's forgotten its intent. Some of their early hits, like "She Loves You" and "I Want to Hold Your Hand", display an unmistakable Buddy Holly influence. "Honey Pie" is a direct homage to the Tin Pan Alley/British music hall style. "When I'm Sixty-Four" as well, even more famously. Paul said he based "Helter Skelter" off of The Who . "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" in the style of The Everly Brothers . "Lady Madonna" in the style of Fats Domino , and even covered by Fats himself. "I'm Down" in the style of Little Richard 's "Long Tall Sally", which they also covered. Indecisive Parody : "Yer Blues". Lennon wrote it as a parody of the English blues scene, but the song rocks so hard that it succeeds on its own terms as a straightforward tune. Beatles scholar Ian MacDonald characterized "Yer Blues" as "half-satirical, half-earnest". Instrumentals : "Cayenne", "Cry for a Shadow", "12-Bar Original", "Flying". Though only the latter is part of their official catalog. Insult Backfire : All four were skilled at giving smart-assed answers to criticism, but Paul may have achieved the crowning moment at a 1966 press conference: Reporter: In a recent article, Time magazine put down pop music. And they referred to "Day Tripper" as being about a prostitute, and "Norwegian Wood" as being about a lesbian. I just wanted to know what your intent was when you wrote it, and what your feeling is about the Time magazine criticism of the music that is being written today. Paul: Well, we were just trying to write songs about prostitutes and lesbians, that's all. Intercourse with You : "Please Please Me," "A Hard Day's Night," "Drive My Car", "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?", and others. Jukebox Musical : Three of note, not counting Yellow Submarine . Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978) — All-Star Cast fantasy that tries to wrap a storyline around Beatles songs and characters in them, as a vehicle for popular acts of the time: Peter Frampton , The Bee Gees , Alice Cooper , etc. While Aerosmith 's take on "Come Together" and Earth, Wind & Fire 's cover of "Got to Get You into My Life" are well-regarded, this movie also gave us George Burns singing "Fixing a Hole" and Steve Martin performing "Maxwell's Silver Hammer". The silly story and frequent poor match-ups of songs to situations render it all So Bad, It's Good at best, and it was a major flop. LOVE (2006) — This is the only one of the three that actually involved the Beatles, and it's not a standard example of the trope, but a Cirque du Soleil show. This live theater super-production (in a specially-built showroom at the Mirage Hotel, Las Vegas) sets the company's trademark acrobatics and dancing to remixed versions of the group's original recordings, creating a metaphorical telling of their career and impact. The development of this show became the subject of the documentary All Together Now. Across the Universe (2007) — Director Julie Taymor brings us a movie that uses cover versions of Beatles songs to recount the love lives, political exploits, and other adventures and misadventures of 1960s youths. Very much a Love It or Hate It experience. Having said that, if you are a big fan of The Beatles in general and don't mind a few lyrical changes, you're bound to at least enjoy the songs. There's also "All this and World War II", which is a World War II documentary with covers of Beatles songs. It largely has a reputation for making no sense . A Broadway show called Beatlemania! was around in the 1980s. A home video release of it, however, was plagued with problems. Glenn Burtnik (who played Paul McCartney in the show) does many Beatles-themed tribute concerts nowadays.     K�O  Lampshaded Double Entendre : "I Saw Her Standing There". "Well she was just 17/You know what I mean/And the way she looked/was way beyond compare..." Last Note Nightmare : Particularly "Long, Long, Long". "A Day in the Life" "Strawberry Fields Forever" is the canonical example. It fades out with a gorgeous swarmandel before fading back in with a dissonant mellotron, vicious drumming, trumpets that sound like ambulance sirens, and (most disturbingly) John Lennon's slowed-down voice saying "CRANBERRY SAUCE". Even worse if you're a little kid and you think it's "I buried Paul." Ever since then, that song's end is the sound of death. "Helter Skelter" is a different sort of Last Note Nightmare , as it finishes with Ringo throwing his drumsticks across the room and screaming "I GOT BLISTERS ON MY FINGERS!!" The version that wound up on The White Album was the 18th take of the day. That explains the blisters. The dissonant swirling effects at the end of "Blue Jay Way". The manic laughing sound effect at the end of "Within You Without You", meant to bring relief to the heaviness of the lyrics. It didn't work. "Cry Baby Cry" ends this way, and that's not even counting Paul's creepy "can you take me back" coda. The Last Straw : "But you'll have to have them all pulled out after the Savoy truffle..." Lead Bassist : Sir Paul is a Type A, B, and C Lesser Star : Ringo in public perception, though the band reported he was the one who kept them together. Furthermore, utterly inverted in reality. The other three had tried and failed previously to lure him away from his job with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, with whom he was already wildly popular in the local music scene. It wasn't until the Beatles had secured a record deal that they had something to offer him that he didn't already have. Licensed Game : The Beatles: Rock Band , which came out on September 9, 2009; it's managed to attract split opinions , most detractors taking the It's Easy, so It Sucks approach. The game features Unlockable Content in the form of picture/video galleries that are accompanied by band trivia/history. Live Album : Let It Be was supposed to be this, with the band rehearsing and recording their new songs live. The sniping and tension within the band (as well as the creative funk John Lennon was mired in at this time) led to several songs being dubbed or altered in the studio, most infamously Paul's "The Long and Winding Road". However, despite all the band's problems seven tracks were still laid down live: "I've Got a Feeling", "One After 909" and "I Dig a Pony" from the Apple rooftop performance, and "Get Back", "Two of Us", "Dig It" and "Maggie Mae" from studio performances. ("Don't Let Me Down", left off the album after being released as the B-side of the "Get Back" single, was also recorded live.) Please Please Me. The Beatles recorded "Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You" for their first single on Sept. 11, 1962, with no overdubbing. They did the same for their second single, "Please Please Me"/"Ask Me Why", on Nov. 26, 1962. After "Please Please Me" shot to the top of the UK charts, EMI wanted an album in a hurry. The Beatles and George Martin convened in the studio on February 11, 1963 and over a little less than ten hours recorded ten more songs, which were added to the A and B sides of the first two singles, with relatively few overdubs, and put out as an album. The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl. Out of print for many years. Live at the BBC, a collection of appearances by the Beatles on BBC Radio from 1963-1965. Likewise On Air — Live at the BBC volume 2. The most famous/notorious Beatles bootleg album, Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962, recorded "with permission" by Ted "Kingsize" Taylor. The subject of bitter dispute between Taylor and the Beatles, since (1) they were all drunk at the time, rendering the "permission" of dubious validity, and (2) even if valid, it didn't include permission to make any commercial use of the tapes. Limited Lyrics Song : The Fab Four seem to like this trope. "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" clocks in at 7:47, but just repeats the two lines: I want you, I want you so bad, it's driving me mad, it's driving me mad and Also from the White Album, "Why Don't We Do It In the Road": Why don't we do it in the road (4x) No one will be watching us Why don't we do it in the road "Wild Honey Pie" repeats the line "honey pie" over and over, with the line "I love you" at the end. (Not to be confused with a separate song on another side of the double album called "Honey Pie", which is done in a totally different style, with the "normal" amount of lyrics.) And then there's the short ending gag song on Abbey Road called "Her Majesty": Her Majesty's a pretty nice girl but she doesn't have a lot to say Her majesty's a pretty nice girl but she changes from day to day I wanna tell her that I love her a lot, but I gotta gotta belly full of wine Her Majesty's a pretty nice girl, someday I'm gonna make her mine oh yeah Someday I'm gonna make her mine Lonely Funeral : "Eleanor Rigby" provides the page quote. Long Title : "Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey " Also, "She Came in Through the Bathroom Window" and "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill". "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Lounge Lizard : Paul's hilariously sleazy nightclub crooning in "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)". Love Informant : In the song "She Loves You," "She" tells the singer that she loves "you," who is being sung to. She says she loves you And you know that can't be bad. She loves you And you know you should be glad. Lyrical Cold Open : They liked this trope, doing it in "There's a Place", "All My Loving", "It Won't Be Long", "No Reply", "If I Fell", "I'm a Loser", "Help!", "You're Going to Lose That Girl", "Wait", "Nowhere Man", "Girl", "Eleanor Rigby", "Paperback Writer", "Yellow Submarine", "Happiness Is a Warm Gun", "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" and "The Long and Winding Road". "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" is a cheery ditty about a violent Serial Killer . In "Getting Better," the singer mentions he used to abuse his woman . Never mind that the addition of the lyric "It can't get no worse!" gives the whole song a more desperate/sarcastic tone. That line was actually a joke of John's from while they were recording. Everyone thought it was pretty funny, so they kept it in the final song . invoked "Piggies" sounds like it could be a nursery rhyme, but the lyrics are George's sense of humor at its most pitch-black. The hard-rocking "Helter Skelter" (of Manson Family fame) is about a slide. Like in a fairground. They had one right out of the gate on Please Please Me with "Misery," a Breakup Song that sounds just like the Silly Love Songs that make up most of the album. Catchy, up-tempo, begs-you-to-sing-along "Run for Your Life", in which John Lennon promises to hunt down and kill his girlfriend if she ever cheats on him. "I'm a Loser" is an up-tempo, major-key rocker. The lyrics feature Lennon mourning a lost love and proclaiming himself a loser . The next song on the album, "Baby's in Black", was written in response to Stuart Sutcliffe 's death and is also in a major key but once again is lyrically full of anguish. "Norwegian Wood" is a cheerful waltz about a man burning down a woman's house after she doesn't have a one-night stand with him. Malaproper : Ringo Starr, who inadvertently spawned the titles "A Hard Day's Night", "Eight Days a Week", and "Tomorrow Never Knows". Man of a Thousand Voices : Name-checked in "The Fool on the Hill". Match Cut : From a squawking rooster at the end of "Good Morning, Good Morning" to the opening guitar lick of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)". Medley : The famous Long Medley at the end of Abbey Road. Most of Side Two of the album is taken up by a lot of short songs and song fragments blended together with great effect. " Kansas City "/"Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!". It should be noted that Little Richard wrote the latter specifically to be performed in a medley with the former, and it has never been known to be performed separately. Mentor Occupational Hazard : Manager Brian Epstein, who died shortly after Sgt. Pepper. Doubly subverted, as Epstein's death didn't cause the band to become more mature; instead, his absence left a vacuum which led to their eventual breakup. Metafiction : "Paperback Writer", about a guy who writes a paperback novel about a paperback novelist wannabe and his erotic adventures. Dear sir or madam! Will you read my book? It took me years to write. Will you take a look? ...It's a dirty story ...His son is working for the Daily Mail'' .'' It's a steady job but he wants to be a Paperback Writer! Metal Scream : "Revolution", "Helter Skelter". Mondegreen : Anybody who doesn't realize Paul is singing in French in the song "Michelle" might come up with "Sunday monkey no play piano song", among other things. OK, technically it's a soramimi rather than a mondegreen as such, but still... Mind Screw : "Revolution 9". While "Revolution 1" is a nice, slow, relatively tame rock song, "Revolution 9" is eight minutes of pure, untapped, minimalist cacophony. A Last Note Nightmare , that really is a nightmare, regardless if it's a whole song... Number nine, number nine, number nine... The single, "Revolution", is a much faster and heavier (and louder) version of "Revolution 1". As Giles Martin said on the sleeve-notes for Love, "even today it defines 'distortion'." "I Am the Walrus". I am he as you are he as you are me and we are all together. Minimalistic Cover Art : The Beatles is all white, save for the name of the album embossed onto it, and a unique serial number stamped on it (going for a bit of irony in something so plain also being unique from every other copy of it). Ever since, fans have called it The White Album . Misogyny Song : Amazingly, they have two notable ones: "You Can't Do That" (from the A Hard Day's Night soundtrack) is from the POV of a jealous, possessive boyfriend who does not like his woman talking to any other men at all... If I catch you talking to that boy again, I'm gonna let you down, And leave you flat Because I told you before, OH, You can't do that. ...though, it's pretty tame in comparison to "Run for Your Life" (from Rubber Soul). At its heart, the message of this song is that if you decide to end a relationship with the singer, he will brutally murder you if you don't escape him first. In fact, John Lennon (who wrote both of those songs) was a noted womanizer in his earlier years. He later tried to atone for these attitudes and the songs he wrote with these attitudes during his solo career, with songs like "Woman" and "Jealous Guy". Lennon also claimed that both "You Can't Do That" and "When I Get Home" (both on A Hard Day's Night ) were his attempts to emulate American R&B star Wilson Pickett . "Run For Your Life" seemed to be a throwaway song written to fill out side 2 of Rubber Soul, with an opening line stolen from "Baby Let's Play House" (a blues song popularized by Elvis Presley ) and the rest of the song branching out from there. It and [1] !'s "It's Only Love" were considered " Old Shames " by Lennon, partially over the lyrics, which embarrassed him. "Norwegian Wood" implies (and McCartney has confirmed that this was the intention) that if a woman invites you into her home and doesn't sleep with you, burning the place down after she leaves for work the next morning is a reasonable response. The Rutles . Mohs Scale of Rock and Metal Hardness : Mostly levels one through three, but there are a few individual songs that are harder. Momma's Boy : The titular character of "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" is "the all-American bullet-headed Saxon mother's son." And behind that tough exterior, he really does rely on his mom's defense when people start to question him - hence why he always brings her along on hunting trips "in case of accidents." Lennon, McCartney and Starr all had very personal relationships with their mothers: John was raised by his aunt and was more of a friend to his mother until her death by vehicular manslaughter when he was 17. Paul's died when he was too young to remember her. Ringo was a straight example of his, as he became close with his mother when his father walked out on them. Money Song : Subverted with "Can't Buy Me Love" and "Baby You're a Rich Man". Played straight with their cover of "Money (That's What I Want)" and "You Never Give Me Your Money". George Harrison's cynical Beatles song "Taxman", written about the UK's then-95% top marginal income tax rate. Monster Fangirl : Rose and Valerie in "Maxwell's Silver Hammer". Mood Whiplash : In its original context, "Revolution 9" is supposed to sound like the revolution inspired by "Revolution 1". Since the song was cut in half on The White Album , "Revolution 9" comes out of fucking nowhere. After all of that, the overly saccharine final song, "Good Night", appears. Mundane Made Awesome : Triumphant strings rising as John passionately sings "SEMOLINA PILCHARD CLIMBING UP THE EIFFEL TOWER" in "I Am the Walrus"). "Helter Skelter." One of the first metal songs ever was about a slide. Paul's passionate yelling in "Golden Slumbers," to some. "Savoy Truffle", a funky, horn-driven song about... Eric Clapton getting a toothache after eating too many chocolates. Murder Ballad : "Rocky Raccoon" and "Maxwell's Silver Hammer." Myspeld R�kband : They were probably the first to have a misspelled name as a stylistic choice . Mythology Gag : The fact that the remastered albums and their Rock Band game were released on 9/9/09.Punchline "Number Nine... Number Nine... Number Nine..." Never Learned to Read Sheet Music New Sound Album : Pretty much every of one their albums from Rubber Soul forward could be considered one of these. Nice Job Breaking It, Hero! : Paul's idea to get the band past the tensions of The White Album by going back to basics with a live album and concert did not work out well. No Ending : Both sides of Abbey Road . "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" ends abruptly in the middle of a riff, after three minutes of repeating the same sequence of chords. John Lennon told engineer Alan Parsons to "cut it right there", and Parsons did. "Her Majesty" was originally slated between "Mean Mr. Mustard" and "Polythene Pam", but the band decided to delete it. Tape engineer John Kurlander clipped it out of the master, cutting out the last crashing guitar chord of "Mean Mr. Mustard" along with "Her Majesty", but missing the last note of "Her Majesty", which was left at the beginning of "Polythene Pam". Since EMI's policy was to never throw away a Beatles recording, Kurlander then he spliced "Her Majesty" onto the end of the master tape after 14 seconds of silence, creating a Hidden Track that ends one note too soon. The band liked the effect and left it that way. (The cut was a test-run of the crossfading and editing sequence, on rough mixes, not the final edit (if you notice, in the album version the final chord of "Mean Mr. Mustard" is also missing but because the new sequence makes it redundant; the final chord of "Her Majesty" is totally absent though). The "Her Majesty" part, however, is the original clip tacked on to the final master just the same it was in the rough edit.) Non-Appearing Title : "A Day in the Life", "Tomorrow Never Knows", "The Ballad of John and Yoko", "The Inner Light", "Revolution 9", "Yer Blues". Non-Indicative Name : The "Remastered in Stereo" box set released in 2009 is not quite what the name says; "Only a Northern Song" from the Yellow Submarine album is still in mono (though a stereo version appeared in 1999 in the film's "songtrack" album), as are the few mono tracks on Past Masters . Original master tapes for four early songs have long since been erased, making a true stereo release impossible, and the 1970 song "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" has yet to be mixed for stereo despite its master tape being extant, though a different edit of the song did appear in stereo in the The Beatles Anthology series. The Notable Numeral : "The Fab Four". Nothing But Hits : Arguably the only artists whose entire back catalogue is familiar to the general public, although, due to copyright issues, they rarely appear on compilation albums alongside other artists. Obsession Song : "For No One" and "Julia". "I Will" kicks it up a notch - the singer is obsessed with the hypothetical someone he could fall in love with. Also of note: "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", which was about Yoko. John famously explained why it was lyrically simplistic thus: "When you're drowning, you don't say, 'I would be incredibly pleased if someone would have the foresight to notice me drowning and come and help me.' You just scream." Ode to Intoxication : Did you think "Got to Get You into My Life" was a love song? It is. A love song about how much Paul McCartney loved to smoke marijuana. One Man Song : "Hey Jude", "The Ballad of John & Yoko", "Mother Nature's Son", "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" One Woman Song : "Michelle", "Eleanor Rigby", "Julia", "Lovely Rita", "Lady Madonna", "Polythene Pam", "Martha My Dear" (although, fun fact, it was written about Paul's dog), "Dear Prudence", "Sexy Sadie". Oop North : They're from Liverpool , after all.     P�Y  Page Three Stunna : Seemingly alluded to in "Polythene Pam": "She's the kind of a girl that makes The News of the World ; yes, you could say she was attractively built." Parody / Affectionate Parody : The song "Back in the USSR" is both a parody of Chuck Berry 's "Back in the USA" and a decent imitation of The Beach Boys ' distinctive " Surfing Sound ". It's also suggested that it's a oblique (if not entirely affectionate) reference to Prime Minister Harold Wilson 's " I'm Backing Britain " productivity campaign. Performance Video : The Beatles were among the first to make music videos, and some of them are basically the band pretending to perform, such as the video for "Ticket to Ride." Please Retain Old Street Name : Penny Lane in Liverpool is named not after the coin but after an 18th-century slave trader of that name. Were it not for the Beatles' song, it would have been renamed years ago. Posthumous Collaboration : "Real Love" and "Free as a Bird". Protest Song : Subverted with "Revolution", a protest about protesters (and specifically the Cultural Revolution with John's "Chairman Mao" reference".) Or maybe not. All versions of the song take a swipe at Mao, but Lennon's vocals in "Revolution 1" have a more ambivalent take on protest in general, with his introductory "don't you know that you can count me out" being immediately followed by a parenthetical "in". Played straight with "Taxman", a song protesting, uh, high taxes . Punny Name : Apple Corps. Especially since it's always spelled "Corps" (and thus pronounced "core"). John loved wordplay. And a Pun-Based Title : Rubber Soul (sole). During the recording of "I'm Down" Paul self-criticised one of his takes as "plastic soul" (you can hear it in Anthology 2). So Rubber Soul is actually a double pun. Supposedly, Paul once overheard some black musicians using the term "plastic soul" to describe Mick Jagger's singing. So the title might have also been a playful, in-joke Take That to the Stones. Before settling on Revolver, the group went through several other working titles for the album. One (probably facetious) suggestion from Ringo was After Geography, a play on the Stones' Aftermath from earlier that year. Also, the name "Beatles" itself, though hardly anyone notices anymore, because everyone grows up knowing "The Beatles". Putting the Band Back Together : Fourteen years after John's death, the other three reunited for The Beatles Anthology . During this time, Paul, George, and Ringo worked on fleshing out two of John's demos, "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love". There also exists some promotional film of the three of them jamming for the first time in decades. It would be their last time doing so, however. The Quiet One : George's image, although several of his friends have noted this wasn't true in real life. He just didn't give as many interviews as the other Beatles. Ringo. According to a book by Geoff Emerick (Here, There, and Everywhere), Ringo was actually the one in the band who said very little, always seemed to have his guard up, and lacked confidence in his drumming abilities. He was also very uptight and nervous when it came to singing since he was not much of a vocalist. Raised Catholic : George. Paul was baptized but was never really a practicing member. Race Fetish : "Back in the USSR" has a few moments of this, parodying "California Girls". Real Life Writes the Plot : The film Let It Be was originally conceived as a documentary of the Beatles' "rebirth" as a live performing band. Instead, by capturing the tension and infighting among the band members (including a famous spat between McCartney and Harrison), it became a chronicle of the band's break-up. Lampshaded by the choice of name. When originally conceived as a chronicle of the band's rebirth, the project was entitled "Get Back". By the time the pieces had been picked up and enough footage cobbled together to release as an album and film, it had metamorphosed into "Let It Be", effectively serving as the band's epitaph. A more benign example is the movie Help! The band members have admitted they basically wanted to go skiing and hang out on the beach, so that's what got written into the script. Real Life Writes the Song: "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!", "A Day in the Life", "She's Leaving Home", "Blue Jay Way", "She Came in Through the Bathroom Window", many others. Lennon in particular did this constantly. One very significant effect of the band playing to packed stadiums in 1964-66 with less-than-adequate guitar amps, equipment or PA systems, no monitoring as we know it now, and an understandably bad attitude to performing, to deafeningly loud screaming teenagers only interested in seeing four cute boys in person for 25 minute shows all over the world, was that the band's musicianship suffered, (it didn't help that they ceased touring in 1966 and piecemealed a lot of their music in the studio) and they were unable to keep up with the new wave of more virtuosic performers like Cream or Jimi Hendrix Experience . Although obviously they never attempted to showcase virtuosity, this effect led the band to downplay their musicianship in favor of playing parts rather than solos, but their rustiness only showed through and the group often felt inadequate as players, George Harrison in particular, who had in addition spent more time for a while learning how to play sitar rather than guitar. It was also according to George why he took up slide guitar when guitar playing became more of a priority. Rearrange the Song : The two different versions of "Revolution" released in 1968—the original low-key version, actually released second as "Revolution 1" on The White Album , and the hard-rocking version released as the B-side to "Hey Jude". "The Reason You Suck" Song : "Sexy Sadie" to the Maharishi, "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" to a Great White Hunter they met in Rishikesh who loved to shoot tigers in the wild. Retraux : "Honey Pie" was already a song done In the Style of... Cole Porter , but the effect is strengthened by having one line—"Now she's hit the big time"—sound like a scratchy old record being played on a tinny old record player. "What Goes On" from Rubber Soul is quite clearly inspired by '50s-era rockabilly, specifically Carl Perkins (whom the Beatles had previously covered with "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" and "Honey Don't"). Revolving Door Band : The band's predecessor/first incarnation the Quarrymen was one of these, with only Lennon surviving from Day 1. Even in 1960-62 the band gained and lost Sutcliffe, Best and a number of short-time drummers. Only just after starting to record seriously did the band swap Best for Starr and and begin its years of almost complete lineup stability. Revisiting the Roots : Let It Be . It bears pointing out that the Let It Be project was originally called Get Back because this was precisely the idea (and that of course is also the reason the song was called "Get Back"). This was an attempt to return to the sort of spontaneous, energetic rock and roll they'd played at the beginning of their career - as opposed to the sophisticated and intricately produced music they'd moved on to. The recording sessions were a disaster, and they largely abandoned the "back to basics" approach for their last recorded album, Abbey Road. Rhyming with Itself : "Met" with "met" in "I've Just Seen a Face" and "better" with "better" in the first verse of "Hey Jude". Ripped from the Headlines : "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" was pretty much John just reading out a Victorian circus poster to a tune, and "A Day in the Life" was based on the headlines from a single day's newspaper. "She's Leaving Home" was also based on a newspaper article, about a girl running away. The Rival : John and Paul were at least a little competitive when it came to songwriting. This would make George an Unknown Rival to both of them. Rooftop Concert : The band's final performance on the roof of the Apple Corps. building is the Trope Codifier , often recreated in various media as a Shout-Out and Homage . Sad Clown : Ringo. "Although I laugh and I act like a clown/Beneath this mask I am wearing a frown..." Sampling : As early as 1966, "Yellow Submarine" from Revolver features a few seconds of brass band music, lifted from the EMI tape archive. "Tomorrow Never Knows", which was recorded a few weeks earlier, features tape loops made by Paul of backwards guitar, himself laughing and an orchestral chord in B flat major, cut from a recording of a classical symphony. "I Am the Walrus" includes clips from a BBC Radio production of King Lear . "Revolution 9" is a better example, and a lot more infamous. Also, the first few seconds of "Strawberry Fields Forever" are made up of flute samples played on a Mellotron .note This was an analog sampler with different instruments sampled to tape, so when one pushed a key, the tape was played. This made the whole thing huge and as the tapes were being played all the time, it had the tendency to go out of tune after a while, or if the weather changed, or if it got moved, or if the house voltage varied for any reason such as the band's light show coming on. The progressive rock band King Crimson used a Mellotron a lot and, as their guitarist Robert Fripp quipped, "Tuning a Mellotron doesn't." Scare Chord : At the beginning of "A Hard Day's Night" and "Her Majesty", and at the end of "A Day in the Life". The end of "Strawberry Fields Forever". The song fades out, and after a few seconds comes in a dissonant flute riff, some Scare Chord horns, and someone repeating "Cranberry Sauce" several times into another fade. There's also a negative one at the end of "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" (where a sudden silence in the middle of a riff has this effect). Scatting : "La la la la la la" chanting on the otherwise wordless "Flying" (off Magical Mystery Tour ). More famously, "Hey Jude" with its four-minute coda of "Na na na na na na na, na na na na, hey Jude". Self-Backing Vocalist : Usually averted - the person who'd written the song took lead vocals (with some exceptions, especially involving the songs they gave to Ringo) and the other two (Ringo usually opted out) joined on harmonies. Exceptions were mostly Paul: "I Will", "Wild Honey Pie"... John also had a duet with himself (interpolating lines) on "Julia". Self-Deprecation : During many, many press conferences at the height of Beatlemania, all four members of the band frequently joked that they expected to flop at any moment. George Harrison also referred to himself and Ringo Starr as "economy-class Beatles," and in the 1980s freely described himself as "a middle-aged ex-pop star." The song "With a Little Help From My Friends" is a humorous song about Ringo needing constant help from the other three Beatles in order to get by during their career, as he was easily the least talented of the four. Funnily enough, the first two lines in the song were supposed to go: "What would you do if I sang out of tune?/Would you throw tomatoes at me?". However, Ringo was so self-conscious of his singing that he was afraid that people would actually throw tomatoes at him if he ever had to perform the song live.note This fear might have been justified; George once said earlier in their career that he liked jelly babies, so fans would throw candies at the performing members, much to their chagrin. So the band changed the second line to: "Would you stand up and walk out on me?" Serial Escalation : From a string quartet on "Yesterday" to a string octet on "Eleanor Rigby" to a 40 piece orchestra on "A Day in The Life". "Hey Jude" accomplished the seemingly untoppable feat of debuting on the Billboard Hot 100 at #10. Then "Get Back" also debuted at #10, and "Let It Be" entered at #6.note "Let It Be" held the record for 25 years, before it was surpassed by Michael Jackson 's "Scream" (#5) and "You Are Not Alone" (the first song to debut at #1) Series Fauxnale : Throughout their career, the press perpetuated rumours that the band was on the verge of splitting, particularly around the Revolver / Pepper period. Interestingly enough, when the band went in to finally record Abbey Road '' in 1969, no one officially stated that it was the last album the members were going to make together, even though they were considerably happier operating under the presumption that it was. Serious Business : It eventually got to the point that they had to stop touring after 1966, because their fans would reach such levels of hysteria that not even the band itself could hear their music. Perhaps the ultimate case of Serious Business is the fact that John was murdered by one crazed fan, and George and his wife nearly stabbed to death by another. Speaking of which, this trope is what he was really, genuinely talking about when he uttered the famous words destined to be taken out of context: "more popular than Jesus". Anyone who has heard more than that one sentence fragment of the interview will tell you that he was talking about what Serious Business the Beatles were becoming for the fans, to the point of absurdity, and how he was not comfortable with being taken so seriously. Shout-Out : The very name of the band was a Shout Out to Buddy Holly and the Crickets. The reference in "In My Life" to "lovers and friends/I still can recall/some are dead and some are living" is a Shout Out to Lennon's close friend and former bandmate, Stuart Sutcliffe, who died in 1962. ain't got nothin' on this baby!" "Julia"—guess what the Japanese for "ocean child" is? The cover to Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts' Club Band is one of the most famous Shout Outs in history, filled with images of figures the Beatles regarded as significant. Wikipedia has a list of all the notable personages pictured on the cover. "Martha My Dear" is a Shout Out to Paul McCartney's dog. "The eagle picks my eye/The worm he licks my bone/Feel so suicidal/Just like Dylan's Mr. Jones " The line "With your long, blonde hair and your eyes of blue" from "It's All Too Much" is a quote from "Sorrow" by the Merseys. Shout-Out to Shakespeare : "I Am the Walrus" contains snippets from a radio production of King Lear . Siamese Twin Songs : "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and "With a Little Help from My Friends". Later in the album, the reprise of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" fades into "A Day in the Life". The Side 2 medley on Abbey Road. (You can hear John Lennon shouting "Oh, look out!" right before "Polythene Pam" segues into "She Came in Through the Bathroom Window".) The Beatles: Rock Band video game fuses together "Tomorrow Never Knows" from Revolver and "Within You Without You" from Sgt. Pepper, to awesome effect. Silly Love Songs : Literally every last original song on their first five albums counts. Not that there weren't plenty later on; "Paperback Writer" was the result of Paul's aunt telling him to please find a new subject. Paul McCartney composed the trope namer, "Silly Love Songs", during his career with Wings after The Beatles, as an answer to the critics. That says a lot about the reputation he had acquired during The Beatles. "Nowhere Man" off of Rubber Soul was the first original Beatles tune that wasn't a Silly Love Song. Single Stanza Song : "Wild Honey Pie" and "Why Don't We Do It in The Road" off of The White Album ; "Her Majesty" at the end of Abbey Road. Also, "Can You Take Me Back", the Hidden Track between "Cry Baby Cry" and "Revolution 9". Sliding Scale of Idealism vs. Cynicism : At the beginning of their career they were far down the idealistic side, and if "Here Comes the Sun" is any indication, they missed it at the end. The rest of their career is open to interpretation on this point. But then that shouldn't be surprising. Smarter Than You Look : George felt that Ringo's second song, "Octopus's Garden", was this. He described it as accidentally deep and spiritual. Solo Side Project : John recorded and released three experimental solo albums with Yoko Ono in 1968 and 1969 while he was still a member of The Beatles. Paul released a score for the film The Family Way in 1967, making him technically the first Beatle to come out with a solo project. Also, his first proper solo album McCartney was released in 1970, just before The Beatles formally broke up. George released Wonderwall Music and Electronic Sound in 1968 and 1969 respectively. Ringo released Sentimental Journey in early 1970, a few weeks before McCartney . Some of My Best Friends Are X : Paul, after an unfortunate misunderstanding about the title "Hey Jude". Jude happens to be the German word for "Jew", and was used as an insult by the Nazis, so some people who hadn't heard the song itself found it offensive. Paul explained that the title wasn't meant to sound antisemitic and added that some of his best friends were Jews. The very idea that this song would be antisemitic shows that people didn't pay attention to the lyrics at all, where Jude is comforted by the singer to refrain from being sad. Something Blues : "Yer Blues". Song of Song Titles : "Glass Onion" on The White Album name-checks "Strawberry Fields Forever", "I Am the Walrus", "Fixing a Hole", "Lady Madonna" and "The Fool On The Hill". Song Style Shift : Several abrupt ones in Paul's "You Never Give Me Your Money" and John's "Happiness Is a Warm Gun". The Southpaw : Paul's left-handedness allowed the Beatles to perform a little bit of stagecraft in which Paul would face John, or George, and sing into the same mike with their guitars pointing the same way. Ringo was a lefty playing a right-handed drum kit, which gave him a unique sound. Spoken Word in Music : "I Am the Walrus" famously includes snippets from a BBC radio production of " King Lear ". John Lennon drones out "cranberry sauce" at the end of "Strawberry Fields Forever". "Revolution 9" is made up almost entirely of various spoken word samples. "Yellow Submarine" features the captain issuing orders like "Full speed ahead". Ringo whispers "good night" at the end of "Good Night". And the novelty song "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" includes John Lennon as a faux MC introducing Paul McCartney's nightclub crooner. Stage Names : C'mon, Ringo...there was nothing wrong with "Richard Starkey". In his defence, it was a popular convention at the time for pop musicians to come up with a catchy stage-name rather than use their own. In fact, Ringo only came up with a stage name because his entire band, The Hurricanes, was doing it (what, you thought their lead singer was *born* with a name like "Rory Storm"? His real name was Alan Caldwell.) The rest of the Beatles toyed around with stage names during their early years, especially in Hamburg . John Lennon tried out "Long John", as in Long John Silver , but it didn't take. Paul was "Paul Ramon", giving birth to The Ramones in the process. Inverted by George, who became instead "Carl Harrison" after Carl Perkins. Original drummer Pete Best had a god-given birth stage name. Original bassist Stu Sutcliffe became "Stuart de Stael", after the Franco-Russian expressionist painter Nicolas de Staël . Nobody got it then, either, although de Staël's early death weirdly prefigures Sutcliffe's. Step Up to the Microphone : Usually once per album for Ringo and twice for George. John and Paul's failure to allow George to grow out of this role, even after George had become their equal as a songwriter, was a key factor in the breakup of the band. Stop and Go : "I'm only sleeping...[Pause]...keeping an eye on the world going by my window..." Studio Chatter : Quite a bit, mostly from John, on Let It Be . More on The White Album , including the end of "Piggies", the beginning of "Revolution 1", and most famously Ringo's "I'VE GOT BLISTERS ON MY FINGERS!" at the end of "Helter Skelter". While never legitimately released, there's a widely-bootlegged (and absolutely hilarious ) 20-minute outtake from a session for the Rubber Soul track "Think for Yourself". You can hear it here . Stylistic Suck : The intentionally awkward guitar solo in "All You Need Is Love". The slightly off sounding "I think I know, I mean, ah yes, but it's all wrong" in "Strawberry Fields Forever". And, of course, "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)". George Harrison's "Only a Northern Song" is intentionally dissonant, as it is a Protest Song against being contractually obligated to write songs for which he received few royalties (see Take That ). Subdued Section : "Help!" Subliminal Seduction : From Revolver onward, the band got into the habit of including backwards messages on many of their tracks. Unfortunately this — along with a whole of unconnected, obscure and sometimes outright random "evidence" — somehow managed to persuade a fair chunk of their audience that Paul McCartney was dead. The vast quantities of drugs consumed by many of them probably had something to do with it. Some versions of Sgt. Pepper had the inner groove of side 2 as a perpetual final track - first a higher-than-treble sound only dogs (and some young listeners) could hear, and then backwards music. Unfortunately, some modern record players have auto-return, so you don't hear it. On compact disc, the "inner groove" plays for about 20 seconds before fading out. Surreal Music Video : "Strawberry Fields Forever". Take That : George Harrison's "Only a Northern Song" is a swipe at Lennon and McCartney's publishing company, Northern Songs Ltd. Harrison wrote it to express his dissatisfaction over being screwed over on royalties from his own compositions. (The following year George would found his own publishing company, Harrisongs Ltd.) "It doesn't really matter what chords I play/What words I say/What time of day it is/Cause it's only a Northern song". George certainly loved this trope, as his opening song on Revolver , "Taxman", is a giant take that against Harold Wilson's supertax. "Don't ask me what I want it for/Ha ha, Mr Wilson /If you don't want to pay some more/Ha ha, Mr Heath ." Actually, John wrote the part with Harold Wilson and Edward Heath. George went to John for help on "Taxman" during a period of time when Paul had a grudge against George for a publicly unknown reason. Team Dad : John at the very beginning of the band, by virtue of being the oldest member, but once Brian Epstein started managing them he handled this role to a major degree. It's no accident that band unity broke down after his death. George Martin also served as this on the musical side. During the Get Back sessions Paul made an ill-considered attempt to become one. This Loser Is You : "Nowhere Man". "Doesn't have a point of view/Knows not where he's going to/Isn't he a bit like you and me?" Three Chords and the Truth : Much of their early stuff in particular was based around simple three-chord melodies; they started experimenting with various other formats later. Some of their later work — on The White Album , for example — reverted to this format. They rarely did "folksy" acoustic songs in their early days, and so some of these later songs probably represent this trope more accurately. In their early Pre-Beatles days, they would actually learn from word of mouth who knew this chord, or who knew that chord, and would take a bus across town to wherever they needed to get to, ride back home and then they'd know how to play chord x. The "Get Back" project was an effort to, uh, get back to this. It met with mixed success due to the dissension in the band. Title Only Chorus : "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "I Wanna Be Your Man", "Girl", "Don't Let Me Down". Translated Cover Version : "Komm, gib mir deine Hand" ("I Want to Hold Your Hand") and "Sie liebt dich" ("She Loves You"), both in German. Triumphant Reprise : "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" Troll : John wrote "I Am the Walrus", thrown together from abandoned song ideas and Lewis Carroll scenes, specifically to mess with people who would pore over his lyrics for hidden meanings. Trope Maker : As noted above. They were the Trope Maker for, basically, the entire music industry as it stands today. The idea that real bands play their own instruments, the idea that real bands write their own music, the idea that real bands should get mega-popular and make gajillions of dollars: all these originated with the Fab Four. (They also made the music industry the financial juggernaut it is today, since all the money that was going to the session musicians and songwriters and stuff ended up in the record companies' pockets instead.) It is worth noting that The Beach Boys , in the early years when they were strictly a surf band, were also writing their own songs and playing their own instruments, and their first singles were recorded and released before those of the Beatles ("Surfin' Safari" gave the Beach Boys their first US Top 40 hit in June 1962, "Love Me Do" gave the Beatles their first UK Top 40 hit four months later). However, by the time of Pet Sounds , Brian Wilson was using session musicians extensively, not only for the orchestral instrumentation, but the basic rock instruments as well. The Beatles were, with few exceptions, responsible for their own basic instrumental backing for the entirety of their career. Furthermore, as recording artists, the two bands are nearly exact contemporaries, just on different sides of the pond. Given that, it's probably fair to say that the Beatles, with their overwhelming popularity, were the ones who changed the industry more. Music videos. The idea of the music video, a short film meant to promote a song, was pretty much unheard of before the Beatles made videos for their "Paperback Writer"/"Rain" single. The videos they made for the "Penny Lane"/"Strawberry Fields Forever" single were even more innovative, as they featured avant-garde images of the band set to the music rather than simply miming a performance. You could even argue that, with all of their technological and stylistic experimentation, they were the first Alternative Rock band! Truck Driver's Gear Change : "Penny Lane", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)". Urban Legends : The Paul Is Dead theories, all based on supposedly hidden messages on the Beatles album covers and song lyrics. The 1970s saw a lot of urban legends concerning the possible (secret) reunion of the band. The most famous example was the initially anonymous Canadian progressive rock band Klaatu , whose vaguely "Beatlesque" sound fueled speculation that they were a front for a reunited Fab Four. Uncommon Time : The bridge of "Here Comes the Sun" rotates between 11/8, 4/4, and 7/8. "Happiness Is a Warm Gun" (from The White Album ) has alternating measures of 9/4 and 10/4 in one section, and copious other time signature changes (including one section that can be counted as 4+2+4+5+4/4 or 19/4). While the chorus of The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love" is in Common Time , the verses are all in 7/8. "Good Morning, Good Morning" both plays it straight and subverts it. Ringo's drumming is in straight 4/4 for much of the song, but there are significant portions of the song that change meter signature almost every measure. note The song is constructed in a rhythmic ABCBCBA pattern, with the B part of the song having 5+5+5+3+4+5+4+3+3+4+4/4 for 44/4, while the C has has 5+5+5+3+4+4+4+4+4+4 for 42/4. The rest of the song is straight 4/4, though sometimes consisting of unusual patterns of measures. "Strawberry Fields Forever" from Magical Mystery Tour is played mostly in 4/4 except for "Nothing to get hung about" in 6/4 and "Strawberry fields for-" in 3/8, with "ever" back in 4/4. "Within You Without You" ( Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ) perhaps takes the cake; it's based on Indian ragas with cycles of 10 and 16 beats. There's a more upbeat epic (sitar) rocking section that works out to be about in 5/4, but not always. "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" ( The White Album ) contains mostly 4/4, but then drops two beats from the end of the chorus to add a measure of 2/4. "Don't Let Me Down" ( Past Masters ) inserts 5/4 bars into the pickup to the verse of an otherwise 4/4 song. "Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except for Me and My Monkey" ( The White Album ), at the end of its refrain, uses patterns of 3+3+4/4, or 10/4. The bridge of "Hey Jude" ( Past Masters ) could be counted a number of ways. One way to count it is eleven measures of 4/4 followed by one of 2/4. This is far from an exhaustive list; John Lennon in particular really loved this trope. Detailed analysis of nearly all the Beatles' composition, which includes analysis of time signatures, can be found here . Unplugged Version : George Harrison recorded a well-known acoustic version of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". It finally got released on The Beatles Anthology , and this version got a string arrangement added by George Martin for its release on Love. The string arrangement is the last piece of music recorded for a Beatles album. Villain Song : "I Am the Walrus", by accident. John Lennon based the title on the Lewis Carroll poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter", but he didn't know at the time that the walrus was the villain. He went on to say that "I Am the Carpenter" wouldn't be as catchy, however. Vitriolic Best Buds : The whole group could be like this at times, but no one more so than John Lennon and Brian Esptein. Vocal Tag Team : Most albums had at least one song sung by each member of the band. (Ringo does not sing on A Hard Day's Night or Let It Be.) What Could Have Been : In 1967 the Beatles were considering doing a concept album about Liverpool. They got as far as recording two tracks ("Penny Lane" and "Strawberry Fields Forever") before the idea was dropped. Those two tracks were released as a double-A-side single instead. What Happened to the Mouse? : Paul later noted that he forgot to add Saturday in the lyrics of "Lady Madonna," and guessed that after a busy week like she had, she probably went out for a good time. Word Salad Lyrics : After their introduction to drugs, a lot of songs, most notably "I Am the Walrus". World of Chaos : Some of their songs, including "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "I Am the Walrus", "Glass Onion", and the Yellow Submarine animated movie, take place in such settings.
Revolver (disambiguation)
Which male tennis player appeared in the final of the US Open singles for eight consecutive years between 1982 and 1989?
Rock and Roll News - BeatlesNews.com Acclaimed recording engineer Bill Price dies aged 72 Respected engineer/producer Bill Price has passed away at the age of 72. After working with many famous groups like Eric Clapton and The Moody Blues at Decca Records in the sixties, he worked for Sir George Martin at AIR Studios in London in 1970, where he recorded the Live And Let Die album soundtrack with Paul McCartney and Wings. Source: Music Week Beatles poster artist Tony Booth dies aged 83 The artist who created posters for The Beatles in Liverpool in the early 1960s has died aged 83. Tony Booth made the iconic signs for the Fab Four and other Merseybeat bands in the 1960s. In recent years, Mr Booth made replicas of the posters for fans and had written a book about them which his son hopes will be "part of his legacy". Source: BBC News, UK Donny Osmond wants to sing Beatles song at the Cavern Donny Osmond is on his way to Liverpool. And while he's looking forward to his gig at the Echo Arena this month, he admits to another ambition too. "I'd love to be able to pop over to the Cavern while I'm there, and see if they'll let me do a Beatles song," he revealed, adding he's thinking about doing one in his Echo Arena show. Source: Liverpool Echo Take a musical memory tour with Peter Asher For a time, he shared the top floor of his parents' home with Paul McCartney, and became a friend and trusted business associate of The Beatles. He played a key role in shaping the careers of James Taylor and Linda Ronstadt, as manager and record producer. But many know Peter Asher best as one half of British Invasion-era singing duo Peter and Gordon. Source: The Morning Call, Pennsylvania Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson's two duet hits in 1983 Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney teamed up to achieve the rare feat of scoring two hit duets in little more than a year, with the first, The Girl Is Mine, rocketing to No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 dated Jan. 8, 1983. Their next duet, Say Say Say, hit No. 1 on the Hot 100 for six weeks beginning in late 1983. Source: Billboard Vinyl records make more money than digital downloads Technology has taken the world by storm in the digital age, but at the same time, people are also nostalgic about devices popular in the past. Many suggest that the rise in popularity of vinyl records is due to the "truer" sound and better sensory experience which vinyl records provide and which is missing in digital downloads. Source: The Asian Age Lancaster University professors share their love of the Beatles Lancaster University Professors of Poetry Paul Farley and Paul Muldoon will share their readings and thoughts on the hit poetry anthology, "The Mersey Sound" this month at Lancaster Town Hall. First published 50 years ago at the height of Beatlemania, "The Mersey Sound" is one of the best-selling poetry anthologies of all time. Source: The Visitor, UK Imagine an alternate universe where The Beatles never existed Can you imagine music, culture or life in general without the past century's defining moment in music history? No Beatles: no British Invasion. No British Invasion: no Stevie. No Brucie. No Byrds. Bob Dylan doesn't plug in. A roundtable with several music history experts tries to picture our world without the Beatles. Source: Crixeo Global Music Rights and top radio groups reach temporary agreement Global Music Rights will offer temporary licenses that will allow radio stations to play hundreds of artists, as they go to court over radio rates for songwriters. The performance rights group boasts a roster of hundreds of top artists including the Beatles, Adele, Beyonc�, Jay Z, Daft Punk, Bruno Mars and Katy Perry. Source: Rolling Stone George Michael saved John Lennon piano so it would stay in Liverpool   Fans of George Michael have paid tribute by publicizing his secret acts of extraordinary kindness on Twitter. One generous act being discussed is the time he bought John Lennon's piano from a private collector for a whopping �1.45m, so that it would stay in the UK. He then donated it to the Beatles Story museum in Liverpool. Source: Liverpool Echo The Dead Daisies stream cover of John Lennon Christmas classic Hard rock supergroup The Dead Daisies have given their fans a Christmas gift in the form of a stream of their rendition of the John Lennon classic "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)". On their YouTube post, they wrote, "This is a gift for you, the best fans in the world. Happy XMas & Happy Holidays from The Dead Daisies!" Source: Anti-Music Video: Chris Martin sings Beatles' Yesterday On Wednesday night, Coldplay singer Chris Martin played a surprise set in New York City to benefit the Bowery Mission, an organization that helps the homeless and hungry. He did a few Coldplay hits, but most of the show was devoted to classic rock covers, including the Beatles' Yesterday, aided by pair of singers from the Mission. Source: Rolling Stone Why Elvis Presley dissed The Beatles to President Nixon Don't believe what you hear in the recent Elvis & Nixon film regarding The Beatles. This "comedy" about the infamous meeting between Elvis and the President at the White House unfortunately enforces false stereotypes about how Elvis felt about The Fab Four. Beatles historians say Elvis was just trying to look more patriotic to Nixon. Source: Daytrippin' Magazine Springsteen includes Beatles on his Desert Island Discs list Bruce Springsteen recently shared his list of eight "Desert Island Discs" during an interview on BBC Radio 4 in the UK, and among the recordings he picked is The Beatles' I Want To Hold Your Hand, which Bruce says, "changed the course of my life," and "was the song that inspired me to play rock and roll music." Source: Rock 107 ELO to be inducted into Rock Hall of Fame The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame announced today its Class of 2017 inductees, including the Beatles-inspired Jeff Lynne's Electric Light Orchestra. Other inductees include Journey, Yes and Joan Baez. The 32nd Annual Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony will take place April 7, and televised on HBO. Capitol Records challenges DMCA Safe Harbors law Capitol Records is asking the U.S. Supreme Court to consider a case that could send shockwaves through the music biz. It involves the fad of posting "lip dub" videos on Vimeo and similar sites, lip-syncing popular tunes by artists including The Beatles and The Beach Boys, and whether the current law applies to pre-1972 recordings. Source: Hollywood Reporter Greg Lake of Emerson, Lake and Palmer dies Guitarist Greg Lake of the band Emerson, Lake and Palmer has died. Lake was a founding member of King Crimson before he met Keith Emerson and eventually drummer Carl Palmer to form Emerson, Lake and Palmer. Gregg also toured with Ringo Starr and his All-Star Band. His death was announced on his website. Source: WSB TV YouTube's $1bn royalties are not enough, says music industry YouTube has said it has paid the music industry $1 billion in royalties this year, but record companies claim it is not enough. They say YouTube does not pay a fair rate to musicians and record labels. Artists like Paul McCartney, Lady Gaga, and Ed Sheeran have all written to the US Congress asking for Copyright laws to be changed. Source: BBC News, UK UK pirate radio DJ legend pens autobiography The autobiography of DJ Tony Prince will be released tomorrow. It tells Prince's story from both sides of the Iron Curtain, as a DJ on Radio Caroline followed by his involvement at Radio Luxembourg after the Russian invasion. In the book he tells of his meeting Elvis Presley and singing with Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr. Source: Oldham Chronicle, UK John Lennon's Sgt. Pepper's piano heads to auction John Lennon's Sgt. Pepper's-era home piano, used by Lennon to compose Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds and A Day in the Life, among others, is set to hit the auction block on December 10, estimated to sell for between $1.2 and $1.8 million. The handwritten lyrics for Bob Dylan's Blowin' In The Wind will also be auctioned. Source: Yahoo! Music Bay City Rollers on their encounters with The Beatles   In a new interview, Woody of The Bay City Rollers said, "One time in Los Angeles we were driving into the Beverly Hills Hotel the wrong way. "He [Ringo Starr] just looked and shook his head and said, 'Those Roller boys' before making a face. He knew what we were going through. He was a bit older and had been through all that." Source: The Express, UK Five reasons ELO should be in the Hall of Fame Jeff Lynne's Electric Light Orchestra was responsible for some of the most catchy music to come out of the '70s. Jeff Lynne is a die-hard fan of the Beatles, he produced George Harrison's acclaimed 1987 comeback solo album, Cloud Nine, several songs on Ringo Starr's Time Takes Time in 1992, and Free as a Bird and Real Love for the Beatles in 1994. Source: Ultimate Classic Rock Beatles-inspired tribute to 2016's late celebs goes viral The celebrities who passed in 2016 have been remembered in a touching tribute to British talent, inspired by The Beatles' legendary Sgt. Pepper album. Uploaded to Twitter on Saturday by a user called Christthebarker, the montage has quickly gone viral and attracted international attention for its poignancy. Source: The Mirror, UK Exploring Eric Clapton's Beatles and George Harrison collaborations In the late Sixties, the Beatles and Eric Clapton kicked off a nearly five-decade-long tradition of recorded collaborations. While My Guitar Gently Weeps, the only official EMI Beatles recording Clapton ever played on, is an undisputed highlight, but Slowhand's fretwork also graces recordings by all four solo Beatles. Source: Guitar World Video: Peter Asher performs A World Without Love The multi-Grammy Award-winning Peter Asher and Albert Lee, who was voted Guitar Player Magazine's Best Country Guitar Picker five times, have gone on the road together. As half of Sixties rockers Peter & Gordon, Asher had 10 top 40 hits, including I Got to Pieces and the Paul McCartney-penned World Without Love, and McCartney once dated his sister, Jane Asher. Source: The Telegraph, UK Justin Bieber plays Beatles during impromptu performance at Toronto bar Justin Bieber made a surprise appearance at a Toronto pub on Friday night. Bieber dropped by Fifth Pubhouse alone, ordered a drink and stopped to watch the Toronto Raptors game. When he spotted a piano, he asked if he could play it and soon began serenading the room with a wide variety of music including The Beatles' Let it Be. Source: National Post, Toronto The Beatles used to open shows for me Joe Brown had The Beatles as his support act when they were still unknown, and he was also the man who played guitar behind his head, something Jimi Hendrix soon copied. He became good friends with George Harrison, who was best man at his wedding. At 75, Brown is still touring around the UK. Source: The Sunday Post, UK Beatles recording engineer-turned musician to take the stage In 1967, Alan Parsons was an assistant engineer at the Abbey Road studios, working on the Beatles' Abbey Road and Let It Be albums. He was one of the lucky few allowed on the roof of Apple Records when the Beatles played their final live performance. The Alan Parsons Project performs in Thousand Oaks, CA, tonight. PBS series Soundbreaking lovingly details the art of record making Sir George Martin had a last project: a documentary series on the impact of recorded music. Unfortunately, the legendary Beatles producer died before the final work was completed, but his spirit imbues every frame of Soundbreaking: Stories From The Cutting Edge of Recorded Music, an 8-part series that airs on PBS beginning Nov. 14. Source: Billboard Five Beatles albums to be included in Capitol 75th Anniversary vinyl set Capitol Records is kicking off its 75th anniversary this month with The Capitol Records 75th Anniversary Collection, 75 albums that will be reissued on vinyl as chosen by a panel of journalists, authors and creative figures. Among the albums chosen are five from the Beatles, four from Frank Sinatra, and two from the Beach Boys. Source: Vintage Vinyl News 5 Years Ago: The Beach Boys finally release the troubled Smile Sessions Until Oct. 31, 2011, the Beach Boys' Smile was one of music's most famous unreleased albums. Bootlegged, pored over and reconstructed for more than 40 years, it was said to be Brian Wilson's masterpiece, a reaction to the Beatles' culture-shifting period that yielded both Revolver and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Source: Ultimate Classic Rock Zayn Malik talks Beatles influence in new autobiography A new extract from Zayn Malik's forthcoming autobiography has revealed how he considers The Beatles to be an important influence on his own music. In the new extract, Malik revealed how he'd been regularly listening to The Beatles while making his debut album. The autobiography, titled Zayn, is set for release on November 1. Source: NME, UK 37th Annual Winter Solstice Celebration To Honor Sir George Martin The late Sir George Martin will be honored at 37th Annual Winter Solstice Celebration at New York's Cathedral of St. John the Divine on December 15, 16, & 17. This year marks the first time the multi-media event will honor and feature artists from the classic rock realm. Gary Brooker, the "voice of Procol Harum," will be a special guest. Source: New Jersey Stage Johnny Marr says he felt like Yoko Ono Johnny Marr thinks the only person to have had as much a "hard time" over a band splitting as he did is John Lennon's widow Yoko Ono. He says he thinks Ono, who was widely blamed for splitting up The Beatles, is the only person to have reached the level of hatred over the end of a band as he did when he left The Smiths in 1987. Source: The List, UK Nobel authorities say Bob Dylan is rude and arrogant   Bob Dylan is known for being uncomfortable in the spotlight. But, following his elusiveness after being awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, they be having second thoughts on their decision. Per Wastberg, who chairs the Nobel Committee for Literature 2016, described Dylan's lack of response to the accolade as "rude and arrogant." Source: CNBC
i don't know
Which specific creatures are collectively called an 'unkindness'?
A Murder of Crows, A Parliament of Owls What do You Call a Group of Birds? Do you know what a group of Ravens is called? What about a group of peacocks, snipe or hummingbirds? Here is a list of Bird Collectives, terms that you can use to describe a group of birds. Birds in general
Raven's Progressive Matrices
Usually held on the second Thursday in August, the annual carnival 'The Battle of the Flowers' takes place in which British dependency?
Group Names for Birds Group Names for Birds: A Partial List By Terry Ross A bevy of quail A bouquet of pheasants [when flushed] A brood of hens A building of rooks A cast of hawks [or falcons] A charm of finches A colony of penguins A company of parrots A congregation of plovers A cover of coots A covey of partridges [or grouse or ptarmigans] A deceit of lapwings A descent of woodpeckers A dissimulation of birds A dole of doves An exaltation of larks A fall of woodcocks A flight of swallows [or doves, goshawks, or cormorants] A gaggle of geese [wild or domesticated] A host of sparrows A kettle of hawks [riding a thermal] A murmuration of starlings A murder of crows A muster of storks A nye of pheasants [on the ground] An ostentation of peacocks A paddling of ducks [on the water] A parliament of owls A party of jays A peep of chickens A pitying of turtledoves A raft of ducks A rafter of turkeys A siege of herons A skein of geese [in flight] A sord of mallards A spring of teal A tidings of magpies A trip of dotterel An unkindness of ravens A watch of nightingales A wedge of swans [or geese, flying in a "V"] A wisp of snipe Any of these group names may properly be used by birders who wish to display their erudition, although it is probably linguistically inaccurate (and it certainly is bad manners) to upbraid someone who refers to "a bunch of ravens" by saying, "Surely you mean `an unkindness of ravens,' my good fellow." Most of these terms date back at least 500 years. Some of them have been in continuous use since then; others have gone out of fashion and been resurrected in the last century or two; still others only exist on lists. Most of these terms are listed in James Lipton's An Exaltation of Larks. Lipton's list is substantially based on very old sources. There were manuscript lists of group names in the 15th century, and these lists appeared in some of the first books printed in England. Many of them make their first appearance in John Lydgate's Debate between the Horse, Goose, and Sheep (1440); and Lydgate's terms along with others appear in The Book of Hawking and Hunting (also known as The Book of St. Albans) by Dame Juliana Barnes (1486). Whether Lydgate and Barnes coined any of these terms, or whether they were setting down the terms that were considered proper in their day is not known. Many of the terms did catch on, and the lists they appeared on were frequently reprinted. The best source I know for investigating the histories of English words is the Oxford English Dictionary. Unfortunately, on the question whether these terms ever were or still are appropriate, the OED is not entirely helpful. To make sense of the matter, I have placed the group names into groups-- GROUP A--The following group names are standard: A bevy of quail A bouquet of pheasants A brood of hens A cast of hawks A charm of finches A covey of partridges A flight of swallows A gaggle of geese A nye of pheasants A siege of herons A skein of geese A trip of dotterel A wisp of snipe GROUP B--These terms are not group names for a particular type of bird, but have been commonly used for many different types: Colony Company Flock Parliament Party GROUP C--These terms are archaic; they were once obsolete, but they have been revived somewhat in the 19th or 20th centuries: A building of rooks A murmuration of starlings A muster of peacocks A peep of chickens A sord of mallards A spring of teal A watch of nightingales GROUP D--These terms are obsolete; they appeared on the old lists, but almost nobody has used them in centuries: A congregation of plovers A dissimulation of birds A dole of doves A fall of woodcock A host of sparrows A paddling of ducks An unkindness of ravens GROUP E--These terms are not in the OED at all as group names for birds: A cover of coots A kettle of hawks A murder of crows An ostentation of peacocks A pitying of turtledoves A rafter of turkeys A tidings of magpies My categories are imprecise, but they provide some guidance about usage. Have no qualms about using any of the terms in group A; use the terms in group B for any group of birds that seems apt; use the terms in groups C and D only if you don't mind being thought pedantic or literary; avoid the terms in group E unless you know something the OED doesn't. Alas, the OED itself is not totally reliable: the word "kettle" (as both a noun and a verb) has been used by hawk watchers for many years, and it has often appeared in print; the OED editors obviously are not birders. It may well be that the other terms in group E appear on the 15th-century lists and were simply missed. Thanks to the following for their suggestions and contributions: Bruce Helmboldt, Stephan L. Moss, Pete Janzen, Macklin Smith, Billie Jo Johnstone, Richard Danca, Gail Mackiernan, Alice Rasa. Review the correspondence on this matter from BirdChat. View a list of whimsical group names submitted by chatters.
i don't know
Who sang the theme song to the 1966 film 'Alfie', starring Michael Caine?
Alfie (1966) Starring: Michael Caine, Shelley Winters, Millicent Martin - Three Movie Buffs Review Reviewed on: July 6th, 2011 Michael Caine is Alfie. Alfie is movie that is both out of date and yet ahead of its time. Its depiction of swinging sixties culture is historical and what once seemed risque, is now rather tame. However, it features an abortion scene that you would never see in a movie today (and wasn't included in the 2004 remake). Regardless of how well you think it has aged, Michael Caine gives a brilliant and timeless performance in the central role, adding layers to a seemingly shallow character, often with just a look. Several times he says one thing when meaning the exact opposite and Caine is able to bring that across so that we are able see how Alfie feels when he seems oblivious himself.  Alfie is a single man in London, who sees women as beings who are there to serve him and bring him pleasure before being tossed aside for another. He sleeps with a parade of them; some married, some single, some ongoing relationships and others simply one night stands. He rarely uses the words "she" or "her", but instead uses the word "it" when talking about and to them. From a modern, post-feminist perspective his behavior is more shocking today because of this attitude rather than all the sex he has, which would have been the more shocking when it was released. A more cynical person than I might say that the women he sleeps with let him get away with treating them as he does, but to that I would say, just because a person lets you mistreat them, doesn't make it the right or honorable thing to do. Although Alfie seems to be having a nice little time, several events force him to take a more serious look at life. First, one of his women becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son. While Alfie remains unattached to the mother, he becomes besotted by little Malcolm, although he refuses to admit it out loud to anyone. When Malcolm's mother marries another man so that Malcolm can have a real, fulltime father, Alfie is haunted for the rest of the movie by memories of his son, even having symbolic dreams about him. A health scare sends Alfie to a country hospital, but this barely slows him down, treating the nurses as his personal harem. He makes a friend while there, but casually sleeps with the friend's wife when back for a visit. This leads to the most dramatic event in the film, when the resulting pregnancy is aborted. Given that abortion was illegal in 1960s England, it has to be performed in Alfie's flat, by a back-alley abortionist. Alfie's tearful and shocked reaction to the aborted fetus pulls back the mask Alfie keeps over his feelings, even if it is only for a fleeting moment. I have difficulty believing Alfie's pro-life speech afterwards would ever be allowed in a mainstream Hollywood film today. Second billed Shelly Winters has a small, but crucial part as the woman who's as free with sex and attitudes towards the opposite sex as Alfie. She, of all the women, is the only one who comes out on top in her relationship with him. Caine received his first of his six Oscar nominations for this role and it was a well deserved nomination. He appears in every scene, often breaking the fourth wall to reveal his inner-thoughts and to comment on what is happening. He plays Alfie as selfish and cavalier, moving through people's lives like a bull in a china shop without a concern or care for anyone's feelings but his own, and yet somehow still manages to remain, at least superficially, likable and charming. You could call Alfie a dated film, but I prefer calling it a classic instead. Did you enjoy Scott's review? +11 Reviewed on: July 12th, 2011 Michael Caine and Jane Asher in Alfie I have always enjoyed Michael Caine's British charm but I have never seen him so young before.  His narration to the camera allows him to be far more likable than he deserves to be.  With the exception of Sean Connery as James Bond, Caine created the horniest British bloke of the 1960s.   He is incredibly sexist, and that makes the movie all the more unique and entertaining. "My understanding of women only goes as far as the pleasure. When it comes to the pain I'm like any other bloke - I don't want to know."  He is at least honest.  "I've never told her that I love her - except at those times when you've got to say something for appearance's sake."  When it comes to women, he is very cold.  "I don't want no bird's respect - I wouldn't know what to do with it."  He is not without feelings though.  He spends lots of time with his son Malcolm.  Speaking of him with pride, "He's as sharp as a needle." What Alfie lacks is honor on any level whatsoever.  When he finds out the mother of his child has been proposed to by another man he says, "You better marry him.  You got a young bastard in there to think about." It is credit to Michael Caine's talent and charisma that he plays such a self centered prick, yet you still find yourself liking him.  Alfie is like a little boy who does not want to grow up.  He is having fun playing with his toys while desperately avoiding responsibility.  He throws hissy fits and gets jealous.  He expects to be treated like a husband, having his girlfriends cook for him and always be there for him, while he never reciprocates.  He is eventually compelled to grow.  The abortion forces Alfie to step outside himself.  He feels pity for someone else for the first time.  He confesses to having murdered the infant, thus taking responsibility.  Ruby gives him a taste of his own medicine.  He learns a few things but is still a bit confused by it all and never quite gets the comeuppance he deserves.  "So what's the answer? That's what I keep asking myself - what's it all about? Know what I mean?" Did you enjoy Eric's review? +6 Reviewed on: August 10th, 2011 Michael Caine and Shelley Winters in Alfie. Alfie is a textbook example of a fairly common personality we have all met. You know the type that justifies their own completely selfish behavior by telling themselves that they are just doing what everyone else is doing, namely looking out for number one. They never invest any genuine emotion in another person for fear of being hurt or rejected or simply out of not wanting to give up the comforts and conveniences of their lifestyle. There is nothing worse in their minds than being a “sucker”. This is best exemplified in the scenes where Alfie tries to talk the man he befriends at the hospital into seeing life as he sees it. Alfie then proceeds to sleep with the man’s wife, almost, it seems, as a means of justifying his own cynical views on life. Here’s how he rationalizes it… “Well, what harm can it do? Old Harry will never know. And even if he did, he shouldn't begrudge me - or her, come to that. And it'll round off the tea nicely.” What a pal this guy is. Michael Caine is brilliant in the role. He somehow manages to make this selfish asshole charmingly likable. His asides to the camera (shades of Albert Finney in Tom Jones from a few years before) give us insight into his reasoning and motivation and add a quirky British sense of humor to the movie. There is one scene in particular at a pub where a brawl breaks out due to Alfie that is quite slapsticky. This scene stands in stark contrast to the abortion scene that precedes it. The rest of the cast is good as well. Vivien Merchant (making her theatrical film debut) is especially convincing as Lily, going through the horrors of a back alley abortion. Shelley Winters as Ruby gives Alfie what comeuppance he gets by telling him she enjoys her new boy toy better simply because he is younger than Alfie. This comment points the way towards Alfie’s future and it isn’t a pretty picture. He is destined to be a very lonely old man and part of him, at least, knows it when he says at the end that he’s lost his peace of mind. I can’t finish this review without mentioning the classic theme song. It is one of the most appropriate themes ever written for a movie with its haunting melody and evocative lyrics that echo Alfie’s last lines. The original UK release featured the version sung by Cilla Black. For the American release Dionne Warwick recorded the song but her rendition was replaced at the last minute by Cher’s take. I prefer Barbra Streisand’s definitive live version from her New Year’s Eve 2000 concert in Las Vegas. I agree Scott, Alfie is both a product of the swinging sixties and a timeless movie classic.  
Cilla Black
The Oval Portrait in 1842, The Masque of the Red Death in 1842 and The Murders in the Rue Morgue in 1841, were all works by which famous American author and poet?
Alfie (1966) Starring: Michael Caine, Shelley Winters, Millicent Martin - Three Movie Buffs Review Reviewed on: July 6th, 2011 Michael Caine is Alfie. Alfie is movie that is both out of date and yet ahead of its time. Its depiction of swinging sixties culture is historical and what once seemed risque, is now rather tame. However, it features an abortion scene that you would never see in a movie today (and wasn't included in the 2004 remake). Regardless of how well you think it has aged, Michael Caine gives a brilliant and timeless performance in the central role, adding layers to a seemingly shallow character, often with just a look. Several times he says one thing when meaning the exact opposite and Caine is able to bring that across so that we are able see how Alfie feels when he seems oblivious himself.  Alfie is a single man in London, who sees women as beings who are there to serve him and bring him pleasure before being tossed aside for another. He sleeps with a parade of them; some married, some single, some ongoing relationships and others simply one night stands. He rarely uses the words "she" or "her", but instead uses the word "it" when talking about and to them. From a modern, post-feminist perspective his behavior is more shocking today because of this attitude rather than all the sex he has, which would have been the more shocking when it was released. A more cynical person than I might say that the women he sleeps with let him get away with treating them as he does, but to that I would say, just because a person lets you mistreat them, doesn't make it the right or honorable thing to do. Although Alfie seems to be having a nice little time, several events force him to take a more serious look at life. First, one of his women becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son. While Alfie remains unattached to the mother, he becomes besotted by little Malcolm, although he refuses to admit it out loud to anyone. When Malcolm's mother marries another man so that Malcolm can have a real, fulltime father, Alfie is haunted for the rest of the movie by memories of his son, even having symbolic dreams about him. A health scare sends Alfie to a country hospital, but this barely slows him down, treating the nurses as his personal harem. He makes a friend while there, but casually sleeps with the friend's wife when back for a visit. This leads to the most dramatic event in the film, when the resulting pregnancy is aborted. Given that abortion was illegal in 1960s England, it has to be performed in Alfie's flat, by a back-alley abortionist. Alfie's tearful and shocked reaction to the aborted fetus pulls back the mask Alfie keeps over his feelings, even if it is only for a fleeting moment. I have difficulty believing Alfie's pro-life speech afterwards would ever be allowed in a mainstream Hollywood film today. Second billed Shelly Winters has a small, but crucial part as the woman who's as free with sex and attitudes towards the opposite sex as Alfie. She, of all the women, is the only one who comes out on top in her relationship with him. Caine received his first of his six Oscar nominations for this role and it was a well deserved nomination. He appears in every scene, often breaking the fourth wall to reveal his inner-thoughts and to comment on what is happening. He plays Alfie as selfish and cavalier, moving through people's lives like a bull in a china shop without a concern or care for anyone's feelings but his own, and yet somehow still manages to remain, at least superficially, likable and charming. You could call Alfie a dated film, but I prefer calling it a classic instead. Did you enjoy Scott's review? +11 Reviewed on: July 12th, 2011 Michael Caine and Jane Asher in Alfie I have always enjoyed Michael Caine's British charm but I have never seen him so young before.  His narration to the camera allows him to be far more likable than he deserves to be.  With the exception of Sean Connery as James Bond, Caine created the horniest British bloke of the 1960s.   He is incredibly sexist, and that makes the movie all the more unique and entertaining. "My understanding of women only goes as far as the pleasure. When it comes to the pain I'm like any other bloke - I don't want to know."  He is at least honest.  "I've never told her that I love her - except at those times when you've got to say something for appearance's sake."  When it comes to women, he is very cold.  "I don't want no bird's respect - I wouldn't know what to do with it."  He is not without feelings though.  He spends lots of time with his son Malcolm.  Speaking of him with pride, "He's as sharp as a needle." What Alfie lacks is honor on any level whatsoever.  When he finds out the mother of his child has been proposed to by another man he says, "You better marry him.  You got a young bastard in there to think about." It is credit to Michael Caine's talent and charisma that he plays such a self centered prick, yet you still find yourself liking him.  Alfie is like a little boy who does not want to grow up.  He is having fun playing with his toys while desperately avoiding responsibility.  He throws hissy fits and gets jealous.  He expects to be treated like a husband, having his girlfriends cook for him and always be there for him, while he never reciprocates.  He is eventually compelled to grow.  The abortion forces Alfie to step outside himself.  He feels pity for someone else for the first time.  He confesses to having murdered the infant, thus taking responsibility.  Ruby gives him a taste of his own medicine.  He learns a few things but is still a bit confused by it all and never quite gets the comeuppance he deserves.  "So what's the answer? That's what I keep asking myself - what's it all about? Know what I mean?" Did you enjoy Eric's review? +6 Reviewed on: August 10th, 2011 Michael Caine and Shelley Winters in Alfie. Alfie is a textbook example of a fairly common personality we have all met. You know the type that justifies their own completely selfish behavior by telling themselves that they are just doing what everyone else is doing, namely looking out for number one. They never invest any genuine emotion in another person for fear of being hurt or rejected or simply out of not wanting to give up the comforts and conveniences of their lifestyle. There is nothing worse in their minds than being a “sucker”. This is best exemplified in the scenes where Alfie tries to talk the man he befriends at the hospital into seeing life as he sees it. Alfie then proceeds to sleep with the man’s wife, almost, it seems, as a means of justifying his own cynical views on life. Here’s how he rationalizes it… “Well, what harm can it do? Old Harry will never know. And even if he did, he shouldn't begrudge me - or her, come to that. And it'll round off the tea nicely.” What a pal this guy is. Michael Caine is brilliant in the role. He somehow manages to make this selfish asshole charmingly likable. His asides to the camera (shades of Albert Finney in Tom Jones from a few years before) give us insight into his reasoning and motivation and add a quirky British sense of humor to the movie. There is one scene in particular at a pub where a brawl breaks out due to Alfie that is quite slapsticky. This scene stands in stark contrast to the abortion scene that precedes it. The rest of the cast is good as well. Vivien Merchant (making her theatrical film debut) is especially convincing as Lily, going through the horrors of a back alley abortion. Shelley Winters as Ruby gives Alfie what comeuppance he gets by telling him she enjoys her new boy toy better simply because he is younger than Alfie. This comment points the way towards Alfie’s future and it isn’t a pretty picture. He is destined to be a very lonely old man and part of him, at least, knows it when he says at the end that he’s lost his peace of mind. I can’t finish this review without mentioning the classic theme song. It is one of the most appropriate themes ever written for a movie with its haunting melody and evocative lyrics that echo Alfie’s last lines. The original UK release featured the version sung by Cilla Black. For the American release Dionne Warwick recorded the song but her rendition was replaced at the last minute by Cher’s take. I prefer Barbra Streisand’s definitive live version from her New Year’s Eve 2000 concert in Las Vegas. I agree Scott, Alfie is both a product of the swinging sixties and a timeless movie classic.  
i don't know
Which motorway in England, just over 11 miles in length connects the seaside resort of Blackpool to the M6 near Preston?
° Guide: Esprick in United Kingdom (England) | Tripmondo Day: 2°C (36 °F) Night: 3°C (37 °F) Light rain, light breeze, scattered clouds. Map of local sightseeing hints Distances are based on the centre of the city/town and sightseeing location. This list contains brief abstracts about monuments, holiday activities, national parcs, museums, organisations and more from the area as well as interesting facts about the region itself. Where available, you'll find the corresponding homepage. Otherwise the related wikipedia article. Blackpool Urban Area More reading: Wikipedia Article Greater Blackpool is the informal name for the urban area surrounding Blackpool in Lancashire, England. The ONS define a Blackpool Urban Area, with a population of 261,088 (2001 census), down 0.1% from the 1991 figure of 261,355. It includes the following places: Blackpool Fleetwood Lytham St Annes Poulton-le-Fylde Thornton-Cleveleys Blackpool itself has a population of 142,283, although during the summer months the population of the town can rise to three times this figure. According to Lancashire Tourist Board there were 360,000 people living in the town during April and August 2003, the majority of these people working in Blackpool for the summer season. The postcode for Blackpool Urban Area is FY, making it one of the few districts with a code not named after the largest town or city. Blackpool Urban Area Greater Blackpool is the informal name for the urban area surrounding Blackpool in Lancashire, England. The ONS define a Blackpool Urban Area, with a ... Read details This attraction is classified as: Blackpool More reading: Wikipedia Article Christ Church is an Anglican church in Wesham, a small town in the English county of Lancashire. It is an active parish church in the Diocese of Blackburn and the archdeaconry of Lancaster. It was built 1893–94 by Paley, Austin and Paley. It is designated a Grade II listed building by English Heritage. Christ Church, Wesham Christ Church is an Anglican church in Wesham, a small town in the English county of Lancashire. It is an active parish church in the Diocese of Black... Read details This attraction is classified as: Buildings and structures in Fylde (borough) Church of England churches in Lancashire Diocese of Blackburn Paley, Austin and Paley buildings Elswick, Lancashire More reading: Wikipedia Article Elswick is a rural village and civil parish in the English county of Lancashire, situated on the coastal plain called the Fylde. As of the 2001 United Kingdom census, the parish had a population of 1,057. At the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Elswick was a small agricultural community in the hundred of Amounderness. The village was originally part of the ecclesiastical parish of St Michael's on Wyre. A Nonconformist chapel was built in Elswick before 1650. Elswick is part of the local government district of Fylde and is in the parliamentary constituency of Fylde. It lies approximately 8.5 miles east of Blackpool, and about 12 miles north-west of Preston. Elswick, Lancashire Elswick is a rural village and civil parish in the English county of Lancashire, situated on the coastal plain called the Fylde. As of the 2001 United... Read details This attraction is classified as: Civil parishes in Lancashire More reading: Wikipedia Article St Michael's Church is an Anglican church in the village of Weeton, Lancashire, England. It is an active parish church in the Diocese of Blackburn. It was built in 1843 and enlarged in 1846. It has been designated a Grade II listed building by English Heritage. St Michael's Church, Weeton St Michael's Church is an Anglican church in the village of Weeton, Lancashire, England. It is an active parish church in the Diocese of Blackburn. It... Read details This attraction is classified as: Buildings and structures in Fylde (borough) Church of England churches in Lancashire Diocese of Blackburn More reading: Wikipedia Article The Fylde; Scandinavian: "field" is a coastal plain in western Lancashire, England. It is roughly a 13-mile (20-kilometre) square-shaped peninsula, bounded by Morecambe Bay to the north, the Ribble estuary to the south, the Irish Sea to the west, and the Bowland hills to the east. The eastern boundary is approximately the location of the M6 motorway. It is a flat, alluvial plain; parts were once dug for peat, and it is the western part of an area formerly known as Amounderness. The west coast is almost entirely urban, containing the towns of Fleetwood, Cleveleys, Blackpool and Lytham St Annes, with Thornton, Carleton and Poulton-le-Fylde not far inland. This area forms the Blackpool Urban Area. The central southern part of the Fylde includes the smaller towns of Kirkham and Wesham. The rest of the Fylde is rural, containing villages that include Freckleton, Warton, Wrea Green, Great Eccleston, Hambleton, Knott End and Pilling. The River Wyre meanders across the Fylde from Garstang on the eastern edge, westwards towards Poulton and then northwards to the sea at Fleetwood. The area north and east of the tidal Wyre, known as Over Wyre, is the more rural side of the river. The Fylde is roughly trisected by the M55 motorway and A586 road. The Borough of Fylde is a local government area covering the south of the Fylde plain. The rest is covered by the boroughs of Wyre and Blackpool to the north and west respectively. The local justice area covering all of the Fylde is called Fylde Coast. The Fylde The Fylde; Scandinavian: "field" is a coastal plain in western Lancashire, England. It is roughly a 13-mile (20-kilometre) square-shaped peninsula, bo... Read details This attraction is classified as: Geography of Lancashire St Anne's Church, Singleton, Lancashire Located at 53.82, -2.9 (Lat. / Lng.), less than 2 mi away. More reading: St Anne's Church, Singleton, Lancashire homepage St Anne's Church, Singleton, is located in Church Road, Singleton, Lancashire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Poulton, the archdeaconry of Lancaster, and the Diocese of Blackburn. Its benefice is united with those of St Chad, Poulton, and St Hilda, Carleton. It is designated as a Grade II listed building by English Heritage. St Anne's Church, Singleton, Lancashire St Anne's Church, Singleton, is located in Church Road, Singleton, Lancashire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Poult... Read details This attraction is classified as: 19th-century Church of England church buildings Buildings and structures in Fylde (borough) Church of England churches in Lancashire Churches completed in 1860 Blackpool North and Cleveleys (UK Parliament constituency) Located at 53.82, -2.9 (Lat. / Lng.), less than 3 mi away. More reading: Wikipedia Article Blackpool North and Cleveleys ('blakpuːl nɔrθ and kliːv'lɪz) is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since its creation in 2010 by Paul Maynard of the Conservative Party. Blackpool North and Cleveleys (UK Parliament constituency) Blackpool North and Cleveleys ('blakpuːl nɔrθ and kliːv'lɪz) is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since its... Read details This attraction is classified as: Parliamentary constituencies in North West England Politics of Blackpool United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 2010 Kirkham Grammar School More reading: Kirkham Grammar School homepage Kirkham Grammar School is a co-educational independent school in Kirkham, Lancashire, England. It was founded in 1549. Its roots can be traced back to the chantry school attached to St Michael's Church in the 13th century. The school remained in the church grounds until it moved to occupy its present site on Ribby Road in 1911. The front range of the school and the headmaster's house constitute a Grade II listed building. Kirkham Grammar School Kirkham Grammar School is a co-educational independent school in Kirkham, Lancashire, England. It was founded in 1549. Its roots can be traced back to... Read details This attraction is classified as: 1549 establishments in England Schools with Combined Cadet Forces Blackpool North (UK Parliament constituency) Located at 53.82, -2.9 (Lat. / Lng.), less than 3 mi away. More reading: Wikipedia Article Blackpool North was a borough constituency in Lancashire which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was created for the 1945 general election, when the former constituency of Blackpool was split in two, and abolished for the 1997 general election. It was then largely replaced by the new Blackpool North & Fleetwood constituency. Blackpool North (UK Parliament constituency) Blackpool North was a borough constituency in Lancashire which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the Unit... Read details This attraction is classified as: Parliamentary constituencies in North West England (historic) Politics of Blackpool United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies disestablished in 1997 United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1945 Fylde South (UK Parliament constituency) Located at 53.82, -2.9 (Lat. / Lng.), less than 3 mi away. More reading: Wikipedia Article Fylde South was a constituency which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1950, until it was abolished for the 1983 general election. Fylde South (UK Parliament constituency) Fylde South was a constituency which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1950, unti... Read details This attraction is classified as: Fylde (borough) Parliamentary constituencies in North West England (historic) United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1950 United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1983 A585 road More reading: Wikipedia Article The A585 is a primary road in England which runs from Kirkham to Fleetwood in Lancashire. The road runs a total distance of just under 14 miles, on a mixture of rural and urban residential/commercial streets. The 12-mile section north of the M55 carries large amounts of container traffic to and from the Fleetwood container port. The road begins at Kirkham, as a turning off the A583, the Kirkham by-pass . It travels north for 1.5 miles, as Fleetwood Road, through Kirkham and Wesham, till it meets Junction 3 of the M55 at Wesham Circle. The road continues in a roughly northerly direction for a further 3 miles, through Esprick and Singleton. This section is rural and fairly winding, although some curves were straightened in the 1970s when container traffic began using the road, most notably the series of bends in Thistleton at the turnings to Singleton village and Elswick. These were notoriously known as 'Hellfire Corner'. The road meets the A586 Garstang New Road at Singleton where it turns west, sharing with the A586 for one mile (1.6 km). It continues north-west as Mains Lane for a further 1.5 miles, passing the A588 turning to Shard Bridge and Over Wyre, then sharing with the A588 until the River Wyre roundabout. At this point, the road becomes Amounderness Way, which was built in the 1970s to allow container traffic to bypass Thornton. It continues through Norcross Roundabout, and then due north into Fleetwood, to Broadwater Roundabout, a total distance of about 4.5 miles . Some sections of this road are dual carriageway. Broadwater Roundabout is surmounted by a statue of Eros, a copy of that standing in Piccadilly Circus, London. From here, the road begins its last and newest section, a 1.5-mile stretch of Amounderness Way built on the old railway bed in the 1990s. It eventually terminates at the new Ash Street roundabout, near Fleetwood Freeport, where it joins the A585 road The A585 is a primary road in England which runs from Kirkham to Fleetwood in Lancashire. The road runs a total distance of just under 14 miles, on a ... Read details This attraction is classified as: Roads in England More reading: Wikipedia Article RNAS Inskip or as it was otherwise known HMS Nightjar is a former Fleet Air Arm airfield near the village of Inskip, Lancashire, England at {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:53.8274326|N|2.8295374|W|type:landmark|||| | |name=RNAS Inskip }}. The site today is still owned by the Royal Navy and is now home to DCSA Inskip, a tri-service communication centre. Most of the communications that happen there are low frequency radio communications to submarines. The current station has four 600 feet high aerials and several other smaller aerials. Sea Cadet Training Centre (SCTC) Inskip, a national training centre to the Sea Cadet Corps, was situated on the same site until its closure on 31 Jan 2010, bringing to an end 68 years of uniformed presence in Inskip. In January 2012 the former SCTC Inskip reopened as the "Inskip Cadet Centre" and is now the new home of Cumbria & Lancashire Wing, Air Training Corps. Appropriately the Wing Headquarters Offices are situated in what was the old Watch Tower (Control Tower) when RNAS Inskip was a flying station. The runway was demolished in the 1970s. The concrete from it was used to build the M55 motorway, from which the aerials can be clearly seen. Today only the smaller taxiways exist as proof of the airfield's former existence. RNAS Inskip (HMS Nightjar) RNAS Inskip or as it was otherwise known HMS Nightjar is a former Fleet Air Arm airfield near the village of Inskip, Lancashire, England at {{#invoke:... Read details This attraction is classified as: Aviation in Lancashire St Nicholas' Church, Wrea Green Located at 53.82, -2.9 (Lat. / Lng.), less than 3 mi away. More reading: St Nicholas' Church, Wrea Green homepage St Nicholas' Church, Wrea Green, is located in the village of Wrea Green, Lancashire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Kirkham, the archdeaconry of Lancaster and the diocese of Blackburn. Its benefice is combined with those of St Matthew, Ballam, and St Michael, Weeton. The church has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building. St Nicholas' Church, Wrea Green St Nicholas' Church, Wrea Green, is located in the village of Wrea Green, Lancashire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery o... Read details This attraction is classified as: 19th-century Church of England church buildings Austin and Paley buildings Religious buildings completed in 1884 Sharpe and Paley buildings More facts and things to research: More facts related to this place you might find interesting: Blackpool North and Fleetwood (UK Parliament constituency), A583 road, HM Prison Kirkham, Carr Hill High School, St Michael's Church, Kirkham, Borough of Fylde, Shard Bridge, A.F.C. Fylde, River Brock, St Michael's Church, St Michael's on Wyre, Church of St John the Evangelist, Poulton-le-Fylde, Blackpool South (UK Parliament constituency), Freckleton Pool and Freckleton Air Disaster Hotels & Hostels: Places to stay See the Esprick hotels overview to get more hotels for this place. Or directly pick one of these popular hotels below to learn more about it.
M55
Who sang the theme song to the 1966 film 'Georgy Girl'?
Blackpool – Travel guide at Wikivoyage Understand[ edit ] Over 12 million people visit Blackpool each year, making it Britain's number one holiday resort. Many come for the two largest attractions, Blackpool Pleasure Beach and Blackpool Tower, although the town features many other smaller attractions including three piers, numerous amusement arcades, seven miles of beaches and pedestrian promenade, and a vibrant nightlife. Following a heyday in the first half of the twentieth century as the working classes gained freedom and disposable income, Blackpool has struggled to find a new role with the advent of package holidays to the Mediterranean. It has long used the Blackpool Illuminations light show to extend its tourist season into the autumn months, and has recently been campaigning the government to allow the redevelopment of its central seafront Golden Mile with Las Vegas-style casino hotels in an attempt to become a gambling haven. While many tourists go to Blackpool nowadays for party weekends (often hen or stag groups), an older clientele enjoys the nostalgia of the town. The Tower Ballroom remains a global mecca for ballroom dancing and many remember Reginald Dixon playing his Wurlitzer organ with songs such as "Oh I do like to be beside the seaside" - synonymous with the town. By car[ edit ] Blackpool can be reached via the M55 from the M6, the UK's main motorway through the North West of England. Blackpool has many car parks available to visitors, several of which are very close the town's main attractions and promenade. By bus[ edit ] Local bus services run from Preston , Lancaster , Nelson , Southport and Fleetwood . Long distance bus services, and charters, run from virtually everywhere in Great Britain . Wikivoyage has a guide to Rail travel in the United Kingdom . The trains run to 53.8218 -3.0493 1 Blackpool North and 53.7983 -3.0488 2 Blackpool South stations from Preston , Nelson and many other destinations. Blackpool North is the main station but for a day trip to the Pleasure Beach, change at Kirkham and take the Blackpool South line; the last station before Blackpool South is the Pleasure Beach Blackpool. Blackpool north is served by frequent trains from York, Manchester Victoria and other cities in the north of England. Interchange at Preston is provided for services to Scotland and Southern England (Birmingham, London) By tram[ edit ] The Blackpool Tramway has antique electric trams on its original 1885 tram system which runs along the complete length of the sea front from Starr Gate near Blackpool Airport to Fleetwood at the northern end of the Fylde coast. If arriving by train, a "Plusbus" ticket allows travel on trams between Starr Gate and Thornton Gate. By bus[ edit ] The town is well served by buses; the main operators within the town are Blackpool Transport and Stagecoach . Note that Blackpool Transport altered or renumbered most of its routes in July 2010. Until the change, every route had distinctive colour-coded buses but this system has been abandoned and the buses are now deployed on any route. Both operators sell day tickets but with very few exceptions these are only accepted on their own buses. On foot[ edit ] The majority of Blackpool's attractions are located on the promenade and, as a result, most are easily accessible on foot. See[ edit ] "Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear" The inscription above the stage in Blackpool Tower's ballroom is from the poem Venus and Adonis by William Shakespeare. Blackpool Tower Ballroom, the Sistine Chapel of North West England . 53.815833 -3.055278 1 Blackpool Tower . A Victorian alike of the Eiffel Tower, the view from the top is worth seeing, but gets busy at the peak of the tourist season. Blackpool Tower is one of the famous towers in the UK. Once inside, you climb through seven levels of attractions, including a circus, children's indoor adventure play area and ballroom (for you film buffs, this is the lavish ballroom seen in the 1996 Japanese film Shall We Dance?), before going up in a glass elevator to the observation decks.   Blackpool is the only British resort with three piers. All are free to visit. 53.819 -3.0593 2 North Pier . North pier is relaxed and has a sun trap lounge area at the end. North Pier is the oldest and largest of the three coastal piers in Blackpool.   Buy[ edit ] A man sells Blackpool rock from his stand in 1959. Prices may no longer be accurate. No trip to the seaside capital would be complete without purchasing a stick of Blackpool rock (hard candy) with your name written right the way through it and a mandatory "Kiss Me Quick" hat on Blackpool's Golden Mile. Shopping[ edit ] Beyond these specialities, Blackpool plays host to most other shops that you'd expect to find on a British high street including a Marks & Spencer department store as well as the Houndshill Shopping Centre , home to a Debenhams department store, Boots the Chemist, Next (clothing) and other chain stores. 53.8194 -3.0530 1 Big Woody's Skateshop , 32 Talbot Road, FY1 1LF,  ☎ +44 1253 296296 , e-mail: [email protected] . 10AM-5:30PM. Huge selection of skate and scooter merchandise alongside a wide range of clothing, safety gear and accessories. A skater-owned shop.  Eat[ edit ] Fish and Chips. "Chippies" are everywhere in Blackpool, however, the quality varies enormously. The promenade hosts many take away outlets and restaurants serving an assortment of fast foods and snacks, with fish and chips alongside them. 53.817081 -3.055585 1 Harry Ramsden's , 60-63 The Promenade, FY1 4QU,  ☎ +44 1253 294386 . 11:30-21:00 Sunday to Thursday. 22:00 close Friday and Saturday. Part of the "world famous" Harry Ramsden's chain located on the promenade. Ideally located near many of Blackpool's attractions and the sea front. Offers eat-in and take away services.  Mandarin , 27 Clifton Street, FY1 1JD,  ☎ +44 1253 622687 . Award winning Cantonese restaurant established over 46 years ago. A regular recommendation from hotel owners and taxi drivers.  West Coast Rock Cafe , 5-7 Abingdon St, FY1 1DG (Directly opposite the Winter Gardens),  ☎ +44 1253 751283 . A legendary Blackpool restaurant loved by the locals and visited by the stars! Winner of Restaurant of the Year 2009 & 2011. Great 100% Burgers, the best Steaks in town, succulent Barbecued Ribs, Chicken, Pizza, Pasta and loads more. Only place to go for Tex-Mex food for over 20 years.  Red Pepper, 51 Central Drive, FY1 5DS,  ☎ +44 1253 291152 . A well respected, family-run, Chinese restaurant and takeaway on Central Drive. Ten minutes' walk from the Tower, this restaurant is not in the poshest part of town, but the food is excellent - as a consequence of which, in common with many of the other longer-established businesses on Central Drive, the Red Pepper has a loyal local following.  Tasty Diner , 57 Central Drive, FY1 5DS,  ☎ +44 1253 421908 . 11:00-21:00. A friendly and pleasant café serving authentic Polish and English food. Ten minutes' walk from the Tower.  Boonnak , 60 Topping Street, FY1 3AQ,  ☎ +44 1253 290647 . Very popular local Thai restaurant. Recipient of the Tripadvisor Certificate of Excellence in 2014.  Drink[ edit ] Blackpool's night life is varied and numerous. There are clubs and pubs to suit everybody who comes to Blackpool looking for an evening out, With so much going on in Blackpool it is difficult to decide where to go. The famous Funny Girls transvestite show bar. Blue Room, opposite Syndicate nightclub. The Last Orders pub, in North Shore. Drink with the locals. Sanuk. Another popular nightclub with young people, on the front near North Pier Tache. Blackpool's alternative/rock night club. Formerly behind Talbot Road Bus Station, the club moved to a new venue on Corporation Street. The Auctioneer, Lytham Road South Shore. A Wetherspoons favourite with its good value drinks and food  Duple Club, 96 Bond Street South Shore Blackpool,  ☎ +44 1253 341647 . The Duple CIU club with its traditional Blackpool bingo and nightly entertainment welcomes all guests to visit whilst in Blackpool. Good value drinks and a Friendly including families with children welcome.  The Dutton Arms, Corner of Wateroo Road and the Promenade. The Dutton Arms is The Party Pub of South Shore Blackpool. Popular DJ's at the weekend and late closing. Unfortunately a large fire destroyed most of the building on 25 January 2010 but this family friendly pub-restaurant which offers football TV and a beer-patio facing the sea was refurbished that July and is still running successfully.  The Harold, 46 Bond Street, South Shore (From the promenade turn into Rawcliffe St (between Colonial & Queens Hotel) and we are directly infront of you, on the corner of Bond St & Rawcliffe St; close to both The Pleasure Beach & Blackpool FC Football Club.),  ☎ +44 1253 408807 . 10AM - midnight/01AM. The Harold is South Shores premier venue for both locals and visitors to Blackpool. A fantastic line up of entertainment both day and night, with live bands on Saturday nights (limited during winter months Nov-Feb, please check details). No need for drinks promotions, cheap drinks all day/everyday and you don't need to be a local - all customers are charged the same price.  The Albert and the Lion, Corner of Adelaide Street West and the Promenade. The JD Wetherspoons latest addition to Blackpool opened on 2nd July 2010 and can be found almost under the Blackpool Tower at the junction of The Promenade and Adelaide Street West. As always a Blackpool favourite with its competitively priced food and drinks  Rose & Crown, 22 Corporation Street, FY1 1EJ (2 minutes from the Grand Theatre, 3 minutes from the Winter Gardens),  ☎ +44 1253 299821 . Continental style eating and drinking in the centre of Blackpool. This locally owned pub has the largest outdoor seating area in the town centre - and it's heated! Steaks, Burgers, Pasta, Toasties. Paninins, Curry, Fish, Pies. Plus of course a great Sunday Lunch!  Pump and Truncheon, 13 Bonny Street, FY1 5AR (Located just behind the Golden Mile (behind Tussauds) next to the Law courts). One of the most famous old pubs in town. The only building on this part of the Golden Mile that survived the great fire of Blackpool. Great real ales and traditionally cooked food. Wooden and stone floors and a roaring fire complement the old style feel of this famous little pub!  The Sun Inn, 88 Bolton Street, FY1 6AA (Less than 100 yards from the Promenade, right next to South Shore Yates). An independent local family owned Pub that isn't tied to anyone. With Real Ales, Big Screen Sport TV and famous Pie and Peas.  Stay safe[ edit ] Visits to Blackpool are generally incident-free. During Friday and Saturday nights, the busiest areas of the town centre such as Talbot Square and Queen Street can become very crowded and somewhat rowdy, but there is a large and generally good-natured police presence. The sea front and piers are usually crowded so are generally safe. You should take care in the Central Drive area at night, and avoid back-alleys anywhere in the town centre after dark. In particular there are a small number of street prostitutes operating in these areas after 11PM, who approach single males who are under the influence of alcohol. Do not accept any offers of sex; you will be risking being mugged by the prostitute and/or a male accomplice. Gay male visitors should avoid the Middle Walk cruising area; a gay man was recently murdered here and there have been several violent homophobic attacks. Lighting in this area has been improved and there are regular police patrols. Note that the "gay quarter" around Talbot Road, Dickson Road and Queen Street is as safe as the rest of the town centre. It is now being heavily monitored with CCTV. Sleep[ edit ] It used to be said that Blackpool had a million tourist beds. These were mostly in small guest houses, and these have changed as customer expectations have increased - most have renovated simple bedrooms into en suite rooms, typically turning three rooms into two bedrooms with en suite bathrooms. Blackpool still enjoys a huge number of beds, and this keeps the market competitive and the prices low. At the higher end of things, Blackpool has a number of larger hotels, including the Imperial Hotel which is used by politicians during political party conferences which take place at the Winter Gardens. Budget[ edit ] The Sandpiper Bed and Breakfast , 20 Withnell Road,  ☎ +44 1253 341910 . Check-in: 2PM, check-out: 10AM. The Sandpiper Bed and Breakfast is situated in Blackpool's South Shore, just a few hundred yards from the Promenade and Beach. Within an easy two minutes walk you can reach Blackpool's most popular attractions including the Pleasure Beach, Sandcastle Waterworld, the South Pier and G Casino. Offers good value accommodation for families and couples with clean, comfortable rooms and a cooked breakfast or a room only option. Double rooms from £30.  The Chesterfield Hotel , '5 Wellington Road,  ☎ +44 1253 345979 . Friendly hotel just off The Central Promenade midway between Blackpool Tower and Blackpool Pleasure Beach, managed and owned by brother and sister Julie and Steve Clarke since 1990. 9 rooms in total - 2 of them are Family Rooms (up to 4 people) and the rest are doubles, all with toilet and shower facilities, freshly laundered bed-linen, colour TV and tea/coffee making facilities with unlimited free tea and coffee available every day. English Breakfast every morning.You can buy full three-meals course as well - it is £11.95 per adult or £5.95 per child. There is a bar lounge area in the basement which is open every night from 8PM till around midnight.with happy hour from 8PM-9PM when most drinks are £1.80 a pint/35 ml spirit! Pets are welcome free of charge. Rooms are from £30.  Norbreck Castle Hotel , Queen's Promenade. A 480 Bedroom Hotel, set in a prime location on the Promenade, offering breathtaking views of the Irish Sea. Rooms from £25 a night.  Grand Metropole Blackpool Hotel146-148 Promenade Blackpool, Lancashire. The Savoy Hotel Promenade, Blackpool North Shore, near Blackpool's many attractions. Britannia Hotels , Promenade. Blackpool 3 hotels in Blackpool. Rooms from £30 a night. Near Pleasure Beach.  Robin Hood Hotel, at the St. Stephen's Ave. tram stop, one block north. 10 rooms, Single £27, double £54. Rooms 1, 5, and 9 have sea views, relaxing lounge, non-smoking. Splurge[ edit ] 53.787899 -3.055817 2 Big Blue Hotel , Ocean Boulevard, Pleasure Beach, FY4 1ND,  ☎ +44 1253 400045 . Offers 4 star contemporary accommodation right next to the Pleasure Beach.  Go next[ edit ] Take a tram north to Fleetwood , formerly one of the UK's major fishing ports. Visit its famous market and go to the outlet mall called "Freeport". If peacefulness is what is required then catch a bus or train to "Lytham", "Ansdell","Fairhaven" or "St Annes-on-sea". Under the resort name of "Lytham St Annes", these charming family seaside towns offer something different and traditional to Blackpool. Liverpool is easily accessible from Blackpool and is currently undergoing something of a renaissance. The port city is now home to a thriving shopping and cultural culture, building on its history and legacy in popular culture. Manchester can also be easily reached from Blackpool: direct trains run regularly from Blackpool North to the city centre. This 'Cottonopolis' has now hung up its clogs and welcomed in a world of culture, business, music, art, shopping and fine dining. This city travel guide to Blackpool has guide status. It has a variety of good, quality information including hotels, restaurants, attractions and travel details. Please contribute and help us make it a star !
i don't know
Which specific creatures are collectively known as a 'Parliament'?
Group Names for Birds Group Names for Birds: A Partial List By Terry Ross A bevy of quail A bouquet of pheasants [when flushed] A brood of hens A building of rooks A cast of hawks [or falcons] A charm of finches A colony of penguins A company of parrots A congregation of plovers A cover of coots A covey of partridges [or grouse or ptarmigans] A deceit of lapwings A descent of woodpeckers A dissimulation of birds A dole of doves An exaltation of larks A fall of woodcocks A flight of swallows [or doves, goshawks, or cormorants] A gaggle of geese [wild or domesticated] A host of sparrows A kettle of hawks [riding a thermal] A murmuration of starlings A murder of crows A muster of storks A nye of pheasants [on the ground] An ostentation of peacocks A paddling of ducks [on the water] A parliament of owls A party of jays A peep of chickens A pitying of turtledoves A raft of ducks A rafter of turkeys A siege of herons A skein of geese [in flight] A sord of mallards A spring of teal A tidings of magpies A trip of dotterel An unkindness of ravens A watch of nightingales A wedge of swans [or geese, flying in a "V"] A wisp of snipe Any of these group names may properly be used by birders who wish to display their erudition, although it is probably linguistically inaccurate (and it certainly is bad manners) to upbraid someone who refers to "a bunch of ravens" by saying, "Surely you mean `an unkindness of ravens,' my good fellow." Most of these terms date back at least 500 years. Some of them have been in continuous use since then; others have gone out of fashion and been resurrected in the last century or two; still others only exist on lists. Most of these terms are listed in James Lipton's An Exaltation of Larks. Lipton's list is substantially based on very old sources. There were manuscript lists of group names in the 15th century, and these lists appeared in some of the first books printed in England. Many of them make their first appearance in John Lydgate's Debate between the Horse, Goose, and Sheep (1440); and Lydgate's terms along with others appear in The Book of Hawking and Hunting (also known as The Book of St. Albans) by Dame Juliana Barnes (1486). Whether Lydgate and Barnes coined any of these terms, or whether they were setting down the terms that were considered proper in their day is not known. Many of the terms did catch on, and the lists they appeared on were frequently reprinted. The best source I know for investigating the histories of English words is the Oxford English Dictionary. Unfortunately, on the question whether these terms ever were or still are appropriate, the OED is not entirely helpful. To make sense of the matter, I have placed the group names into groups-- GROUP A--The following group names are standard: A bevy of quail A bouquet of pheasants A brood of hens A cast of hawks A charm of finches A covey of partridges A flight of swallows A gaggle of geese A nye of pheasants A siege of herons A skein of geese A trip of dotterel A wisp of snipe GROUP B--These terms are not group names for a particular type of bird, but have been commonly used for many different types: Colony Company Flock Parliament Party GROUP C--These terms are archaic; they were once obsolete, but they have been revived somewhat in the 19th or 20th centuries: A building of rooks A murmuration of starlings A muster of peacocks A peep of chickens A sord of mallards A spring of teal A watch of nightingales GROUP D--These terms are obsolete; they appeared on the old lists, but almost nobody has used them in centuries: A congregation of plovers A dissimulation of birds A dole of doves A fall of woodcock A host of sparrows A paddling of ducks An unkindness of ravens GROUP E--These terms are not in the OED at all as group names for birds: A cover of coots A kettle of hawks A murder of crows An ostentation of peacocks A pitying of turtledoves A rafter of turkeys A tidings of magpies My categories are imprecise, but they provide some guidance about usage. Have no qualms about using any of the terms in group A; use the terms in group B for any group of birds that seems apt; use the terms in groups C and D only if you don't mind being thought pedantic or literary; avoid the terms in group E unless you know something the OED doesn't. Alas, the OED itself is not totally reliable: the word "kettle" (as both a noun and a verb) has been used by hawk watchers for many years, and it has often appeared in print; the OED editors obviously are not birders. It may well be that the other terms in group E appear on the 15th-century lists and were simply missed. Thanks to the following for their suggestions and contributions: Bruce Helmboldt, Stephan L. Moss, Pete Janzen, Macklin Smith, Billie Jo Johnstone, Richard Danca, Gail Mackiernan, Alice Rasa. Review the correspondence on this matter from BirdChat. View a list of whimsical group names submitted by chatters.
OWLS
Which male tennis player appeared in the final of the US Open for five consecutive years between 1974 and 1978?
Collective Nouns Collective Nouns One of the many oddities of the English language is the multitude of different names given to collections or groups, be they beasts, birds, people or things. Many of these collective nouns are beautiful and evocative, even poetic. A colony of auks (flock, raft) A colony of avocets A flock of birds (dissimulation, fleet, flight, parcel, pod, volary, ) A sedge of bitterns (siege) A chain of bobolinks A brood of chickens (cletch, clutch, peep) A chattering of choughs (clattering) A covert of coots ( commotion, cover, fleet, flock, pod, rasp, swarm) A flight of cormorants (gulp) A sedge of cranes (herd, sedge, siege) A murder of crows ( hover, muster, parcel) A head of curlews (herd) A trip of dotterels A dole of doves ( dule, flight, piteousness, pitying, prettying) A flush of ducks (badelynge, brace, bunch, dopping, flock, paddling, plump, raft, safe, skein, sord, string, team) A flight of dunbirds (rush) A fling of dunlins A convocation of eagles (aerie) A cast of falcons A charm of finches (chirm, trembling, trimming) A stand of flamingos A gaggle of geese (flock, plump, skein, team, wedge) A charm of goldfinches (chattering, drum, troubling) A dopping of goosanders A covey of grouse (brace, brood, flight, pack) A bazaar of guillemots A mews of hawks (aerie, cast, kettle, mew, moulting, screw, stream) A brood of hens A sedge of herons (flight, hedge, rookery, siege) A charm of hummingbirds (chattering, drum, troubling) A colony of ibises A band of jays (party, scold) A desert of lapwings (deceit) A parcel of linnets An exaltation of larks (ascension, bevy, flight) A congregation of magpies (charm, flock, gulp, murder, tiding, tittering, tribe, ) A sord of mallards (flush, puddling, sute) A plump of moorhens A watch of nightingales (match, pray) A pride of ostriches (flock) A parliament of owls (stare) A fling of oxbirds A company of parrots (flock, pandemonium, psittacosis) A covey of partridges (bevy, bew, clutch, warren) A muster of peacocks (ostentation, pride) A pod of pelicans (scoop) A colony of penguins (parcel, rookery) A cadge of peregrines A nye of pheasants (bouquet, head, nide, warren, ) A flight of pigeons (flock, kit, passel, ) A knob of pintails [small number] A congregation of plovers (band, flight, leash, stand, wing) A rush of pochards (flight, knob[small number]) A run of poultry A bevy of quails (covey, drift) An unkindness of ravens (aerie, conspiracy) A crowd of redwings A parliament of rooks (building, clamour, congregation, shoal, wing) A hill of ruffs A dopping of sheldrakes (doading) A walk of snipes (wisp) A host of sparrows (meinie, quarrel, tribe, ubiquity) A murmuration of starlings (chattering, cloud, congregation, clutter) A mustering of storks (flight, phalanx) A flight of swallows (gulp) A herd of swans (bank, bevy, drift, eyrar, game, herd, lamentation, sownder, squadron, team, wedge, whiteness, whiting) A flock of swifts A spring of teals (bunch, coil, knob, raft) A mutation of thrushes A flock of turkeys (dole, dule, raffle, raft, rafter, posse) A pitying of turtledoves A colony of vultures (committee, wake) A plump of waterfowls (bunch, knob, raft) A company of widgeons (bunch, coil, flight, knob, trip) A trip of wildfowls (bunch, knob, lute, plump,scry, skein, sord, sute) A fall of woodcocks (covey, flight, plump) A descent of woodpeckers A cluster of antelopes (herd, tribe) A shrewdness of apes (troop) A pace of asses (drove, coffle, herd) A congress of baboons (flange, troop) A cete of badgers (colony) A cloud of bats (colony) A sloth of bears (sleuth) A colony of beavers (family, lodge) A herd of bisons (gang) A sute of bloodhounds A herd of boars (singular) A sounder of (wild) boars [12+] A herd of bucks (leash) A gang of buffalos (herd, obstinacy) A drove of bullocks A flock of camels (caravan, herd, train) A herd of caribous A clowder of cats (glaring, cluster, clutter) A destruction of (wild) cats (dout, dowt) A herd of cattle (drift, drove, mob) A herd of chamois A rake of colts (rack, rag) A bury of conies (game) A flink of cows [12+] A pack of coyotes (band, rout) A litter of cubs A herd of deers (bunch, leash, mob, parcel, rangale) A pack of dogs (kennel) A pod of dolphins (flock, school, team) A herd of donkeys (drove) A herd of elands A herd of elephants (parade) A gang of elks (herd) A business of ferrets (cast, fesnying) A skulk of foxes (earth, lead, leash, troop) A brace of geldings A journey of giraffes (corps, group, herd, tower) A herd of gnus (implausibility) A trip of goats (flock, herd, trip, tribe) A band of gorillas (whoop) A leash of greyhounds A group of guinea pigs A horde of hamsters A drove of hares (down, flick, herd, husk, kindle, leash, trace, trip) A herd of harts A array of hedgehogs (prickle) A parcel of hinds A bloat of hippopotami (crash, herd, pod, school, thunder) A drift of hogs (drove, parcel) A stable of horses (drove, harras, herd, remuda, string, stud, team) A pack of hounds (cry, hunt, kennel, leash, meet, mute, stable, sute) A clan of hyenas A mob of kangaroos (troop) A kindle of kittens (litter) A fall of lambs A leap of leopards (lepe) A kindle of leverets A pride of lions (flock, sault, sawt, sowse, troop) A herd of llamas A richness of martens (richesse) A mischief of mice (horde, nest, trip) A labour of moles (company, movement) A band of mongooses (pack) A troop of monkeys (cartload, mission, tribe, wilderness) A herd of moose A barren of mules (pack, rake, span) A family of otters (bevy, raft, romp) A team of oxen (drove, herd, meinie, span, yoke) A pomp of pekingese A drove of pigs (drift, flock, herd) A doylt of (tame) pigs A sounder of (wild) pigs A farrow of piglets (litter) An aurora of polar bears (pack) A chine of polecats A string of ponies (herd) A prickle of porcupines A school of porpoises (herd, pod) A coterie of prairie dogs (town) A litter of pups A colony of rabbits (bury, drove, flick, kindle, leash, nest, trace, warren, wrack) A field of racehorses (string) A nursery of raccoons (gaze) A colony of rats (horde, mischief, swarm) A crash of rhinoceroses (herd, stubbornness) A bevy of roe deers A colony of seals (harem, herd, pod, rookery, spring) A flock of sheep (down, drift, drove, fold, herd, meinie, mob, parcel, trip) A surfeit of skunks A dray of squirrels (colony) A pack of stoats (trip) A drove of swine (herd) A doylt of (tame) swine (drift, trip) A sounder of (wild) swine [12+] An ambush of tigers (streak) A blessing of unicorns A huddle of walruses (herd, ugly) A mob of wallabyies A sneak of weasels (gang, pack) A grind of bottle-nosed whales A school of whales (float, gam, herd, mob, pod, run, shoal, troup) A destruction of wildcats (dout) A herd of wildebeests A pack of wolves (herd, rout) A mob of wombats A colony of ants (army, bike, swarm) A swarm of bees (bike, cast, cluster, drift, erst, game, grist, hive, rabble, stand) A bike of (wild) bees A flight of butterflies (kaleidoscope, rabble, swarm) An army of caterpillars A swarm of flies (business, cloud, grist, hatch) A cloud of gnats (horde, rabble, swarm) A cloud of grasshoppers (cluster, swarm) A bike of hornets (nest, swarm) A flight of insects (horde, plague, rabble, swarm) A flock of lice (colony, infestation) A plague of locusts (cloud, swarm) A scourge of mosquitoes (swarm) A clutter of spiders (cluster) A colony of termites (swarm) A colony of wasps (bike, nest) A company of angel fish A company of archer fish A battery of barracudas A fleet of bass (shoal) A grind of blackfish A school of butterfly fish A school of cod A swarm of dragonet fish A troop of dogfish A shoal of fish (catch, draught, fray, haul, run, school) A glide of flying fish A glint of goldfish (troubling) A glean of herrings (army, shoal) A shoal of mackerels A shoal of minnows (steam, stream, swarm) A pack of perch A shoal of pilchards (school) A cluster of porcupine fish A party of rainbow fish A shoal of roach A bind of salmons(draught, leap, run, school, shoal) A family of sardines
i don't know
Now the national dish of Switzerland, what type of food is Cervelat?
Switzerland - waneetahachimi waneetahachimi Switzerland Cervelat Cervelat, also cervelas, servelat or zervelat, is a kind of cooked sausage produced mainly in Switzerland , Alsace and in parts of Germany . [1] The modern Swiss variety is a mixture of beef , bacon and pork rind [1] packed into zebu intestines, [2] slightly smoked and then boiled. Fondue Fondue is a Swiss dish of melted cheese served in a communal pot ( caquelon ) over a spirit lamp (rechaud), and eaten by dipping long-stemmed forks with bread into the cheese. It was promoted as a Swiss national dish by the Swiss Cheese Union in the 1930s and became popular in North America in the 1960s. Since the 1950s, the name "fondue" has been generalized to other dishes where a food is dipped into a communal pot of hot liquid: chocolate fondue, where pieces of fruit are dipped into a melted chocolate mixture, and fondue bourguignonne, where pieces of meat are cooked in hot oil.
Sausage
Now the national dish of Georgia, what type of food is Khachapuri?
European Cuisine - European Culture - European Travel | travelfoodanddrink.com Iceland – Food and Drink, what you need to try Iceland has some very interesting food (Minke whale, puffin, fermented shark, fresh seafood), and drink (black death) plus some of the most beautiful scenery in the world.  Spend a few minutes looking at these photos to learn almost everything you need to know about food and drink in Iceland. Slovakia – National Dishes and Favorite Foods Some Slovak cuisine is well known in certain regions of the world where Slovaks have settled. It is not anywhere near as world famous and popular as French or Italian, but it has the power to warm the hearts of travelers. Many Slovakian foods were originated by the traditional lifestyle in the villages. Meals were prepared by the ingredients they […] Greek Food and Drink It is widely known that the Mediterranean cuisine is supposed to be one of the best in the international gastronomic community. From Spain and Italy, to Greece and Turkey, olive oil, vegetables, fruits, seafood and meat, cooked in all kinds of ways, are the major components of Mediterranean cooking, for over two centuries now. Most […] The Fires (Las Fallas) and Paella of Valencia, Spain Valencia is the third largest city in Spain, and it is resplendent with amazing architecture, a profound sense of history and beautiful beaches. Many know that this vibrant and cosmopolitan city is home to the European Formula One Grand Prix, and it is also a popular destination for those attending La Tomatina, a much publicized […] Cheese in Switzerland When most people think of the cheese capital of the world, France immediately leaps to mind. With their cultivated cuisine and sophisticated bistros, it is easy to see why. But Switzerland is no slouch when it comes to cheese making, and boasts at least 450 original varieties. Not bad for a little country that could […] Khachapuri – National Dish of Georgia Georgian cuisine had a reputation in the former Soviet Union as being the belle of the ball.  After all, Georgia’s geographical location lends itself to a cuisine that is both tasty and unique.  Positioned at the crossroads between Eastern Europe and the near-Mid East, Georgia once was part of the famed Silk Road.  Geographic neighbors […] Swiss fondue and raclette   Cheese is one of the world’s most popular foods, and a staple in French as well as Swiss cuisine. Cheese fondue is a well-known and delicious way of enjoying this decadence. Raclette, which is similar to Fondue is a particular specialty of Switzerland. Fondue is a dish that was invented by the Swiss, and […] Waterzooi – Food and Drink in Ghent, Belgium Please look at the pictures at end of article! Ghent is a city in the Flemish region of Belgium, it is the fourth most populous city in Belgium and is only about 30 minutes from Brussels. it’s an interesting city that any foodie, or beer lover would certainly enjoy.  Ghent is often overlooked by tourist […] Krakow – Poland’s “Food Capital” Krakow is no stranger to Culinary Tourism, and the Municipality of Krakow’s, Tourism Marketing Department was smart enough to realize the positive effect it has on promoting their city, and that trying new foods, especially regional foods, and eating local specialties, is a significant part of every visitor’s experience.  The Tourism Marketing Department should continue to promote “Culinary Tourism”, and should […] Amsterdam – 3 Places for a real Dutch Drink Visit  one of these 3 places to drink (or take) some great Dutch beers, or sample some traditional Dutch gin (jenever) in a 360 year-old “tasting house”. At the Biercafe ‘t Arendsnest (The Eagle’s Nest) they only sell Dutch beers and they have 30 beers on tap and over 100 bottled beers.  They are located on a canal at Herengracht 90.  […] Amsterdam – Dutch Foods Take a look at some of the Dutch food available in Amsterdam.  The Dutch like to eat Stamppot for dinner once the weather cools down, and also a warm, and hearty pea soup (Erwtensoep), made with bits of ham or sausage.  Stamppot is a mixture of boiled potatoes and vegetables topped with gravy and served with a large meatball […] Meet The Corn Flake Traveler Mick, or “The Corn Flake Traveler”  as we like to call him here at TravelFooodandDrink.com, has already completed 19% of his mission. He has eaten corn flakes in 52 of 263 territories, and he has some great photos of him, and his corn flakes. We had to ask Mick a few questions. You’ve eaten corn […] Italy – Food and Drink Many people do not realize that there is more to Italian food than just pizza, pasta, and spaghetti. In fact, the culinary landscape in Italy is more varied than in countries many times larger. Today in Italy, there are in excess of 19 different regions each boasting their own flavor profiles and that emphasize different […] Ireland – Food and Drink By Roisin O’Sullivan “Deedle, deedle die potatoes…” In ways Ireland is one of the most stereotyped countries in the world. Many media images are all about Guinness, potatoes and small men in green three-piece suits who have lost their pots of gold. Yet no-one eats Lucky Charms in Ireland and if they did they certainly […] France – Food and Drink French cuisine is celebrated throughout the world, but there is no place that you can get terrific, authentic cuisine as delicious as that you’ll find in France. Like other countries around the world, French cuisine is defined by the region and the season. The French in particular, let seasonal produce and ingredients dictate the kinds […] Would You Eat a Puffin? Would You Eat a Puffin? 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i don't know
Deriving its name from an Icelandic word meaning erupt, what name is given to a natural hot spring that intermittently ejects a column of water and steam into the air?
Full text of "Yellowstone Park guide; a practical hand-book, containing accurate and concise descriptions of the entire park region, maps, distances, altitudes, geyser time tables and all necessary information" See other formats ' \ •' #*' \ m :oy YELLOWSTONE PARK GUIDE A PRACTICAL HAND-BOOK CONTAINING ACCURATE AND CONCISE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ENTIRE PARK REGION. MAPS, DISTANCES, ALTITUDES, GEYSER TIME TABLES AND ALL NECESSARY INFORMATION. PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED. BY A. B. GUPTILL. ILLUSTRATHD AND PLI5LISHED, , . nv >5, 3 1 F. JAY HAYNES. official photographer n. p. r. i?, 392 Jackson Street, st. paul, minn. branch : yellowstone park. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1894 by F. Jay Hayiu's in th? office of the Librarian of Congress at Wasliington, D. C, THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY 34(3346 A8T0R, LENOX AND TILBEN FOUNDATIONS. 1906 H. L. Collins Co. Printers, Binders, Engravers, St. Paul. ft »• w fc « • * • , • • • • ♦ • ••• • • * • • ••• • • 'f<"»««i a • ••c •« •'•eft*'* (0(5)(]r(ii^(ilr]l1^^ YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. PAGE. Livingston, Mont., to Mammoth Hot Springs, . 9-11 Gate of the Mountains — Paradise Valley — Emigrant Peak — "Yankee Jim" Canyon — Cinnabar Mountain — Ride to Hot Springs — Boiling River. Mammoth Hot Springs ', . . 12-20 Description — McCartney Cave — Liberty Cap — Devil's Thumb — Minerva Terrace — Jupiter Terrace — Pulpit Terrace — Cupid's Cave — Narrow Gauge Ter- race — Orange Ge3^ser — Devil's Kitchen — Bath Lake. Fort Yellowstone, 20 Tour of the Park, (South from Mammoth Hot Springs,) 22 Golden Gate and Rustic Falls, 22 Swan Lake Basin, , 23 Gallatin Mountains — Bell Peak — Quadrant Mount- ain — Mt. Holmes — Electric Peak — Indian and Ob- sidian Creeks. Obsidian Cliff, 25 Beaver Lake, and Drive to Norris, 26 Road from Norris Basin to Falls and Canyon, . 26 Virginia Cascades and " Bend in the Road." Norris Geyser Basin, . 28-34 Congress — Minute Man — Black Grov^ler — Mud Geyser — Emerald Pool — New Crater — Monarch (ieyser — Gibbon Paint Pots. CONTENTS. PAGE. Gibbon Canyon and Falls, 34-37 Mt.Schurz— MoiiumenlGej'ser Basin— Beryl Spring- View of the"Tetons." Lower Geyser Basin, 37-41 Hotel — Fountain Geyser— Clepsydra Spring— Mam- moth Faint Pots — Great Fountain Geyser. Midway Geyser Basin, , 41-46 Excelsior Geyser — Turquois Spring — Prismatic Lake. Upper Geyser Basin, 46-71 Old Faithful — Bee Hive— Giantess — Lion, Lioness, Cubs — Sawmill Group — Grand and Turban — Beauty Spring — Economic — Giant — Oblong — Grotto — Riverside — Fan and Mortar — Splendid — White Pyramid — Punch Bowl — Black Sand Basin — Specimen Lake — Sun Light Basin — Castle Ge\'serand Well — Morning Glory Spring — Artemisia Spring — Biscuit Basin — Sapphire Pool — Jewel Geyser — Black Pearl — Silver Globe. Map of the Upper Geyser Basin, 47 Geyser Time Table, 72 Upper Geyser Basin to Yellowstone Lake, . . 71-73 Kepler Cascades — Lone Star Geyser — Continental Divide — Shoshone Lake — Thumb Bay (Yellowstone Lake), Yellowstone Lake and Vicinity, 75-79 Thumb Bay and Hot Springs— Paint Pots— Fishing Cone-" Outlet "—Natural Bridge— Hoodoo Region. Yellowstone Lake to Falls and Canyon, . . . 79-82 Mud Geysers — Mud Caldron— Nez Perces' Ford — Hayden Valley— Alum Creek — Sulphur Mountain and Springs. Upper Falls of the Yellowstone, 82-84 Cascade Falls and Grotto Pool, 84 CONTENTS. PAGE. Great Falls and Grand Canyon, 86-94 Brink of Falls — Point Lookout — Artists' Point — Red Rock — Inspiration Point — Hot Springs — Eagle's Nest. Side Trip to Mount Washburn, 95-97 Side Trips from Mammoth Hot Springs, .... 97-104 Middle Gardiner Falls — Bunsen Peak — Mt. Evarts — East Gardiner Falls — Yancey's — Tower Falls — Petri- tied Trees. Park IN Midwinter, 104-109 Game of the Park in Winter, 110-114 History and Early Explorations 114-120 Act of Dedication, 120-122 Rules and Regulations 122-124 Fauna and Flora, , 124-125 Fish and Fishing, 125-127 Practical Information, 127-128 Hotels and Telegraphic Communication, . . 129 Origin and Theory of Geysers, 129-130 Taijle of Distances, . , - 131 Elevations, 131 Altitude of Mountains, 131 ll(l(l(yis1^D==(l^to(o)(j^^ PAGE. Great Falls of the Yellowstone, Frontispiece Liberty Cap and Hotel 14 Minerva Terrace, Mammotli Hot Springs, .... 16 East Entrance to Golden Gate. 21 Obsidian Cliff, 24 Virginia Cascades, 27 Minute Geyser, Norris Basin, 30 Mammoth Paint Pots, 39 Excelsior Geyser, Firehole River, 42 Map of the Upper Geyser Basin, 47 Old Faithful Geyser, 49 Giant Geyser, 56 Crater of Oblong Geyser, 58 Splendid Geyser, 61 Castle, Bee Hive and Old Faithful Geysers, .... 67 Sapphire Pool, Biscuit Basin, 69 Lone Star Geyser, 74 Yellowstone Lake, Hot Spring Cone, 77 Hayden Valley, between Lake and Falls, '-80 Rapids above Upper Falls, 83 Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, 85 Point Lookout and Great Falls, 87 Tower Falls, 101 Snowshoe Party passing Obsidian Cliff, 103 Foliage near Geysers in Winter, 106 Great Falls of Yellowstone in Winter, 108 Elk in Hayden Valley, Ill Buffalo in Hayden Valley, 113 Map of Yellowstone Park, .... Third Page Cover Great Falls of the Yellowstone, 360 feet. Y@ifl@wsteff|@ lll^i^oQB^^O fk\p\ In the Northwest corner of Wyoming in the heart of the Rock}' Mountains is located Yellowstone National Park. Its boundaries overlap a few miles into Montana on the north and into Idaho and Montana on the west. The res- ervation is about 65 miles east and west and 75 miles north and south. No valley within its limits has an eleva- of less than 6,000 feet, while many of the mountain peaks within and adjacent to the Park rise from 10,000 to 14,000 feet above sea level. Yellowstone Lake, 15 by 20 miles in size, is the largest body of water in North America at this altitude (8,000ft.). Three of the largest rivers in the United States, the Missouri, Yellowstone and Columbia, have their source in Yellowstone Park. The geysers of this region out- class anything of the kind in the known world. There arc over 50 that throw a column of hot water 30 to 250 feet in the air at intervals of one minute to 14 davs. The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, 10 miles long with an average depth of 1,200 feet, is acknowledged by travelers to be the most brilliantly colored landscape in existence. The Miim- moth Hot Springs are the only colored terrace building hot springs known that have such beauty and magnitude. Cliifs of volcanic glass, unsurpassed waterfalls, mountains TOUR OF THE PARK. 9 of petrifactions, charming valleys, hills of brimstone, per- petual snow-clad peaks, interspersed with thousands of natural curiosities, fittingly characterize this as the Won- derland of the World. Modern hotels have been constructed throughout the Park convenientlv located near these objects of interest. Sub- stantial roads and bridges have been built leading to all the chief attractions. Steamers have been placed on the lakes, mountain streams have been stocked with rare species of the finny tribe, military posts have been established, rail- roads have approached the Park boundary, — all for the pleasure, comfort, protection and enjoyment of the people. LIVINGSTON TO MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS. LivinffSfon^ 31ont,, on the main line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, is about midway between St. Paul and the Pacific coast. From this point a branch of the Northern Pacific extends 51 miles south to Cinnabar near the north- ern boundar}" of the Park, following the valley of the Yel- lowstone the entire distance. Livingston is an enterprising little cit}^ located at the base of the Snow\' and Belt ranges — spurs of the Rocky Mountains. Three miles from Liv- ingston the Park branch passes through the first canyon of the Yellovvstone, or Gate of the Mountains, forming a nat- ural entrance into the Upper Yellowstone Valley. The can- yon is over a mile long and just wide enough to comfortably admit the road and river, the mountain walls rising some 2 10 YELLOWS TONE NATIONAL PARK. 2,000 feet perpendicularly on either side. Passing through the first canyon, Paradise Valley is immediately entered ; it extends from the mouth of the can^'on some 30 miles up the river, and is from 7 to 12 miles wide. This valle}' has been settled by ranchmen for twent\^-five 3'ears ; it is very fertile, easily irrigated, and well adapted to stock raising. On the east side of the valley, a very picturesque mountain range is seen, constantly changing as the train moves south ; the hills on the west are not as abrupt, but are verv interesting from a geological point of view. Emigrant Peak (elevation 10,629 feet and some 6,000 feet above the valley) is a prominent mountain located near the south end of Paradise Valley. The Second f or Yankee Jim, Canyon,— Vorty miles from Livingston the Park branch passes through the second, or *' Yankee Jim " canyon of the Yellowstone. For several years prior to the building of the railroad, an en- terprising individual called "Yankee Jim," having con- structed a wagon road through the canyon at quite an ex- pense, enjoyed a lucrative business in collecting toll from each visitor to the Park. Yankee Jim is still located at the south end of the can\'On and has many guests during the tourist season, who find in the swift waters of the river the best of trout fishing — equal to any of the many excellent fishing stations along the Yellowstone. The second canyon is far more picturesque than the first; the mountain walls rise higher, and the gorge, within wdiich the river is com- TOUR OF THE PARK. 11 pressed, is scarcely a hundred feet wide. An excellent view is had from the cars as the train winds slowly through the gorge. CinJiabftr^ Wont., the terminus of the Park Branch Railroad, derives its name from Cinnabar Mountain, a conspicuous landmark on the Upper Yellowstone. As the train passes along its base, from the car window is plainly seen the " Devil's Slide," two walls of trap-rock (some 150 feet apart) extending up the mountain nearly 2,000 feet, and embracing a reddish-colored mineral resembling cinna- bar. Tourists are conveyed from the station to the Mam- moth Hot Springs Hotel, seven miles distant, in six-horse tally-ho coaches. The mountainous character of the country and the necessity of ascending nearly 2,000 feet (the altitude of Mammoth Hot Springs above Cinnabar) in so short a distance render the construction of a railroad further south impracticable. The carriage road leads along the Gardiner River, a characteristic mountain stream, clear and rapid, and a favorite resort for the angler. Within two miles of Mammoth Hot Springs the road leaves the river for the ascent of the mountain. Jioiliiig Itiver empties into the Gardiner at this point; it is the congregation of all the waters from the Mammoth Hot Springs, and is famous from the fact that fish mav be caught in the cold stream and cooked in the hot, without change of position. 12 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS. The recent volcanic eruptions m New Zealand which des- troyed the famous pink terraces of Rotomahana, leaves the Mammoth Hot Springs of Yellowstone Park without a rival as the most remarkable development of thermal action to be found in the world — occupying over 170 acres, with 13 distinct terraces and over 50 active springs. Dr. Hayden, in his report for 1871, describes these springs as follows: "The wonderful transparency of the water sur- passes anything of the kind I have ever seen in an\' other portion of the world. The sky, with the smallest cloud that flits across it, is reflected in its limpid depths, and the ultramarine colors, more vivid than the sea, are greatly heightened by the constant, gentle vibrations. One can look down into the clear depths and see with perfect dis- tinctness the minutest ornament on the inner sides of the basins; and the exquisite beauty of the coloring and infi- nite variety of form baffle an}' attempt to portray them either with pen or brush. And then, too, around the bor- ders of the springs, especially those of rather low temper- ature, and on the sides and bottoms of the numerous little channels of the streams that flow into these springs, there is a striking variety of the most vivid colors. I can only compare them to our most brilliant aniline d3'es — various shades of red, from the brightest scarlet to a bright rose tint; also a'cIIow, from deep bright sulphur through all the shades to light cream color. There are also various shades TOUR OF THE PARK. 13 of green from the peculiar vegetation. These springs are also filled with minute vegetable forms, which, under the microscope, prove to be diatoms, among which Dr. Billings describes /)a/me//a and oscillara. There are also in the little streams that flow from the boiling springs great quantities of a fibrous, silky substance, apparently vegetable, which vibrates at the slightest movement of the water, and has the appearance of the finest quality of cashmere wool. When the w^aters are .still these silken masses become in- crusted with lime, the delicate vegetable threads disappear, and a fibrous, spongy mass remains like delicate snow-white coral." The present active portion of the Mammoth Hot Springs is in a small valley on the mountain side, nearly two miles from Gardiner River, and from 1,000 to 1,200 feet higher than the surface of the same. Evidence of ancient hot water deposit is seen over the entire expanse between the now active portion and the river. The overflow from the springs disappears at the base of each terrace and finds its way through subterranean passages underneath the hotel plateau — via Boiling River — into the Gardiner, the former having onl}^ 200 feet surface exposure above its confluence with the latter river. Vieivinf/ the Terraces* — It requires fully two hours to leisurely visit all the springs; the high altitude, nearly 7,000 feet above the sea, will not admit of a rapid inspec- tion. Provide yourself with a walking stick, umbrella and TOUR OF THE PARK. 15 a pair of smoked or blue glasses ; the reflection from the water and white formation on a sunny day is painful to man}'. Select, if possible, early morning or afternoon, as the heat is intense in midday; upon cloudy days the reflec- tion, of course, is not noticeable, nor is the coloring of the springs as brilliant. The bell bo^'s of the hotel act as guides over the formation ; however, it is not absolutely necessary to have a guide, as the paths are easily followed and the hotel and valley are always in sight. Those not wishing to walk the entire distance can arrange with the stage compan\^ for carriages to the top of the formation. The walk back to the hotel is quite easy and allows inspection of these beautiful springs. Liberty Cap, an extinct hot spring cone, standing at the foot of Terrace Mountain, near the road, is 52 feet high and 20 feet in diameter at its base. It is formed of overlapping layers of deposit, evidently having been built up by the overflow of water through the orifice in the top. Scientists have been unable to decide whether it was built up independently or formed by the action of the elements wearing away the soft material surrounding it. The DeviVs Tlimnh, a cone of similar structure, but smaller, is located some 200 feet west of Liberty Cap, partially imbeded in the hillside. The path leading to the formntion past the Devil's Thumb is generally taken when returning, the one for the ascent branching off the main road a short distance south of Liberty Cap. TOUR OF THE PARK. 17 Minerva Terrace is a mass of deposit 40 feet in height, covering on area of nearly three-fourths of an acre, with a hot spring on its summit some 20 feet in diameter, the temperature of which is, at the edge, 154 degrees Fahr- enheit. The constant changing of the overflow and the intermittent character of the spring make it impossible to predict, a season in advance, which will be the active side of the terrace, or whether it will be active at all. At times the spring disappears entirely, and the terrace remains inactive (and uninteresting in consequence) for months. The change in overflow when the spring is active, is ac- counted for by the rapid deposition of carbonate of lime, which forces the water eventually over the entire surface. The quantity of water overflowing is very small compared with the amount of deposit, which, under favorable cir- cumstances, is about one-sixteenth of an inch in four days. Articles of iron, glass, or any hard substance placed where the water can run over them, are soon coated with a crys- tal-white deposit. During periods of activity, basins or pools, fringed with stalactitic masses, line the east side of the terrace, presenting the most delicate coloring, from the lightest cream at the top to the deepest shades of red at the base, the predominating color being bright orange; each pool or basin being filled with transparent blue water. The elevation (some 20 feet high) immediately back of the terrace, is an excellent point from which to obtain a good view of the interior of the spring. This terrace is about 18 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 78 feet above the level at the base of Liberty Cap, while the main portion of the hot springs are on the mound 90 feet higher. Jujriter Terence. — The spring overflowing this ter- race is the largest on the formation, being nearly 100 feet in diameter, while the terrace itself covers an area of five acres. The various paths leading throughout offer an excellent opportunity of inspecting the delicate form and coloring characteristic of these wonders. East of the spring, on the slopes leading down from the edge of the terrace, are some of the handsomest basins to be found in this locality; their peculiar shape suggests the ver\' appro- priate name " Pulpit " Terrace. From the prominence west of Jupiter Terrace, under which is located Cupid's Cave, an excellent general view may be had. The path leading ^vest from Cupid's Cave passes along the summit of Narrow Gauge Terrace, which terminates at the hill, where the main path leading to the hotel is intersected. Narrow Gaiif/e 2^errace\s a fissure ridge 300 feet long, filled with numerous miniature geysers and springs which deposit the most brilliant coloring. Oriifif/e Gei/ser, Devil's Kitchen and Bath LaJ\e, on the next terrace above Narrow Gauge, are well worth the visit if one has the time and inclination. Extinct Hot Spring Vents,— The numerous open- ings and caves visible from the hotel veranda are extinct hot spring vents. TOUR OF THE PARK. 19 3£cCartitet/ Cave.— About 500 feet distant from the hotel may be seen a small fence surrounding three sides of what is known as McCartney Cave. This is an irreg- ular opening in the level surface of the plateau some four feet in diameter ; it is visited by many for the purpose of examining the ancient hot water stratified deposits plainly indicated throughout the cave. Called a cave, it is simply the crater of an extinct hot spring. By means of a ladder one can descend verticallv some 30 feet to the first level: thence 20 feet on an incline to the bottom of the main chamber, with perfect safety. The venturesome may, by means of a rope and light, continue explorations 100 feet further without, ordinarily, experiencing much discomfort from the carbonic acid gas. Far beneath, in a subter- ranean chamber, water can be distinctly heard by the rope- supported tourist ; but the hot vapors and gases con- stantly arising discourage investigation, and stimulate an earnest desire to ascend to the surface. The stratified de- posits seen on the sides of the cave are of varied thickness, indicating that they were greater during some years than others. This cave was discovered by a Mr. McCartney, who located in the vicinity in 1869, hoping to claim the locality as a homestead ; his cabin still stands in the gulch near Liberty Cap. In the winter of 1881 there was a heavy fall of snow, sufficient to cover many of the open- ings on the plateau. The following spring Mr. McCartney noticed a large pair of antlers protruding, apparently, from 20 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. the ground; investigating, he discovered that an unfortu- nate elk had broken through the crust of snow, and falling into the cave, had died, suspended by his horns, in the opening. PARK PROTECTION. Fort Yell OIV stone, —At the Mammoth Hot Springs is stationed a compan}^ of United States cavalry, the com- manding officer being superintendent of the Park. During the summer months cantonments are scattered throughout the Park, consisting of a non-commissioned officer and tv^'O to four cavalrymen ; their duties being to protect the vari- ous objects of interest from vandalism, see that no speci- mens are removed, that no hunters enter the Park, and to prevent the spreading of forest fires, generally originating from camping parties. The Park is entirely free from questionable characters, owing to the rigid enforcement of the orders of the commanding officer, his policy being to allow no one in the park unless there for business or pleasure. Several scouts are em})loyed by the Government, who roam over the entire area; they look after the game, chief! \', their occupation being similar to that of a detective ; they do not travel on the regular roads, and are liable to come upon the violator of regulations at any moment. Much credit is due the military and scouts for their efficient efforts in protecting the Park. The rules provided for the government of the rese/'ie will be found on back pages of this hand-book. T@M(p ©f il\® IPi^ipk SOUTH FROM MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS. Golden Gate.— Vour miles south from Mammoth Hot Springs is one of the most picturesque points in the Park. It is a rugged pass between the base of the loft}' elevation of Bunsen Peak and the southern extremity oi Terrace Mountain, through which flows the west branch of Gar- diner River. The sides of these rock}' walls, which rise 200 or 300 feet above the roadway, are covered with a yellow moss, suggesting the appropriate name the pass now bears. The pillar at the east entrance, some 12 feet high, was originallv a part of the canvon wjill. The construction of this road — scarce a mile in length — was accomplished at an expense of $14,000, it being the most diflicult piece of road building yet encountered bv the government engineers. Golden Gate being nearly 1,000 feet higher than the Hot Springs, necessarily makes this portion of the journey rather slow; still the beautiful drive through forest and glen fully compensates for the extra time consumed. The favoring of one's horses at the outset of the trip is a mat- ter of importance. Rustic Falls, occup3nng a conspicuous position at the west end of Golden Gate, add a charm to this beautiful spot, and when seen in the early part of the season are especially fine. The stream is fed by mountain TOUR OF THE PARK. 23 snows and springs along the base of the hills a mile or two l^eyond. The fall is some 60 feet, over a series of shallow basins worn into the dark moss-covered ledge, disappear- ing underneath the surplus of rock deposited in the canyon from the construction of the roadway. The view obtained of Golden Gate upon the return trip is equalK' as interesting. Swan Lake Basin,— k pleasant surprise awaits the visitor immediately beyond Golden Gate, in Swan Lake Basin, it being quite unlike the. region just traversed, and one of the man}^ typical mountain prairies hemmed in b}- snow-clad peaks found throughout the Park. Evidences of old Indian camps are seen in many places, and during the fall and winter it is inhabited by hundreds of elks and deer. The magnificent range to the west is the Gallatin Mountains, among which are Bells Peak, Quadrant Mount- ains and Mt. Holmes; the last named having an elevation of 10,578 feet. Vast fields of perpetual snow are in sight throughout the summer. To the north about eight miles is Electric Peak, the highest mountain in the northern part of the Park, whose sum.mit is 11,125 feet above sea level, deriving its name from the fact that a great deposit of mineral renders the working of the survej^or's transit im- possible when on the mountain. The peculiar electrical display from its rugged peaks during a thunder storm is a sight witnessed by only a favored few. The drive continues south through Swan Lake Basin, nearly upon this same level, to Xorris, crossing Indian and Obsidian creeks, the two forming the Middle Gardiner River. TOUR OF THE PARK. 25 Obsidian Cliff. — This bold escarpment of volcanic glass is 12 miles south of Mammoth Hot Springs. The roadway passes along its base for 1,000 feet between it and Beaver Lake. The vertical columns of pentagonal- shaped blocks of obsidian, rising some 250 feet above the road, present a glistening, mirror-like effect when illumined by the sun's rays. The greater part of this mineral glass is jet black and quite opaque, with traces of similar forma- tion variegated with streaks of. red and j^ellow. The construction of the roadway along its base was ac- complished in a novel manner and with considerable diffi- culty ; the use of blasting powder being out of the question, great fires were built around the huge blocks of glass, which, when expanded, were suddenly cooled by dashing water upon them, resulting in shattering the blocks into small fragments. This process made possible the con- struction of this really wonderful roadway, probably the only piece of glass road in the world. There l^eing no other exposed ridge of obsidian in the Rocky Mountains, and this material being more desirable than flint for the man- ufacture of arrow heads, it was once a famous resort for all tribes of Indians, who congregated here in great num- bers. Obsidian Cliff was "neutral ground" to all the Rocky Mountain Indians and undoubtedly as sacred to the various hostile tribes as the far-famed Pipestone coun- try of Minnesota. Chips of obsidian and specimens of partly finished arrow-heads are found throughout the Park, gen- 26 YELLOWSTONE NATTOXAL PARK. erally at places occupied by the Indians as summer camps. J^eciver Lake* — The roadway' continues along the east side of Beaver Lake, \vhich is about one mile long and a quarter of a mile wide. More than a dozen beaver dams are constructed across the lake, forming a series of arti- ficial obstructions, each having a fall of from two to four feet. A beaver house, still inhabited, is located near the west shore of the lake. Since the rigid enforcement of the Park regulations regarding the killing of game, Beaver Lake is becoming alive with numerous water fowl, the passing carriages not seeming to alarm them. The reflec- tion of the pine-clad hills among the dense growth of pond lilies which line its shores, adds to the beauties of this lake. The drive from Obsidian Cliff to Norris, though not of especial interest, is over one of the natural "passes" between the headwaters of the branches of the Yellow- stone and Alissouri rivers, but the ascent of the divide is so gentle, it is impossible to know when it is passed. Twin Lakes, Mineral Lake, Roaring Mountain and Frying Pan, are the attractions between Beaver Lake and Norris. NOTE — From Norris. a wagon roart runs in a nearly due east direction to the Great Falls and Grand Canyon (12 miles distant) leading up the valley of the Gib- bon River, through Virginia Canyon, turning a sharp angle of rocks known as the •• Bend in the Road ' and passing (just beyond) a series of pretty c;iscades. called Virginia Cascades— thence on through an undulating pine forest, though the last few miles of the way the country is more •'oi)en." affording occasional glimpses of the rugged scenery along the Yellowstone River. On the whole, this road is both pleasant and interesting; its grades are comparatively easy and its forest surroundings render it refreshingly cool. This is the return route from the Grand Canyon to Mammoth Hot Springs. and will doubless be used as such until the Government shall have constructed a wagon road over Mt. Washburn. 28 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. NORRIS GEYSER BASIN. Man}^ prefer leaving the hotel immediately after lunch in adv'ance of their carriages, which can overtake them near the Monarch Ge\'ser, about amiledistant, the walk through the basin allowing a more satisfactory inspection than possible to obtain in any other way. This region, called the Gibbon Geyser Basin in Dr. Hay- den's report, was discovered in 1875, by Col. P. W. Norris, then superintendent of the Park. Since 1881 it has been called Norris Geyser Basin, which name it is quite likely to retain. It covers an area of six square miles, and is one of the most interesting portions of the Park from a geological standpoint, from the fact of its being one of the highest geyser basins in the Park, and manv of its active geysers being of quite recent origin. While the geysers of Norris b^sin do not compare, in point of eruptive violence, with those of the Upper Basin (thirty miles south), they are of great interest to travellers never before witnessing this strange freak of nature; hence it is better to inspect them when first passing through, as they appear insignificant upon the return trip. The road follows along the ridge on the east side of the basin, affording a commanding view of the surroundings. The first impression one gets, especially upon a cool day when the steam is visible, is that he is entering a manu- facturing locality ; the terrible noise and rumblings, the hissing of escaping steam and ver}^ unpleasant odors excite TOUR OF THE PARK. 29 a feeling of natural but unnecessary caution, as the road- way and numerous paths leading through the basin can be followed with impunity. The Congress, Constant, Black Growler, Mud Ge^^ser, Monarch Geyser, New Crater and Emerald Pool comprise the chief attractions of Norris Basin, while many beautifully formed and delicately tinted springs contribute to the visitor's enchantment. The flat or vallc}^ to the southwest is filled with numer- ous openings, the water in many being clear and trans- parent, and in others of a milky hue, constantly boiling and splashing, many of the vents sending forth a disagree- able, sulphurous odor. This section can be visited if great care is exercised ; manv of the craters, being but thinly crusted, are insufficient to support a person's weight. The Coilf/ress,— The first interesting sight that at- tracts the visitor is this beautiful spring. It is located quite near the driveway on the east side and is the largest spring of its class in the geyser basins. The diameter of the same is about 30 feet. Its pale blue water is in a state of violent agitation, rising nearly to the rim of the crater with a slight overflow. For several years there existed near the Congress the "Steam Vent," one of the attractions in this section. It consisted merely of an opening in the rocks from which a great quantity of steam was constantly escaping, the roaring of which could be heard for miles. During the winter of 1893 the "Steam Vent" ceased, and the new spring now called the Congress appeared. The Constant, or "Minute" Geyser, Norris Basin. TOUR OF THE PARK. 31 first eruptions were of great force and completely blockaded the road with masses of earth and formation. Const €17 it, —The little geyser at the south end of the flat is the "Constant," or "Minute Man," which has an eruption every sixty seconds, with only a slight variation ; the pool is 24 feet in diameter, filled with water of crystal clearness. The absence of a cone or deposit surrounding the geysers of this basin, such as is found around the geysers in the Upper Basin, tends to substantiate the theory of scientists as to the age of this locality. During an eruption of the Minute Man jets of water are thrown 40 feet in the air, while the main body is lifted scarcely 30 feet. The overflow is not large, as most of the water returns into the crater after each display. The Blade Growler, with a chimney-shaped open- ing, is located quite near the road, at the head of a gulch leading from the plateau. Very little water is thrown out, while a large quantity of steam is constantly escaping, producing a peculiar sound. The deposit surrounding it being of inky blackness, is evidently the origin of its name. The water is not clear and has a strong odor of sulphur, which is probably the cause of its turbidity. The geyser a few feet to the north — known as the " Hurri- cane" — is similar to the Black Growler in the character of its eruptions, which are ver\^ irregular, and destructive to surrounding vegetation and foliage. jyiud Geyser is located near the road, on the highest 32 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. point in the basin ; its crater is about 12 feet in diameter, having a raised margin 5 feet high on the east side, sloping nearly to a level at the west. The eruptions occur at inter- vals of twenty minutes and continue about five; the lead- colored contents (about the consistency of paint) being raised 8 or 10 feet during each pulsation. Its contents are severely agitated, the turgid mass rising nearly to the edge of the crater. During the past year the character of this geyser changed considerably, becoming more clear, and another, with predominant muddy features, broke out near by. These phenomena tend to substantiate the theory that all geysers in their earlier stages of development, partake of the nature of mud springs. The path leading south from Mud Geyser passes Emerald Pool and New Crater, and continues on to the Monarch. EmeVdld J*00^ is somewhat concealed in the timber, and is a handsome, emerald-tinted spring, 40x50 feet in size. The sulphur-lined basin with coral walls, most beau- tifully shaped, can be seen to an appalling depth. It is one of the many quiet springs, simply overflowing. The water is quite hot, having a temperature of 186 degrees Fahren- heit at its edge. The NeiV Crater,— On the hillside, about 500 feet south of Emerald Pool, is found this prominent object of interest, surrounded by huge blocks of recently disturbed rock, a narrow ravine leading to the basin below being covered with sand and deposit by its overflow. The erup- TOUR OF THE PARK. 33 tions of this new geyser during the past season, occurred every two hours, continuing about twenty minutes. The rock-covered crater prevented the discharges attaining any great height. Reports from the Park since the close of the last tourist season, indicate that it is developing into a large and powerful geyser. The 3Ionarch Geyser,— The location of this geyser is beneath a prominent Ijluff of brilliantly colored rocks, nearly upon the level of the plateau ; the crater consists of two oblong openings in the rock, the larger of which is 20 feet long and 3 feet wide. Eruptions of the Monarch occur without warning, and consist of a series of explo- sions, frequently more than a dozen, in which columns of water are thrown 100 feet high, flooding the level country surrounding. The intervals of eruption vary from year to vear, ordinarilv about twelve hours. The Fearless, Vixen and Steamboat are geysers of minor importance, but are well worth a visit. Three miles from Norris Basin the road enters Elk Park, a beautiful valley surrounded by heavily timbered hills and mountains, the Gibbon River quietly winding through it. A short distance before entering Gib- bon Canyon, which is followed for some miles, a very in- teresting group of paint pots can be visited. Gibbon I^aint Pots,— Half a mile east of the en- trance to Gibbon Canvon, surrounded bv a dense growth of pine timber, are located these remarkable paint pots, a carriage driveway connecting them with the main road. 34 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. They consist of numerous openings in the highly colored claj', and are intensely curious, their brilliant coloring and fantastic shapes being the admiration of all. The greater part of the hot springs are at the base of the hill, while the most beautiful paint pot is some 50 feet up the hillside. This, the main attraction, has a funnel-shaped crater with walls of finch' ground clay extending about six feet high; each puff of steam through the thick, pasty material in the bottom of the crater moulds a perfect rose in full bloom, to be soon replaced by one equally as handsome. . Visitors should avoid leaving the regular paths, as the treacherous character of this formation renders it quite unsafe. GIBBON CANYON. This rugged mountain pass affords the only fairly easy means of exit from Norris Ge^^ser Basin to the valley of the Firehole. The roadway enters the canyon on the east side of the Gibbon River, and follows the latter's course as nearly as practicable, shadowed by precipitous cliffs, — some of them 2,000 feet in height, — the frequent sharp approach of which to the banks of the river compels the crossing and recrossing of the rapid but shallow stream — here across a substantial bridge; there by a convenient natural ford. At the northern entrance to the canyon a foot bridge and bridle-path lead to the summit of Mt. Schurz, upon which is located Monument Geyser basin, at an altitude of 1,000 feet above Gibbon River. Interesting as this '"basin" un- TOUR OF THE PARK. 35 questionably is, its difficult access, together with the time necessarily consumed in climbing and descending the some- what steep trail, is, unless to one inclined to scientific ob- servation, scarcely compensated by even the closest scrutiny of the dozen or so crumbling geyser cones — some of them steaming and rumljling, others apparently extinct— which constitute the sum total of attractiveness and gives to the locality a distinctive name. Proceeding along the pass, the numerous little puffs of steam arising from either bank of the river, near the water's surface, need no watchful guide to apprise the passer-by of the countless hot springs with w^hich the gorge abounds. Many of these springs are curious and interesting, and all can be sufficientlv observed as one passes leisureU' along, without stopping to examine each in detail. One of them, however, Beryl Spring, is rather more than usually attractive, and deserves, as it seldom fails to receive, somewhat of particular notice. The largest boiling spring in the canyon, being some 15 feet in diameter, it is located close by the roadside, about a mile from the entrance to the can\'on, and can be readilv viewed from a passing carriage; the voilent boiling of its surface, coupled with the noisy hiss of escaping steam, while lending some- thing of nervous apprehension to the feelings of the traveler, strangely enough possesses no terrors for the stage-horse, although the constant overflow of scalding water from the edges of its basin-like rim pours across the roadway itself. 36 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. The road, throughout the canyon's entire length, could hardly have been better constructed to afford a more com- plete and thorough inspection of the wild beauty of rock and glen, and, as it nears the southern exit from the pass, permits a good view of one of the many charming cat- aracts of this region. GibhOfl Falls, whose waters, tumbling in a foamy torrent down a series of steep cascades on one side of a bold, rock\^ ledge, and on the other — and most readily observed side — streaming in a thin, shining ribbon of silvery spray from a height of something over 80 feet, fit- tingly conclude the attractions at Gibbon Canyon. After leaving the falls the road passes for a distance of some eight miles over a succession of pine and fir-clad ter- races, from the southern crest of which, on a clear da}^ maybe seen the three snow-capped "sentinels" of the Teton Alountains, 75 miles distant, forming a portion of the boundary between the States of Wvoming and Idaho, their dizzy height, full 14',000 feet, overtopping all other peaks of the Rockies. The dense volume of steam rising from Excelsior Ge3^ser, distant about 8 miles, is also plainl yvisible from this point. Leaving the terraces, the road passes, by a gentle de- scent, into the valle\^ of Firehole River (Lower Geyser Basin), whose two forks, together with the waters of the Gibbon, unite to form the Madison River, one of the three principal sources of the Missouri. Continuing up the Fire- TOUR OF THE PARK. 37 hole for a short distance, the road crosses its east fork near the summer cantonment occupied by a troop of U. S. cavalrv, stationed here for the better protection of this part of the reserve \ and skirts along the east side of the basin for a mile or so — to the Fountain Hotel, one of the best hostelries of the Park — the end of the first day's journey. LOWER GEYSER BASIN. This is a comparatively wide valle^', extending south- ward from the junction of the east fork of Firehole River with the main stream, and embracing an area of 30 to 40 square miles. Over this valley or basin are scattered hot springs in groups, of which Dr. Ha\-den, in his official sur- vev of the Park Region, has catalogued 693 exclusive of 17 geysers. The central portion of the basin is a nearly level plateau, 6 or 7 miles in width, only partially timbered, and covered with either spring deposit or marsh. The general elevation is about 7,250 feet, while the surrounding slopes, which are, for the most part, heavily timbered, are 400 to 800 feet higher. Fountain Geyser,— One of the chief objects of inter- est — occupies a slight eminence — some 25 feet higher than the roadway — and only a few minutes' walk from the hotel, which is in plain sight. The formation or deposit from the waters of this geyser covers an area of several acres, the crater of which is 30 feet in diameter, surrounded by a rim- like edge, to the margin of which the water rises, except 3S YBLLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. upon the south side, where a mound of beaded geyserite has been built up to a height of 3 or 4 feet. On the north side of the geyser proper is a considerabl}^ larger pool whieh receives the overflow from the crater. The cushion-like masses of geyserite, which are plainly visible through the transparent blue water, in both the crater and the pool, are very much admired. The eruptions of the fountain occur at intervals of from two to four hours, and continue with great force from ten to fifteen minutes, usually. During activity' the main volume of water does not reach a height bej^ond 15 or 20 feet, though jets are frequently thrown 50 or 60 feet. Indications of an eruption are as follows: When both the pool and crater are full of water to the rim it is probable that an eruption will soon take place, as immediate!}' after action the water falls from 12 to 18 inches below the crater rim, from which point it rises srraduallv until the climax is reached. Clejysijdra SlJrimj^ some 50 feet west from the Fountain, has recently developed into an active geyser of no small eruptive powder, its frequent displays being really quite violent for so small a "spouter," and very pleasing withal. JMannaottl Pai^lt Pots.— Some few hundred feet east of the Fountain, from which they are separated by a fririge of trees, are situated these wonderful paint pots. This remarkable mud caldron has a basin which measures 40 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 40x60 feet, with a mud rim on three sides, which is from 4 to five feet in height. In this basin is a mass of fine, whitish substance, which is in a state of constant agita- tion. It resembles some vast boihng pot of paint or bed of mortar, with numerous points of ebulHtion ; and the con- stant boihng has reduced the contents to a thoroughly mixed mass of silicious clay. There is a continnous bub- bling up of mud, producing sounds like a hoarsel}' whis- pered "plop, plop," which rises in hemispherical masses, cones, rings and jets. On the north side of the mud basin the rim is low, and forms the edge of a flat of pink and red, which is cracked and seamed, and over which are scattered thirty or forty mud cones, generally of a pink and rose color, — though a few are gra^', — averaging from two to three feet in height. A very interesting section of country lies to the south of the Fountain and Paint Pots, but, at present, cannot be reached with safety. Here are situated numerous geysers, among them the Great Fountain, a ver}^ powerful one, which will greatly add to the Park attractions when made accessible. In one of these springs may be seen the whitened skeleton of a mountain buffalo. No king or saint was ever more magnificently entombed than this monarch of the hills in his sepulchre in the wilderness. Leaving the Fountain and the Paint Pots, the road bears to the west, crossing Fountain Creek and passing numerous hot springs, until it strikes the west bank of the Firehole ; TOUR OF THE PARK. 41 where it turns south, proceeding up that stream until, emerging from a strip of timber, Excelsior Geyser is brought into full view. StrictK' speaking, this section constitutes the upper portion of the Lower Basin, and is about three miles from the Fountain group. Being about midway be- tween the extremes of the Upper and Lower Basins, how* ever, this locality is given a distinct designation, that of MIDWAY GEYSER BASIN. EdCCelsiov Qei/ser,— ''Early explorers in this locality discovered, in 1871," says Dr. Peale, "on the west bank of Firehole River, an immense pit of rather irregular outline, 330 feet in length by 200 feet in width at the widest part. The water is of a deep blue tint, and is intensely agitated all the time, dense clouds of steam constantly ascending from it. It is only when the breeze wafts this aside that the surface of the water, which is 15 or 20 feet below the level surrounding, can be seen. The walls on three sides are perpendicular, cliff-like, and in places overhang, having been worn away on the other." Cliff Caldron, with every indication of a powerful geyser with long intervals of eruption, was, however, not known to be a geyser until some ten years later. Visited by thousands annually, this interesting section became known as "Hell's Half Acre," a name it retained till 1881, when discovered by Col. P. W. Norris to be a geyser of great force, and named bv him "Excelsior." Its erup- 4 TOUR OF THE PARK. 43 tions in 1881 began in the fall, after the tourist season had closed, and before the season of 1882 opened had wrought a great change in the appearance of its crater. Col. Norris witnessed upwards of thirty eruptions, varying from 75 to 250 feet in height, at intervals of one to four hours. No further eruptions of this ge\'ser are recorded until early in the spring of 1888, when reports became current that Excelsior was again in action, and many residents of the surrounding territory were attracted to the Park when the only means of travel was upon snowshoes. Eruptions of great force continued during the entire season of 1888, and kept up with unabated vigor during the succeeding winter. The present size of the crater is some 250 feet in width bv l-OO feet in length, having enlarged quite a good deal during the past two years. This process of enlarge- ment, if kept up, will, in time, undermine Turquois Spring, and, eventually, Prismatic Lake also; the latter fullv 500 feet distant from the geyser crater. The intervals of eruption during 1888 were at first about everv hour and fifteen minutes, increasing toward the latter part of the season to two hours. The only pos- sible indication of an approaching display is the increase in the volume of overflow, there being a steady filling of the crater after periods of activity. Immediately preceding an eruption a violent upheaval occurs, raising the entire volume of water in the crater nearly 50 feet, when instantly one or two, arfd sometimes 44 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. three, terrific explosions occur, followed closely by the shooting upwards of columns of water, and oftentimes masses of the rocky formation, to a height of 200 to 250 feet. Tons of rock have in this way been hurled into Fire- hole River, some pieces fully 500 feet from the crater, while specimens may be seen scattered all about the vicinity. At each upheaval sufficient water escapes to raise Firehole River several inches. The wearing away of the formation at the outlet of the "overflow" has plainly exposed to view the hoof-prints of buffalo, undoubtedly made cen- turies ago. The inactivity, during 1888, of two of the largest geysers in the Upper Basin is attributed to the wonderfvd activity of Excelsior, which, at each eruption, ejects as much water as all the geysers in this basin com- bined. The afternoon displays are considered the best, owing to the presence of less steam than earlier in the day, and from the main road fully as satisfactory' a view is obtained. Turquois Spring is situated about 150 feet north from Excelsior, being a silent pool, about 100 feet in diameter, and remarkable for its beautifully blue trans- parent water. There used to be a constant overflow from this spring, which was carried into the Firehole River through a channel some 2 feet wide and 8 or 10 inches in depth, its sides and bottom being most exquisitely colored ; but during the latter part of the season of 1888 the waters of the spring suddenly settled some 10 feet, since which TOUR OF THE PARK. 45 time no overflow has taken place. West of Ttirquois Spring and, in itself, a marvel, is a small spring of cold water, which, though rather '* brackish" to be palatable, is attractive as being the sole cold spring in this region of thermal waters. Prismatic Lake,— FrohaWy the very largest, and certainly one of the most beautiful springs in the entire Park Region, is that designated by the above appellation. It is situated some 500 feet or so west of Excelsior Gevser, its dimensions being 250x350 or 400 feet. Over the cen- tral pit, or bowl, of this spring the water is of a deep blue color, changing to green towards the margin, while that in the shallower portion of the lake surrounding the central basin has a yellow tint gradually fading into orange. Out- side its rim there is a brilliant red deposit, which shades into purples, browns and grays, all seemingly painted upon a ground of grayish white, which forms the mound, built up of layers of silicious deposit, upon which the spring is situated. This coloring is in vivid bands, which are strik- ingly marked and distinct. The water flowing ofl' in everj' direction, with constant wave-like pulsations, over the artisticalU' scalloped and slightU^ raised rim of the lake, has formed a succession of terraces, each a few inches in height, down the slopes of the mound, particularly upon its southern face. It is impossible to exaggerate the deli- cacy and richness of the coloring in and about this wonder- ful phenomenon of nature. The temperature of the water 46 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. is about 146 degrees Fahrenheit, and the constantly rising clouds of steam sometimes render difficult a good view of the lake surface; but viewed from the proper standpoint (generally with the sun to the back), these same volumes of steam are exceedingly attractive, reflecting the colors of the rainbow or prism, whence the name of the spring, though some attribute it to the variegated tints of its waters. Leaving Excelsior, the road passes numerous springs and pools, and, about half a mile to the south, in- tersects the main road between Upper and Lower Basins which skirts along the west side of Midway Basin, The entire drive from Midway to the Upper Basin, some five miles, is among these natural wonders, but tourists usually proceed to the hotel located at the extreme south end of the Upper Basin, before beginning a minute and detailed examination of them. UPPER GEYSER BASIN. This basin is triangular in form, and embraces an area of about four square miles ; it contains 26 geysers and up- wards of 400 hot springs. Iron Springs Creek bounds it on the west; timbered mountain slopes, extending from south- east to northwest, form the hypotenuse of the triangle, and a wavy line of dark forest conifers, its southern base. The main Firehole River drains it, centrally; its shelving banks are thickl}' pitted with steaming hot-springs and studded with mounds and cones of geyserite. Here, MAP or Tht UPPER GEYSER BA#N .,^ ^^ f 'f ;; SHOWING the: I^ ^aI jJ|^f f 'Ait '*i JIJ( *« If pyram/d j(^ /P/^'/Aj/Af ^; I £0 /^_ -4 ^.y - I®) COM£r ^\^ I-: ^S i ^,\ ;J ;^ ^J ^^ lD^'^J. SLACK SAND 8A5W .:^ ■^■SOOTBR/OGr -A A,^- •^'-^ \^v <K jwm f?' >■ tti \aTiNcr , '(\G£YS£RS Jf) B£A'J7YSPHlS/Gn I it Ik 1^ ^B/Af"-// rJR£E / -0 ro(. CHIl I Yl/\NTLSS(f) '' H/V£ Scale - Jlfofe/ foG/anf /A (111 -^^,0 «, 48; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. grouped within the narrow space of, perhaps, a square mile, are the grandest and mightiest geysers known to man, and silent pools of scalding, meteoric water that for beaut}' of formation and delicacy of coloring are, simply, marvels. The surface of the basin consists, for the most part, of a succession of gentle undulations, each crowned with a geyser-cone or hoL-spring vent and covered with layers of silicious sinter and crumbling carbonaceous de- posits, that give it a dull, grayish-white, sepulchral hue. Clouds of vapor hang shroud-like above it; the earth trem- bles and is filled with strange rumblings ; the air is heavy with sulphurous fumes, and vegetable life is extinct. In a paper read before the Cardiff (Wales) Naturalists' Society, Prof. Chas. T. Whitwell said: "Nowhere else, I believe, can be seen, on so grand a scale, such clear evidence of dying volcanic action. We seem to witness the death throes of some great American Enceladas. Could Dante have seen this region he might have added another terror to his inferno." And, continuing, the same writer quotes Lord Dunraven, as saying that a view of the Firehole Val- ley gave him the impression that some modern cities had been overwhelmed, and had so lately sunk amid flames into the bowels of the earth that the smoke of their ruins was still ascending through heaps of smouldering ashes. The following more detailed description of the chief geysers and springs will serve to acquaint the reader with the peculiar characteristics of each. Old Faithful Geyser. 50 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Old FaitJiful.— Less than 1,000 feet east, and in plain sight from the hotel, is located this reliable friend of the tourist. Every sixty-three minutes (with rarely a vari- ation of five minutes), day and night, summer and winter, this w^onderful freak of nature gives its exhibition, without money and without price. Situated at the south end of the basin, it commands a clear view of nearly every other object of interest, and its moonlight displays are sights once seen never to be forgotten. Its eruptions begin with a few spasmodic spurts, during which considerable water is thrown out, and these are followed in from five to eight minutes by a column of hot water two feet in diameter, which is projected upward to a height of 125 to 150 feet, where it remains apparently stationary for about three minutes. The position and direction of the sun and wind vary the appearance of this ge3'ser, which is one of the most popular in the Park, because of the remarkable regu- larity with w^hich its eruptions occur, and the excellent opportunities afforded for observation. Its crater, an ob- long opening 2x6 feet on the inside and 4x8 on the out- side, is situated on a mound of gyserite, measuring at the base 145x215 feet, at the top 20x54 feet, the whole rising about 12 feet above the surrounding level. This mound is composed of layers of deposit in a succession of distinctly marked terraces which are full of shallow, basin-like pools, the water in which is clear as crystal, and their edges or rims exquisitely beaded and fretted, their bottoms showing TOUR OF THE PARK. 51 delicate tints of rose, white, saffron, orange, brown and gray. The north end of the crater has large globular masses of beaded, pearly deposit, and its throat is of a dark 3'ellow or rusty color. See Hive* — Crossing the foot-bridge leading to the east side of Firehole River, this geyser is found about 100 feet from the river bank. Its name was suggested by the peculiar shape of its cone, which is about 4 feet in height, 3 feet in diameter at the top, by 7 at the base, and nearly circular. Its nozzle-like opening, or crater, is about 18 inches across at the apex, narrowing gradually till the base of the cone is reached. The Bee Hive's eruptions are irreg- ular, generally occurring about three times daily. It has, however, been known to have periods of activity not more than three hours apart and, per contra, to remain inactive for several weeks. There are, usually, several eruptions, about three hours apart, immediately following action of the Giantess. There is no terrace-shaped deposit surrounding this gey- ser, as is the case with most of the others, and it is the only one close tip to which persons can approach with per- fect security while in action, as no rocks are thrown out, and so hot is the water ejected that it, for the most part, evaporates while in the air. The height attained varies from 170 to 220 feet. A minature geyser, or indicator, a few feet from its base, is, generally speaking, a faithful fore- runner of activity in this geyser, by shooting up jets or 52 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. spurts of water, which are followed in about fifteen minutes by a column of steam and water from the main crater, hurled upward with great force and in a steady stream. Giantess.— Some 300 feet east from the Bee Hive, upon the highest point of elevation in this portion of the Upper Basin, is located the Giantess, considered by many a geyser of unusual importance, whose eruptions, occurring at intervals of fourteen days, none should fail to see. However, owing to the fact that, in order to witness and fully appreciate its entire display, one must remain in its vicinity at least twelve hours, this ge\'ser is often disap- pointing. Its crater, bowl-shaped, and some 60 feet in depth, is 24x30 feet in size at the surface, and is wholly devoid of the highU^ colored ornamentation and cone so characteristic of other geysers in this region. As the crater rapidly fills with water after an eruption, it resembles, to most visitors, a large, slightly agitated pool of sapphire- tinted water, with no outward indication of beinsr the powerful geyser which it really is. At the beginning of an eruption the entire contents of the crater are instantly forced out, flooding the whole region round about. Re- lieved from this immense pressure of water, the geyser at once begins to eject forked-like columns of water and steam into the air, throwing them to a height of from 60 to 100 feet above the surface. These displaj^s continue at short I intervals throughout a period of about twelve hours, or until the w^ater in the geyser tube is entirely exhausted^ TOUR OF THE PARK. 53 when an interesting "steam period" takes place, lasting nearly an hour, and producing a roaring sound audible in all parts of the basin, and when occurring at night often awakens guests at the hotel. In the earlier stages of eruption, during which the emptying of the crater takes place, shocks, similar to those produced by earthquakes, are distinctly felt throughout the basin, while the disappearance of adjacent springs and the generally succeeding activity of the Bee Hive give rise to the theor\' of subterranean connection between geysers and springs upon this "bench." 27ie Sponge,— k short distance to the north of the Giantess is a curious little geyser called the Sponge, whose slightl}^ raised, circular cone strongU^ resembling a huge sponge in the character and color of its formation, attracts the eye of the passer-by. TAoflf Lioness and Cubs,— This interesting group is next visited. The Lioness and Cubs occupy a conspicu- ous mound of geyserite to the west of the Lion, which has an irregular flat-topped cone about four feet in height, and is separated from the rest of the group by a slight de- pression. Eruptions of the Lion occur daily; those of the Lioness are irregular as to time, and, as the Cubs play more frequently, it often happens that the Lioness and Cubs play together, though it rarely occurs that the Lion and Lioness are seen in eruption at one and the same time. The former is the most powerful of the group, and throws 54 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. a column of water 50 or 60 feet high, frequently continu- ing in action ten or fifteen miuutes. SaivmUl 6re//.ser.— Leaving the group just described, the pathway leads down the basin, passing through a point of timber close by the river, emicrging from which one is confronted by a number of active springs and small geysers (situated upon a "bench" similar to the one just left), among which are the Tardy, Bulger, Spasmodic and Sawmill, the last named being the chief attraction, as well as the largest of the group. This locality may be also reached from the west side of the river by means of a foot bridge near the Castle. The basin of the Sawmill is shallow, and about 40 feet in diameter, inclosing another basin of about half its size, in the centre of which is located its funnel-shaped crater, some seven feet across the top, and sloping to a small ori- fice. Its eruptions are very frequent, usually five or six a day, each continuing in operation fully an hour. The peculiar noise accompanying activity (suggesting its name), coupled with its spiteful vigor, render this geyser quite attractive. The Grand and Tto'ban. — At the base of a rocky bluff, some 500 feet east from and nearly opposite the Castle, are situated the above important geysers. An observer is naturalh^ led to suppose that the irregular, pit- shaped crater, noticeably prominent, is that from which the Grand plays; such is not the case, however, as this crater TOUR OF THE PARK. 55 is merely a water-basin or reservoir, undoul)tedly having connection with the Turban, but entirely unconnected with the Grand, which plays from an opening situated a few feet to the south, surrounded by cushion-like masses of geyser- ite formation. Eruptions of the Grand are somewhat irregular, usually occurring at intervals of from nine to thirty hours; its inactivity during the latter part of the season of 1888 being attributed to the extraordinary dem- onstrations of Excelsior. The outbursts of the Grand are among the finest to be witnessed in the Park, having a series of eight to twelve distinct eruptions, lasting from twenty to thirtv minutes, and throwing at each discharge forked columns of water to a height of 200 feet, allowing ample time for visitors, who may chance to be in any other part of the basin, to reach its vicinity in time to witness some, at least, of its several magnificent displays. The Turban plays, mainly, from a fissure-like opening in its for- mation immediately north of its main crater, which, mean- time, is greatU^ agitated, often overflowing, and discharg- ing quite large quantities of its hot flood into the crater of the Grand, just below it on the south. The frequency of the Turban's eruptions occasionally presents the unusuallv fine spectacle of both geysers. Grand and Turban, in action at the same time. On the wav from this point to the Giant and Grotto, Beauty Spring is passed, one of the largest silent pools in the Upper Basin, remarkable for the vivid coloring and exquisite beauty of its highly ornamented Giant Geyser; TOUR OF THE PARK. 57 margin, and its limpid blue waters. Near by are situated many interesting springs and pools yet unnamed, among them a miniature geyser called the Economic^ from the curious fact that there is no over- flow nor waste whatever from it, as its waters, though frequently thrown 10 or 15 feet in the air, fall again into its crater, and disappear. From the regularity of its dis- plays, it has also come to be called " Young Faithful." The Giant»—lt is nearly a mile from the hotel to this monarch of geysers, situated, like many others, in close proximity to Firehole River. Its cone, about 10 feet in height, though some 200 feet from the roadway, is conspic- uous. A few feet to the north is an irregular mound, from which considerable steam escapes from sundry small holes, undoubtedly connected in some manner with the geyser and acting as its escape valves. The platform of deposit upon which the cone stands is about 75 feet in diameter. The cone is broken on the west side from the apex nearly to its base, affording a good view of the contents of the crater, which are almost constantly in a state of turbulent boiling and splashing. In 1881 the break in the cone was not nearly so large, being not more than half its present pro- portions. This is undoubtedly the result of unusually violent eruptions. The Giant usually "plays" every six days, for a period of one and one-half to two hours. Its inactivity during 1888 was by many attributed to the same cause which is supposed to have affected the Grand 5 TOUR OF THE PAJ^K. 59 and wliicli has already been alluded to. When in action, an immense column of water is lifted 250 feet into the air at its initial outburst, the height of the column gradually decreasing until the close of the display, which is preceded by a rumbling sound not unlike a distant train of moving cars. Not until 1887 did the eruptions of this geyser take place in the day time, and those fortunate enough to have been eye witnesses of its gigantic display have enjoyed a treat most rare. 27ie Ohloiig ,—OmtQ near the river bank and a short distance south from the Giant is situated the Oblong. Its crater is about 30x50 feet in size — hence its name — the in- terior of which, immediately following an eruption, is ex- posed to a depth of several feet, and, lined, as it is, with large globular masses of formation, affords the finest view of interior geyser structure to be seen in the entire Park region. Two large openings can be clearly seen in the bottom of the crater, and when the water is not agitated the eye readily penetrates these to unknown depths. Eruptions of the Oblong occur about every six hours, last- ing only a few minutes, during which the contents of the crater are raised bodily some 20 feet. The CrVOttO, — By far the most curious ge\^ser cone of all is that of the Grotto, situated close by the road side, some 500 feet northwest of the Giant. The various cave- like openings in its peculiarly shaped cone give rise to its name. Its eruptions take place about four times daily, 60 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. each display lasting about half an hour, though, owing to its singular construction, its waters are not thrown to any considerable height (scarcely 20 feet). During eruptive periods, however, immense volumes of steam escape with great force. Separated from the main cone some 20 feet is a smaller crater which acts with the main geyser during eruptions. Riverside Geyser,— A short distance above the wagon bridge across Firehole River is seen the Riverside Geyser, w^hose cone is close to the water's edge; it consists of two chimnej'-like craters, the larger being at the same time the higher. The geyser "plays " from the lower open- ing only, though visitors are apt to arrive at a reverse con- clusion when viewing the locality between periods of erup- tion. An overflow of water is a certain indication of approaching activity, occuring about thirty minutes pre- vious to eruptions and continuing until the outburst, which takes place about every eight hours, throwing an arching column to a height of 80 or 90 feet, the entire contents of the discharge falling into the river. The Fan and 3Iorfar.— On the east bank of the Firehole, about 300 feet below Riverside Bridge, are located these quite interesting gej-sers. The former has an eruption every eight hours, generally following the Riverside, its ejected waters spreading out in fan-shaped jets, from the fact of its having two crater orifices which throw out diverging streams. The pink geyserite forming its crater is Splendid Geyser. 62 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. quite unlike that of any otlier geyser. The Mortar, close by, is very uncertain as to its periods of activity, and when viewed from the bridge above alluded to, resembles in its eruptions that particular piece of ordnance from which it derives its name. The Splendid*— OnQ of the most remarkable geysers in the Upper Basin is the Splendid. It is located fully 1,000 feet west of the Giant and a short distance south from a prominent mound of ge\^serite, called, from its color, the White Pyramid. The entire absence of anything like cone structure, and the numerous crater-like openings in its vicinity, puzzle one at first to locate the geyser proper ; however, the extreme western opening, nearest the knoll and timber, is that from which the Splendid plays ; the most peculiar feature of which is, that its eruptions occur at intervals of three hours, ever\^ other day, only, and as it has the reputation of being a frequent "spouter," persons happening to visit it on its quiet days are apt to find their expectations disappointingly blasted. When in action it throws a powerful stream fully 150 feet in height, increas- ing in force very preceptibly during the earlier stages of its eruptions, and not reaching the climax for several minutes, apparently maintaining its greatest vigor from five to eight minutes. Quite unlike other geysers, the Splendid throws its stream at a sharp angle instead of vertically, which fact, when it was first discovered, caused it to be called The Comet; this designation, however, soon gave way to its present more appropriate appellation. TOUR OF THE PARK. 63 During the afternoon eruptions, if the sun be visible, higiily colored rainbows add to the rare beauty of the dis- plays, and when seen, as it occasionally is, in conjunction with eruptive activity of other small geysers of the Splen did ^roup, produces a truly marvelous effect. No percepti- ble change in the appearance of its crater follows or precedes periods of activity, and even during its quiet days the same violent boiling of its waters is always the subject of noticeable comment. The Punch Boivl.— Both. the footpath and wagon road leading westward from the Splendid toward Black Sand Basin and Specimen Lake pass the Punch Bowl, by far the handsomest spring of its peculiar class to be found in the geyser region, if not in the world. Situated on the summit of a small mound of silicious deposit, some five feet above the general level, it is about 10 feet in diameter, with a glittering rim of brilliantly colored formation 18 inches in height. The constant boiling of its contents, though only a small part of its surface is agitated, as the bubbles of escaping steam and gas arise, produces a wave- like undulation over the entire spring and gives it a steadj^ and not inconsiderable overflow. A small cave-like open- ing on one side of the mound or cone is very handsome and much admired, having the appearance of being lined with satin of the rarest beauty and texture. Early visitors to the Park during the seasons of 1873 and 1875, speak of this spring as being an active geyser, while during 1888 64 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. similar reports gained currency. Notliing, however, is cer- tainly known as to the correctness of these reports, though they are highly probable. Black Sand Basin and Specimen Lake.— Dr. Peale's description of Black Sand Spring is interestingly comprehensive, and is as follows : " This is one of the most beautiful springs in the Upper Basin. It has a delicate rim, with toad-stool-like masses around it. The basin slopes rather gently toward a central aperture that, to the eye, appears to have no bottom. The water in the spring has a delicate turquois tint, and as the breeze sweeps across its surface, dispelling the steam, the effect of the rippling of the water is very beautiful. The sloping sides are covered with a light brown crust ; sometimes it is a rather dark cream color. The funnel is about 40 feet in diameter, while the entire space covered by the spring is about 55 x 60 feet, out- side the rim of which is a border of pitch-stone (obsidian) sand or gravel sloping 25 feet. From its west side flows a considerable stream, forming a most beautiful channel, in which the coloring presents a remarkable variety of shades; the extremely delicate pinks are mingled with equally deli- cate tints of saffron and yellow, and here and there shades of green." The overflow from this spring spreads out over a large and very interesting area, called Specimen Lake, which deserves more than a passing notice. Absorption of the surrounding silica has destroyed many of the trees in the vicinity, the dry, lifeless trunks adding to the attrac- TOUR OF THE PARK. 65 tiveness of the place, geologicalh' speaking, by affording the appearance of petrifactions. The roadwa\' continuing westward from Black Sand Basin terminates at Iron Spring Creek. On the opposite side is the intensely interesting Sun Light Basui^ composed of several large, silent pools, w^hose coloring far surpasses anything seen in the Park. The most fascinating spring in this collection is Emerald Pool, the most southern one in the group. It is frequently spoken of b\^ returning visitors as the most beautiful object in the Ge\'ser Basins. A footpath from the crossing of Iron Spring Creek leads to the hotel, passing some ancient geyser cones and the "Three Sisters," a trinity of springs quite interesting. Castle Qeyser, — The Castle is at once recognized, as it occupies a very prominent position close by a point of timber midway between the Grand Geyser and the hotel. It is visible from nearly all points of the basin, the main road being around its west and south sides. The great amount of deposit, perhaps 100 feet in diameter at its base, and the possession of the largest cone in the whole region, while giving it an air of conspicuousness, at the same time indicate that it is one of the oldest active gej'sers in the Park. The broken condition of its cone on the east side renders possible an eas\' ascent to its summit, which is about 20 feet across. The orifice of the geyser tube in the top of the cone is about three feet in diameter, quite round, and is lined with a formation of bright orange color, 66 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Eruptions of the Castle occur at intervals of about thirty hours, preceded by the occasional throwing out of jets of water to the height of 15 or 20 feet, perhaps. These pre- monitory symptoms of eruption generally continue five or six hours, when more violent demonstrations, during which columns of water are shot upward to a height of fully 75 feet, ensue, and, continuing for half an hour or so, are followed by a "steam period" similar to that of the Giantess. Several times each season it has eruptions of an unusual character, in which its columns of water are thrown to twice their usual height and its subsequent "steam periods" are proportionately forcible. A violent boiling spring is situated near the base of its cone, on the north side, and used to be a favorite resort of the "camper- out" in earlier days, as excellent coffee can be made in this spring in fifteen minutes, and other edibles, requiring the action of boiling water to prepare them for the table, are well and thoroughly cooked in a correspondingly short time. The large, crested spring, 100 feet north from the Castle, is usually very handsome. It generally is filled to overflow- ing, and the bottom and edges of the channel leading out of its north side are very highly and beautifully colored. This spring is some 20 feet in diameter, and is commonly known as Castle Well. A short distance below Riverside Bridge, is Morning Glory S^jrhig^ a silent pool, some 20 feet 68 YELLOWS TOXE NATIOXAL PARK. in diameter, overflowing slightly at the west. The peculiar shape of its funnel-like crater, whose walls are delicately colored, together with the be^iutiful transparency of its waters, suggests its ver\' appropriate name, and it is best seen from a stage or carriage, a slightly elevated point of observation affording a better view. Half a mile below is Artemisia Sprinf/^ situated between the road and river, quite near the former, which is elevated some 15 or 20 feet above the spring. Stepping to the edge of the bank, an excellent view of the crater is obtained, the crystal clear- ness of its waters allowing a distinct view into its appar- ently^ bottomless depths. The spring is 60 feet in diameter and generalU^ very little agitated, merely overflowing. The surrounding formation, quite unlike that of any other spring, is as hard as flint, and of a peculiar olive-green color. Although for the most part very quiescent, this spring has occasional pulsations in the nature of eruptions, at which times large quantities of water are forced out, fairly flooding the formation between it and the river. These eruptions are, however, extremely irregular, too few of them having been witnessed, in fact, to render the regu- larity of its periods of activity a matter of record or even of authentic rumor. The bank of the Firehole, some 30 feet high at this point, is the most highly colored section of the river to be found in the Upper Basin. The best view is obtained from the bridle-path on the west side of the river. This path leads south from the Splendid, crossing the Fire- ■a •a (0 o 70 YnZLOWSfONE NATIONAL PARK. hole just above its confluence with Iron Spring Creek, near which it joins the main road. Biscuit Basui.— This portion of the Upper Basin is on the west side of Firehole River, and on the north side of Iron Spring Creek, being about one mile below Riverside Bridge. The somewhat difficult ford across Firehole River prevents many from visiting this very interesting locality at the present time; however, it is hoped that the construc- tion of a substantial w^agon road will soon overcome this difficult}'. The principal attraction of Biscuit Basin is Sapphire Pool, whose highh^ ornamented margin suggested the basin's rather odd name. Hundreds of small, symmet- rical, biscuit-like knobs of olive-green formation surround the spring, which is of the variety known as pulsating or breathing springs (geysers in fact), the constant ebb and flow of its waters, now^ rising threateningly and flooding the margin of hard, biscuit-shaped masses, from one to another of which one must pick his way in order to get a good view of the pool itself; now gentlj' and noiselessU^ receding, presenting, the while, a spectacle as curious as it certainly is interesting. A few feet to the w^est is Jewel GeyseVf whose eruptions, occuring with the remarkable frequency of from three to five minutes, render this little geyser extremely interesting, particularly as it manifests considerable power, throwing its jets of water and steam to a height of 25 or 30 feet. Scarce 500 feet further west are the Black Pearl and TOUR OF THE PARK. 11 Silver Globe, The former has a beautiful basin, studded thickly with what at first appear to be black pearls, each about one quarter of an inch in diameter. A curious feature of this Httle "spouter" is the fact that its forma- tion surrounds the roots and stump of a tree, completely encrusting the same with its rich, black ornamentation. The Silver Globe derives its name from theconstant rising to its surface of large, silvery globules or bubbles of gas or steam, which, of course, immediately disappear on reaching the air. These and man\^ other equally interesting points of interest will tend to make this locality deservedly popu- lar when more generally accessible, UPPER GEYSER BASIN TO YELLOWSTONE LAKE. The construction of the stage road from the Upper Basin to Yellowstone Lake, affording a glimpse of Shoshone Lake and the Teton Mountains en route, has added much to the attractiveness of the Park tour, rendering easily accessible to visitors a new and extensive region, charming in scenery. Leading up the Madison River (being the same stream known as the Firehole River during its meandering of the geyser basins), the road crosses the river, and climbs a gentle ascent to Kei^ler Cascades (two miles from the Upper Basin Hotel), whose waters leap from shelf to shelf of a rocky 72 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. GEYSER TIME TABLE. A RECOHU OF THE ERUPTIONS OP THE ACTIVE GEYSERS IN THE UPPER GEYSER BASIN. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. NAME • HEIGHT FT. INTERVALS OF ERUPTION. DURATION. Old Faithful, • • • 150 65 minutes. 4 min. Bee Hive, 200 10 to 30 hours. 8 " Giantess, . . 150 14 days. 12 hrs. Lion, . . , 60 24 hours. 8 min. Lioness, . . 80 Irregular. 10 " Cub, . . 12 Frequent. 20 " Surprise, . . 100 Irregular. 2 " Spasmodic, . 4-0 Irregular. 20 *' Sawmill, . . 35 Very frequent. 30 " Grand, . . 200 15 to 20 hours. 30 " Turban, . 40 Following the Grand. 20 " Riverside, 100 8 hours. 15 " Mortar, . 60 8 hours. 6 " Fan, . . . 70 8 hours. 10 " Artemisia, 150 Irregular. 10 " Atomizer, 20 Irregular. 10 " Jewel, . . 50 5 minutes. 1 " Grotto. . 30 4 hours. 30 " Giant, . . 250 6 days. 90 " Oblong, . 30 8 hours. 4 " Splendid, . 200 3 hrs ever\- other day. 10 " Comet, 60 Irregular. 5 •' Castle, . 150 24 to 30 hours. 25 " Mud, . . 30 Irregular. 5 " Cliff, . . • 100 Irregular. 8 " Lone Star, • 75 40 minutes. 10 " Chinaman, • 40 Irregular. 2 " TOUR OF THE PARK. 73 chasm in a series of enchanting falls, aggregating 100 to 150 feet in height, and whose charms are enhanced by the dark background of forest on either hand. From this point the roadway continues up the Madison about two miles to the third crossing, when it leaves the river for the ascent of the " divide." At this point a trail continues up the west bank of the river about one-half a mile to Lone Star Geyser,— The cone of this geyser is about 10 feet in height by 12 in diameter at its base, tapering slightly towards its summit, which is fully six feet across; its crater consisting of one large central opening sur- rounded by numerous small orifices, from all of which water is thrown during an eruption. The Lone Star plays every half hour, each alternate display being the better, its boiling contents being thrown in a fine spray, mingled with steam, to a height of 60 feet. The chief beauty of this geyser lies in its cone, which is striped, vertically, with bands of white, lavender and brown, intermixed with varying shades of yellow, and is completely covered with an almost endless variety of elegant pearl-like beads. In leaving the Madison the road deflects to the eastward and climbs the continental water-shed, surmounting which it skirts along the bow of the divide and ultimately descends to the forest -fringed shores of the West Bay or "Thumb" of Yellowstone Lake. From Shoshone Point on the summit, an excellent view is had of Shoshone Lake and the Teton Mountains. The outlet of the lake is the Lewis or Snake River, a branch of the Columbia. Loue Star Geyser. TOUR OF THE PARK. 75 YELLOWSTONE LAKE AND VICINITY. It is about 18 miles from the Upper Geyser Basin to the "Thumb." k lunch station is located here and tourists have an opportunity of taking a steamer from this point to the Lake Hotel if they desire. The stage road follows the shore of the lake the entire distance to the hotel at the outlet. There are no less than seven hot-spring areas surrounding Yellowstone Lake, containing in the aggregate more than 200 springs, great and small, of hot silicious water, but those of the west arm, or Thumb Bay, as it is called, are by far the most interesting. There are 66 springs and paint pots in this group (the temperature of whose waters averages about 190 degrees Fahrenheit) and several geyser cones; one of which rises above the lake surface just a few feet from the shore, standing upon which one may catch trout, and, dropping them into the hot water in the crater of the cone, cook them without removal from the hook. Some of these springs have a considerable overflow, caused by what seems to be a forcing up of their contents, which rise and fall alternatel}' like the bosom of a sleeping giant; these are called breathing or pulsating springs, in contra- distinction to those whose waters maintain the same quiet level. The water of nearly all these springs posseses the same delicate blue tints noticeable in other portions of the Park. The lake-shore at this point consists of sloping terrace-like 76 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. layers of sillcious deposit, which extends some distance back from the water's edge and even out into the lake. Most of the springs are scattered over this formation, back a little way from the lake, though several are close to the water's edge, and a few, even, may be seen beneath the lake surface, occasional points of bubbling betraying their presence. Some 400 or 500 feet back from the lake, and nearly opposite the "fishing-cone," is a paint pot basin similar to that near Fountain GeVvSer, in the Lower Basin. This basin is about 50 feet in diameter, and is a seething mass of beautifullv colored and finely granulated clay, the prevailing tints being pink and red in varying shades, though creamy white and pale blue colors are noticed. Around the edges of the basin are a dozen or more hollow mud cones, 2 to 3 feet in height, from which discharges of mud occasionally occur. By many this basin is considered the most attractive of all the paint pots of the Park. Hotel at the Outlet,— This spacious and elegantly appointed hotel tends greatly toward making Yellowstone Lake the resort, par excellence, of the Park. Here every- thing is so arranged that guests can spend the entire season, if they so desire, making short, easy trips of sight- seeing or explorations to all points of the great reserve. The falls and canj^on are distant but 18 miles, a well- constructed road leading thither ; the Great Geyser basins are scattered along a stage route, whose extreme length is c ■a 78 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. not above 35 miles from this hotel, and some five miles southwesterly, just off the main road leading from the Outlet to the Thumb, is an arch of stone spanning a creek, forming a natural bridge; while to the eastward lies the Koodoo Refflon^ or* Goblin Lancia a weirdl\' wild region, as 3'et visited b\' only a few sportsmen and ambitious explorers, but which time and the construction of roads will render accessible to all. At present, a better field for exploration would be difficult to find, even though it lies at the threshold, almost, of one of the most cosmopolitan of American watering-place hotels. To visit any, or all, of the points of interest circumjacent to this grand mountain lake, vehicles of all kinds, saddle and pack-animals, guides, rowboats, sailboats and steam- ers are ever at command, and as for trout fishing, he who has never cast a "fly" into the blue depths of this vast natural "trout preserve" and its large river outlet knows little or nothing of its delights. Fifteen by twenty miles in size, of irregular outline, some- what resembling the human hand, and embracing an area of about 150 square miles, this is the largest bod\' of water in North America at so great an altitude — 7,788 feet above sea level. Several islands dot its surface, the largest being Stephen- son's, near the south end, and Frank's, midway of the lake, and its ver}' considerable depth (from 5 to 50 fathoms) renders navigation practicable and safe. The river Yellow- TOUR OF THE PAEK. 79 stone is, at once, its principal affluent and sole outlet, its upper portion draining a considerable area tributary to the lake on the southeast, and the vast body of water thus accumulated in this natural mountain reservoir serving not only to furnish a never-failing supply for one of the grand- est of the Missouri's tributaries, but supplying the means for the successful irrigation of the entire Lower Yellow- stone Valley. YELLOWSTONE LAKE TO FALLS AND CANYON. The road from the lake to the Grand Canyon follows the valle\^ of the Yellowstone the entire distance, about 18 miles, and most of the way quite near the river. It passes Mud Ge\^sers, Sulphur Mountain and across Hayden Valley. Mud Geysers are about five miles from the Lake Hotel and consist of several large craters filled with blue, pasty mud, one and all emitting odors far from agreeable. The attractive feature of this locality is the Mud Volcano^ situated a few rods to the west of the road, at the base of the cliff, whose funnel-shaped crater is 30 feet in depth, formed by mud ejected from below through a cave-like opening, out of which a sickening, lead-colored mass of mud, of the consistency of soft mortar, is con- stantly belched, accompanied by dull, muffled sounds, and in a manner at once repulsive and fascinating. The strange phenomenon presented by the foliage in the vicinity, covered as it is with a coating of mud, is accounted for by TOUR OF THE PARK. 81 the theory that it is carried there in minute particles by the action of escaping steam, and not as the result of erup- tions, as some suppose. Hayden Valley extends from Mud Geyser to Alum Creek along the Yellowstone and west from the river to Marj^'s Mountain. It's the largest valley in the reserva- tion, and especially adapted as a range for game, being well watered by Trout and Alum creeks. During the win- ter of '93-'94 a herd of about 100 buffalo and over a thousand elk wintered in this valley. Stilphur Mountain, or Crater Hills, consist of a group of isolated hills or "buttes," each about 150 feet high, of which a splendid view is obtained from the roadwa}^ as it skirts along their western base. Large blocks of detached rock are scattered about, in all of which a large percentage of pure sulphur is noticeable. The fumes arising from the various vents are exceedingly disagreeable. The chief attraction is a large boiling spring at the base of the mountain, on the west side. Of this, Capt. G. C. Doane, of U. S. A., has given the following graphic description: "The greatest spring in appearance lies at the base of the highest hill, and is intensely sulphur- ous, great clouds of vapor continually escaping from it. It measures 15x20 feet on the inside, and its waters boil up constantly from 3 to 7 feet in height ; the whole surface rising and falHng, occasionally, with a flux and reflux of four feet additional, overflowing its basin, and receding 82 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, every few minutes. The basin is built up with a solid rim, or lining, of pure, crystalized sulphur, four feet in width all around the edge, probabl}' amounting to forty tons in weight. The water is clear, but of a whitish cast, and above the boiling point, steam being evaporated from its surface. A small channel leads down the slope, and for several hundred feet its bed is incrusted with a sulphur deposit, showing that the spring occasionally flows a con- siderable quantity of water, the deposit being from 3 to 10 inches deep." On the west side of the road are numerous mud caldrons and springs, the contents of which are varied, some being of thick mud, others of leaden-hued water, all incessantly agitated and throwing upon their surrounding edges a finely mixed muddy deposit. The road from Sulphur Mountain to the Canvon Hotel (some four miles distant) passes over a rolling country, and skirts along the banks of Yellowstone River until nearly^ to the Upper Falls, when it deflects somewhat from the river and, after winding through a belt of timber for a short distance, crosses Cas- cade Creek and climbs the hillside to the Grand Canyon Hotel. UPPER FALLS OF THE YELLOWSTONE. About a quarter of a mile above the falls, the current becomes verj^ rapid, tumbling over a succession of cascades and swirling around masses of rock left surrounded in mid- 73 > a o < c; 84 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. stream. Just before reaching the brink of the falls, the river makes an abrupt turn to the eastward, from which fact an unobstructed view of the former cannot be obtained from its hotel side. Above the falls a jutting point of rocks affords an excellent view of the rapids and the foaming waters rushing on over the precipice itself. The Upper Falls have a perpendicular drop of 140 feet, and the water, striking the shelving rock-formation at the bottom of the abj^ss, shoots out rocket-like columns plainh' seen from the ledge above. A quarter of a mile below, the river takes another leap of 360 feet, called the Lower Falls. The water between, while seemingly placid, from points of observation most readily accessible and therefore usually visited, is exceedingly rapid, though its remarkable clear- ness affords a view of its apparently smooth, rock}- bottom the entire distance. A footpath leads to the bottom of the Upper Falls, where ver\' fine trout fishing ma^- be enjoyed, and midwa}' between this point and the Lower Falls, Cas- cade Creek enters the river. Cascade Falls are directly below the bridge which spans the creek. Their aggregate fall, including the cas- cades above, is about 130 feet, and a ladder to Grotto Pool allows an inspection of them, though these minor at- tractions possess little, if any, charm to the sight-seer when so near a sight justly rated among the grand est among earth's many marvelously grand scenic dis- plays. 86 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. GREAT FALLS AND GRAND CANYON OF THE YELLOWSTONE. A short distance beyond Cascade Creek the road passes a point from which the first glimpse of the canyon is obtained. Inspiration Point may be seen some three miles away. The eye follows the river's course to the brink of the Great Falls, where it suddenh^ disappears, to be seen again some distance below, meandering, like a slender ribbon of silver, between frowning canyon walls. A sign- board points out the trail to the brink below, following which (on foot) the visitor soon stands upon a natural platform of rock upon the very edge of the canyon, over- looking the awful ])lunge of seething waters. At this point the river, though some 250 feet in width a short dis- tance above, narrows to just 74 feet, and while the view is grand almost bej^ond expression, it is not the best to be obtained of the falls. Point Lookout and Red Rock being regarded the best points from which to see them ; however, probably no better view (certainly none more comprehen- sive) of the canyon is obtainable than that to be had from the platform overlooking the brink of the falls. Gazing down the canyon. Point Lookout is seen rising from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the river. Almost directly opposite, on the right-hand side of the canyon, is Artist's Point, so called from being the position selected by Thomas Moran from which to paint his celebrated picture, which may be seen hanging in the nation's capitol at Washington. Point Lookout and Great Falls. 88 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Inspiration Point, three miles below, is hidden from view by an intervening bend, but a vast stretch of rugged canyon wall may be seen on either hand. The onW possible footing to be found in the canyon below the falls, and from which the latter may be clearly seen, is on the right, imme- diately at the foot of the falls. This point has been reached by but few, and then onl\^ by the aid of 800 feet of rope, by which the adventurous explorer is assisted in descending and ascending the almost perpendicular cliffs. The subject of the frontispiece illustration was secured from this posi- tion. To reach the south and east side of the canyon it is necessary to cross the river above the Upper Falls, which may be readily and safely accomplished by boat, and ere long will be made possible b}-^ means of a foot bridge to be constructed at their brink. The descent of the Grand Canyon will undoubtedly be made possible, at no very distant day, by means of an elevator. Leaving the brink of the Lower Falls, the trail is ascended back up the canyon's side, past the sign-board, to its top; from which point, directly above the verge of the Lower Falls, the river and Upper Falls come prominently into view, and, as one passes along the dizzy edge of the canyon toward Point Lookout, glimpes are caught, through the timber, of the Great Falls, a full 1,000 feet below. Point Lookout is, by trail, about half a mile below the falls, and commands altogether the best com- bined view of the Great Falls and Canyon ; though Red TOUR OF THE PARK. 89 Rock, just below, and to which a perfectly safe trail leads down the ravine under Point Lookout, affords the best view of the falls, themselves, possible for tourists to obtain. I^ispivation Point is considered by many as being, of all points, the best from which to see and appreciate the vast immensity of the canyon; and, although it is two miles from Point Lookout, the grandeur of the view, when considered together with the various other points and pro- jections from which a more or less extended inspection of the canyon may be made, well repays one for the extra effort required. Inspiration Point is 1,500 feet above the river, and would afford an excellent distant view of both canyon and falls, were it not for Point Lookout interven- ing. Looking down stream, the view of the canyon is especially fine ; though the brilliant coloring of its walls is not so noticeable as above the point. Beside the trail, a short distance from this locality, may be seen a large boulder of granite, a most interesting relic of glacial deposit, said by geologists to have been stranded here during the "ice period." The opposite side of the canyon possesses many excellent points from which to observe both canyon and falls, giving the reverse effect of lights and shadows, which in itself is highly interesting. Particularly is this true of Artist's Point, from which an unobstructed view of both canyon and falls may be had, and when rendered more accessible, 7 90 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. will be fully as popular as the points visited to-day. The banks of the river throughout the entire length of the can3'on (some 10 miles) are lined with hot springs, and the great quantity of hot water poured from them into the river current has the effect of increasing the temperature of the river fully 20 degrees, between the Lower Falls and a short distance below Inspiration Point. Quite a powerful little gCA^ser is noticed on the south bank, playing from a knob-like deposit some 50 feet above the surface of the river, and a short distance up stream from Inspiration Point, above which the canyon walls rise in a sheer, per- pendicular height of fulh' 1,000 feet. Field-glasses are quite necessary to enable one to make a satisfactorjMnspec- tion of these numerous attractions; among which an eagle's nest, situated upon an inaccessible crag, fully com- pensates for the trouble of bringing a glass, in the inter- esting study it affords the beholder. With respect to scenic effect, that obtained in the morning from Inspiration Point and that in the afternoon from the brink of the Great Falls are considered by many the best. However, each and every hour produces an effect of light and shade possible for no artist to portray in faithful detail. Believing that the purposes of a guide book are best subserved by confining its scope to plain descriptive state- ments, calculated to enable the reader to readily find, and recognize when found, the subjects concerning which it treats, all attempts at "word pictures" have been rigidly TOUR OF THE PARK. 91 excluded from this little hand-book. It would fail, how- ever, to even faintly convey to the mind of the intending visitor, for whose benefit, of course, special reference was had in its inception, anything like an intelligent idea of the wonders of the National Park, if it neglected to acquaint him with the expressed opinions of some among the many distinguished Hterateurs, scientists, artists and others who have carefully inspected this region. The following interestingh' graphic, and, withal, faithful, pen picture of the Grand Canj^on and Great Falls of the Yellowstone River, by the Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt, is sub- joined for this purpose: "Well, we have reached Cascade Creek at last, and a beautiful grove of trees, beneath whose shade a clear stream, whose waters are free from the nauseous taste of alkali, furnished a delightful place to camp. Now — dis- mounting and seeing that your horse is well cared for, while the men are unloading the pack-mules and pitching the tents — walk up that trail winding up that hillside; follow it for a little among the solemn pines, and then pass out from the tree shadows and take your stand upon that jutting rock, clinging to it well meanwhile and being very sure of your footing, for your head will surely grow dizz}^ and there opens before you one of the most stupendous scenes of nature, the Lf)wer Falls and the awful Canyon of the Yellowstone, 92 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. "And now, where shall I begin, and how shall I, in any- wise, describe this tremendous sight; its overpowering grandeur, and, at the same time, its inexpressible beauty? "Look \'onder! Those are the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone. They are not the grandest in the world, but there are none more beautiful. There is not the breadth and dash of Niagara, nor is there the enormous depth of leap of some of the waterfalls of the Yosemite. But here is majesty of its own kind, and beauty too. On either side are vast pinnacles of sculptured rock. There, where the rock opens for the river, its waters are compressed from a width of 200 feet between the Upper and Lower Falls, to less than 100 feet where it takes the plunge. The shelf of rock over which it leaps is absolutel}'^ level. The water seems to wait a moment on its verge; then it passes, with a single bound, 360 feet, into the gorge below. It is a sheer, unbroken, compact, shining mass of silver foam. But your eyes are all the while distracted from the fall itself, great and beautiful as it is, to its marvelous setting; to the surprising, overmastering canyon into which the river leaps, and through which it flows, dwindling to but a foamy ribbon there in its appalling depths. As you cling here to this jutting rock, the falls are already manj^ hun- dred feet below you. The falls unroll their whiteness down amid the canyon glooms. - * * * These rocky sides are almost perpendicular; indeed, in many places the boiling springs have gouged them out so as to leave overhanging TOUR OF THE PARK. 93 cliffs and tables at the top. Take a stone and throw it over; you have to wait long before you hear it strike. Nothing more awful have I ever seen than the yawning of that chasm. And the stillness, solemn as midnight, pro- found as death. The water dashing there, as in a kind of agony, against those rocks, you cannot hear. The mighty distance lays the finger of silence on its white lips. You are oppressed with a sense of danger. It is as though the vastness would soon force you from the rock to which you cling. The silence, the sheer depth, the gloom burden you. It is a relief to feel the firm earth beneath your feet again, as you carefully crawl back from your perching place. " But this is not all, nor is the half yet told. As soon as you can stand it. go out on that jutting rock again and mark the sculpturing of God upon those vast and solemn walls. By dash of wind and wave, by forces of the frost, by file of snow plunge and glacier and mountain torrent, by the hot breath of boiling springs, those walls have been cut into the most various and surprising shapes. I have seen the 'middle age' castles along the Rhine; there those castles are reproduced exactly. I have seen the soaring summit of the great cathedral spires in the country beyond the sea; there they stand in prototype, only loftier and sublimer. "And then, of course, and almost beyond all else, you are fascinated by the magnificence and utter opulence of color. Those are not simple gray and hoary depths, and reaches 94 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. and domes and pinnacles of sullen rock. The whole gorge flames. It is as though rainbows had fallen out of the sky and hung themselves there like glorious banners. The underlying color is the clearest yellow ; this flushes onward into orange. Down at the base the deepest mosses unroll their draperies of the most vivid green ; browns, sweet and soft, do their blending ; white rocks stand spectral ; turrets of rock shoot up as crimson as though they were drenched through with blood. It is a wilderness of color. It is impossible that even the pencil of an artist can tell it. What you would call, accustomed to the softer tints of nature, a great exaggeration, would be the utmost tame- ness compared with the reality. It is as if the most glo- rious sunset you ever saw had been caught and held upon that resplendent, awful gorge. "Through nearly all the hours of that afternoon until the sunset shadows came, and afterward, amid the moon- beams, I waited there, clinging to that rock, jutting out into that overpowering, gorgeous chasm. I was appalled and fascinated, afraid, and 3'et compelled to cling there. It was an epoch in my life." From the falls and canyon, stages will make the return trip to Mammoth Hot Springs by way of the Virginii Canyon road to Norris. as stated on page 20; but with the construction of a wagon-road overMt. Washburn, to the north of the falls forming a junction with the Coolie City road, near Barronette"s Bridge, not only will a new and charming portion of the Park be opened to general travel, but the entire circuit of the reservation will be possible without retracing any part of the way. TOUR OF THE PARK. . 95 SIDE-TRIP TO MOUNT WASHBURN. This, the observatory of the Park, rises midway between the Grand Canyon Hotel and Tower Falls, with which it is at present connected by two bridle-paths, and, soon will be, it is expected, by a substantial wagon-road. It is about ten miles from the Grand Canyon Hotel to the summit of the mountain, which may be readily reached from either trail; that between the mountain and river is the one most traveled. This path winds around the edge of the canyon for a mile or more below Inspiration Point, gradually drawing away from the river toward the mountainside, through dense forests and open parks, until the highest part of the trail is reached (fully 4.000 feet above the river). If it is desired to ascend to the summit of the mountain, the trail is left at this point, horses being able to climb the mountain-brow without special fatigue. If the climb to the summit be deemed undesirable, the trail may be continued to Tower Falls ; the descent is gradual to the valley of Antelope Creek, which is followed nearly to the falls. As has been said, Mt. Washburn is the observatory of the Park ; and, while a trip to and from its summit consumes a day, the grand view obtained amph^ repa3's the effort. Dr. Hoyt thus describes it : " Let us take our stand for a little now upon Mt. Wash- burn. Its rounded crest is more than 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, and perhaps 5,000 feet above the level of 96 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. the valley, out of which it springs. Its smooth slopes are easy of ascent. You need not dismount from your horse to gain its summit. Standing there you look down upon the whole grand panorama as does the eagle yonder, holding himself aloft upon almost motionless wings. I doubt if there is another view at once so majestic and so beautiful in the whole world. Your vision darts through the spaces for 150 miles on some sides. You are standing upon a mountain lifting itself out of a vast, saucer-shaped de- pression. Away yonder, where the sky seems to meet the earth on every side around the whole circumference of your sight, are lines and ranges of snow-capped peaks shutting your glances in. Yonder shoots upward the serrated peak of Pilot Mountain, in the Clark Fork range. Joined to that, sweep on around you in the dim distance, the snowy lines of the Madison range. Yonder join hands with these, the Stinking Water Mountains, and so on and on and around. "Take now a closer view for a moment. Mark the lower hills, folded in their thick draperies of pine and spruce, like dark green velvet of the softest and deepest ; notice, too, those beautiful park-like spaces where the trees refuse to grow, and where the prairie spreads its smooth sward freely toward the sunlight. And those spots of steam breaking into the vision every now and then, and floating off like the whitest clouds that ever graced the summer sk3^ those are the signals of the geysers at their strange TOVR OF THE PARK. 97 duty, yonder in the geyser basins, 30 miles away. And those bits of silver, flashing hither and thither on the hill- sides, amid the dense green of the forests, these are water- falls and fragments of ice glaciers, which for ages have been at their duty of sculpturing these mountains, and have not yet completed it. And that lovely deep blue sheet of water, of such a dainty shape, running its arms out toward the hills, and bearing on its serene bosom emeralds of islands ; that is the sweetest sheet of water in the world; that is the Yellowstone Lake. And that exquisite broad sheen of silver, winding through the green of the trees and the brown of the prairie; that is the Yellowstone River starting on its wonderful journey to the Missouri, and thence downward to the gulf, between 6,000 and 7,000 miles away. But, nearer to us, almost at our feet, as we trace this broad line of silver, the eye encounters a fright- ful chasm, as if the earth had suddenly sunk away; and into its gloomy depths the brightness and beauty of the shining river leaps, and is thenceforth lost altogether to the view. That is the tremendous canyon, or gorge, of the Yellowstone." SIDE-TRIPS FROM THE MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS. Middle Gardiner Tfalls and Bunsen Peak,— Surrounding the Mammoth Hot Springs, and not on the main traveled roads, are many interesting places that can be visited by ladies and gentlemen fond of horseback riding. 98 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. The Middle-Gardiiier-Falls-trip is probably the most inter- esting. The trail leaves the Golden Gate road about half a mile south from the hotel, passing along the west side of the government inclosure to the West Gardiner River, crosses the West Gardiner and passes over the eastern slope of Bunsen Peak to Observation Point, which is 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the river. The walls of the canyon are nearly perpendicular, especially on the east side, and resemble more nearh' the Grand Can^'on of the Yellow- stone than any other place in the Park. The total drop of the falls is 300 feet, the first 100 feet being perpendicular; the trail continues around the slope of Bunsen Peak, inter- secting the main road at Golden Gate. The comparatively easy road around the mountain, though slighth^ longer, is preferable to returning over the trail just followed. The ascent to Bunsen Peak is easilv made from the south side; the view from its summit is grand and impressive. To the south the lofty Teton range (forming part of the boundary between Idaho and Wyoming), though 100 miles distant, can be plainly seen on a clear day; the magnificent Gallatin range lies to the west; while Electric Peak, Hot Spring Valle}' and the Yellowstone range occup\^ the north and east. No better point can be found in this portion of the Park from which to study the geography of the reserve. From the west entrance of Golden Gate, one has the choice of two routes to the hotel — the regular carriage-road and the old road. The latter leads along the west side of Ter- TOUR OF THE PARK. 99 race Mountain, crossing the same through the pass called Snow Gate; thence down over the formation to the hotel. The entire distance of this trip is about eight miles, and can be easily accomplished in half a day. If the ascent of Bun- sen Peak is made, it will be necessar^v to start in the fore- noon and lunch at Gardiner Falls. Mt, Evarts and Efst Gdrdlner Falls.— The gigantic wall, rising some 2,000 feet above Gardiner River, is the west face of a broad, triangular mountain, compris- ing an area of 20 square miles, known as Mt. Evarts — a designation that has been attached to it since 1870. The story of Mr. Evarts' Jid venture and suffering is well known, and the fact that his rescue from a horrible death took place in a little valley just back of the summit of the moun- tain gives a tinge of romance to the locality and makes the name more than usually appropriate. Mr. Evarts was a member of the Washburn-Langford party who explored the Park in 1870. While this party was in camp at Yellow- stone Lake, some 50 miles distant, Mr. Evarts decided to part company with the explorers and return to Bozeman. Being positive that he could reach his destination without the assistance of a guide, he was allowed to depart, mounted on a horse, with a pack horse to carry his provisions and camp equipage. Overtaken on the way by a severe storm, he became bewildered ; and, while searching on foot for evi- dence of a trail, lost his eye-glasses, and was unable to re- turn to his horses. For three weeks he wandered helplessly 346346 100 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. over the country, but was found at last by scout Barron- ette, upon this mountain, in a very precarious condition Mr. Evarts' rescue was largely due to the prompt in- vestigation set on foot by Gen. Washburn upon the return of his horses to the explorers' camp, and, happily, he fully recovered from his thrilling experience and privation. The wagon road from Mammoth Hot Springs to Cooke City (a mining camp just outside the northeast corner of the Park), passes East Gardiner Falls, which are nearly on a level with the eastern slope of Mt. Evarts; it is possible to ride a horse to the edge of this mountain which over- looks the Hot Spring Valley and commands one of the finest views of this locality. Mt. Evarts is a favorite summer range for game ; and it is not uncommon for visitors to see elks, antelopes and "big-horn" sheep while on the moun- tain. East Gardiner Falls are composed of two cascades, the upper one having a drop of nearly 50 feet, while the lower falls are more broken and have a total drop of about 80 feet; they are but a short distance apart. An excellent view of Gardiner Canyon and the Hot Springs in the dis- tance may be had from the ledge near the lower falls. The East Gardiner Falls are five miles from the hotel ; the sum- mit of Mt. Evarts, overlooking the Hot Springs, is a mile and a half further. Persons on horseback can cross over Mt. Evarts and strike the Yellowstone trail, which inter- sects the road from Cinnabar to the Hot Springs near Gar- diner City. Excellent fishing may be found in the Yellow- Tower Falls. 102 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. stone River near the mouth of Black-Tail-Deer Creek, which crosses the Cooke City road some two miles east of Gardi- ner Falls, and can be easily followed to the river. Yanceij^s Tower Falls and Petrified Trees, — Those desiring to visit the eastern part of the Park, not available on the grand tour until the proposed Government road over Mt. Washburn shall have been constructed, can spend two or three enjoyable days at "Uncle" John Yan- cey's; have the best of trout fishing, and visit Tower Falls and the petrified trees. Yancey's place is eighteen miles from the Mammoth Hot Springs, on the Cooke City road. The character of the country is quite unlike any other por- tion of the Park, and the ride, generally, is very much en- joA^ed. Fishing in the Yellowstone is excellent above the junction of the East Fork to Tower Creek. Tower Falls are three miles from Yancey's (where guides to the fishing grounds can be secured). Tower Creek empties into the Yellowstone a short distance below the falls ; these are 110 feet high, deriving their name from the peculiar rocky form- ations which rise, tower-like, several hundred feet above their brink. The petrified trees are one and a half miles from Yancey's, and are reached by an easy trail. They are the only specimens of petrified trees (standing in their nat- ural position) to be found in the Park. On Specimen Ridge, across the Yellowstone, some 10 miles from Yance^^'s, are numerous specimens of petrifactions, many of them being four and five feet in diameter. All visitors to "Uncle" 104 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. John's speak in glowing terms of the trip. His hotel, with accommodations for twelve to fifteen ladies and gentlemen, is located in Pleasant Valley, where Mr. Yancey has resided for twenty years, selecting this romantic portion of the Yel- lowstone in preference to all others. THE PARK IN MIDWINTER. The first attempt to explore this region in the winter oc- curred in January, 1887. The expedition was headed by Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka, of arctic fame, and accom- panying him were several eastern gentlemen and F. Jay Haynes, as photographer, together with a corps of guides, packers and assistants. The party was outfitted with arctic "sleeping bags," the Norwegian "ski," the Canadian " web" snowshoe, and toboggans to carry supplies, photo- graphic equipment and astronomical instruments, it being the intention to camp wherever night overtook the party, regardless of the hotels. The expedition consumed three days in reaching Norris, leaving the Mammoth Hot Springs January 2d, and camping at Indian Creek the first night, with the thermometer 37 degrees below zero. The second camp w^as near Obsidian Cliff. This very slow rate of trav- eling was due, in great measure, to the depth and lightness of the snow, in which the toboggans sank readily, making them difficult to draw. At Norris, Lieutenant Schwatka unfortunately fell ill, and was compelled to abandon further exploration. TOUR OF THE PARK. 105 Mr. Haynes, who was specially desirous of obtaining a line of photographic negatives of winter scenes that should embrace the most interesting portions of the great reserve, employed two of the sturdiest men of the Schwa tka party, and, accompanied by Edward Wilson, a government scout, pushed on, and succeeded in making a complete circuit of the reservation, visiting the Lower and Upper Geyser Ba- sins, the Falls and Grand Canyon, and crossing over Mt. Washburn to Yancey's, and thence by the Cooke City road back to Mammoth Hot Springs. The fallacy of attempting to drag toboggans was proven in getting to Norris, hence this part}' resorted to the cus- tomary fashion of packing upon their backs their equip- ment, sleeping bags and provisions, each carrying from 30 to 45 pounds. The Norwegian snowshoe, or ski, is a slen- der runner of tough, springy wood, slightly turned up at the forward end, some four inches wide by twelve feet long, and fitted with a looped thong or strap, into w^hich to in- sert the foot. The\' are slid over the snow, the operator carrying a pole some eight feet long to assist him in main- taining his balance, and to be used as a brake when descend- ing mountain sides, without which a velocity w^ould be at- tained that would be extreme!}' dangerous. In ascending, a " tacking " process, similar to that of a sailboat proceed- ing against the wind, has to be resorted to, unless it is found necessary to climb an abrupt section, then the opera- tor resorts to the "corduroy step," which is simply stc p- TOUR OF THE PARK. 107 ping sidewise. In leaving the Norris Hotel the first grand sight presented was in Norris Basin, where the great amount of steam congealed on the trees in the vicinity pro- duced all the fantastic shapes and forms possible to imagine, while the numerous vents sending up their columns of steam resembled a vast manufacturing city. The telephone wires, happening to be over a hot spring, were generally broken down by the immense weight of accumulated ice, frequently assuming a diameter of two to three inches. The Upper Basin, however, presented the most striking appearance, the greater amount of steam and more numerous hot springs affording a grand sight. The president of the Yel- lowstone Park Association kindly offered the party the use of the hotel, which was soon found to be colder than out- doors. It's a summer hotel, and the draught produced by kindling a fire inside was more disagreeable than a camp on the lava formation near Old Faithful, which was dry and entirely free from snow on account of the internal heat. Securing a tent from the hotel, the party camped here for several days, during the first five of which a blinding snow- storm raged continuously. The morning of the sixth day broke crisp and clear and revealed a sight seldom seen, in which Old Faithful, the Giantess and the Grand were in eruption at one and the same time. The dense volumes of steam rising from these geysers, in nifijestic columns, to a height of over 1,000 feet, mingled with that constantly arising from numerous other openings, produced an effect TOUR OF THE PARK. 109 truly wonderful. The foliage surrounding each ge3'ser was most artistically ornamented with ice and frozen spray. The great fall of snow throughout the Park, fully eight feet in depth, gave a quite different aspect to the country. The Grand Canyon was entirely changed, the beautiful coloring /on the slopes being hidden. The Great Falls presented a strange sight; the north half was frozen over, immense icicles, 200 feet in length, hanging therefrom ; an ice-bridge, fully 100 feet high, was formed at the base, coming up fully to the spray line, which is usually one-third the height of the falls, and the brink was frozen over, being hidden by an arch of ice fully a dozen feet thick. The trip over Mt. Wash- burn, in which the entire party nearly lost their lives, was one of hardship and privation, a blinding snow-storm being encountered on the mountain, lasting for three days, in which this little party wandered day and night, without food, shelter or fire, an adventurous experience few care to undergo. On the exposed ridges of Mt. Washburn thou- sands of elks were seen, this being their winter range. The extreme rigors of this section prevent it ever becoming a winter resort. The circuit of the Park on snowshoes covered nearly 200 miles, the temperature varying from not warmer than 10 degrees below zero to 52 degrees below, during the entire twenty-nine days consumed by this expedition. 110 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. GAME OF THE PARK IN WINTER. Earl_y in March, 1894, a part}' was organized at Ft. Yel- lowstone for the purpose of visiting the winter ranges of the game, to ascertain, as near as possible, the exact num- ber of buffalo that still exist, and secure photographs of the same. The party consisted of Captain Scott, Lieut. For- syth, Scout Burgess, Mr. Burns, Photographer Haynes and three non-commissioned officers. Mounted on the Norweg- ian snowshoe, with packs of sleeping bags, provisions and camera, they proceeded directly to Hayden Valley via N or- ris and the Grand Canyon. As most of the buffalo congre- gate here during the winter months, they found 81 buffalo in the valley, 73 comprising the main herd, and numerous small groups of elk aggregating fully 300. After a stay of several days in Hayden Valley the party went to Yellow- stone Lake. Captain Anderson had instructed Scout Bur- gess not to overlook the country east of the lake, as a small herd of buffalo usuallv winter there. The first dav out from the lake onlv elk were seen, there being no sign of buf- falo. The party went into camp about 12 miles up Pelican Creek. The second da}- they discovered, in a secluded spot, the " cache " of a poacher, very much to their surprise, as it was supposed that no one was in the Park killing game. The cache consisted of a canvas tepee, sleeping bag, provi- sions and toboggan, and six buffalo heads suspended in a tree near by. A trace of fire in the tepee led the scout to be- ffl & a. •< 112 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. lieve that the poacher was in the \^Qm\t\, and the next move was to capture him. It had been snowing constantly all the morning, and all snowshoe tracks leading from the camp w^ere entirely obliterated. Some five miles from the camp they heard five or six rifle shots fired in rapid succes- sion. Hastening through the timber to the opening in the direction of the firing, the\' came directly upon the poacher. He had driven six of the buffalo into the deep snow and slaughtered the entire band. Knowing these men to be of a desperate character, and being armed only with a pistol, it was a brave act for Scout Burgess to arrest him. Fortu- nately it was snowing hard, and the approach of the scout was not noticed by the poacher or his dog until the arrest was made. He was taken to the Lake Hotel and escorted from there to the guard house at Fort Yellowstone. Be- sides the twelve buffalo that were killed by this poacher, a small herd of seven was seen in the Pelican country making less than 100 now in existence. If these can be protected they will increase rapidly, otherwise the only remaining species of large American game (the bison) will soon be ex- terminated. Elk were found on the foothills of Mt, Wash- burn, on Specimen Ridge along the east fork of the Yellow- stone, on Slough Creek and along the Yellowstone to Mount Evarts, in great numbers. Fully 5,000 have wintered in the above country. Small bands of mountain sheep, deer and antelope were seen on Mount Evarts. The open water of the Yellowstone betw^een the lake and falls was alive 3 O ?• 1' 1 1 1 % ^H % * * 1 ' 114 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. with duck and swan. The red fox and coyote are numer- ous, and an occasional black fox and tracks of mountain lion and bear were seen. The party was in the park about thirty days and traveled over 300 miles. HISTORY AND EARLY EXPLORATION. The following brief histor\" of the Park and account of the early exploration of the region is taken from the report made to the late Dr. F. V. Hayden, Chief of the Geological Survey of Territories, by Henry Gannet, E. M., on the geo- graphical field work of the U. S. Geological Survey during the season of 1878: " The first authentic information regarding the great nat- ural wonders of the Park was derived from a prospecting party under theleadership ofCapt. W. W. DeLacy, who, in 1863, visited the Lower Geyser Basin. Previous to this time it seems that the region was known to but a few hun- ters and trappers, and their tales were treated as the wild- est of romancing, as, indeed, many of them were, the mind of the trapper being singularly prone to exaggeration. The earliest reference to the hot springs is in the stories of a trapper by the name of Colter (or Coulter), who accom- panied Lewis and Clarke's celebrated expedition across the continent. On the return of this expedition, when below the mouth of the Yellowstone, Colter was discharged, at his own request, and immediately returned to the country' above the forks of the Missouri. In this neighborhood, TOUR OF THE PARK. 115 probabl}' on the Jefferson, his companion, Potts, was killed by Blackfeet, and he was captured. Almost miraculously he escaped from them, and, entirely naked, made his way to a trading post on the Big Horn. After this he lived for a year or more among the Bannacks, whose range included what is now the Yellowstone Park. Either during his per- ilous journey, after his escape from the Blackfeet, or during his sojourn among the Bannacks, he became acquainted with the region of the hot springs and geysers, for we find him in Missouri, in 1810, telling marvellous tales of lakes of burning pitch, of land on fire, hot springs and geysers. His stories were, of course, treated as travelers' tales, and 'Col- ter's Heir was classed with Lilliput, Symmes' Hole, and other inventions of over-developed imaginations. " Later we find the knowledge of this country more gen- erall}^ diffused among this people. Colonel Raynolds,in his report on the 'Exploration of the Yellowstone, 'in 1859-60, refers to ' some of these Munchausen tales ' as follows : " ' One was to this effect : In many parts of the country petrifactions and fossils are very numerous, and, as a con- sequence, it was claimed that in some locality (I was not able to fix it definitely) a large tract of sage is perfectly petrified, with all the leaves and branches in perfect condi- tion, the general appearance of the plain beingmj/ZA-e (like?) that of the rest of the country; hut all is stone ; while the rabbits, sage hens and other animals usually found in such localities are still there, perfectly petrified, and as natural 116 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. as when they were Hving; and, more wonderful still, the petrified bushes bear the most wonderful fruit ; diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, etc., etc., as large as black wal- nuts, are found in abundance,' "This story, absurd as it sounds, has a large basis in fact. The narrator, however, had mixed up distinct phenomena, and over all had spread lavishly the coloring of his imagin- ation. There are fields of sage, as well as bits of forest, which, lying in the immediate proximity to groups of springs, have been petrified while standing. The hot, sili- cious water from the springs is drawn up through the pores of the wood, and between the wood and the bark, by capil- lary attraction, and depositing silica wherever it goes, the tree or bush is rapidl}^ transformed into rock. "The story of the remarkable fruit borne by these stone trees is not far from correct, the main difference between the story and the fact being that the fruit is borne on the out- side and inside of the trunks of the trees, instead of on the ends of the branches. The mineral species are not as given in the story, either, but that is a matter of no vital impor- tance. In the process of the silicification of wood the last result of all is the production of quartz crystals. The tree trunk is converted totally into cr3^stalline quartz, radiating from within outward, the crystals being all crowded out of shape. The inside and outside of the hollow cylinder of quartz, which represents the former tree, are covered with the characteristic quartz pyramids. Such products of silici- TOUR OF THE PARK. 117 fication are very abundant in the Park, particularly on Amethyst Ridge, and are, undoubtedly, the 'stone fruit' of the petrified trees and bushes. The crystals are colorless, amethystine or yellow, and, according to the color, are known to the mountain man as diamond, amethyst, topaz, etc. It is unnecessary to say that the part of the story re- lating to animal life was manufactured from whole cloth. "Many other legends had longbeen current among moun- tain men, some of which are briefly referred to in Colonel Norris' report to the Secretary of the Interior for 1878, but none of them seem to have attracted any attention. That white men have been in the Park prior to any printed rec- ord is evidenced by the discovery by Colonel Norris, as noted in his report above referred to, of a block house near the Grand Canyon, of a cache of marten traps near Obsid- ian Canyon, and other relics of the early trappers. " In 1863, Captain W. W. De Lacy, in command of a large party of prospectors, left Montana to prospect on the up- per waters of the Snake. Striking that river near the junc- tion of Henry's Fork, they followed up the main river through the Canyon, prospected in Jackson's Hole, and, not finding gold in paying quantities, they broke up the party, some returning one way, some another. Captain De Lacy, with a portion of the party, followed up the Snake and Lewis Fork, discovering Lewis and Shoshone (De Lacy's) Lakes, the Shoshone and the Lower Geyser Basins. The'geographical work done by Captain De Lacy on this 118 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. trip was embodied in a map of Montana, drawn b\' him, and published by authority of the Territory in 1864-65, and the material thus made public was afterwards used by the land office in the compilation of maps of that region. " The results of this trip seem to have attracted little or no attention, for we hear of no one going into the country until 1869, when two prospectors, Cook and F()lsom,made a prospecting tour through the Park. They followed the Yellowstone up to the mouth of the East Fork, then up the latter stream for a few miles, crossing over to the Yellow- stone at the Great Falls; thence they went up this stream to the foot of the lake, and around the west side of the lat- ter to the extremit}^ of the west arm, thence crossing over to the Geyser Basins on the Madison, and finally left the country by following down the Madison River. Their story immediately attracted attention, and the following summer a large partv, composed of citizens of Montana, under the leadership of General Washburn, then Survex'or General of Montana, was made up for the purpose of ex- ploring this region. A small escort from Fort Ellis, in charge of Lieut. G. C. Doane, accompanied them. "This party made quite extensive explorations on the Yellowstone and Madison rivers. Passing up the Yellow- stone by the well-known trail, the}^ traveled completely around the lake, visiting all localities of interest along the route, with the single exception of the Mammoth Hot Springs, on Gardiner's River. TOUR OF THE PARK. 119 "The following year, 1871, Captains Barlow and Heep, U. S. A., made a reconnaissance of this country, and pre- sented the results in a brief report and a map of their route. "In the same year Dr. Haydcn devoted a portion of the season to a reconnaissance of this region, making quite an extended tour through it. The result of this work, includ- ing geological reports, maps, etc., was published in the an- nual report for that year. Tliis was sufficient to fix the public attention upon this great collection of natural won- ders, and, when Dr. Haydcn presented to Congress a propo- sition to reserve this section from settlement as a national park, it was adopted with little opposition. The following year, 1872, Dr. Haydcn continued the reconnaissance of the Park, and the country to the north and south of it, pub- lishing the results in the report of that year and in a series ofmaps. "This region has, ever since its discovery, proved an at- tractive field for exploration, and scarcely a yearhas passed that some party, under more or less of official sanction, has not traversed it, nominally, at least, for purposes of explor- ation. " In 1873, Captain W. A. Jones, U.S. A., took a large party through it. He entered it from the head of the Stinking Water, crossing one of the many passes near Mt. Chitten- den (it is impossible to tell which). After visiting most of the points of interest in the Park, he went out via the Up- per Yellowstone, on the way verifying the old trappers' 120 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. legend about the 'Two Ocean River,' and discovering a practicable pass (Togwotee Pass) and route from the south to the Park. This discovery was by far the most valuable result of the expedition. "In 1875, Captain William Ludlow, U. S. k., in charge of a reconnaissance in Central Montana, made a flying trip to the Park. He developed little that was new save accu- rate measurements of the Upper and Lower Falls of the Yellowstone." THE ACT OF DEDICATION. Be it enacted by the Senate and House ol Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled^ That the tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming, \ying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River, and described as follows, to wit: Commencing at the junction of Gardiner River with the Yellowstone River, and running east to the meridian passing ten miles to the east- ward of the most eastern point of Yellowstone Lake; thence south along the said meridian to the parallel of latitude passing ten miles south of the most southern point of Yel- lowstone Lake; thence west along said parallel to the mer- idian passing fifteen miles west of the most western point of Madison Lake; thence north along said meridian to. the latitude of the junction of the Yellowstone and Gardiner rivers; thence east to the place of beginning, — is hereby re- served and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or sale TOUR OF THE PARK. 121 under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who shall lo- cate, settle upon or occup}^ the same or any part thereof, except as hereinafter provided, shall be considered trespass- ers and removed therefrom. Sec. 2. The said public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary and proper for the care and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities or won- ders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition. The Secretary may, in his discretion, grant leases for building purposes, for terms not exceeding ten years, of small parcels of ground, at such places in said park as shall require the erection of buildings for the accommodation of visitors; all of the proceeds of said leases, and all other rev- enues that may be derived from any source connected with said park, to be expended under his direction, in the man- agement of the same, and the construction of roads and bridle paths therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of the fish and game found within said park, and against their capture or destruction for the purpose of merchandise or profit. He shall also cause all persons tres- 9 122 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. passing upon the same after the passage of this act to be removed therefrom, and generally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall be necessary or proper to fully carr\' out the objects and purposes of this act. RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE YELLOW- STONE NATIONAL PARK. The folio wing eminent h^ proper rules have been prescribed for the government of the Park and the protection of its multifarious objects of public interest and noble game : 1. It is forbidden to remove or injure the sediments or incrustations around the geysers, hot springs or steam vents; or to deface the same by written inscriptions or otherwise ; or to throw an}- substance into the springs or geyser vents; or to injure or disturb in any manner any of the mineral deposits, natural curiosities or wonders within the Park. 2. It is forbidden to ride or drive upon any of the geyser or hot spring formations, or to turn loose stock to graze in their vicinity. 3. It is forbidden to cut or injure any growing timber. Camping parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen tim- ber for fuel. 4. Fires should be lighted onl3^when necessar}', and com- pletel}^ extinguished when not longer required. The utmost care should be exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass. TOUR OF THE PARK. 123 5. Hunting, capturing, injuring or killing any bird or animal within the Park is prohibited. The outfits of per- sons found hunting or in possession of game killed in the Park will be subject to seizure and confiscation. 6. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explosives, or in any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited. Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden hy law. 7. No person will be permitted to reside permanenth' or to engage in any business in the Park without permission in writing from the Department of the Interior. The super- intendent may grant authority to competent persons to act as guides, and revoke the same at his discretion. 8. No drinking saloon or bar-room will be permitted within the limits of the Park. 9. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted nor displayed within the Park, except such as maybe neces- sary for the convenience and guidance of the public upon buildings upon leased ground. 10. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by dis- orderly conduct or bad behavior, or who violate any of the foregoing rules, will be summarily removed from the Park under authority of the statute setting apart the Park "as a pleasuring ground for the people," and providing that it "shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be to make and publish such rules and regulations as he shall deem necessary or proper," 124 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. and who "generally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall be necessar}' or proper to fully carry out the object and purposes of this act." FAUNA AND FLORA OF THE PARK. It is but proper that the reader of even a guide-book be given some idea of the animal and plant life to be found in this region ; however, it should be borne in mind that an exhaustive treatise on this subject is not attempted herein. Among the wild animals to be found in the Park are: Buffalo, moose, elk, big horn (mountain sheep), deer, ante- lope, bear, mountain lion (panther), wolf, fox (red, gray and black), coyote, beaver, otter, mink, marten, sable, muskrat, ermine, rabbit, badger, porcupine, hare, squirrel, chiDmunk, wolverine and skunk. Among the birds (principally migratory) are: Grouse, owl, hawk, eagle, vulture, duck (in great variety), goose, brant, pelican, swan, crane, crow, raven, bluejayand black- bird. Reptiles are rare, though the rattlesnake is found in parts of the Yellowstone Valley, below an altitude of 6,000 feet. Among the animals enumerated the larger varieties are onW occasionally met wdth, and then, as a general thing, only in the more inaccessible and densely wooded portions of the Park, the latter being about three-fourths its entire area. TOUR OF THE PARK, 125 The principal varieties of trees found here are: Black spruce, fir (black, red and balsam), white pine, red cedar, aspen (poplar), dwarf maple and willow; while among the shrubs may be seen the choke-cherry, gooseberry, bullberry, currant and buffalo-berry. Grasses are quite abundant, the predominating varieties being the buffalo, bunch and gramma, which are wonder- fully nutritious. Wild flowers, of almost every hue, and in well-nigh end- less variety, are quite plentiful and exceedinglv hardv, often withstanding severe frosts without injury. Singularly, also, the more beautiful varieties are found upon the higher elevations, such as Mt. Washburn, Electric Peak and the like, which at certain seasons are gaily bedecked with flow- ers of rare color and fragrance; however, many interesting specimens of flora are to be found in the lower altitudes. FISH AND FISHING. To many, one of the most interesting features of the Park is its excellent fishing, mountain trout being abundant and widely distributed with respect to its various lakes and streams, while graj'ling are found in the Madison and Gal- latin rivers, and whitefish in the Madison, Gardiner and Yellowstone. During the summer of 1889, by order of the U. S. Fish Commission, quite a large number of 3'oung trout were placed in Park waters, President David S.Jordan, of the 126 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. University of Indiana, assisted b}^ Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, having direct charge of the work. An extract from Dr. Jordan's report will serve to show in what streams and lakes fish are to be found : "We found trout in Yellowstone River and Lake, and in all tributaries both above and below the falls, except Tower Creek. Fishes are plenty in Snake River and Heart Lake, and in the Madison below the falls of Firehole. There are none in the Upper Gardiner above the falls ; none in Fire- hole nor Louis Rivers, nor in Lewis or Shoshone Lakes. In the Gibbon, above the falls, are no trout, but plenty of a little fish called ' Blob,' or ' Millers' Thumb.' "Grayling are found only in the Madison and Gallatin; whitefish in the Madison, LowerGardiner and Yellowstone. "The U. S. Fish Commission has placed fish as follows: "Eastern Brook Trout (SnlveHnus fontinalis) m Upper Gardiner and Glenn Creeks. "Rainbow Trout [Salmo iridens) m the Upper Gibbon, above Virginia Cascades. "Loch Leven Trout {Salmo trutta levenensisjm the Mad- ison, above Keypler Cascades. " Whitefish {Coregonus Williamsoni) in Yellowstone Lake and Twin Lakes. "Native Trout [Salmo myhiss) in Lava Creek," TOUR OF THE PARK. 127 WHERETO FISH The regular tourist making the trip through the Park will have onK^one opportunity for first-class fishing unless stop- overs are made. This will be at the lake. Upon arrival at the hotel secure a row boat and oarsman, and proceed to the outlet, about two miles, and you will find the best trout fishing in the Park. The "Brown Hackle," "Black Gnat," "Coachman," "Silver Doctor" (or " Yellowstone Park" Conroy's) flies are especially attractive in this stream. In the vicinity of Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel are the Gardiner River, Yellowstone River, Lava Creek, Willow Creek and Indian Creek. Near the Fountain Hotel: Fire Hole, Madison River and Nez Perces Creek. Near the Upper Basin Hotel : In the Fire Hole above and below Keppler's Cascades. At Yancey's: In Yellowstone River, East Fork and Slough Creek; an excellent place for camping parties with saddle animals. PRACTICAL INFORMATION. At many eastern and western points coupon tickets can be purchased which include rail and stage transportation to and through the Park, also sleeping and dining car ac- commodations, and board at the various hotels within the Park. These coupon tickets include all traveling expenses, 128 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. and are used by nearly all tourists. Raj^mond & Whit- comb's excursions and Cook's tours embrace all the above privileges, and being in charge of w^ell-informed conductors are liberally patronized. Coupon books can be purchased at St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Tacoma, Seattle or Port- land, including all necessary expenses to the Park and re- turn, or from Livingston, Mont., and return. Six days are required to visit all prominent places within the Park, and this period is covered by the coupon tickets. Those desir- ing to prolong their stay can procure reduced rates at the hotels after the expiration of the ticket. The railway part of the ticket is good until October 1st. Credit letters are issued for any extra accommodations tourists may desire while south of the Mammoth Hot Springs, where valuables may be safely deposited until their return. Camping par- ties can secure complete outfits at the Mammoth Hot Springs, such as guides, tents, provisions, cooks, saddle and pack horses, etc. They can visit a few remote places in the Park not included in the regular tour, and these trips are especially recommended for gentlemen desiring a few weeks' "roughing it." August and September are the best months for camping, there being little choice in the time for the reg- ular tour, except that in June and September you escape the rash of July and August. The Park season is from June 1st to October 1st. TOUR OF THE PARK. 129 THE HOTELS OF THE PARK Are four in number (exclusive of the three lunch stations at Norris, Upper Basin, and "Thumb" of Yellowstone Lake, respectively). These chief hostelries are located as follows : At Mammoth Hot Springs, Fountain Geyser (Lower Gey- ser Basin), outlet of Yellowstone Lake and Grand Canyon. All are steam-heated, electric-lighted and supplied with bathing facilities (both hot and cold). Refreshing baths of hot mineral water ma}^ be enjoyed at the hotel at "The F'ountain." In furnishing and table service these four hotels compare favorably with those of metropolitan cities. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION. The Yellowstone Park Association has telegraph service at all hotels and lunch stations (except the Thumb) con- necting with the Western Union Telegraph Company. ORIGIN AND THEORY OF GEYSERS. Geysers are merely eruptive hot springs. They differ from volcanoes only in that they erupt water instead of molten lava. The name is derived from an Icelandic word meaning "gusher." The Bunsen Theory of geyser phenomena, en- dorsed by Prof. Tyndall and other eminent men of science, is: 1. The presence of igneous rocks (still retaining their heat) at a considerable distance below the surface of the earth's crust. 2. Meteoric water (supplied mainly by snow 130 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. and rainfall) having access to these heated rocks. 3. A tube by which the heated water may reach the surface. This tube is kept filled (or nearl_v so) wiih water as the result of lateral drainage. The temperature of this water- column, at any given point in the geyser tube, is below the boiling temperature corresponding to the atmospheric pres- sure at that point. Steam is constantly forming below, be- coming sufficiently' expansive in time to lift the water col- umn slighth'. Thus the all but boiling water deep down in the tube is raised to a level where the pressure from above is less than that required to prevent ebullition. The result is an almost instantaneous generation of steam, the layers of water, being successively relieved of pressure, rising and flashing explosively into gaseous form. Then follows the eruption, or violent expulsion of water and steam from the gevser tube, which phenomenon continues until the tube is nearly emptied, when a period of rest ensues. The charac- ter of the water supply and the differing sizes and shapes of tubes will necessarily produce a wide variation in eruptive displays. Geysers (so far as known) exist only in Iceland New Zealand, the Azores, Thibet and the Yellowstone Na- tional Park— those of the last named locality being by far the most powerful and interesting as well as easy of access. TOUR OF THE PARK. 131 TABLE OF DISTANCES. Cinnabar to Mammoth Hot Springs, Mammoth Hot Sprinos to Golden Gate, . Mammoth Hot Springs to Obsidian Cliff, Mammoth Hot Springs to Xorris Basin, . Mammoth Hot Springs ijo Low^er BHsiti, . Mammoth Hot Springs to Upper Basin, . Upper Basin to Thumb Bay (Yellowstone La \i ), Thumb Bay to Outlet (Yellowstone Lake), Yellowstone Lake to Grand Canj'on, Grand Canyon to Norris Grand Canj'on t > Ynncey's (trail), Yancey's to Mammoth Hot SprinjiS, . Entire Circuit of the Park Stage Road about Miles. 8 4 12 22 4-2 52 18 18 18 12 23 18 150 ELEVATIONS OF THE PARK Mammoth Hot Spritigs Hotel, V\est Entrance Golden Gate, Norris Geyser Basin, Low^er Gej^ser Basin, Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Lake, Mary's Lake, Grand Canyon Hotel, Feet. 6,387 7,300 7,527 7,252 7,394 7,788 8,336 7,710 ALTITUDE OF MOUNTAINS. Feet. Electric Peak 11,155 Quadrant .Mountain, 10,127 Mt. Evarts, 7,600 Bunsen Peak, 8,775 Mt. Washburn, 10,388 Mt. Langford, 10,902 Mt. Sheridan, 10,385 Index Peak, 11,702 Grand Teton, 13,654 MEMORANDA \ MEMORANDA MEMORANDA MEMORANDA MEMORANDA // NEwvoRK -,, MAP OF^THE n,)«, l,vi.. iM Tiiv. /' Compiled From different official exploraliom and our personal survey. I88Z. Ti *^ ^ ^^ ^T -^ C £ A V ^ ?V^^^r= '^ '.^ YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. .tf£^ JLU
Geyser
Living from 1537 to 1608, Mary Arden (her maiden name) was the mother of which famous British playwright?
Full text of "All about Yellowstone Park : a practical guide containing descriptions, illustrations, maps, distances, altitudes and geyser time tables" See other formats A. Dean and Jean M. Larsen Yellowstone Park Collection F 722 .G86x 1893 .^.J^'GHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY 3 1197 23369 1135 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/allaboutyellowstOOgupt ALL ABOUT YELLOWSTONE PARK A PRACTICAL GUIDE CONTAINING DHSCRIPTlOxNS, ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, DISTANCES, ALTITUDES AND GEYSER TIME TABLES. BY A. B. GUPTILL ILLUSTRATED AND PUBLISHED BY F. JAY HAYNES, OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHER OF THE NORTHERN PACIFIC R. R, No. 392 Jackson Street, St. Paul, Minn. H. L. COLLINS CO. Printers, Binders, Engravers, St. Paul, Minn. ur3 0@ij^1^©if|i^a PAGE. Livingston, Mont., to Mammoth Hot Springs, . 8-11 Gate of the Mountains — Paradise Valley — Emigrant Peak — "Yankee Jim" Canyon— Cinnabar Mountain — Ride to Hot Springs — Boiling River. Mammoth Hot Springs, 11-18 Description — McCartney Caye — Liberty Cap — Devil's Thumb — Minerva Terrace — Jupiter Terrace — Pulpit Terrace — Cupid's Cave — Narrow Gauge Ter- race — Orange Geyser — Devil's Kitchen — Bath Lake. Fort Yellowstone, 18-19 Tour of the Park, (South from Mammoth Hot Springs,) 21-108 Golden Gate and Rustic Falls, 21 Swan Lake Basin, 22 Gallatin Mountains — Bell Peak — Quadrant Mount- ain— Mt. Holmes — Electric Peak — Indian and Ob- sidian Creeks. Obsidian Cliff, 23-25 Beaver Lake, and Drive to Norris, 25 Road from Norris Basin to Falls and Canyon, . 25 Virginia Cascades and " Bend in the Road." Norris Geyser Basin, 27-32 Steam Vent — Minute Man — Black Grov^ler— Mud Geyser — Emerald Pool— New Crater — Monarch Geyser Gibbon Paint Pots. CONTENTS. PAdE. Gibbon Canyon and Falls, 33-35 Mt. Schurz— Monument Geyser Basin — Beryl Spring— View of the ''Tetons" — Beaver Colon3^ Lower Geyser Basin, 35-39 Hotel— Fountain Geyser — Clepsydra Spring — Mam- moth Paint Pots — Great Fountain Geyser. Midway Geyser Basin, 39-46 Excelsior Geyser — Turquois Spring — Prismatic Lake. Upper Geyser Basin, 46-69 Old Faithful— Bee Hive— Giantess— Lion, Lioness, Cubs — Sawmill Group — Grand and Turban — Beauty Spring — Economic — Giant — Oblong — Grot to — Riverside — Fan and Mortar — Splendid — White Pyramid — Punch Bowl — Black Sand Basin — Specimen Lake — Castle Geyser and Well— Morning Glory Spring — Artemisia Spring — Biscuit Basin — Sapphire Pool— Jewel Gey- ser — Black Pearl — Silver Globe. Geyser Time Table, 70 Upper Geyser Basin to Yellowstone Lake, . ; 71-73 Kepler Cascades — Lone Star Geyser — Continental Divide — Shoshone Lake — Thumb Bay (Yellowstone Lake). Yellowstone Lake and Vicinity, 73-77 Thumb Bay and Hot Springs — Paint Pots — Fishing Cone — '* Outlet "—Natural Bridge — Hoodoo Region. Yellowstone Lake to Falls and Canyon, . . 79-82 Mud Geysers — Mud Caldron — Nez Perces' Ford — Hay den Valley — Alum Creek — Sulphur Mountain and Springs. Upper Falls of the Yellowstone, 82-83 Cascade Falls and Grotto Pool, ...... 83 CONTENTS. PAGtE. Great Falls and Grand Canyon, 83-93 Brink of Falls — Point Lookout — Artists' Point — Red Rock — Inspiration Point — Hot Springs — Eagle's Nest. Side Trip to Mount Washburn, 93-95 Side Trips from Mammoth Hot Springs, .... 90-101 Middle Gardiner Falls — Bunsen Peak — Mt. Evarts East Gardiner Falls — Yancey's — Tower Falls — Pet- rified Trees. Park in Midwinter, . . . , 101-108 History and Early Explorations, 108-114 Act of Dedication, 115-116 Rules and Regulations, 116-118 Fauna and Flora, 118-119 Fish and Fishing, 120-121 Practical Information, 121-122 Hotels and Telegraphic Communication, . . 122-123 Origin and Theory of Geysers, 123-124 Table of Distances, 125 Elevations, 125 Altitude of Mountains, 125 mm PAGE. Great Falls of the Yellowstone, Frontispiece Liberty Cap and Hotel, 10 Minerva Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, .... 14 East Entrance to Golden Gate, 20 Obsidian Cliff, 24 Virginia Cascades, 26 Minute Geyser, Norris Basin, 28 Mammoth Paint Pots, 38 Excelsior Geyser, Firehole River, 40 Map of the Upper Geyser Basin, 45 Old Faithful Geyser, 48 Giant Geyser, 55 Crater of Oblong Geyser, 57 Splendid Geyser, 60 Castle, Bee Hive and Old Faithful Geysers, .... 65 Sapphire Pool, Biscuit Basin, 68 Lone Star Geyser, 72 Yellowstone Lake, Hot Spring Cone, 74 Hayden Valley, between Lake and Falls, 78 Rapids above Upper Falls, 81 Point Lookout and Great Falls, 84 Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, 89 Tower Falls, 100 Snowshoe Party passing Obsidian Cliif, 102 Foliage near Geysers in Winter, 105 Great Falls of Yellowstone in Winter, 107 Map of Yellowstone Park, Third Page Cover Great Falls of the Yellowstone, 860 feet. Y@(l[l@wsi^@oii(i M^1^o@i^l^ll fkr\. LIVINGSTON TO MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS. Livingston^ Mont.f on the main line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, is about midway between St. Paul and the Pacific Coast. From this point a branch of the Northern Pacific extends 51 miles south to Cinnabar near the north- ern boundary of the Park, following the valley of the Yel- lowstone the entire distance. Livingston is an enterprising little city, located at the base of the Snow^y and Belt ranges — spurs of the Rocky Mountains. Three miles from Liv- ingston the Park branch passes through the first canyon of the Yellowstone, or Gate of the Mountains, forming a nat- ural entrance into the Upper Yellowstone Valley. The can- yon is over a mile long and just wide enough to comfortably admit the road and river, the mountain walls rising some 2,000 feet perpendicularly on either side. Passing through the first canyon, Paradise Valley is immediately entered ; it extends from the mouth of the canyon some 30 miles up the river, arui is from 7 to 12 miles wide. This valley has been settled by ranchmen for twenty-five years ; it is very fertile, easily irrigated, and well adapted to stock raising. On the east side of the valley, a very picturesque mountain range is seen, constantly changing as the train moves TOURIOF THE PARK. 9 south; the hills on the west are not as abrupt, but are very interesting from a geological point of view. Emigrant Peak (elevation 10,629 feet and some 6,000 feet above the valley) is a prominent mountain located near the south end of Paradise Valley. The Second f or Yankee Jim, Canyon.— Forty miles from Livingston the Park branch passes through the second, or " Yankee Jim " canyon of the Yellowstone. For several years prior to the building of the railroad, an en- terprising individual, called ''Yankee Jim," having con- structed a wagon road through the canyon at quite an expense, enjoyed a lucrative business in collecting toll. from each visitor to the Park. Yankee Jim is still located at the south end of the canyon and has many guests during the tourist season, who find in the swift waters of the river the best of trout fishing — equal to any of the many excellent fishing stations along the Yellowstone. The second canyon is far more picturesque than the first; the mountain walls rise higher, and the gorge, within which the river is com- pressed, is scarcely a hundred feet wide. An excellent view is had from the cars as the train winds slowly through the gorge. Cinnabar^ Mont.^ the terminus of the Park Branch Railroad, derives its name from Cinnabar Movmtain, a conspicuous landmark on the Upper Yellowstone. As the train passes along its base, from the car window is plainly seen the " Devil's Slide," two walls of trap-rock (some 150 TOUR Of THE PARK. 11 feet apart) extending up the mountain nearly 2,000 feet, and embraeing a reddish-colored mineral resembling cinna- l)ar. Tourists are conveyed from the station to the Mam- moth Hot Springs Hotel, seven miles distant, in six-horse tallyho coaches. The mountainous character of the country and the necessity of ascending nearly 2,000 feet (the alti- tude of Mammoth Hot S^prings above Cinnabar) in so short a distance render the construction of a railroad fur- ther south impracticable. The carriage road leads along the Gardiner River, a characteristic mountain stream, clear and rapid, and a favorite resort for the angler. Within two miles of Mammoth Hot Springs the road leaves the river for the ascent of the mountain. Soiling River empties into the Gardiner at this point ; it is the congregation of all the waters from the Mammoth Hot Springs, and is famous from the fact that fish may be caught in the cold stream and cooked in the hot, without change of position. MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS. The recent, volcanic eruptions in New Zealand which des- troyed the famous pink terraces of Rotomahana, leaves the Mammoth Hot Springs of Yellowstone Park without a rival as the most remarkable development of thermal action to be found in the world — occupying over 170 acres, with 13 distinct terraces and over 50 active springs. Dr. Hay- den, in his report for 1871, describes thCvSe springs as fol- 12 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. lows: ''The wonderful transparency of the water surpas- ses anything of the kind I have ever seen in any other portion of the world. The sky, with the smallest cloud that flits across it, is reflected in its limpid depths, and the ultramarine colors, more vivid than the sea, are greatly heightened by the constant, gentle vibrations. One can look down into the clear depths and see with perfect dis- tinctness the minutest ornament on the inner sides of the basins; and the exquisite beauty of the coloring and infi- nite variety of form baffle any attempt to portray them either with pen or brush. And then, too, around the bor- ders of the springs, especially those of rather low temper- ature, and on the sides and bottoms of the numerous little channels of the streams that flow into these springs, there is a striking variety of the most vivid colors. I can only compare them to our most brilliant aniline dyes — various shades of red, from the brightest scarlet to a bright rose tint; also, yellow, from deep bright sulphur through all the shades to light cream color. There are also various shades of green from the peculiar vegetation. These springs are also filled with minute vegetable forms, which under the microscope, prove to be diatoms, among which Dr. Billings describes pa /me//a and oscillara. There are also in the little streams that flow from the boiling springs great quantities of a fibrous, silky substance, apparently vegetable, which vibrates at the slighest movement of the water, and has the appearance of the finest quality of cashmere wool. TOUR OF THE PARK. 13 When the waters are still these silken masses become incrusted with lime, the delicate vegetable threads disap- pear, and a fibrous, spongy mass remains like delicate snow-white coral." The present active portion of the Mammoth Hot Springs is in a small valley on the mountain side, nearly two miles from Gardiner River, and from 1,000 to 1,200 feet higher than the surface of the same. Evidence of ancient hot water deposit is seen over the entire expanse between the now active portion and the river. The overflow from the springs disappears at the base of each terrace and finds its wa}^ through subterranean passages underneath the hotel plateau — via Boiling River — into the Gardiner, the former having only 200 feet surface exposure above its confluence with the latter river. Viewing the Terraces. — It requires fully two hours to leisurely visit all the springs ; the high altitude, nearly 7,000 feet above the sea, will not admit of a rapid inspec- tion. Provide yourself with a w^alking stick, umbrella and a pair of smoked or blue glasses; the reflection from the w^ater and w^hite formation on a sunny day is painful to many. Select, if possible, earl}^ morning or afternoon, as the heat is intense in midday; upon cloudy days the reflec- tion, of course, is not noticeable, nor is the coloring of the springs as brilliant. The bell boys of the hotel act as guides over the formation ; however, it is not absolutely necessary to have a guide, as the paths are_ easily fallowed and the hotel and valley are always in sight. TOUR OF THE PARK. 15 Liberty Cap^ an extinct hot spring cone, standing at the foot of Terrace Mountain, near the road, is 52 feet high and 20 feet in diameter at its base. It is formed of overlapping hiyers of deposit, evidently having been built up by the overflow of water through the orifice in the top. Scientists have been unable to decide whether it was built up independently, or formed by the action of the elements wearing away the soft material surrounding it. The DevlVs Thumbs a cone of similar structure, but smaller, is located some 200 feet west of Liberty Cap, partially imbeded in the hillside. The path leading to the formation past the Devil's Thumb is generally taken when returning, the one for the ascent branching off the main road a short distance south of Liberty Cap. Minerva Terraee is a mass .of deposit 40 feet in height, covering an area of nearly three-fourths of an acre, with a hot spring on its summit some 20 feet in diameter, the temperature of which is, at the edge, 154 degrees Fahr- enheit. The constant changing of the overflow and the intermittent character of the spring make it impossible to predict, a season in advance, which will be the active side of the terrace, or whether it will be active at all. At times the spring disappears entirely, and the terrace remains inactive (and uninteresting in consequence) for months. The change in overflow when the spring is active, is ac- counted for by the rapid deposition of carbonate of lime, which forces the water eventually over the entire surface. 16 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. The quantity of water overflowing is very small compared with the amount of deposit, which, under favorable cir- cumstances, is about one-sixteenth of an inch in four days. Articles of iron, glass, or any hard substance placed where the water can run over them, are soon coated with a crys- tal-white deposit. During periods of activity, basins or pools, fringed with stalactitic masses, line the east side of the terrace, presenting the most delicate coloring, from the lightest cream at the top to the deepest shades of red at the base, the predominating color being bright orange ; each pool or basin being filled with transparent blue water. The elevation (some 20 feet high) immediately back of the terrace, is an excellent point from which to obtain a good view of the interior of the spring. This terrace is about 78 feet above the level at the base of Liberty Cap, while the main portion of the hot springs are on the mound 90 feet higher. Jupiter Terrace. — The spring overflowing this ter- race is the largest on the formation, being nearly 100 feet in diameter, while the terrace itself covers an area of fivQ acres. The various paths leading throughout ofler an excellent opportunity of inspecting the delicate form and coloring characteristic of these wonders. East of the spring, on the slopes leading down from the edge of the terrace, are some of the handsomest basins to be found in this locality ; their peculiar shape suggests the very appro- priate name '* Pulpit " Terrace. From the prominence west TOUR OF THE PARK, 17 of Jupiter Terrace, under which ivS located Cupid's Cave, an excellent general view may be had. The path leading west from Cupid's Cave passes along the summit of Narrow Gauge Terrace, which terminates at the hill, where the main path leading to the hotel is intersected. Harrow Qauge Terrace is a fissure ridge 300 feet long, filled with numerous miniature geysers and springs which deposit the most brilliant coloring. Orange Getjser, DevWs Kitchen and Bath LakCf on the next terrace above Narrow Guage, are well worth the visit if one has the time and inclination. Extinct Hot Spring- Vents. — The numerous open- ings and caves visible from the hotel veranda are extinct hot spring vents. McCartney Cave.—khont 500 feet distant from the hotel may be seen a small fence surrounding three sides of what is known as McCartney Cave. This is an irreg- ular opening in the level surface of the plateau some four feet in diameter; it is visited by many for the purpose of examining the ancient hot water stratified deposits plainly indicated throughout the cave. Called a cave, it is simply the crater of an extinct hot spring. By means of a ladder one can descend vertically some 30 feet to the first level; thence 20 feet on an incline to the bottom of the main chamber, with perfect safety. The venturesome may, by means of a rope and light, continue explorations 100 feet further without, ordinarily, experiencing much discomfort 18 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, from the carbonic acid gas. Far beneath, in a subter- ranean chamber, water can be distinctly heard by the rope- supported tourist; but the hot vapors and gases con- stantly arising discourage investigation, and stimulate an earnest desire to ascend to the surface. The stratified de- posits seen on the sides of the cave ar^ of varied thickness, indicating that they were greater during some years than others. This cave was discovered by a Mr. McCartney, who located in the vincinity in 1869, hoping to claim the locality as a homestead ; his cabin still stands in the gulch near Liberty Cap. In the winter of 1881 there was a heavy fall of snow, sufficient to cover many of the open- ings on the plateau. The following spring Mr. McCartney noticed a large pair of antlers protruding, apparently, from, the ground ; investigating, he discovered that an unfortu- nate elk had broken through the crust of snow, and falHng into the cave, had died, suspended by his horns, in the opening. PARK PROTECTION. Fort Yellowstone.— At the Mammoth Hot Springs is stationed a company of United States cavalry, the com- manding officer being superintendent of the Park. During the summer months cantonments are scattered throughout the Park, consisting of a non-commissioned officer and two to four cavalrymen; their duties being to protect the various objects of interest from vandalism, see that no specimens are removed, that no hunters enter the Park, and to prevent TOUR OP THE PARK, 19 the spreading of forest fires, generally originating from eaniping parties. The Park is entirely free from question- able eharaeters, owing to the rigid enforcement of the orders of the commanding officer, his policy being to allow no one in the Park unless there for business or pleasure. Several scouts are employed by the Government, who roam over the entire area; they look after the game, chiefly, their occupation being similar to that of a detective; they do not travel on tne regular roads, and are liable to come upon the violator of regulations at any moment. Much credit is due the military and scouts for their efficient efforts in protecting the Park. The rules provided for the govern- ment of the reserve will be found on back pages of this hand-book. TOUR OF THE PARK. 21 T@M\r @f i\<B [Pd^i^l! SOUTH FROM MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS. Golden Gctte.— Four miles south from Mammoth Hot Springs is one of the most picturesque points in the Park. It is a rugged pass between the base of the lofty elevation of Bunsen Peak and the southern extremity of Terrace Mountain, through which flows the west branch of Gar- diner River. The sides of these rocky walls, which rise 200 or 300 feet above the roadway, are covered with a yellow moss, suggesting the appropriate name the pass now bears. The pillar at the east entrance, some 12 feet high, was originally a part of the canyon wall. The construction of this road — scarce a mile in length — was accomplished at an expense of $14,000, it being the most difficult piece of road building yet encountered by the Government engineers. Golden Gate being nearly 1,000 feet higher than the Hot Springs, necessarily makes this portion of the journey rather slow ; still the beautiful drive through forest and glen fully compensates for the extra time consumed. The favoring of one's horses at the outset of the trip is a mat- ter of importance. Rustic Falls, occupying a conspicuous position at the west end of Golden Gate, add a charm to this beautiful spot, and when seen in the early part of the 22 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. season are especially fine. The stream is fed by mountain snows and springs along the base of the hills a mile or two beyond. The fall is some 60 feet, over a series of shallow basins worn into the dark moss-covered ledge, disappear- ing underneath the surplus of rock deposited in the canyon from the construction of the roadwa3^ The view obtained of Golden Gate upon the return trip is equally as interesting. Swan Lake Sasin.—A pleasant surprise awaits the visitor immediately beyond Golden Gate, in Swan Lake Basin, it being quite unlike the region just traversed, and one of the many typical mountain prairies hemmed in by snow-clad peaks found throughout the Park. Evidences of old Indian camps are seen in many places, and during the fall and winter it is inhabited by hundreds of elks and deer. The magnificent range to the west is the Gallatin Mountains, among which are Bells Peak, Quadrant Moun- tains and Mt. Holmes; the last named having an eleva- tion of 10,578 feet. Vast fields of perpetual snow are in sight throughout the summer. To the north about eight miles is Electric Peak, the highest moimtain in the north- ern part of the Park, w^hose summit is 11,125 feet above sea level, deriving its name from the fact that a great deposit of mineral renders the working of the surveyor's transit impossible when on the mountain. The peculiar electrical display from its rugged peaks during a thimder storm is a sight witnessed by only a favored few. The drive continues south through Swan Lake Basin, nearly TOVR OF THE PARK. 23 upon this same level, to Norris, crossing Indian and Obsi- dian creeks, the two forming the Middle Gardiner River. ObsidiaJl Cliff* — This bold escarpment of volcanic glass is 12 miles south of Mammoth Hot Springs, The roadv^ay passes along its base for 1,000 feet between it and Beaver Lake. The vertical columns of pentagonal- shaped blocks of obsidian, rising some 250 feet above the road, present a glistening, mirror-like effect when illumined by the sun's rays. The greater part of this mineral glass is jet black, and quite opaque, with traces of similar forma- tion variegated with streaks of red and yellow. The construction of the road w^ay along its base was ac- complished in a novel manner and with considerable diffi- culty ; the use of blasting powder being out of the question, great fires were built around the huge blocks of glass, which, when expanded, were suddenly cooled by dashing water upon them, resulting in shattering the blocks into small fragments. This process made possible the con- struction of this really wonderful roadway, probably the only piece of glass road in the world. There being no other exposed ridge of obsidian in the Rocky Mountains, and this material being more desirable than flint for the man- ufacture of arrow-heads, it was once a i*amous resort for all tribes of Indians, who congregated here in great num- bers. Obsidian Cliff was ''neutral ground" to all the Rocky Mountain Indians and undoubtedly as sacred to the various hostile tribes as the far-famed Pipestone coun- TOUR OF THE PARK. 25 try of Minnesota. Chips of olisidian and specimens of partly finished arrow-heads are found throughout the Park, gener- ally at places occupied by the Indians as summer camps. Beaver Lake. — The roadway continues along the east side of Beaver Lake, which is about one mile long and a quarter of a mile wnde. More than a dozen beaver dams are constructed across the lake, forming a series of arti- ficial obstructions, each having a fall of from two to four feet. A beaver house, still inhabited, is located near the west shore of the lake. Since the rigid enforcement of the Park regulations regarding the killing of game, Beaver Lake is becoming alive with numerous water fowl, the passing carriages not seeming to alarm them. The reflec- tion of the pine-clad hills among the dense growth of pond lilies which line its shores, adds to the beauties of this lake. The drive from Obsidian Cliff to Norris, though not of especial interest, is over one of the natural "passes" between the head waters of the branches of the Yellows- stone and Missouri rivers, but the ascent of the divide is so gentle, it is impossible to know when it is passed. Twin Lakes, Mineral Lake, Roaring Mountain and Frying Pan, are the attractions between Beaver Lake and Norris. NOTE— From Norris, a wagon road runs in a nearly due east direction to the Great Falls and Grand Canyon (12 miles distant) leading up the valley of the Gib bon River, through Virginia Canyon, turning a sharp angle of rooks known as the ''Bend in the Road" and passing (just beyond) a series of pretty cascades, called Virginia Cascades— thence on through an undulating pine forest, though the last few miles of the way the country is more "open." affording occasional glimpses of the rugged scenery along the Yellowstone River On the whole, this road is both pleasant and interesting; its grades are comparatively easy and its forest surroundings render it refreshingly cool. This is the return route from the Grand Canyon to Mammoth Hot Springs, and will doubtless be used as such until the Government shall have constructed a wagon-road over Mt. Washburn. m^v".-^ TOUR OF THE PARK. 27 NORRIS GEYSER BASIN. Many prefer leaving the hotel immediately after lunch in advance of their carriages, which can overtake them near the Monarch Geyser, about a mile distant, the walk through the basin allowing a more satisfactory inspection than possible to obtain in any other way. This region, called the Gibbon Geyser Basin in Dr. Hayden's report, was discovered in 1875, by Col. P. W. Norris, then superintendent of the Park. Since 1881 it has been called Norris Geyser Basin, which name it is quite likely to retain. It covers an area of six square miles, and is one of the most interesting portions of the Park from a geological stand- point, from the fact of its being one of the highest geyser basins in the Park, and many of its active geysers being of quite recent origin. While the geysers of Norris Basin do not compare, in point of eruptive violence, with those of the Upper Basin (thirty miles south), they are of great interest to travelers never before witnessing this strange freak of nature ; hence it is better to inspect them wheii fit's t pass- ing through, as they appear insignificant upon the return trip. The road follows along the ridge on the east side of the basin, affording a commanding view of the surroundings. The first impression one gets, especially upon a cool day when the steam is visible, is that he is entering a manu- facturing locality; the terrible noise and rumbHngs, the Constant or "Minute" Geyser, Norri. Basin. TOUR OF THE PARK, 29 hissing of escaping steam and very unpleasant odors excite a feeling of natural but unnecessary caution, as the road- way and numerous paths leading through the basin can be followed with impunity. The Constant, Black Growler, Mud Geyser, Monarch Geyser, New Crater and Emerald Pool comprise the chief attractions of Norris Basin, while many beautifully formed and delicately tinted springs con- tribute to the visitor's enchantment. The flat or valley to the southwest is filled with numer- ous openings, the water in many being clear and trans- parent, and in others of a milky hue, constantly boiling and splashing, many of the vents sending forth a disgree- able, sulphurous odor. This section can be visited if great care is exercised ; many of the craters, being but thinly crusted, are insufficient to support a person's weight. Constant.— Th^ little geyser at the south end of the flat is the "Constant," or "Minute Man," which has an eruption every sixty seconds, with only a slight variation ; the pool is 24 feet in diameter, filled with water of crystal clearness. The absence of a cone or deposit surrounding the geysers of this basin, such as is found around the gey- sers in the upper basin, tends to substantiate the theory of scientists as to the age of this locality. During an eruption of the Minute Man jets of water are thrown 40 feet in the air, while the main body is lifted scarcely 30 feet. The overflow is not large, as most of the water returns into the crater after each display. 30 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, The Slack Growler ^ with a chimney-shaped open- ing, is located quite near the road, at the head of a gulch leading from the plateau. Very little water is thrown out, while a large quantity of steam is constantly escaping, producing a peculiar sound. The deposit surrounding it being of inky blackness, is evidently the origin of its name. The water is not clear and has a strong odor of sulphur, which is probably the cause of its turbidity. The geyser a few feet to the north — known as the *' Hurri- cane" — is similar to the Black Growler in the character of its eruptions, which are very irregular, and destructive to surrounding vegetation and foliage. Mud Geyser is located near the road, on the highest point in the basin ; its crater is about 12 feet in diameter, having a raised margin 5 feet high on the east side, sloping nearly to a level at the west. The eruptions occur at inter- vals of twenty minutes and continue about five; the lead- colored contents (about the^ consistency of paint) being raised 8 or 10 feet during each pulsation. Its contents are severely agitated, the turgid mass rising nearly to the edge of the crater. During the past year the character of this geyser changed considerably, becoming more clear, and another, with predominant muddy features, broke out near by. These phenomena tend to substantiate the theory that all geysers, in their earlier stages of development, ])artake of the nature of mud springs. The path leading south from Mud Geyser passes Emerald Pool and New Crater, and continues on to the Monarch. TOUR OF THE PARK. 31 EmeVdltZ Pool is somewhat concealed in the timber, and is a handsome, emerald-tinted spring, 40 x 50 feet in size. The sulphur-lined basin with coral walls, most beau- tifully shaped, can be seen to an appalling depth. It is one of the many quiet springs, simply overflowing. The water is quite hot, having a temperature of 186 degrees Fahren- heit at its edge. I?ie New Crater. — On the hillside, about 500 feet south of Emerald Pool, is found this prominent object of interest, surrounded by huge blocks of recentl}^ disturbed rock, a narrow ravine leading to the basin below being covered with sand and deposit by its overflow. The erup- tions of this new geyser during the past season, occurred every two hours, continuing about twenty minutes. The rock-covered crater prevented the discharges attaining any great height. Reports from the Park, since the close of the last tourist season, indicate that it is developing into a large and powerful geyser. The Monarch Geyser.— ^h^ location of this geyser is beneath a prominent bluff of brilliantly colored rocks, nearly upon the level of the plateau ; the crater consists of two oblong openings in the rock, the larger of which is 20 feet long and 3 feet wide. Eruptions of the Monarch occur without warning, and consist of a series of explo- sions, frequently more than a dozen, in which columns of water are thrown 100 feet high, flooding the level country surrounding. The intervals of eruption vary from year t(> 32 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. year, ordinarily, about twelve hours. The Fearless, Vixen and Steamboat are geysers of minor importance, but are well worth a visit. Three miles from Norris Basin the road enters Elk Park, a beautiful valley surrounded by heavily timbered hills and mountains ; the Gibbon River quietly winding through it. A short distance before entering Gib- bon Canyon, which is followed for some miles, a very in- teresting group of paint pots can be visited. Gibbon Faint Po^^.— Half a mile easj; of the en- trance to Gibbon Canyon, surrounded by a dense growth of pine timber, are located these remarkable paint pots, a carriage driveway connecting them with the main road. They consist of numerous openings in the highly colored clay, and are intensel}^ curious, their brilliant coloring and fantastic shapes being the admiration of all. The greater part of the hot springs are at the base of the hill, while the most beautiful paint pot is some 50 feet up the hillside. This, the main attraction, ha^ a funnel-shaped crater with walls of finely ground clay extending about six feet high ; each puff of steam through the thick, pasty material in the bottom of the crater moulds a perfect rose in full bloom, to be soon replaced by one equally as handsome. Visitors should avoid leaving the regular paths, as the treacher- ous character of this formation renders it quite unsafe. TOUR OF THE PARK. 33 GIBBON CANYON. This rugged mountain pass affords the only fairly easy means of exit from Norris Geyser Basin to the valley of the Firehole. The roadway enters the canyon on the east side of the Gibbon River, and follows the latter's course as nearly as practicable, shadowed by precipitous cliffs, — some of them 2,000 feet in height, — the frequent sharp approach of which to the banks of the river compels the crossing and recrossing of the rapid but shallow stream — here, across a substantial bridge; there, by a convenient natural ford. At the northern entrance to the canyon a foot-bridge and bridle-path lead to the summit of Mt. Schurz, upon which is located Monument Geyser Basin, at an altitude of 1,000 feet above Gibbon River. Interesting as this "basin" un- questionably is, its difficult access, together with the time necessarily consumed in climbing and descending the some- what steep trail, is, unless to one inclined to scientific observation, scarcely compensated by even the closest scrutiny of the dozen or so crumbling geyser cones — some of them steaming and rumbling, others apparently extinct -—which constitute the sum total of attractiveness and gives to the locality a distinctive name. Proceeding along the pass, the numerous little puffs of steam arising from either bank of the river, near the water's surface, need no w^atchful guide to apprise the passer-by of the countless hot springs with which the 34 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, gorge abounds. Many of these springs are curious and interesting, and all can be sufficiently observed as one passes leisureh^ along, without stopping to examine each in detail. One of them, however. Beryl Spring, is rather more than usually attractive, and deserves, as it seldom fails to receive, somewhat of particular notice. The largest boiling spring in the Park, being some 15 feet in diameter, it is located close by the roadside, about a mile from the entrance to the canyon, and can be readily viewed from a passing carriage ; the violent boiling of its surface, coupled with the noisy hiss of escaping steam, while lending some- thing of nervous apprehension to the feelings of the traveler, strangely enough possesses no terrors for the stage horse, although the constant overflow of scalding water from the edges of its basin-like rim- pours across the roadway itself. The road, throughout the canyon's entire length, could hardly have been better constructed to afford a more com- plete and thorough inspection of the wild beauty of rock and glen, and, as it nears its southern exit from the pass, permits a good view of one of the many charming cat- aracts of this region. GibbOfl Falls^ whose waters, tumbling in a foamy torrent down a series of steep cascades on one side of a bold, rocky ledge, and on the other — and most readily observed side — streaming in a thin, shining ribbon of vsilver}^ spray from a height of something over 80 feet, fit- tingly conclude the attractions at Gibbon Canyon, TOUR OF THE PARK, 35 After leaving the falls the road passes for a distance of some eight miles over a succession of pine and fir clad ter- races, from the southern crest of which, on a clear day, maybe seen the three snow-capped "sentinels" of the Teton Mountains, 75 miles distant, forming a portion of the boundary between the States of Wyoming and Idaho; their dizzy height, full 14,000 feet, overtopping all other peaks of the Rockies. The dense volume of steam rising from Excelsior Geyser, distant about eight miles, is also plainly visible from this point. Leaving the terraces, the road passes, by a gentle de- scent, into the valley of Firehole River, (Lower Geyser Basin) whose two forks, together with the waters of the Gibbon, unite to form the Madison River, one of the three principal sources of the Missouri. Continuing up the Firehole for a short distance, the road crosses its east fork near the sum- mer cantonment occupied by a troop of U. S. cavalry, stationed here for the better protection of this part of the reserve; and skirts along the east side of the basin for a mile or so— to the Fountain Hotel, one of the best hostel- ries of the Park — the end of the first day's journey. LOWER GEYSER BASIN. This is a comparatively wide valley, extending south- ward from the junction of the east fork of Firehole River with the main stream, and embracing an area of 30 to 40 36 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. square miles. Over this valley or basin are scattered hot springs in groups, of which Dr. Hayden, in his official sur- vey of the Park Region, has catalogued 693 exclusive of 17 geysers. The central portion of the basin is a nearly level plateau, 6 or 7 miles in width, only partially timbered, and covered with either spring deposit or marsh. The general elevation is about 7,250 feet, while the surrounding slopes, which are, for the most part, heavily timbered, are 400 to 800 feet higher. Fountain Geyser.— On^ of the chief objects of inter- est — occupies a slight eminence — some 25 feet higher than the roadway — and only a few minutes walk from the hotel, which is in plain sight. The formation or deposit from the waters of this geyser covers an area of several acres, the crater of which is 30 feet in diameter, surrounded by a rim like edge, to the margin of which the water rises, except upon the south side, where a mound of beaded geyserite has been built up to a height of 3"or 4 feet. On the north side of the geyser proper is a considerably la rger pool which re- ceives the overflow from the crater. The cushion-like maSvSes of geyserite, which are plainly visible through the transparent blue w^ater, in both the cra- ter and the pool, are very much admired. The eruptions of the Fountain occur at intervals of from two to four hours, and continue with great force from ten to fifteen minutes usuallv. TOUR OF THE PARK. 37 During activity the main volume of water does not reach a height beyond 15 or 20 feet, though jets are frequently thrown 50 or 60 feet. Indications of an eruption are as. follows: When both the pool and crater are full of water to the rim it is probable that an eruption will soon take place, as immediately after action the water falls from 12 to 18 inches below the crater rim, from which ])oint it rises gradually until the climax is reached. Clepsydra Spr in ff .—'^om^ 50 feet west from the Fountain-has recently developed into an active geyser of no small eruptive power, its frequent displays being really quite violent for so small a "spouter," and very pleasing withal. Mammoth Paint jPof^.— Some few hundred feet east of the Fountain, from which they are separated by a fringe of trees, are situated these wonderful paint pots. This re- markable mud caldron has a basin which measures 40x60 feet, with a mud rim on three sides, which is from 4 to 5 feet in height. In this basin is a mass of fine, whitish sub- stance, which is in a state of constant agitation. It resem- bles some vast boiling pot of paint or bed of mortar, with numerous points of ebullition; and the constant boiling has reduced the contents to a thoroughly mixed mass of silicious clay. There is a continuous bubbling up of mud, producing sounds like a hoarsely whispered "plop, plop," which rises in hemispherical masses, cones, rings and jets. On the north side of the mud basin the rim is low, and forms the edge of a flat of pink and red, which is cracked TOUR OP THE PARK, 39 and seamed, and over which are scattered thirty or forty mud cones, generally of a pink and rose color, — though a few are gray, — averaging from 2 to three feet in height. A very interesting section of country lies to the south of the Fountain and paint pots, but, at present, cannot be reached with safety. Here are situated numerous gey- sers, among them the Great Fountain, a very powerful one, which will greatly add to the Park attractions when made accessible. In one of these springs may be seen the whitened skeleton of a mountain buffalo. No king or saint was ever more magnificently entombed than this monarch of the hills in his sepulcher in the wilderness. Leaving the Fountain and the paint pots, the road bears to the west, crossing Fountain Creek andpassingnumerous hot springs, until it strikes the west bank of the Firehole ; where it turns south, proceeding up that stream until, emerging from a strip of timber. Excelsior Geyser is brought into full view. Strictly speaking, this section constitutes the upper portion of the Lower Basin, and is about three miles from the Fountain group. Being about midway be- tween the extremes of the Upper and Lower Basins, how- ever, this localit}^ is given a distinct designation, that of MIDWAY GEYSER BASIN. JExcelsioV Geyser.—'' Early explorers in this locality discovered, in 1871," says Dr. Peale, '' on the west bank of Firehole River, an immense pit of rather irregular outline, TOUR OF THE PARK. 4l 3H0 feet in length by 200 feet in width at the widest part. The water is of a deep blue tint, and is intensely agitated all the time, dense elouds of steam constantly ascending from it. It is only when the breeze wafts this aside that the surface of the water, which is 15 or 20 feet below the level surrounding, can be seen. The walls on three sides are perpendicular, cliff-like, and in places overhang, having been worn away on the other." Cliff Caldron, with every indication of a powerful geyser with long intervals of eruption, was, however, not known to be a geyser until some ten years later. Visited by thousands annually, this interesting section became known as '' Hell's Half Acre," a name it retained till 1881, when discovered by Col. P. W. Norris to be a geyser of great force, and named by him "Excelsior." Its erup- tions in 1881 began in the fall, after the tourist season had closed, and before the season of 1882 opened had wrought a great change in the appearance of its crater. Col. Norris witnessed upwards of thirty eruptions, varying from 75 to 250 feet in height, at intervals of one to four hours. No further eruptions of this geyser are recorded until early in the spring of 1888, when reports became cur- rent that Excelsior was again in action, and many residents of the surrounding territory were attracted to the Park when the only means of travel was upon snowshoes. Erup- tions of great force continued during the entire season of 1888, and kept up with unbated vigor during the 4 42 YELLOWSTOMI^ NATIONAL PARU\ vSucceediiig winter. The present size of the crater is some 250 feet in width by 400 feet in length, having enlarged quite a good deal during the past two years. This process of enlargement, if kept up, will, in time, undermine Turquois Spring, and, eventually, Prismatic Lake also; the latter fully 500 feet distant from the geyser crater. The intervals of eruption during 1888 were at first about every hour and fifteen minutes, increasing toward the latter part of the season to two hours. The only pos- sible indication of an approaching display is the increase in the volume of overflow, there being a steady filling of the crater after periods of activity. Immediately preceding an eruption a violent upheaval occurs, raising the entire volume of water in the crater nearly 50 feet, when instantly one or two, and sometimes three, terrific explosions occur, followed closely by the shooting upward of columns of water, and oftentimes masses of the rocky formation, to a height of 200 to 250 feet. Tons of rock have in this way been hurled into Fire- hole River, some pieces fully 500 feet from the crater, while specimens may be seen scattered all about the vicinity. At each upheaval sufficient water escapes to raise Firehole River several inches. The wearing away of the formation at the outlet of the "overflow" has plainly exposed to view the hoof-prints of buffalo, tmdoubtedly made cen- turies ago. The inactivity, during 1888, of two of the largest geysers in the Upper Basin is attributed to the TOUR OF THE PARK. 43 wonderful activity of Excelsior, which, at each eruption, ejects as much w^ater as all the geysers in this basin com- bined. The afternoon displays are considered the best, owing to the presence of less steam than earlier in the dav, and from the main road fully as satisfactory a view is obtained. Turquois Sirring is situated about 150 feet north from Excelsior, being a silent pool, about 100 feet in diameter, and remarkable for its beautifully blue trans- parent water. There used to be a constant overflow from this spring, which was carried into the Firehole River through a channel some 2 feet wide and 8 or 10 inches in depth, its sides and bottom being most exquisitely colored ; but during the latter part of the season of 1888 the waters of the spring suddenl}^ settled some 10 feet, since which time no overflow has taken place. West of Turquois Spring, and, in itself, a marvel, is a small spring of cold water, which, though rather "brackish" to be palatable, is at- tractive as being the sole cold spring in this region of ther- mal waters. Prismatic Lake.— Frohahly the very largest, and certainly one of the most beautiful springs in the entire Park Region, is that designated by the above appellation. It is situated some 500 feet or so west of Excelsior Geyser, its dimensions being 250 x 350 or 400 feet. Over the cen- tral pit, or bowl, of this spring the water is of a deep blue color, changing to green toward the margin, while that in 44 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. the shallower portion of the lake vSurrouiiding the eeiitral bavsin has a yellow tint gradually fading into orange. Out- side its rim there is a brilliant red deposit, which shades into purples, browns and gra3^s, all seemingly painted upon a ground of grayish white, which forms the mound, built up of layers of silicious deposit, upon which the spring is situated. This coloring is in vivid bands, which are strik- ingly marked and distinct. The water flowing off in every direction, with constant wave-like pulsations, over the artistically scalloped and slightly raised rim of the lake, has formed a succession of terraces, each a few inches in height, down the slopes of the mound, particularly upon its southern face. It is impossible to exaggerate the deli- cacy and richness of the coloring in and about this wonder- ful phenomenon of nature. The temperature of the water is about 146 degrees Fahrenheit, and the constantly rising clouds of steam sometimes render difficult a good view of the lake surface; but viewed from the proper standpoint (generally with the sun to the back), these same volumes of steam are exceedingly attractive, reflecting the colors of the rainbow or prism, whence the name of the spring, though some attribute it to the variegated tints of its waters. Leaving Excelsior, the road passes numer- ous springs and pools, and, about half a mile to the south, intersects the main road between Upper and Lower Basins which skirts along the west side of Midway Basin. MAP or THE. UPPER GEYSER BA#f\/ m iU Pfit\C/PAL R GEYSER BA^IM 'A '>^'^W\- 7PAL GEYS£/^S \ \' ^ ^ }' y^ /\ '<l^ ^K ^ ^ t i ■ j7J) \ 1® \^Pt£A/D/D ^ COM£r %\ J 'A- '\^=\ n a i^-'4 ^^M_ '^. '■ '^, SLACK mo 8ASIt/% Q)£xr/jvcr /(\6£YS£/fS ^^OCTBRfDGr q6P rz::^r URBAN i I ^a a J "^(i ^J ^ --^ :abw':; f/fPPjS£,, % (^spomi roc CHts Scale 46 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. The entire drive from Midway to the Upper Basin, some five miles, is among these natural wonders, but tourists usually proceed to the hotel located at the extreme south end of the Upper Basin, before beginning a minute and detailed -examination of them. UPPER GEYSER BASIN. This basin is triangular in form, and embraces an area of about four square miles ; it contains 26 geysers and up- wards of 400 hot springs. Iron Spring Creek bounds it on the west; timbered mountain slopes, extending from south- east to northwest, form the hypotenuse of the triangle, and a wavy line of dark forest conifers, its southern base. The main Firehole River drains it, centrally ; its shelving banks are thickly pitted w4th steaming hot-springs and studded with mounds and cones of geyserite. Here, grouped within the narrow space of, perhaps, a square mile, are the grandest and mightiest geysers known to man, and silent pools of scalding, meteoric water that for beauty of formation and delicacy of coloring are, simply, mar- vels. The surface of the basin consists, for the mos^ part, of a succession of gentle undulations, each crowned with a geyser-cone, or hot-spring vent and covered with layers of silicious sinter and crumbling carbonaceous deposit, that give it a dull, greyish- white, sepulchral hue. Clouds of vapor hang shroud-like above it ; the earth trembles and is filled wth strange rumblings ; the air is heavy with sulphurous fumes, and vegetable life is extinct. TOUR OF THE PARK. 47 In a paper read before the Cardiff (Wales) Natural- ists' Society, Prof. Chas. T. Whitwell said : ^'Nowhere else, I believe, can be seen, on so grand a scale, such clear evidence of dying volcanic action. We seem to witness the death throes of some great American Enceladus. Could Dante have seen this region he might have added another terror to his Inferno." And, continuing, the same writer quotes Lord Dunraven, as saying that a view of the Fire- hole Valley gave him the impression that some modern cities had been overwhelmed, and had so lately sunk amid flames into the bowels of the earth that the smoke of their ruins was still ascending through heaps of smouldering ashes. The following more detailed description of the chief geysers and springs will serve to acquaint the reader with the peculiar characteristics of each. Old Faithful.— L^s^ than l.OOO feet east, and in plain sight from the hotel, is located this reliable friend of the tourist. Every sixty-three minutes (with rarely a vari- ation of five minutes), day and night, summer and winter, this Wonderful freak of nature gives its exhibition, without money and without price. Situated at the south end of the basin, it commands a clear view of nearly every other object of interest, and its moonlight displays are sights once seen never to be forgotten. Its eruptions begin with a few spasmodic spurts, during which considerable water is thrown out, and these are followed in from fiYQ to eight minutes by a column of hot water two feet in diam- gi;,, .:::■• ^4 UW Faithful Geyser. TOUR OF THE PARK. 49 eter, which is projected upward to a height of 125 to 150 feet, where it remains apparently stationary for about three minutes. The position and direction of the sun and wind vary the appccirance of this geyser, which is one of the most popular in the Park, because of the remarkable regularity with which its eruptions occur, and the excellent opportunities afforded for observation. Its crater, an ob- long opening 2x6 feet on the inside and 4 x 8 on the out- side, is situated on a mound of gyserite, measuring at the base 145 x 215 feet, at the top 20 x 54 feet, the whole ris- ing about 12 feet above the surrounding level. This mound is composed of layers of deposit in a succession of distinctly marked terraces which are full of shallow, basin-like pools, the water in which is clear as crystal, and their edges or rims exquisitely beaded and fretted, their bottoms show- ing delicate tints of rose, white, saffron, orange, brown and gray. The north end of the crater has large globular masses of beaded, pearly deposit, and its throat is of a dark yellow or rusty color. See ^^^?e.— Crossing the foot-bridge leading to the east side of Firehole River, this geyser is found about 100 feet from the river bank. Its name was suggested by the pecul- iar shape of its cone, which is about 4 feet in height, 3 feet in diameter at the top, by 7 at the base, and nearly circu- lar. Its nozzle-like opening, or crater, is about 18 inches across at the apex, narrowing gradually till the base of the cone is reached. The Bee Hive's eruptions are irregular. 50 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. generally oceurring about three times daily. It has, how- ever, been known to have periods of activity not more .than three hours apart and, per contra^ to remain inactive for several wrecks. There are, usually, several eruptions, about three hours apart, immediately following action of the Giantess. There is no terrace-shaped deposit surrotuiding this gey- ser, as is the case with most of the others, and it is the only one close up to w^hich persons can approach with perfect security while in action, as no rocks are thrown out, and so hot is the water ejected that it, for the most part, evaporates while in the air. The height attained varies from 170 to 220 feet. A miniature geyser, or indi- cator, a few feet from its base, is, generally speaking, a faithful forerunner of activity in this geyser, by shooting up jets or spurts of water, w^hich are followed in about fifteen minutes by a column of steam and water from the main crater hurled upward with great force and in a steady stream. Giantess. — Some 300 feet east from the Bee Hive, upon the highest point of elevation in this portion of the Upper Basin, is located the Giantess, considered by many, a geyser of unusal importance, whose eruptions, occurring at intervals of fourteen days, none should fail to see. However, owing to the fact that, in order to witness and fully appreciate its entire display, one must remain in its vicinity at least twelve hours, this geyser is often disap- ^ TOUR OF THE PARK. 51 jjointing. Its crater, bowl-shaped, and some 60 feet in depth, is 24 x 30 feet in size at the surface, and is wholly devoid of the highly colored ornamentation and cone so characteristic of other geysers in this region. As the crater rapidly fills with water after an eruption, it reseml)les, to most visitors, a large, slightly agitated pool of sapphire- tinted water, with no outward indication of being the powerful geyser which it really is. At the beginning of an eruption the entire contents of the crater are instantly forced out, flooding the whole region round about. Re- lieved from this immense pressure of water, the geyser at once begins to eject forked-like columns of water and steam into the air, throwing them to a height of from 60 to 100 feet above the surface. These displays continue at short intervals throughout a period of about twelve hours, or until the water in the geyser tube is entirely exhausted, when an interesting "steam period" takes place, lasting nearly an hour, and producing a roaring sound audible in all parts of the basin, and when occurring at night often awakens guests at the hotel. In the earlier stages of eruption, during which the emptying of the crater takes place, shocks, similar to those produced by earthquakes, are distinctly felt throughout the basin, while the disappearance of adjacent springs, and the generally succeeding activity of the Bee Hive give rise to the theory of subterranean connection between geysers and springs upon this "bench.'* 52 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. The Sponge.— k short distance to the north of the Giantess is a curious little geyser called the Sponge, whose slightly raised, circular cone strongly resembling a huge sponge in the character and color of its formation, iittracts the eye of the passer-by. Lion, Lioness and Ctlhs. — This interesting group is next visited. The Lioness and Cubs occupy a conspicu- ous mound of geyserite to the west of the Lion, which has an irregular flat-topped cone about four feet in height, and is separated from the rest of the group by a slight de- pression. Eruptions of the Lion occur daily ; those of the Lioness are irregular as to time, and, as the Cubs play more frequently, it often happens that the Lioness and Cubs pla}' together, though it rarely occurs that the Lion and Lioness are seen in eruption at one and the same time. The former is the most powerful of the group, and throws a column of water 50 or 60 feet high, frequently continu- ing in action ten or fifteen minutes. Sawmill Geyser. — Leaving the group just described, the pathway leads down the basin, passing through a point of timber close by the river, emerging from which one is confronted by a number of active springs and small geysers (situated upon a "bench" similar to the one just left), among which are the Tardy, Bulger, Spasmodic and Sawmill, the last named being the chief attraction, as well as the largest of the group. This locality may be also reached from the west side of the river by means of a foot bridge near the Castle. rOVR OF THE PARK, 58 The basin of the sawmill is shallow, and about 40 feet in diameter, inclosing another basin of about half its size, in the centre of which is located its funnel-shaped crater, some seven feet across the top, and sloping to a small ori- fice. Its eruptions are very frequent, usually five or six a day, each continuing in operation fully an hour. The peculiar noise accompanying activity (suggesting its name), coupled with its spiteful vigor, render this geyser quite attractive. The Grand and Turban.— kt the base of a rocky bluff, some 500 feet east from and nearly opposite the Castle, are situated the above important geysers. An observer is naturally led to suppose that the irregular, pit- shaped crater, noticeably prominent, is that from which the Grand plays ; such is not the case, however, as this crater is merely a water-basin or reservoir, undoubtedly having connection with the Turban, but entirely unconnected with the Grand, which plays from an opening situated a few feet to the south, surrounded by cushion-like masses of geyser- itic formation. Eruptions of the Grand are somewhat irregular, usually occurring at intervals of from nine to thirty hours; its inactivity during the latter part of the season of 1888 being attributed to the extraordinary dem- onstrations of Excelsior. The outbursts of the Grand are among the finest to be witnessed in the Park, having a series of eight to twelve distinct eruptions, lasting from twenty to thirty minutes, and throwing at each discharge 54 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, forked columns of water to a height of 200 feet, allowing ample time for visitors, who may chance to be in any other part of the basin, to reach its vincinity in time to witness some, at least, of its several magnificent displays. The Turban plays, mainly, from a fissure-like opening in its for- mation immediately north of its main crater, which, mean- time, is greatly agitated, often overflowing, and discharg- ing quite large quantities of its hot flood into the crater of the Grand, just below it on the south. The frequency of the Turban's eruptions occasionally presents the unusually fine spectacle of both geysers, Grand and Turban, in action at the same time. On the way from this point to the Giant and Grotto, Beauty Spring is passed, one of the largest silent pools in the Upper Basin, remarkable for the vivid coloring and exquisite beauty of its highly orna- mented margin, and its limpid blue waters. Near by are situated many interesting springs and pools yet unnamed, among them a miniature geyser called the JEc07l0niiCf from the curious fact that there is no over- flow nor waste whatever from it, as its waters, though frequently thrown 10 or 15 feet in the air, fall again into its crater, and disappear. From the regularity of its dis- plays, it has also come to be called " Young Faithful." The Giant.— It is nearly a mile from the hotel to this monarch of geysers, situated, like many others, in close proximity to Firehole River. Its cone, about 10 feet in height, though some 200 feet from the roadway, is conspic- Giant Geyser. 56 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. uous. A few feet to the north is an irregular mound, from which considerable steam escapes from sundry small holes, undoubtedly connected in some manner with the geyser and acting as its escape valves. The platform of deposit upon which the cone stands is about 75 feet in diameter. The cone is broken on the west side from the apex nearly to its base, affording a good view of the contents of the crater, which are almost constantly in a state of turbulent boiling and splashing. In 1881 the break in the cone was not nearly so large, being not more than half its present propor- tions. This is undoubtedly the result of unusually violent eruptions. The Giant usually " plays " every six days, for a period of one and one-half to two hours. Its inactivity during 1888 was by many attributed to the same cause which is supposed to have affected the Grand and which has already been alluded to. When in action, an immense col- umn of water is lifted 250 feet into the air at its initial out- burst, the height of the column gradually decreasing until the close of the display, which is preceeded by a rumbling sound not unlike a distant train of moving cars. Not until 1887 did the eruptions of this geyser take place in the day time, and those fortunate enough to have been eye witnesses of its gigantic display have enjoyed a treat most rare. Tlie Obl07lf/.—Qmtt near the river bank and a short distance south from the Giant is situated the Oblong. Its crater is about 30x 50 feet in size, — hence its name, — the in- terior of which, immediately following an eruption, is ex- ^8 YBLLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. posed to a depth of several feet, and, lined, as it is, with large globular masses of formation, affords the finest view of interior geyser structure to be seen in the entire Park Re^ gion. Two large openings can be clearly seen in thebottom of the crater, and when the water is not agitated the eye readily penetrates these to unknown depths. Eruptions of the Oblong occur about every six hours, lasting only a few minutes, during which the contents of the crater are raised bodily some 20 feet. The Grotto.-— By far the most curious geyser cone of all is that of the Grotto, situated close by the road side, some 500 feet northwest of the Giant. The various cave- like openings in its peculiarly shaped cone give rise to its name. Its eruptions take place about four times daily, each display lasting about half an hour, though, owing to its singular construction, its waters are not thrown to any considerable height (scarcely 20 feet). During eruptive periods, however, immense volumes of steam escape with great force. Separated from the main cone some 20 feet is a smaller crater which acts with the main geyser during eruptions. Hiverside Geyser.— k short distance above the wagon bridge across Firehole River is seen the Riverside Geyser, whose cone is close to the water's edge; it consists of two chimney-like craters, the larger being at the same time the higher. The geyser *' plays, " from the lower open- ing only, though visitors are apt to arrive at a reverse con- TOVR OP THE PARK. 59 elusion when viewing the loeahty l)etween ])eri()(ls of erup tion. An overflow of water is a certain indication of approaching activity, occuring about thirty minutes pre- vious to eruptions and continuing until the outburst, which takes place about every eight hours, throwing an arching column to a height of 80 or 90 feet, the entire contents of the discharge falling into the river. The Ifan and Mortar.— On the east bank of the Firehole, about 300 feet below Riverside Bridge, are located these quite interesting geysers. The former has an eruption every eight hours, generally following the Riverside, its ejected waters spreading out in fan-shaped jets, from the fact of its having two crater orifices which throw out di- verging streams. The pink geyserite forming its crater is quite unlike that of any other geyser. The Mortar, close by, is very uncertain as to its periods of activity, and when viewed from the bridge above alluded to, resembles in its eru^Dtions that particular piece of ordnance from which it derives its name. The Splendid.— One of the most remarkable geysers in the Upper Basin is the Splendid. It is located fully 1,000 feet west of the Giant and a short distance south from a prominent mound of gyserite, called, from its color, the White Pyramid. The entire absence of anything like cone structure, and the numerous crater-like openings in its vi- cinity, puzzle one at first to locate the geyser proper; how- ever, the extreme western opening, nearest the knoll and Splendid Geyser. TOUR OF THE PARK. 61 timber, is that from which the Splendid plays; the most pe- culiar feature of which is, that its eruptions occur at inter- vals of three hours, every other day, only, and as it has the reputation of being a frequent "spouter," persons happening to visit it on its quiet days are apt to find their expecta- tions disappointingly blasted. When in action it throws a powerful stream fully 150 feet in height, increasing in force very preceptibly during the earlier stages of its eruptions, and not reaching the climax for several minutes, apparently maintaining its greatest vigor from five to eight minutes. Quite unlike other geysers, the Splendid throws its stream at a sharp angle instead of vertically, which fact, when it was first discovered, caused it to be called The Comet ; this designation, however, soon gave way to its present more appropriate appellation. During the afternoon eruptions, if the sun be visible, highly colored rainbows add to the rare beauty of the dis- plays, and when seen, as it occasionally is, in conjunction with eruptive activity of other small geysers of the Splendid group, produces a truly marvelous effect. No preceptible change in the appearance of its crater follows or percedes periods of activity, and even during its quiet days the same violent boiling of its waters is always the subject of notice- able comment. The Pmich Bowl.— Both the footpath and wagon road leading westward from the Splendid toward Black Sand Basin and Specimen Lake pass the Punch Bowl, by fa]: the handsomest spring of its peculiar class to be found 62 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. in the geyser region, if not in the world. Situated on the summit of a small mound of silicious deposit, some five feet above the general level, it is about 10 feet in diameter, with a glittering rim of brilliantly colored formation 18 inches in height. The constant boiling of its contents, though only a small part of its surface is agitated, as the bubbles of escaping steam and gas arise, produces a wave- like undulation over the entire spring and gives it a steady and not inconsiderable overflow. A small cave-like open- ing on one side of the mound or cone is very handsome and much admired, having the appearance of being lined with satin of the rarest beauty and texture. Early visi- tors to the Park during the seasons of 1873 and 1875, speak of this spring as being an active geyser, while daring 1888 similar reports gained currency. Nothing, however, is certainly known as to the correctness of these reports, though they are highly probable. Blfick Sand Basin and Specimen Lake.— The roadway continuing westward from the Punch Bowl ter- minates at the Black Sand Spring. A footpath, however, leading to the hotel, may be followed, along which, on either hand, are to be seen many objects of interest, in- cluding cones of extinct geysers surrounded by large trees, and the Three Sisters, a trinity of springs of much interest. West of Black Sand Basin, along Iron Spring Creek, are hundreds of springs and small geysers well worth a visit of inspection, if time and inclination are not lacking. Dr. Peak's description of Black Sand Spring is interestingly TOUR OF THE PARK, 63 comprehensive, and is as follows : '* This is one of the most beautiful springs in the Upper Basin. It has a delicate rim, with toad-stool-like masses around it. The basin slopes rather gently toward a central aperture that, to the eye, appears to have no bottom. The water in the spring has a delicate turquois tint, and as the breeze sweeps across its surface, dispelling the steam, the effect of the rippling of the water is very beautiful. The sloping sides are cov- ered with a light brown crust; sometimes it is a rather dark cream color. The funnel is about 40 feet in diameter, while the entire space covered by the spring is about 55x60 feet, outside the rim of which is a border of pitch-stone (obsidian) sand or gravel sloping 25 feet. From its west side flows a considerable stream, forming a most beautiful channel, in which the coloring presents a remarkable va- riety of shades; the extremely delicate pinks are mingled with equally delicate tints of saffron and yellow, and here and there shades of green." The overflow from this spring spreads out over a large and very interesting area, called Specimen Lake, which deserves more than a passing notice. Absorption of the surrounding silica has destroyed many of the trees in the vicinity, the dry, lifeless trunks adding to the attractiveness of the place, geologically speaking, by affording the appearance of petrifactions. Castle Gef/ser. — The Castle is at once recognized, as it occupies a very prominent position close by a point of timber midway between the Grand Geyser and the hotel. It is visible from nearly all points of the basin, the main 64 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, road being around its west and south sides. The great amount of deposit, perhaps 100 feet in diameter at its base, and the possession of the largest cone in the whole region, while giving it an air of conspicuousness, at the same time indicate that it is one of the oldest active geysers in the Park. The broken condition of its cone on the east side renders possible an easy ascent to its summit, which is about 20 feet across. The orifice of the geyser tube in the to}) of the cone is about three feet in diameter, quite round, and is lined with a formation of bright orange color. Eruptions of the Castle occur at intervals of about thirty hours, preceded by the occasional throwing out of jets of water to the height of 15 to 20 feet, perhaps. These pre- monitory symptoms of eruption generally continue five or six hours, when more violent demonstrations, during which columns of water are shot upward to a height of fully 75 feet, ensue, and, continuing for half an hour or so, are followed by a ** steam period " similar to that of the Giant- ess. Several times each season it has eruptions of an un- usual character, in which its columns of water are thrown to twice their usual height and its subsequent ** steam periods" are proportionately forcible. A violent boiling spring is situated near the base of its cone, on the north side, and used to be a favorite resort of the *' camper-out " in earlier days, as excellent coffee can be made in this spring in fifteen minutes, and other edibles, requiring the action of boiling water to prepare them for the table, are well and thoroughly cooked in a correspondingly short time. 66 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, The large, erested spring, 100 feet north from the Castle, is usually very handsome. It generally is filled to overflow- ing, and the bottom and edges of the channel leading out of its north side are very highly and beautifully colored. This spring is some 20 fettin diameter, and is commonly knowm as Castle Well. The road between the Upper and Lower Basins, on the west side of Excelsior, is very fine ; its long avenues, here artistically constructed among native pines, combining grateful shade with pleasant fragrance; there, skirting the rippling margin of a charming little lake; making it, on the whole, one of the most enjoyable drives in the Park. Sev- eral points of interest are passed by this road. Among them, a short distance below Riverside Bridge, is Morning Glory Spring , a silent pool, some 20 feet in diameter, overflowing slightly at the west. The peculiar shape of its funnel-like crater, whose walls are delicately colored, together with the beautiful transparency of its waters, suggests its very appropriate name, and it is best seen from a stage or carriage, a slightly elevated point of observation affording a better view. Haifa mile below is Artemisia Spring^ situated between the road and river, quite near the former, which is elevated some 15 or 20 feet above the spring. Stepping to the edge of the bank, an excellent view of the crater is obtained, the crystal clearness of its waters allowing a distinct view into its apparently bottomless depths. The spring is 60 feet in diameter and TOUR OF THE PARK, 67 generally very little agitated, merely overflowing. The sur- rounding formation, quite unlike that of any other spring, is as hard as flint, and of a peculiar olive-green color. Al- though for the most part very quiescent, this spring has occasional pulsations in the nature of eruptions, at which times large quantities of water are forced out, fairly flood- ing the formation between it and the river. These erup- tions are, however, extremely irregular, too few of them having been witnessed, in fact, to render the regularity of its periods of activity a matter of record or even of authen- tic rumor. The bank of the Firehole, some 30 feet high at this point, is the most highly colored section of the river to be found in the Upper Basin. The best view is obtained from the bridle-path on the west side of the river. This path leads south from the Splendid, crossing the Firehole just above its confluence with Iron Spring Creek, near which it joins the main road. Siscuit Basifl.— This portion of the Upper Basin is on the west side of Firehole River, and on the north side of Iron Spring Creek, being about one mile below Riverside Bridge. The somewhat difficult ford across Firehole River prevents many from visiting this very interesting locality at the present time; however, it is hoped that the construct- ion of a substantial wagon road will soon overcome this difficulty. The principal attraction of Biscuit Basin is Sap- phire Pool, whose highly ornamented margin suggested the basin's rather odd name. Hundreds of small, symmetrical. TOUR OF THE PARK, 69 liiscuit-likc kn()])s of olive-green formation surround the spring, vvhieh is of the variety known as pulsating or breathing springs (geysers in faet), the constant ebb and flow of its waters now rising threateningly and flooding the margin of hard, biscuit-shaped masses, from one to another of which one must pick his way in order to get a good view of the pool itself; now gently and noiselessly receding, pre- senting, the while, a spectacle as curious as it certainly is interesting. A few feet to the west is Jewel Geyser^ whose eruptions, occuring with the re- markable frequency of from three to five minutes, render this little geyser extremely interesting, particularly as it manifests considerable power, throwing its jets of water and steam to a height of 25 or 30 feet. Scarce 500 feet further west are the Black Pearl and Silver Globe. The former has a beautiful basin, studded thickly with what at first appear to be black pearls, each about one quarter of an inch in diameter. A curious feature of this little'' spouter" is thefact that its formation surrounds the roots and stump of a tree, completely encrusting the same wath its rich, black ornamentation. The Silver Globe derives its name from the constant rising to its surface of large, silvery globules or bubbles of gas or steam, which, of course, immediately disappear on reaching the air. These and many other equally interesting points of interest will tend to make this locality deservedly popu- lar when more generally accessible. 70 YELLOn'STONE NATIONAL PARK. GEYSER TIME TABLE. A RECORD OV THE EKUPTTONS OF THE ACTIVE GEYSERS IN THE UPPER GEYSER BASIN, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PA UK. NAME. HEIGHT FT. INTEKVAI S OF ERUPTION. DURATION. Old Faithful, . . . 150 65 minutes. 4 min. Bee Hive, . . . 200 10 to 30 hours. 8 " Giantess, . . 150 14 days. 12 hrs. Lion, . . . 60 24 hours. 8 mill. Lioness, . • 80 Irregular. 10 '' Cub, . . . 12 Frequent. 20 *' Surprise, . . 100 Irregular. 2 " Spasmodir, . 40 Irregular. 20 •' Sawmill, . . 35 Very frequent. 30 " Grand, . . . 200 15 to 20 hours. 30 •' Turban, . . 40 Following the Grand. 20 " Riverside, 100 8 hours. 15 " Mortar, . 60 8 hours. 6 " Fan, . . . 70 8 hours. 10 " Artemisia , 150 Irregular. 10 " Atomizer, 20 Irregular. 10 '• Jewel, . . 50 5 minutes. 1 " Grotto, . 30 4 hours. 30 " Giant, . . 250 6 days. 90 " Oblong, 30 8 hours. 4 '' Splendid, . 200 3 hrs every other day. 10 " Comet, . 60 Irregular. 5 " Castle, . . 150 24 to 30 hours. 25 ' Mud, . . 30 Irregular. 5 " Cliff, . . 100 Irregular. 8 " Lone Star, 75 40 minutes. 10 " Chinaman, 40 Irregular. 2 '• TOVR OP THE PARK. 71 UPPER GEYSER BASIN TO YELLOWSTONE LAKE. The construction of the stage road from the Upper Basin, across the Continental Divide, to Yellowstone Lake, afford- ing a glimpse of Shoshone Lake en route, has added much to the attractiveness of the Park tour, rendering easily accessible to visitors a new and extensive region, charming in scenery. Leading up the Madison River (being the same stream known as Firehole River during its meandering of the gey- ser basins) the road crosses the river, and climbs a gentle ascent to Kepler Cascades (two miles from the Upper Basin Hotel), whos? waters leap from shelf to shelf of a rocky chasm in a series of enchanting falls, aggregating 100 to 150 feet in height, and whose charms are enhanced by the dark background of forest on either hand. From this point the roadway continues up the Madison to Lone Star Geyser 9 three miles further on. The cone of this geyser is about 10 feet in height by 12 in diameter at its base, tapering slightW toward its summit, which is fully six feet across ; its crater consisting of one large cen- tral opening surrounded by numerous small orifices from all of which water is thrown during an eruption. The Lone Star plays every half hour, each alternate display being the better, its boiling contents being thrown in a fine spray, Vt'lll^/. Lone Star Geys TOUR OF THE PARK, 73 mingled with steam, to a height of 60 feet. The chief beauty of this geyser lies in its cone, which is striped, vertically, with bands of white, lavender and brown, in- termixed with varying shades of yellow, and is completely covered with an almost endless variety of elegant pearl- like beads. In the immediate vicinity are quite a number of small but highly colored and interesting springs. Soon after passing Lone Star, the road deflects to the eastward and climbs the Continental Watershed, sur- mounting which, it skirts along the bow of the divide, and ultimately descends to the forest-ftinged shores of the West Bay or "Thumb" of Yellowstone Lake. YELLOWSTONE LAKE AND VICINITY. It is about 18 miles from Upper Geyser Basin to the Hot- Spring Basin, which stretches for nearly three miles along the extreme western margin of Thumb Bay. There are no less than seven hot-spring areas surrounding Yellowstone Lake, containing in the aggregate more than 200 springs, great and small, of hot silicious water, but those of the west arm or Thumb Bay, as it is called, are by far the most interesting. There are 66 springs and paint pots in this group (the temperature of whose waters averages about 190 degrees Fahrenheit) and several geyser cones; one of which rises above the lake surface just a few feet from the shore, standing upon which one may catch trout, and, 6 '^:'\\'^<\'4. TOUR OF THE PARK. 75 dropping tbcm into the hot water in the crater of the cone, cook them without removal from the hook. Some of these springs have a considerable overflow, caused by what seems to be a forcing up of their contents, which rise and fall alternately like the bosom of a sleeping giant; these are called breathing, or pulsating springs, in contradistinc- tion to those whose waters maintain the same quiet level. The water of nearly all these springs possesses the same delicate blue tints noticeable in other portions of the Park. The lake-shore at this point consists of sloping terrace-like layers of silicious deposit, which extends some distance back from the water's edge, and even out into the lake. Most of the springs are scattered over this formation, back a little way from the lake, though several are close to the water's edge, and a few, even, may be seen beneath the lake surface, occasional points of bubbling betraying their presence. Some 400 or 500 feet back from the lake, and nearly op- posite the ''fishing-cone," is a paint pot basin, similar to that near Fountain Geyser, in the Lower Basin. This basin is about 50 feet in diameter, and is a seething mass of beautifully colored and finely granulated clay, the prevailing tints being pink and red in varying shades, though creamy white and pale blue colors are noticed. Around the edges of the basin are a dozen or more hollow mud cones, 2 to 3 feet in height, from which discharges of mud occasionally occur. By many this basin is considered the most attractive of all the paint pots of the Park. 76 . YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARR. At this point tourists will find a lunch station, facilities for bathing, boating and fishing, and will have a choice of two routes to the large hotel at the outlet of the lake (16 miles distant by road from the Thumb Hotel), viz., a 20 mile ride down the lake by steamer, or by regular stage. Hotel at the Outlet.— This spacious and elegantly appointed hotel, erected in 1889, tends greatly toward making Yellowstone Lake the resort, par excellence, of the Park. Here everything is so arranged that guests can spend the entire season, if they so desire, making short, easy trips of sight-seeing or exploration to all points of the great reserve. The falls and canyon are distant but 18 miles, a w^ell-constructed road leading thither; the Great Geyser basins are scattered along a stage route, whose ex- treme length is not above 35 miles from this hotel, and some five miles southwesterly, just off the main road leading from the Outlet to the Thumb, is an arch of stone spanning a creek, forming a natural bridge; while to the eastward lies the Hoodoo Heglon, or Goblhi Land^ a weirdly wild region, as yet visited by only a few sportsmen and ambi- tious explorers, but w^hich time and the construction of roads will render accessible to all. At present, a better field for exploration would be diffi- cult to find, even though it lies at the threshold, almost, of one of the most cosmopolitan of American watering-place hotels. TOUR OF TUB PARK, 77 To visit any, or all, of the points of interest eireunijaccnt to this grand mountain lake, vehicles of all kinds, saddle and pack-animals, guides, rov^boats, sailboats and steam- ers are ever at command, and as for trout fishing, he who has never east a *'fly " into the blue depths of this vast nat- ural " trout preserve " and its large river outlet knows little or nothing of its delights. Fifteen by twenty miles in size, of irregular outline, some- what resembling the human hand, a^jd embracing an area of about 150 square miles, this is the largest body of water in North America at so great an altitude — 7,788 feet above sea level. Several islands dot its surface, the largest being Stephen- son's, near the south end, and Frank's, midway of the lake, and its very considerable depth (from 5 to 50 fathoms) renders navigation practicable and safe. The river Yellow- stone is, at once, its principal affluent and sole outlet, its upper portion draining a considerable area tributary to the lake on the southeast, and the vast body of water thus ac- cumulated in this natural mountain reservoir serving not only to furnish a never-failing supply for one of the grand- est of the Missouri's tributaries, but supplying the means for the successful irrigationof the entire Lower Yellowstone Valley. TOUR OF THE PARK, 79 YELLOWSTONE LAKE TO FALLS AN D CANYON. Some five miles from the hotel at the outlet, on the road to the falls and canyon, are situated, on either hand, Mud Geysers^ large craters filled with blue, pasty mud, one and all emitting odors far from agreeable, while a few rods to the left, at the base of a cliff, is Mud Caldron or Mud Volcano ^ as it is sometimes called, whose funnel-shaped crater is 30 feet in depth, formed by mud ejected from below through a cave-like opening, out of which a sickening, leaden-colored mass of mud, of the consistency of soft mortar, is constantly belched, accompanied by dull, muffled sounds, and in a manner at once repulsive and facinating. The strange phenomenon presented by the foliage in the vicinity, covered as it is with a coating of mud, is accounted for by the theory that it is carried there in minute particles by the action of escaping steam, and not as the result of eruptions, as some suppose. The road follows the valley of the Yellowstone all the way to the falls; passing (near Mud Geysers) the ford crossed by the fleeing Nez Perces, following their memor- able raid eastward into the Missouri Valley in 1877 ; trav- ersing Hayden Valley ; crossing Alum Creek, and passing, at a distance of about half a mile, Sulphur 3Iountain^ or Crater Hills^ consist- ing of a group of isolated hills or *^buttes," each about 150 feet high, of which a splendid view is obtained from 80 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. the roadway as it skirts along their western base. Large blocks of detached rock are scattered about, in all of which a large percentage of pure sulphur is noticeable. The fumes arising from the various vents are exceedingly disagreeable. The chief attraction is a large boiling spring at the base of the mountain, on the west side. Of this, Capt. G. C. Doane, of U. S. A., has given the following graphic descrip- tion: ''The greatest spring in appearance, lies at the base of the highest hill, and is intensely sulphurous, great clouds of vapor continually escaping from it. It measures 15x20 feet on the inside, and its waters boil up constantly from 3 to 7 feet in height ; the whole surface rising and falling, occasionally, with a flux and reflux of four feet additional, overflowing its basin, and receding every few minutes. The basin is built up with a solid rim, or Hning, of pure, crys- tallized sulphur, four feet in width all around the edge, probably amounting to forty tons in weight. The water is clear, but of a whitish cast, and above the boiling point, steam being evaporated from its surface. A small channel leads down the slope, and for several hundred feet its bed is encrusted with a sulphur deposit, showing that the spring occasionally flows a considerable quantity of water, the deposit being from 3 to 10 inches deep." On the west side of the road are numerous mud caldrons and springs, the contents of which are varied, some being of thick mud, others of leaden-hued water, all incessantly agitated and throwing upon their surrounding edges a 82 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, finely mixed muddy deposit. The road from Sulphur Mountain to the Canyon Hotel (some four miles distant) passes over a rolling country, and skirts along the banks of Yellowstone River until nearly to the Upper Falls, when it deflects somewhat from the river and, after winding through a belt of timber for a short distance, crosses Cas- cade Creek and climbs the hillside to the Grand Canyon Hotel. UPPER FALLS OF THE YELLOWSTONE. About a quarter of a mile above the falls, the current be- comes very rapid, tumbling over a succession of cascades and swirling around masses of rock left surrounded in mid- stream. Just before reaching the brink of the falls, the river makes an abrupt turn to the eastward, from which fact an unobstructed view of the former cannot be obtained from its hotel side. Above the falls a jutting point of rocks affords an excellent view of the rapids and the foaming waters rushing on over the precipice itself. The Upper Falls have a perpendicular drop of 140 feet, and the water, striking the shelving rock-formation at the bottom of the abyss, shoots out rocket-like columns plainly seen from the ledge above. A quarter of a mile below, the river takes another leap of 360 feet, called the Lower Falls. The water between, while seemingly placid, from points of observation most readily accessible and therefore usually visited, is ex- ceedingly rapid, though its remarkable clearness affords a TOUR OF THE PARK. 83 view of its apparently smooth, rocky bottom the entire dis- tance. A footpath leads to the bottom of the Upper Falls, where very fine trout fishing may be enjoyed, and midway between this point and the Lower Falls, Cascade Creek en- ters the river. Cascade Falls are directly below the bridge which spans the creek. Their aggregate fall, including the cas- cades above, is about 130 feet, and a ladder to Grotto Pool allows an inspection of them, though these minor attract- ions possess little, if any, charm to the sight-seer when so near a sight justly rated among the grandest among earth's many marvelously grand scenic displays. GREAT FALLS AND GRAND CANYON OF THE YELLOWSTONE. A short distance beyond Cascade Creek the road passes a point from which the first glimpse of the canyon is ob- tained. Inspiration Point may be seen some three miles away. The eye follows the river's course to the brink of the Great Falls, where it suddenly disappears, to be seen again some distance below, meandering, like a slender rib- bon of silver, between frowning can3^on walls. A sign- board points out the trail to the brink below, following which (on foot) the visitor soon stands upon a natural platform of rock upon the very edge of the canyon, overlooking the awful plunge of seething waters. At this Point Lookout and Great Falls. TOVR OP THE PARK. 85 point the river, though some 250 feet in width a short dis- tance above, narrov^s to just 74 feet, and w^hile the view is grand almost beyond expression, it is not the best to be ob- tained of the falls. Point Lookout and Red Rock being re- garded the best points from which to see them; however, probably no better view (certainly none more comprehen- sive) of the canyon is obtainable than that to be had from the platform overlooking the brink of the falls. Gazing down the Canyon, Point Lookout is seen rising from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the river. Almost directly opposite, on the right-hand side of the canyon, is Artist's Point, so called from being the position selected by Thomas Moran from which to paint his celebrated picture, which may be seen hanging in the nation's capitol at Washington. Inspiration Point, three miles below, is hidden from view by an intervening bend, but a vast stretch of rugged canyon wall may be seen on either hand. The only possible footing to be found in the canyon below the falls, and from which the latter may be clearly seen, is on the right, immediately at the foot of the falls. This point has been reached by but few, and then only by the aid of 800 feet of rope^ by which the adventurous explorer is assisted in descending and as- cending the almost perpendicular cliffs. The subject of the frontispiece illustration was secured from this position. To reach the south and east side of the canyon it is necessary to cross the river above the Upper Falls, which may be readily and safely accomplished by boat, and ere long 86 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, will be made possible by means of a foot bridge to be con- structed at their brink. The descent of the Grand Canyon will undoubtedly be made possible, at no very distant day, by means of an elevator. Leaving the brink of the Lower Falls, the trail is ascend- ed back up the Canyon's side, past the sign-board, to its top; from which point, directly above the verge of the Lower Falls, the river and Upper Falls come prominent- ly into view, and, as one passes along the dizzy edge of the canyon toward Point Lookout, glimpses are caught, through the timber, of the Great Falls a full 1,000 feet be- low. Point Lookout is, by trail, about half a mile below the falls, and commands altogether the best combined view of the Great Falls and Canyon ; though Red Rock, just be- low and to which a perfectly safe trail leads down the ravine under Point Lookout, affords the best view of the falls, themselves, possible for tourists to obtain. Inspiration Poillf is considered by many as being, of all points, the best from which to see and appreciate the vast immensity of the canyon ; and, although it is two miles from Point Lookout, the grandeur of the view, when considered together with the various other points and pro- jections from which a more or less extended inspection of the canyon may be made, well repays one for the extra effort required. Inspiration Point is 1,500 feet above the river, and would afford an excellent distant view of both canyon and falls, were it not for Point Lookout interven- TOUR OF THE PARK. 87 ing. Looking down stream, the view of the eanyon is especially fine ; though the brilliant coloring of its walls is not so noticeable as above the point. Beside the trail, a short distance from this locality, may be seen a large boulder of granite, a most interesting relic of glacial de- posit, said by geologists to have been stranded here during the '*ice period." The opposite side of the canyon possesses many excel- lent points from which to observe both canyon and falls, giving the reverse effect of lights and shadows, which in itself is highly interesting. Particularly is this true of Artist's Point, from which an unobstructed view of both canyon and falls may be had, and when rendered more accessible, will be fully as popular as the points visited to- day. The banks of the river throughout the entire length of the canyon (some 10 miles), are lined wath hot springs, and the great Cjuantity of hot w^ater poured from them into the river current has the effect of increasing the tem- perature of the river fully 20 degrees, between the Lower Falls and a short distance below Inspiration Point. Quite a powerful little gc} ser is noticed on the south bank, play- ing from a knob-like deposit some 50 feet above the surface of the river, and a short distance up stream from Inspira- tion Point, above which the canyon walls rise in a sheer, perpendicular height of fully 1,000 feet. Field-glasses are quite necessary to enable one to make a satisfactory in- spection of these numerous attractions; among which an S8 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. eagle's nest, situated upon an inaccessible crag, fully com- pensates for the trouble of bringing a glass, in the inter- esting study it affords the beholder. With respect to scenic effect, that obtained in the morning from Inspiration Point and that in the afternoon from the brink of the Great Falls are considered by many the best. However, each and every hour produces an effect of light and shade possible for no artist to portray in faithful detail. Believing that the purposes of a guide book are best subserved by confining its scope to plain descriptive state- ment, calculated to enable the reader to readily find, and recognize v^hen found, the subjects concerning which it treats, all attempts at '*word pictures" have been rigidly excluded from this little hand-book. It would fail, how- ever, to even faintly convey to the mind of the intend- ing visitor, for whose benefit, of course, special reference was had in its inception, anything like an intelHgent idea of the wonders of the National Park, if it neglected to ac- quaint him with the expressed opinions of some among the many distinguished Jiterateurs, scientists, artists and others who have carefull}^ inspected this region. The following interestingly graphic, and, wnthal, faithful, pen picture of the Grand Canyon and Great Falls of the Yellowstone River, by the Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt, is sub- joined for this purpose: ''Well, we have reached Cascade Creek at last; and a beautiful grove of trees, beneath whose shade a clear steam, whose waters are free from the nauseous taste of alkali, 90 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. furnished a delightful place to camp. Now — dismounting and seeing that your horse is well cared for, while the men are unloading the pack-mules and pitching the tents — walk up that trail winding up that hillside; follow it for a little among the solemn pines, and then pass out from the tree shadows and take your stand upon that jutting rock, cling- ing to it well meanwhile and being very sure of your footing, for your head will surely grow dizzy, and there opens be- fore you one of the most stupendous scenes of nature, the Lower Falls and the awful Canyon of the Yellowstone. ''And now, where shall I begin, and how shall I, in any- wise, describe this tremendous sight; its overpowering grandeur, and, at the same time, its inexpressible beauty? "Look yonder ! Those are the Lower Falls of the Yellow- stone. They are not the grandest in the world, but there are none more beautiful. There is not the breadth and dash of Niagara, nor is there the enormous depth of leap of some of the waterfalls of the Yosemite. But here is majesty of its own kind, and beauty too. On either side are vast pin- nacles of sculptured rock. There, where the rock opens for the river, its waters are compressed from a width of 200 feet between the Upper and Lower Falls, to less than 100 feet where it takes the plunge. The shelf of rock over which it leaps is absolutely level. The water seems to wait a mo- ment on its verge; then it passes, with a single bound, 360 feet, into the gorge below. It is a vsheer, unbroken, com- pact, shining mass of silver foam. But your eyes are all the TOUR OF THE PARK. 91 while distracted from the fall itself, great and beautiful as it is, to its marvelous setting; to the surprising, overmaster- ing canyon into which the river leaps, and through which it flows, dwindling to but a foamy ribbon there in its appal- ling depths. As you cling here to this jutting rock the falls are already many hundred feet below you. The falls unroll their whitness down amid the canyon glooms. * * ^ * These rocky sides are almost perpendicular; indeed, in many places the boiling springs have gouged them out so as to leave overhanging cliffs and tables at the top. Take a stone and throw it over; you have to wait long before you hear it strike. Nothing more awful have I ever seen than the yawning of that chasm. And the stillness, solemn as midnight, profound as death. The water dashing there, as in a kind of agony, against those rocks, you cannot hear. The mighty distance lays the finger of silence on its white lips. You are oppressed with a sense of danger. It is as though the vastness w^ould soon force you from the rock to which you cling. The silence, the sheer depth, the gloom, burden you. It is a relief tofeel the firm earth beneath your feet again, as you carefully crawl back from your perching place. *' But this is not all, nor is the half yet told. As soon as you can stand it, go out on that jutting rock again and mark the sculpturing of God upon those vast and solemn walls. By dash of wind and wave, by forces of the frost, by file of snow plunge and glacier and mountain torrent, by 92 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. the hot l^reath of boiling springs, those walls have been eut into the most various and surprising shapes. I have seen the 'middle age' castles along the Rhine ; there those castles are reproduced exactly. I have seen the soaring summit of the great cathedral spires in the country beyond the sea ; there they stand in prototype, only loftier and sublimer. ''And then, of course, and almost beyond all else, you are fascinated by the magnificence and utter opulence of color. Those are not simple gray and hoary depths, and reaches and domes and pinnacles of sullen rock. The whole gorge flames. It is as though rainbows had fallen out of the sky and hung themselves there like glorious banners. The un- derlying color is the clearest yellow; this flushes onward into orange. Down at the base the deepest mosses unroll their draperies of the most vivid green ; browns, sweet and soft, do their blending; white rocks stand spectral; turrets of rock shoot up as crimson as though they were drenched through with blood. It is a wilderness of color. It is im- possible that even the pencil of an artist can tell it. What you would call, accustomed to the softer tints of nature, a great exaggeration, would be the utmost tameness com- pared with the reality. It is as if the most glorious sunset you ever saw had been caught and held upon that resplen- dent, awful gorge. ''Through nearly all the hours of that afternoon until the sunset shadows came, and afterward, amid the moonbeams, I waited there, clinging to that rock, jutting out into that TOUR OF THE PARK. 93 overpowering, gorgeous chasm. I was appalled and fas- cinated, afraid, and yet compelled to cling there. It was an epoch in my life." SIDE-TRIP TO MOUNT WASHBURN. This, the observatory of the Park, rises midway between the Grand Canyon Hotel and Tower Falls, with which it is at present connected by two bridle-paths, and, soon wnll be, it is expected, by a substantial wagon-road. It is about ten miles from the Grand Canyon Hotel to the summit of the mountain, which may be readily reached from either trail; that between the mountain and river is the one most trav- eled. This path winds along the edge of the canyon for a mile or more below Inspiration Point, gradually drawing away from the river toward the mountainside, through dense forests and open parks, until the highest part of the of the trail is reached (fully 4,000 feet above the river). If it is desired to ascend to the summit of the mountain, the trail is left at this point, horses being able to climb the mountain-brow without special fatigue. If the climb to the summit be deemed undesirable, the trail may be continued to Tower Falls; the descent is gradual to the valley of Antelope Creek, which is followed nearly to the falls. As has been said, Mt. Washburn is the observatory of the Park; and, while a trip to and from its summit consumes a da}^ the grand view obtained amply repays the effort. Dr. Hoyt thus describes it: 94 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. *'Let us take our stand for a little now upon Mt. Wash- burn. Its rounded crest is more than 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, and perhaps 5,000 feet above the level of the valley, out of which it springs. Its smooth slopes are easy of ascent. You need not dismount from your horse to gain its summit. Standing there you look down upon the whole grand panorama as does the eagle yonder, holding himself aloft upon almost motionless wings. I doubt if there is another view at once so majestic and so beautiful in the whole world. Your vision darts through the spaces for 150 miles on some sides. You are standing upon a mountain lifting itself out of a vast saucer-shaped depress- ion. Away yonder, where the sky seems to meet the earth on every side around the whole circumference of your sight, are lines and ranges of snow-capped peaks shutting your glances in. Yonder shoots upward the serrated peak of Pilot Mountain, in the Clark Fork range. Joined to that, sweep on around you in the dim distance, the snowy lines of the Madison range. Yonder join hands with these, the Stinking Water Mountains, and so on and on and around. '' Take now a closer view for a moment. Mark the lower hills, folded in their thick draperies of pine and spruce, like dark green velvet of the softest and deepest; notice, too, those beautiful park-like spaces where the trees refuse to grow, and where the prairie spreads its smooth sward freely toward the sunlight. And those spots of steam breaking into the vision every now and then, and floating oif like TOUR OF THE PARK. 95 the whitest elouds that ever graeed the summer sky, those are the signals of the ge^^sers at their strange dutv, yonder in the geyser basins, 30 miles away. And those bits of sil- ver, flashing hither and thither on the hillsides, amid {he dense green of the forests, these are waterfalls and frag- ments of ice glaciers, which for ages have been at their duty of sculpturing these mountains, and have not yet completed it. And that lovely deep blue sheet of water, of such a dainty shape, running its arms out toward the hills, and bearing on its serene bosom emeralds of islands; that is the sweetestsheetof water in the world; that is the Yellowstone Lake. And that exquisite broad sheen of silver, winding through the green of the trees and the brown of the prairie; that is the Yellowstone River starting on its wonderful jour- ney to the Missouri, and thence downward to the Gulf, between 6,000 and 7,000 miles away. But, nearer to us, almost at our feet, as we trace this broad line of silver, the eye encounters a frightful chasm, as if the earth had sud- denly sunk away; and into its gloomy depths the brightness and beauty of the shining river leaps, and is thenceforth lost altogether to the view. That is the tremendous can- yon, or gorge, of the Yellowstone. " From the falls and canyon, stapres will make the return trip to Mammoth Hot Springs by way of the Virginia Canyon road to Norris, as stated on page 25: but with the construction of a wagon-road over Mt. Washburn, to the north of the falls forming a junction with the Cooke City road, near Barronette's Bridge, not only will a new and charming portion of the Park be opened to general travel, but the entire circuit of the reservation will be possible without retracing any part of the way. 96 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. SIDE-TRIPS FROM THE MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS. Middle Gardiner Falls and Bun sen Peak.— Surrounding the Mammoth Hot Springs, and not on the main traveled roads, are many interesting places that can be visited by ladies and gentlemen fond of horseback riding. The Middle-Gardiner-Falls-trip is probably the most inter- esting. The trail leaves the Golden Gate road about half a mile south from the hotel, passing along the west side of the government inclosure to the West Gardiner River. For excellent trout fishing, follow down the West Gardiner to the main stream ; proceeding thence along the canyon (which can only be reached by following the bed of the river). The trail to the falls and canyon crosses the West Gardiner and passes over the eastern slope of Bunsen Peak to Observa- tion Point, which is 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the river. The walls of the canyon are nearly perpendicular, especially on the east side, and resemble more nearly the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone than any other place in the Park. The total drop of the falls is 300 feet, the first 100 feet being perpendicular; the trail continues around the slope of Bunsen Peak, intersecting the main road at Golden Gate. The comparatively easy road around the mountain, though slightly longer, is preferable to returning over the trail just followed. The ascent to Bunsen Peak is easily made from the south side; the view from its summit is grand and impressive. To the south the lofty Teton range TOUR OF THE PARK. 97 (forming part of the boundary between Idaho an Wyo- ming), though 100 miles distant, can be plainly seen on a clear day; the magnificent Gallatin range lies to the west; while Electric Peak, Hot Spring Valle\^ and the Yellowstone range occupy the north and east. No better point can be found in this portion of the Park from which to study the geography of the reserve. From the west entrance of Golden Gate, one has the choice of two routes to the hotel — the regular carriage-road and the old road. The latter leads along the west side of Terrace Mountain, cross- ing the same through the pass called Snow Gate; thence down over the formation to the hotel. The entire distance of this trip is about eight miles, and can be easil}^ accom- plished in half a day. If the ascent of Bunsen Peak is made, it will be necessary to start in the forenoon and lunch at Gardiner Falls. Mt. Evarts and East Gardiner Falls.— The gigantic wall, rising some 2,000 feet above Gardiner River, is the west face of a broad, triangular mountain, compris- ing an area of 20 square miles, known as Mt. Evarts — a designation that has been attached to it since 1870. The story of Mr. Evarts' adventure and suffering is well known, and the fact that his rescue from a horrible death took place in a little valley just back of the summit of the mountain gives a tinge of romance to the locality and makes the name more than usually appropriate. Mr. Evarts was a member of the Washburn-Langford party who explored the Park in 08 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 1870. While this party was in camp at Yellowstone Lake, some 50 miles distant, Mr.Evarts decided to part company with the explorers and return to Bozeman; Being positive that he could reach his destination without the assistance of a guide, he was allowed to depart, mounted on a horse, with a pack horse to carry his provision and camp equipage. Overtaken on the way by a severe storm, he became be- wildered ; and, while searching on foot for evidence of a trail, lost his eye-glasses, and was unable to return to his horses. For three weeks he wandered helplessly over the country, but was found at last by scout Barronette, upon this mountain, in a very precarious condition. Mr. Evarts' rescue was largely due to the prompt investigation set on foot by Gen. Washburn upon the return of his horses to the explorers' camp, and, happily, he fully recovered from his thrilling experience and privation. The wagon road from Mammoth Hot Springs to Cooke City (a mining camp just outside the northeast corner of the Park), passes East Gardiner Falls, which are nearly on a level with the eastern slope of Mt. Evarts; it is possible to ride a horse to the edge of this mountain which over- looks the Hot Spring Valley and commands one of the finest views of this locality. Mt. Evarts is a favorite summer range for game : and it is not uncommon for visitors to see elks, antelopes and '* big-horn" sheep while on the moun- tain. East Gardiner Falls are composed of two cascades, the upper one having a drop of nearly 50 feet, while the TOUR OF THE PARK. 99 lower falls arc more broken and have a total drop of about 80 feet; they are but a short distance apart. An excellent view of Gardiner Canyon and the Hot Springs in the dis- tance may be had from the ledge near the lower falls. The East Gardiner Falls are five miles from the hotel; the sum- mit of Mt. Evarts, overlooking the Hot Springs, is a mile and a half further. Persons on horseback can cross over Mt. Evarts and strike the Yellowstone trail, which inter, sects the road from Cinnabar to the Hot Springs near Gardiner City. Excellent fishing may be found in the Yel- lowstone River near the mouth of Black-Tail-Deer Creek, which crosses the Cooke City road some two miles east of Gardiner Falls, and can be easily followed to the river. Yancey^s^ Tower Falls and Petrified Trees. — Those desiring to visit the eastern part of the Park, not available on the grand tour until the proposed Government road over Mt. Washburn shall have been constructed, can spend two or three enjoyable days at "Uncle" John Yan- cey's; have the best of trout fishing, and visit Tower Falls and the petrified trees. Yancey's place is eighteen miles from the Mammoth Hot Springs, on the Cooke City road. The character of the country is quite unlike an\^ other por- tion of the Park, and the ride, generally, is very much en- joyed Fishing in the Yellowstone is excellent above the junction of the East Fork to Tower Creek. Tower Falls are three miles from Yancey's (where guides to the fishing grounds can be secured). Tower Creek empties into the Tower Fall^ TOUR OP THE PARK. 101 Yellowstone a short distance below the falls ; these are 110 feet high, deriving their naniefrom the peculiar roeky forma- tions which rise, tower-like, several hundred feet above their brink. There are no fish in the creek above the falls. The petrified trees are one and a half miles from Yancey's ; and are reached by an easy trail. They are the only specimens of petrified trees (standing in their natural position) to be found in the Park. On Specimen Ridge, across the Yellow- stone, and some 10 miles from Yancey's, are numerous spe- cimens of petrifactions, many of them being 4 and 5 feet in diameter. All visitors to *' Uncle " John's, speak in glowing terms of the trip. His hotel, w^ith accommodations for twelve to fifteen ladies and gentlemen, is located in Pleasant Valley, v^here Mr. Yancey has resided for twenty years, se- lecting this romantic portion of the Yellowstone in prefer- ence to all others. THE PARK IN MIDWINTER. The only attempt to explore thivS region in the winter oc- curred in January, 1887. The expedition was headed by Lieutenant Frederick Schw^atka, of arctic fame, and accom- panying him were several eastern gentlemen and F. Jay Haynes, as photographer, together with a corps of guides, packers and assistants. The party was outfitted with arctic ''sleeping bags," the Norwegian "ski," the Canadian '* web" snowshoe, and toboggans to carry supplies, photo- graphic equipment and astronomical instruments; it being TOUR OP THE PARK. 103 the intention to camp wherever night overtook the party, regardless of the hotels. The expedition consumed three days in reaching Norris, leaving the Mammoth Hot Springs January 2d, and camping at Indian Creek the first night, v^ith the thermometer 37 degrees below zero. The second camp was near Obsidian Cliff. This very slow rate of traveling was due, in great measure, to the depth and lightness of the snow, in which the toboggans sank readily, making them difficult to draw. At Norris, Lieutenant Schwatka unfortunately fell ill and was compelled to aban- don further exploration. As the total failure of the expedition could but entail con- siderable pecuniary loss upon Mr. Haynes, who was specially desirous of obtaining a line of photographic negatives of winter scenes that should embrace the most interesting por- tions of the great reserve ; that gentleman employed two of the sturdiest men of the Schwatka party, and, accom- panied by Edward Wilson, a government scout, pushed on, and succeeded in making a complete circuit of the reserva- tion^ visiting the Lower and Upper Geyser Basins, the Falls and Grand Canyon and crossing over Mt. Washburn to Yancey's, and thence by the Cooke City road back to Mam- moth Hot Springs. The fallacy of attempting to drag toboggans was proven in getting to Norris ; hence this party resorted to the cus- tomary fashion of packing upon their backs their equip- ment, sleeping bags and provisions, each carrying from 30 104 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. to 45 pounds. The Norwegian snowshoe or ski, is a slender runner of tough springy wood, shghtly turned up at the forward end, some 4 inches wide by 12 feet long, and fitted with a looped thong, or strap into which to insert the foot. They are slid over the snow, the operator carrying a pole some eight feet long to assist him in maintaining his balance and to be used as a brake when descending mountain sides, without which a velocity would be attained that would be extremely dangerous. In ascending, a *' tacking" process similar to that of a sailboat proceeding against the wind has to be resorted to, unless it is found necessary to climb an abrupt section, when a small rope, always carried by a snowshoer, is wound around the left shoe to prevent it slipping back. Two or more persons climbing a very steep place usually make of their shoes a series of steps, the one in the rear passing the last shoe ahead for the one in ad- vance to take a new step. This mode, of course, being ex- ceedingly slow, was only once or twice resorted to. In leaving the Norris Hotel the first grand sight presented was in Norris Basin, where the great amount of steam congealed on the trees in the vicinity produced all the fantastic shapes and forms possible to imagine, while the numerous vents sending up their colums of steam resembled a vast manu- facturing city. The telephone wires happening to be over a hot spring were generally broken down by the immense weight of accumulated ice, frequently assuming a diameter of 2 to 3 inches. The Upper Basin, however, presented 106 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAUK. the most striking appearance, the greater amotmt of steam and more nnmerons hot springs affording a grand sight. The president of the Yellowstone Park Association kindly offered the party the use of the hotels, which were soon found to be colder than ont doors^ They are summer hotels, and the draught produced by kindling a fire inside was more disagreeable than a camp on the lava formation near Old Faithful, which was dry and entirely free from snow on ac- count of the internal heat. Securing a tent from the hotels the party camped here for several days, during the first five of which a blinding snow-storm raged continuously. The" morning of the sixth day broke crisp and clear and revealed' a vsight seldom seen, in which Old Faithful, the Giantess and' the Grand were in eruption at one and the same time. The dense volumes of steam rising from these geysers, in majestic columns, to a height of over 1,000 feet, mingled with that con- stantly arising from numerous other openings, produced an effect truly wonderful. The foliage surrounding each geyser was most artistically ornamented with ice and frozen spray. The great fall of snow throughout the Park, fully eight feet in depth, gave a quite different aspect to the country. The Grand Canyon was entirely changed, the beautiful coloring on the slopes being hidden. The Great Falls presented a strange sight; the north half was frozen over, immense icicles, 200 feet in length, hanging therefrom ; an ice bridge, fully 100 feet high, was formed at the base, coming up fully to the spray line, which is usually one-third the height of 108 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. the falls, and the brink was frozen over, being hidden by an arch of ice fully a dozen feet thick. The trip over Mt. Washburn, in which the entire party nearly lost their lives, w^as one of hardship and privation, a blinding snow-storm being encountered on the mountain, lasting for three days, in which this little party wandered day and night, without food, shelter or fire, an adventurous experience few care to undergo. On the exposed ridges of Mt. Washburn thousands of elks were seen, this being their winter range. The ex- treme rigors of this section prevent it ever becoming a winter resort, and it is doubtful, if another similar expedi- tion will ever be organized to explore it. The circuit of the Park on snowshoes covered nearly 200 miles, the temperature varying from not warmer than 10 degrees below zero to 52 degrees below, during the entire twenty-nine days consumed by tliis expedition. HISTORY AND EARLY EXPLORATION. The following brief history of the Park and account of the early exploration of the region is taken from the report made to the late Dr. F. V. Hayden, Chief of the Geological Survey of Territories, by Henry Gannet, E. M., on the geo- graphical field-work of the U. S. Geological Survey during the season of 1878 : ''The first authentic information regarding the great nat- ural wonders of the Park was derived from a prospecting party under the leadership of Capt. W. W. Delacy, who, in HISTORY AND EARLY EXPLORATION. 109 1863, visited the Lower Geyser Basin. Previous to this time it seems that the region was known to but a few hun- ters and trappers, and their tales were treated as the wild- est of romancing, as, indeed, many of them were, the mind of the trapper being singularly prone to exaggeration. The earliest reference to the hot springs is in the stories of a trapper by the name of Colter (or Coulter), who accom- panied Lewis and Clarke's celebrated expedition across the continent. On the return of this expedition, w^hen below the mouth of the Yellowstone, Colter was discharged, at his own request, and immediately returned to the country above the forks of the Missouri. In this neighborhood, probably on the Jefferson, his companion, Potts, was killed by Blackfeet, and he was captured. Almost miraculously he escaped from them, and, entirely naked, made his way to a trading post on the Big Horn. After this he lived for a year or more among the Bannacks, whose range included what is now the Yellowstone Park. Either during his perilous journey, after his escape from the Blackfeet, or dur- ing his sojourn among the Bannacks, he became acquainted with the region of the hot springs and geysers, for we find him in Missouri, in 1810, telling marvelous tales of lakes of burning pitch, of land on fire, hot springs and geysers. His stories were, of course, treated as traveler's tales, and '' Col- ter's Hell" was classed with Lilliput, Symmes' Hole, and other inventions of oyer developed imaginations. 110 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. '* Later we find the knowledge of this country more gen- erally diffused among this people. Colonel Raynolds, in his report on the ' Exploration of the Yellowstone,' in 1859-60, refers to 'some of these Munchausen tales ' as follows : '' ' One was to this effect : In many parts of the country petrifactions and fossils are very numerous, and, as a con- sequence, it was claimed that in some locality (I was not able to fix it definitely) a large tract of sage is perfectly petrified, with all the leaves and branches in perfect condi- tion, the general appearance of the plain being un/iAe (like?) that of the rest of the country ; but all is stone; while the rabbits, sage hens and other animals usually found in such localities are still there, perfectly petrified, and as natural as when they were living; and, more wonderful still, the petrified bushes bear the most wonderful fruit ; diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, etc., etc., as large as black wal- nuts, are found in abundance.' **This story, absurbas it sounds, has a large basis in fact. The narrator, however, had mixed up distinct phenomena, and over all had spread lavishly the coloring of his imagina- tion. There are fields of sage, as well as bits of forest, which, lyingin the immediate proximity to groups of springs, have been petrified while standing. The hot,silicious water from the springs is drawn up through the poresof the wood, and between the wood and the bark, by capillary attract- ion, and depositing silica wherever it goes, the tree or bush is rapidly transformed into rock, HISTORY AND EARLY EXPLORATION. 1 11 *'Thc story of the remarkable fruit borne by these stone trees is not far from correct, the main difference between the story and the fact being that the fruit is borne on the out- side and inside of the trunks of the trees, instead of on the ends of the branches. The mineral species are not as given in the story, either; but that is a matter of no vital im- portance. In the process of the silicification of wood, the last result of all is the production of quartz crystals. The tree trunk is converted totally into crystalline quartz, radi- ating from within outward, the crystals being all crowded out of shape. The inside and outside of the hollow cylin- der of quartz, which represents the former tree, are covered with the characteristic quartz pyramids. Such products of silicification are very abundant in the Park, particularly on Amethyst Ridge, and are, undoubtedly, the * stone fruit ' of the petrified trees and bushes. The crystals are colorless, amethystine or yellow, and, according to the color, are knowm to the mountain man as diamond, amethyst, topaz, etc. It is unnecessary to say that the part of the story re- lating to animal life was manufactured from whole cloth. " Many other legends had long been current among mountain men, some of which are briefly referred to in CoU onel Norris' report to theSecretary of the Interior for 1878 ; but none of them seem to have attracted any attention. That white men have been in the Park, prior to any printed record, is evidenced by the discover}^ by Colonel No;-ris, as 112 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. noted in his report above referred to, of a block house near the Grand Canyon, of a cache of marten traps near Obsid- ian Canyon, and other relics of the early trappers. **In 1863, Captain W. W. De Lacy, in command of a large party of prospectors, left Montana to prospect on the upper waters of the Snake. Striking that river near the junction of Henry's Fork, they follow^ed up the main river through the Canyon, prospected in Jackson's Hole; and, not finding gold in paying quantities, they broke up the party, some returning one way, some another. Captain De Lacy, with a portion of the party, followed up the Snake and Lewis Fork, discovering Lewis and Shoshone (De Lacy's) Lakes, the Shoshone and the Lower Geyser Basins. The geographical work done by Captain De Lacy on this trip was embodied in a map of Montana, drawn by him, and published by authority of the Territory in 1864- 65, and the material thus made public was afterwards used by the public land-office in the compilation of maps of that region. I'The results of this trip seem to have attracted little or no attention ; for we hear of no one going into the country until 1869, when two prospectors. Cook and Folsom,made a prospecting tour through the Park. They followed the Yellowstone up to the mouth of the East Fork, then up the latter stream for a few miles, crossing over to the Yellow- stone at the Great Falls ; thence they went up this stream to the foot of the lake, and around the west side of the lat- HISTORY AND EARLY EXPLORATIOX, 113 tcr to the extremity of the west arm, thence crossing over to the Geyser Basins on the Madison, and finally left the country by following down the Madison River. Their story immediately attracted attention and the following summer a large party, composed of citizens of Montana, under the leadership of General Washburn, then Surveyor- General of Montana, was made up for the purpose of ex- ploring this region. A small escort from Fort Ellis, in charge of Lieut. G. C. Doane, accompanied them. *'This party made quite extensive explorations on the Yellowstone and Madison Rivers. Passing up the Yellow- stone by the well-known trail, they traveled completely around the lake, visiting all localities of interest along the route, with the single exception of the Mammoth Hot Springs, on Gardiner's River. '*The following year, 1871, Captains Barlow and Heep, U. S. A., made a reconnaissance of this country, and pre- sented the results in a brief report and a map of their route. ''In the same year. Dr. Hayden devoted a portion of the season to a reconnaissance of this region, making quite an extended tour through it. The result of this work, includ- ing geological reports, maps, etc., were published in the an- nual report for that year. This was sufficient to fix the public attention upon this great collection of natural won- ders, and, when Dr. Hayden presented to Congress a propo- sition to reserve this section from settlement as a National Park, it was adopted with little opposition. The following 114 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. year, 1872, Dr. Hayden continued the reconnaissance of the Park, and the country to the north and south of it, pub- lishing the results in the report of that year, and in a series of maps. "This region has, ever since its discovery, proy^d an at- tractive field for exploration, and scarcely a year has passed that some party, under more or less of official sanction, has not traversed it, nominally, at least, for purposes, of ex- ploration. ''In 1873, Captain W. A. Jones, U. S. A., teok a large party through it. He entered it from the head of the Stink- ing Water, crossing one of the many passes near Mt. Chit- tenden (it is impossible to tell v^-hich). After visiting most of the points of interest in the Park, he went out via the Upper Yellowstone, on the way verifying the old trappers' legend about the ' Two Ocean River,' and discovering a practicable pass (Togwotee Pass) and route from the south to the Park. This discovery was by far the most valuable result of the expedition. "In 1875, Captain William Ludlow, U. S. A., in charge of a reconnaissance in Central Montana, made a flying trip to the Park. He developed little that was new save accurate measurements of the Upper and Lower Falls of the Yellow- stone." ACT OF DEDICATION. 115 ' THE ACT OF DEDICATION. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming, lying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River, and described as follows, to wit: Commencing at the junction of Gardiner River with the Yellowstone River, and running east to the meridian passing ten miles to the eastward of the most eastern point of Yellowstone Lake; thence south along the said meridian to the parallel of lati- tude passing ten miles south of the most southern point of Yellowstone Lake ; thence west along said parallel to the meridian passing fifteen miles west of the most western point of Madison Lake; thence north along said meridian t(^ the latitude of the junction of the Yellowstone and Gar- diner Rivers; thence east to the place of beginning, — is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who shall locate, settle upon or occupy the same or any part thereof, except as hereinafter provided, shall be considered trespassers and removed therefrom. Sec. 2. The said public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the care and management of the same. Such regulations shall pro- vide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all tim- ber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities or wonders within said park, andjtheir retention in their natural condition*. 116 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, The Secretary ma}^ in his discretion, grant leases for building purposes, for terms not exceeding ten years, of small parcels of ground, at such places in said park as shall require the erection of buildings for the accommodation of visitors; all of the proceeds of said leases, and all other revenues that may be derived from any source connected with said park, to be expended, under his direction, in the management of the same, and the construction of roads and bridle paths therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of the fish and game found within said park, and against their capture or destruction for the pur- pose of merchandise or profit. He shall also cause all persons trespassing upon the same after the passage of this act to be removed therefrom, and generally shall be author- ised to take all such measures as shall be necessary or proper to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this act. RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE YELLOW- STONE NATIONAL PARK. The folio wing eminently proper rules have been prescribed for the government of the Park and the protection of its multifarious objects of public interest and noble game: 1. It is forbidden to remove or injure the sediments or incrustations around the geysers, hot springs or steam vents; or to deface the same by written inscriptions or otherwise; or to throw any subtance into the springs or geyser vents ; or to injure or disturb in any manner any of the mineral deposits, natural curiosities or wonders within the Park. RULES AND REGULATIONS OF Tim PARK. 117 2. It is forbidden to ride or drive upon any of the geyser or hot spring formations, or to turn loose stoek to graze in their vicinity. 3. It is forbidden to cut or injure any growing timber. Camping parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber for fuel. 4. Fires should be lighted only when necessary and com- pletely extinguished when not longer required. The utmost care should be exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass. 5. Hunting, capturing, injuring or killing any bird or animal within the Park is prohibited. The outfits of per- sons found hunting or in possession of game killed in the Park will be subject to seizure and confiscation. 6. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explosives, or in any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited. Fishing for purposes of merchan- dise or profit is forbidden by law. 7. No person will be permitted to reside permanently or to engage in any business in the Park without permission in writing from the Department of the Interior. The su- perintendent may grant authority to competent persons to act as guides and revoke the same at his discretion. 8. No drinking saloon or bar-room will be permitted within the limits of the Park. 118 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 9. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted nor displayed within the Park, except such as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the public upon buildings upon leased ground. 10. Persons v^ho render themselves obnoxious by dis- orderly conduct or bad behavior, or who violate any of the foregoing rules, will be summarily removed from the Park under authority of the statute setting apart the Park ''as a pleasuring ground for the people," and providing that it ''shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be to make and publish such rules and regulations as he shall deem necessary or proper," and who "generally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall be necessary or proper to fully carry out the object and purposes of this act." FAUNA AND FLORA OF THE PARK. It is but proper that the reader of even a guide-book be given some idea of the animal and plant life to be found in this region ; however, it should be borne in mind that an exhaustive treatise on this subject is not attempted herein. Among the wild animals to be found in the Park are: Buffalo, moose, elk, big horn (mountain sheep), deer, ante- lope, bear, mountain lion (panther), wolf, fox (red, gray and black), coyote, beaver, otter, mink, marten, sable, muskrat, ermine, rabbit, badger, porcupine, hare, squirrel, chipmunk, wolverine and skunk. FAVNA AND FLORA OF THE PARK. 119 Among the birds (principally migratory) arc: Grouse, owl, hawk, eagle, vulture, duck (in great variet}^), goose, brant, pelican, sw^an, crane, crow, raven, bluejay and black- bird. Reptiles are rare', though the rattlesnake is found in parts of the Yellowstone Valley, below an altitude of 6,000 feet. Among the animals enumerated, the larger varieties are only occasionally met wnth, and then, as a general thing, only in the more inaccessible and densely wooded portions of the Park, the latter being about three-fourths its entire area. The principal varieties of trees found here are: Black spruce, fir (black, red and balsam), white pine, red cedar, aspen (poplar), dwarf maple, and willow; while among the shrubs may be seen the choke-cherr}^ gooseberry, bull- berry, currant and buffalo -berry. Grasses are quite abundant, the predominating varieties being the buffalo, bunch and gramma, which are wonder- fully nutritious. Wild flowers, of almost every hue, and in wellnigh end- less variety, are quite plentiful and exceedingly hardy, often withstanding severe frosts without injury. Singularly, also, the more beautiful varieties are found upon the higher elevations, such as Mt. Washburn, Electric Peak and the like, which at certain seasons are gayly bedecked with flowers of rare color and fragrance; however, many interesting •specimens of flora are to be found in the lower altitudes. . 120 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARR. FISH AND FISHING. To many, one of the most interesting features of the Park is its excellent fishing ; mountain trout being abundant and widely distributed with respect to its various lakes and streams, while grayling are found in the Madison, and Gallatin Rivers, and whitefish in the Madison, Gardiner and Yellowstone. During the summer of 1889, by order of the U. S. Fish Commission, quite a large number of young trout were placed in Park waters. President David S. Jordan of the University of Indiana, assisted by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, having direct charge of the work. An extract from Dr. Jordan's report will serve to show in what streams and lakes fish are to be found : ''We found trout in Yellowstone River and Lake, and in all tributaries both above and below the falls, except Tower Creek. Fishes are plenty in Snake River and Heart Lake, and in the Madison below the falls of Firehole. There are none in the Upper Gardiner above the falls; none in Fire- hole nor Lewis Rivers ; nor in Lewis or Shoshone Lakes. In the Gibbon, above the falls, are no trout but plenty of a little fish called 'Blob,' or 'Millers' Thumb.' "Grayling are found only in the Madison and Gallatin; whitefish in the Madison, Lower Gardiner and Yellowstone. " The U. S. Fish Commission has placed fish as follows: "Eastern Brook Trout {Salvelinus fontinalis) in Upper Gardiner and Glenn Creeks. PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 121 "Rainl)ow Trout {Salrno iridens) in the Upper Gibbon, above Virginia Cascades. *' Loch Leven Trout {Salmo trutta levenensis) in the Ma- dison, above Keppler Cascades. "Whitefish (Core^o/2 us Williamsoni) in Yellowstone Lake and Twin Lakes. "Native Trout {Salmo myhiss) in Lava Creek." A careful investigation is being made as to the cause or causes for the appearance of the parasitic worm which afflicts many of the trout in Yellowstone and Heart Lakes, and it is hoped and expected that a remedy may be found. PRACTICAL INFORMATION. EXPENSE OF THE TRIP. — WHEN TO VISIT.— HOW TO REACH THE PARK. At many eastern and western points coupon tickets can be purchased which include rail and stage transportation to and through the Park, also sleeping and dining car ac- commodations, and board at the various hotels within the Park. These coupon tickets include all traveling expenses, and are used by nearly all tourists. Raymond &- Whit- comb's excursions and Cook's tours embrace all the above privileges, and being in charge of well-informed conductors are liberally patronized. Coupon books can be purchased at St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Tacoma, Seattle or Port- land, including all necessary expenses to the Park and re- 9 122 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. turn for $120. From Livingston, Mont., and return for $50. Six days are required to visit all prominent places within the Park, and this period is covered by the coupon tickets. Those desiring to prolong their stay, can procure reduced rates at the hotels after the expiration of the ticket ; the regular rate is $4 a day. The railway part of the ticket is good until October 1st. Credit letters are issued for any extra accommodations tourists may desire while south of the Mammoth Hot Springs, where valuables maybe safely deposited until their return. Camping par- ties can secure complete outfits at the Mammoth Hot Springs, such as guides, tents, provisions, cooks, saddle and pack horses, etc. The expense of a party of three camping will be about $20 a day ; they can visit a few remote places in the Park not included in the regular tour, and these trips are especially recommended for gentlemen desiring a few weeks' '' roughing it." August and September are the best months for camping, there being little choice in the time for the regular tour, except that in June and September you es- cape the rush of July and August. THE HOTELS OF THE PARK. Are four in number (exclusive of the three lunch stations, at Norris, Upper Basin, and "Thumb" of Yellowstone Lake, respectively). These chief hostelries are located as follows: At Mammoth Hot Springs, Fountain Geyser ORIGIN AND THEORY OF GEYSERS. 123 (Lower Geyser Basin), outlet of Yellowstone Lake, and Grand Canyon. All are steam-heated, electric-lighted and supplied with bathing facilities (both hot and cold). Re- freshing baths of hot mineral water may be enjoyed at the hotel at "The Fountain." In furnishing and table service these four hotels compare favorably with those of metro- politan cities. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION. The Yellowstone Park Association has telegraph service at all hotels and lunch stations (except Larry's) connect- ing with the Western Union Telegraph Company. ORIGIN AND THEORY OF GEYSERS. Geysers are merely eruptive hot springs. They differ from volcanoes only in that they erupt water instead of mol- ten lava. The name is derived from an Icelandic word meaning "gusher." The Bunsen Theory of gQjsQV phenom- ena, endorsed by Prof. Tyndall and other eminent men of science, is: — 1. The presence of igneous rocks (still re- taining their heat) at a considerable distance below the surface of the earth's crust. 2. Meteoric w^ater (supplied mainly by snow and rainfall) having access to these heated rocks. 3. A tube by which the heated water may reach the surface. This tube is kept filled (or nearly so) with water as the result of lateral drainage. The temperature of this water- 124 VBLLOWSTONB NATIONAL PARK. column, at any given point in the geyser tube, is below the boiling temperature corresponding to the atmospheric pressure at that point. Steam is constantly forming below, becoming sufficiently expansive in time to lift the water- column slightly. Thus the all but boiling water deep down in the tube is raised to a level where the pressure from above is less than that required to prevent ebullition. The result is an almost instantaneous generation of steam; the layers of water, being successively relieved of pressure, ris- ing and flashing explosively into gaseous form. Then fol- lows the eruption, or violent expulsion of water and steam from the geyser tube, which phenomenon continues until the tube is nearly emptied, when a period of rest ensues. The character of the water supply and the differing sizes and shapes of tubes v^ill necessarily produce a wide varia- tion in eruptive displays. Geysers (so far as known) exist only in Iceland, New Zealand, the Azores, Thibet and the Yellowstone National Park — those of the last named locality being by far the most powerful and interesting as well as easy of access. TABLE OF DISTANCES, ELEVATIONS, ETC. 125 TABLE OF DISTANCES. Miles. Cinnabar to Mammoth Hot Springs, 8 Mammoth Hot Springs to Golden Gate, 4 Mammoth Hot Springs to Obsidian Cliff, 12 Mammoth Hot Springs to Norris Basin, 22 Mammoth Hot Springs to Lower Basin, 42 Mammoth Hot Springs to Upper Basin, 52 Upper Basin to Thumb Bay (Yellowstone Lake) 18 Thumb Bay to Outlet (Yellowstone Lake) .18 Yellowstone Lake to Grand Canyon, 18 Grand Canyon to Norris, 12 Grand Canyon to Yancey's (trail) 23 Yancey's to Mammoth Hot Springs, 18 Entire Circuit of the Park Stage Road about 150 ELEVATIONS OF THE PARK. Feet. Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel, 6,387 West Entrance Golden Gate 7,300 Norris Geyser Basin, ..... 7,527 Lower Geyser Basin, 7,252 Upper Geyser Basin, 7,394 Yellowstone Lake, 7,788 Mary's Lake, 8,336 Grand Canyon Hotel, 7,710 ALTITUDE OF MOUNTAINS. Feet. Electric Peak, 11,155 Quadrant Mountain, 10,127 Mt. Evarts, 7,600 Bunsen Peak, 8,775 Mt. Washburn, 10.388 Mt. Langford, 10,902 Mt. Sheridan, 10,385 Index Peak, 11,702 Grand Teton, 13,654 MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA MEMORANDA. MAr» OF THE Yellowstone >Iational p^MKi Campled from Jilferenl off c al expl rations and our personal survey I88Z
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Which word is used to describe any rock or soil material that has remained below zero degrees centigrade continuously for more than two years?
Views of the National Parks Glossary A ..... top Aa - Pronounced "ah-ah", this is a Hawaiian term for lava flows that have a rough, rubbly surface; aa is composed of broken lava blocks called clinkers. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Ablation - The losses in glacial budget are products of ablation. In most glaciers, melting constitutes the majority of ablation, but evaporation, sublimation (direct conversion of ice to water vapor), wind erosion, and calving also contribute to net loss. Source: Katie KellerLynn Ablation Zone - The ablation zone is that part of a glacier's surface over which ablation (wastage, primarily melting) exceeds accumulation each year. Source: Sharp (1988) Abolition - Abolition is the act of abolishing—to end the observance or effect of—as in the abolition of slavery. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Abrasion - Abrasion is the mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping, or rubbing away (or down) of a rock surface by friction and impact, in this case by rocks and rock fragments frozen in a glacier. Source: Katie KellerLynn Accretion - Accretion is a theory of continental growth by the addition of successive terrances to the craton. Also, the term is used for the process by which the Earth grew from a small nucleus by the gradual addition of solid bodies such as meteorites, asteroids, or planetesimals, formerly revolving about the Sun in independent orbits, but eventually drawn by gravitation to Eath and incorporated with it. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Accumulation - Accumulation is the addition of ice and snow to a glacier. This occurs through a variety of processes including precipitation and wind deposition. Source: Katie KellerLynn Accumulation Zone - The part of a glacier's surface over which more snow is deposited than is ablated (wasted away) each year is called the accumulation zone. Source: Sharp (1988) Acid Rain - Coal contains varying amounts of sulfur, which upon burning, are converted to sulfur dioxide. This latter compound forms sulfurous acid by combining with water, and eventually the sulfurous acid is oxidized by the atmosphere to sulfuric acid, which gets rained out onto the land downwind of coal-burning installations. Source: Skinner and Porter (1995) Active Margin - An active margin is another name for a convergent plate boundary, that is, a boundary between two segments of Earth’s lithosphere (plates) that are moving toward each other. It is synonymous with subduction zone. Source: Katie KellerLynn Advance - An advance is an increase in the length of a glacier compared to a previous point in time. As ice in a glacier is always moving forward, its terminus advances when less ice is lost at the terminus as a result of melting or calving than reaches the terminus. Source: Bruce Molnia Alfisols - Soils with a subsoil accumulation of silicate clay that are moderately weathered (have a high base saturation). Source: Kohnke and Franzmeier (1995) Algae - A diverse group of organisms that survive in different types of habitats. From the dry desert, to the Arctic Circle, to boiling springs these organisms have found a way to extract enough from their environment to live in even the harshest surroundings. They range in size from microscopic to meters in length and in complexity from single-celled to complex organisms that would rival even large plants. Though these organisms may look like the true, "higher," plants, they are anything but, since they do not have roots or true stems and leaves. Source: University of Florida and Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection Web site Algal Mat - Various species of algae can grow in dense mats at the bottoms of nutrient enriched lakes, spring fed systems, or intertidal areas. These mats produce gasses during photosynthesis that often causes the mats to rise to the surface. At the surface, winds pile the algal mats against shorelines or in navigation channels; these mats can be several acres in size. Source: University of Florida and Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection Web site Alien Species - With respect to a particular ecosystem, any species—including seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species—that is not native to that ecosystem, is an alien or exotic species. Source: National Park Service; Executive Order 13112–Invasive Species Alpine Region - The term alpine is loosely to describe high elevations and cold climates. Alpine is capitalized when it refers specifically to the European Alps. Ecologically speaking, alpine describes the mountainous regions lying between timberline and snowline, and is said of the climate, flora, relief, or ecology. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Altitude - The height of an object above a reference level, especially above sea level or above the earth's surface. Source: Jan Gillespie Amberat - Made by packrats, amberats are urine-covered piles of collected vegetation, bones, sticks, and other items that have hardened over time, giving a glossy, yellow appearance. Paleoecologists examine these deposits to see what plants and animals were around in the past. Source: Katie KellerLynn Ammonite - Ammonites are an extinct group of marine animals (subclass Ammonoidea) in the phylum Mollusca and class Cephalopoda. Their closest living relative is probably not the modern Nautilus, which they resemble, but rather the Subclass Coleoidea (e.g., octopus, squid, and cuttlefish). Their fossil shells take the form of flat spirals (though there are some rarer helically spiraled and non-spiraled forms, called heteromorphs) and are responsible for the animals’ name as they somewhat resemble a tightly coiled ram’s horn (the god Ammon was commonly depicted as a man with ram’s horns). Source: Wikipedia Amniotic Egg - An amniotic egg is one that contains a thin membrane that forms a closed sac about an embryo or fetus of a reptile, bird, or mammal. The sac also contain amniotic fluid. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Amphibian - An amphibian is an organisms that can leave the water for extended periods of time, but still is required to return to the water to survive. Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts are all types of amphibians. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Anadromous - The term anadromous refers to species that ascend rivers from the sea for breeding. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Anaerobic - "Anaerobic" describes the ability to live, occur, or exist in the absence of free oxygen. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Anastomosing Stream - The channel pattern of a braided stream is said to be anastomosing, meaning branching and recombining. Source: Katie KellerLynn Andesite - Andesite is a dark-colored, fine-grained extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock. Magma that produces andesite commonly erupts from stratovolcanoes as thick lava flows, some reaching several kilometers in length. This magma also can generate strong explosive eruptions to form pyroclastic flows and surges, and enormous eruption columns. Source: U.S. Geological Survey; Katie KellerLynn Anhydrite - Anhydrite is a mineral, anhydrous calcium sulfate (CaSO4). It occurs in evaporite beds and readily alters to gypsum. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Animal - A multi-cellular organism with eukaryotic cells (have membrane-bound organelles and a defined nucleus). Animals are one of the kingdoms of life and have tremendous diversity. They are different from plants and fungi because they are heterotrophs (requiring external sources of nitrogen and carbon for metabolism) and lack cells with cellulose walls, chlorophyll, and the capacity of photosynthesis. Source: National Park Service; Katie KellerLynn Anoxic - "Anoxic" means greatly deficient in oxygen. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Aquatic - Aquatic is a term used to describe species that live in water or use water bodies as their primary habitat (e.g., rivers, streams, lakes, bays, and oceans). Source: National Park Service; Katie KellerLynn Aquifer - An aquifer is a body of rock that is sufficiently permeable to conduct groundwater and to yield economically significant quantities of water to wells and springs. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Arch - A natural arch is a rock exposure that has a hole completely through it formed by the natural, selective removal of rock, leaving a relatively intact frame. Source: Natural Arch Information Archaea - Archaea, meaning "old ones,” is a major division of living organisms. Although the exact phylogeny of the groups is uncertain, Archaea, Eukaryota, and Bacteria are the fundamental classifications in what is called the three-domain system. Like bacteria, Archaea are single-celled organisms lacking nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes, classified as Monera in the alternative five-kingdom taxonomy. They were originally described in extreme environments, but have since been found in all types of habitats. Source: Wikipedia Archaeology - Archaeology is the scientific study of material remains of human life and activities (e.g., bones, artifacts, monuments). Source: Katie KellerLynn Archean Eon - The Archean is the lowest (oldest) eon of the Standard Global Geochronometric Scale, below the Proterozic Eon. The lower boundary has not been defined; the upper boundary has been established geochronometrically at 2,500 million years ago. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Archipelago - Archipelago is a sea or area in a sea that contain numerous islands; also, the island group itself. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Arête - A French term referring to the bones in a fish backbone, an arête is a jagged, narrow ridge that separates two adjacent glacier valleys or cirques. The ridge frequently resembles the blade of a serrated knife. Source: Bruce Molnia Arthropod - An arthropod (e.g., insects, arachnids, and crustaceans) is a member of the phylum (Arthropoda) of invertebrate animals that have a segmented body and jointed appendages, a usually chitinous exoskeleton molted at intervals, and a dorsal anterior brain connected to a ventral chain ganglia. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Artillery - Artillery is any large-caliber weapon, such as a cannon, howitzer, or missile launcher. Also, the crews that operate artillery and the branch of an army that specializes in the use of such weapons are called artillery. Source: Kathryn Wright Ash - Volcanic ash consists of rock, mineral, and volcanic glass fragments smaller than 0.1 inches (2 mm) in diameter, which is slightly larger than the size of a pinhead. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Asthenosphere - The asthenosphere is a division in the mantle situated below the lithosphere. This zone of weak material exists below a depth of about 62 miles (100 km) and in some regions extends as deep as 435 miles (700 km). The rock within this zone is easily deformed. Source: Lutgens and Tarbuck (1992) Augite - Augite is a dark mineral of the pyroxene group. It is an essential constituent of many basic igneous rocks. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984)   B ..... top Back Arc - The region adjacent to a subduction-related volcanic arc is called the back arc; it is on the side opposite the trench and subducting plate. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Back-arc Basin - A basin floored by oceanic crust formed by seafloor spreading on the opposite side of a volcanic arc from an oceanic trench. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Bacteria - Bacteria is a prokaryotic round, spiral, or rod-shaped single-celled microorganism that may lack cell walls or is often aggregated into colonies or motile by means of flagella. Bacteria typically lives in soil, water, organic matter, or the bodies of plants and animals. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Banded Iron Formation - Banded iron formation is a chemical sedimentary rock, typically thin bedded or thinly laminated, containing at least 15% iron of sedimentary origin; it shows marked banding, generally of iron-rich minerals and chert or fine-grained quartz. Most iron formation is of Precambrian age. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Barnacle - Barnacles are marine crustaceans with feathery appendages for gathering food; they are free-swimming as larvae but become permanently fixed (as to rocks, boat hulls, or whales) as adults. Source: Katie KellerLynn Barren Zone - An area of fresh, vegetation-free bedrock around the margin of a retreating glacier that documents the recent loss of ice represents the barren zone. Source: Bruce Molnia Basal Flow - A number of mechanisms are at work as a glacier slips and slides on its bed. A thin layer of water (even a few millimeters thick) can significantly reduce friction between a glacier and its bed causing slippage. If the temperature of glacial ice is warm enough, a glacier will move over and around small irregularities in its bed by thawing and refreezing as pressure increases and decreases around obstacles. This is called pressure melting. Under cold conditions, glacial ice will flow around large obstacles without actually melting. This is called enhanced basal creep. Source: Katie KellerLynn Basal Slip - see " Basal Flow " Basalt - Basalt is a hard, black volcanic rock with low silica content and low viscosity. Therefore, basaltic lava can flow quickly, and easily spread more than 30 miles (20 km) from a vent from which it flows. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Base Saturation - Base saturation is the fraction of cation exchange capacity occupied by base cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+). The remainder of cation exchange capacity is occupied by acidic cations (H+, Al3+). The percentage of base saturation [(sum exchangeable bases)/CEC) × 100] is directly related to pH. High pH causes Al3+ to be precipitated as Al(OH)3. Low pH causes Al3+ to replace bases, which are leached out. At a pH 7, base saturation is 100%; at a pH of 4, base saturation is 0%. Source: Plattsburgh State University of New York Basin - The term basin is widely applied: a lake basin, a glacially formed basin, a groundwater basin, a shallow depression on the sea floor, a circular depression on the Moon's surface. In general, a basin is a depressed area with no outlet. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987); Katie KellerLynn Batholith - A large, generally discordant (contact not parallel to bedding of country rock) mass of igneous rock formed at great depths that has more than 40 square miles (100 km2) of surface exposure and no known floor. Source: Katie KellerLynn Battery - A battery is a grouping of artillery pieces (e.g., a set of warship guns); the term also applies to an army artillery unit, corresponding to a company or infantry. Source: Kathryn Wright Bedrock - The solid rock below any soil, gravel, or other superficial material. Source: National Park Service Bennettitaleans - Bennettitaleans, also called cycadeoids, are primitive plants (gymnosperms) that resemble cycads but have different methods of reproduction. Bennettitaleans lived throughout the Mesozoic Era. Examples of bennettitaleans include Williamsonia (Jurassic through end Cretaceous), Williamsoniella (Jurassic through end Cretaceous), and Zamites (Triassic). Source: Enchanted Learning Bentonite - Bentonite is soft clay or claystone formed by the chemical alteration of glassy volcanic ash in contact with water. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Bergschrund - A German term, a bergschrund is a single large crevasse or series of sub-parallel crevasses that develop at the head of a glacier; also, the location where ice pulls away from the bedrock wall of the cirque against which it accumulated. In winter the crevasse fills with snow. In spring or summer it reopens. Source: Bruce Molnia Bergy Seltzer - Bergy seltzer is the sound made as air bubbles, formed at many atmospheres of pressure, are released during the melting of glacier ice. It sounds like crackling or sizzling similar to that made by champagne, seltzer water, or Rice Krispies, but louder. Source: Bruce Molnia Bioaccumulation - Bioaccumulation is an increase in the concentration of a chemical in an organism over time, compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment. Compounds accumulate in living things any time they are taken up and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted. Source: Oregon State University Biologist - See " Biology ." Biology - The branch of science that studies life and its various forms and processes. A person who studies biology is a biologist. Source: National Park Service Biostratigraphic Unit - A group of rock strata that is identified by its fossil content. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Biotite - Biotite is a common rock-forming mineral of the mica group. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Biped - Bipeds are two-footed animals; bipedal is the adjective that describes them. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Bird - Members of the animal kingdom that are warm-blooded, lay eggs, have feathers covering the body, and have arms modified into wings. Source: National Park Service Block Faulting - "Block faulting" is an impercise term typically used in reference to high-angle faulting (generally normal faulting) in which the crust is broken into separate blocks that move relative to one another. Typically, surfaces of adjacent blocks end up with different elevations or tilts. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Block Lava - Block lava consists of angular blocks; it is similar to aa but the fragments are more regular in shape, somewhat smaller and less vesicular. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Blowdown - A blowdown is an instance of trees being blown down by the wind. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Bomb - A bomb is a pyroclast that was ejected while viscous and received its rounded shape while in flight. It is larger than 64 mm in size, and may be vesicular to hollow inside. The actual shape of form varies greatly and is used in descriptive classifications (e.g., rotational bomb, spindle bomb). Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Brachiopod - A brachiopod is any of the phylum (Brachiopoda) of marine invertebrates with bivalve shells within which is a pair of arms bearing tentacles by which currents of water is made to bring microscopic food to the mouth. Brachiopods have two valves, and this gives them a superficial resemblance to bivalved mollusks, but bivalves are symmetrical and brachiopods are asymmetrical. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.); Fortey (1991) Braided Stream - Complex networks of branches that continuously separate and reunite characterize braided streams. Streams braid when they have a much greater sediment load than they can carry. Source: Bruce Molnia Breaker Zone - The breaker zone is the portion of the surf zone where shallow-water waves over-steepen and break. Source: Pinet (1992) Breccia - Breccia is a coarse-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of angular rock fragments fixed in a matrix. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan; Katie KellerLynn Brecciated - "Brecciated" describes a rock that has been crushed or broken into angular fragments. Source: Katie KellerLynn Bronze - Bronze is an alloy (mixture of two or more metals) of copper and tin and sometimes other elements. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Brush Mastication - A mechanical fuel reduction technique that uses a tracked vehicle to shred brush and small diameter trees. This technique is used to reduce ladder fuels, provide defensible space for firefighters in the event of a wildfire, and create prescribed burn unit boundaries. Source: National Park Service Bryozoan - Bryozoans (of the phylum Bryozoa) are aquatic, mostly marine, invertebrate animals that reproduce by budding and usually form permanently attached branched or mossy colonies. Source: Katie KellerLynn Buoyant Force - In nature and the science of nature, called physics, buoyancy is an upward force on an object immersed in a fluid (i.e., a liquid or a gas); this buoyant force enables an object to float or at least to appear lighter. Buoyancy is important for many vehicles such as boats, balloons, and airships (e.g., the Hindenburg). In caves, the buoyant force of water aids in keeping ceilings of flooded passages from collapsing. Source: Wikipedia and Katie KellerLynn   C ..... top Calcium Carbonate - Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is solid occurring in nature chiefly as the minerals calcite and aragonite. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Calcium Phosphate - Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of minerals containing calcium and phosphate ions. Calcium phosphate is an important raw material for the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers. Source: Wikipedia Caldera - A caldera is a large, usually circular depression at the summit of a volcano formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Calving - Calving is the process by which pieces of ice break away from the terminus of a glacier that ends in a body of water or from the edge of a floating ice shelf that ends in the ocean. Once they enter the water, the pieces are called icebergs. Source: Bruce Molnia Cambrian - The Cambrian is the earliest period of the Paleozoic Era, thought to have covered the span of time between 542 and 488.3 million years ago; also, the corresponding system of rocks. It is named after Cambria, the Roman name for Wales, where rocks of this age were first studied. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Capillary rise - During capillary rise, water held loosely in soil against the force of gravity, is drawn up from supplies lower in the soil profile by capillary action, in much the same way as kerosene moves up the wick in a lamp. Capillary water travels through the soil in response to pressure gradients and is the main source of water for plants. Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) Carbon - An abundant element that is a basic building block in the cells of all known life. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Carbonate Rock - A carbonate rock consist chiefly of carbonate minerals (i.e., calcium, magnesium, or iron) such as limestone, dolomite, or carbonatite. Specifically, carbonate rocks are sedimentary rock composed of more than 50% carbonate minerals by weight. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Carbonation - Carbonation is an activity of chemical weathering. It is a chemical reaction of carbonic acid in rainwater, soil water, and groundwater with minerals. Carbonation most strongly affects carbonate minerals and rocks, such as limestone and marble. Source: Katie KellerLynn Carbonization - Carbonization is the reduction of an organism's remains to a film of carbon. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Carnivore - Carnivores belong to the order (Carnivora) of typically flesh-eating mammals that includes dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, and cats. Sometimes the definition is expanded to include other animals besides mammals, for instance, raptors and snakes. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.); National Park Service Carnivorous Plants - Rather than digesting their prey, mostly insects, as animals do, carnivorous plants dissolve the exoskeleton and absorb nitrogen molecules because they live in nitrogen-deficient soils. Source: Katie KellerLynn Catenas - Catenas are sequences of changing soil profiles as a function of slope and drainage. They develop on slopes under uniform conditions of climate and parent material, and are, therefore, useful in studying slope as a soil-forming factor. Source: Jenny (1941) Cave Blister - Cave blisters are hemispherical, bulged deposits (speleothems) filled with clay, sand, or a mineral substance such as gypsum or opal. Blisters are usually found attached to coatings, crusts, coralloids, flowstone, dripstone, or cave walls. Source: Hill and Forti (1997) Cave Crust - Cave crusts are speleothems that cover cave walls, ceilings, and floor sediments. They can occur inconspicuously over many miles of cave passages. Alternately, they can appear as conspicuous crystal linings that can turn drab cave passages into sparkling chambers. Source: Hill and Forti (1997) Ceanothus - An American plant (e.g., vine, shrub, or small tree) of the buckhorn family of the genus Ceanothus. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Celsius - Celsius relates to the international thermometric scale on which the interval between the triple point—the condition of temperature and pressure under which the gaseous, liquid, and sold phases of a substance can exist in equilibrium—of water and the boiling point of water is divided into 99.99 degrees with 0.01° representing the triple point and 100° the boiling point. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Cenozoic - Beginning 65.5 million years ago, the Cenozoic Era is referred to as the "age of mammals" during which time mammals flourished and became dominant. This is the most recent geologic era. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan; Katie KellerLynn Cephalopod - Cephalopods are any of a class (Cephalopoda) of marine mollusks including the squids, cuttlefishes, and octopuses that move by expelling water from a tubular siphon under the head and that have a group of muscular usually sucker-bearing arms around the front of the head, highly developed eyes, and usually a sac containing ink which is ejected for defense or concealment. "Cephalo" means head; "pod" means foot. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Champsosaurs - Champsosaurs belong are a group of crocodile-like reptiles that diverged (separated) from the main line of diapsid reptiles during the early Cretaceous Period. They in freshwater rivers and swamps; most Champsosaurs were fairly small, reaching only about 5 feet (1.5 m) in length, but some specimens were more than 10 feet (3 m). Champsosaurs fed on fish, snails, mollusks, and turtles. The great width of the Champsosaur skull between their eyes, which provided a large area to which the jaw muscles could be attached, shows that their jaws were very powerful by, providing. They probably swam the same way as modern crocodiles and marine iguanas (i.e., by lateral undulations of their sinuous bodies and tails, tucking their legs tightly against their bodies for more streamlined movement). Source: Suite101.com Channel - A channel is the deepest portion of a stream, bay, or straight. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Chaparral - Chaparral is an ecological community composed of shrubby plants adapted to dry summers and moist winters that occurs especially in southern California. Source: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Chatter Marks - Chatter marks are the rounded cracks that form when rocks embedded in the glacier continually chip away at the bedrock over which it flows. Source: Katie KellerLynn Chitin - Chitin is a polysaccharide (C8H13NO5) and is one of the main components in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.); Wikipedia Chronosequence - A chronosequence is a sequence of related soils that differ from one another in certain properties primarily as a result of time as a soil-forming factor. Source: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Cinder Cone - A cinder cone is a steep, conical hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a vent. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Cirque - A cirque is a steep-walled, gentle-floored, semicircular topographic hollow created by glacial excavation high in mountainous areas. Source: Katie KellerLynn Civil War - Between 1861 and 1865, the (American) Civil War took place between the Union and Confederacy. Source: Kathryn Wright Clade - A clade is a group of biological taxa (as species) that includes all decendents of one common ancestor. Source: Merriam-Webster'sCollegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Clastic - The term "clastic" describes a rock or sediment composed principally of fragments derived from preexisting rocks or minerals and transported some distance from their places of origin. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Clay - Clay is an earthy, extremely fine-grained sediment or soft rock composed primarily of clay-size (diameter less than 1/256 mm [4 microns]) or colloidal (easily suspended because of high surface area) particles, having high plasticity. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Claystone - Claystone is hardened clay (by pressure, cementation, or heat) having the texture and composition of shale but lacking its fine lamination or fissility. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Climate - Climate is the characteristic weather of a region, particularly as regarding precipitation and temperature, averaged over some significant interval of time. A person who studies climate is known as a climatologist. Source: Katie KellerLynn Climatologist - see " Climate " Coastal Plain - A coastal plain is a low, generally broad plain that has its margin on an oceanic shore and its strata either horizontal or very gently sloping toward the water, and that generally represent a strip of recently prograded or emerged sea floor, e.g., the coastal plain of the southeastern United States extending for 4,827 miles (3,000 km) from New Jersey to Texas. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Coccoliths - Coccoliths are individual plates of calcium carbonate formed by coccolithophores (single-celled algae) which are arranged around them in a coccosphere. The coccoliths are typically dispersed following death and breakup of the coccosphere, but some species shed them continually. Coccoliths sink through the water column to form an important part of deep-sea sediments. They were probably not common before the Jurassic. Source: Wikipedia ; Neuendorf et al. (2005) Col - A col is a high, narrow, sharp-edged pass or depression in a mountain range, generally across a ridge or through a divide, or between two adjacent peaks. In particular, cols refer to deep passes formed by the headward erosion and intersection of two cirques, as in the French Alps. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Collagen - Collagen is any of a group of fibrous proteins that occur in vertebrates as the chief constituent of connective tissue or in bones; collagen yields gelatin and glue. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Colloidal - Most colloid chemists restrict the term “colloidal” to particles that have diameters from 1 to 100 millimicrons (mµ), but soil scientists set the upper limit as high as 1,000; 2,000; or even 5,000µ (= 5µ = 0.005 mm). Colloidal clay particles are of vast importance because they control to a great extent the physical and chemical behavior of soils. Water permeability, aeration, horizon development, swelling and shrinking, and the development of soil structure depend on the amount and kind of colloidal clay in the soil. Likewise, the growth of plants is affected by the soil colloids because they are the storehouse for many important nutrient elements. Source: Jenny (1941) Colluvium - Colluvium is a general term applied to any loose, heterogeneous, and incoherent mass of soil material or rock fragments deposited by rainwash, sheetwash, or slow continuous downslope creep, usually collecting at the base of gentle slopes or hillsides. By contrast, alluvium is deposited by a stream or other body of running water. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Colonialism - Colonialism is the quality or state of being colonial. In particular, Colonialism relates to the original 13 colonies of the United States. Source: Merriam-Websters’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Colonnade - With reference to columnar jointing, a colonnade is the lower zone that has thicker and better-formed columns than the upper zone. With reference to architecture, a colonnade is a series of columns set at regular intervals and usually supporting the base of a roof structure. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987); Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Columnar Basalt - As lava cools, it contracts, causing tension in basaltic rock. Eventually, the tension is released by the creation of fractures, which join other cracks to form a hexagonal pattern. These surface cracks deepen vertically to form the columns called columnar basalt. Source: National Park Service Community - A collection of all life (plants, animals, and other organisms) that interacts in a particular area. Source: National Park Service Competition - The active demand or struggle between two or more species for some environmental resource in short supply (e.g., food or space). Source: National Park Service; Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Composite Volcano - Composite volcanoes, also called stratovolcnoes, are steep, conical volcanoes built by the eruption of viscous lava flows, tephra, and pyroclastic flows. They are usually constructed over a period of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. Stratovolcanoes may erupt a variety of magma types, including basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Confederate States - Confederate states are the 11 southern states succeeding from the United States in 1860 and 1861. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Conglomerate - A rock made up of rounded pebbles and cobbles in a matrix. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Conodont - Conodonts are small, disjunct fossil elements assigned to the order Conodontophorida; they are commonly tooth-like in form but not function; they are produced by small marine animals of uncertain affinity. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Contact - Geologically speaking, a contact is the surface between two types or ages of rocks. Source: Katie KellerLynn Continental Drift - Proposed by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1912, the concept of continental drift has been superseded by the theory of plate tectonics. Wegner theorized that large plates of continental crust moved freely across a substratum of oceanic crust. Now plate tectonics shows that the Earth's crust is broken into interlocking plates with both continental and oceanic crust that move in relation to one another, causing seismic and tectonic activity at their boundaries. Source: Katie KellerLynn Continental Shelf - The continental shelf is that part of a continent’s margin between the shoreline and continental slope (or, when no noticeable continental slope is apparent, at a depth of 656 feet [200 m]). It is characterized by its very gentle slope of 1°. Source: Katie KellerLynn Coprolite - Coprolite is fossilized dung. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Core - The central part of Earth is the core, beginning at a depth of about 4,666 miles (2,900 km), probably consisting of iron-nickel alloy; it is divisible into an outer core that may be liquid and an inner core about 2,092 miles (1,300 km) in radius that may be solid. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Crater - A crater is a basin-like, rimmed structure at the top or on the flanks of a volcanic cone; it is form by explosion or collapse. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Craton - The craton is the part of Earth's crust that has attained stability and has been little deformed for a long time. Some national parks that host portions of stable craton are Voyageurs, Isle Royale, and Grand Teton. Source: Katie KellerLynn Cretaceous - The Cretaceous is the final period of the Mesozoic Era thought to have covered the span of time between 145.5 and 65.5 million years ago; also, the corresponding rocks. It is named after the Latin word of English chalk ("creta") because of the English chalk beds of this age. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Crevasse - A crevasse (crack) forms in response to differential stresses caused by glacial flow. A crevasse may form singly or in a series on the surface of a moving glacier. They range in shape from linear to arcuate and in length from feet to miles. Their orientation may be in any direction with respect to the glacier's flow. The deepest crevasses may exceed 100 feet (30 m). Source: Bruce Molnia Crinoid - Crinoids are abundant fossils from Ordovician to Tertiary time; they are still abundant today, although a little less common in shallow water sites than they were during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The great majority of the group have long stalks, which are anchored to the sea bottom. The main part of the animal consists of a cup (or calyx) to which the stalk is attached at its upper end, and from the top of the calyx stretch arms, which are five in number, or more usually a multiple of five. Source: Fortey (1991) Cross-Shore Current - Water motions perpendicular (onshore and offshore) to the coast are referred to as cross-shore currents. Source: Katie KellerLynn Crust - The crust is the outermost, thinnest layer of Earth. It represents less than 0.1% of Earth's total volume. It lies above the Mohorovičić discontinuity and is less dense than the mantle rocks below. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Crystal - A crystal is a homogeneous, solid body of a chemical element, compound, or mixture, having a regular repeating atomic arrangement that may be outwardly expressed by plane faces. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Cuspate Foreland - Cuspate forelands are the largest seaward-projecting points of beach material built by wave action along an open coast. Source: Katie KellerLynn Cyanobacteria - Cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. They are often referred to as blue-green algae, even though it is now known that they are not directly related to any of the other algal groups, which are all eukaryotes. Nonetheless, the description is still sometimes used to reflect their appearance and ecological role. Fossil traces of cyanobacteria have been found from around 3.8 billion years ago, but recent evidence has sparked controversy over this assertion. As soon they evolved, they became the dominant metabolism for producing fixed carbon in the form of sugars from carbon dioxide. Cyanobacteria are now one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on Earth. Source: Wikipedia Cycads - Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. They are evergreen, gymnospermous, dioecious (having male reproductive organs in one individual and female in another) plants having large pinnately compound leaves. They are frequently confused with and mistaken for palms or ferns, but are unrelated to either, belonging to the order Cycadales. They flourished especially during the Jurassic and are represented by four surviving families of palm-like tropical plants. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.); Wikipedia   D ..... top Dacite - Dacite lava is most often light gray, but can be dark gray to black. It is one of the most common rock types associated with enormous Plinian-style eruptions. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Debris - see " Sediment " Debris Cone - Debris cones are typically cone-shaped mounds of debris-covered ice with thick enough sediment cover to protect the ice from melting. Source: Bruce Molnia Decapod - Decapods are any of the order (Decapoda) or crustaceans (e.g., shrimp, lobsters, and crabs). Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Decay - Decay is the decomposition of organic matter. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Denitrification - Denitrification is the conversion of nitrates into gaseous nitrogen and nitrous oxide. Source: PhysicalGeography.net Density - The density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. That is, a substance of mass m and volume V has a density ρ given by ρ = m / V. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Deposition - Deposition is the laying down of rock-forming material by any natural agent (e.g., water, wind, ice), such as the mechanical settling of sediment from suspension in water. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Devonian - The Devonian is a period of the Paleozoic Era (after the Silurian and before the Mississippian) thought to have covered the span of time between 416 and 385.3 million years ago; also, the corresponding system of rocks. It is named after Devonshire, England, where rocks of this age were first studied. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Diatom - Diatoms are a major group of eukaryotic algae and are one of the most common types of phytoplankton. Most diatoms are unicellular, though some form chains or simple colonies. A characteristic feature of diatom cells is that they are encased within a unique cell wall made of silicate. These walls show a wide diversity in form, some quite beautiful and ornate. Although diatoms are known from the Jurassic, they first become abundant in the Cretaceous, ranging to the present. Source: Wikipedia ; Neuendorf et al. (2005) Diatreme - A diatreme is a breccia-filled volcanic pipe that was formed by gaseous explosion. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Diffusion - Diffusion is the migration or intermingling of molecules of different substances (gases, solids, or liquids) as a result of random molecular motion caused by thermal agitation, and in dissolved substances move from a region of higher to one of lower concentration. Source: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.); Petrucci and Howard (1993) Dike - A dike is a tabular igneous intrusion that cuts across the bedding or foliation of preexisting country rocks. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Diorite - Diorite is a group of plutonic rocks intermediate in composition between acidic and basic, characteristically composed of hornblende, oligoclase or andesine, pyroxene, and sometimes a little quartz. Diorite is the approximate intrusive equivalent of andesite. Diorite grades into monzonite with an increase in the alkali feldspar content. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Discharge - Discharge is the rate of streamflow at a given instant in terms of volume per unit time. Source: Katie KellerLynn Dissolution - Dissolution is the act or process of dissolving. Dissolution, which is so important to the origin of limestone caves, is the process of dissolving rocks into a homogenous solution, as when an acidic solution (e.g., carbonic acid derived from rainwater containing carbon dioxide) dissolves the calcium carbonate in limestone. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); Neuendorf et al. (2005) DNA - DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid—the chemical blueprints that dictate what an organism is. Typically DNA is found in the nucleus of each cell of an organism. It can be used to identify organisms and relationships between organisms. Source: National Park Service Dome - A dome is an uplift of anticlinal structure, circular or elliptical in outline, in which the rocks dip gently away in all directions. A dome may be small (e.g., the Gulf Coast salt domes) or many kilometers across, as in the type structure, the Nashville Dome of Tennessee. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Downcutting - The gradual wearing away of the land surface below a stream bed. The stream initially removes the upper layers of the land and works its way downward into the underlying layers over time. Source: Jan Gillespie Downwasting - Downwasting is the thinning of a glacier due to the melting of ice. This loss of thickness may occur in both moving and stagnant ice. Source: Bruce Molnia Dredge - With respect to human activities along coasts, to dredge is to deepen a waterway. It also is a machine with a metal collar and collecting bag that is dragged along the bottom of a body of water to sample rock, sediment, or bottom organisms. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.); Pinet (1992) Drift - Drift is a collective term used to describe all types of glacier sedimentary deposits, regardless of the size or amount of sorting. The term includes all sediment that is transported by a glacier, deposited directly by a glacier, and deposited indirectly by running water that originated from a glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Drumlin - Drumlins are elongated ridges of glacial sediment sculpted by ice moving over the bed of a glacier. Generally, the down-glacier end of a drumlin is oval or rounded and the up-glacier end tapers. The shape is often compared to an inverted, blunt-ended canoe. Source: Bruce Molnia Dugout - A dugout is either a shelter dug in a hillside or one dug into the ground and roofed with sod. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.); Pinet (1992)   E ..... top Earth - Earth is the planet we call home. It revolves around the Sun and is the third planet out from it. Source: National Park Service Earthquake - An earthquake is a sudden motion or trembling in the Earth caused by the abrupt release of slowly accumulated strain. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Ecosystem - An area where communities of species (plants, animals, and other organisms) interact with one another and the surrounding environment (water, sunlight, soil). Source: National Park Service Ecotone - Ecotone is a transition area between two adjacent ecological communities. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Effusive Eruption - An eruption dominated by the outpouring of lava onto the ground is an effusive eruption. This is in contrast to the violent fragmentation of magma by explosive eruptions. Source: U.S. Geological Survey El Niño Event - Spanish for "the child," literally "the Christ child," because of the appearance of the flow at Christmas time; an El Niño is is an irregularly recurring flow of unusually warm surface waters from the Pacific Ocean toward and along the western coast of South America that prevents upwelling of nutrient-rich cold deep water and disrupts typical regional and global weather patterns. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Element - An element is a substance made up of only one kind of atom. Elements cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Eluviation - The physical transport of particles in suspension is termed eluviation (from the Latin ex or e, meaning out, and lavere, meaning wash). Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) End, Glacier - see " Terminus " Endemic - A species that is confined to a specific place or location is referred to an endemic. The term is used to describe rare or endangered species because their small native ranges make them susceptible to extinction. Source: National Park Service Environment - The sum total of all external conditions that may act upon an organism or biotic community, which may influence its development or existence, is its environment. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Eocene - An epoch in the Cenozoic Era between 55.8 and 33.9 million years ago; also, the corresponding worldwide series of rocks. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Epilimnion - The epilimnion is the water layer overlying the thermocline of a lake. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Equilibrium Line - The equilibrium line is the boundary between areas of gain and loss on a glacier's surface during one year. It is where accumulation equals ablation, and the net balance is zero. Source: Katie KellerLynn Erosion - Erosion is the wearing away of soil and rock by weathering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, glaciers, waves, wind, and groundwater. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Erratic - A rock of unspecified shape and size, transported a significant distance from its origin by a glacier or iceberg and deposited when the ice melts. Erratics range from pebble-size to larger than a house and are of a different composition than the bedrock or sediment upon which they are deposited. Source: Bruce Molnia Eruption - Eruption is the ejection of volcanic materials (lava, pyroclasts, and volcanic gases) onto Earth's surface, either from a central vent or from a fissure or group of fissures. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Eruption Cloud - Clouds of tephra and gases that form downwind from erupting volcanoes are referred to as eruption clouds. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Eruption Column - Vertical pillars of tephra and gases that rise directly above a vent are eruption columns. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Esker - An esker is a meandering, water-deposited, generally steep-sided sediment ridge that forms within a subglacial or englacial stream channel. Its floor can be bedrock, sediment, or ice. Generally composed of stratified sand and gravel, eskers can range from feet to miles in length and may exceed 100 feet (30 m) in height. Subsequent melting of the glacier exposes the deposit. Source: Bruce Molnia Estuary - An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water where freshwater is mixed with saltwater. Source: Pinet (1992) Euhedral - Geologists describe the shape of mineral grains as euhedral when the grain is completely bounded by its own rational (natural) faces and growth has not been interfered with by adjacent grains. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Eustacy - Eustacy refers to fluctuations in worldwide sea level caused by changes in the quantity of seawater available. The greatest changes are caused by water being added to or removed from glaciers. Source: Bruce Molnia Evaporation - The phenomenon of evaporation of a liquid can be understood using the fact that some molecules in the liquid are more energetic than others. Some of the faster-moving molecules in the liquid penetrate the surface and leave the liquid even at temperatures well below the boiling point. The molecules that escape the liquid by evaporation are those that have sufficient energy to overcome the attractive forces of the molecules in the liquid phase. Consequently, the molecules left behind in the liquid phase have a lower kinetic energy, causing the temperature of the liquid to decrease. Hence, evaporation is a cooling process. For example, an alcohol-soaked cloth if often placed on a patient's feverish head to cool and comfort. Source: Serway (1992) Evaporite - Evaporites are rocks that result from the evaporation of saline water. Examples include anhydrite, rock salt, and various nitrates and borates. Most evaporites are derived from bodies of seawater, though saline lakes such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah may also be important sources. Source: Katie KellerLynn Evaporite Rock - See "Evaporite" Source: Evapotranspiration - Evapotranspiration is the total transfer of liquid water to water vapor at Earth’s surface: evaporation plus transpiration. Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) Evolution - The theory that life on Earth has developed gradually from a few simple organisms to many complex organisms. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Exotic - A reference to something that is foreign to the current place being discussed. When looking at species, refers to species that originate from other communities. Opposite of a native species . Source: National Park Service Experiment - To test a natural law a scientist designs a controlled situation—an experiment—to see if conclusions deduced from the natural law agree with experimental results. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Explosive Eruption - An explosive eruption is characterized by the energetic ejection of pyroclastic material. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Extant - A species that still exists is referred to as extant; it is the opposite of extinct. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Extinct - Any species that is no longer alive today is referred to as extinct. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Extirpation - To extirpate a species is to remove, exterminate, or eradicate it from an area. For example, overhunting and trapping has caused the loss of many of the large predators in Grand Canyon National Park. Source: National Park Service Extrusive Igneous Rock - Extrusive rocks have been erupted onto the surface of the Earth; they include lava flows and pyroclastic material such as volcanic ash. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987)   F ..... top Fact - In science, a fact is an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and for all practical purposes is accepted as "true." Truth is science, however, is never final, and what is accepted as a fact today may be modified or even discarded at some point in the future. Source: National Academy of Sciences (1999) Fahrenheit - Fahrenheit relates to the international thermometric scale on which, under standard atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is at 212 degrees above zero of the scale, the freezing point is at 32 degrees above zero, and the zero point approximates the temperature produced by mixing equal quantities by weight of snow and common salt. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Family - A group of related plants or animals forming a taxonomic category ranking above genus and below order and usually comprising several or many genera. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Fault - A fault is a break in a rock mass along which displacement (movement) has occurred parallel to the fracture. Source: Katie KellerLynn Fauna - Fauna is used in reference to animals. Derived from Roman mythology, Fauna was the sister of Faunus, the god of animals. Source: National Park Service Feldspar - Feldspars are the most widespread of any mineral group and constitute 60% of Earth's crust. They occur in all types of rocks. They are white and gray to pink and have a hardness of 6 on Moh's hardness scale. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Felsic - Felsic is a mnemonic adjective derived from feldspar + lenad (feldspathoid) + silica + c, and applied to an igneous rock having abundant light-colored minerals; also applied to those minerals (quartz, feldspars, feldspathoids, muscovite) as a group. It is the compliment of mafic. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Feral - The term feral is used to describe free-living plants or animals, living under natural selection pressures, descended from domesticated ancestors. Source: Office of Technology Assessment, "Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States" Fins - Fins are narrow sandstone ridges, or walls, that are eroding along parallel joints. Cracks between closely spaced vertical joints become enlarged by chemical and physical weathering as water seeps down, dissolving iron-oxide cement and loosening sand grains. Frost action, with its alternate freezing, expanding, and thawing, also breaks up sandstone. Loose sediment is removed by wind and runoff. The joint spaces gradually enlarge into narrow valleys that separate the narrow wall, called fins. Source: Harris and Tuttle (1990) Firn - Firn is an intermediate stage in the transformation of snow to glacier ice. Snow becomes firn when it has been compressed so that no pore spaces remain between flakes or crystals, a process that takes less than a year. Source: Bruce Molnia Firn Line - The firn line marks the transition across a glacier, from edge to edge, between exposed glacier ice (below) and the snow-covered surface of a glacier (above). During the summer melt season, this line migrates up-glacier. At the end of the melt season the firn line separates the accumulation zone from the ablation zone. Source: Bruce Molnia Fissure - A fissure is an elongate fracture (crack) at the surface of Earth from which lava erupts. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Fjord - Fjords are glacially eroded or modified U-shaped valleys that extend below sea level and connect to the ocean. They are filled with seawater and depths may exceed 1,000 feet (305 m) below sea level. The largest Alaskan fiords are more than 100 miles (160 km) long and more than 5 miles (8 km) wide. Source: Bruce Molnia Flatiron - A flatiron is a rock formation shaped like the flat face of an iron. Source: Katie KellerLynn Flood Basalt - see " Plateau Basalt " Fold - A fold is a bend, foliation, cleavage, or other planar feature in rocks. A fold is usually a product of deformation but the definition does not specify manner of origin. Source: Katie KellerLynn Foliation - With respect to glaciers, foliation is the layering or banding that develops during the process of transformation of snow to glacier ice. Individual layers, called folia, are visible because of differences in crystal or grain size, alternation of clear ice and bubbly ice, or because of entrained sediment. Also, foliation is a general term for a planar arrangement of textural or structural features in rocks. Source: Bruce Molnia; Bates and Jackson (1987) Foraminifera - Formaminitera are any protozoan belonging to the subcalss Sarcodina, order Foraminiferida, characterized by the presence of a test of one to many chambers composed of secreted calcite (rarely silica or aragonite) or of agglutinated particles. Most foraminifers are marine but freshwater forms are known. The first occurrence was in the Cambrian; they exist today. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Forbs - Forbs are herbs other than grass (See "Herb"). Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Formation - A formation is a body of rock strata that consists dominantly of a certain lithologic type or combination of types. It is the fundamental lithostratigraphic unit. Formations may be combined into groups or subdivided into members. In reference to igneous or metamorphic rock, a formation is a lithologically distinct, mappable body of rock. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Fossil - Fossils are remains or traces of past life found in geologic material. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Fumarole - A fumarole is a vent from which volcanic gases escape into the atmosphere. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Fungi - Fungi are multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells (have membrane-bound organelles and a defined nucleus). Fungi are one of the kingdoms of life and are different from plants and animals because they decompose organic matter for energy. Source: National Park Service G ..... top Gabbro - Gabbros form a group of dark-colored, basic intrusive igneous rocks composed primarily of labradorite or bytownite and augite, with or without olivine and orthopyroxene; also, any member of that group. Gabbro is the approximate intrusive equivalent of basalt. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Garlon - Garlon is a herbicide applied to tamarisk stumps to prevent any regrowth of this invasive species. Source: National Park Service Garnet - Garnet is a mineral that has vitreous luster, no cleavage, and a variety of colors, dark red being characteristic. It is most commonly found in euhedral isometric crystals in metamorphic rocks. Garnet is used as a semiprecious stone (the birthstone for January) and as an abrasive. Source: Katie KellerLynn Gas - With respect to the classification scheme based on the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), in a gas, distance between atoms or molecules are generally much greater than in a liquid. A gas always expands to fill its container. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Gastropod - Gastropods (of the class Gastropoda) are mollusks (e.g., snails, slugs, clams, or squids) usually with a univalve shell, or no shell, and a distinct head bearing sensory organs. "Gasto" means stomach; "pod" means foot. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Gelifluction - The downslope movement of saturated soil is, in general, referred to as solifluction. In periglacial environments, the term gelifluction is preferred, that is, seasonal thawing (and flow) of soil above a frozen subsurface. Source: Katie KellerLynn Genus - Genus is a category in the hierarchy of the classification of organisms. Genus has an intermediate rank between family and species. Source: Katie KellerLynn Geodesy - Geodetic relates to geodesy, that is, the branch of applied mathematics concerned with (1) the determination of the size and shape of Earth, (2) the exact positions of points on Earth's surface, and (3) the description of variations in Earth's gravity field. Geodetic coordinates are usually expressed in terms of longitude and latitude. Source: Katie KellerLynn Geologic Time Scale - The geologic time scale is a chronological arrangement of geologic events, commonly presented as a chart or table with the oldest event and time unit at the bottom and the youngest at the top. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Geologist - see " Geology " Geology - Geology is the study of planet Earth, including the materials of which it is made, the processes that act upon these materials, the products formed, and the history of the planet and its life-forms since its origin. A scientist who is trained in and works in any of the geological sciences is a geologist. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Geomorphology - Geomorphology is the study of Earth’s landforms. The term geomorphic pertains to the form of Earth or its surface features. Source: Katie KellerLynn Geophysicist - A geophysicist is a specialist in geophysics, that is, a scientist who studies the physical properties of Earth, or applies physical measurements to geological problems. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Geosyncline - A geosyncline is a large, trough-like or basin-like downwarping of Earth's crust in which a thick succession of sedimentary and volcanic rocks accumulated. A geosyncline may form in part of the tectonic cycle in which orogeny follows. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Geothermal Features - Geothermal features are the materials or landforms (e.g., hot springs, geysers, mud pots) formed by processes related to the heat of Earth's interior. Source: Katie KellerLynn Geyser - Most geysers are hot springs that episodically erupt fountains of scalding water and steam. Such eruptions occur as a consequence of groundwater being heated to its boiling temperature in a confined space. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Geysermite - Sometimes referred to as a geyser stalagmite, geysermites are vent-shaped speleothems with thin-walled sides and crater-like, central holes, which are continuations of holes in the cave floor. These are so named because they are conic and hollow like hot-spring geysers and because they are believed to form identical to geysers. Source: Hill and Forti (1997) Ginko - a gymnospermous dioecious (having male reproductive organs in one individual and female in another) tree (Ginkgo biloba) of eastern China that is widely grown as an ornamental or shade tree and has fan-shaped leaves and foul-smelling yellowish fleshy seed coats; also called maidenhair tree. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Glacial Lake - A glacial like is an accumulation of standing liquid water on, in, or under a glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacial Polish - Glacial polish is the smoothed surface of bedrock, which often shines in the sunlight, that is the result of fine abrasion from the sediment carried by a glacier. Source: Katie KellerLynn Glacial Rebound - Masses of glacial ice depress Earth's surface. When the ice melts, the crust rebounds, which is referred to as glacial rebound. Source: National Park Service Glacial Stream - A glacial stream is channelized accumulation of liquid water on, in, or under a glacier, moving under the influence of gravity. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier - A large, perennial accumulation of ice, snow, rock, sediment, and liquid water originating on land and moving downslope under the influence of its own weight and gravity. Glaciers are classified by their size, location, and thermal regime. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier Cave - A cave formed in or under a glacier, typically by running water, is a glacier cave. Steam or high heat flow also form glacier caves. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier Flour - Extremely fine sediment that results from the action of glaciers eroding rocks into silty particles is known as glacier flour. The particles are so fine that they remain suspended in water for a while before settling to the bottom. Once in water, it is called glacier milk. Source: Katie KellerLynn Glacier Ice - Any ice that forms in or was part of a glacier, including land ice that is flowing or that shows evidence of having flowed, and glacier-derived ice floating in the sea, is considered glacier ice. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Glacier Milk - see " Glacier Flour " Glacier Mill - see " Moulin " Glacier, Alpine - see " Glacier, Valley " Glacier, Calving - A glacier with a terminus that ends in a body of water (river, lake, ocean) into which it calves icebergs is referred to as a calving glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier, Cirque - A cirque glacier is a small glacier that forms within a cirque basin, generally high on the side of a mountain. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier, Cold - A cold glacier has a temperature below the pressure melting point of ice from top to bottom. In a cold glacier the glacier surface experiences very low winter temperatures, or low summer temperatures lead to negligible surface melting. Source: Katie KellerLynn Glacier, Continental - see " Ice Sheet " Glacier, Distributary - A tongue of glacier ice that flows away from the main trunk of a glacier is a distributary glacier. This may result from differences in the amount of melting, which changes the gradient of part of a glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier, Hanging - A hanging glacier is a glacier that originates high on the wall of a glacier valley and descends only part of the way to the surface of the main glacier. Avalanching and icefalls are the mechanisms for ice and snow transfer to the valley floor below. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier, Outlet - The peripheral zone of an ice dome is often marked by a radiating pattern of outlet glaciers that extend way beyond the dome margin. They are offshoot glaciers extending from ice sheets or ice caps. Source: Katie KellerLynn Glacier, Piedmont - A piedmont glacier is a fan or lobe-shaped glacier, located at the front of a mountain range. It forms when one or more valley glaciers flow from a confined valley onto a plain where it expands. The 30-mile (48-km) wide Malaspina is the largest one in Alaska. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier, Reconstituted - A reconstituted glacier forms below the terminus of a hanging glacier through accumulation and reconstitution by pressure melting (regelation) of ice blocks that have fallen or avalanched from the terminus of the hanging glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier, Rock - Rock glaciers are distinctive from ice glaciers in that their movement is characterized by a large amount of embedded and overlying rock material. A rock glacier may be composed of (1) ice-cemented rock formed in talus that is subject to permafrost, (2) ice-cemented rock debris formed from avalanching snow and rock, or (3) rock debris that has a core of ice, either a debris-covered glacier or a remnant moraine. Source: Katie KellerLynn Glacier, Tidewater - A glacier with a terminus that ends in a body of water influenced by tides, such as the ocean or a large lake, are referred to as tidewater glaciers. Typically, tidewater glaciers calve icebergs. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier, Valley - A glacier that flows for all or most of its length within the walls of a mountain valley is known as a valley glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Glacier, Warm - A warm glacier has a temperature at the pressure melting point of ice throughout. Glacier ice at the pressure melting point is in equilibrium with liquid water, so water can exist throughout warm glaciers all the way to the base. Source: Katie KellerLynn Gneiss - Gneiss is a foliated rock formed by regional metamorphism, in which bands of granular minerals alternate with bands of flaky minerals. Gneiss is commonly feldspar- and quartz-rich, although this is not an essential factor in its definition. Source: Katie KellerLynn Gorgonian - Gorgonians (of the order Gorgonacea) are any of the colonial, marine organisms (anthrozoans) usually with horning or branching axial skeletons, for example a sea fan. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Gouge - While being carried by a glacier, rocks and boulders abrade bedrock, forming gouges and grooves. Source: Katie KellerLynn Graben - A graben is an elongate, relatively depressed crustal unit or block that is bounded by faults on its long sides. It is a structural form and may or may not be expressed in landforms such as a rift valley. Source: KellerLynn; Bates and Jackson (1984) Gradient - Gradient is the slope of a stream, generally measured in feet per mile. Source: Lutgens and Tarbuck (1992) Grain - A grain is a mineral or rock particle with a diameter of less than a few millimeters, such as a sand grain. It is a general term used to describe rocks, as in "fine-grained" or "coarse-grained." Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Granite - Granite is an intrusive igneous rock, meaning that it forms from magma that cools below Earth's surface. It has visible crystals of quartz (≤25%) and potassium and sodium-rich feldspar (>50%). Other common constituents of granite are mica and amphibole. Source: Katie KellerLynn Graywacke - Graywacke is a layered gray rock made up of sand and mud eroded from volcanic sources. Source: Katie KellerLynn Green Algae - Green algae are one type of algae (i.e., organisms that capture light energy through photosynthesis, converting inorganic substances into simple sugars) from which more complex plants emerged. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms. Almost all forms have chloroplasts which gives them a bright green color. Source: Wikipedia Greenhouse Effect - The greenhouse effect causes the atmosphere to trap heat energy at Earth’s surface and within the atmosphere by absorbing and re-emitting longwave energy. Of the longwave energy emitted back to space, 90% is intercepted and absorbed by greenhouse gases. Without the greenhouse effect Earth’s average global temperature would be -18°C, rather than the present 15°C. In the last few centuries, the activities of humans have directly or indirectly caused the concentration of the major greenhouse gases to increase. Scientists predict that this increase may enhance the greenhouse effect making the planet warmer. Some experts estimate that Earth’s average global temperature has already increased by 0.3°C to 0.6°C, since the beginning of this century, because of this enhancement. Source: PhysicalGeography.net Greenhouse Gases - Greenhouse gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect. These gases include: carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O); chlorofluorocarbons (CFxClx); and tropospheric ozone (O3). Source: PhysicalGeography.net Greenstone - Greenstone is a dark greenish-gray, fine-grained, weakly metamorphosed basic ingenous rock. Greenstone belt is a term applied to elongate or belt-like areas within Precambrian shields that are characterized by abundant greenstone. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Groove - see " Gouge " Groundwater - The part of subsurface water that is in the zone of saturation, including underground streams, is referred to as groundwater. Loosely, all subsurface water, as distinct from surface water, is called groundwater. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Gypsum - Mineral composed of calcium sulfate (calcium, sulfur, and oxygen) with two molecules of water, CaSO4·2H2O. It is the most common sulfate mineral, occurring in many places in a variety of forms. Source: Jan Gillespie   H ..... top Habitat - The area an organism uses to live is its habitat, including the area used for foraging food and shelter. Source: National Park Service Hadean Eon - Hadean is a suggested eon of the Precambrian, older than the oldest preserved rocks (>~3,800 million years). Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Halite - Halite is native salt , a mineral (NaCl). It occurs in massive, granular, compact, or cubic-crystalline forms. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Hanging Valley - A hanging valley is higher than the floor of the main valley. It is a former tributary glacier valley that is incised into the upper part of a U-shaped glacier valley. Hanging valley streams often enter the main valley as waterfalls. Source: Bruce Molnia Harbor - With reference to coastal environments, a harbor is part of a body of water that is protected and deep enough to provide anchorage. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Herb - An herb is a seed-producing annual, biennial, or perennial plant that does not develop persistent woody tissue but dies down at the end of a growing season. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Herbaceous - "Herbaceous" describes herbs (See "Herb"). Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Herbicide - The National Park Service uses the term herbicide to describe specific chemicals used to attack plants that are considered invasive species. Source: National Park Service Herbivore - Organisms such as bighorn sheep, beaver, and many types of insects that feeds on plant matter are herbivores. Source: National Park Service Herpetology - Herpetology is the study of amphibians and reptiles. Source: National Park Service Hia C’ed O’odham - The Hia C'ed O'odhams (Sand People) lived in southern Arizona and the northern part of the Mexican state of Sonora. One of the few truly nomadic peoples in the United States, the Hia C'eds developed a hunting and gathering lifestyle specially adapted to that extremely dry part of the desert. Source: Encyclopedia of North American Indians Historical Sciences - Historical sciences are concerned with reconstructing the past from evidence in the present. For instance, historical geology is a major branch of geology that is concerned with the evolution of Earth and its life-forms from its origin to the present day. This is not to be confused with the history of geology. Source: Katie KellerLynn; Neuendorf et al. (2005) Holocene Epoch - The Holocene Epoch is the segment of geologic time in which we are living. It began 10,000 years ago and continues to the present. Source: Katie KellerLynn Holotype - The specimen used by scientists to describe the characteristics of a newly discovered species is the holotype. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Homogeneous - Uniform in structure or composition throughout. Source: Jan Gillespie Horn - A pointed, mountain peak, typically pyramidal in shape, bounded by the walls of three or more cirques is a horn. Headward erosion cuts prominent faces and ridges into the peak. Source: Bruce Molnia Hot Spot - A hot spot is a volcanic center that is 161 to 322 miles (100 to 200 km) across and persistent for at least a few tens of millions of years. It is thought to be the surface expression of a persistent rising plume of hot material rising from Earth's mantle. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Humidity - Humidity is the concentration of water vapor in the air. Water vapor gets into the air by evaporation—a process by which fast-moving, liquid molecules manage to escape from the liquid and pass into the vapor above. Because molecules in a vapor move randomly in all directions, some of the gas molecules in the vapor will also move back into the liquid. When the number of evaporating molecules (going from liquid to gas) equals the number of condensing ones (going from gas to liquid), the vapor is “saturated.” Meteorologists (and speleologists) use the term relative humidity when they are discussing saturated and “undersaturated” air. Relative humidity does not refer to a specific amount of water vapor in the air; rather it refers to the ratio of water vapor that is present at a given temperature to the maximum possible amount that the air could hold at that same temperature. Relative humidity can be changed in two ways: by addition of water vapor or by change of temperature. Source: Skinner and Porter (1995) and Katie KellerLynn Humus - Humus is the generally dark, more or less stable part of the organic matter of soil, so well decomposed that the original sources cannot be identified. The term is sometimes used incorrectly for the total organic matter of the soil, including relatively undecomposed material. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Hydrology - The science that deals with global water (both liquid and solid), its properties, circulation, and distribution on and under Earth's surface and in the atmosphere. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Hypothesis - A hypothesis is a testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferenes and explanations. If a hypothesis survives testing by experiments, it is referred to as a theory. Source: Kennedy et al. (1998); Petrucci and Harwood (1993)   I ..... top Ice Age - The "Ice Age" consists of a series of climatic changes that took place during the Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 million years ago to 10,000 year ago). In actuality, many ice ages, separated by warm periods, occurred during the Pleistocene Epoch. Source: Katie KellerLynn Ice Cap - An ice cap is a dome-shaped accumulation of glacier ice and perennial snow that completely covers a mountainous area or island, so that no peaks or nunataks poke through. Source: Bruce Molnia Ice Dome - An ice dome forms on the surface of an inland ice sheet. It is a mass of ice with a rounded, gently sloping dome. Source: Katie KellerLynn Ice Sheet - Ice sheets are huge glaciers, that is, they are thick, sub-continental to continental-scale accumulations of glacier ice and perennial snow that spread from a center of accumulation, typically in all directions. Source: Bruce Molnia Ice Shelf - An ice shelf is the floating terminus of a glacier, typically formed when a terrestrial glacier flows into a deep water basin, such as in Antarctica and the Canadian Arctic. Source: Bruce Molnia Ice Sizzle - see " Bergy Seltzer " Ice Stream - An ice stream is a current of ice in an ice sheet or ice cap that flows faster than the surrounding ice. Usually ice streams are flowing to the ocean or to an ice shelf and are not constrained by exposed rock. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Iceberg - An iceberg is a large, massive piece of floating glacier ice of any shape that has detached (calved) from the front of a glacier into a body of water. Most of the mass of an iceberg is below water level. Icebergs may reach lengths of many tens of kilometers Source: Katie KellerLynn Ice-Dammed Lake - Ice-dammed lakes exist because ice dams restrict their water from flowing. Sometimes these lakes form because an advancing glacier had blocked a valley. Source: Bruce Molnia Icefall - Where ice flows over a bed with a very steep gradient, typically at a higher rate than both above and below, icefalls form. As a result, the glacier surface is fractured and heavily crevassed. In a river system, a waterfall is the equivalent form. Source: Bruce Molnia Icefield - An icefield is a continuous accumulation of snow and glacier ice that completely fills a mountain basin or covers a low-relief mountain plateau to a substantial depth. When the thickness become great enough, tongues of ice overflow the basins or plateaus as valley glaciers. Source: Bruce Molnia Ice-Marginal Lake - A lake that is located adjacent to the terminus of a glacier is an ice-marginal lake. Typically, these lakes form in bedrock basins scoured by glaciers. They enlarge as the glacier retreats. Sometimes they are dammed by an end or recessional moraine. Source: Bruce Molnia Igneous - Igneous describes a rock or mineral that solidified from molten or partly molten material (i.e., from magma). The term igneous is also applied to processes related to the formation of such rocks; that is, intrusions formed in preexisting rock (below the Earth’s surface), and extrusions formed by relatively viscous lava being emitted onto Earth’s surface. Igneous rocks constitute one of the three main classes into which rocks are divided, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Source: Katie KellerLynn Illuviation - The redeposition of materials in soil following transport in water is illuviation. The term comes from the Latin il, meaning in, and lavere, meaning to wash. Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) Ilmenite - Ilmenite is an iron-black, opaque rhombohedral mineral (FeTiO3). It is the principal ore of titanium. Ilmenite is a common accessory mineral in basic igneous rocks and also is concentrated in mineral sands. Source: Katie KellerLynn Impact Structure - An impact structure is a generally circular or crater-like structure produced by impact (usually extraterrestrial) on a planetary surface. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Impression - Although the actual organism has decayed, the mark left behind by an organism's surface in layers of fine-grained sediments is called an impression. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Index Fossil - An index fossil is a fossil that identifies and dates that strata or succession of strata in which it is found. The best index fossils include swimming or floating organisms that evolved rapidly and were distributed widely, such as graptolites and ammonites. The fossil need not necessarily be either confined to, or found throughout every part of, the strata for which it serves as an index. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Indigenous - The word “indigenous” describes a person or object that originated in or has been produced, grown, lives, or occurs naturally in a particular region or environment. Native is a synonym for indigenous. Source: Merriam-Websters’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Infantry - The branch of an army made up of units trained to fight on foot is the infantry. Source: Kathryn Wright Inference - The act of passing from statistical sample data to generalizations (as of the value of population parameters), usually with calculated degrees of certainty, is inference. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Inholding - An inholding is a parcel of privately owned land surrounded by public land, for example, inside the boundary of a national park. Source: Katie KellerLynn Insecticide - Insecticide is the term used to describe specific chemicals used to attack insects that are considered invasive species. Source: National Park Service Intermediate - Intermediate is said of an igneous rock that is transitional between basic and silicic (or between mafic and felsic), generally having a silica content of between 54% to 65%. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Internal Flow - A glacier flows because it deforms in response to stress set up within its ice mass by the force of gravity. At any point within a glacier, the ice is subject to stress as a result of the weight of overlying ice (often hundreds of meters of it) and the surface slope of the glacier. Source: Katie KellerLynn Intertidal Zone - The intertidal zone is the area of shoreline that lies between the highest normal high tide and the lowest normal low tide. Source: Katie KellerLynn Intrusive Igneous Rock - The process of emplacement of magma in preexisting rock is called intrusion; therefore, an intrusive igneous rock is the rock mass so formed within the surrounding rock. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Invasive Species - Invasive species can cause ecological and economic harm and be threats to human health. They are invasive because they are not native to the biotic community or ecosystem into which they spread. Source: National Park Service Invertebrate - Invertebrates belong to a large branch of animals that do not have a spinal column. Some examples of invertebrates are insects and crustaceans. Source: National Park Service Ion - An ion is an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive (cation) or negative (anion) electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons. Source: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Isostasy - Isostasy is the condition of equilibrium, comparable to floating, of the units of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. Crustal loading, as by ice, water, sediments, or volcanic flows, leads to isostatic depression or downwarping; removal of load, to isostatic upwarping (or rebound). Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Isostatic Rebound - See " Isostasy ." Isotope - An atom of an element having the same atomic number (i.e., same number of protons in the nucleus) but differing mass number (i.e., the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus). Most elements have several isotopes; for example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 all have six protons. Source: Skinner and Porter (1995)   J ..... top Jokulhaup - Jokulhaup is an Icelandic term used to describe a glacier outburst flood resulting from the failure of a glacier-ice-dam, glacier-sediment-dam, or from the melting of glacier ice by a volcanic eruption. Source: Bruce Molnia Jurassic - The Jurassic is the second period of the Mesozoic Era (after the Triassic and before the Cretaceous) thought to have covered the span of time between 199.6 and 145.5 million years ago; also, the corresponding system or rocks. It is named after the Jura Mountains between France and Switzerland, in which rocks of this age were first studied. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Juxtaposed - "Juxtaposed" is to place side by side. Source: Katie KellerLynn   K ..... top Kame - Kames are sand and gravel deposits formed by running water on stagnant or moving glacier ice. Kames form on flat or inclined ice, in holes, or in cracks. A kame terrace forms between the glacier and the adjacent land surface. Shapes include hills, mounds, knobs, hummocks, or ridges. Source: Bruce Molnia Karst - Landforms produced primarily through the dissolving of rock, such as limestone, dolomite, marble, gypsum, and salt, are collectively known as karst. Features of karst landscapes include sinkholes, caves, large springs, dry valleys, and sinking streams. These landscapes are characterized by efficient flow of groundwater through conduits that become larger as the bedrock dissolves. Source: Veni et al. (2001) Kettle - A kettle is a depression that forms in an outwash plain or other glacial deposit by the melting of an in situ block of glacier ice that was separated from the retreating glacier margin and subsequently buried by glacier sedimentation. As the buried ice melts, the depression enlarges. Source: Bruce Molnia Keystone Species - A keystone species influences biological diversity and ecosystem function. If a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem many other species are affected. Source: Julie Johndreau, NPS   L ..... top Laboratory - A laboratory is a place equipped for experimental study in a science or for testing and analysis. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Laccolith - A laccolith is a massive, concordant (said of a contact between an igneous intrusion and the preexisting rock, which parallels the foliation or bedding of the latter) igneous body intruded between preexisting strata. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Lagoon - A lagoon is a shallow body of water that does not receive significant freshwater or seawater inflow and is separated from the open ocean by a barrier island or coral reef. They are minimally affected by tides. Source: Katie KellerLynn Lahar - Lahar is an Indonesian word for rapidly flowing mixture of rock debris and water that originates on the slopes of a volcano. Lahars also are referred to as volcanic mudflows or debris flows. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Landslide - Landslide is a general term used for a wide variety of processes and landforms involving the downslope movement, under gravity, of masses of soil and rock material. A broad range of landslide morphology, rates, patterns of movement, and scale occurs. Types include rockfall, mudflow, slump, and many others. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Lapilli - Lapilli are pyroclastics in the general size range of 0.08 to 2.5 inches (2 to 64 mm). Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Laramide Orogeny - The Laramide Orogeny was a time of deformation (e.g., mountain building and uplift), typically recorded in the eastern Rocky Mountains of the United States, whose several phases extended from late Cretaceous until the end of the Paleocene (approximately 80 to 50 million years ago). Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Latitude - The angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees, is latitude. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Lava - The word for magma (molten rock) when it erupts onto Earth's surface is lava. It is from the Italian word for stream, which is derived from the verb "lavare" meaning to wash. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Lava Dome - Lava domes are rounded, steep-sided mounds built by very viscous magma, usually either dacite or rhyolite. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Lava Flow - Masses of molten rock that pour onto Earth's surface during an effusive eruption are lava flows. Both moving lava and the resulting solidified deposits are referred to as lava flows. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Lava Fountain - A jet of lava sprayed into the air by the rapid formation and expansion of gas bubbles in the molten rock is a lava fountain. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Lava Tube - Natural conduits through which lava travels beneath the surface of a lava flow are lava tubes. They form by the crusting over of lava channels and pahoehoe flows. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Law - see " Natural Law " Leaching - Leaching is the process in which water removes and transports soil humus and inorganic nutrients in solution. Source: PhysicalGeography.net Lewis and Clark Expedition - On February 28, 1803, President Thomas Jefferson won approval from Congress to fund a small expeditionary group, whose mission was to explore the uncharted West. Jefferson’s secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and Lewis’ friend, William Clark, led the expedition. Over the next four years, the team of explorers would travel thousands of miles, experiencing lands, rivers, and peoples. Source: Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Lichen - Lichen is any of a number of complex plant-like organisms made up of an alga and a fungus growing in symbiotic association on a solid surface (as a rock). Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Ligament - Ligament is a tough fibrous band of tissue connecting the articular extremities of bones or supporting an organ in place. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Lignite - Lignite is a brownish black coal that is intermediate in coalification between peat and subbituminous coal. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Limestone - Limestone is a sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate, CaCO3). Limestone is the most important and widely distributed of carbonate rocks and is the consolidated equivalent of limy mud, calcareous sand, or shell fragments. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Limy - An rock is "limy" if it contains a significant amout of lime or limestone. Source: Katie KellerLynn Liquid - With respect to the classification scheme based on the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), in a liquid, the atoms and molecules are separated by greater distances than in a solid. Movement of the atoms or molecules gives a liquid its most distinctive property—the ability to flow, covering the bottom and assuming the shape of its container. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Lithology - Lithology is the study of rocks, in particular their physical characteristics such as color, mineralogic composition, and grain size. Source: Katie KellerLynn Lithosphere - The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle. Source: Katie KellerLynn Loam - Loam is a rich, permeable soil composed of a mixture of clay, silt, sand, and organic matter. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Logistics - The National Park Service uses the term logistics for the process of gathering, managing, and moving equipment and people. Source: National Park Service Longitude - Longitude is the angular distance east or west on Earth's surface, measured in degrees from the Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Longshore Current - A longshore current is a horizontal movement of water in the surf zone that runs parallel to the shoreline and is powered by breakers. Source: Pinet (1992) Longshore Sediment Transport - Longshore sediment transport is the movement of sand in the surf zone parallel to the shoreline by longshore currents. Source: Katie KellerLynn Louisiana Purchase - By a treaty signed on April 30, 1803, the United States purchased from France the Louisiana Territory, more than 800,000 square miles (2 million km2) of land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. The price was 60 million francs, about $15 million; $11,250,000 was to be paid directly, with the balance to be covered by the assumption by the United States of French debts to American citizens. Source: Gateway New Orleans Lycopod - Lycopods are club mosses, that is, any of an order Lycopodiales of primative vascular plants (as ground pine). Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.)   M ..... top Maar - A maar is a low-relief, broad volcanic crater formed by shallow explosive eruptions. The explosions are usually caused by the heating and boiling of groundwater when magma invades the groundwater table. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Mafic - Mafic is a mnemonic adjective derived from magnesium + ferric + ic, and applied to an igneous rock composed chiefly of dark, iron- and magnesium-rich minerals; also said of those minerals. It is the compliment of felsic. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Magma - Magma is molten or partially molten rock beneath Earth's surface. When magma erupts onto the surface, it is called lava. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Magnesium - Magnesium is a light, silver-white, malleable, ductile metallic element that occurs abundantly in nature and is used in metallurgical and chemical processes, in photography, signaling, and pyrotechnics because of the intense white light it produces on burning, and in construction, especially in the form of light alloys. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Magnetite - Magnetite is a black, strongly magnetic, opaque mineral. It constitutes an important ore of iron. It is a very common, widely distributed accessory mineral in rocks of all kinds. It also occurs as a heavy mineral in sands. Source: Katie KellerLynn Mammal - Mammals are the collection of vertebrate animals. Female mammals are capable of nursing their young with milk. Source: National Park Service Mantle - The zone of Earth below the crust and above the core is the mantle. It is divided into the upper mantle and lower mantle, with a transition zone between. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Marble - Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting predominantly of fine- to coarse-grained recrystallized calcite or dolomite. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Marl - "Marl" is a term loosely applied to a variety of materials, mostly of which occur as loose, earthy deposits consisting chiefly of an intimate mixture of clay and calcium carbonate, formed under marine conditions or especially freshwater conditions; specifically marls are earthy substances containing 35%-65% clay and 65%-35% carbonate. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Marsh - Marshes are water-saturated, poorly drained areas, intermittently or permanently water-covered, having aquatic and grass-like vegetation, essentially without the formation of peat. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Mass Balance - Mass balance is a measure of the change in mass of a glacier at a certain point for a specific period of time. It is the balance between accumulation and ablation. Source: Bruce Molnia Matrix - The matrix is the finer-grained material enclosing the larger grains in a sediment or sedimentary rock; also, the "groundmass" of an igneous rock. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Meridian - The meridian is a great circle on the surface of the Earth passing through the poles. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Mesic - The term mesic refers to a habitat or plant, for example, that requires a moderate amount of moisture. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Mesozoic - The Mesozoic is an era of geologic time, from the end of the Paleozoic to the beginning of the Cenozoic, or from about 251.0 to 65.5 million years ago; also, the rocks that formed during that era. It includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods. It is often referred to as the "Age of Reptiles." Source: International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003); Katie KellerLynn Metadacite - Metadacite is a grayish-white, fine-grained, metamorphosed volcanic rock. Source: Katie KellerLynn Metamorphic - Metamorphic describes rocks that have undergone metamorphism (i.e., change). Metamorphic rocks have been derived from preexisting rocks and have undergone chemical, structural, or mineralogical changes, essentially in the solid state, in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress, and chemical environment, generally at depth in Earth’s crust. Metamorphic rocks constitute one of the three main classes into which rocks are divided, the others being sedimentary and igneous. Source: Katie KellerLynn Meteorite - A meteorite is any solid object from interplanetary space that has fallen to Earth's surface without being vaporized by the frictional heating during its passage through the atmosphere. Most meteorites are thought to be fragments of asteroids and to consist of primitive solid matter similar from which Earth originally formed. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Midden - Packrats build a protective abode known as a midden. This midden is a fortress of tangled vegetation, bones, sticks, and other items that are held together by organic glue, the urine of the packrat. Source: National Park Service Mineral - A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Miocene Epoch - The Miocene is the first epoch of the Neogene Period, which lasted for nearly 18 million years (5.3 to 23.0 million years ago). Source: International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Mississippian - Terminology used primarily in North America, Mississippian time occurred between about 359.2 and 318.1 million years ago; also, the rocks that formed during that time. It is named after the Mississippi River valley, in which good exposures of rocks of this age exist. It is the approximate equivalent of the Lower Carboniferous in European usage. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Mohorovičić Discontinuity - The Mohorovičić discontinuity, or Moho for short, is the boundary separating the crust and the mantle. It is discernible by an increase in seismic velocity. Source: Lutgens and Tarbuck (1992) Mollisols - Mollisols are soils with thick, dark surface horizons that are high in organic matter content. Source: Kohnke and Franzmeier (1995) Mollusk - Mollusks are members of the large phylum (Mollusca) of invertebrate animals (e.g., snails, clams, or squids) with a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a calcareous shell. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Montane - Environments found in, or related to, mountainous regions are referred to as montane. Source: National Park Service Moraine - Moraine is a general term for unstratified, unsorted deposits of sediment that form through the direct action of, or contact with, glacier ice. Many different varieties are recognized based on their position with respect to a glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Moraine, Ablation - An ablation moraine is an irregularly shaped layer or pile of glacier sediment formed by the melting of a block of stagnant ice. Ultimately, it sits on the former bed of the glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Moraine, End - see " Moraine, Terminal " Moraine, Ground - A blanket of glacier till deposited on all of the surfaces over which a glacier moved is called ground moraine. Source: Bruce Molnia Moraine, Lateral - A lateral moraine is an accumulation of glacial drift along the lateral margins of a valley glacier, remaining as a ridge or embankment upon glacier recession; also, the surficial accumulation of ablation debris on the margin of an existing valley glacier. Source: Sharp (1988) Moraine, Medial - A medial moraine is a sediment ridge, located on a glacier’s exposed ice surface, away from its valley walls, extending down-glacier to the terminus. It forms by the joining of two lateral moraines when two glaciers merge. Source: Bruce Molnia Moraine, Push - A push moraine is a ridge of rock debris shoved up along the edge of an advancing glacier. Source: Sharp (1988) Moraine, Recessional - A recessional moraine is a ridge of glacial sediment that forms when the terminus of a retreating glacier remains at or near a single location for a period of time sufficient for a cross-valley accumulation to form. A series of such moraines represents a number of pauses during retreat. Source: Bruce Molnia Moraine, Terminal - The terminal moraine is a cross-valley, ridge-like accumulation of glacial sediment that forms at the farthest point reached by the terminus of an advancing glacier. Both end moraines and terminal moraines form at the snout of the glacier, but end moraines have not been identified as the furthest point of glacier advance. Source: Bruce Molnia Mortar - A muzzle-loading cannon for firing shells at low velocities, short ranges, and high trajectories is called a mortar. Because of their short, stubby appearance, they resemble mortars used with pestles to grind up substances like oats, corn, and rice. Source: Carlin Timmons Moulin - A narrow, tubular chute or crevasse through which water enters a glacier from the surface is called a moulin. Occasionally, the lower end of a moulin may be exposed in the face of a glacier or at the edge of a stagnant block of ice. Source: Bruce Molnia Mud Flat - A mud flat is a relatively level area of fine silt along a shore (as in a sheltered estuary) or around an island, alternately covered and uncovered by they tide, or covered by shallow water. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Mud Pot - A mud pot is a type of hot spring containing boiling mud, usually sulfurous and often multicolored, as in a paint pot. Mud pots are commonly associated with geysers and other hot springs in volcanic areas, especially Yellowstone National Park. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Mudstone - Mudstone is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Source: Wikipedia   N ..... top Native Species - With respect to a particular ecosystem, a species is native if, other than as a result of an introduction, it has historically occurred or currently occurs in that ecosystem. Source: National Park Service; Executive Order 13112–Invasive Species Natural Law - Applying the scientific method requires careful observations of natural phenomena. When enough observations have been made that a pattern begins to emerge, scientists then formulate a generalization (natural law) describing the phenomena. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Nearshore Zone - The nearshore zone extends seaward or lakeward an indefinite but generally short distance from the shoreline, usually beyond the surf zone. Source: Katie KellerLynn Névé - Névé is a French term meaning a mass of hardened snow at the source or head of a glacier; it refers to the overall snow cover that exists during the melting period and sometimes from one year to another. In general, névé and accumulation zone are equivalent. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Niche - The portion of the environment which a species occupies, defined in terms of the conditions under which an organism can survive, and may be affected by the presence of other competing organisms. Source: The Paleontology Portal Nitrate - Nitrate (NO3-) is the form of nitrogen commonly found in soil and used by plants for building amino acids, DNA, and proteins. It is commonly produced by the chemical modification of nitrite by specialized bacteria. Source: PhysicalGeography.net Nitrogen Fixation - Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere to nitrogen-containing organic compounds in soil. Source: Kohnke and Franzmeier (1995) Nitrous Oxide - Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the gas found in the atmosphere that contributes to the greenhouse effect. Sources for nitrous oxide include land-use conversion, fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and soil fertilization. Source: PhysicalGeography.net Nocturnal - Nocturnal is the term used to describe organisms that are active primarily at night. The opposite of this is diurnal, that is, organisms that are active during the day. Source: National Park Service NPS - NPS is an acronym for the National Park Service—a bureau under the United States Department of the Interior of the federal government mandated to preserve and protect many natural, historic, and cultural sites of our nation. Source: National Park Service Nuée Ardente - Meaning "glowing cloud" in French, a nuée ardente is a swiftly flowing, turbulent, gaseous cloud, sometimes incandescent, erupted from a volcano and containing ash and other pyroclastics in its lower part. The lower part of a nuée ardente is comparable to an ash flow. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Nunatak - Nunatak is a Greenlandic term used to describe a mountain peak or ridge that pokes through the surface of an icefield or glacier. It may separate adjacent valley glaciers. Source: Bruce Molnia   O ..... top Obelisk - An obelisk is an upright, four-sided pillar that gradually tapers as it rises and terminates in a pyramid. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Obligate Wetland Species - Wetland indicator categories estimate the probability of a plant being found on a site classified as a wetland. An obligate wetland species almost always occurs in wetlands, >99% of the time. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Observation - An observation is a record and description of a natural phenomena, often involving measurements with instruments. An observation that is repeatedly confirmed is a fact. Source: Katie KellerLynn Observatory - An observatory is a building or place given over to or equipped for observation of natural phenomena (as in astronomy); also, an institution whose primary purpose is making such observations. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Obsidian - Obsidian is a black or dark-colored volcanic glass, usually of rhyolitic composition, characterized by conchoidal (smoothly curved surface) fracture. It has been used for making jewelry, arrowheads, and art objects. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Ogive - Ogives are rhythmically repeated, light and dark bandings within a glacier or a swell-and-swale configuration on its surface, convexly curved up-glacier, that form below some icefalls. Source: Sharp (1988) Oligocene - The Oligocene is a geologic epoch in the Cenozoic Era between about 33.9 and 23 million years ago occurring between the Eocene and the Miocene Epochs; also, the corresponding worldwide series of rocks. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Olivine - Olivine is a green or brown orthorhombic mineral commonly found in igneous rocks (e.g., gabbro and basalt). Source: Katie KellerLynn Omnivore - Omnivores eat both plants and other animals. They tend to have some teeth adapted to grinding plants and some teeth adapted for tearing and cutting. A modern example of an omnivore is humans. Source: Julie Johndreau, National Park Service Ordovician - The Ordovician is the second earliest period of the Paleozoic Era (after the Cambrian and before the Silurian) thought to have covered the span of time between about 488.3 and 443.7 million years ago; also, the corresponding system of rocks. It is named after the Celtic tribe called the Ordovices. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Organelle - An organelle is a discrete structure of a cell having specialized functions. There are many types of organelles, particularly in the eukaryotic cells of higher organisms. An organelle is to the cell what an organ is to the body. Source: Wikipedia Organic Act - Among other purposes, the Organic Act—not an official short title but merely a popular name used for convenience; the act has no official short title—established the National Park Service. The National Park Service Organic Act (16 U.S.C. l 2 3, and 4), consists of the Act of Aug. 25 1916 (39 Stat. 535) and amendments thereto. Source: National Park Service Organism - An organism is an independent form of life, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multi-cellular plants and animals. Source: National Park Service Orogeny - Orogeny is the process of formation of mountains. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Osmosis - Osmosis is the movement of a solvent (e.g., water) through a semipermeable membrane (e.g., as of a living cell) from a region of low solvent potential to a region of high solvent potential. Source: Wikipedia ; Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dicitionary (11th ed.) Ostracods - Ostracods belong to the class Crustacea (i.e., crustaceans); they are sometimes referred to as “seed shrimp” because of their appearance. Ostracods are small typically around one mm in size, but vary between 0.2 to 30 mm; they are laterally compressed and protected by a bivalve-like, chitinous or calcareous valve or "shell." The hinge of the two valves is in the upper, dorsal region of the body. Scientists have identified some 50,000 extinct and extant species, which are grouped into several orders. Ostracods appeared in the Cambrian and continue today. Source: Wikipedia ; Neuendorf et al. (2005) Outcrop - An outcrop is the part of a geologic formation or structure that appears at the surface of the Earth. The term also is used as a verb meaning to appear exposed and visible at Earth's surface. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Outwash Plain - An outwash plain is a broad, low-sloping, alluvial plain composed of glacially eroded, sorted sediment (termed outwash), that has been transported by meltwater. The alluvial plain begins at the foot of a glacier and may extend for miles. Typically, the sediment becomes finer-grained with increasing distance from the glacier terminus. In mountainous areas, outwash plains are referred to as valley trains. Source: Bruce Molnia; Katie KellerLynn Oxidation - Oxidation is the addition of oxygen atoms to mineral compounds. It occurs when water containing dissolved oxygen percolates through cracks in a rock, when water contacts the rock below a soil, or when rock is exposed directly to rain. The dissolved oxygen reacts especially with minerals that contain iron, and forms insoluble red oxides (the “ferric” variety formed in rust, Fe2O3) or yellow-brown hydroxides, which may crumble when they dry out. These minerals often provide color to soils. The chemical reactions of oxidation weathering may be reversed in environments where oxygen is in short supply or absent. Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) Ozone Layer - The ozone layer is an atmospheric layer at heights of about 20 to 30 miles (32 to 48 km) that is normally characterized by high ozone (a very reactive form of oxygen) content which blocks most solar radiation from entry into the lower atmosphere. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.)   P ..... top Pahoehoe - Pronounced "pa-hoy-hoy," pahoehoe is a Hawaiian term for basaltic lava that has a smooth, hummocky, or ropy surface. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Paleocene - The Paleocene is an interval of geologic time between about 65.5 and 55.8 million years ago. It is the first epoch in the Cenozoic Era, recently replacing the Tertiary in terminology by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. Source: International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Paleontologist - see " Paleontology " Paleontology - Paleontology is the study of past life on Earth, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms. A scientist who studies past life is known as a paleontologist. Source: Katie KellerLynn; Jan Gillespie Paleozoic - The Paleozoic is an era of geologic time, from the end of the Precambrian to the beginning of the Mesozoic, or from about 542 to 251 million years ago; also, the rocks deposited during this time. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Pangaea - Pangaea is the supercontinent that existed from about 300 to about 200 million years ago and included most of the continental crust of Earth. The present continents were derived from it by fragmentation via an intermediate stage of Laurasia on the north and Gondwana on the south. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Parent Material - Parent material is the geologic material from which soils form. Parent material is one of five soil-forming factors: climate, organisms, relief (topography), and parent material over time. Source: Kohnke and Franzmeier (1995) Parent Rock - A parent rock is the rock from which sediments or other rocks are derived. Source: Katie KellerLynn Passive Margin - Passive margin is another name for a divergent plate boundary, that is, a boundary between two segments of Earth’s lithosphere that are moving away from each other. Passive margins are formed through rifting and continental rupture. Source: Katie KellerLynn Ped - Pick up a clod of soil, and you’ve picked up a ped, which is a naturally formed unit of soil structure, for example, a granule, block, crumb, or aggregate. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); Katie KellerLynn Pedon - A pedon is the smallest unit of volume of soil that represents or exemplifies all horizons of a soil profile. It is usually a horizontal, more or less hexagonal area of about one square meter, but may be larger. The term is part of the classification system of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Pelecypods - Pelecypods are of the class Pelecypoda, more commonly called Bivalva. Pelecypods are mollusks that typically have two-part shells, with both parts being more or less symmetrical. The class has 30,000 species, including scallops, clams, oysters, and mussels. Pelecypods are exclusively aquatic; they include both marine and freshwater forms. “Pelecy” means hatchet; “pod” means foot. Source: Wikipedia Pelycosaurs - The "pelycosaurs" are extinct members of the Synapsida, a major branch of the Amniota, or egg-laying tetrapods. The only currently living synapsids are the mammals. In many respects, the pelycosaurs are intermediate between the reptiles and mammals, and so they have commonly been referred to as "mammal-like reptiles." However, they are characterized by a single dermal opening in the skull permitting muscle attachment to the jaw, which means that the pelycosaurs are not reptiles because reptiles have two such openings in their skulls. It is believed that the pelycosaurs, like their living mammal relatives, were endothermic, which means that they maintained a constant internal body temperature. This is another characteristic that sets pelycosaurs apart from the reptiles. If this view is correct, then pelycosaurs are one of the earliest examples of endothermic animals. Source: University of California-Berkeley Web site Pennsylvanian - Terminology used primarily in North America, Pennsylvanian time occurred between about 318.1 and 299 million years ago; also, the rocks that formed during that time. It is named after the state of Pennsylvania, in which the rocks of this age are widespread. It is the approximate equivalent of the Upper Carboniferous in European usage. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Perissodactyles - The odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla are large to very large browsing and grazing mammals with relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. The members of the order fall into two groups: the suborder Hippomorpha, horses, which have only one toe and tend to be fast runners with long legs, and the suborder Ceratomorpha, which contains two families of slower-moving, thick-set animals with several functional toes: the tapirs and the rhinoceroses. The odd-toed ungulates arose in what is now North America in the late Paleocene Epoch (less than 10 million years ago). By the start of the Eocene Epoch, perissodactyles had diversified and spread to occupy several continents. Source: Wikipedia Permafrost - Permafrost is any soil, subsoil, or other surficial deposit, or even bedrock, occurring in arctic, sub-arctic, and alpine regions at a variable depth beneath Earth’s surface in which a temperature below freezing has existed continuously for a long time (two years to tens of thousands of years). This definition is based exclusively on temperature, and disregards the texture, degree of compaction, water content, and lithologic character of the material. The thickness of permafrost ranges from more than 305 feet (1,000 m) in the north to 76 inches (30 cm) in the south; it underlies about one-fifth of the world’s land area. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Permian - The Permian is the last period of the Paleozoic Era (after the Pennsylvanian [or Upper Carboniferous]) thought to have covered the span of time between about 299 and 251million years ago; also the corresponding system of rocks. It is named after the province of Perm, USSR, where rocks of this age were first studied. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984), International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Permineralization - Permineralization is a type of fossilization where the original hard parts of an organism have additional mineral material deposited in their pore spaces. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Pesticide - Pesticide is a general term used to describe chemicals used to control species considered invasive. Source: National Park Service Petrifaction - Petrifaction is a process of fossilization whereby organic matter is converted into a stony substance by infiltration of water containing dissolved inorganic matter (e.g., calcium carbonate or silica) which replaces the original organic materials, sometimes retaining the structure. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Petrified Wood - Wood that has been replaced by minerals, yet retains its original form and structure, is petrified wood. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan pH - In 1909 the Danish biochemist Søren Sørensen proposed the term pH to refer to the "potential of hydrogen ion." He defined pH as the "negative of the logarithm of [H+]". It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution that is a number on a scale on which a value of 7 represents neutrality; lower numbers indicate increasing acidity, and higher numbers increasing alkalinity. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993); Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Phylogeny - Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of an organism. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Phylum - Phylum is a primary category in biological taxonomy that ranks above class and below kingdom. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Physiology - Physiology is the study of the role and function of organisms, or the parts of an organism. Source: National Park Service Phytoplankton - see " Plankton " Piedmont - The term piedmont refers to a feature lying or formed at the base of a mountain or mountain range. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Pillow Lava - Pillow lava is pillow-shaped lava that forms when cooled under water. A thin and flexible crust quickly forms; pressure builds, and the crust breaks allowing more lava to ooze through the crust. This sequence continues until long thick deposits of lava harden on the seafloor. Source: National Park Service Pit Crater - A pit crater is a circular-shaped crater formed by the sinking collapse of the ground. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Placer - A placer is a deposit formed when heavy minerals are mechanically concentrated by currents, most commonly streams and waves. Placers are sources of gold, tin, platinum, diamonds, and other valuable minerals. Source: Lutgens and Tarbuck (1992) Plankton - Plankton is the passively floating or weakly swimming animal (zooplankton) or plant (phytoplankton) life of a body of water; plankton is usually quite minute. Source: Katie KellerLynn Plant - A plant is a multi-cellular organism with eukaryotic cells (have membrane-bound organelles and a defined nucleus). Plants are one of the kingdoms of life and are different from animals and fungi because they are able to transform sunlight into useable energy via photosynthesis. Source: National Park Service Plate Boundary - A plate boundary is a zone of seismic and tectonic activity along the edges of lithospheric plates, presumed to indicate relative motion between them. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Plate Tectonics - Plate tectonics is a theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is divided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is that of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their boundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Plateau Basalt - Also known as flood basalts, plateau basalts occur as a result of fissure eruptions of basaltic lava along elongated cracks in Earth's surface. Magma wells up through the crack and pours out on either side in effusive eruptions, forming extensive sheets of basaltic lava. Successive eruptions add layers of lava until a plateau is formed. The Columbia River Plateau in the northwestern region of the United States is an example of this type of basalt. Source: National Park Service Pleistocene Epoch - The Pleistocene is an epoch of geologic time associated with ice ages. It occurred after the Pliocene Epoch (1.8 million years ago) but before the Holocene Epoch in which we now live. Source: Katie KellerLynn Plinian Eruption - A Plinian eruption is an explosive eruption in which a steady, turbulent stream of fragmented magma and magmatic gas is released at a high velocity from a vent. Large volumes of pyroclastics and tall eruption columns are characteristic of this type of eruption. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Pliocene - The Pliocene is an epoch of geologic time between about 5.3 and 1.8 million years ago. It is between the Miocene and Pleistocene. Source: International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Plucking - The mechanical removal of pieces of rock from a bedrock face that is in contact with glacier ice. Blocks are quarried and prepared for removal by the freezing and thawing of water in cracks, joints, and fractures. The resulting pieces are frozen into the glacier ice and transported away. Source: Bruce Molnia Pluton - A pluton is an igneous intrusion. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Polar Region - Polar regions are areas suitable for glacial growth because of the low annual temperatures. These low temperatures are due to the low amounts of solar radiation that reach these regions. Cold temperatures mean that the snow that does accumulate does not melt very easily. This is important because these same cold temperatures also reduce the amount of snowfall in these areas. In fact, Antarctica is a cold desert, due to the lack of annual precipitation found there, but it has the world's largest glaciers. Source: Katie KellerLynn Porosity - The percentage of bulk volume of a rock or soil that is occupied by interstices (spaces), whether isolated or connected is referred to as porosity. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Potash - Potash is an impure form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) mixed with other potassium salts. Potash has been used since antiquity in the manufacture of glass and soap, and as a fertilizer. Source: Wikipedia Precambrian - All geologic time and its corresponding rocks before the beginning of the Paleozoic is referred to as the Precambrian. It is equivalent to about 90% of geologic time. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Precipitation - Precipitation is the deposit of water on Earth from the atmosphere, such as hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow. Source: Katie KellerLynn Predator - A predator is an animal that preys upon other animals as food. Predators are not limited to mammals; they can be birds, insects, fish, and amphibians. Source: National Park Service Pressure - Pressure is defined as a force per unit area, that is, a force divided by the area over which the force is distributed. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Pressure Melting Point - Pressure melting point is the temperature at which ice can melt at a given pressure. Source: Skinner and Porter (1995) Prokaryote - Prokaryotes (from Old Greek pro- meeaning before and karyon meaning nut, referring to the cell nucleus) are organisms without a cell nucleus or indeed any other membrane-bound organelles. In most cases, they are unicellular. They are distinct from eukaryotes organisms that have cell nuclei and may be variously unicellular or multicellular. The difference between the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Most prokaryotes are bacteria, and the two terms are often treated as synonyms. Source: Wikipedia Pyrite - Pyrite is a common yellow mineral (FeS2).Pyrite has a brilliant metallic luster and an absence of cleavage, and has been mistaken for gold (which is softer and heavier). It commonly crystallizes in cubes, octahedrons, or pyritohedrons. Pyrite is the most widespread and abundant of the sulfide minerals and occurs in all kinds of rocks. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Pyroclast - A pyroclast is an individual particle ejected during a volcanic eruption. It is usually classified according to size. Source: Katie KellerLynn Pyroclastic - The term pyroclastic pertains to clastic rock material formed by volcanic expulsion from a volcanic vent; also, pertaining to rock texture or explosive origin. In the plural, the term is used as a noun. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Pyroclastic Flow - A ground-hugging avalanche of hot ash, pumice, rock fragments, and volcanic gas that rushes down the side of a volcano as fast as 62 miles per hour (100 kph) or more. The temperature within a pyroclastic flow may exceed 932°F (500°C). Source: U.S. Geological Survey Pyroxene - Pyroxene is a group of common rock-forming minerals. It is characterized by short, stout crystals and good prismatic cleavage in two directions intersecting at angles of about 87 degrees and 93 degrees. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984)   Q ..... top Quadrupedal - Quadrupeds are animals with four feet; "quadrupedal" describes these animals. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Quarry - A quarry is an excavation or open workings, usually for the extraction of stone. Source: Katie KellerLynn Quartz - Quartz is crystalline silica (SiO2). It is the most common mineral after feldspar. Source: Katie KellerLynn Quartzite - Quartzite is a sandstone consisting of quartz grains cemented by secondary silica. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Quaternary - Traditionally the Quaternary Period consisted of the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs and covered the time from 1.8 million years ago to the present. Recently instead of breaking the Cenozoic Era into the Tertiary and Quaternary, however, the International Commission on Stratigraphy breaks the Cenozoic into the Paleogene and the Neogene Periods. Hence, although still used, the terms Quaternary and Tertiary are no longer formally accepted terms for geologic time. Source: International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003)   R ..... top Radioactive Decay - Radioactive decay is the set of various processes by which unstable atomic nuclei emit subatomic particles (radiation). Source: Wikipedia Radioactivity - Radioactivity is the property of some elements (e.g., uranium) or isotopes (e.g., carbon-14) of spontaneously emitting energetic particles (e.g., electrons or alpha particles) by the disintegration of their nuclei. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Radiolarians - Radiolarians (also radiolaria) are amoeboid protozoa that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into inner and outer portions. They occur as plankton throughout the ocean, and their shells are important fossils found from the Cambrian onwards. Source: Wikipedia Radiometric Dating - Radiometric dating calculates an age in years for geologic materials by measuring the presence of a short-life radioactive element, e.g., carbon-14, or a long-life radioactive element plus its decay product, e.g., potassium-14/argon-40. The term applies to all methods of age determination based on nuclear decay of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Rain Shadow - A rain shadow is an area of low atmospheric precipitation in the lee of a mountain range. Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) Range - The geographical area in which a species is found is considered its range. Source: National Park Service Rangeland - Rangeland is land on which the native vegetation is predominantly grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs. This land includes natural grasslands, savannas, shrub lands, most deserts, tundra, areas of alpine communities, coastal marshes, and wet meadows. Source: Natural Resources Conservation Service (2001) Rapid - A rapid is the part of a river where the current is fast and the surface is usually broken by obstructions. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Reclamation - With respect to abandoned mine lands or over-used sites, reclamation refers to the processes by which a previous natural state is restored. Source: Katie KellerLynn Recurrence Interval - Statistical techniques, through a process called frequency analysis, are used to estimate the probability of the occurrence of a given event. The recurrence interval (sometimes called the return period) is based on the probability that the given event will be equaled or exceeded in any given year. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Red Algae - Red algae are any of a division (Rhodophyta) of chiefly marine algae that have predominantly red pigmentation. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Reduction - Reduction is a process in which weathered material loses oxygen from its chemical structure; it is most common where rock or soil is totally waterlogged by still water that does not contain dissolved oxygen. In these circumstances, chemical reaction removes oxygen from the ferric oxides to form more soluble greenish ferrous iron (FeO). The green iron mineral may later be altered if water circulation makes oxygen available. Soils subject to alternate waterlogging and aeration are often mottled green-orange because they contain a mixture of ferrous and ferric oxides. Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) Regiment - A military unit of ground troops consisting of at least two battalions, usually commanded by a colonel, is a regiment. Source: Kathryn Wright Regression - Regression is retreat of the sea from land areas and the consequent evidence of such withdrawal. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984, 1987) Relative Dating - Relative dating is the chronological ordering of features, fossils, or events with respect to the geologic time scale without reference to their absolute age. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Remnant - With respect to glacial geology, a remnant is an isolated melting mass of ice that has become detached from its source and the remainder of the glacier. Some remnants cover many square miles. Source: Bruce Molnia Remote Sensing - Remote sensing is the collection of information about an object by a recording device that is not in physical contact with it. The term is usually restricted to mean methods that record reflected or radiated electromagnetic energy, rather than methods that involve significant penetration into the Earth. The technique employs such devices as camera, infrared detectors, microwave frequency receivers, and radar systems. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Reptile - Reptiles are animals that are vertebrates, breath air, and are covered in scales. This includes snakes and lizards. Source: National Park Service Researcher - A person who follows the scientific method to answer a question. Source: National Park Service Reservoir - A reservoir is an artificial lake where water is collected and stored for human use. Source: Katie KellerLynn Restoration - The return of a habitat, community, or ecosystem back to the state it was before being modified. Passive restoration allows the natural ecosystem to rejuvenate without intervention after a disturbance. Active restoration requires human intervention (e.g., planting seeds and saplings, releasing native animals). Source: National Park Service Retreat - A decrease in the length of a glacier compared to a previous point in time. As ice in a glacier is always moving forward, its terminus retreats when more ice is lost at the terminus to melting or calving than reaches the terminus. During retreat, ice in a glacier does not move back up-glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Rhyolite - Rhyolite can look very different, depending on how it erupts. Explosive eruptions of rhyolite create pumice, which is white and full of bubbles. Effusive eruptions of rhyolite often produce obsidian, which is bubble-free and black. Rhyolite often erupts explosively because its high silica content results in extremely high viscosity, which hinders the escape of gases. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Richter Scale - The Richter scale is a scale of earthquake magnitude based on the motion of a seismograph. Source: Lutgens and Tarbuck (1992) Rift Zone - A region of crust where extension results in formation of an array of kinematically realted normal faults, along with associated grabens, half grabens, and horsts. Some active rift zones have associated volcanic activity. Some rift zones evolve into troughs filled by very thick sequences of sediment. Some are broad with distributed faults, whereas some are narrow with localized faulting. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Roche Moutonnée - An elongated, rounded, asymmetrical, bedrock knob produced by glacier erosion. It has a gentle slope on its up-glacier side, and a steep- to vertical-face on the down-glacier side. Source: Bruce Molnia Rock - Rocks are consolidated mixtures of minerals. Source: Lutgens and Tarbuck (1992) Rockslide - see " Landslide " Rockweed - Rockweed is coarse brown algae, either free-floating or attached to rocks, growing in marine environments. Source: Katie KellerLynn Runoff - Runoff is the part of precipitation appearing in surface streams. It is water that flows over the land rather than infiltrating into the ground. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987); Lutgens and Tarbuck (1992)   S ..... top Saline - Saline means consisting of or containing salt. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Salinity - Salinity is the total amount of dissolved salts in seawater or brackish water, measured by weight in parts per thousand. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Sand - Sand is a rock fragment or detrital particle smaller than a granule and larger than a coarse silt grain, having a diameter in the range of 1/16 to 2 mm (62–2,000 microns or 0.0025–0.08 inches). Sand is somewhat rounded by abrasion during transport. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Sand Spits - Sand spits are points, tongues, or embankments made of sand; they have one end attached to the mainland and the other terminating in open water. They are finger-like extensions of beaches. Source: Katie KellerLynn Sandstone - Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of feldspar and quartz and varies in color (in a similar way to sand), through grey, yellow, red, and white. Source: Wikipedia Saturation - Saturation is the maximum possible content of water vapor in the atmosphere for a given temperature. Saturation also applies to the degree to which pores in a rock (or soil, in the case of water) contain oil, gas, or water, generally expressed in percent of total pore space. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Schist - Schist is a type of medium-grade metamorphic rock, notable for the preponderance of lamellar minerals, including micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, or graphite. By definition, schist contains more than 50% platy and elongated minerals, often finely interleaved with quartz and feldspar. Source: Wikipedia ; Katie KellerLynn Science - see " Scientific Method " Scientific Method - What distinguishes science from other fields of study is the method that scientists use to acquire knowledge and the special significance of this knowledge. Scientific knowledge can be used to predict future events. The scientific method originated in the 17th century with people such as Galileo, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton. The key to the method is to make no initial assumptions, but rather to make careful observations of natural phenomena. The scientific method is the combination of observations, experimentation, and the formulation of laws, hypotheses, and theories. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Sea Fan - see " Gorgonian " Secede - To formally withdraw from membership of an organization, association, or alliance is to secede. Source: Kathryn Wright Sediment - In general, sediment is solid fragmental material transported by wind, water, or ice, chemically precipitated from solution, or secreted by organisms, and that forms in layers in loose unconsolidated form, e.g., sand, mud, till. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Sedimentary Rock - Sedimentary rocks result from the consolidation of sediment; for example, a clastic rock such as sandstone, a chemical rock such as rock salt, or an organic rock such as coal. Sedimentary rocks constitute one of the three main classes into which rocks are divided, the others being igneous and metamorphic. Source: Katie KellerLynn Sedimentology - Sedimentology is the scientific study of sedimentary rocks and of the processes by which they were formed. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Seismograph - A seismograph is an instrument that records earthquake waves. Source: Lutgens and Tarbuck (1992) Seismology - The study of earthquakes and of the structure of Earth by both natural and artificially generated waves. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Serac - A serac is a jagged pinnacle or tower of ice, located on the surface of a glacier, formed as a glacier flows down an icefall, or by the intersection of crevasses. Frequently, large areas of a glacier will be covered by seracs. Source: Bruce Molnia Shale - Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery, and parallel to the often indistinguishable bedding planes. Non-fissile rocks of similar composition but made of particles smaller than 1/16 mm are mudstones. Rocks with similar particle sizes but with less clay and therefore grittier are siltstones. Source: Wikipedia Shear Zone - A shear zone is a tabular region of rock that has been brecciated by many parallel fractures. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Shield Volcano - Shield volcanoes have broad, gentle slopes built by the eruption of fluid basalt lava. The largest volcanoes on Earth are shield volcanoes. The name comes from a perceived resemblance to the shape of a warrior's shield. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Shoreline - The shoreline is the zone where the ocean is in contact with dry land. Source: Pinet (1992) Siege - A siege is a military blockade of a city of fortified place in which the attackers intend to compel the inhabitants to surrender. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Silica - Silica is silicon dioxide (SiO2), occurring in crystalline, amorphous, and impure forms (as in quartz, opal, and sand respectively). Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Silicified - "Silicified" describes organic material that has undergone silicification, that is, a process of fossilization whereby the original organic components of an organism are replaced by silica such as quartz, chalcedony, or opal. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Sill - A sill is a tabular igneous intrusion that parallels the planar structure of the surrounding rock. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Silt - Silt is a detrital particle finer than fine sand and coarser than clay, commonly in the range of 1/16 to 1/256 mm. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Siltstone - Siltstone is a sedimentary rock that is intermediate in grain size between the coarser sandstone and the finer shale. As its name implies, it is primarily composed of silt, defined as grains smaller than 62 micrometers. Source: Wikipedia Silurian - The Silurian is a period of the Paleozoic Era thought to have covered the span of time between about 443.7 and 416 million years ago; also, the corresponding system of rocks. The Silurian follows the Ordovician and precedes the Devonian. It is named after the Silures, a Celtic tribe. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Silviculture - Silviculture is the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Slate - Slate is a compact, fine-grained metamorphic rock that possess slaty cleavage and hence can be split into slabs and thin plates. Most slate was formed from shale. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Snout - see " Terminus " Snowbridge - A snowbridge is a mass of snow that has accumulated in the top of an open crevasse, masking the existence of the crevasse. Frequently, a large void exists below the bridge. Source: Bruce Molnia Soil - Soil is a dynamic resource that supports plants. It consists of mineral particles of different sizes (sand, silt, and clay), organic matter, and numerous species of living organisms. Soil has biological, chemical, and physical properties, some of which change in response to how the soil is managed. Source: Natural Resources Conservation Service (2001) Soil Fertility - Soil fertility is the ability of soil to supply and sustain adequate amounts of nutrients for plant growth. Source: Saskatchewan Interactive Solid - With respect to the classification scheme based on the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), in a solid, atoms and molecules are in close contact, sometimes in a highly organized arrangement called a crystal. A solid occupies a definite volume and has a definite shape. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Solution - Solution is a process of chemical weathering by which mineral and rock material passes into solution (homogeneously mixed with a liquid). An example is the removal of calcium carbonate in limestone by carbonic acid derived from rainwater containing carbon dioxide, acquired during its passage through the atmosphere. Source: Katie KellerLynn Spar - Spar is a general term used to describe any euhedral or subhedral crystal, regardless of mineral composition, where the crystal facets are easily discernable. Source: Katie KellerLynn Species - Species is a classification of organisms all of which have a high degree of physical and genetic similarity, generally interbreed only among themselves, and show persistent differences from members of allied groups of organisms. Source: National Park Service, Executive Order 13112–Invasive Species Speleothem - A speleothem (from the Greek for “cave deposit”) is a formal term for a cave formation. Speleothems are the result of the interactions among water, rock, and air within caves. Examples of speleothems are stalactites, stalagmites, colums, cave popcorn, aragonite crystals, and cave bacon. Source: Katie KellerLynn Spires - Rock spires form as a result of weathering and erosion along joint and fault lines. Unlike needles or pillars, spires are typically solitary forms Source: Katie KellerLynn Spodosols - Spodosols are soils with a subsoil accumulation of aluminum, organic matter, and usually iron. Source: Kohnke and Franzmeier (1995) Spreading Center - Spreading centers, also called divergent margins, are the new, growing edge of a plate. They are coincident with a mid-ocean ridge. Source: Skinner and Porter (1995) Stagnation - Stagnation is the in situ melting of glacier ice. Many glaciers have stagnant termini, covered by thick sediment debris. Some support vegetation, including mature forests. Source: Bruce Molnia Steppe - A Russian term for grasslands, steppe landscapes occur in the semiarid midlatitudes where average precipitation is not great enough to support the growth of shrublands or forests. Source: PhysicalGeography.net Stock - A stock is an igneous intrusion that is less than 40 square miles (100 km2) in surface exposure, is usually but not always discordant (not parallel to the foliation or bedding of the preexisting rock), and resembles a batholith except in size. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Strata - Strata is plural for stratum—the layer of sedimentary rock, visually separable from other layers above and below; also referred to as a bed. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Stratigraphy - Stratigraphy is the branch of geology that deals with the formation, composition, sequence, and correlation of layered rocks as parts of Earth's crust. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan Stratotype - The stratotype is the designated representative of a named stratigraphic unit, or of a stratigraphic boundary identified as a point in a specific sequence of rock strata. It constitutes the standard for the definition and recognition of that unit or boundary. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Striations - Paralleling the direction of glacial flow, striations are lines of abrasion in the bedrock over which a glacier flowed. These are smaller scratches and streaks, compared to gouges and grooves. Source: Katie KellerLynn Stromatolite - "Stroma" means mattress, bed in Greek; "litos" means rock. Stromatolites are commonly thought to have been formed by the trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria. However, very few ancient stromatolites actually contain fossilized microbes. While features of some stromatolites are suggestive of biological activity, others possess features that are more consistent with abiotic precipitation. Source: Wikipedia Subduction Zone - A subduction zone, also called a convergent margin, is the linear zone along which a plate of lithosphere sinks (subducts) down into the asthenosphere. Source: Skinner and Porter (1995) Subhedral - The term subhedral is used to describe a mineral grain that is bounded partly by its own rational (natural) faces and partly by surfaces formed against preexisting grains as a result of either crystallization or recrystallization. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Subsistence - Subsistence refers to the required items an organism needs in order to survive. Source: National Park Service Suncups - Suncups are a series of bowl-like depression melted into a snow or ice surface, separated by a network of connected ridges. Individual suncups may be more than 3 feet (0.9 m) deep and 10 feet (3 m) in diameter. Suncups form during warm, sunny conditions. Source: Bruce Molnia Sunspots - Sunspots are relatively dark areas on the Sun's surface. They represent lower temperatures. Source: Katie KellerLynn Surf Zone - The surf zone is the section of the coastal zone between the shoreline and the breaker zone. It is known as the zone of active breaking waves. Source: Katie KellerLynn Surge - A surge is a short-lived, frequently large-scale, increase in the rate of movement of the ice within a glacier. Ice velocities may increase 10 to 100 times that of normal flow rates. In some surges, the terminus of a glacier rapidly steepens and advances. Although not all glaciers surge, those that do, often surge with some sort of a periodicity. Source: Bruce Molnia System - In geology, a system is a major chronostratigraphic unit of worldwide significance. It is the fundamental unit of chronostratigraphic classification, extended from a type area or region and correlated mainly by its fossil content. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Systematics - Systematics, also known as taxonomy, is the science of classification, in particular the classification of organisms. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.)   T ..... top Talus - Talus are rock fragments of any size (usually coarse and angular) derived from and lying at the base of a cliff or very steep, rocky slope. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Tapirs - The tapirs are large, browsing animals, roughly pig-like in shape but with a short trunk that can grasp or hold things. Source: Katie KellerLynn Tarn - A tarn is a lake that develops in the basin of a cirque, generally after the melting of a glacier. Source: Bruce Molnia Taxa - "Taxa" is the plural form of "taxon." Taxa are the groups or entities of taxonomy--the scientific classification of both living and fossil organisms. Source: Katie KellerLynn Taxonomy - Taxonomy is the classification of life (plants and animals) into groups of related features. Source: National Park Service Tectonic - "Tectonic" pertains to the forces involved in, or the resulting structure of, tectonics (see Tectonics). Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Tectonics - Tectonics is a branch of geology dealing with the broad architecturae of the ourter part of Earth, that is, the major structural or deformational features and their relations, origin, and historical evolution. It is closely related to structural geology, but tectonics generally deals with larger features. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Tectonism - Tectonism is a general term used for all movement of Earth's crust produced by tectonic processes, including the formation of ocean basins, continents, plateaus, and mountain ranges. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Temperature - Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness. To establish a temperature scale, scientists arbitrarily set fixed points and temperature increments called degrees. Two commonly used fixed points are the temperature at which ice melts and the temperature at which water boils, both at standard atmospheric pressure. On the Fahrenheit temperature scale the melting point of ice is 32°, the boiling point of water is 212°, and the interval between is divided into 180 equal parts, called Fahrenheit degrees. On the Celsius (centigrade) scale the melting point of ice is 0°, the boiling point of water is 100°, and the interval between is divided into 100 equal parts, called Celsius degrees. Another temperature scale, the Kelvin scale, assigns a value of zero to the lowest conceivable temperature. This zero—0 Kelvin—comes at -273.15°C. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993); Katie KellerLynn Tephra - Tephra is a collective term for all clastic materials ejected from a volcano and transported through the air. It includes volcanic dust, ash, cinders, lapilli, scoria, pumice, bombs, and blocks. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Terminus - The terminus is the lower margin or extremity of a glacier, also called the snout, toe, or end. Source: Katie KellerLynn Terrace - In marine geology, a terrace is a bench-like structure on the ocean floor. Source: Katie KellerLynn Terrestrial - Terrestrial is a term used to describe species that live on land. This includes all species that live in trees and other plants that grow on land. Source: National Park Service Tertiary - Traditionally the Tertiary Period consisted of five epochs: Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene and covered the time from 65.5 million years ago to 1.8 million years ago. Recently instead of breaking the Cenozoic Era into the Tertiary and Quaternary, however, the International Commission on Stratigraphy breaks the Cenozoic into the Paleogene and the Neogene Periods. Hence, although still used, the terms Quaternary and Tertiary are no longer formally accepted terms of geologic time. Source: Naomi Lubick (2003); International Commission on Stratigraphy (2003) Texture - The general appearance or character of a rock is referred to as its texture. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Theory - A theory is a model or way of looking at nature that can be used to explain and to make further predictions about natural phenomena. It is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993); Kennedy et al. (1998) Therapsids - Therapsids, previously known as the "mammal-like reptiles," are an order of synapsids. Traditionally, synapsids were referred to as reptiles; however, the term now includes mammals. Therapsids became the dominant land animals by the Middle Permian, replacing the pelycosaurs. Source: Wikipedia Thermocline - Thermocline is the region in a thermally stratified body of water that separates warmer surface water from cold deep water and in which temperature decreases rapidly with depth. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Tidal Flat - A tidal flat is an extensive, nearly horizontal, marshy or barren tract of land that is alternatively covered and uncovered by the tide, and consisting of unconsolidated sediment (mostly mud and sand). It may form the top surface of a deltaic deposit. Source: Katie KellerLynn Till - Till is an unsorted, unstratified accumulation of sediment deposited directly by a glacier. Till is a heterogeneous mixture of different sized materials deposited by moving ice or by the melting in-place of stagnant ice. After deposition, some tills are reworked by water. Source: Katie KellerLynn Tillite - Tillite is a sedimentary rock formed by lithification of glacial till, especially pre-Pleistocene till. Source: Katie KellerLynn Time-Transgressive - Another term for "diachronous," a time-transgressive rock is of varying age in different areas or cuts across time planes or biozones. For example, a time-transgressive marine sand may have formed during an advance or recession of a shoreline, becoming younger in the direction in which the sea was moving. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Tissue - Tissue is an aggregate of cells usually of a particular kind together with their intercellular substance that form one of the structural materials of a plant or animal. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Toe - see " Terminus " Trace Fossil - A sedimentary structure consisting of a fossilized track, trail, burrow, or tube resulting from the life activities of an animal, such as a mark made by an invertebrate creeping, feeding, hiding, or resting on or in soft sediment. Many trace fossils were formerly assumed to be bodily preserved plants or animals. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Transform Boundary - A transform boundary is a boundary in which two plates (portions of Earth’s lithosphere) slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere. Source: Katie KellerLynn Transgression - Transgression is the spread of the sea over land areas. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Translocation - Translocation is the movement of materials in soil, primarily by water but also through the action of soil organisms. Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) Triassic - The Triassic is the first period of the Mesozoic Era (after the Permian of the Paleozoic Era, and before the Jurassic) thought to have covered the span of time between about 251 and 199.6 million years ago; also, the corresponding system of rocks. The Triassic is so named because of its threefold division in the rocks of Germany. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Trilobite - Trilobites are extinct arthropods in the class Trilobita. They appeared in the Cambrian period and flourished throughout the lower Paleozoic before slowly declining to extinction. The last of the trilobites disappeared in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian 250 million years ago. Trilobites are well-known, possibly the second most famous fossil group after the dinosaurs, and are the most diverse group of animal species preserved in the fossil record, consisting of eight, possibly nine, orders, and more than 15,000 species. Most were simple, small marine animals that filtered mud to obtain food. Source: Wikipedia Trimline - A trimline is a sharp boundary that marks the maximum upper level of the margins of a glacier that has receded from an area. It usually coincides with a break in slope or change in color of bedrock indicating the separation of weathered from unweathered bedrock. The trimline of a long-extinct glacier may be marked by a sharp change in the age, constitution, or density of vegetation. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987); Bruce Molnia Trophic Level - Trophic level is one of the hierarchical strata of a food web charcaterized by organisms that are the same number of steps removed from the primary producers. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Tsunami - A Japanese word meaning "harbor wave," a tsunami is a wave, or series of waves, that are generated in a body of water by a sudden disturbance that displaces water. They are typically caused by earthquakes and landslides in coastal regions. Volcanic eruptions, nuclear explosions, and even impacts from meteorites, asteroids, and comets from outer space can generate a tsunami. Source: National Park Service Tufa - Tufa is a chemical sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate, formed by evaporation as an incrustation around the mouth of a spring, along a stream, or exceptionally as a thick, concertionary deposit in a lake or along its shore. It may also be precipitated by algae or bacteria. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Tuff - Tuff is a general term for all consolidated pyroclastic rocks. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Type Area - The type area is the geographic area or region that encompasses the stratotype or type locality of a stratigraphic unit or stratigraphic boundary. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005) Type Locality - The type locality is a reference point; it is the place where a geologic feature (i.e., ore body, a particular kind of igneous rock, or the index specimen of a fossil species or subspecies) was first recognized and described. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Type Section - A type section is a sequence of strata that constitutes a stratigraphic unit and its stratigraphic boundary. It serves as an objective standard with which spatially separated parts of the unit may be compared. There is only one type section. Source: Neuendorf et al. (2005)   U ..... top U.S. Constitution - The U.S. Constitution is the basic principles and laws of the United States. It determines the powers and duties of the government and guarantees certain rights to the people in the nation. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Unconformity - An unconformity is a break or gap in the geologic record, such as an interruption in the normal sequence of deposition of sedimentary rocks, or a break between eroded metamorphic rocks and younger sedimentary strata. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Understory - Understory is the underlying layer of vegetation, especially the trees and shrubs between the forest canopy and the ground cover. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Undertow - Undertow is the seaward return flow, near the bottom of a sloping beach, of water that was carried onto the shore by waves. Source: Katie KellerLynn Ungulate - Ungulates are the group of mammals that have hooves (e.g., bighorn sheep, elk, deer, and bison). Source: National Park Service Union - The federal union of states during the period of the American Civil War is referred to as the Union. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Uplift - An uplift is a structurally high area in Earth's crust produced by positive movements that raise or upthrust the rocks, as in a dome or arch. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Upwelling - Upwelling is the rise of cold, heavy seawater toward the surface from depth. Upwelling also refers to the relatively quiet eruption of lava and volcanic gases, with little force. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) U-shaped Valley - A valley with a parabolic or “U” shaped cross-section, steep walls, and generally a broad, flat floor. Formed by glacier erosion, a U-shaped valley often results when a glacier widens and over-steepens a V-shaped stream valley. Source: Bruce Molnia   V ..... top Vascular Plant - Plants that have conducting systems to transport water and nutrients to cells are referred to as vascular. The xylem and phloem are parts of the conducting system. Source: National Park Service Vector - The mode of transporting a species from its native habitat to the new habitat that it invades is referred to as a vector. Source: National Park Service Veins - Veins appear in rocks, animals, insects, and plants. In rocks, magma forms veins that upon solidification often contain useful minerals. In animals, blood flows through veins. In plants, veins are vascular bundles that form the framework of a leaf. In insects, stiff ribs form veins on wings. Source: Katie KellerLynn Vent - A vent is an opening in the Earth's crust from which molten rock and volcanic gases escape onto the ground or into the atmosphere. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Vertebrate - Any animal with a spinal column is a vertebrate, for example, mammals, reptiles, fish, and birds. Source: National Park Service Virus - Viruses are classified as any of a large group of submicroscopic infective agents that are regarded either as extremely simple microorganisms or as extremely complex molecules, that typically contain a protein coat surrounding RNA or DNA core of genetic material but no semipermeable membrane, that are capable of growth and multiplication only in living cells, and that cause various diseases in animals and plants. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Viscosity - Viscosity is a liquid's resistance to flow. The stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction are, the greater the viscosity. Source: Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Vitrification - Vitrification is the process of converting clay, and other substances, into glass or a glassy substance by heat and fusion. Source: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Vog - Vog (volcanic smog) is a mixture of gases and aerosols (tiny particles and droplets) formed when volcanic gas reacts with moisture, oxygen, and sunlight. Source: U.S. Geological Survey - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Volcanic Arc - A volcanic arc is a generally curved linear belt of volcanoes above a subduction zone, including the volcanic and plutonic rocks formed there. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Volcanic Gas - Magma contains dissolved gases that are released into the atmosphere during eruptions. The most common gas released by magma is steam (vaporized water), followed by carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and other compounds. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Volcano - A vent at Earth's surface through which magma (molten rock) and associated gases erupt; also, the cone built by effusive and explosive eruptions. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Volcano, Active - A volcano that is erupting is considered active; also, one that is not currently erupting but is expected to do so. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Volcano, Dormant - A dormant volcano is a volcano that is not now erupting but that has done so within historic time and is considered likely to do so in the future. There is no precise distinction between a dormant and an active volcano. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Volcano, Extinct - An extinct volcano is one that is not now erupting and is not considered likely to erupt in the future. Source: Bates and Jackson (1987) Volume - Volume is the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object. It has the unit (length)3, and the international standard is cubic meters (m3). Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.); Petrucci and Harwood (1993) Volunteer - A person who volunteers their service to help others without benefit of pay. Volunteers are vital to the success on NPS research expeditions. Source: National Park Service Vug - A vug is a small cavity in a rock or rock vein that is usually lined with crystals of a different mineral composition from the enclosing rock. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Vulcan - Vulcan is the Roman god of fire and metalworking. The term relates to the working of metals or volcanic eruptions. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.)   W ..... top Water - Water is the liquid that descends from clouds as rain; forms streams, lakes, and seas; and is a major constituent of all living matter. When pure, water is odorless and tasteless. It is the oxide of hydrogen (H2O). It appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0°C, boils at 100°C, and has a maximum density at 4°C. It is a poor conductor of electricity, a good solvent, and is very slightly compressible. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) Water Table - The boundary between the zone of aeration (above) and zone of saturation (below). The water table is the upper boundary of groundwater reservoirs. Source: Katie KellerLynn Watershed - A watershed is the area drained by a river and all its tributaries; it is a catchment or drainage basin, which is bounded peripherally by a divide (e.g., topography). Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) Wave - Defined with respect to water, a wave is a disturbance that represents energy propagating or moving across the water surface (a surface wave) or along a density discontinuity within a water column (an internal wave). Source: Pinet (1992) Weathering - Weathering is the breakdown and decomposition of earthy and rocky materials in response to atmospheric processes. Source: Bradshaw and Weaver (1993) Wetlands - Wetlands is a general term for a group of wet habitats. It includes areas that are permanently wet or intermittently water-covered. Source: Katie KellerLynn Whaleback - Whalebacks are smooth, glacially sculpted bedrock knobs of modest size that resemble the back of a sounding whale. Source: Sharp (1988)   X ..... top Xeric - The term xeric refers to a habitat or plant, for example, that requires only a small amount of moisture. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.)   ... Currently no 'Y' terms available ...   Z ..... top Zircon - A mineral (ZrSiO4) that is a common accessory mineral in siliceous igneous rocks, crystalline limestone, schists, and gneisses, in sedimentary rocks derived therefrom, and in beach and river placer deposits. When cut and polished, the colorless varieties provide exceptionally brilliant gemstones. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984) Zone of Aeration - The zone of aeration lies above the water table. Although some of the pore spaces in the soil and rock are filled with water, others are filled with air; the ground is not saturated in this zone. Source: Katie KellerLynn Zone of Saturation - The zone of saturation lies below the water table. All of the pore spaces in the soil or rock of this zone are completely filled with water. The ground is completely saturated. This is where groundwater is found. Source: Katie KellerLynn Views of the National Parks was created February 21, 2001 by the National Park Service as an education and interpretation program for those interested in experiencing the wonders of America's national parks.
Permafrost
In which range of mountains are the two highest peaks Aconcagua and Ojos Del Salado?
NOAA's National Weather Service - Glossary Pacific Pacific Decadal Oscillation (Abbrev. PDO) - a recently described pattern of climate variation similar to ENSO though on a timescale of decades and not seasons. It is characterized by SST anomalies of one sign in the north-central Pacific and SST anomalies of another sign to the north and east near the Aleutians and the Gulf of Alaska. It primarily affects weather patterns and sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Northwest, Alaska, and northern Pacific Islands. Palmer Drought Severity Index (Abbrev. PDSI) - an index used to gage the severity of drought conditions by using a water balance equation to track water supply and demand. This index is calculated weekly by the National Weather Service. Pan Pan A headline within National Weather Service high seas forecasts transmitted via the GMDSS to indicate that a hurricane or hurricane force winds are forecast. Pancake Ice In hydrologic terms, circular flat pieces of ice with a raised rim; the shape and rim are due to repeated collisions Panhandle Hook Low pressure systems that originate in the panhandle region of Texas and Oklahoma which initially move east and then "hook" or recurve more northeast toward the upper Midwest or Great Lakes region. In winter, these systems usually deposit heavy snows north of their surface track. Thunderstorms may be found south of the track. Parameter A subset of the group of evaluations that constitute each element of an observation. Parapet Wall In hydrologic terms, a solid wall built along the top of the dam for ornament, safety, or to prevent overtopping Parcel A volume of air small enough to contain uniform distribution of its meteorological properties and large enough to remain relatively self-contained and respond to all meteorological processes. Parhelion The scientific name for sun dogs. Either of two colored luminous spots that appear at roughly 22 degrees on both sides of the sun at the same elevation. They are caused by the refraction of sunlight passing through ice crystals. They are most commonly seen during winter in the middle latitudes and are exclusively associated with cirriform clouds. They are also known as mock suns. Partial Beam Filling A limitation of the rainfall estimation techniques used by NEXRAD. At far ranges from the radar, a storm may occupy only a portion of the radar beam (which may be several miles across). However, the radiation received by the radar antenna consists of the average reflectivity across the entire beam, so the reflectivity and associated rainfall rates are underestimated. Partial-Duration Flood Series In hydrologic terms, a list of all flood peaks that exceed a chosen base stage or discharge, regardless of the number of peaks occurring in a year. Particle Trajectory Model A computer sub-model that tracks the trajectories of multiple particles that are released into an atmospheric flow model. Partly Cloudy Between 3/8 and 5/8 of the sky is covered by clouds. Partly Sunny Between 3/8 and 5/8 of the sky is covered by clouds. The term "Partly Sunny" is used only during daylight hours. Pascal The unit of pressure produced when one newton acts on one square meter (1 N/m2). It is abbreviated Pa. PAT Predominant PDO Pacific Decadal Oscillation - a recently described pattern of climate variation similar to ENSO though on a timescale of decades and not seasons. It is characterized by SST anomalies of one sign in the north-central Pacific and SST anomalies of another sign to the north and east near the Aleutians and the Gulf of Alaska. It primarily affects weather patterns and sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Northwest, Alaska, and northern Pacific Islands. Two main characteristics distinguish PDO from El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO): first, 20th century PDO "events" persisted for 20-to-30 years, while typical ENSO events persisted for 6 to 18 months; second, the climatic fingerprints of the PDO are most visible in the North Pacific/North American sector, while secondary signatures exist in the tropics- the opposite is true for ENSO. Several independent studies found evidence of just two full PDO cycles in the past century: cool" PDO regimes prevailed from 1890-1924 and again from 1947-1976, while "warm" PDO regimes dominated from 1925-1946 and from 1977 through (at least) the mid-1990's. Causes for the PDO are not currently known. Likewise, the potential predictability for this climate oscillation are not known. PDS Particularly Dangerous Situation (PDS) wording is used in rare situations when long-lived, strong and violent tornadoes are possible. This enhanced wording may also accompany severe thunderstorm watches for intense convective wind storms. PDS Watch The Particularly Dangerous Situation (PDS) wording is used in rare situations when long-lived, strong and violent tornadoes are possible. This enhanced wording may also accompany severe thunderstorm watches for intense convective wind storms. PDSI Palmer Drought Severity Index - an index used to gage the severity of drought conditions by using a water balance equation to track water supply and demand. This index is calculated weekly by the National Weather Service. PDT Pacific Daylight Time Peak Discharge In hydrologic terms, the rate of discharge of a volume of water passing a given location Peak Gust The highest instantaneous wind speed observed or recorded. Peak Pulse The amount of power transmitted by a radar during a given pulse. Note that because these pulses are widely spaced, the average power will be much smaller. Peak Wind Speed The maximum instantaneous wind speed since the last observation that exceeded 25 knots. Pendant Echo Radar signature generally similar to a hook echo, except that the hook shape is not as well defined. Penetrating Top Same as Overshooting Top; a dome-like protrusion above a thunderstorm anvil, representing a very strong updraft and hence a higher potential for severe weather with that storm. A persistent and/or large overshooting top (anvil dome) often is present on a supercell. A short-lived overshooting top, or one that forms and dissipates in cycles, may indicate the presence of a pulse storm. Penumbra In solar-terrestrial terms, the sunspot area that may surround the darker umbra or umbrae. It consists of linear bright and dark elements radial from the sunspot umbra. Perched Groundwater In hydrologic terms, local saturated zones above the water table which exist above an impervious layer of limited extent. Percolation In hydrologic terms, the movement of water, under hydrostatic pressure, through the interstices of a rock or soil, except the movement through large openings such as caves Percolation Path In hydrologic terms, the course followed by water moving or percolating through any other permeable material, or under a dam which rests upon a permeable foundation. Perennial Stream In hydrologic terms, a stream that flows all year round. Perigee The closest distance between moon and earth or the earth and sun. Perihelion The point on the annual orbit of a body (about the sun) that is closest to the sun; at present, the earth reaches this point on about 5 January. Opposite of aphelion. Permafrost A layer of soil at varying depths below the surface in which the temperature has remained below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years. Permeability In hydrologic terms, the ability of a material to transmit fluid through its pores when subjected to a difference in head. Permeability Coefficient In hydrologic terms, the rate of flow of a fluid through a cross section of a porous mass under a unit hydraulic gradient, at a temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Permeameter In hydrologic terms, a laboratory instrument for determining permeability by measuring the discharge through a sample of the material when a known hydraulic head is applied. Persistence Continuation of existing conditions. When a physical parameter varies slowly, the best prediction is often persistence Persistence Forecast A forecast that the current weather condition will persist and that future weather will be the same as the present (e.g., if it is raining today, a forecast predicting rain tonight). Perturbation Model A computer model used to calculate air pollution concentrations. A perturbation model produces a wind field from solutions to a simplified set of equations that describe atmospheric motions. Pervious Zone In hydrologic terms, a part of the cross section of an embankment dam comprising material of high permeability PFD QPF Discussion (issued by the HPC) Phenomenological Model A computer model used to calculate air pollution concentrations. A phenomenological model focuses on an individual phenomenon, such as plume impingement or fumigation. PHFO Honolulu National Weather Service Forecast Office Phiezometer In hydrologic terms, an instrument used to measure pressure head in a conduit, tank, soil, etc. They are used in dams to measure the level of saturation. Photochemical Smog Air pollution containing ozone and other reactive chemical compounds formed by the reaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight. Photosphere The intensely bright portion of the sun visible to the unaided eye; the "surface" of the sun. Reaching temperatures estimated at about 11,000 degrees Fahrenheit, it is the portion of the sun's atmosphere which emits continuous electromagnetic radiation. Phreatic water In hydrologic terms, water within the earth that supplies wells and springs; water in the zone of saturation where all openings in rocks and soil are filled, the upper surface of which forms the water table. Also termed Groundwater. PIBAL Pilot balloon. A small helium-filled meteorological balloon that is tracked as it rises through the atmosphere to determine how wind speed and direction change with altitude. Pilot Balloon (Abbrev. PIBAL)- A small helium-filled meteorological balloon that is tracked as it rises through the atmosphere to determine how wind speed and direction change with altitude. Pilot Report (Abbrev. PIREP)- A report of inflight weather by an aircraft pilot or crew member. A complete coded report includes the following information in this order: location and/or extent of reported weather phenomenon: type of aircraft (only with reports turbulence or icing). Pingo A large frost mound of more than one-year duration. PIREP Pilot Report. A report of inflight weather by an aircraft pilot or crew member. A complete coded report includes the following information in this order: location and/or extent of reported weather phenomenon: type of aircraft (only with reports turbulence or icing). Pitot Tube In hydrologic terms, a device for measuring the velocity of flowing water using the velocity head of the stream as an index of velocity. It consists essentially of an orifice held to a point upstream in the water, connected with a tube in which the rise of water due to velocity head may be observed and measured. It also may be constructed with an upstream and downstream orifice, with two water columns, in which case the difference in height of water column in the tubes is the index of velocity. PIX Peak PL Sleet (Ice Pellets)- defined as pellets of ice composed of frozen or mostly frozen raindrops or refrozen partially melted snowflakes. These pellets of ice usually bounce after hitting the ground or other hard surfaces. Heavy sleet is a relatively rare event defined as an accumulation of ice pellets covering the ground to a depth of ½" or more. PL Ice pellets (sleet) Plage In solar-terrestrial terms, an extended emission feature of an active region that exists from the emergence of the first magnetic flux until the widely scattered remnant magnetic fields merge with the background. Plage Corridor In solar-terrestrial terms, a space in chromospheric plage lacking plage intensity, coinciding with polarity inversion line. Plagenil In solar-terrestrial terms, spotless disc free of calcium plage. Plan Position Indicator An acronym for Plan Position Indicator. A PPI displays radar data horizontally using a map projection. In PPI mode, the radar makes a 360-degree sweep with the antenna at a specific elevation angle. A PPI display is the familiar radar display shown on the television weather programs. Planetary Boundary Layer The layer within the atmosphere between 1 km and the earth's surface where friction affects wind speed and wind direction. Plasma Any ionized gas; that is, any gas containing ions and electrons. Platform A generic radar term, often used to encompass the pedestal and antenna assembly; sometimes including the radar control, display and analysis hardware and software as well. Plow Wind A term used in the midwestern United States to describe strong, straight-line winds associated with the downdrafts spreading out in advance of squall lines and thunderstorms. Resulting damage is usually confined to narrow zones like that caused by tornadoes; however, the winds are all in one direction (straight-line winds). Plume Blight Visibility impairment caused by air pollution plumes aggregated from individual sources. Plume Impingement The collision of a plume with topography that rises above the plume altitude; often a temporary condition that occurs as the plume sweeps by the face of a hill as the wind shifts. Plume-dominated Fire A fire whose behavior is governed primarily by the local wind circulation produced in response to the strong convection above the fire rather than by the general wind. Pluvial In hydrology, anything that is brought about directly by precipitation. PMD Panhandle PNS Public Information Statement - a narrative statement issued by a National Weather Service Forecast Office that can be used for: 1) A current or expected nonhazardous event of general interest to the public that can usually be covered with a single message (e.g., unusual atmospheric phenomena such as sun dogs, halos, rainbows, aurora borealis, lenticular clouds, and stories about a long-term dry/cold/wet/warm spell). 2) Public educational information and activities, such as storm safety rules, awareness activities, storm drills, etc. 3) Information regarding service changes, service limitations, interruptions due to reduced or lost power or equipment outages, or special information clarifying interpretation of NWS data. For example, this product may be used to inform users of radar equipment outages or special information clarifying interpretation of radar data originating from an unusual source which may be mistaken for precipitation (such as chaff drops, smoke plumes, etc., that produces echoes on the radar display. POH Probability of Hail - a product from the NEXRAD hail detection algorithm that estimates the likelihood that hail is present in a storm. Point Precipitation Precipitation at a particular site, in contrast to the mean precipitation over an area. Point Source A pollutant source that can be treated in a dispersion model as though pollutants were emitted from a single point that is fixed in space. Example: the mouth of a smokestack. Compare area source and line source. Polar Cap Absorption (PCA) In solar-terrestrial terms, an anomalous condition of the polar ionosphere whereby HF and VHF (3 - 300 MHz) radiowaves are absorbed, and LF and VLF (3 - 300 kHz) radiowaves are reflected at lower altitudes than normal. In practice, the absorption is inferred from the proton flux at energies greater than 10 MeV, so that PCAs and proton events are simultaneous. Transpolar radio paths may still be disturbed for days, up to weeks, following the end of a proton event. Polar Front A semipermanent, semicontinuous front that separates tropical air masses from polar air masses. Polar Jet Marked by a concentration of isotherms and strong vertical shear, this jet is the boundary between the polar air and the subtropical air. It often divides into two branches, the north and the south, and marks the high speed core of the prevailing westerlies. It is associated with the location and motion of the high and low pressure areas of the middle latitudes, and therefore, is variable in position, elevation, and wind speed. Its position tends to migrate south in the Northern Hemispheric winter and north in the summer, and its core winds increase during the winter and become less strong in the summer. Polar Jet Stream Used interchangably with Polar Jet; a jet stream marked by a concentration of isotherms and strong vertical shear, this jet is the boundary between the polar air and the subtropical air. It often divides into two branches, the north and the south, and marks the high speed core of the prevailing westerlies. It is associated with the location and motion of the high and low pressure areas of the middle latitudes, and therefore, is variable in position, elevation, and wind speed. Its position tends to migrate south in the Northern Hemispheric winter and north in the summer, and its core winds increase during the winter and become less strong in the summer. Polar Orbiting Satellite A weather satellite which travels over both poles each time it orbits the Earth. It orbits about 530 miles (850 km) above the Earth's surface. A satellite with an orbit nearly parallel to the earth's meridian lines which crosses the polar regions on each orbit. Polarization Radar A radar which takes advantage of ways in which the transmitted waves' polarization affect the backscattering. Such radars may alternately transmit horizontal and vertically polarized beams, and measure differential reflectivity. Pollutant Particles, gases, or liquid aerosols in the atmosphere which have an undesirable effect on humans or their surroundings. Something unfavorable to health and life that has been added to the environment. Pondage In hydrologic terms, (1) The holding back of water for later release for power development above the dam of a hydroelectric plant to (a) equalize daily or weekly fluctuations of streamflow or (b) to permit irregular hourly use of water by the wheels to care for fluctuations in the load demand. (2) In general the holding back of water for later releases. (3) The storage capacity available for the use of such water. Ponding In hydrologic terms, in flat areas, runoff collects, or ponds in depression and cannot drain out. Flood waters must infiltrate slowly into the soil, evaporate, or be pumped out. Pool The elevation of the surface of a body of water such as a lake. Specifically, the pool at a lock and dam or a reservoir is the elevation of the water surface immediately upstream from the dam. Pool Height In hydrologic terms, the height of the water behind a dam. (Various datums may be used and various pool height may be used, e.g., conservation pool, flood control pool, etc.) POP Probability of Precipitation Popcorn Convection Slang for showers and thunderstorms that form on a scattered basis with little or no apparent organization, usually during the afternoon in response to diurnal heating. Individual thunderstorms typically are of the type sometimes referred to as air-mass thunderstorms: they are small, short-lived, very rarely severe, and they almost always dissipate near or just after sunset. POPS Porosity In hydrologic terms, (1) The ratio of pore volume to total volume of the formation. Sandy soils have large pores and a higher porosity than clays and other fine-grained soils. (2) An index of the void characteristics of a soil or stream as pertaining to percolation; degree of previousness. POS Positive Positive Area The area on a sounding representing the layer in which a lifted parcel would be warmer than the environment; thus, the area between the environmental temperature profile and the path of the lifted parcel. Positive area is a measure of the energy available for convection; see CAPE. Positive Cloud to Ground Lightning A CG flash that delivers positive charge to the ground, as opposed to the more common negative charge. Positive CGs have been found to occur more frequently in some severe thunderstorms. Their occurrence is detectable by most lightning detection networks, but visually it is not considered possible to distinguish between a positive CG and a negative CG. (Some claim to have observed a relationship between staccato lightning and positive CGs, but this relationship is as yet unproven.) Positive Vorticity Advection (Abbrev. PVA) - Advection of higher values of vorticity into an area, which often is associated with upward motion (lifting) of the air. PVA typically is found in advance of disturbances aloft (i.e., shortwaves), and is a property which often enhances the potential for thunderstorm development. Positive-tilt Trough An upper level system which is tilted to the east with increasing latitude (i.e., from southwest to northeast). A positive-tilt trough often is a sign of a weakening weather system, and generally is less likely to result in severe weather than a negative-tilt trough if all other factors are equal. Post-Flare Loops In solar-terrestrial terms, a loop prominence system often seen after a major two-ribbon flare, which bridges the ribbons. Post-storm Report A report issued by a local National Weather Service office summarizing the impact of a tropical cyclone on it's forecast area. These reports include information on observed winds, pressures, storm surges, rainfall, tornadoes, damage and casualties. Potential Temperature The temperature a parcel of dry air would have if brought adiabatically (i.e., without transfer of heat or mass) to a standard pressure level of 1000 mb. Potential Vorticity This plays an important role in the generation of vorticity in cyclogenesis, especially along the polar front. It is also very useful in tracing intrusions of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere in the vicinity of jet streaks. Powder Snow A radar equation to describe the amount of power that a radar emits. P = I * V (or) P = V2 / R (or) P = I2 / R where I is current (amps), V is voltage (volts), R is resistance (ohms), P is power (watts). PPI Plan Position Indicator PPINE Plan Position Indicates No Echoes, referring to the fact that a radar detects no precipitation within its range. An intensity-modulated display on which echo signals are shown in plain view with range and azimuth angle displayed in polar coordinates, forming a map-like display. Each PPI is taken at a single, fixed elevation angle, and thus forms a cone of coverage in space. PPIs may be run in sequence, creating a "volume scan". PQPF Probabilistic QPF; a form of QPF (see below) that includes an assigned probability of occurrence for each numerical value in the forecast product. PRBLTY A line of thunderstorms that precedes an advancing cold front. Pre-Frontal Trough An elongated area of relatively low pressure preceding a cold front that is usually associated with a shift in wind direction. Pre-Hurricane Squall Line It is often the first serious indication that a hurricane is approaching. It is a generally a straight line and resembles a squall-line that occurs with a mid-latitude cold front. It is as much as 50 miles or even more before the first ragged rain echoes of the hurricane's bands and is usually about 100 to 200 miles ahead of the eye, but it has been observed to be as much as 500 miles ahead of the eye in the largest hurricanes. PRECD Precede Precipitable Water Measure of the depth of liquid water at the surface that would result after precipitating all of the water vapor in a vertical column over a given location, usually extending from the surface to 300 mb. Precipitation The process where water vapor condenses in the atmosphere to form water droplets that fall to the Earth as rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc. Precipitation Attenuation The loss of energy that radar beam experiences as it passes through an area of precipitation. Precipitation Mode The standard, or default, operational mode of the WSR-88D. The radar automatically switches into precipitation mode from clear-air mode if the measured reflectivity exceeds a specific threshold value. The precipitation mode of NEXRAD is more sensitive than previous weather radars. The minimum detectable reflectivity in NEXRAD's precipitation mode is 5 dBZ, compared to 28 dBZ with the old WSR-57. Precipitation Processing System The WSR-88D system that generates 1-hour running, 3-hourly, and running storm total precipitation accumulations. Five functional steps are performed to calculate the best estimate of precipitation: 1) development of a sectorized hybrid scan, 2) conversion to precipitation rate, 3) precipitation accumulation, 4) adjustment using rain gages, 5) product update. Precision The accuracy with which a number can be represented, i.e., the number of digits used to represent a number. Predominant Wind The wind that prevails and generates the local component of the significant sea conditions across the forecast area. This is the wind included in all marine forecast products and is defined as a 10-meter wind, except over the nearshore marine zones where it is defined to be the wind at a 3-meter height. Preliminary Report Now known as the "Tropical Cyclone Report". A report summarizing the life history and effects of an Atlantic or eastern Pacific tropical cyclone. It contains a summary of the cyclone life cycle and pertinent meteorological data, including the post-analysis best track (six-hourly positions and intensities) and other meteorological statistics. It also contains a description of damage and casualties the system produced, as well as information on forecasts and warnings associated with the cyclone. NHC writes a report on every tropical cyclone in its area of responsibility. PRES Pressure Prescribed Fire A management ignited or natural wildland fire that burns under specified conditions where the fire is confined to a predetermined area and produces the fire behavior and fire characteristics required to attain planned fire treatment and resource management objectives. Present Movement The best estimate of the movement of the center of a tropical cyclone at a given time and given position. This estimate does not reflect the short-period, small scale oscillations of the cyclone center. Present Weather The type of weather observed at the reporting time. These conditions may include types and intensity of precipitation such as light rain or heavy snow, as well as the condition of the air environment such as foggy, hazy or blowing dust. Pressure The exertion of force upon a surface by a fluid (e.g., the atmosphere) in contact with it. Pressure Altimeter An aneroid barometer calibrated to indicate altitude in feet instead of units of pressure. It is read accurately only in a standard atmosphere and when the correct altimeter setting is used. Pressure Altitude The altitude in standard atmosphere at which a given pressure will be observed. It is the indicated altitude of a pressure altimeter at an altitude setting of 29.92 inches of mercury, and is therefore the indicated altitude above the 29.92 constant pressure surface. Pressure Change The net difference between the barometric pressure at the beginning and ending of a specified interval of time, usually the three hour period preceding an observation. Pressure Characteristic The pattern of the pressure change during the specified period of time, usually the three hour period preceding an observation. This is recorded in three categories: falling, rising, or steady. Pressure Couplet It is an area where you have a high pressure area located adjacent to a low pressure area. Pressure Falling Rapidly A decrease in station pressure at a rate of 0.06 inch of mercury or more per hour which totals 0.02 inch or more. Pressure Gage A device for registering the pressure of solids, liquids, or gases. It may be graduated to register pressure in any units desired. Pressure Gradient The amount of pressure change occurring over a given distance. Pressure Gradient Force A three-dimensional force vector operating in the atmosphere that accelerates air parcels away from regions of high pressure and toward regions of low pressure in response to an air pressure gradient. Usually resolved into vertical and horizontal components. Pressure Head Energy contained by fluid because of its pressure, usually expressed in feet of fluid (foot pounds per pound). Pressure Ice Floating sea, river, or lake ice that has been deformed, altered, or forced upward in pressure ridges by the lateral stresses of any combination of wind, water currents, tides, waves, and surf. Pressure Induced Wave A rare type of wave that does not develop from wind or seismic activity. Instead, these waves develop as a pressure perturbation moves over the water surface. The water surface adjusts to account for the atmospheric pressure change. As atmospheric pressure decreases, the force exerted upward by the water increases, creating a pressure induced wave. Pressure Jump A sudden, sharp increase in atmospheric pressure, typically occurring along an active front and preceding a storm. Pressure Rising Rapidly An increase in station pressure at a rate of 0.06 inch of mercury or more per hour which totals 0.02 inch or more. Pressure Tendency The character and amount of atmospheric pressure change during a specified period of time, usually 3-hour period preceding an observation. Pressure Unsteady A pressure that fluctuates by 0.03 inch of mercury or more from the mean pressure during the period of measurement. Pressure-driven Channeling Channeling of wind in a valley by synoptic-scale pressure gradients superimposed along the valley's axis. Compare forced channeling. Prevailing Visibility The visibility that is considered representative of conditions at the station; the greatest distance that can be seen throughout at least half the horizon circle, not necessarily continuous. Prevailing Westerlies The westerly winds that dominant in middle latitudes. Prevailing Winds A wind that consistently blows from one direction more than from any other. Prevention of Significant Deterioration A program, specified in the Clean Air Act, whose goal is to prevent air quality from deteriorating significantly in areas of the country that are presently meeting the ambient air quality standards. PRIM Primary Ambient Air Quality Standards Air quality standards designed to protect human health. Primary Control Tide Station A tide station where continuous observations have been made for a minimum of 19 years. Its purpose is to provide data for computing accepted values essential to tide predictions and for determining tidal datums for coastal and marine boundaries. The data series from primary control tide stations serves as a primary control for the reduction of tidal datum for subordinate tide stations with a shorter period of record. The 19 year period is the official tidal epoch for calculating tidal datums. Primary Pollutant Substances that are pollutants immediately on entering the atmosphere. Compare secondary pollutant. Primary Swell Direction Prevailing direction of swell propagation. PRIN A chance, or likelihood, that a certain event might happen. Probability Forecast A forecast of the probability that one or more of a mutually exclusive set of weather conditions will occur. Probability of Hail (Abbrev. POH) - a product from the NEXRAD hail detection algorithm that estimates the likelihood that hail is present in a storm. Probability of Precipitation (Abbrev. PoP)- The probability that precipitation will be reported at a certain location during a specified period of time. Probability of Thunderstorms The probability based on climatology that a thunderstorm will be reported at that location during a specified period of time. Probability of Tropical Cyclone Conditio The probability, in percent, that the cyclone center will pass within 50 miles to the right or 75 miles to the left of the listed location within the indicated time period when looking at the coast in the direction of the cyclone's movement. Product Resolution The smallest spatial increment or data element that is distinguishable in a given Doppler radar product. Profiler An instrument designed to measure horizontal winds directly above its location, and thus measure the vertical wind profile. Profilers operate on the same principles as Doppler radar. PROG Forecasted Prognostic Discussion This Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) discussion may include analysis of numerical and statistical models, meteorological circulation patterns and trends, and confidence factors. Reference is usually made to the manually produced 6- to 10-day Northern Hemisphere prognoses for mean 500 millibar heights and mean 500 millibar height anomalies. Discussions may also refer to the method of operational ensemble predictions. Progressive Derecho Derecho characterized by a short curved squall line oriented nearly perpendicular to the mean wind direction with a bulge in the general direction of the mean flow. Downburst activity occurs along the bulging portion of the line. This type of derecho typically occurs in the warm season (May through August) and is most frequent in a zone extending from eastern South Dakota to the upper Ohio Valley. The severe wind storms typically begin during the afternoon and continue into the evening hours. Several hours typically pass between initial convection and the first wind damage report. Prominence A term identifying cloud-like features in the solar atmosphere. The features appear as bright structures in the CORONA above the solar LIMB and as dark FILAMENTs when seen projected against the solar DISK PROPA Propagation (movement) Propagation 1. The movement of an atmospheric phenomenon. This term is frequently applied to the motion of thunderstorms into regions favorable for their continued development (into a maritime tropical airmass). 2. The transmission of electromagnetic energy as waves through or along a medium. Property Protection Measures that are undertaken usually by property owners in order to prevent, or reduce flood damage. Property protection measures are often inexpensive for the community because they are implemented by or cost-shared with property owners. In many cases the buildings' appearance or use is unaffected, so these measurements are particularity appropriate for historical sites and landmarks. These measures include relocation and acquisition, flood proofing, and buying flood insurance. Proton Solar activity levels with at least one high energy event (Class X Flares). Proton Event In solar-terrestrial terms, the measurement of at least 10 protons/cm2/sec/steradian at energies greater than 10 MeV. Proton Flare In solar-terrestrial terms, any flare producing significant fluxes of greater-than-10 MeV protons in the vicinity of the earth. PRST possibly Pseudo-Cold Front A boundary between a supercell's inflow region and the rear-flank downdraft (or RFD). It extends outward from the mesocyclone center, usually toward the south or southwest (but occasionally bows outward to the east or southeast in the case of an occluded mesocyclone), and is characterized by advancing of the downdraft air toward the inflow region. It is a particular form of gust front. Pseudo-Warm Front A boundary between a supercell's inflow region and the forward-flank downdraft (or FFD). It extends outward from at or near the mesocyclone center, usually toward the east or southeast, and normally is either nearly stationary or moves northward or northeastward ahead of the mesocyclone. PSG pattern PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center) - The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Ewa Beach (pronounced Eva Beach), HI has an international warning responsibility for the entire Pacific and a regional warning responsibility for the State of Hawaii. See also WC/ATWC. PTYPE precipitation type Public Information Statement A narrative statement issued by a National Weather Service Forecast Office that can be used for: 1) A current or expected nonhazardous event of general interest to the public that can usually be covered with a single message (e.g., unusual atmospheric phenomena such as sun dogs, halos, rainbows, aurora borealis, lenticular clouds, and stories about a long-term dry/cold/wet/warm spell). 2) Public educational information and activities, such as storm safety rules, awareness activities, storm drills, etc. 3) Information regarding service changes, service limitations, interruptions due to reduced or lost power or equipment outages, or special information clarifying interpretation of NWS data. For example, this product may be used to inform users of radar equipment outages or special information clarifying interpretation of radar data originating from an unusual source which may be mistaken for precipitation (such as chaff drops, smoke plumes, etc., that produces echoes on the radar display. Public Severe Weather Outlook These are issued when the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) in Norman, Oklahoma anticipates an especially significant and/or widespread outbreak of severe weather. This outlook will stress the seriousness of the situation, defines the threat area, and provides information on the timing of the outbreak. The lead time on this outlook is normally less than 36 hours prior to the severe weather event. Puddle In hydrologic terms, (1) The act of compacting earth, soil clay, etc., by mixing them with water and rolling or tamping the mixture. (2) A compact mass of earth, soil, clay, or a mixture of material, which has been compacted through the addition of water, rolling and tamping. This makes the material less permeable. (3) A small pool of water, usually a few inches in depth and from several inches to several feet in it greatest dimension. Puget Sound Convergence Zone A situation where wind forced around the Olympic Mountains converges over the Puget Sound. Causes extreme variability in weather conditions around Seattle, Washington with some areas of sunshine and others in clouds and rain. Pulse A short burst of electromagnetic energy that a radar sends out in a straight line to detect a precipitation target. The straight line that this pulse travels along is called a radar beam. Pulse Duration The time over which a radar pulse lasts. The pulse duration can be multiplied by the speed of light to determine the pulse length or pulse width. Pulse Length The linear distance in range occupied by an individual pulse from a radar. h = c * t , where t is the duration of the transmitted pulse, c is the speed of light, h is the length of the pulse in space. Note, in the radar equation, the length h/2 is actually used for calculating pulse volume because we are only interested in signals that arrive back at the radar simultaneously. This is also called a pulse width. Pulse Radar A type of radar, designed to facilitate range (distance) measurements, in which are transmitted energy emitted in periodic, brief transmission. Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) The amount of time between successive pulses, or bursts, of electromagnetic energy that is transmitted by a radar. The PRF determines the maximum range at which echoes can be detected and also the maximum radial velocity that can be detected by a Doppler radar. Pulse Repetition Time (PRT) The time elapsed between pulses by the radar. This is also called the pulse interval. Pulse Resolution Volume A discrete radar sampling volume, of dimensions (horizontal beamwidth * vertical beamwidth * 1 range gate). Pulse Severe Thunderstorms Single cell thunderstorms which produce brief periods of severe weather (3/4 inch hail, wind gusts in the excess of 58 miles an hour, or a tornado). Pulse Storm A thunderstorm within which a brief period (pulse) of strong updraft occurs, during and immediately after which the storm produces a short episode of severe weather. These storms generally are not tornado producers, but often produce large hail and/or damaging winds. See also overshooting top. Pulse Width Same as Pulse Length; the linear distance in range occupied by an individual pulse from a radar. h = c * t , where t is the duration of the transmitted pulse, c is the speed of light, h is the length of the pulse in space. Note, in the radar equation, the length h/2 is actually used for calculating pulse volume because we are only interested in signals that arrive back at the radar simultaneously. Pulse-Pair Processing Nickname for the technique of mean velocity estimation by calculation of the signal complex covariance argument. The calculation requires two consecutive pulses, hence "pulse-pair". PVA Positive Vorticity Advection - the advection of higher values of vorticity into an area. PVL
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Which British author, born in Torquay on September 15th 1890 married her first husband Archibald who she divorced in 1928? She married her second husband Max Mallowan in 1930, a partnership that was to last for 46 years.
Agatha Christie Biography Agatha Christie Detailed Biography: Agatha Christie was a very prolific British author of mystery novels and short stories, creator of Hercule Poirot , the Belgian detective, and Miss Jane Marple . Christie wrote more than 70 detective novels under the surname of her first husband, Colonel Archibald Christie . Agatha Christie also published a series of romances under the name of Mary Westmacott , and a children's book. Agatha Christie ( Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller ) was born in Torquay, in the county of Devon, as the daughter of Frederick Alvah Miller , an American with a moderate private income, and Clarissa Miller ( Clarissa Margaret Boehmer ). The Millers, Agatha 's parents, had two other children: Margaret Frary Miller (1879–1950), called Madge, who was eleven years Agatha Christie 's senior, and Louis Montant Miller (1880–1929), called Monty, ten years older than Agatha . Later, in her autobiography, Agatha Christie would refer to her brother as "an amiable scapegrace of a brother". Agatha 's father died when she was a child. Agatha Christie was at educated home, where her mother encouraged her to write from very early age. With her mother’s encouragement, Agatha Christie had already begun to write both stories and poetry. Agatha had some success with her poems, some of which were published in Poetry Reviews, but fared less well with her short stories, which she regularly submitted without success to various magazines. Agatha began a novel, which she entitled, Snow upon the Desert , and solicited the help of a local author and family friend, Eden Phillpotts. He gave Agatha advice and in due course the novel was submitted to this literary agent in London. But the interview between the literary agent and the budding young author was not a success and the novel was discarded. At sixteen Agatha was sent to school in Paris where she studied singing and piano. Agatha Christie was an accomplished pianist but her stage fright and shyness prevented her from pursuing a career in music. In her books Agatha Christie seldom referred to music, although her detectives, Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple , show interest in opera and Poirot sings in THE ABC MURDERS (1936) a World War I song. Now in her early 20s, Agatha was in considerable demand by any number of young men and in due course, while engaged to someone else, she met and fell in love with a young officer in the Field Artillery, one Archie Christie . On Christmas Eve 1914 Agatha Miller married Archibald Christie , an officer in the Flying Royal Corps who was beginning to earn a reputation as an aviator ace. Agatha and Archie had one daughter, Rosalind Hicks , who was born in 1919. During World War I Agatha Christie worked in a Red Cross Hospital in Torquay as a nurse. After two years of nursing, Agatha Christie graduated to the dispensary, where she acquired a knowledge of poisons that was to yield dividends in due course. Christie had already considered writing a detective novel, but her sister Madge was dismissive of the idea. Now perhaps encouraged by the proximity of the poison cabinet, Agatha Christie decided to prove her sister wrong. Agatha chose a setting, a country house in a small Essex village, and a method, poison, and most importantly invented a detective, a retired Belgian policeman by the name of Hercule Poirot . With the necessary ingredients in place Christie set to work and wrote steadily until, about half way through, she became stuck. Following family suggestions, Agatha Christie took herself off to a remote hotel in the middle of Dartmoor and immersed herself in her writing, finishing the manuscript within a fortnight in the summer of 1916. Agatha Christie 's husband, home on leave, enjoyed the story, entitled the Mysterious Affair at Styles , and recommended that the manuscript be submitted to Methuen where a friend of his was a director. But Methuen sat on the novel for 6 months before rejecting it, and another publisher was approached with a similar result. Agatha Christie sent her manuscript to yet a third publisher, The Bodley Head , where it languished. Agatha Christie 's first detective novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles , introduced Hercule Poirot , the Belgian detective, who appeared in more than 40 books, the last of which was CURTAIN (1975). The Christie s bought a house and named it 'Styles' after the first novel. Agatha Christie 's marriage broke up in 1926, and in the same year Agatha Christie 's beloved mother died. It had been during this marriage that Agatha Christie published her first novel in 1920, The Mysterious Affair at Styles . Agatha Christie 's husband Archie Christie had revealed that he was in love with another woman, Nancy Neele , and wanted a divorce. On 3 December 1926 the couple quarrelled, and Archie Christie left their house in Sunningdale, Berkshire to spend the weekend with his mistress. After hearing that her husband had left for Miss Neele 's house, Agatha Christie disappeared for a time. That same evening Agatha Christie had left behind a letter for her secretary saying that she was going to Yorkshire. Agatha ’s disappearance caused a public outcry, many of whom were admirers of Agatha Christie 's novels. Despite a massive manhunt, there were no results until eleven days later. "I would gladly give £500 if I could only hear where my wife is," said Colonel Archie Christie . Eleven days after her disappearance, Agatha Christie was identified as a guest at the Swan Hydropathic Hotel in Harrogate, Yorkshire where she was registered as ' Mrs Teresa Neele ' from Cape Town. Christie gave no account of her disappearance. Although two doctors had diagnosed her as suffering from amnesia, opinion remains divided as to the reasons for Agatha Christie 's disappearance. One suggestion is that Christie had suffered a nervous breakdown brought about by a natural propensity for depression, exacerbated by Agatha ’s mother's death earlier that year, and the discovery of Agatha Christie ’s husband's infidelity. Public reaction at the time was largely negative with many believing it was all just a publicity stunt, whilst others speculated Agatha Christie was trying to make the police think her husband killed her as revenge for his affair. The disappearance of Agatha Christie in 1926 was basis for the film Agatha . It was directed in 1978 by Michael Apted. In title role was Vanessa Redgrave as Agatha Christie . Agatha Christie 's divorce was finalized in 1928, and two years later she married the archaeologist Max Mallowan . Agatha had met him on her travels in the Middle East in 1927, and accompanied him on his excavations of sites in Syria and Iraq. Later Agatha Christie used these exotic settings in her novels MURDER IN MESOPOTAMIA (1936) and Death on the Nile (1937). Agatha Christie 's own archeological adventures were recounted in COME TELL ME HOW YOU LIVE (1946). Max Mallowan was Catholic and fourteen years Agatha 's junior; Max Mallowan became one of the most prominent archaeologist of his generation. Of her marriage Agatha Christie told reporters: "An archaeologist is the best husband any woman can have. The older she gets, the more interested he is in her." Max Mallowan worked in Iraq in the 1950s but returned to England, when Agatha Christie 's health grew weaker. Max Mallowan 's most famous book was Nimrud and its Remains. Agatha Christie 's second marriage was happy in the early years and endured despite Mallowan 's alleged affairs in later life, notably with Barbara Parker whom he married in 1977, the year after Agatha Christie 's death. As already mentioned, Agatha Christie 's travels with Max Mallowan contributed background to several of her novels set in the Middle East. Other novels (such as And Then There Were None ) were set in and around Torquay, Devon where Agatha Christie was born. Christie 's 1934 novel, Murder on the Orient Express was written in the Hotel Pera Palace in Istanbul, Turkey, the southern terminus of the railway. The hotel maintains Agatha Christie 's room as a memorial to the author. The Greenway Estate in Devon, acquired by Agatha Christie as a summer residence in 1938, is now in the care of the National Trust. Agatha Christie often stayed at Abney Hall in Cheshire, which was owned by Christie ’s brother-in-law, James Watts. Agatha based at least two of her stories on the hall: The short story The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding , which is in the story collection of the same name, and the novel After the Funeral . Abney became Agatha Christie 's greatest inspiration for country-house life, with all the servants and grandeur which have been woven into her plots. The descriptions of the fictional Styles, Chimneys, Stoneygates and the other houses in Agatha Christie ’s stories are mostly said to be Abney in various forms. Agatha Christie 's most prolific period began in the late 1920s. During the 1930s Agatha published four non-series mystery novels, fourteen Hercule Poirot novels, two Jane Marple novels, two Superintendent Battle books, a book of stories featuring Harley Quin and another featuring Mr Parker Pyne , an additional Mary Westmacott book, and two original plays. In 1936 Agatha Christie published the first of six psychological romance novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott . After visiting Luxor in 1937, where Agatha Christie saw Howard Carter, she wrote the play AKHNATON , which was not published until 1973. Agatha Christie 's play was produced in New York as Akhnaton and Nefertiti in 1979 and next year in London. During WW II Agatha Christie worked in the dispensary of University College Hospital in London. Agatha Christie also produced twelve completed novels. After the war Christie continued to write prolifically, also gaining success on the stage and in the cinema. Witness for the Prosecution , for example, was chosen the best foreign play of the 1954-55 season by the New York Drama Critics Circle. Witness for the Prosecution had opened in London in October 1953 and by December 1954, it was on Broadway. With Max Mallowan Agatha Christie traveled in 1947 and 1949 to expeditions to Nimrud, the ancient capital of Assyria, and in the Tigris Valley. Among the many film adaptations of Agatha Christie 's work are Murder on the Orient Express (1974), directed by Sidney Lument and with Albert Finney as Hercule Poirot , and Death on the Nile (1978), with Peter Ustinov as Hercule Poirot . Both films were nostalgic costume dramas. Even the small parts in Murder on the Orient Express were filled by famous stars. According to Billy Wilder, Agatha Christie herself considered his Witness for the Prosecution the best film adaptation of her work. Wilder rewrote Agatha Christie 's dialogue but did not change the clever plot with a surprise ending. Agatha Christie 's characters are usually well-to-do people. Often the comfortable lifestyle of Agatha 's characters are undermined by financial problems, which lead to murder. Although Agatha 's villains use very complicated plans, they are not impossible, but are firmly grounded on the everyday reality. In many stories the reader is fooled to suspect an innocent character, but most innovative was when Agatha Christie revealed the guilty party: it has been the narrator, a group of people, a serial killer who tries to hide an obvious motive for his killing one of the victims, and so forth. Agatha Christie 's world view was conservative and rational, but there is always a place for accidents: "'...Does it not strike you that the easiest way of removing someone you want to remove from your path is to take advantage of accident? Accidents are happening all the time. And sometimes - Hastings - they can be helped to happen!'"( Dumb Witness 1937). Agatha Christie always gives a logical explanation for crimes, but society is not blamed. Murder is not a sign of degeneration of middle-class values. After the crime is solved, life continues happily. Although Agatha Christie 's writing career spanned over six decades, she was conscious of social change without fixating on the period between the two World Wars. "When I reread those first books," she said in 1966, "I'm amazed at the number of servants drifting around. And nobody is really doing any work, they're always having tea on the lawn." However, Agatha Christie did not like editing her own text and was even reluctant to change the spelling unless a word has actually been misspelt. By 1955 Christie had become a limited company, Agatha Christie Ltd, which was acquired in the late 1960s by Booker Books. It had already acquired Ian Fleming. To honour her many literary works, Agatha Christie was awarded a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1956. In 1967 Agatha Christie became president of the British Detection Club . When Agatha Christie was asked to be President of the Detection Club in 1958, the only possible successor to Dorothy L. Sayers, she agreed but made it a condition that she should not be asked to speak at its public meetings. Nor, living comparatively far out of London and increasingly aged, did Agatha Christie often attend our gatherings. In 1971 Agatha Christie was made a Dame of the British Empire, three years after her husband was knighted Sir Max Mallowan in 1968 for his archeological work. From 1971 to 1974, Agatha Christie 's health began to fail however Christie continued to write. In 1975, sensing her increasing weakness, Agatha Christie signed over the rights of her most successful play, The Mousetrap , to her grandson. Agatha Christie died on 12 January 1976, at age 85, from natural causes, at her Winterbrook House in the north of Cholsey parish, adjoining Wallingford in Oxfordshire (formerly Berkshire). Agatha Christie is buried in the nearby St. Mary's Churchyard in Cholsey. Max Mallowan died two years later, but he had married after Agatha Christie 's death an old family friend. With over one hundred novels and over one hundred translations into foreign languages, Agatha Christie was by the time of her death the best-selling English novelist of all time. As Margery Allingham said: Agatha Christie has "entertained more people for more hours at time that any other writer of her generation." Agatha Christie 's only child, Rosalind Margaret Hicks , also died aged 85 in 28 October 2004, from natural causes, in Torbay, Devon. Agatha Christie 's grandson, Mathew Prichard, was heir to the copyright to some of his grandmother's literary work (including The Mousetrap ) and is still associated with Agatha Christie Limited. Agatha Christie Legacy Agatha Christie died in 1976. Her literary legacy inludes 66 crime novels, 13 plays, as well as 154 short stories, most of which have been published in 16 collections in the UK. A few of Agatha Christie 's stories evaded publication as part of collections and are only available in their original serial form. Agatha Christie also contributed to 3 collaborative detective novels, and under the name of Mary Westmacott wrote 6 romantic novels. All of Agatha Christie 's works published in book form remain in print in UK and the Mousetrap has more than 20,000 West End performances and countless amateur performances. Agatha 's works have been translated into more than 50 languages and published in 70 countries. Christie has sold over 2 billion books and her UK publishes, Harper Collins , expects to sell 600,000 each year. At least 30 feature films and over 100 TV productions been made. It amazing that Agatha Christie 's first book, Mysterious Affair at Styles , was rejected by 2 major publishing houses, and nearly 6 years were to pass before eventually accepted by John Lane of The Bodley Head . Such a tight deal was struck that Agatha Christie made virtually no money and found herself contracted to offer next 5 novels on terms only marginally better than those agreed for first book. The BBC reported Agatha Christie 's death as follows: Crime writer Agatha Christie dies The most popular novelist in the world, Dame Agatha Christie , has died leaving rumours of a multi-million pound fortune and a final book waiting to be published. The British author, who sold an estimated 300 million books during her lifetime, had been in poor health for several years. Agatha Christie died at her home in Wallingford in Oxfordshire, aged 85. Two London theatres dimmed their lights this evening - St Martin's where her record-breaking " The Mousetrap " is now in its 24th year and the Savoy, where " Murder at the Vicarage " will have its 200th performance next week. Dame Agatha Christie is believed to have left one last novel, as yet unpublished, featuring one of her most famous characters, the deceptively clever Miss Marple , as well as an autobiography. Newspaper estimates of Agatha Christie ’s fortune vary, but in the late 1950s she was reputed to be earning about £100,000 a year. The hugely successful play Mousetrap - first written as a radio sketch called Three Blind Mice for the 80th birthday of Queen Mary - is said to have made more than £3m. Agatha Christie gave the proceeds to her only grandson, Matthew Prichard. Christie was known to be a shrewd businesswoman, anxious to avoid leaving too much of her personal fortune to the taxman. Agatha once said: "I only write one book a year now, which is sufficient to give me a good income. If I wrote more, I'd enlarge the finances of the Inland Revenue who would spent it mostly on idiotic things." In 1955 Agatha Christie formed a company, Agatha Christie Ltd and to save its dividends from tax, she later sold 51% to Booker McConnell, a firm best known as sugar giants but also with other investments including authors' copyrights. Agatha Christie 's Will Dame Agatha Christie 's will was published on 30 April 1976 and revealed she had left only £106,683, having managed to dispose of most of her wealth before she died. Agatha Christie left most of her property to her husband and daughter with a number of smaller bequests such as £500 to her gardener, £250 to her secretary and £200 to her garden manager. Sleeping Murder , Miss Marple 's last case, was published after her death. Agatha Christie ’s autobiography was also published posthumously. Her legacy lives on in Torquay, Devon, where her daughter by her first marriage Rosalind Hicks lived until her death in 2004. Today there is an Agatha Christie museum and a bronze bust of the author at the harbourside. Christie ’s only grandson, Matthew Pritchard, is chairman of Agatha Christie Ltd.
Agatha Christie
Famed for her role in politics and born in 1921, what is the much more famous name of Anne Francis Robbins?
1000+ images about AGATHA CHRISTIE on Pinterest | Portrait, Rare photos and Facts Forward Agatha Christie circa 1926 - In 1926 Agatha Christie’s mother died, & her husband, Colonel Archibald Christie, requested a divorce. In a move she never fully explained, Christie disappeared & after several highly-publicized days, was discovered registered in a hotel under the name of the woman her husband wished to marry. In 1930 Christie married the archaeologist Sir Max Mallowan; thereafter she spent several months each year on expeditions in Iraq & Syria with him. See More
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What five letter name was given to the implement of corporal punishment used mainly in Scottish schools that consisted of a strap of leather with one end split into a number of tails?
VoyForums: ProSpank [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Sharon, 23:06:17 11/24/09 Tue [1] >I live at home with my Mom and working part time and >going to Jr College. Ihave to admit I've been pretty >bad, getting in late. not helping around the house. >Mom decided to start using physical punishment again. >Last week a got spanked , first time since 16 or so. >She even borrowd a paddle from my Aunt . I found out >its still effective but also a lot ,ore embarrassing >when you're older. I am esp embarrassed that my Aunt >knows I still get spanked , and Mom seems open to >discussing my punishments with her friends. Ralph, you are living under parents' root and ought to follow family rules. For violation family rules you have to be punished. If spanking is punishment in your family, you must be punished despite your age. By the way, I don't think that you are too old for spanking. My oldest is 17 now, but for his foolish acts I blister his behind the same as behinds his younger siblings. My friends have 20-year-old son, who is college student, however, about 2 months ago, he was spanked together with 15-year-old brother. [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Ralph, 06:44:23 11/25/09 Wed [1] to sharon ; but I'm upset she tells others , her freinds, etc that i still get spanked [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Sharon, 21:59:45 11/25/09 Wed [1] >to sharon ; but I'm upset she tells others , her >freinds, etc that i still get spanked to Ralph : I think her friends understand that boys deserve punishment for violation of family rules and many boys are spanked by parents. Perhaps, friends of your mother spank own children too. It's usual method for improvement disobedient boys and teens. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- ralph, 08:07:13 11/26/09 Thu [1] My Aunt wants her paddle back that Mom borrowed , and Mom needs one for me. She has a freind that has a craft shop , she is thinking of having her make one , Would that be best source. I agree with you about other parents but i don't think you understand . Not very many older teens are spanked and that is what is embarrassing to me [> [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Sharon, 09:36:15 11/27/09 Fri [1] >My Aunt wants her paddle back that Mom borrowed , and >Mom needs one for me. She has a freind that has a >craft shop , she is thinking of having her make one , >Would that be best source. I agree with you about >other parents but i don't think you understand . Not >very many older teens are spanked and that is what is >embarrassing to me Ralph, shame is part of punishment, if you violate family rules. Be good and obedient and your mom won't spank you. You are lucky that nobody see your punishment, although, sometimes, spanking in front witnesses (except members of family, who can see sibling's spanking always) is useful. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Ralph, 13:29:29 11/27/09 Fri [1] thanks for your advice . my Mom made me go to the craftshop and order the paddle from her friend.although she was kinda admused she said i could not believe hiw many spanking paddles had been ordered for naughty kids and teen who most certainly needed a good warmed bottom 9as she put it). she told me to tell mom she thourghly agrees with her. [> [> [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Charles Edwards, 14:36:23 12/06/09 Sun [1] > Ralph would certainly not like the lack of privacy that the teen boy and girl of friends of mine have to go along with . I stayed at their home for about a week and was surprised that the parents carry out discipline on their two in the lounge no matter who may be present as a visitor . The boy is about fourteen and their daughter twelve . One evening after we had eaten I was watching some television when the dad came into the room and told me that he had to spank both his children for some discobedience at their school. I said that I would go up to my room until they had received their discipline . But to my surprise both parents asked me to stay to add weight to the family decision to spank them . He called both of them in and put a chair in the middle of the room . There was some sobbing as they were told that it would be on the bare bottom for both of them and with me present . The boy went first over his dad`s lap then the girl . Their bottoms were as red as their faces as they were sent up to their rooms . A short sharp lesson that was no doubt deserved .But also a further insentive to be good at home as well as at school . >Ralph, shame is part of punishment, if you violate >family rules. Be good and obedient and your mom won't >spank you. You are lucky that nobody see your >punishment, although, sometimes, spanking in front >witnesses (except members of family, who can see >sibling's spanking always) is useful. [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- to Ralph, 23:29:29 11/27/09 Fri [1] >I live at home with my Mom and working part time and >going to Jr College. Ihave to admit I've been pretty >bad, getting in late. not helping around the house. >Mom decided to start using physical punishment again. >Last week a got spanked , first time since 16 or so. >She even borrowd a paddle from my Aunt . I found out >its still effective but also a lot ,ore embarrassing >when you're older. I am esp embarrassed that my Aunt >knows I still get spanked , and Mom seems open to >discussing my punishments with her friends. How you mother does spank you? I doubt you are spanked on the bare because you are too old. [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Violetta to Ralph, 12:23:12 11/28/09 Sat [1] >I live at home with my Mom and working part time and >going to Jr College. Ihave to admit I've been pretty >bad, getting in late. not helping around the house. >Mom decided to start using physical punishment again. >Last week a got spanked , first time since 16 or so. >She even borrowd a paddle from my Aunt . I found out >its still effective but also a lot ,ore embarrassing >when you're older. I am esp embarrassed that my Aunt >knows I still get spanked , and Mom seems open to >discussing my punishments with her friends. Hi, Ralphy, does your girlfriend know that you are spanked still? My bf Tommy is almost 18, but Daddy spanks him sometimes stil and Tommy very embarrassed that I know about his humiliation, although, usually he has no any embarrassment in front me. [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 to violetta -- ralph, 10:49:46 11/29/09 Sun [1] To Violetta, no my gf dosen't know Mom spanks me. Thank goodness, I would be very embarrassed.Its bad enough my Aunt and some of Mom's friends know, [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 to violetta -- Violetta, 11:08:53 11/30/09 Mon [1] >To Violetta, no my gf dosen't know Mom spanks me. >Thank goodness, I would be very embarrassed.Its bad >enough my Aunt and some of Mom's friends know, Don't embarrass her, if you love each other. Perhaps, boys are more embarrassed than girls about parents' spanking.. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 to violetta -- ralph, 06:36:01 12/03/09 Thu [1] why do you think its not as embarrassing for girls than for boys for others to know about spankings? how old are you / [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 to violetta -- Violetta to Ralph, 10:04:11 12/03/09 Thu [1] >why do you think its not as embarrassing for girls >than for boys for others to know about spankings? how >old are you / I'm 16 now but Mom continues to spank me, although, no so often as earlier. Tommy knows about it, because I have no secrets for him. Opposite it, he is embarrassed, when I know about his spanking. I think, boys are embarrassed more than girls because all their imagine themselves as adult and too big for spanking. Tommy considers he is adult enough and he hates to get Daddy's spanking as his younger siblings, however, it happens. [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Ralph, 15:22:01 01/07/10 Thu [1] Violetta hope you had a nice holiday have you been good ? silky clothes -- Dan , 07:20:38 01/03/10 Sun [1] A thought comes to me about a spanking I got from my aunt when I was 10yo. I slapped my sister and made her cry which brought my aunt running from her room in just her slip and nylons. She grabbed me pulled down my shorts and underpants and proceded to put me across her knee. I never felt such a nice feeling before as i did then .Of course that all went away when she started to spank me. [ Edit | View ] Sharon -- Spanking in front siblings, 09:55:53 11/26/09 Thu [10] I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and 15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. I always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for all children. [> Re: Sharon -- ralph, 18:16:51 11/26/09 Thu [1] Do their friends know about their spankings? and what about source for paddle [> [> Re: Sharon -- Sharon for Ralph, 22:54:12 11/26/09 Thu [1] >Do their friends know about their spankings? and what >about source for paddle Yes, some from their friends know about it. About sourse of paddle. I punish my children by my wooden hairbrush. [> Re: Sharon -- to Sharon, 23:25:28 11/27/09 Fri [1] >I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and >15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. I >always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I >consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for >all children. [> [> Re: Sharon -- Sharon, 11:03:47 11/28/09 Sat [1] >>I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and >>15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. I >>always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I >>consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for >>all children. >17yo kid is too old for spanking, especially, in front >someone. Yes, he is big and maturated enough, but, if he do childish bad acts, he ought to display his behind over my knee in front brother and sister and get real barebottomed spanking. It's rule in our family. No exception regardless age. [> [> [> Re: Sharon -- to Sharon, 17:47:11 11/28/09 Sat [1] >>>I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and >>>15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. >I >>>always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I >>>consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for >>>all children. >>17yo kid is too old for spanking, especially, in front >>someone. >Yes, he is big and maturated enough, but, if he do >childish bad acts, he ought to display his behind over >my knee in front brother and sister and get real >barebottomed spanking. It's rule in our family. No >exception regardless age. >Are your daughter is spanked on the bare in front >brothers too? We have no any exception in family. Culprit, boys or girl, gets on the bare bottom in front siblings. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Re: Sharon -- Charles Edwards, 14:38:17 12/02/09 Wed [1] I tend to agree with Sharon`s decision to spank her boys and her daughter .Even though they are in their teens they need to be obedient to their mother .And if that means suffering the embarrassment of having underpants or knickers taken down ,then they do have the alternative of being good boys and a good girl . [> [> [> [> Re: Sharon -- Sharon, 00:01:39 12/04/09 Fri [1] >I tend to agree with Sharon`s decision to spank her >boys and her daughter .Even though they are in their >teens they need to be obedient to their mother .And if >that means suffering the embarrassment of having >underpants or knickers taken down ,then they do have >the alternative of being good boys and a good girl . Yes, I think so. Childish punishment follows childish bad behavior. [> Re: Sharon -- Barry, 11:34:51 12/13/09 Sun [1] >I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and >15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. I >always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I >consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for >all children. Mother continues to spank me in front both younger sisters regardless my 16. It's very humiliated to be spanked naked in front them on display. Teenage spanking -- Diane Snyder (nauseated), 12:57:44 02/04/09 Wed [2] Spanking teenagers, especially girls, is disgusting. It has sexual overtones that in this day and age of rampant sexual abuse should not be tolerated. Spanking is erotic activity for many consenting adults. I would have been horrified if my dad had ever done such a thing to me and equally horrified if my husband did it to our teenage children. The fact is, we have never had to raise a hand against any of our kids and they are safely into adulthood, doing very well. That this is promoted under the guise of religous teaching is creepy. They did a lot of things in Biblical times like putting people up on crosses and feeding people to lions, I'm not suprised it was ok to knock your children around, too. I would hope we would now days use our God given intelligence to handle problem children rather than using physical assault. [> Re: Teenage spanking -- Courtney, 08:30:57 12/08/09 Tue [1] >Spanking teenagers, especially girls, is disgusting. >It has sexual overtones that in this day and age of >rampant sexual abuse should not be tolerated. >Spanking is erotic activity for many consenting >adults. I would have been horrified if my dad had >ever done such a thing to me and equally horrified if >my husband did it to our teenage children. The fact >is, we have never had to raise a hand against any of >our kids and they are safely into adulthood, doing >very well. That this is promoted under the guise of >religous teaching is creepy. They did a lot of things >in Biblical times like putting people up on crosses >and feeding people to lions, I'm not suprised it was >ok to knock your children around, too. I would hope >we would now days use our God given intelligence to >handle problem children rather than using physical >assault. Well you know what? It WORKS!!!! I was spanked at home until I was 18 years old and in school through my senior year. I never felt "abused" when I got a spanking. I'm 31 years old now and honestly miss the spankings I got growing up. It hurt, yeah, but it was over and done with and I knew that I had indeed deserved the spanking and never did the same thing again. [ Edit | View ] spanking daughters -- tamara, 12:00:22 08/16/09 Sun [3] We have two teenage girls ages 14 and 16 who we still spank when needed. My husband primarily does the spanking in private on their bare bottoms after a panty warming with his hand. He uses a paddle to swat their bottoms after that. iF they are paddled at school for misbehavior, they are also paddled at home. Spanking immediately adjusts their unruly attitudes and improves their behavior, it is a consequence when a natural one does not exist. Their bottoms are vert red and sore, but not bruised, and we see nothing wrong with being firm disciplinarians in the traditional sense. I was paddled by my dad until I was 20 always on the bare bottom and we have a loving relationship to this day. We care enough to spank our daughters bottoms until they no longer need it. I desperately want to see them grown up into fine Christian women who will marry loving and firm husbands they will know how to be obedient to. Replies: [> Re: spanking daughters -- Charles Edwards, 16:05:19 12/05/09 Sat [1] Well Tamara ,I think that you and your husband show good determination to discipline your daughters in the tried and tested method . I feel sure , even though the girls may not admit to it ,that they must feel some security and consistency in the way you provide for their needs . This of course has to include house rules and the manner in which they recieve discipline when they overstep them . [> Re: spanking daughters -- Bryan , 13:47:22 12/07/09 Mon [1] >We have two teenage girls ages 14 and 16 who we still >spank when needed. My husband primarily does the >spanking in private on their bare bottoms after a >panty warming with his hand. He uses a paddle to swat >their bottoms after that. iF they are paddled at >school for misbehavior, they are also paddled at home. > Spanking immediately adjusts their unruly attitudes >and improves their behavior, it is a consequence when >a natural one does not exist. Their bottoms are vert >red and sore, but not bruised, and we see nothing >wrong with being firm disciplinarians in the >traditional sense. I was paddled by my dad until I >was 20 always on the bare bottom and we have a loving >relationship to this day. We care enough to spank our >daughters bottoms until they no longer need it. I >desperately want to see them grown up into fine >Christian women who will marry loving and firm >husbands they will know how to be obedient to. Hi Tamara, by that, would you say that if they are dissrespectful to there husbands, they should be spanked? I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Derek (Joyful), 10:31:39 01/15/09 Thu [6] Bravo Keith. There is a ritual to disciplene in our house. When my wife and I deem our boys {ages 7 and 9} behavior bad enough all of us go into our bedroom and one {or both} are told to pull their pants down. I then take off my belt and instruct to bend over the bed. The spanking is administered in front of both parents so both can take part in it. [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- PDeverit , 18:03:48 01/19/09 Mon [1] So do you get spanked when you misbehave? [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Ted, 10:51:21 01/23/09 Fri [1] I agree that under certain circumstances, this type of discipline is good for the child. >Bravo Keith. There is a ritual to disciplene in our >house. When my wife and I deem our boys {ages 7 and 9} >behavior bad enough all of us go into our bedroom and >one {or both} are told to pull their pants down. I >then take off my belt and instruct to bend over the >bed. The spanking is administered in front of both >parents so both can take part in it. [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Mike (God help you all), 13:45:44 02/04/09 Wed [1] >Bravo Keith. There is a ritual to disciplene in our >house. When my wife and I deem our boys {ages 7 and 9} >behavior bad enough all of us go into our bedroom and >one {or both} are told to pull their pants down. I >then take off my belt and instruct to bend over the >bed. The spanking is administered in front of both >parents so both can take part in it. Are you serious? You both like abusively hitting your kids and ADMIT it? Take a class in child behavior and discipline and learn how to use a little thought instead of your fists to discipline your kids. How about next time you go over the speed limit in your pickup I take your pants down and spank your bare butt.. along with my wife, so we can both be in on it..... [ Edit | View ] [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Charles Davis, 09:26:13 03/31/09 Tue [1] >I am the father of 2 sons, aged 16 and 14. When either my wife or I considers the behavior of our boys merits severe discipline, my wife and I decide on the number of 'swats' (between 4 and 8), we all go into the home office, the offender is told to strip and bend over the desk, where I administer the whipping in front of my wife and his brother, so that it is a punishment in which all take part. These whippings are always followed by improved behavior. [> [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Albert, 19:42:39 11/22/09 Sun [1] >>I am the father of 2 sons, aged 16 and 14. When >either my wife or I considers the behavior of our boys >merits severe discipline, my wife and I decide on the >number of 'swats' (between 4 and 8), we all go into >the home office, the offender is told to strip and >bend over the desk, where I administer the whipping in >front of my wife and his brother, so that it is a >punishment in which all take part. These whippings are >always followed by improved behavior. Both my sons, 15 and 17, are spanked by me still for big transgressions. The culprit has to take off everything down waist and stand in knee-chest position on the floor or, sometimes, his bad. Spanking always is doing in front brother and mother. 19 year boy living at home -- Ralph (embarrassed), 07:21:58 10/24/09 Sat [3] i'm living at home with my mom and going to community college and working part time. mom has had it with my attitude and actions and has started spanking me again . [> Re: 19 year boy living at home -- David, 14:19:11 11/01/09 Sun [1] >i'm living at home with my mom and going to community >college and working part time. mom has had it with my >attitude and actions and has started spanking me again >. If your mother hits you, and you are truly 19 years old, you are an adult, and that is considered assault, whether you are living with your parents as a dependant or not. The elderly also live with their children as dependents, and it is just as illegal to hit them because of disagreements. If you are tired of being hit, and have the balls to stand up for yourself and take responsibility for your own behavior, tell her the hitting is going to stop or else. Also, once you are hit by someone else, if you hit them back it is considered self defense by the law in every state. Stand up for yourself, boy. [> Re: 19 year boy living at home -- David, 14:22:32 11/01/09 Sun [1] >i'm living at home with my mom and going to community >college and working part time. mom has had it with my >attitude and actions and has started spanking me again >. If your mother hits you, and you are truly 19 years old, you are an adult, and that is considered assault, whether you are living with your parents as a dependant or not. The elderly also live with their children as dependents, and it is just as illegal to hit them because of disagreements. If you are tired of being hit, and have the balls to stand up for yourself and take responsibility for your own behavior, tell her the hitting is going to stop or else. Also, once you are hit by someone else, if you hit them back it is considered self defense by the law in every state. Stand up for yourself, boy. You may find your mother respects you a bit more, if you refuse to be a submissive mewl. Remember, if you defend yourself it is lawful. Give that old witch a taste of her own medicine, and then watch her go to the clink. Also, why are you living with your mom in the first place. Get a freaking job and leave -- grow up. Being 18 years old, bigger than parents, and assault charges -- David, 14:15:52 11/01/09 Sun [1] I resent my parents belting me. I left them when I was of age, and went my own way. Today they apologize for beating me, and feel terrible about it. I don't beat my own children, and they are well behaved. It is a primitive form of behavior control. For those children over 18 who are hit by their parents, those parents can be convicted of assualt. The last time my father threatened to belt me, I told him to go ahead and take a swing, then I would knock him silly, and call the sherrif. He backed off, and I left the next day. [ Edit | View ] seen adult spanked -- Mike H (friends dad paddled bare), 15:26:27 10/15/09 Thu [1] Growing upin the 50's we lived on a farm and so did my best freind. I was at their place alot. Once when I came over to see my friend and came into the barn--I was shocked to see my friends dad getting his bare butt paddled by my friends grandpa. the dad looked at me from his bent over position with his bare butt out there--and simply siad w/o any hint of embarrassment---- "Why don't you just go on up to the house Larry is there". I could hear the spanking continue. When my friend and I were together I askedwhy his dad was getting paddled and my friend replied--as if it was the simplest question --"Oh mom and grandma were angry with him at lunch and said he need to get paddled--grandpa waited til lunch was done and is giving him the paddle." I was really shocked--I was 14 at the time. I knew both my friend and I still got paddled at that age--but I never suspected his own dad (a very strong man) got the same exact kind of paddling. Of course I saw the dad all the time after that--but he never said anything about it nor acted embarrassed---They were great people and always very good to me----I did not know the word patriarchal at that time---I guess I was seeing the real definition of it! mom spanked at 15 -- jeff d, 19:30:31 09/09/09 Wed [3] My brohers and I got paddled more my mom than dad cause she was home all the time----She paddled us bare over her knee--It hurt---but we sort of just regarded it as part of life. I had not gotten paddlled since 13 and I really had grown alot--I was on the varsity football team as I was very strong for my age---My parents forbade foul language. Wishing to impress my younger brothers--I used some of the language common in football---To my shock my mom overhead---she was outaged--She told me to get the paddle---and I did just that-she told me to take down my pants and undewear and I did w/o a moments hesitation and I went over her knee and she paddled me damn hard--with my youger brothers watching---I was squealing like a puppy. So much for being a tough football player--My butt was still red at pratice --I told them my dad paddled me--and I was still laughed at. I will give my brothers credit---they never told anyone I got my bare ass paddled by my mom. I have to ask other guys who got spanked by your mom in teens----I accepeted it with so with out questionthe same pre spanking fear---regardless of my size---Does a mother/son relationship just make this occur??? Hope to hear from some one thanks Replies: [> Re: mom spanked at 15 -- Wes, 21:41:44 09/17/09 Thu [1] I'm 17 and mom still spanks me in a similar way to how yours did. I am bigger than her and probably stronger but I dont put up much of a fight. I do try to argue against it but it dosnt really help. I think the reason I ultimately give in is what alternative is there? I dont really get embarassed to be bare in front of her because she has seen it all many times. [ Edit | View ] [> Re: mom spanked at 15 -- Pete in Kentucky, 22:51:43 10/01/09 Thu [1] My mom spanked me on the bare (belt) until I was 15 or 16. My dad quit when i was 18 or 19. This was back in the 70s and while I hated my spankings I never questioned my parents right to spank me. >My brohers and I got paddled more my mom than dad >cause she was home all the time----She paddled us bare >over her knee--It hurt---but we sort of just regarded >it as part of life. I had not gotten paddlled since >13 and I really had grown alot--I was on the varsity >football team as I was very strong for my age---My >parents forbade foul language. Wishing to impress my >younger brothers--I used some of the language common >in football---To my shock my mom overhead---she was >outaged--She told me to get the paddle---and I did >just that-she told me to take down my pants and >undewear and I did w/o a moments hesitation and I went >over her knee and she paddled me damn hard--with my >youger brothers watching---I was squealing like a >puppy. So much for being a tough football player--My >butt was still red at pratice --I told them my dad >paddled me--and I was still laughed at. I will give my >brothers credit---they never told anyone I got my bare >ass paddled by my mom. I have to ask other guys who >got spanked by your mom in teens----I accepeted it >with so with out questionthe same pre spanking >fear---regardless of my size---Does a mother/son >relationship just make this occur??? Hope to hear >from some one thanks Spanking Survey -- Ally, 13:49:59 08/30/09 Sun [1] Take the Spanking Survey by going to Admit it and stop -- Worldofhurt, 23:26:44 08/23/09 Sun [1] Spanking is and has always been a sexual act. Do it to adults if you like but stop fantasizing about your own kids bottoms and the sick control you have over them. You don't have sex in public for a reason. You don't masturbate in public for a reason. You don't spank children in public for the same reason. If a child even asks for you to look at their bottom and spank it while enjoying the sweet tyrannical feeling that you will masturbate about later, it is still wrong because they haven't reached consent. Download some porn for christ sake you deviant scum. Teen discipline blog -- Carmella, 05:51:52 07/21/09 Tue [1] I have just created a blog which may be of interest to like-minded parents. Still Spanked -- Will , 17:37:03 06/14/09 Sun [3] I'm 20 and still live at home with my mother. Part of the conditions for living here is following some rules and if it does not happen then she spanks me. In fact I was just spanked a few hours ago for not cleaning the back yard which I was supposed to do yesterday. It just slipped my mind. I do believe spanking works but was unsure about it at my age. Having read all the comments here I see that I'm not the only one who gets it at this age. Replies: [> Re: Still Spanked -- Stuart , 03:32:05 06/16/09 Tue [1] Will, where you from? So how was you spanked? Is it just you and mum or u got dad and siblings too? >I'm 20 and still live at home with my mother. Part of >the conditions for living here is following some rules >and if it does not happen then she spanks me. In fact >I was just spanked a few hours ago for not cleaning >the back yard which I was supposed to do yesterday. >It just slipped my mind. I do believe spanking works >but was unsure about it at my age. Having read all >the comments here I see that I'm not the only one who >gets it at this age. [> [> Re: Still Spanked -- Will, 01:33:44 06/20/09 Sat [1] >Will, where you from? So how was you spanked? Is it >just you and mum or u got dad and siblings too? > I'm in Canada. Usually spanked bare over the knee or lying on the bed. There is my stepfather and a step sister who is a year older. My step sister gets it from mom too but never when I'm around. My step father is ok with it, or seems to be, either way he does not do anything about it. Never met my real dad. Embarrassment is very effective -- it's true -- Amy (true story), 19:51:52 05/11/09 Mon [1] Back in the early 1970s, I attended an elementary school in North Carolina that was a bit overcrowded at the time, which necessitated putting some classrooms in trailers placed about 100 yards from the school building, right on edge of the playground. When I was between the ages of 10 and 11 years old, my fifth grade class was in one of those trailers, and our teacher, Mrs. Hampton, had some interesting ways of dealing with repeated bad behavior. One method was paddling. I was a rather troubled little girl, spanked often at home with hand, hairbrush and belt by both parents. At school, I was no different, always talking back, sulking and getting into squabbles with classmates, just like I fought with my little sister at home. That earned me a half-dozen pops with the paddle from Mrs. Hampton on a couple of occasions -- she would take me outside of the trailer, just around the corner, and another teacher would be asked to witness my little pantied butt getting wood-roasted as I bent over, my dress flipped up on my back, to my great embarrassment. (It hurt, too.) But that embarrassment and pain was nothing compared to what transpired once, when Mrs. Hampton imposed her other form of discipline used for recidivist offenders like me. She held what she called "trials" in the classroom, in which the mischievous child would have to sit facing the class and answer questions about his or her bad behavior. After a few minutes of this, classmates would raise their hands and suggest punishments. For some reason, no one ever suggested spanking, opting instead for embarrassing offenders some other way, such as making them wear a sign all day, or writing lines on the blackboard. That changed one day when I was busted for calling another girl a bad name and pushing her during some hallway dispute on the way back from the school cafeteria. I was put on "trial" for that, and it proved to be fateful. One of my classmates, Tommy Blalock (whom I hated, for good reason, as you shall see) knew that I got spanked at home. My bratty little sister took great pleasure in describing my bare-butt lickings to him once, in great detail. So when sentencing time came, Tommy raised his hand and suggested: "Mrs. Hampton, I think you should march Amy to the principal's office, have her call her mom, and ask for a spanking when she gets home!" (I think the little creep hoped he'd be able to come over to my house and watch.) That went over big. So when Mrs. Hampton went down the list of possible punishments on the blackboard, guess which one got the biggest show of hands? There was much giggling as Mrs. Hampton took my arm and marched me out of the trailer, up the hill toward the school building. I was mortified, but I had no idea how bad it would get. My mom was livid when Mrs. Hampton put me on the phone. I barely finished stammering out my assigned sentence ("...a s-s-spanking") when she demanded to speak to Mrs. Hampton again. "Uh, huh," Mrs. Hampton said, a slightly anxious but stern look on her face. "OK, Mrs. Howe, if that's what you think should happen, then we'll wait here." Uh-oh. I was beginning to get the gist of this. You see, we lived less than five minutes from the school, and my stay-at-home mom could zip right over at any time. Was she going to spank me in the office? Yikes! No. Such. Luck. I was sitting on a bench when mom showed up, and I darn near threw up from fear when I saw her. She meant business. To my horror, she just grabbed me by the arm and said, "Come with me, young lady." And the three of us started walking -- BACK TOWARD THE TRAILER. OH MY GOSH! "Please Mommy," I begged, only to be answered with a stern, snappy "Quiet!" that shut me right up. We were walking so fast that, at one point, one of the clog sandals I was wearing came off, and my mom made me pick it up, take the other one off, and walk barefoot on the hot concrete walkway (it was late Spring) as I carried my shoes. Soon enough, I would forget all about the burning soles of my little bare feet. As we entered the classroom, there were gasps and wide-eyed stares all around. Everyone knew they were about to witness a soon-to-be legendary event at this school. Oh, the stories they'd be able to tell! At a request from mom, Mrs. Hampton placed her own desk chair a few feet away from where she sat, right in front of the whole class! I just stood there. frozen with fear, in a daze. This could not be happening. But it was. "Put those shoes down right there, and come here right now, young lady!" Mom barked. I hesitated, my lip quivering, and my eyes watering. "Bu-but Mom..." "NOW!" she yelled. I sobbed and dropped the clogs, which made her lip quiver, too -- with anger. Not good. I inched slowly toward where she was seated, by knees wobbling and sweat forming on my brow and upper lip. Before I knew it, she grabbed my arm again and, with the remarkable superstrength of an angry mother, she yanked me across her knee as if I was no heavier than a blanket. "Young lady, I've had enough of these bad reports from Mrs. Hampton." she lectured. "And apparently, these children have had enough, too, because they've sentenced you to a good spanking. Well, I think they're entitled to see your sentence carried out. I am going to spank your bottom nice and red for them today!" Wait a minute -- "RED FOR THEM"? Surely she didn't mean... Oh yes she did. As quickly as she had yanked me over her lap, she flipped up my dress and went for the waistband of my little white panties. "NO!!! MOM!!!" I screamed, but it was too late by the time I whipped my hand back to try to prevent her action. My panties were already down around my knees, and I was humiliated for all time. There were more gasps from the audience (and of course, many giggles), and over my shoulder I could see that even Mrs. Hampton was taken aback for a second. She brought her hand up to her mouth as she gasped, too, and jerked forward for a second as if to come to my rescue. Then she apparently thought better of it for another second, stepped back, and a weird little smile came to her face as she arched her eyebrows. She was going to enjoy this. "Oh, yes, young lady," my mother answered me as I sobbed and pleaded, which she cut short with a quick slap to one of my thighs. "You're going to get the same spanking here that you would have gotten at home. I think the class deserves to see a nice red bottom today." And with that, my mom delivered, well, the mother of all bare-bottom spankings with her well-practiced bare hand, to the delight of my audience. For several minutes, slap after painful, stinging slap rang through that trailer classroom as Mom covered every inch of my milky white, slightly freckled bare bottom and thighs with hot, searing pain, as I blubbered like a baby and kicked my bare feet all around, nearly kicking off my panties in the process. Somehow, I managed to keep them from falling no lower than at my frantic ankles. When she was finished, she reached for the panties, pulled them back up and set me on my feet. She had me face the class, and I was forced to apologize as most of them grinned evilly at me. Then I was made to stand in the corner, as Mrs. Hampton knocked on the door of the other classroom that shared the trailer (they'd heard the whole thing, of course) and asked their teacher, Mrs. Blalock, if she could please supervise both classes this afternoon at recess, which was scheduled in about 10 minutes. She said yes. Then, for another 10 minutes, I was sat in front of the class again, on my blazing-hot behind, on that hard chair, for a humiliating post-trial-and-punishment discussion with the class. Tommy, of course, was beside himself with glee, but so was nearly everybody else. A few girls seemed mortified and sympathetic. But all agreed I had brought this on myself by my constant bratty behavior, and I was made to promise over and over to behave myself in the future or "face the consequences again," as my mother warned. At one point, my teacher admitted that she punished her own kids the same way -- over the knew, bare bottom - and expressed regret that she was unable to apply the same methods to some of her pupils. "I can think of a few kids here I'd like to do that to," she said, looking straight at Billy Honeycutt, the brattiest boy in class. He blushed, and looked away. "Well," my mom replied, "you certainly have my permission to spank this one over your knee on her bare behind whenever you need to. And if that doesn't work, I'll be glad to come back and repeat this little performance." Thanks, mom. Now that they had witnessed my total humiliation and comeuppance, the kids were dismissed to run off to the playground, where they had a great story to tell to anyone who'd listen. I, on the other hand, had to sit in the class with my mom and teacher for about 15 minutes of more stern lecturing. At that point, I just wanted to curl up and die. At least I got to ride home with Mom -- that bus ride home would have been brutal. I became an instant legend that day, without a doubt the worst day of my life, and I was never allowed to forget it. Kids teased me about it until the day I graduated high school. But I rarely misbehaved in class after that, I'll tell you that. I hate to admit it, but that spanking really did the trick. I was a model student after that, even in college. So, er, thanks, Mom, I guess. I disagree. -- Comfy (Confused), 23:56:21 05/09/09 Sat [1] Hello. I'm a hardworking, athletic, obedient, ambitious teenaged girl. But I'm a little confused. I don't think every child should get spanked. I think there are limits. Each child is special. I was spanked by my babysitter from age 3 to 5. Never by my parents. But as a result of getting spanked, I carry a lot of sexual frustration to this day. No one knows about it cause I think it's kind of sick and wrong. I just think that if I never gotten a spanking, I wouldn't have such a fetish. Thank you for reading and God bless. :] caning -- Wen Tian Yun (sad), 01:46:13 05/05/09 Tue [1] I am a boy. I am 13 years old. My dad ofthen canes me with a rattan. He canes me on my bottom, I cried everytime he canes me. Although I cried,he ignored me crying and canes me even more harder and more times. He would not hear me explain first before caning me. He wants me to get good results all the time. He canes me whenever I did badly for my tests, spellings, exams, even doing the assessment books that he bought for me, when I misbehave and walk I do not respect my elders and him. Everytime he canes me, my bottom will become very red, it hurts very much and it bleeds. But, he later on, help me to put oilment on my bottom, he points out what I did wrongly when I misbehave.When I did very badly, he would coach me. But, when he coach me, for every question I did wrongly or for every careless mistake I made, he would cane me on my hand. I sometimes enjoy being caned as that is the only time he can sit down and he can chat with me without any interruption from his work. You may find me very silly, but I meant it. If you all wants to see anything more about me, please go to my blog: http://yun999.blogspot.com/ [ Edit | View ] Penance -- Sid, 10:53:54 04/26/09 Sun [1] When I was younger after confession my penance was sometimes 4 or 6 cuts with the strap on the bare bottom. I regarded it as justified for my sins. Anyone else had penances like this? others spanking your child. -- lynnew , 05:26:02 04/01/09 Wed [11] How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me being spanked at school ( in my school this was with the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's children. They were spanked at home,normally by their mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' That's a real good job. ~now I know when your misbehaving where to send you! I am bringing my family up traditionally and use spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is administered soundly so that it normally leads to tears. I have no worries about disciplining them, but would feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just hypocritical ? Replies: [> Re: others spanking your child. -- noel, 11:06:40 04/02/09 Thu [1] Lynnew, You mention that you were tawsed at school, yet use the belt at home. Do you mean the tawse in the second case ( Scottish belt) or a normal belt. If the former is it effective- more or less than the cane- on your teenagers? >How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? > >I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). > >Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out >with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the >neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >misbehaving where to send you! > >I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >administered soundly so that it normally leads to >tears. >I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >hypocritical ? [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- lynnew , 13:23:38 04/02/09 Thu [1] Noel. sorry if I wasn't clear. I discipline my own daughters with a traditional tawse or cane. For those of you who don't know a Scottish tawse is a specially crafted piece of thick leather about 2 foot long with the 'business end' split into two or three tails. It can be used on the butt or hands. In school it was traditionally until 1982 used on the hand . It stings but doesn't easily mark and should never ever break or damage skin. It is safe but very effective.Tawses are graded from light to extra heavy. I use a three tail heavy, which is ideal for recalitrant teens. I give a dose to my daughters on the butt, but if ever stealing were involved I would strap the hands as well. The divided tails make it equally effective to the cane. But , of course, the cane , being rattan leaves prominant marks. Therefore I use the cane for the most serious offences. Hopefully very rarely! >Lynnew, You mention that you were tawsed at school, >yet use the belt at home. Do you mean the tawse in the >second case ( Scottish belt) or a normal belt. If the >former is it effective- more or less than the cane- on >your teenagers? >>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >> >>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >>and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >> >>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out >>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >>mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the >>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>misbehaving where to send you! >> >>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>tears. >>I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>hypocritical ? [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Vanessa, 06:42:58 04/03/09 Fri [1] Lynnew Congrats on bringing up your girls in the trasditional manner. They will thank you for it! My story is a little different . I too came from a good Christian family , but they were completely opposed to physical violence of any type, and never laid a hand on me. In my teens I knew most of my friends, ( we lived in a rural community) went to the same school and Church and got spanked at home. Indeed the Minister in the church in those days preached in favor of it. My parents actually filled in the waiver from the school to ensure I wasn't paddled. One day , however, I got into a fight. the automatic punishment was a five lick paddling or suspension. I was a very bright girl , nearly always top in my year when it came to tests and exams, and the idea of suspension was horrible. I pleaded with the lady V.P.(Miss Henderson) who dealt with my misdemenour to paddle me , and at last she said given my distress she would speak to my parents. Reluctantly , my mom agreed and I grabbed my ankles for my first five swats ever. Miss Henderson was really nice about it , as I had a previously unblemished record, and , whilst she really walloped with a vengence, she was very kind afterwards and let me compose myself with tissues and a glass of water, before facing my class. She told me I was very brave!!! I asked my mom if she wouldn't reconsider paddling me at home. She said no , and I was unhappy. So the next school open night she spoke to Miss Henderson. When she returned home she had arranged that if I deserved a paddling I would be sent round to Miss Henderson either at home or school and she would paddle me. I was surprised but it worked very well. Miss H lived about ten minutes walk from my house, and on the few occasions I was sent there, the walk gave me plenty of time to reflect on the sin committed and pain to come! I normally got a twelve swat ration if I saw her at home , always grabbing my ankles, but I always learned a lesson. I have always paddled my own children from youngsters to leaving home, but I share your misgivings about others dealing with them ( except school where I strongly support the paddle), despite my own background.Does that help? [ Edit | View ] [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Stuart , 12:56:58 04/03/09 Fri [1] lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in the discipline? Do others know how you discipline? >How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? > >I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). > >Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out >with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the >neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >misbehaving where to send you! > >I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >administered soundly so that it normally leads to >tears. >I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Lynnew, 13:27:16 04/04/09 Sat [1] No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I have returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers the last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in reality it makes very little difference to the effect of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters and I discussed this only the other week when I had to tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language and swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought about by a serious problem between friends at school, but a few strokes brought them to order. Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. They told me then they believe spanking is really effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all over and forgiven quickly. As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are proud of , although I know at least one of their friends confided in me she wished her parents would do the same to her. She gets grounded and the reciminations , and punishment hangs around for weeks. I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church who spank their teens, so its not unknown. >lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >the discipline? >Do others know how you discipline? > >>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >> >>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >>and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >> >>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out >>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >>mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the >>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>misbehaving where to send you! >> >>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>tears. >>I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Stuart , 13:59:01 04/06/09 Mon [1] lynnew so u have your girls take their skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson the type of knickers they may wear? >No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I have >returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers the >last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >reality it makes very little difference to the effect >of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters and >I discussed this only the other week when I had to >tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language and >swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >about by a serious problem between friends at school, >but a few strokes brought them to order. > >Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when >replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can >let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. > >They told me then they believe spanking is really >effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >over and forgiven quickly. >As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are >proud of , although I know at least one of their >friends confided in me she wished her parents would do >the same to her. She gets grounded and the >reciminations , and punishment hangs around for weeks. > I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church who >spank their teens, so its not unknown. > >>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >>the discipline? >>Do others know how you discipline? >> >>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >>> >>>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >>>and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >>> >>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung >out >>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and >the >>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >>>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>misbehaving where to send you! >>> >>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>>tears. >>>I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >>>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >>>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>>hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Lynnew, 03:42:18 04/07/09 Tue [1] Stuart, My method of punishment is to talk to the girl/s about the offense. when they have admitted their wrongdoing, I tell them a spanking is to be the penalty and then askher/ them politely to follow me into the kitchen. I ask her/them to stand on the back wall facing me hands by her/their sides. I then announce the form of punishment ( cane or strap). I have a high kitchen stool which I use for cooking. I put this in the middle of the room and take out as appropriate the cane or the tawse. I then ask the first girl to step forward and remove her skirt/trousers completely , folding them and putting them to one side. Then she must stretch over the stool and grab the 'low' bar. Then I apply the penalty. If it is the cane its a little more formal as I do test it for 'spring' and thus there are a couple of warning 'swishes'. with the tawse ( mine is a three tail 'heavy' from John J, Dick) it is simply applied in the time honoured method, holding the tails straight until I release the stoke. I NEVER tell the girls in advance the number of strokes to expect....that is for me to know and them to find out! But I am never unreasonable, and I do ask them to count.Miscount and I take it again. I don't give extra for yells, tears or any sort of performance, except if a girl were to rise from the stool completely , we would have to start over again. Should the offense require a handstrapping (where 'hands' have been involved in the act - stealing, hands caught rumaging in my handbag, smoking etc) etc) before bending the girl over the stool I apply 'six' ( three on each hand , with the hands held 'Scottish style') and the tawse drawn over the shoulder.This, as those of you who had the experience of Scottish schooling in the days of the belt will endorse, is a most 'memorable' experience. My girls are normally very co-operative, recognising the good the punishment does, and knowing I only correct them for their own benefit.Normally, my punishment does give rise to tears of shame as much as pain, although there is no point in punishment without sting. After the punishment is over we always hug so there is no ill feeling. As to knickers - it isn't an issue . Both attend independent schools where uniform inspection is carried out on occasion. What suits the school is ok by me.Were they to wear very modern attire in any case it would be worse for them, unlike shool wear, thongs etc etc give absolutely no protection- indeed in my case would render the wearer subject to 'extra'! I wondered from your interest Stuart, do you have kids to disicpline or were you disciplined yourself ? >lynnew so u have your girls take their >skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson >the type of knickers they may wear? > >>No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I have >>returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers the >>last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >>reality it makes very little difference to the effect >>of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters and >>I discussed this only the other week when I had to >>tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language and >>swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >>about by a serious problem between friends at school, >>but a few strokes brought them to order. >> >>Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >>line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when >>replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >>seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can >>let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. >> >>They told me then they believe spanking is really >>effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >>given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >>over and forgiven quickly. >>As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are >>proud of , although I know at least one of their >>friends confided in me she wished her parents would do >>the same to her. She gets grounded and the >>reciminations , and punishment hangs around for weeks. >> I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church who >>spank their teens, so its not unknown. >> >>>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >>>the discipline? >>>Do others know how you discipline? >>> >>>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >>>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >>>> >>>>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >>>>and were never discussed, my parents, both >practicing >>>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >>>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >>>> >>>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung >>out >>>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by >their >>>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >>>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >>>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and >>the >>>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state >on >>>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I >got >>>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and >me, >>>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would >be >>>>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>>misbehaving where to send you! >>>> >>>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >>>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>>>tears. >>>>I have no worries about disciplining them, but >would >>>>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >>>>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>>>hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Stuart , 13:28:54 04/08/09 Wed [1] lynne my interest is purely as I have never known of anyone in the UK who genuinely smacks teens bottoms. I feel if more teens were smacked they would be more respectful etc etc >Stuart, My method of punishment is to talk to the >girl/s about the offense. when they have admitted >their wrongdoing, I tell them a spanking is to be the >penalty and then askher/ them politely to follow me >into the kitchen. I ask her/them to stand on the back >wall facing me hands by her/their sides. I then >announce the form of punishment ( cane or strap). I >have a high kitchen stool which I use for cooking. I >put this in the middle of the room and take out as >appropriate the cane or the tawse. I then ask the >first girl to step forward and remove her >skirt/trousers completely , folding them and putting >them to one side. Then she must stretch over the stool >and grab the 'low' bar. Then I apply the penalty. If >it is the cane its a little more formal as I do test >it for 'spring' and thus there are a couple of warning >'swishes'. with the tawse ( mine is a three tail >'heavy' from John J, Dick) it is simply applied in the >time honoured method, holding the tails straight until >I release the stoke. I NEVER tell the girls in advance >the number of strokes to expect....that is for me to >know and them to find out! But I am never >unreasonable, and I do ask them to count.Miscount and >I take it again. I don't give extra for yells, tears >or any sort of performance, except if a girl were to >rise from the stool completely , we would have to >start over again. >Should the offense require a handstrapping (where >'hands' have been involved in the act - stealing, >hands caught rumaging in my handbag, smoking etc) >etc) before bending the girl over the stool I apply >'six' ( three on each hand , with the hands held >'Scottish style') and the tawse drawn over the >shoulder.This, as those of you who had the experience >of Scottish schooling in the days of the belt will >endorse, is a most 'memorable' experience. > >My girls are normally very co-operative, recognising >the good the punishment does, and knowing I only >correct them for their own benefit.Normally, my >punishment does give rise to tears of shame as much as >pain, although there is no point in punishment without >sting. After the punishment is over we always hug so >there is no ill feeling. > >As to knickers - it isn't an issue . Both attend >independent schools where uniform inspection is >carried out on occasion. What suits the school is ok >by me.Were they to wear very modern attire in any case >it would be worse for them, unlike shool wear, thongs >etc etc give absolutely no protection- indeed in my >case would render the wearer subject to 'extra'! > >I wondered from your interest Stuart, do you have kids >to disicpline or were you disciplined yourself ? > >>lynnew so u have your girls take their >>skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson >>the type of knickers they may wear? >> >>>No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I >have >>>returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers >the >>>last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >>>reality it makes very little difference to the effect >>>of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters >and >>>I discussed this only the other week when I had to >>>tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language and >>>swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >>>about by a serious problem between friends at school, >>>but a few strokes brought them to order. >>> >>>Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >>>line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when >>>replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >>>seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can >>>let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. >>> >>>They told me then they believe spanking is really >>>effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >>>given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >>>over and forgiven quickly. >>>As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are >>>proud of , although I know at least one of their >>>friends confided in me she wished her parents would >do >>>the same to her. She gets grounded and the >>>reciminations , and punishment hangs around for >weeks. >>> I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church who >>>spank their teens, so its not unknown. >>> >>>>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>>>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >>>>the discipline? >>>>Do others know how you discipline? >>>> >>>>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor >, >>>>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >>>>> >>>>>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>>>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured >out, >>>>>and were never discussed, my parents, both >>practicing >>>>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>>>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was >with >>>>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >>>>> >>>>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung >>>out >>>>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by >>their >>>>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my >parents, >>>>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>>>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion >I >>>>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and >>>the >>>>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state >>on >>>>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I >>got >>>>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>>>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and >>me, >>>>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would >>be >>>>>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>>>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>>>misbehaving where to send you! >>>>> >>>>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two >mid >>>>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>>>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>>>>tears. >>>>>I have no worries about disciplining them, but >>would >>>>>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with >them. >>>>>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>>>>hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Lynnew, 00:06:16 04/09/09 Thu [1] Thanks Stuart. It may surprise you but only just over ten years ago in independent schools the strap and cane were still legal . I taught in one such school where three of us shared ( men for the boys, women for the girls)the punishment duties amongst us ( head and two deputies). Many parents sought our school out because of its reputation for non nonsense discipline, and we had a happy environment in which to teach polite and respectful kids. Very very little such punishment was administered, but the fact we used it , if ever necessary , up to and including sixth formers was a deterrent. The last girl I caned was a sixth former. She had been caught smoking and out of bounds ( buying twenty cigarettes).She was caught by a junior member of staff to whom she had used foul language and issued a veiled threat. Despite my description of the offense she wasn't a regular trouble maker, but offered no real explanation other than she was in a foul mood when caught and apologized to the junior staff member. I talked to her for a long while but could get nowhere as to why she acted this way, and told her she could choose suspension for two weeks or six of the best. Six was rare, very rare , normally a couple or three at most. I notified her parents , who agreed with me, and she chose the cane. We normally caned the hands, but six was far too much So I had her bend over. It was over quickly, but as I expected she cried for the last couple of strokes. Once it was over we talked quietly whilst she composed herself. There was no anger or real distress.The morning after she brought me unbidden a letter of apology, and we shook hands .She told me she was sorry , and that day was getting a little reminder of her behavior every time she sat down! There were no further problems with her .She won a place at a leading university. Now in my view which was better a few minutes pain and immediate remorse, or two weeks loss of education? One is over in a minute or two , the other can , especially in public exam years place a girl's future at risk. It's not much different in families. My kids feel, for example that the punishment is quick, given whilst the offense is fresh in their mind, and is not drawn out , nor causes resentment- it is seen as fair. If they objected and wanted grounding , lines or loss of TV computer etc., I would do it , but this drags the affair out over weeks not minutes. My girls at at the top of the class at school , are polite respectful, and lead fulfilling independent lives . In short they are well adjusted citizens. lynne my interest is purely as I have never known of >anyone in the UK who genuinely smacks teens bottoms. I >feel if more teens were smacked they would be more >respectful etc etc >>Stuart, My method of punishment is to talk to the >>girl/s about the offense. when they have admitted >>their wrongdoing, I tell them a spanking is to be the >>penalty and then askher/ them politely to follow me >>into the kitchen. I ask her/them to stand on the back >>wall facing me hands by her/their sides. I then >>announce the form of punishment ( cane or strap). I >>have a high kitchen stool which I use for cooking. I >>put this in the middle of the room and take out as >>appropriate the cane or the tawse. I then ask the >>first girl to step forward and remove her >>skirt/trousers completely , folding them and putting >>them to one side. Then she must stretch over the stool >>and grab the 'low' bar. Then I apply the penalty. If >>it is the cane its a little more formal as I do test >>it for 'spring' and thus there are a couple of warning >>'swishes'. with the tawse ( mine is a three tail >>'heavy' from John J, Dick) it is simply applied in the >>time honoured method, holding the tails straight until >>I release the stoke. I NEVER tell the girls in advance >>the number of strokes to expect....that is for me to >>know and them to find out! But I am never >>unreasonable, and I do ask them to count.Miscount and >>I take it again. I don't give extra for yells, tears >>or any sort of performance, except if a girl were to >>rise from the stool completely , we would have to >>start over again. >>Should the offense require a handstrapping (where >>'hands' have been involved in the act - stealing, >>hands caught rumaging in my handbag, smoking etc) >>etc) before bending the girl over the stool I apply >>'six' ( three on each hand , with the hands held >>'Scottish style') and the tawse drawn over the >>shoulder.This, as those of you who had the experience >>of Scottish schooling in the days of the belt will >>endorse, is a most 'memorable' experience. >> >>My girls are normally very co-operative, recognising >>the good the punishment does, and knowing I only >>correct them for their own benefit.Normally, my >>punishment does give rise to tears of shame as much as >>pain, although there is no point in punishment without >>sting. After the punishment is over we always hug so >>there is no ill feeling. >> >>As to knickers - it isn't an issue . Both attend >>independent schools where uniform inspection is >>carried out on occasion. What suits the school is ok >>by me.Were they to wear very modern attire in any case >>it would be worse for them, unlike shool wear, thongs >>etc etc give absolutely no protection- indeed in my >>case would render the wearer subject to 'extra'! >> >>I wondered from your interest Stuart, do you have kids >>to disicpline or were you disciplined yourself ? >> >>>lynnew so u have your girls take their >>>skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson >>>the type of knickers they may wear? >>> >>>>No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I >>have >>>>returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers >>the >>>>last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >>>>reality it makes very little difference to the >effect >>>>of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters >>and >>>>I discussed this only the other week when I had to >>>>tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language >and >>>>swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >>>>about by a serious problem between friends at >school, >>>>but a few strokes brought them to order. >>>> >>>>Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >>>>line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when >>>>replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >>>>seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can >>>>let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. >>>> >>>>They told me then they believe spanking is really >>>>effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >>>>given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >>>>over and forgiven quickly. >>>>As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are >>>>proud of , although I know at least one of their >>>>friends confided in me she wished her parents would >>do >>>>the same to her. She gets grounded and the >>>>reciminations , and punishment hangs around for >>weeks. >>>> I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church >who >>>>spank their teens, so its not unknown. >>>> >>>>>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>>>>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >>>>>the discipline? >>>>>Do others know how you discipline? >>>>> >>>>>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor >>, >>>>>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >>>>>> >>>>>>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>>>>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured >>out, >>>>>>and were never discussed, my parents, both >>>practicing >>>>>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>>>>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was >>with >>>>>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you >hands). >>>>>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung >>>>out >>>>>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>>>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by >>>their >>>>>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my >>parents, >>>>>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission >to >>>>>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion >>I >>>>>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and >>>>the >>>>>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>>>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state >>>on >>>>>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I >>>got >>>>>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt >was >>>>>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and >>>me, >>>>>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would >>>be >>>>>>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>>>>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>>>>misbehaving where to send you! >>>>>> >>>>>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>>>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two >>mid >>>>>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>>>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>>>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>>>>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>>>>>tears. >>>>>>I have no worries about disciplining them, but >>>would >>>>>>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with >>them. >>>>>>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, >just [> [> [> [> [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Stuart , 02:56:31 04/10/09 Fri [1] lynnew I would be really interested to know what part of the uk your in. Would you care to email me direct? >Thanks Stuart. It may surprise you but only just over >ten years ago in independent schools the strap and >cane were still legal . I taught in one such school >where three of us shared ( men for the boys, women for >the girls)the punishment duties amongst us ( head and >two deputies). Many parents sought our school out >because of its reputation for non nonsense discipline, >and we had a happy environment in which to teach >polite and respectful kids. Very very little such >punishment was administered, but the fact we used it , >if ever necessary , up to and including sixth formers >was a deterrent. >The last girl I caned was a sixth former. She had been >caught smoking and out of bounds ( buying twenty >cigarettes).She was caught by a junior member of staff >to whom she had used foul language and issued a veiled >threat. Despite my description of the offense she >wasn't a regular trouble maker, but offered no real >explanation other than she was in a foul mood when >caught and apologized to the junior staff member. > >I talked to her for a long while but could get nowhere >as to why she acted this way, and told her she could >choose suspension for two weeks or six of the best. >Six was rare, very rare , normally a couple or three >at most. I notified her parents , who agreed with me, >and she chose the cane. We normally caned the hands, >but six was far too much So I had her bend over. It >was over quickly, but as I expected she cried for the >last couple of strokes. Once it was over we talked >quietly whilst she composed herself. There was no >anger or real distress.The morning after she brought >me unbidden a letter of apology, and we shook hands >.She told me she was sorry , and that day was getting >a little reminder of her behavior every time she sat >down! There were no further problems with her .She won >a place at a leading university. > >Now in my view which was better a few minutes pain and >immediate remorse, or two weeks loss of education? One >is over in a minute or two , the other can , >especially in public exam years place a girl's future >at risk. >It's not much different in families. My kids feel, for >example that the punishment is quick, given whilst the >offense is fresh in their mind, and is not drawn out , >nor causes resentment- it is seen as fair. If they >objected and wanted grounding , lines or loss of TV >computer etc., I would do it , but this drags the >affair out over weeks not minutes. My girls at at the >top of the class at school , are polite respectful, >and lead fulfilling independent lives . In short they >are well adjusted citizens. >lynne my interest is purely as I have never known of >>anyone in the UK who genuinely smacks teens bottoms. I >>feel if more teens were smacked they would be more >>respectful etc etc >>>Stuart, My method of punishment is to talk to the >>>girl/s about the offense. when they have admitted >>>their wrongdoing, I tell them a spanking is to be the >>>penalty and then askher/ them politely to follow me >>>into the kitchen. I ask her/them to stand on the back >>>wall facing me hands by her/their sides. I then >>>announce the form of punishment ( cane or strap). I >>>have a high kitchen stool which I use for cooking. I >>>put this in the middle of the room and take out as >>>appropriate the cane or the tawse. I then ask the >>>first girl to step forward and remove her >>>skirt/trousers completely , folding them and putting >>>them to one side. Then she must stretch over the >stool >>>and grab the 'low' bar. Then I apply the penalty. If >>>it is the cane its a little more formal as I do test >>>it for 'spring' and thus there are a couple of >warning >>>'swishes'. with the tawse ( mine is a three tail >>>'heavy' from John J, Dick) it is simply applied in >the >>>time honoured method, holding the tails straight >until >>>I release the stoke. I NEVER tell the girls in >advance >>>the number of strokes to expect....that is for me to >>>know and them to find out! But I am never >>>unreasonable, and I do ask them to count.Miscount and >>>I take it again. I don't give extra for yells, tears >>>or any sort of performance, except if a girl were to >>>rise from the stool completely , we would have to >>>start over again. >>>Should the offense require a handstrapping (where >>>'hands' have been involved in the act - stealing, >>>hands caught rumaging in my handbag, smoking etc) >>>etc) before bending the girl over the stool I apply >>>'six' ( three on each hand , with the hands held >>>'Scottish style') and the tawse drawn over the >>>shoulder.This, as those of you who had the experience >>>of Scottish schooling in the days of the belt will >>>endorse, is a most 'memorable' experience. >>> >>>My girls are normally very co-operative, recognising >>>the good the punishment does, and knowing I only >>>correct them for their own benefit.Normally, my >>>punishment does give rise to tears of shame as much >as >>>pain, although there is no point in punishment >without >>>sting. After the punishment is over we always hug >so >>>there is no ill feeling. >>> >>>As to knickers - it isn't an issue . Both attend >>>independent schools where uniform inspection is >>>carried out on occasion. What suits the school is ok >>>by me.Were they to wear very modern attire in any >case >>>it would be worse for them, unlike shool wear, >thongs >>>etc etc give absolutely no protection- indeed in my >>>case would render the wearer subject to 'extra'! >>> >>>I wondered from your interest Stuart, do you have >kids >>>to disicpline or were you disciplined yourself ? >>> >>>>lynnew so u have your girls take their >>>>skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson >>>>the type of knickers they may wear? >>>> >>>>>No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I >>>have >>>>>returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers >>>the >>>>>last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >>>>>reality it makes very little difference to the >>effect >>>>>of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters >>>and >>>>>I discussed this only the other week when I had to >>>>>tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language >>and >>>>>swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >>>>>about by a serious problem between friends at >>school, >>>>>but a few strokes brought them to order. >>>>> >>>>>Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >>>>>line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me >when >>>>>replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >>>>>seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really >can >>>>>let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. >>>>> >>>>>They told me then they believe spanking is really >>>>>effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >>>>>given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >>>>>over and forgiven quickly. >>>>>As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls >are >>>>>proud of , although I know at least one of their >>>>>friends confided in me she wished her parents would >>>do >>>>>the same to her. She gets grounded and the >>>>>reciminations , and punishment hangs around for >>>weeks. >>>>> I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church >>who >>>>>spank their teens, so its not unknown. >>>>> >>>>>>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>>>>>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved >in >>>>>>Do others know how you discipline? >>>>>> >>>>>>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, >pastor >>>>>>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age >matter? >>>>>>>I was brought up in a no spank family in >Scotland. >>>>>>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured >>>out, >>>>>>>and were never discussed, my parents, both >>>>practicing >>>>>>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of >me >>>>>>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was >>>with >>>>>>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you >>hands). >>>>>>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older >'hung >>>>>>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>>>>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by >>>>their >>>>>>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my >>>parents, >>>>>>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission >>to >>>>>>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one >occasion >>>>>>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I >and >>>>>>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>>>>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our >state >>>>>>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I >>>>got >>>>>>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt >>was >>>>>>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and >>>>me, >>>>>>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom >would >>>>>>>mad, I told her and she looked and just >commented' >>>>>>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>>>>>misbehaving where to send you! >>>>>>> >>>>>>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>>>>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two >>>mid >>>>>>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>>>>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>>>>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>>>>>administered soundly so that it normally leads >to Amazing -- James , 07:55:09 04/03/09 Fri [3] Every year children die in corporal punishment sessions where they are literally beaten to death. I see little good reason to retain this system because it is completely arbitrary. When corporal punishments were used to punish criminals they were convicted beyond a reasonable doubt, and sentenced by a presumable fair and impartial judge. These judicial punishments took place with and where still legal; they take place with a doctor monitoring the event to ensure that the person is not killed. Most parents have little knowledge of human biology, and many are plain idiots. I have a difficult time accepting the proposition that due to a person's age or status; that they can be moderately tortured at the whim of a psyco parent-all legal. I have seen no state law that states a child must do something wrong to be corporeally punished, the laws only concern the amount of or injuries caused by the moderate torture. When someone is wrongfully sent to prison there is almost always compensation given, when an adult crosses the line and instigates violence to another, the person is subject to civil liability, and criminal in some cases. A child spanked to the fullest extent of the law, who is later found to have done nothing wrong is responded to with "oh well". When a parent does cross the line and is willing to step up and accept responsibility, they face the possibility of their family being torn apart, criminal prosecution, custody issues, ect. Is this for of discipline so great and so wonderfully necessary that it out weighs the harm? Replies: [> Re: Amazing -- Vanessa, 05:43:40 04/05/09 Sun [1] Wow James, Don't know if its worth replying, certainly so far as I am concerned you're so wide of the mark!! When a child were you ever spanked yourself at home , say or at school? I only ask this because the experience of most children is so alien to your rant. Obviously in every barrel there can be bad apples, but most of the spanking parents and teachers/Principals I know would NEVER DREAM of harming their kids. You don't kill kids by causing their butts to redden a little. A good paddling at school may cause a few bruises , and some discomfort for a lttle while, but its not attempted murder. You are right you can't take a spanking back, but that's why you should only spank for clearly established wrong doing. In virtually ever case I can think of , certainly when I was young and with my kids now both at home and at school, the kids always -eventuially - admit the misdemenour- and accept the punishment as fair. After all they are not tied down or ever restrained in any way in my house, nor in any of the schools I know that paddle. I ask them quietly and politely to 'bend over', normally with their hands on a chair seat and if they were feeling 'got at' I know they would object - and no - if they did ~I wouldn't thrash them within an inch of their lives!!!!! I would talk to them as sensible human beings , without anger or raised voices, and get to the bottom of the issue, to excuse a pun. Now many States use capital punishment in the US. that you can't reverse, and there are many miscarriages, but I guess as its a judge and jury who make the mistake, and a doctor oversees the sentence that's ok! not torture! Not Murder!not like a spanking! Have you ever talked to kids? Take a look the 'Principal's Door ' extract on youtube from Arkansas, the kids chose paddling over a long detention, and what does the 'star' say to the reporter, something to the effect of the swats stung, and I've learned my lesson, but at least I can go out and enjoy myself with my friends tonight.Oh! and she can still smile. Doesn't seem much like torture to me. The worst thing in my job as a teacher/administrator is nowadays some kids in my school- excluding those whose parents 'fill in ' the no paddling request,- are really scared without reason if they get themselves a paddling. They believe your propaganda. Today few ever get the paddle, not like when I was at school when you were lucky to avoid it , but a false mistique has grown up as a consequence. I have to spend a good deal of time explaining to scared students that a paddling isn't unbearable ,It's just a series of nasty stings. I'm happy to let them examine the paddle, and I'll even show them my swing, before they chose that or a non physical punishment. When they've had it many apologize and say they wouldn't have made a fuss if they had known what I was really going to do !!Many even thank me for teaching them a quick lesson. But hey teachers who still paddle should be on trial doubtless for attempted murder or worse. Is 20 to life just, do you think??? Actually James we will never agree, but please accept the point that just as the vast majority of gun owners don't massacre their neighbors, the vast majority of parents and teachers who spank are caring people who would never abuse, but believe what they are doing really does help kids, and in school provides a quick, effective punishment option .Please note the word option - there is suspension and /or detention if they prefer. On one point you are right - abuse in whatever form is unacceptable in a civilized society , and every citizen has a duty to stop that. >Every year children die in corporal punishment >sessions where they are literally beaten to death. I >see little good reason to retain this system because >it is completely arbitrary. When corporal punishments >were used to punish criminals they were convicted >beyond a reasonable doubt, and sentenced by a >presumable fair and impartial judge. These judicial >punishments took place with and where still legal; >they take place with a doctor monitoring the event to >ensure that the person is not killed. Most parents >have little knowledge of human biology, and many are >plain idiots. I have a difficult time accepting the >proposition that due to a person's age or status; that >they can be moderately tortured at the whim of a psyco >parent-all legal. I have seen no state law that states >a child must do something wrong to be corporeally >punished, the laws only concern the amount of or >injuries caused by the moderate torture. When someone >is wrongfully sent to prison there is almost always >compensation given, when an adult crosses the line and >instigates violence to another, the person is subject >to civil liability, and criminal in some cases. A >child spanked to the fullest extent of the law, who is >later found to have done nothing wrong is responded to >with "oh well". When a parent does cross the line and >is willing to step up and accept responsibility, they >face the possibility of their family being torn apart, >criminal prosecution, custody issues, ect. Is this for >of discipline so great and so wonderfully necessary >that it out weighs the harm? [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: Amazing -- Susanne (texas gal), 15:52:27 04/07/09 Tue [1] Vanessa, you sound a really nice VP or whatever, who cares about the kids. In my high School in Texas no one spent any time when paddling us - it was -look at the pick slip bend over and grab those ankles- wham , bang bang- get back to class- yes ma'am. The first time I was sent up I was in and out in two minutes three swats, crying, no tissue even, and I really ( honestly!) didn't know what it was for!!! The second time there were so many in line the sports coach helped out. she really whacked as hard as she could . I got five for sass and tardy points. I could hardly walk. Even the teacher whose class I went back to, told me to take some time out in the rest room. She came to see how I was. I remember her saying' What have they done to you poor girl?' Just a routine paddling , that was all I don't disapprove of corporal punishment. We all have to learn , and a little bit of pain can do some good. I smacked my kids, even had a paddle. BUT you need to temper that with love and understanding. Compassion was what was missing in our school. Just a thought . what do y'all think? >Wow James, Don't know if its worth replying, certainly >so far as I am concerned you're so wide of the mark!! > >When a child were you ever spanked yourself at home , >say or at school? I only ask this because the >experience of most children is so alien to your rant. > >Obviously in every barrel there can be bad apples, but >most of the spanking parents and teachers/Principals I >know would NEVER DREAM of harming their kids. You >don't kill kids by causing their butts to redden a >little. A good paddling at school may cause a few >bruises , and some discomfort for a lttle while, but >its not attempted murder. >You are right you can't take a spanking back, but >that's why you should only spank for clearly >established wrong doing. In virtually ever case I can >think of , certainly when I was young and with my >kids now both at home and at school, the kids always >-eventuially - admit the misdemenour- and accept the >punishment as fair. After all they are not tied down >or ever restrained in any way in my house, nor in any >of the schools I know that paddle. I ask them >quietly and politely to 'bend over', normally with >their hands on a chair seat and if they were feeling >'got at' I know they would object - and no - if they >did ~I wouldn't thrash them within an inch of their >lives!!!!! I would talk to them as sensible human >beings , without anger or raised voices, and get to >the bottom of the issue, to excuse a pun. > >Now many States use capital punishment in the US. that >you can't reverse, and there are many miscarriages, >but I guess as its a judge and jury who make the >mistake, and a doctor oversees the sentence that's ok! >not torture! Not Murder!not like a spanking! > >Have you ever talked to kids? Take a look the >'Principal's Door ' extract on youtube from Arkansas, >the kids chose paddling over a long detention, and >what does the 'star' say to the reporter, something to >the effect of the swats stung, and I've learned my >lesson, but at least I can go out and enjoy myself >with my friends tonight.Oh! and she can still smile. >Doesn't seem much like torture to me. > >The worst thing in my job as a teacher/administrator >is nowadays some kids in my school- excluding those >whose parents 'fill in ' the no paddling request,- are >really scared without reason if they get themselves a >paddling. They believe your propaganda. Today few ever >get the paddle, not like when I was at school when you >were lucky to avoid it , but a false mistique has >grown up as a consequence. > >I have to spend a good deal of time explaining to >scared students that a paddling isn't unbearable ,It's > just a series of nasty stings. I'm happy to let them >examine the paddle, and I'll even show them my swing, >before they chose that or a non physical punishment. >When they've had it many apologize and say they >wouldn't have made a fuss if they had known what I was >really going to do !!Many even thank me for teaching >them a quick lesson. But hey teachers who still paddle >should be on trial doubtless for attempted murder or >worse. Is 20 to life just, do you think??? > >Actually James we will never agree, but please accept >the point that just as the vast majority of gun owners >don't massacre their neighbors, the vast majority of >parents and teachers who spank are caring people who >would never abuse, but believe what they are doing >really does help kids, and in school provides a quick, >effective punishment option .Please note the word >option - there is suspension and /or detention if they >prefer. >On one point you are right - abuse in whatever form is >unacceptable in a civilized society , and every >citizen has a duty to stop that. > >>Every year children die in corporal punishment >>sessions where they are literally beaten to death. I >>see little good reason to retain this system because >>it is completely arbitrary. When corporal punishments >>were used to punish criminals they were convicted >>beyond a reasonable doubt, and sentenced by a >>presumable fair and impartial judge. These judicial >>punishments took place with and where still legal; >>they take place with a doctor monitoring the event to >>ensure that the person is not killed. Most parents >>have little knowledge of human biology, and many are >>plain idiots. I have a difficult time accepting the >>proposition that due to a person's age or status; that >>they can be moderately tortured at the whim of a psyco >>parent-all legal. I have seen no state law that states >>a child must do something wrong to be corporeally >>punished, the laws only concern the amount of or >>injuries caused by the moderate torture. When someone >>is wrongfully sent to prison there is almost always >>compensation given, when an adult crosses the line and >>instigates violence to another, the person is subject >>to civil liability, and criminal in some cases. A >>child spanked to the fullest extent of the law, who is >>later found to have done nothing wrong is responded to >>with "oh well". When a parent does cross the line and >>is willing to step up and accept responsibility, they >>face the possibility of their family being torn apart, >>criminal prosecution, custody issues, ect. Is this for >>of discipline so great and so wonderfully necessary >>that it out weighs the harm? spanking works -- Bill, 02:10:53 02/21/09 Sat [7] I'm a father of 3 children, ages 1, 3 and 6. Good hard spankings are what every child needs in order to learn responsibility. After my 6 yr old ran into the street, I told her she was going to get spanked 10 times with the belt. She started crying right away and I told her that crying wasn't going to do her any good. I told her to get in her room and lie face down on the edge of her bed. I lifted her dress and slipped her panties down. I use an old heavy leather strap to ensure the spanking leaves a lasting impression. I always double the belt over and hold it with both hands. I draw it back and whack it against her butt as hard as I can. If each stroke doesn't leave a welt, then you're not doing it right. You shouldn't be alarmed if a spanking results in bruising or welting. That will go away within a week, but the lesson will stay with them. When my 1 yr old threw a temper tantrum in the store, I knew what I needed to do. You need to teach them young that bad behavior will not be tolerated. I immediately took her out to our family van. I unfastened the sticky tabs on her pamper and pulled it back so I could spank her on the bare bottom. I took her over my lap and spanked her with a thick wooden paddle I keep in the glove box. When her little butt turned bright red I knew she was getting the message. I usually give her anywhere from 5 to 10 good hard whacks. Little ones like to kick and squirm when they're being spanked, and I'm trying to break her of that habit. The more she squirms the more I spank. I tell her she better hold still or she'll get it even worse. With my 3 yr old son I also use a heavy leather strap on his bare bottom. When I caught him throwing blocks at his sister I asked him if he was ready for a good spanking. I had both of his sisters come in the room to watch and my wife is usually there also. I like my wife to be present during the children's spankings so the kids know we are united when it comes to punishment. I made my son take off all his clothes. Then I told him to lie face down on the living room floor so he could receive his punishment. My wife brought me the belt and I stood over him and gave him 10 good hard whacks of the strap. Then I had him apologize to his sister. He never did that again. Children need to know that you are in charge! They need to learn to have respect for their parents. My kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to THEM. They know every time they do something wrong their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be spanked. No exceptions! With small children it isn't unusual if they wet themselves while being spanked. My two younger kids gets very upset and nervous when I'm in the process of spanking them. On occasion they will lose control of their bladder and wet themselves. You can always clean the child later, but the spanking must continue. Children also like to cry and plead with you when they know they're about to be spanked. They need to learn that pleading will no effect the outcome. Once a child is told they will be spanked, you need to follow through with it. If my children try to protest the spanking they know they will get it even worse. This teaches them to cooperate with the process. [> Re: spanking works -- Bill (Child Spanking Pics and Blog), 02:15:25 02/21/09 Sat [1] Spanking Blog: [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: spanking works -- Bill, 02:28:24 02/21/09 Sat [1] If your children are misbehaving you need to yank those pants down and bust their butt accordingly! Use a heavy leather strap and administer 10 hard whacks! They'll get the message real quick! Children need to know that you are in charge! They need to have respect for their parents. My kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to THEM. They know EVERY time they do something wrong their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be spanked. No exceptions! [> Re: spanking works -- Sara from amsterdam, 12:29:42 02/27/09 Fri [1] >I'm a father of 3 children, ages 1, 3 and 6. >Good hard spankings are what every child needs in >order to learn responsibility. >After my 6 yr old ran into the street, I told her she >was going to get spanked 10 times with the belt. She >started crying right away and I told her that crying >wasn't going to do her any good. I told her to get in >her room and lie face down on the edge of her bed. I >lifted her dress and slipped her panties down. I use >an old heavy leather strap to ensure the spanking >leaves a lasting impression. I always double the belt >over and hold it with both hands. I draw it back and >whack it against her butt as hard as I can. If each >stroke doesn't leave a welt, then you're not doing it >right. You shouldn't be alarmed if a spanking results >in bruising or welting. That will go away within a >week, but the lesson will stay with them. > >When my 1 yr old threw a temper tantrum in the store, >I knew what I needed to do. You need to teach them >young that bad behavior will not be tolerated. I >immediately took her out to our family van. I >unfastened the sticky tabs on her pamper and pulled it >back so I could spank her on the bare bottom. I took >her over my lap and spanked her with a thick wooden >paddle I keep in the glove box. When her little butt >turned bright red I knew she was getting the message. >I usually give her anywhere from 5 to 10 good hard >whacks. Little ones like to kick and squirm when >they're being spanked, and I'm trying to break her of >that habit. The more she squirms the more I spank. I >tell her she better hold still or she'll get it even >worse. >With my 3 yr old son I also use a heavy leather strap >on his bare bottom. When I caught him throwing blocks >at his sister I asked him if he was ready for a good >spanking. I had both of his sisters come in the room >to watch and my wife is usually there also. I like my >wife to be present during the children's spankings so >the kids know we are united when it comes to >punishment. >I made my son take off all his clothes. Then I told >him to lie face down on the living room floor so he >could receive his punishment. My wife brought me the >belt and I stood over him and gave him 10 good hard >whacks of the strap. Then I had him apologize to his >sister. He never did that again. > >Children need to know that you are in charge! They >need to learn to have respect for their parents. My >kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to >THEM. They know every time they do something wrong >their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be >spanked. No exceptions! >With small children it isn't unusual if they wet >themselves while being spanked. My two younger kids >gets very upset and nervous when I'm in the process of >spanking them. On occasion they will lose control of >their bladder and wet themselves. You can always clean >the child later, but the spanking must continue. >Children also like to cry and plead with you when they >know they're about to be spanked. They need to learn >that pleading will no effect the outcome. Once a child >is told they will be spanked, you need to follow >through with it. If my children try to protest the >spanking they know they will get it even worse. This >teaches them to cooperate with the process. Bill you can�t be serieus! I hope you are a fake poster. To hit a 3 and 6 year old with a belt and to hit a baby with a stick is sick and crazy. There is nothing wrong with spanking,but this is child abuse!!! [> Re: spanking works -- Gina (horrified), 10:59:52 03/17/09 Tue [1] I hope your ass gets thrown in prison. That is abuse not spanking. >I'm a father of 3 children, ages 1, 3 and 6. >Good hard spankings are what every child needs in >order to learn responsibility. >After my 6 yr old ran into the street, I told her she >was going to get spanked 10 times with the belt. She >started crying right away and I told her that crying >wasn't going to do her any good. I told her to get in >her room and lie face down on the edge of her bed. I >lifted her dress and slipped her panties down. I use >an old heavy leather strap to ensure the spanking >leaves a lasting impression. I always double the belt >over and hold it with both hands. I draw it back and >whack it against her butt as hard as I can. If each >stroke doesn't leave a welt, then you're not doing it >right. You shouldn't be alarmed if a spanking results >in bruising or welting. That will go away within a >week, but the lesson will stay with them. > >When my 1 yr old threw a temper tantrum in the store, >I knew what I needed to do. You need to teach them >young that bad behavior will not be tolerated. I >immediately took her out to our family van. I >unfastened the sticky tabs on her pamper and pulled it >back so I could spank her on the bare bottom. I took >her over my lap and spanked her with a thick wooden >paddle I keep in the glove box. When her little butt >turned bright red I knew she was getting the message. >I usually give her anywhere from 5 to 10 good hard >whacks. Little ones like to kick and squirm when >they're being spanked, and I'm trying to break her of >that habit. The more she squirms the more I spank. I >tell her she better hold still or she'll get it even >worse. >With my 3 yr old son I also use a heavy leather strap >on his bare bottom. When I caught him throwing blocks >at his sister I asked him if he was ready for a good >spanking. I had both of his sisters come in the room >to watch and my wife is usually there also. I like my >wife to be present during the children's spankings so >the kids know we are united when it comes to >punishment. >I made my son take off all his clothes. Then I told >him to lie face down on the living room floor so he >could receive his punishment. My wife brought me the >belt and I stood over him and gave him 10 good hard >whacks of the strap. Then I had him apologize to his >sister. He never did that again. > >Children need to know that you are in charge! They >need to learn to have respect for their parents. My >kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to >THEM. They know every time they do something wrong >their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be >spanked. No exceptions! >With small children it isn't unusual if they wet >themselves while being spanked. My two younger kids >gets very upset and nervous when I'm in the process of >spanking them. On occasion they will lose control of >their bladder and wet themselves. You can always clean >the child later, but the spanking must continue. >Children also like to cry and plead with you when they >know they're about to be spanked. They need to learn >that pleading will no effect the outcome. Once a child >is told they will be spanked, you need to follow >through with it. If my children try to protest the >spanking they know they will get it even worse. This >teaches them to cooperate with the process. [> Re: spanking works -- Unbelievable, 10:01:32 03/19/09 Thu [1] >I'm a father of 3 children, ages 1, 3 and 6. >Good hard spankings are what every child needs in >order to learn responsibility. >After my 6 yr old ran into the street, I told her she >was going to get spanked 10 times with the belt. She >started crying right away and I told her that crying >wasn't going to do her any good. I told her to get in >her room and lie face down on the edge of her bed. I >lifted her dress and slipped her panties down. I use >an old heavy leather strap to ensure the spanking >leaves a lasting impression. I always double the belt >over and hold it with both hands. I draw it back and >whack it against her butt as hard as I can. If each >stroke doesn't leave a welt, then you're not doing it >right. You shouldn't be alarmed if a spanking results >in bruising or welting. That will go away within a >week, but the lesson will stay with them. > >When my 1 yr old threw a temper tantrum in the store, >I knew what I needed to do. You need to teach them >young that bad behavior will not be tolerated. I >immediately took her out to our family van. I >unfastened the sticky tabs on her pamper and pulled it >back so I could spank her on the bare bottom. I took >her over my lap and spanked her with a thick wooden >paddle I keep in the glove box. When her little butt >turned bright red I knew she was getting the message. >I usually give her anywhere from 5 to 10 good hard >whacks. Little ones like to kick and squirm when >they're being spanked, and I'm trying to break her of >that habit. The more she squirms the more I spank. I >tell her she better hold still or she'll get it even >worse. >With my 3 yr old son I also use a heavy leather strap >on his bare bottom. When I caught him throwing blocks >at his sister I asked him if he was ready for a good >spanking. I had both of his sisters come in the room >to watch and my wife is usually there also. I like my >wife to be present during the children's spankings so >the kids know we are united when it comes to >punishment. >I made my son take off all his clothes. Then I told >him to lie face down on the living room floor so he >could receive his punishment. My wife brought me the >belt and I stood over him and gave him 10 good hard >whacks of the strap. Then I had him apologize to his >sister. He never did that again. > >Children need to know that you are in charge! They >need to learn to have respect for their parents. My >kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to >THEM. They know every time they do something wrong >their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be >spanked. No exceptions! >With small children it isn't unusual if they wet >themselves while being spanked. My two younger kids >gets very upset and nervous when I'm in the process of >spanking them. On occasion they will lose control of >their bladder and wet themselves. You can always clean >the child later, but the spanking must continue. >Children also like to cry and plead with you when they >know they're about to be spanked. They need to learn >that pleading will no effect the outcome. Once a child >is told they will be spanked, you need to follow >through with it. If my children try to protest the >spanking they know they will get it even worse. This >teaches them to cooperate with the process. So Bill...one question for you, how often do you hit your wife? Because it sounds to me like you have some unbelievable child abuse problems and I hope you go to hell. [ Edit | View ] [> Re: spanking works -- Louise (sickening), 10:18:52 03/26/09 Thu [1] Bill if your story is true and your beating your kids you deserve alongwith your wife to burn in hell. how dare you hit a one year old with a belt. You made me mad so can I beat your butt with a belt? I am reporting this email to ACS and if its true I hope to god you lose your kids for abuse you sick twisted bastard spank versus no spank -- Verity, 08:42:28 03/15/09 Sun [1] Just wondered if any of you experienced both both 'spanking' and 'no spank' approaches to discipline when you were a child. I am now 'pro-spank' but made that determination not just by faith or choice but by having experienced both regimes when a child. For what its worth these are my views:- I experienced both regimes when I was a early 'teenager'. I had been born in a Christian but 'no spank' family ( for those theologians amongst you let's not get into that). My Father died when I was 12. About two years later one of my Mom's sisters had a serious accident and had no one to look after her. My Mom felt she ought to help, but didn't want me to miss school.One of our neighbours was also a widow, a High School Principal, and a lay Baptist Preacher. She had her own daughter who was about my age. She kindly offered to 'look after me' whilst my mother went to her sister. In all over the next year I probably lived with her for a good few months normally in spells of two or three weeks ( Mt mother's sister lived several hindred miles away). Later this arrangement continued with occasional stays at Sheila's , and her daughter would occasionally stay with us, say when mom was attending a conference. Of course then , if we played up it was groundings and no T.V. At my home life was pretty liberal : no chores , discipline was traditional non spank. I would get grounded,or lose t.v. time, phone rights etc. etc. All of these were 'lengthy' punishments aimed at causing what I shall call mental pain. When I was punished the arguments went on for days. If I though the matter unfair we would have row after row, which only led to my grounding or whatever being increased....which led to more arguments..and so on. When I was first looked after by Sheila she was straight with me. Her house; her rules. If I broke them punishment would be swift and painful! I was also expected to do chores which was a real shock. I got my first punishment within a week. I grumbled at my chores ( to clean up after breakfast before going to school), and as a result didn't do it. When I got home at night I was told to go straight to my room. Shelia came in a few minutes later with a leather strap, and very politely asked me to take off my jeans and lay over a couple of pillows on the bed. She then pulled down my panties and gave me a good leathering. I remember I cried, guess a combination of humiliation and pain. When she had finished and I had composed myself, she told me very gently she hoped I had learned a lesson, and gave me a hug to show her continuing love. For most offenses she used either the strap, or a school paddle. For the latter you stayed clothed,( although if , of course, you wore a skirt it would be straight on your panties), but as in school you either grabbed your ankles or braced yourself against the wall, depending on the number of strokes. Normally her punishments ended in tears, and always with a really sore behind.However they were quick , specific and a deterrent which really made you think twice before re-offending. Sheila had definite ideas about the ritual of punishment. You would be summoned by her for a telling off, and then sent to your room 'to wait'. She didn't keep you long, just long enough to reflect on your misdemour and to think of what was to come. When she came into the room, there was no discussion it was just a business like process. she never told you how many strokes, that was for her to know , you to find out! You had to count, and if you messed up ....she started 'from the top' sgain. Swear and it was an extra two, refuse to bend or otherwise comply with her ( very polite) requests , an extra four.Should you be silly enough to repeat an offense....double! I found this much more effective for me as a punishment. It was quick, you knew what would happen if you 're-offended'. Once the punsihment was over there was no 'atmosphere' in the house afterwards. The penalty had been paid, and life returned to normal. One reservation is with very young children . I was old enogh to fully understand I was doing wrong. In Sheila's view , a slap was enough for a youngster, as an immediate signal of danger. She didn't believe in the strap or the paddle until about 10 when the child knows right from wrong. but then the spankings really have to hurt! She also believed that spankings worked right through the teenage years. At about 15 she normally transferred and used a flexible rattan cane ( a proper 'rod') instead of the strap and paddle. This stung more and was given on the bare, touching toes.A normal dose was six or twelve. I only got twelve once, for buying her daughter cigarettes ! We were both punished together ; first one got six stokes then the other.....then back to the first. We yelled at nearly every stoke. It was a remarkably effective punishment. The marks lasted over a fortnight.I never touched tobacco again. As to my family :we agreed that from the teenage years we would use the cane as the most effective punishment.I did the spanking as our children are girls, I gave an appropriate dose ( normally no more than six). We now have lovely grown up well behaved daughters, who never needed a lot of discipline, but who knew that because we loved them , if they crossed the line a caning was waiting for them - without exception. My eldest daughter told us only the other week that she was happy to have been raised in a secure well disciplined home.She said she never feared me caning her, for punishment is neccessary deserved correction.The pain is suffering you have earned! That reminded us of an incident when she was eighteen. One night she drove a friends car home when she had been drinking. the day afterwards, felling guilty, she told me. I tried to stop her , saying that if she carried on I would have to punish her. Our daughter replied that that was fine, perhaps I should get it over with ....but just one thing she had to say, she felt she should get , for the first time in her life, more than six. We all agreed , and I gave her ten of the very best!. After the tears she thanked me ,and said she knew she deserved, and had learned from, every single stroke. that was her last caning. When is someone to old to spank -- Blake , 11:21:21 11/15/08 Sat [3] When is someone to old to spank! It seems to be somethank that we all are dealing on this form.From parents to some young Adults like me who stell get it from time to time.Hope this subject gets use all taking. Blake [> Re: When is someone to old to spank -- Jo Ann, 08:57:20 01/27/09 Tue [1] > >You are never too old to spank. My son, age 17, started lying to us, playing around with drugs, coming in past curfew and basically making poor decisions. We grounded him, took his truck away and nothing seemed to help. One evening I picked him up from school and took him home and made him just pull down his jeans and bend over the couch. I gave him a spanking he would not forget for a long time. He is now 22 years old and about a couple of months ago he thanked me for that spanking. He said it saved his life. Was it easy to give him this spanking? No, but I rather had spanked him then to see him in prison, high on drugs,or an alcoholic. My husband and I have raised five kids. They all are successful. Yes, we believed in spanking if nothing else worked. [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: When is someone to old to spank -- Noel W., 05:06:44 03/10/09 Tue [1] I agree Jo Ann. Sometimes it is when you feel you've 'got beyond' the age for correction that it has its most powerful effect. I was in mt late teens in the mid 70's. Far too old to be spanked in my view! I was 'going out' with a girl called Mary , a year younger than me. Her Mom, who was widowed, had three other children , all younger again. I knew she spanked them. Mary had curfew at 11.30 which was very generous compared to many of her, and my friends. One night , however, we decided , quite deliberately, to stay out at a rock concert until the early hours. Of course it was before mobile 'phones , so no call home. Mary's Mom was naturally worried. she rang my Mom , who hadn't a clue where we were. Eventually I rang home just to say I would be very late. My Mom called Mary's who reacted by saying we were selfish little brats who ought to be taught a lesson we wouldn't forget. My Mom concurred, and said she would back Mary's Mom with any discipline she felt appropriate. When we got home we got the shock of our lives. Mary's Mom ushered us into their dining room where she had pushed aside the table and placed on dining chair in the center of the room. Hooked on the back of it was a rattan cane! Mary told us we were both to be caned for disobedience and thoughtlessness. She told me she had spoken to my Mother.We argued , but without success. We were given twelve strokes each - really hard on our butts, plus four 'extras' for arguing and sassing her. We were allowed to keep our boxers/knickers on for modesty,( not that they gave any meaningful protection) but had to remove our jeans .At the end of the punishment , despite our age , we were both in tears. But boy was it effective!!! After that I was always polite and respectful to Mary's Mom. I once crossed her again. I bought a little 'pot' which I shared with Mary. Mary's stash was discovered and once again a whopping was administered, longer and harder than the first, and in this case the humiliation was intense as she did it in front of the entire family to set an 'example'. Believe me to be made to bend over for punishment, let alone cry as a teenager in front of younger children is real humiliation, but in this case fully deserved, and preferable to a Police record! Nevertheless after each punishment we never committed that offense again. Indeed our behavior improved markedly when we realized this discipline was here to stay regardless of our 'grown up' age. It was never given unfairly : indeed on both occasions we were guilty as sin. After the punishments we were both contrite and apologetic. Mary's Mom had drawn a line in the sand. Being 'grown up' as a teenager is just a source of pride and bravado. To bring them down to earth once in a while does no harm. Of course it is humiliating and embarrassing , but that is part of why spankings work! >>You are never too old to spank. My son, age 17, >started lying to us, playing around with drugs, coming >in past curfew and basically making poor decisions. >We grounded him, took his truck away and nothing >seemed to help. One evening I picked him up from >school and took him home and made him just pull down >his jeans and bend over the couch. I gave him a >spanking he would not forget for a long time. He is >now 22 years old and about a couple of months ago he >thanked me for that spanking. He said it saved his >life. Was it easy to give him this spanking? No, but >I rather had spanked him then to see him in prison, >high on drugs,or an alcoholic. My husband and I have >raised five kids. They all are successful. Yes, we >believed in spanking if nothing else worked. worried about you anti spankers -- bloggs (smiling), 03:56:40 02/13/09 Fri [1] Dose it make you think or what that when you go to the message board. There are people surfing all day To put there anti-spanking points of view. Whats so worrying is how they found the site there complaining on This means these guys shouting fetish... abuse ... should not be allowed ...have actual wrote Down Spanking knickers and bare all in google not in that particular order with the adult filter turned off to find the sites to complain on I would seriously love to know what the crack is with these people. They search all night for spanking material to complain about. you can see how much effort they actually put into there hobby by going into Mr polls. To think they actual surfed to find that stuff to complain about. What a Sad lot. You are certainly no better or worse than the other guys. Your complaining about. Talking about calling the kettle black. Is this for real? -- PDeverit , 17:53:34 01/19/09 Mon [1] Wow! Is this site for real, or is it a joke? A site dedicated to hitting kids (for Jesus no less). [ Edit | View ] teenage spanking -- Gia Stephell (SAD), 15:16:32 03/04/08 Tue [7] These are no longer children you are "spanking", they are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young lady on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? [> Re: teenage spanking -- owomen, 20:50:47 03/14/08 Fri [1] >These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young lady >on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? In the days of old, you are never too old for a bare bottom spanking. If your mother of father feels that you have drawn the line and you should be put over their knee, then over your knee you should go. Even if you are kicking and sceaming. Your parent should spank away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their roof, your bottom is there's. [> [> Re: teenage spanking -- owomen, 20:54:11 03/14/08 Fri [1] >>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young lady >>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? > >In the days of old, you were never too old for a bare >bottom spanking. If your mother of father felt that >you dawn the line then you should be put over >their knee, and over your knee you should go. Even if >you were kicking and sceaming. Your parent should spank >away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >roof, your bottom is their's. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Re: teenage spanking -- Chris , 20:40:16 03/18/08 Tue [1] Even spanking a child of the same sex on the bare bottom is bordering on being an invasion of privacy. I'm not sure it would be even be legal anymore, let alone doing it to someone else's daughter. If your wife told you to jump off a cliff would you do it? >>>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young >lady >>>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? >> >>In the days of old, you were never too old for a bare >>bottom spanking. If your mother of father felt that >>you dawn the line then you should be put over >>their knee, and over your knee you should go. Even if >>you were kicking and sceaming. Your parent should >spank >>away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >>roof, your bottom is their's. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Adult children spanking -- Emilio (NEVER too old), 03:54:07 10/25/08 Sat [1] No age limit, for followers of common sense and more (of Traditional Christian Family), is the way it works fairly and effectively. Mainly adult daughters benefit from this caring and baalnced DD until their marriage day... E. >>>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young >lady >>>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? >> >>In the days of old, you were never too old for a bare >>bottom spanking. If your mother of father felt that >>you dawn the line then you should be put over >>their knee, and over your knee you should go. Even if >>you were kicking and sceaming. Your parent should >spank >>away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >>roof, your bottom is their's. [> [> [> Re: teenage spanking -- Mary , 12:11:35 12/11/08 Thu [1] >>>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young >lady >>>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? >> >>In the days of old, you were never too old for a bare >>bottom spanking. If your mother of father felt that >>you dawn the line then you should be put over >>their knee, and over your knee you should go. Even if >>you were kicking and sceaming. Your parent should >spank >>away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >>roof, your bottom is their's. I'm 16 and my mom put me over her knee and spanked me with her hairbrush! The reason she spanked me was because she made me some food, and wanted me to come to the table to eat with her. She knows I don't like the sound that she makes when she eats so I told her to be quiet, but she wouldn't listen, so I yelled, "Shut the fuck up." That's when she got up, went to the bathroom and came back with the brush! That's unacceptable! I'M 16! She wont even let me bring boys over! Once I was kissing a boy at school, I got sent to the principal and he called her! Over the speaker phone I told her I was just going to do it anyway, so she'd better let me. The same day after school, my girlfriends and I were walking over to my house. When we got inside my mom was sitting there waiting for me. She asked me what they were doing over and I told her that they were going to spend the night. That's when she told them to take a seat on the sofa and she grabbed my wrist, took me to the kitchen and spanked my butt with a belt! They heard everything! I could hear them laughing! My mom is a bitch! You people are fucking crazy! I SHOULD KICK HER ASS! [> [> Re: teenage spanking -- Jack, 16:51:39 05/13/08 Tue [1] >>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young lady >>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? > >In the days of old, you are never too old for a bare >bottom spanking. If your mother of father feels that >you have drawn the line and you should be put over >their knee, then over your knee you should go. Even if >you are kicking and sceaming. Your parent should spank >away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >roof, your bottom is there's. Are you a parent? [ Edit | View ] Spanking -- kidsmom, 12:23:02 12/10/08 Wed [1] you people are really crazy. Who is spanking a 15 or 16 year old kid unless they have never instilled any behavior along the way. It's too late by that point. By the way, I have twins 12 years old and 15 year old and have NEVER SPANKED ANY OF THEM. They are well behaved and have never given us any trouble. I have withheld privledges and such and that's all I needed to do. You people are NUTS! I was spanked as a child as was my husband and we wanted to STOP THE CYCLE. It doesn't work as evidenced by you still having to HIT A 16 year old kid!! [ Edit | View ] Hi -- Andrew, 16:38:03 10/19/08 Sun [1] Hi I'm pleased to find you here. I don't agree with banning the human race out of existence, I'm a Christian, believe in fairly traditional roles in the family, and support the rights of good parents to spank when needed. Will be good to discuss ideas, and get to know everyone, yours, Andrew New Here -- Blake , 18:19:41 10/18/08 Sat [1] Hi.I'am a 20 year old college student who stell lives at home my parents and my younger brothers.Since I'am stell living at home I most fellow the rules of the house or I suffer the consequences of my actions.For me and my brother that means are parents do spank or ground use,yes I stell subject to punshment at my age.It sucks get spanked at my age,but now that I'am older I'am not in trouble that much. Looking forword to talk to you. Later Im 26 and I still give it to an 18 yr old friend as punishment -- Young Aussie (Sad), 20:48:28 10/06/08 Mon [1] I met a guy onlin ewhos 18 and told me he needed spanking like his dad gave him until the age of 16 and regularly as his behavious hadnt improved. Im 26 ang gay, Chris is undecided and i never force it but we do have sex also part of our sessions. Online it was real and a fantasy but he meant it. We established rules and sort of trusted eachother. I told him at 18 if he hadnt learnt he needs a real beating, like an adult (knowing he had it very hard and regularly as a kid). The first spanking was given us both naked and long and hard, we msg'd me that night and siad Sir im sitting on are sore bottom which weas no suprise but i watched his reactions and he hadled it fine. We have had about 6 sessions harder and hard but the last as he had moved city was by far the hardest and most effective. He was staying with me for 3 days which the longest could get away and lie about it. He would recive 2 spankings a day all much harder than his dad gave but some would be harder then nother and i told him it was essential he had trouble sitting for several days. On top of that he would recieve and thank me for any extra punishments given which werent many but alway with the cane or crap and short but very painful. We now had a fetish strap a crop cane wood paddle and the innocent but nasty lexan paddle. He has a tiny bum its hot as and I had to look after it but it was very red and deep purple and welted with a conentration on the sit spot. Of the 6 offical spanking he cried during most which he had never done before and always asked for his beating and thanked me, he also with a hell of a struugle told me how much ithurt and he hated it but to please maximise the punishment everytime. Note that we tad total trust and his uni marks DID imporve after this session which was very very painful but spread out berable but totally pushed his limits. I intented to hurt him at times to the agony point but that pain never lasted. I never now give blreaks with the paddle if u dont stop it geats unbearably intense (ive recieved i know and its pain we all live through) as its a spanking its meant to hurt and it honestly works on him. He handles the pain very very well for one so young but he enjoys it and i have to go this hard to make him hate it and regret the comoing session. Appart from that we are friends. I told him the next session is 6 weeks and plan on this for a long time to come but to go no harder he now is turned on but dreads the sessions and we totally care about eachother. In his cse the pain is essential as he enjoys spanking so i have to make it so hard he hates it. It works as well i neded ti then and never got but at 18 a kid should take a very very hard spanking generally, to the point where thier bums cant handle more but never break skin or perm marks. The only thing ill increase if needed is the caning at the end as the pain really lasts. I am Pro-Bare Butt Spanking -- Keith, 17:06:27 09/26/08 Fri [1] I'm so sick of the politically correct nonsense these days that has pressured parents and caregivers to feel shamed into not spanking children. There is NOTHING wrong with spanking so long as it is done within the right mindset for the right reasons. I've spanked bare butt and will continue to do so. Why? Because it is effective and gets its point across. People get so worked up about seeing a child's bare bottom and spanking it. Well you spend your early years wiping their rear ends, diapering them and bathing them. It shouldn't be a big deal. It usually is if people raise their kids to be ashamed of their bodies or nudity. I use my hand on bare bottoms when necessary and I have no apologies for doing so. If people care about their children, they will spank them as needed. [ Edit | View ] teenage spanking -- Andrew M., 15:38:39 05/07/08 Wed [2] My wife and I are raising three terrific kids. We have a daughter 15 and two sons 12 and 10. We decided early on in accordance with the Word of God and advice from our pastor that we would use spanking as a method for correcting our children�s misbehavior. Let me first say that our children are very well mannered but when they are disobedient, they are taken over the knee and given an open hand spanking on their bare bottom. As the head of our household, I started out spanking my daughter but at the age of about nine, for reasons of modesty, I began turning her over to her mom for her spankings. I continue to handle the boys myself though. I am careful never to spank out of anger. When a spanking is in order, I take the boy in question to his room where we have a talk about his misbehavior. I encourage him to participate in the discussion as much as possible to try and get an idea of where his heart is at with respect to repentance. After prescribing the spanking I allow my sons the opportunity of pulling down their own pants. Both of my sons have learned from experience that if they are unable to drop their pants on their own, Dad will do it for them. I spank the same way my Dad spanked me; over the knee with the open palm of my hand. After the spanking I give a few follow up words of advice and leave the boy alone for awhile to cry it out. As for my daughter; I don�t interfere with the method her Mom uses on her. All of our children are growing up to be good kids though so I guess we�re doing something right. [> Re: teenage spanking -- Billy, 10:43:12 09/01/08 Mon [1] >My wife and I are raising three terrific kids. We have >a daughter 15 and two sons 12 and 10. We decided early >on in accordance with the Word of God and advice from >our pastor that we would use spanking as a method for >correcting our children�s misbehavior. Let me first >say that our children are very well mannered but when >they are disobedient, they are taken over the knee and >given an open hand spanking on their bare bottom. As >the head of our household, I started out spanking my >daughter but at the age of about nine, for reasons of >modesty, I began turning her over to her mom for her >spankings. I continue to handle the boys myself >though. I am careful never to spank out of anger. When >a spanking is in order, I take the boy in question to >his room where we have a talk about his misbehavior. I >encourage him to participate in the discussion as much >as possible to try and get an idea of where his heart >is at with respect to repentance. After prescribing >the spanking I allow my sons the opportunity of >pulling down their own pants. Both of my sons have >learned from experience that if they are unable to >drop their pants on their own, Dad will do it for >them. I spank the same way my Dad spanked me; over the >knee with the open palm of my hand. After the spanking >I give a few follow up words of advice and leave the >boy alone for awhile to cry it out. As for my >daughter; I don�t interfere with the method her Mom >uses on her. All of our children are growing up to be >good kids though so I guess we�re doing something >right. Don't you think, if you were really "doing something right," that the spankings would've been over with by now? Why can't your kids moderate their behavior so as not to provoke any further bottom warmings? You make it sound like the spanking regimen is a big success, but it seems to me you're either spanking for every little thing or else your kids are having difficulty adding 2 and 2 and coming up with 4. hi -- Lisa , 09:30:37 08/08/08 Fri [1] Rebbeca i had exactly the same my last parental spanking was the day after my 23 birthday for wrecking the car. So your not alone [ Edit | View ] wooden spoons -- Joe, 19:09:01 07/17/08 Thu [1] When I was a kid my dad spanked my brother and I with a heavy duty wooden spoon and it STUNG TO HIGH HEAVEN. He didn't spank us often, maybe once a year or so, but when he did, he made sure we would never forget it. He would send us to our bedroom and go retrieve the wooden spoon from the kitchen. When he returned we were bawling already. He would bare us from the waist down, take turns putting us over his knee, and whipping our butts with that spoon. Each of us would get 20 to 30 searing smacks. We would howl from swat 1. My best friend who lived three houses away from us told me one time he could hear us screaming from his house when we were getting spanked. Here's the thing, we weren't bad kids, we just got into mischievous behavior. One time we rolled tires down a big hill and they would hit cars at the bottom. Another time we took bricks and threw them down our neighbor lady's concrete steps and busted them all up. I know we deserved to be spanked but I think we could have been spanked by hand and not those nasty wooden spoons. My poor butt was so bright red after a spanking and you could see all these red, oval-shaped spoon marks on my butt. I think my dad could have been easier on us. What do you think? Do you think we deserved the wooden spoon? Teenage Spanking Problems -- Brian P, 13:23:45 02/22/08 Fri [3] I'd like some help please with a discipline problem. I'm a father of twins, a boy and a girl, both 16 now. I lost their mother some years ago, but I've recently remarried to a lady with two daughters, aged 15 and 13. We both believe in spanking as a last resort punishment and agreed before we married that we'd continue with corporal punishment when necesary, but hoping, of course that it wouldn't be necessary. But we never got around to sorting out the details, and now it's causing some friction. There are two areas on which we disagree and I'd really value some help from anyone who has any relevant experience. Firstly, although I've used spanking as an "ultimate deterrent" for both my children, when I've had to actually carry out the threat, I've always been more lenient with my dayghter than my son. I normally spank my daughter over my knee with just the flat of my hand or, very rarely, a slipper either on her bare bottom or through her panties. With my son, though, I always either slipper or belt his bare bottom, and I do it harder than I do with my daughter. My wife says that is wrong and that I should treat them both identically. She points to the fact that my daughter needs to be spanked more often than my son as evidence that I am too soft on her. What do you think? The second problem is that my wife is now saying that, as the man of the house, I should take over the job of spanking her daughters when necessary. She always spanks their bare bottoms, which I think is OK, but it does create difficulties for me. I don't have a problem spanking my own daughter's bare botom (and neither does she), but I'm not sure that I should be doing that to girls for whom I'm not the natural father. So I'd like to hear other people's opinion on this as well please. Hopefully they'll all behave themselves and this discussion will turn out to be academic. But I'd like to have the problem resolved before any spanking is needed, and my wife's eldest daughter is already looking like she'll be needing one before much longer. Thank you. Replies: [> Re: Teenage Spanking Problems -- Holden Caulfield, 21:29:54 03/16/08 Sun [1] I'm not sure that spanking teenagers is quite the way to go, for all kinds of reasons besides the misgivings you mention, but if you're that convinced about it why not do it a bit differently - have them bend over something and lift their skirt and pull their panties down and smack them with a cane or a yardstick or some other longer implement? That way there's no direct contact between you, and a cane gives a much more effective spanking than anything else you could use in any case (and I know for the most obvious reason). [ Edit | View ] [> Re: Teenage Spanking Problems -- LizB, 17:34:56 03/26/08 Wed [1] You're already finding more excuses to spank your daughter than your son. You're already treading on dangerous ground, and the last thing you should be even thinking about is doing the same to your step-daughters, regardless of what your wife might say. I agree with the last poster - it'd be better if you used a cane, if you insist on using any corporal punishment at all. You shouldn't be smacking her bare bottom, and you absolutely sure as hell shouldn't be putting her half-naked over your knee to do it, for reasons which should be absolutely obvious. If you must, bend her over the bed and cane her fully clothed, 'six of the best' still hurts well enough. Non Christian Spankers -- John , 10:28:10 03/24/08 Mon [1] Hello I just listen to an hour of the radio show and I am listen to another hour now. I just wanted you to know that Christians are not the only parents who believe in spanking. I live in California and think spanking should be back in school just like it was when I was in school. I got spanked and paddled in school and at home and at church and at friends houses by other parents who felt spanking another's kids was ok if they had earned it. I had friends that got the belt or the switch and none of them died. Oh I hated getting a spanking but it kept in in line. I spanked my daughter when she earned it and since the 6th grade she hasn't needed one. She is a straight A student. I would suggest that you don't need to prove to Christians that spanking is right it is the non Christians who get put off by the talk that the bible says to do it. I didn't spank my child because I read about it in the bible I spanked her because I knew it worked on me. To get spanking back in school and at home we need to go beyond bible teaching. Good job putting up this site and I hope it does some good because I have seen far too many children in schools that could use a good spanking. Oh and by the way I did not have to leave welts just a good red bottom was all it took for my child. Boys are another story growing up I remember that every boy I knew got a spanking often myself included. And we all got it harder than the girls but it seemed that girls learned their lessons quicker. Maybe boys do have as hard a butt as they do head. Again that you keep up the good work.
Tawse
On a standard Monopoly board, which property makes up the orange set along with Vine Street and Marlborough Street?
VoyForums: ProSpank [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Sharon, 23:06:17 11/24/09 Tue [1] >I live at home with my Mom and working part time and >going to Jr College. Ihave to admit I've been pretty >bad, getting in late. not helping around the house. >Mom decided to start using physical punishment again. >Last week a got spanked , first time since 16 or so. >She even borrowd a paddle from my Aunt . I found out >its still effective but also a lot ,ore embarrassing >when you're older. I am esp embarrassed that my Aunt >knows I still get spanked , and Mom seems open to >discussing my punishments with her friends. Ralph, you are living under parents' root and ought to follow family rules. For violation family rules you have to be punished. If spanking is punishment in your family, you must be punished despite your age. By the way, I don't think that you are too old for spanking. My oldest is 17 now, but for his foolish acts I blister his behind the same as behinds his younger siblings. My friends have 20-year-old son, who is college student, however, about 2 months ago, he was spanked together with 15-year-old brother. [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Ralph, 06:44:23 11/25/09 Wed [1] to sharon ; but I'm upset she tells others , her freinds, etc that i still get spanked [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Sharon, 21:59:45 11/25/09 Wed [1] >to sharon ; but I'm upset she tells others , her >freinds, etc that i still get spanked to Ralph : I think her friends understand that boys deserve punishment for violation of family rules and many boys are spanked by parents. Perhaps, friends of your mother spank own children too. It's usual method for improvement disobedient boys and teens. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- ralph, 08:07:13 11/26/09 Thu [1] My Aunt wants her paddle back that Mom borrowed , and Mom needs one for me. She has a freind that has a craft shop , she is thinking of having her make one , Would that be best source. I agree with you about other parents but i don't think you understand . Not very many older teens are spanked and that is what is embarrassing to me [> [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Sharon, 09:36:15 11/27/09 Fri [1] >My Aunt wants her paddle back that Mom borrowed , and >Mom needs one for me. She has a freind that has a >craft shop , she is thinking of having her make one , >Would that be best source. I agree with you about >other parents but i don't think you understand . Not >very many older teens are spanked and that is what is >embarrassing to me Ralph, shame is part of punishment, if you violate family rules. Be good and obedient and your mom won't spank you. You are lucky that nobody see your punishment, although, sometimes, spanking in front witnesses (except members of family, who can see sibling's spanking always) is useful. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Ralph, 13:29:29 11/27/09 Fri [1] thanks for your advice . my Mom made me go to the craftshop and order the paddle from her friend.although she was kinda admused she said i could not believe hiw many spanking paddles had been ordered for naughty kids and teen who most certainly needed a good warmed bottom 9as she put it). she told me to tell mom she thourghly agrees with her. [> [> [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Charles Edwards, 14:36:23 12/06/09 Sun [1] > Ralph would certainly not like the lack of privacy that the teen boy and girl of friends of mine have to go along with . I stayed at their home for about a week and was surprised that the parents carry out discipline on their two in the lounge no matter who may be present as a visitor . The boy is about fourteen and their daughter twelve . One evening after we had eaten I was watching some television when the dad came into the room and told me that he had to spank both his children for some discobedience at their school. I said that I would go up to my room until they had received their discipline . But to my surprise both parents asked me to stay to add weight to the family decision to spank them . He called both of them in and put a chair in the middle of the room . There was some sobbing as they were told that it would be on the bare bottom for both of them and with me present . The boy went first over his dad`s lap then the girl . Their bottoms were as red as their faces as they were sent up to their rooms . A short sharp lesson that was no doubt deserved .But also a further insentive to be good at home as well as at school . >Ralph, shame is part of punishment, if you violate >family rules. Be good and obedient and your mom won't >spank you. You are lucky that nobody see your >punishment, although, sometimes, spanking in front >witnesses (except members of family, who can see >sibling's spanking always) is useful. [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- to Ralph, 23:29:29 11/27/09 Fri [1] >I live at home with my Mom and working part time and >going to Jr College. Ihave to admit I've been pretty >bad, getting in late. not helping around the house. >Mom decided to start using physical punishment again. >Last week a got spanked , first time since 16 or so. >She even borrowd a paddle from my Aunt . I found out >its still effective but also a lot ,ore embarrassing >when you're older. I am esp embarrassed that my Aunt >knows I still get spanked , and Mom seems open to >discussing my punishments with her friends. How you mother does spank you? I doubt you are spanked on the bare because you are too old. [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Violetta to Ralph, 12:23:12 11/28/09 Sat [1] >I live at home with my Mom and working part time and >going to Jr College. Ihave to admit I've been pretty >bad, getting in late. not helping around the house. >Mom decided to start using physical punishment again. >Last week a got spanked , first time since 16 or so. >She even borrowd a paddle from my Aunt . I found out >its still effective but also a lot ,ore embarrassing >when you're older. I am esp embarrassed that my Aunt >knows I still get spanked , and Mom seems open to >discussing my punishments with her friends. Hi, Ralphy, does your girlfriend know that you are spanked still? My bf Tommy is almost 18, but Daddy spanks him sometimes stil and Tommy very embarrassed that I know about his humiliation, although, usually he has no any embarrassment in front me. [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 to violetta -- ralph, 10:49:46 11/29/09 Sun [1] To Violetta, no my gf dosen't know Mom spanks me. Thank goodness, I would be very embarrassed.Its bad enough my Aunt and some of Mom's friends know, [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 to violetta -- Violetta, 11:08:53 11/30/09 Mon [1] >To Violetta, no my gf dosen't know Mom spanks me. >Thank goodness, I would be very embarrassed.Its bad >enough my Aunt and some of Mom's friends know, Don't embarrass her, if you love each other. Perhaps, boys are more embarrassed than girls about parents' spanking.. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 to violetta -- ralph, 06:36:01 12/03/09 Thu [1] why do you think its not as embarrassing for girls than for boys for others to know about spankings? how old are you / [> [> [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 to violetta -- Violetta to Ralph, 10:04:11 12/03/09 Thu [1] >why do you think its not as embarrassing for girls >than for boys for others to know about spankings? how >old are you / I'm 16 now but Mom continues to spank me, although, no so often as earlier. Tommy knows about it, because I have no secrets for him. Opposite it, he is embarrassed, when I know about his spanking. I think, boys are embarrassed more than girls because all their imagine themselves as adult and too big for spanking. Tommy considers he is adult enough and he hates to get Daddy's spanking as his younger siblings, however, it happens. [> [> Re: age 19 1/2 -- Ralph, 15:22:01 01/07/10 Thu [1] Violetta hope you had a nice holiday have you been good ? silky clothes -- Dan , 07:20:38 01/03/10 Sun [1] A thought comes to me about a spanking I got from my aunt when I was 10yo. I slapped my sister and made her cry which brought my aunt running from her room in just her slip and nylons. She grabbed me pulled down my shorts and underpants and proceded to put me across her knee. I never felt such a nice feeling before as i did then .Of course that all went away when she started to spank me. [ Edit | View ] Sharon -- Spanking in front siblings, 09:55:53 11/26/09 Thu [10] I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and 15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. I always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for all children. [> Re: Sharon -- ralph, 18:16:51 11/26/09 Thu [1] Do their friends know about their spankings? and what about source for paddle [> [> Re: Sharon -- Sharon for Ralph, 22:54:12 11/26/09 Thu [1] >Do their friends know about their spankings? and what >about source for paddle Yes, some from their friends know about it. About sourse of paddle. I punish my children by my wooden hairbrush. [> Re: Sharon -- to Sharon, 23:25:28 11/27/09 Fri [1] >I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and >15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. I >always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I >consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for >all children. [> [> Re: Sharon -- Sharon, 11:03:47 11/28/09 Sat [1] >>I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and >>15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. I >>always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I >>consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for >>all children. >17yo kid is too old for spanking, especially, in front >someone. Yes, he is big and maturated enough, but, if he do childish bad acts, he ought to display his behind over my knee in front brother and sister and get real barebottomed spanking. It's rule in our family. No exception regardless age. [> [> [> Re: Sharon -- to Sharon, 17:47:11 11/28/09 Sat [1] >>>I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and >>>15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. >I >>>always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I >>>consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for >>>all children. >>17yo kid is too old for spanking, especially, in front >>someone. >Yes, he is big and maturated enough, but, if he do >childish bad acts, he ought to display his behind over >my knee in front brother and sister and get real >barebottomed spanking. It's rule in our family. No >exception regardless age. >Are your daughter is spanked on the bare in front >brothers too? We have no any exception in family. Culprit, boys or girl, gets on the bare bottom in front siblings. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Re: Sharon -- Charles Edwards, 14:38:17 12/02/09 Wed [1] I tend to agree with Sharon`s decision to spank her boys and her daughter .Even though they are in their teens they need to be obedient to their mother .And if that means suffering the embarrassment of having underpants or knickers taken down ,then they do have the alternative of being good boys and a good girl . [> [> [> [> Re: Sharon -- Sharon, 00:01:39 12/04/09 Fri [1] >I tend to agree with Sharon`s decision to spank her >boys and her daughter .Even though they are in their >teens they need to be obedient to their mother .And if >that means suffering the embarrassment of having >underpants or knickers taken down ,then they do have >the alternative of being good boys and a good girl . Yes, I think so. Childish punishment follows childish bad behavior. [> Re: Sharon -- Barry, 11:34:51 12/13/09 Sun [1] >I'm single mom of 3 children - boys, 14 and 17, and >15-year-old daughter. All 3 are spanked by me still. I >always spank on the bare bottom in front siblings. I >consider, each spanking has to be useful lesson for >all children. Mother continues to spank me in front both younger sisters regardless my 16. It's very humiliated to be spanked naked in front them on display. Teenage spanking -- Diane Snyder (nauseated), 12:57:44 02/04/09 Wed [2] Spanking teenagers, especially girls, is disgusting. It has sexual overtones that in this day and age of rampant sexual abuse should not be tolerated. Spanking is erotic activity for many consenting adults. I would have been horrified if my dad had ever done such a thing to me and equally horrified if my husband did it to our teenage children. The fact is, we have never had to raise a hand against any of our kids and they are safely into adulthood, doing very well. That this is promoted under the guise of religous teaching is creepy. They did a lot of things in Biblical times like putting people up on crosses and feeding people to lions, I'm not suprised it was ok to knock your children around, too. I would hope we would now days use our God given intelligence to handle problem children rather than using physical assault. [> Re: Teenage spanking -- Courtney, 08:30:57 12/08/09 Tue [1] >Spanking teenagers, especially girls, is disgusting. >It has sexual overtones that in this day and age of >rampant sexual abuse should not be tolerated. >Spanking is erotic activity for many consenting >adults. I would have been horrified if my dad had >ever done such a thing to me and equally horrified if >my husband did it to our teenage children. The fact >is, we have never had to raise a hand against any of >our kids and they are safely into adulthood, doing >very well. That this is promoted under the guise of >religous teaching is creepy. They did a lot of things >in Biblical times like putting people up on crosses >and feeding people to lions, I'm not suprised it was >ok to knock your children around, too. I would hope >we would now days use our God given intelligence to >handle problem children rather than using physical >assault. Well you know what? It WORKS!!!! I was spanked at home until I was 18 years old and in school through my senior year. I never felt "abused" when I got a spanking. I'm 31 years old now and honestly miss the spankings I got growing up. It hurt, yeah, but it was over and done with and I knew that I had indeed deserved the spanking and never did the same thing again. [ Edit | View ] spanking daughters -- tamara, 12:00:22 08/16/09 Sun [3] We have two teenage girls ages 14 and 16 who we still spank when needed. My husband primarily does the spanking in private on their bare bottoms after a panty warming with his hand. He uses a paddle to swat their bottoms after that. iF they are paddled at school for misbehavior, they are also paddled at home. Spanking immediately adjusts their unruly attitudes and improves their behavior, it is a consequence when a natural one does not exist. Their bottoms are vert red and sore, but not bruised, and we see nothing wrong with being firm disciplinarians in the traditional sense. I was paddled by my dad until I was 20 always on the bare bottom and we have a loving relationship to this day. We care enough to spank our daughters bottoms until they no longer need it. I desperately want to see them grown up into fine Christian women who will marry loving and firm husbands they will know how to be obedient to. Replies: [> Re: spanking daughters -- Charles Edwards, 16:05:19 12/05/09 Sat [1] Well Tamara ,I think that you and your husband show good determination to discipline your daughters in the tried and tested method . I feel sure , even though the girls may not admit to it ,that they must feel some security and consistency in the way you provide for their needs . This of course has to include house rules and the manner in which they recieve discipline when they overstep them . [> Re: spanking daughters -- Bryan , 13:47:22 12/07/09 Mon [1] >We have two teenage girls ages 14 and 16 who we still >spank when needed. My husband primarily does the >spanking in private on their bare bottoms after a >panty warming with his hand. He uses a paddle to swat >their bottoms after that. iF they are paddled at >school for misbehavior, they are also paddled at home. > Spanking immediately adjusts their unruly attitudes >and improves their behavior, it is a consequence when >a natural one does not exist. Their bottoms are vert >red and sore, but not bruised, and we see nothing >wrong with being firm disciplinarians in the >traditional sense. I was paddled by my dad until I >was 20 always on the bare bottom and we have a loving >relationship to this day. We care enough to spank our >daughters bottoms until they no longer need it. I >desperately want to see them grown up into fine >Christian women who will marry loving and firm >husbands they will know how to be obedient to. Hi Tamara, by that, would you say that if they are dissrespectful to there husbands, they should be spanked? I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Derek (Joyful), 10:31:39 01/15/09 Thu [6] Bravo Keith. There is a ritual to disciplene in our house. When my wife and I deem our boys {ages 7 and 9} behavior bad enough all of us go into our bedroom and one {or both} are told to pull their pants down. I then take off my belt and instruct to bend over the bed. The spanking is administered in front of both parents so both can take part in it. [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- PDeverit , 18:03:48 01/19/09 Mon [1] So do you get spanked when you misbehave? [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Ted, 10:51:21 01/23/09 Fri [1] I agree that under certain circumstances, this type of discipline is good for the child. >Bravo Keith. There is a ritual to disciplene in our >house. When my wife and I deem our boys {ages 7 and 9} >behavior bad enough all of us go into our bedroom and >one {or both} are told to pull their pants down. I >then take off my belt and instruct to bend over the >bed. The spanking is administered in front of both >parents so both can take part in it. [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Mike (God help you all), 13:45:44 02/04/09 Wed [1] >Bravo Keith. There is a ritual to disciplene in our >house. When my wife and I deem our boys {ages 7 and 9} >behavior bad enough all of us go into our bedroom and >one {or both} are told to pull their pants down. I >then take off my belt and instruct to bend over the >bed. The spanking is administered in front of both >parents so both can take part in it. Are you serious? You both like abusively hitting your kids and ADMIT it? Take a class in child behavior and discipline and learn how to use a little thought instead of your fists to discipline your kids. How about next time you go over the speed limit in your pickup I take your pants down and spank your bare butt.. along with my wife, so we can both be in on it..... [ Edit | View ] [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Charles Davis, 09:26:13 03/31/09 Tue [1] >I am the father of 2 sons, aged 16 and 14. When either my wife or I considers the behavior of our boys merits severe discipline, my wife and I decide on the number of 'swats' (between 4 and 8), we all go into the home office, the offender is told to strip and bend over the desk, where I administer the whipping in front of my wife and his brother, so that it is a punishment in which all take part. These whippings are always followed by improved behavior. [> [> Re: I am pro-bare butt spanking -- Albert, 19:42:39 11/22/09 Sun [1] >>I am the father of 2 sons, aged 16 and 14. When >either my wife or I considers the behavior of our boys >merits severe discipline, my wife and I decide on the >number of 'swats' (between 4 and 8), we all go into >the home office, the offender is told to strip and >bend over the desk, where I administer the whipping in >front of my wife and his brother, so that it is a >punishment in which all take part. These whippings are >always followed by improved behavior. Both my sons, 15 and 17, are spanked by me still for big transgressions. The culprit has to take off everything down waist and stand in knee-chest position on the floor or, sometimes, his bad. Spanking always is doing in front brother and mother. 19 year boy living at home -- Ralph (embarrassed), 07:21:58 10/24/09 Sat [3] i'm living at home with my mom and going to community college and working part time. mom has had it with my attitude and actions and has started spanking me again . [> Re: 19 year boy living at home -- David, 14:19:11 11/01/09 Sun [1] >i'm living at home with my mom and going to community >college and working part time. mom has had it with my >attitude and actions and has started spanking me again >. If your mother hits you, and you are truly 19 years old, you are an adult, and that is considered assault, whether you are living with your parents as a dependant or not. The elderly also live with their children as dependents, and it is just as illegal to hit them because of disagreements. If you are tired of being hit, and have the balls to stand up for yourself and take responsibility for your own behavior, tell her the hitting is going to stop or else. Also, once you are hit by someone else, if you hit them back it is considered self defense by the law in every state. Stand up for yourself, boy. [> Re: 19 year boy living at home -- David, 14:22:32 11/01/09 Sun [1] >i'm living at home with my mom and going to community >college and working part time. mom has had it with my >attitude and actions and has started spanking me again >. If your mother hits you, and you are truly 19 years old, you are an adult, and that is considered assault, whether you are living with your parents as a dependant or not. The elderly also live with their children as dependents, and it is just as illegal to hit them because of disagreements. If you are tired of being hit, and have the balls to stand up for yourself and take responsibility for your own behavior, tell her the hitting is going to stop or else. Also, once you are hit by someone else, if you hit them back it is considered self defense by the law in every state. Stand up for yourself, boy. You may find your mother respects you a bit more, if you refuse to be a submissive mewl. Remember, if you defend yourself it is lawful. Give that old witch a taste of her own medicine, and then watch her go to the clink. Also, why are you living with your mom in the first place. Get a freaking job and leave -- grow up. Being 18 years old, bigger than parents, and assault charges -- David, 14:15:52 11/01/09 Sun [1] I resent my parents belting me. I left them when I was of age, and went my own way. Today they apologize for beating me, and feel terrible about it. I don't beat my own children, and they are well behaved. It is a primitive form of behavior control. For those children over 18 who are hit by their parents, those parents can be convicted of assualt. The last time my father threatened to belt me, I told him to go ahead and take a swing, then I would knock him silly, and call the sherrif. He backed off, and I left the next day. [ Edit | View ] seen adult spanked -- Mike H (friends dad paddled bare), 15:26:27 10/15/09 Thu [1] Growing upin the 50's we lived on a farm and so did my best freind. I was at their place alot. Once when I came over to see my friend and came into the barn--I was shocked to see my friends dad getting his bare butt paddled by my friends grandpa. the dad looked at me from his bent over position with his bare butt out there--and simply siad w/o any hint of embarrassment---- "Why don't you just go on up to the house Larry is there". I could hear the spanking continue. When my friend and I were together I askedwhy his dad was getting paddled and my friend replied--as if it was the simplest question --"Oh mom and grandma were angry with him at lunch and said he need to get paddled--grandpa waited til lunch was done and is giving him the paddle." I was really shocked--I was 14 at the time. I knew both my friend and I still got paddled at that age--but I never suspected his own dad (a very strong man) got the same exact kind of paddling. Of course I saw the dad all the time after that--but he never said anything about it nor acted embarrassed---They were great people and always very good to me----I did not know the word patriarchal at that time---I guess I was seeing the real definition of it! mom spanked at 15 -- jeff d, 19:30:31 09/09/09 Wed [3] My brohers and I got paddled more my mom than dad cause she was home all the time----She paddled us bare over her knee--It hurt---but we sort of just regarded it as part of life. I had not gotten paddlled since 13 and I really had grown alot--I was on the varsity football team as I was very strong for my age---My parents forbade foul language. Wishing to impress my younger brothers--I used some of the language common in football---To my shock my mom overhead---she was outaged--She told me to get the paddle---and I did just that-she told me to take down my pants and undewear and I did w/o a moments hesitation and I went over her knee and she paddled me damn hard--with my youger brothers watching---I was squealing like a puppy. So much for being a tough football player--My butt was still red at pratice --I told them my dad paddled me--and I was still laughed at. I will give my brothers credit---they never told anyone I got my bare ass paddled by my mom. I have to ask other guys who got spanked by your mom in teens----I accepeted it with so with out questionthe same pre spanking fear---regardless of my size---Does a mother/son relationship just make this occur??? Hope to hear from some one thanks Replies: [> Re: mom spanked at 15 -- Wes, 21:41:44 09/17/09 Thu [1] I'm 17 and mom still spanks me in a similar way to how yours did. I am bigger than her and probably stronger but I dont put up much of a fight. I do try to argue against it but it dosnt really help. I think the reason I ultimately give in is what alternative is there? I dont really get embarassed to be bare in front of her because she has seen it all many times. [ Edit | View ] [> Re: mom spanked at 15 -- Pete in Kentucky, 22:51:43 10/01/09 Thu [1] My mom spanked me on the bare (belt) until I was 15 or 16. My dad quit when i was 18 or 19. This was back in the 70s and while I hated my spankings I never questioned my parents right to spank me. >My brohers and I got paddled more my mom than dad >cause she was home all the time----She paddled us bare >over her knee--It hurt---but we sort of just regarded >it as part of life. I had not gotten paddlled since >13 and I really had grown alot--I was on the varsity >football team as I was very strong for my age---My >parents forbade foul language. Wishing to impress my >younger brothers--I used some of the language common >in football---To my shock my mom overhead---she was >outaged--She told me to get the paddle---and I did >just that-she told me to take down my pants and >undewear and I did w/o a moments hesitation and I went >over her knee and she paddled me damn hard--with my >youger brothers watching---I was squealing like a >puppy. So much for being a tough football player--My >butt was still red at pratice --I told them my dad >paddled me--and I was still laughed at. I will give my >brothers credit---they never told anyone I got my bare >ass paddled by my mom. I have to ask other guys who >got spanked by your mom in teens----I accepeted it >with so with out questionthe same pre spanking >fear---regardless of my size---Does a mother/son >relationship just make this occur??? Hope to hear >from some one thanks Spanking Survey -- Ally, 13:49:59 08/30/09 Sun [1] Take the Spanking Survey by going to Admit it and stop -- Worldofhurt, 23:26:44 08/23/09 Sun [1] Spanking is and has always been a sexual act. Do it to adults if you like but stop fantasizing about your own kids bottoms and the sick control you have over them. You don't have sex in public for a reason. You don't masturbate in public for a reason. You don't spank children in public for the same reason. If a child even asks for you to look at their bottom and spank it while enjoying the sweet tyrannical feeling that you will masturbate about later, it is still wrong because they haven't reached consent. Download some porn for christ sake you deviant scum. Teen discipline blog -- Carmella, 05:51:52 07/21/09 Tue [1] I have just created a blog which may be of interest to like-minded parents. Still Spanked -- Will , 17:37:03 06/14/09 Sun [3] I'm 20 and still live at home with my mother. Part of the conditions for living here is following some rules and if it does not happen then she spanks me. In fact I was just spanked a few hours ago for not cleaning the back yard which I was supposed to do yesterday. It just slipped my mind. I do believe spanking works but was unsure about it at my age. Having read all the comments here I see that I'm not the only one who gets it at this age. Replies: [> Re: Still Spanked -- Stuart , 03:32:05 06/16/09 Tue [1] Will, where you from? So how was you spanked? Is it just you and mum or u got dad and siblings too? >I'm 20 and still live at home with my mother. Part of >the conditions for living here is following some rules >and if it does not happen then she spanks me. In fact >I was just spanked a few hours ago for not cleaning >the back yard which I was supposed to do yesterday. >It just slipped my mind. I do believe spanking works >but was unsure about it at my age. Having read all >the comments here I see that I'm not the only one who >gets it at this age. [> [> Re: Still Spanked -- Will, 01:33:44 06/20/09 Sat [1] >Will, where you from? So how was you spanked? Is it >just you and mum or u got dad and siblings too? > I'm in Canada. Usually spanked bare over the knee or lying on the bed. There is my stepfather and a step sister who is a year older. My step sister gets it from mom too but never when I'm around. My step father is ok with it, or seems to be, either way he does not do anything about it. Never met my real dad. Embarrassment is very effective -- it's true -- Amy (true story), 19:51:52 05/11/09 Mon [1] Back in the early 1970s, I attended an elementary school in North Carolina that was a bit overcrowded at the time, which necessitated putting some classrooms in trailers placed about 100 yards from the school building, right on edge of the playground. When I was between the ages of 10 and 11 years old, my fifth grade class was in one of those trailers, and our teacher, Mrs. Hampton, had some interesting ways of dealing with repeated bad behavior. One method was paddling. I was a rather troubled little girl, spanked often at home with hand, hairbrush and belt by both parents. At school, I was no different, always talking back, sulking and getting into squabbles with classmates, just like I fought with my little sister at home. That earned me a half-dozen pops with the paddle from Mrs. Hampton on a couple of occasions -- she would take me outside of the trailer, just around the corner, and another teacher would be asked to witness my little pantied butt getting wood-roasted as I bent over, my dress flipped up on my back, to my great embarrassment. (It hurt, too.) But that embarrassment and pain was nothing compared to what transpired once, when Mrs. Hampton imposed her other form of discipline used for recidivist offenders like me. She held what she called "trials" in the classroom, in which the mischievous child would have to sit facing the class and answer questions about his or her bad behavior. After a few minutes of this, classmates would raise their hands and suggest punishments. For some reason, no one ever suggested spanking, opting instead for embarrassing offenders some other way, such as making them wear a sign all day, or writing lines on the blackboard. That changed one day when I was busted for calling another girl a bad name and pushing her during some hallway dispute on the way back from the school cafeteria. I was put on "trial" for that, and it proved to be fateful. One of my classmates, Tommy Blalock (whom I hated, for good reason, as you shall see) knew that I got spanked at home. My bratty little sister took great pleasure in describing my bare-butt lickings to him once, in great detail. So when sentencing time came, Tommy raised his hand and suggested: "Mrs. Hampton, I think you should march Amy to the principal's office, have her call her mom, and ask for a spanking when she gets home!" (I think the little creep hoped he'd be able to come over to my house and watch.) That went over big. So when Mrs. Hampton went down the list of possible punishments on the blackboard, guess which one got the biggest show of hands? There was much giggling as Mrs. Hampton took my arm and marched me out of the trailer, up the hill toward the school building. I was mortified, but I had no idea how bad it would get. My mom was livid when Mrs. Hampton put me on the phone. I barely finished stammering out my assigned sentence ("...a s-s-spanking") when she demanded to speak to Mrs. Hampton again. "Uh, huh," Mrs. Hampton said, a slightly anxious but stern look on her face. "OK, Mrs. Howe, if that's what you think should happen, then we'll wait here." Uh-oh. I was beginning to get the gist of this. You see, we lived less than five minutes from the school, and my stay-at-home mom could zip right over at any time. Was she going to spank me in the office? Yikes! No. Such. Luck. I was sitting on a bench when mom showed up, and I darn near threw up from fear when I saw her. She meant business. To my horror, she just grabbed me by the arm and said, "Come with me, young lady." And the three of us started walking -- BACK TOWARD THE TRAILER. OH MY GOSH! "Please Mommy," I begged, only to be answered with a stern, snappy "Quiet!" that shut me right up. We were walking so fast that, at one point, one of the clog sandals I was wearing came off, and my mom made me pick it up, take the other one off, and walk barefoot on the hot concrete walkway (it was late Spring) as I carried my shoes. Soon enough, I would forget all about the burning soles of my little bare feet. As we entered the classroom, there were gasps and wide-eyed stares all around. Everyone knew they were about to witness a soon-to-be legendary event at this school. Oh, the stories they'd be able to tell! At a request from mom, Mrs. Hampton placed her own desk chair a few feet away from where she sat, right in front of the whole class! I just stood there. frozen with fear, in a daze. This could not be happening. But it was. "Put those shoes down right there, and come here right now, young lady!" Mom barked. I hesitated, my lip quivering, and my eyes watering. "Bu-but Mom..." "NOW!" she yelled. I sobbed and dropped the clogs, which made her lip quiver, too -- with anger. Not good. I inched slowly toward where she was seated, by knees wobbling and sweat forming on my brow and upper lip. Before I knew it, she grabbed my arm again and, with the remarkable superstrength of an angry mother, she yanked me across her knee as if I was no heavier than a blanket. "Young lady, I've had enough of these bad reports from Mrs. Hampton." she lectured. "And apparently, these children have had enough, too, because they've sentenced you to a good spanking. Well, I think they're entitled to see your sentence carried out. I am going to spank your bottom nice and red for them today!" Wait a minute -- "RED FOR THEM"? Surely she didn't mean... Oh yes she did. As quickly as she had yanked me over her lap, she flipped up my dress and went for the waistband of my little white panties. "NO!!! MOM!!!" I screamed, but it was too late by the time I whipped my hand back to try to prevent her action. My panties were already down around my knees, and I was humiliated for all time. There were more gasps from the audience (and of course, many giggles), and over my shoulder I could see that even Mrs. Hampton was taken aback for a second. She brought her hand up to her mouth as she gasped, too, and jerked forward for a second as if to come to my rescue. Then she apparently thought better of it for another second, stepped back, and a weird little smile came to her face as she arched her eyebrows. She was going to enjoy this. "Oh, yes, young lady," my mother answered me as I sobbed and pleaded, which she cut short with a quick slap to one of my thighs. "You're going to get the same spanking here that you would have gotten at home. I think the class deserves to see a nice red bottom today." And with that, my mom delivered, well, the mother of all bare-bottom spankings with her well-practiced bare hand, to the delight of my audience. For several minutes, slap after painful, stinging slap rang through that trailer classroom as Mom covered every inch of my milky white, slightly freckled bare bottom and thighs with hot, searing pain, as I blubbered like a baby and kicked my bare feet all around, nearly kicking off my panties in the process. Somehow, I managed to keep them from falling no lower than at my frantic ankles. When she was finished, she reached for the panties, pulled them back up and set me on my feet. She had me face the class, and I was forced to apologize as most of them grinned evilly at me. Then I was made to stand in the corner, as Mrs. Hampton knocked on the door of the other classroom that shared the trailer (they'd heard the whole thing, of course) and asked their teacher, Mrs. Blalock, if she could please supervise both classes this afternoon at recess, which was scheduled in about 10 minutes. She said yes. Then, for another 10 minutes, I was sat in front of the class again, on my blazing-hot behind, on that hard chair, for a humiliating post-trial-and-punishment discussion with the class. Tommy, of course, was beside himself with glee, but so was nearly everybody else. A few girls seemed mortified and sympathetic. But all agreed I had brought this on myself by my constant bratty behavior, and I was made to promise over and over to behave myself in the future or "face the consequences again," as my mother warned. At one point, my teacher admitted that she punished her own kids the same way -- over the knew, bare bottom - and expressed regret that she was unable to apply the same methods to some of her pupils. "I can think of a few kids here I'd like to do that to," she said, looking straight at Billy Honeycutt, the brattiest boy in class. He blushed, and looked away. "Well," my mom replied, "you certainly have my permission to spank this one over your knee on her bare behind whenever you need to. And if that doesn't work, I'll be glad to come back and repeat this little performance." Thanks, mom. Now that they had witnessed my total humiliation and comeuppance, the kids were dismissed to run off to the playground, where they had a great story to tell to anyone who'd listen. I, on the other hand, had to sit in the class with my mom and teacher for about 15 minutes of more stern lecturing. At that point, I just wanted to curl up and die. At least I got to ride home with Mom -- that bus ride home would have been brutal. I became an instant legend that day, without a doubt the worst day of my life, and I was never allowed to forget it. Kids teased me about it until the day I graduated high school. But I rarely misbehaved in class after that, I'll tell you that. I hate to admit it, but that spanking really did the trick. I was a model student after that, even in college. So, er, thanks, Mom, I guess. I disagree. -- Comfy (Confused), 23:56:21 05/09/09 Sat [1] Hello. I'm a hardworking, athletic, obedient, ambitious teenaged girl. But I'm a little confused. I don't think every child should get spanked. I think there are limits. Each child is special. I was spanked by my babysitter from age 3 to 5. Never by my parents. But as a result of getting spanked, I carry a lot of sexual frustration to this day. No one knows about it cause I think it's kind of sick and wrong. I just think that if I never gotten a spanking, I wouldn't have such a fetish. Thank you for reading and God bless. :] caning -- Wen Tian Yun (sad), 01:46:13 05/05/09 Tue [1] I am a boy. I am 13 years old. My dad ofthen canes me with a rattan. He canes me on my bottom, I cried everytime he canes me. Although I cried,he ignored me crying and canes me even more harder and more times. He would not hear me explain first before caning me. He wants me to get good results all the time. He canes me whenever I did badly for my tests, spellings, exams, even doing the assessment books that he bought for me, when I misbehave and walk I do not respect my elders and him. Everytime he canes me, my bottom will become very red, it hurts very much and it bleeds. But, he later on, help me to put oilment on my bottom, he points out what I did wrongly when I misbehave.When I did very badly, he would coach me. But, when he coach me, for every question I did wrongly or for every careless mistake I made, he would cane me on my hand. I sometimes enjoy being caned as that is the only time he can sit down and he can chat with me without any interruption from his work. You may find me very silly, but I meant it. If you all wants to see anything more about me, please go to my blog: http://yun999.blogspot.com/ [ Edit | View ] Penance -- Sid, 10:53:54 04/26/09 Sun [1] When I was younger after confession my penance was sometimes 4 or 6 cuts with the strap on the bare bottom. I regarded it as justified for my sins. Anyone else had penances like this? others spanking your child. -- lynnew , 05:26:02 04/01/09 Wed [11] How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me being spanked at school ( in my school this was with the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's children. They were spanked at home,normally by their mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' That's a real good job. ~now I know when your misbehaving where to send you! I am bringing my family up traditionally and use spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is administered soundly so that it normally leads to tears. I have no worries about disciplining them, but would feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just hypocritical ? Replies: [> Re: others spanking your child. -- noel, 11:06:40 04/02/09 Thu [1] Lynnew, You mention that you were tawsed at school, yet use the belt at home. Do you mean the tawse in the second case ( Scottish belt) or a normal belt. If the former is it effective- more or less than the cane- on your teenagers? >How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? > >I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). > >Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out >with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the >neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >misbehaving where to send you! > >I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >administered soundly so that it normally leads to >tears. >I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >hypocritical ? [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- lynnew , 13:23:38 04/02/09 Thu [1] Noel. sorry if I wasn't clear. I discipline my own daughters with a traditional tawse or cane. For those of you who don't know a Scottish tawse is a specially crafted piece of thick leather about 2 foot long with the 'business end' split into two or three tails. It can be used on the butt or hands. In school it was traditionally until 1982 used on the hand . It stings but doesn't easily mark and should never ever break or damage skin. It is safe but very effective.Tawses are graded from light to extra heavy. I use a three tail heavy, which is ideal for recalitrant teens. I give a dose to my daughters on the butt, but if ever stealing were involved I would strap the hands as well. The divided tails make it equally effective to the cane. But , of course, the cane , being rattan leaves prominant marks. Therefore I use the cane for the most serious offences. Hopefully very rarely! >Lynnew, You mention that you were tawsed at school, >yet use the belt at home. Do you mean the tawse in the >second case ( Scottish belt) or a normal belt. If the >former is it effective- more or less than the cane- on >your teenagers? >>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >> >>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >>and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >> >>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out >>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >>mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the >>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>misbehaving where to send you! >> >>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>tears. >>I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>hypocritical ? [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Vanessa, 06:42:58 04/03/09 Fri [1] Lynnew Congrats on bringing up your girls in the trasditional manner. They will thank you for it! My story is a little different . I too came from a good Christian family , but they were completely opposed to physical violence of any type, and never laid a hand on me. In my teens I knew most of my friends, ( we lived in a rural community) went to the same school and Church and got spanked at home. Indeed the Minister in the church in those days preached in favor of it. My parents actually filled in the waiver from the school to ensure I wasn't paddled. One day , however, I got into a fight. the automatic punishment was a five lick paddling or suspension. I was a very bright girl , nearly always top in my year when it came to tests and exams, and the idea of suspension was horrible. I pleaded with the lady V.P.(Miss Henderson) who dealt with my misdemenour to paddle me , and at last she said given my distress she would speak to my parents. Reluctantly , my mom agreed and I grabbed my ankles for my first five swats ever. Miss Henderson was really nice about it , as I had a previously unblemished record, and , whilst she really walloped with a vengence, she was very kind afterwards and let me compose myself with tissues and a glass of water, before facing my class. She told me I was very brave!!! I asked my mom if she wouldn't reconsider paddling me at home. She said no , and I was unhappy. So the next school open night she spoke to Miss Henderson. When she returned home she had arranged that if I deserved a paddling I would be sent round to Miss Henderson either at home or school and she would paddle me. I was surprised but it worked very well. Miss H lived about ten minutes walk from my house, and on the few occasions I was sent there, the walk gave me plenty of time to reflect on the sin committed and pain to come! I normally got a twelve swat ration if I saw her at home , always grabbing my ankles, but I always learned a lesson. I have always paddled my own children from youngsters to leaving home, but I share your misgivings about others dealing with them ( except school where I strongly support the paddle), despite my own background.Does that help? [ Edit | View ] [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Stuart , 12:56:58 04/03/09 Fri [1] lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in the discipline? Do others know how you discipline? >How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? > >I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). > >Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out >with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the >neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >misbehaving where to send you! > >I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >administered soundly so that it normally leads to >tears. >I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Lynnew, 13:27:16 04/04/09 Sat [1] No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I have returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers the last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in reality it makes very little difference to the effect of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters and I discussed this only the other week when I had to tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language and swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought about by a serious problem between friends at school, but a few strokes brought them to order. Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. They told me then they believe spanking is really effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all over and forgiven quickly. As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are proud of , although I know at least one of their friends confided in me she wished her parents would do the same to her. She gets grounded and the reciminations , and punishment hangs around for weeks. I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church who spank their teens, so its not unknown. >lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >the discipline? >Do others know how you discipline? > >>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >> >>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >>and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >> >>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung out >>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >>mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and the >>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>misbehaving where to send you! >> >>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>tears. >>I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Stuart , 13:59:01 04/06/09 Mon [1] lynnew so u have your girls take their skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson the type of knickers they may wear? >No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I have >returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers the >last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >reality it makes very little difference to the effect >of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters and >I discussed this only the other week when I had to >tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language and >swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >about by a serious problem between friends at school, >but a few strokes brought them to order. > >Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when >replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can >let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. > >They told me then they believe spanking is really >effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >over and forgiven quickly. >As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are >proud of , although I know at least one of their >friends confided in me she wished her parents would do >the same to her. She gets grounded and the >reciminations , and punishment hangs around for weeks. > I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church who >spank their teens, so its not unknown. > >>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >>the discipline? >>Do others know how you discipline? >> >>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >>> >>>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >>>and were never discussed, my parents, both practicing >>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >>> >>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung >out >>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by their >>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and >the >>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state on >>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I got >>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and me, >>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would be >>>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>misbehaving where to send you! >>> >>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>>tears. >>>I have no worries about disciplining them, but would >>>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >>>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>>hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Lynnew, 03:42:18 04/07/09 Tue [1] Stuart, My method of punishment is to talk to the girl/s about the offense. when they have admitted their wrongdoing, I tell them a spanking is to be the penalty and then askher/ them politely to follow me into the kitchen. I ask her/them to stand on the back wall facing me hands by her/their sides. I then announce the form of punishment ( cane or strap). I have a high kitchen stool which I use for cooking. I put this in the middle of the room and take out as appropriate the cane or the tawse. I then ask the first girl to step forward and remove her skirt/trousers completely , folding them and putting them to one side. Then she must stretch over the stool and grab the 'low' bar. Then I apply the penalty. If it is the cane its a little more formal as I do test it for 'spring' and thus there are a couple of warning 'swishes'. with the tawse ( mine is a three tail 'heavy' from John J, Dick) it is simply applied in the time honoured method, holding the tails straight until I release the stoke. I NEVER tell the girls in advance the number of strokes to expect....that is for me to know and them to find out! But I am never unreasonable, and I do ask them to count.Miscount and I take it again. I don't give extra for yells, tears or any sort of performance, except if a girl were to rise from the stool completely , we would have to start over again. Should the offense require a handstrapping (where 'hands' have been involved in the act - stealing, hands caught rumaging in my handbag, smoking etc) etc) before bending the girl over the stool I apply 'six' ( three on each hand , with the hands held 'Scottish style') and the tawse drawn over the shoulder.This, as those of you who had the experience of Scottish schooling in the days of the belt will endorse, is a most 'memorable' experience. My girls are normally very co-operative, recognising the good the punishment does, and knowing I only correct them for their own benefit.Normally, my punishment does give rise to tears of shame as much as pain, although there is no point in punishment without sting. After the punishment is over we always hug so there is no ill feeling. As to knickers - it isn't an issue . Both attend independent schools where uniform inspection is carried out on occasion. What suits the school is ok by me.Were they to wear very modern attire in any case it would be worse for them, unlike shool wear, thongs etc etc give absolutely no protection- indeed in my case would render the wearer subject to 'extra'! I wondered from your interest Stuart, do you have kids to disicpline or were you disciplined yourself ? >lynnew so u have your girls take their >skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson >the type of knickers they may wear? > >>No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I have >>returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers the >>last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >>reality it makes very little difference to the effect >>of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters and >>I discussed this only the other week when I had to >>tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language and >>swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >>about by a serious problem between friends at school, >>but a few strokes brought them to order. >> >>Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >>line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when >>replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >>seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can >>let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. >> >>They told me then they believe spanking is really >>effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >>given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >>over and forgiven quickly. >>As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are >>proud of , although I know at least one of their >>friends confided in me she wished her parents would do >>the same to her. She gets grounded and the >>reciminations , and punishment hangs around for weeks. >> I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church who >>spank their teens, so its not unknown. >> >>>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >>>the discipline? >>>Do others know how you discipline? >>> >>>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor , >>>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >>>> >>>>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured out, >>>>and were never discussed, my parents, both >practicing >>>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was with >>>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >>>> >>>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung >>out >>>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by >their >>>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my parents, >>>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion I >>>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and >>the >>>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state >on >>>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I >got >>>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and >me, >>>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would >be >>>>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>>misbehaving where to send you! >>>> >>>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two mid >>>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>>>tears. >>>>I have no worries about disciplining them, but >would >>>>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with them. >>>>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>>>hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Stuart , 13:28:54 04/08/09 Wed [1] lynne my interest is purely as I have never known of anyone in the UK who genuinely smacks teens bottoms. I feel if more teens were smacked they would be more respectful etc etc >Stuart, My method of punishment is to talk to the >girl/s about the offense. when they have admitted >their wrongdoing, I tell them a spanking is to be the >penalty and then askher/ them politely to follow me >into the kitchen. I ask her/them to stand on the back >wall facing me hands by her/their sides. I then >announce the form of punishment ( cane or strap). I >have a high kitchen stool which I use for cooking. I >put this in the middle of the room and take out as >appropriate the cane or the tawse. I then ask the >first girl to step forward and remove her >skirt/trousers completely , folding them and putting >them to one side. Then she must stretch over the stool >and grab the 'low' bar. Then I apply the penalty. If >it is the cane its a little more formal as I do test >it for 'spring' and thus there are a couple of warning >'swishes'. with the tawse ( mine is a three tail >'heavy' from John J, Dick) it is simply applied in the >time honoured method, holding the tails straight until >I release the stoke. I NEVER tell the girls in advance >the number of strokes to expect....that is for me to >know and them to find out! But I am never >unreasonable, and I do ask them to count.Miscount and >I take it again. I don't give extra for yells, tears >or any sort of performance, except if a girl were to >rise from the stool completely , we would have to >start over again. >Should the offense require a handstrapping (where >'hands' have been involved in the act - stealing, >hands caught rumaging in my handbag, smoking etc) >etc) before bending the girl over the stool I apply >'six' ( three on each hand , with the hands held >'Scottish style') and the tawse drawn over the >shoulder.This, as those of you who had the experience >of Scottish schooling in the days of the belt will >endorse, is a most 'memorable' experience. > >My girls are normally very co-operative, recognising >the good the punishment does, and knowing I only >correct them for their own benefit.Normally, my >punishment does give rise to tears of shame as much as >pain, although there is no point in punishment without >sting. After the punishment is over we always hug so >there is no ill feeling. > >As to knickers - it isn't an issue . Both attend >independent schools where uniform inspection is >carried out on occasion. What suits the school is ok >by me.Were they to wear very modern attire in any case >it would be worse for them, unlike shool wear, thongs >etc etc give absolutely no protection- indeed in my >case would render the wearer subject to 'extra'! > >I wondered from your interest Stuart, do you have kids >to disicpline or were you disciplined yourself ? > >>lynnew so u have your girls take their >>skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson >>the type of knickers they may wear? >> >>>No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I >have >>>returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers >the >>>last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >>>reality it makes very little difference to the effect >>>of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters >and >>>I discussed this only the other week when I had to >>>tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language and >>>swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >>>about by a serious problem between friends at school, >>>but a few strokes brought them to order. >>> >>>Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >>>line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when >>>replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >>>seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can >>>let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. >>> >>>They told me then they believe spanking is really >>>effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >>>given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >>>over and forgiven quickly. >>>As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are >>>proud of , although I know at least one of their >>>friends confided in me she wished her parents would >do >>>the same to her. She gets grounded and the >>>reciminations , and punishment hangs around for >weeks. >>> I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church who >>>spank their teens, so its not unknown. >>> >>>>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>>>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >>>>the discipline? >>>>Do others know how you discipline? >>>> >>>>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor >, >>>>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >>>>> >>>>>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>>>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured >out, >>>>>and were never discussed, my parents, both >>practicing >>>>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>>>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was >with >>>>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you hands). >>>>> >>>>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung >>>out >>>>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by >>their >>>>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my >parents, >>>>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission to >>>>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion >I >>>>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and >>>the >>>>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state >>on >>>>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I >>got >>>>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt was >>>>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and >>me, >>>>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would >>be >>>>>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>>>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>>>misbehaving where to send you! >>>>> >>>>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two >mid >>>>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>>>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>>>>tears. >>>>>I have no worries about disciplining them, but >>would >>>>>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with >them. >>>>>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, just >>>>>hypocritical ? [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Lynnew, 00:06:16 04/09/09 Thu [1] Thanks Stuart. It may surprise you but only just over ten years ago in independent schools the strap and cane were still legal . I taught in one such school where three of us shared ( men for the boys, women for the girls)the punishment duties amongst us ( head and two deputies). Many parents sought our school out because of its reputation for non nonsense discipline, and we had a happy environment in which to teach polite and respectful kids. Very very little such punishment was administered, but the fact we used it , if ever necessary , up to and including sixth formers was a deterrent. The last girl I caned was a sixth former. She had been caught smoking and out of bounds ( buying twenty cigarettes).She was caught by a junior member of staff to whom she had used foul language and issued a veiled threat. Despite my description of the offense she wasn't a regular trouble maker, but offered no real explanation other than she was in a foul mood when caught and apologized to the junior staff member. I talked to her for a long while but could get nowhere as to why she acted this way, and told her she could choose suspension for two weeks or six of the best. Six was rare, very rare , normally a couple or three at most. I notified her parents , who agreed with me, and she chose the cane. We normally caned the hands, but six was far too much So I had her bend over. It was over quickly, but as I expected she cried for the last couple of strokes. Once it was over we talked quietly whilst she composed herself. There was no anger or real distress.The morning after she brought me unbidden a letter of apology, and we shook hands .She told me she was sorry , and that day was getting a little reminder of her behavior every time she sat down! There were no further problems with her .She won a place at a leading university. Now in my view which was better a few minutes pain and immediate remorse, or two weeks loss of education? One is over in a minute or two , the other can , especially in public exam years place a girl's future at risk. It's not much different in families. My kids feel, for example that the punishment is quick, given whilst the offense is fresh in their mind, and is not drawn out , nor causes resentment- it is seen as fair. If they objected and wanted grounding , lines or loss of TV computer etc., I would do it , but this drags the affair out over weeks not minutes. My girls at at the top of the class at school , are polite respectful, and lead fulfilling independent lives . In short they are well adjusted citizens. lynne my interest is purely as I have never known of >anyone in the UK who genuinely smacks teens bottoms. I >feel if more teens were smacked they would be more >respectful etc etc >>Stuart, My method of punishment is to talk to the >>girl/s about the offense. when they have admitted >>their wrongdoing, I tell them a spanking is to be the >>penalty and then askher/ them politely to follow me >>into the kitchen. I ask her/them to stand on the back >>wall facing me hands by her/their sides. I then >>announce the form of punishment ( cane or strap). I >>have a high kitchen stool which I use for cooking. I >>put this in the middle of the room and take out as >>appropriate the cane or the tawse. I then ask the >>first girl to step forward and remove her >>skirt/trousers completely , folding them and putting >>them to one side. Then she must stretch over the stool >>and grab the 'low' bar. Then I apply the penalty. If >>it is the cane its a little more formal as I do test >>it for 'spring' and thus there are a couple of warning >>'swishes'. with the tawse ( mine is a three tail >>'heavy' from John J, Dick) it is simply applied in the >>time honoured method, holding the tails straight until >>I release the stoke. I NEVER tell the girls in advance >>the number of strokes to expect....that is for me to >>know and them to find out! But I am never >>unreasonable, and I do ask them to count.Miscount and >>I take it again. I don't give extra for yells, tears >>or any sort of performance, except if a girl were to >>rise from the stool completely , we would have to >>start over again. >>Should the offense require a handstrapping (where >>'hands' have been involved in the act - stealing, >>hands caught rumaging in my handbag, smoking etc) >>etc) before bending the girl over the stool I apply >>'six' ( three on each hand , with the hands held >>'Scottish style') and the tawse drawn over the >>shoulder.This, as those of you who had the experience >>of Scottish schooling in the days of the belt will >>endorse, is a most 'memorable' experience. >> >>My girls are normally very co-operative, recognising >>the good the punishment does, and knowing I only >>correct them for their own benefit.Normally, my >>punishment does give rise to tears of shame as much as >>pain, although there is no point in punishment without >>sting. After the punishment is over we always hug so >>there is no ill feeling. >> >>As to knickers - it isn't an issue . Both attend >>independent schools where uniform inspection is >>carried out on occasion. What suits the school is ok >>by me.Were they to wear very modern attire in any case >>it would be worse for them, unlike shool wear, thongs >>etc etc give absolutely no protection- indeed in my >>case would render the wearer subject to 'extra'! >> >>I wondered from your interest Stuart, do you have kids >>to disicpline or were you disciplined yourself ? >> >>>lynnew so u have your girls take their >>>skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson >>>the type of knickers they may wear? >>> >>>>No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I >>have >>>>returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers >>the >>>>last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >>>>reality it makes very little difference to the >effect >>>>of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters >>and >>>>I discussed this only the other week when I had to >>>>tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language >and >>>>swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >>>>about by a serious problem between friends at >school, >>>>but a few strokes brought them to order. >>>> >>>>Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >>>>line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me when >>>>replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >>>>seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really can >>>>let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. >>>> >>>>They told me then they believe spanking is really >>>>effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >>>>given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >>>>over and forgiven quickly. >>>>As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls are >>>>proud of , although I know at least one of their >>>>friends confided in me she wished her parents would >>do >>>>the same to her. She gets grounded and the >>>>reciminations , and punishment hangs around for >>weeks. >>>> I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church >who >>>>spank their teens, so its not unknown. >>>> >>>>>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>>>>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved in >>>>>the discipline? >>>>>Do others know how you discipline? >>>>> >>>>>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, pastor >>, >>>>>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age matter? >>>>>> >>>>>>I was brought up in a no spank family in Scotland. >>>>>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured >>out, >>>>>>and were never discussed, my parents, both >>>practicing >>>>>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of me >>>>>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was >>with >>>>>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you >hands). >>>>>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older 'hung >>>>out >>>>>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>>>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by >>>their >>>>>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my >>parents, >>>>>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission >to >>>>>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one occasion >>I >>>>>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I and >>>>the >>>>>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>>>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our state >>>on >>>>>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I >>>got >>>>>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt >was >>>>>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and >>>me, >>>>>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom would >>>be >>>>>>mad, I told her and she looked and just commented' >>>>>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>>>>misbehaving where to send you! >>>>>> >>>>>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>>>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two >>mid >>>>>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>>>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>>>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>>>>administered soundly so that it normally leads to >>>>>>tears. >>>>>>I have no worries about disciplining them, but >>>would >>>>>>feel less sanguine about others 'dealing' with >>them. >>>>>>Am I right or wrong, or, given my background, >just [> [> [> [> [> [> [> Re: others spanking your child. -- Stuart , 02:56:31 04/10/09 Fri [1] lynnew I would be really interested to know what part of the uk your in. Would you care to email me direct? >Thanks Stuart. It may surprise you but only just over >ten years ago in independent schools the strap and >cane were still legal . I taught in one such school >where three of us shared ( men for the boys, women for >the girls)the punishment duties amongst us ( head and >two deputies). Many parents sought our school out >because of its reputation for non nonsense discipline, >and we had a happy environment in which to teach >polite and respectful kids. Very very little such >punishment was administered, but the fact we used it , >if ever necessary , up to and including sixth formers >was a deterrent. >The last girl I caned was a sixth former. She had been >caught smoking and out of bounds ( buying twenty >cigarettes).She was caught by a junior member of staff >to whom she had used foul language and issued a veiled >threat. Despite my description of the offense she >wasn't a regular trouble maker, but offered no real >explanation other than she was in a foul mood when >caught and apologized to the junior staff member. > >I talked to her for a long while but could get nowhere >as to why she acted this way, and told her she could >choose suspension for two weeks or six of the best. >Six was rare, very rare , normally a couple or three >at most. I notified her parents , who agreed with me, >and she chose the cane. We normally caned the hands, >but six was far too much So I had her bend over. It >was over quickly, but as I expected she cried for the >last couple of strokes. Once it was over we talked >quietly whilst she composed herself. There was no >anger or real distress.The morning after she brought >me unbidden a letter of apology, and we shook hands >.She told me she was sorry , and that day was getting >a little reminder of her behavior every time she sat >down! There were no further problems with her .She won >a place at a leading university. > >Now in my view which was better a few minutes pain and >immediate remorse, or two weeks loss of education? One >is over in a minute or two , the other can , >especially in public exam years place a girl's future >at risk. >It's not much different in families. My kids feel, for >example that the punishment is quick, given whilst the >offense is fresh in their mind, and is not drawn out , >nor causes resentment- it is seen as fair. If they >objected and wanted grounding , lines or loss of TV >computer etc., I would do it , but this drags the >affair out over weeks not minutes. My girls at at the >top of the class at school , are polite respectful, >and lead fulfilling independent lives . In short they >are well adjusted citizens. >lynne my interest is purely as I have never known of >>anyone in the UK who genuinely smacks teens bottoms. I >>feel if more teens were smacked they would be more >>respectful etc etc >>>Stuart, My method of punishment is to talk to the >>>girl/s about the offense. when they have admitted >>>their wrongdoing, I tell them a spanking is to be the >>>penalty and then askher/ them politely to follow me >>>into the kitchen. I ask her/them to stand on the back >>>wall facing me hands by her/their sides. I then >>>announce the form of punishment ( cane or strap). I >>>have a high kitchen stool which I use for cooking. I >>>put this in the middle of the room and take out as >>>appropriate the cane or the tawse. I then ask the >>>first girl to step forward and remove her >>>skirt/trousers completely , folding them and putting >>>them to one side. Then she must stretch over the >stool >>>and grab the 'low' bar. Then I apply the penalty. If >>>it is the cane its a little more formal as I do test >>>it for 'spring' and thus there are a couple of >warning >>>'swishes'. with the tawse ( mine is a three tail >>>'heavy' from John J, Dick) it is simply applied in >the >>>time honoured method, holding the tails straight >until >>>I release the stoke. I NEVER tell the girls in >advance >>>the number of strokes to expect....that is for me to >>>know and them to find out! But I am never >>>unreasonable, and I do ask them to count.Miscount and >>>I take it again. I don't give extra for yells, tears >>>or any sort of performance, except if a girl were to >>>rise from the stool completely , we would have to >>>start over again. >>>Should the offense require a handstrapping (where >>>'hands' have been involved in the act - stealing, >>>hands caught rumaging in my handbag, smoking etc) >>>etc) before bending the girl over the stool I apply >>>'six' ( three on each hand , with the hands held >>>'Scottish style') and the tawse drawn over the >>>shoulder.This, as those of you who had the experience >>>of Scottish schooling in the days of the belt will >>>endorse, is a most 'memorable' experience. >>> >>>My girls are normally very co-operative, recognising >>>the good the punishment does, and knowing I only >>>correct them for their own benefit.Normally, my >>>punishment does give rise to tears of shame as much >as >>>pain, although there is no point in punishment >without >>>sting. After the punishment is over we always hug >so >>>there is no ill feeling. >>> >>>As to knickers - it isn't an issue . Both attend >>>independent schools where uniform inspection is >>>carried out on occasion. What suits the school is ok >>>by me.Were they to wear very modern attire in any >case >>>it would be worse for them, unlike shool wear, >thongs >>>etc etc give absolutely no protection- indeed in my >>>case would render the wearer subject to 'extra'! >>> >>>I wondered from your interest Stuart, do you have >kids >>>to disicpline or were you disciplined yourself ? >>> >>>>lynnew so u have your girls take their >>>>skirts/trousers off? I am guessing you have ruleson >>>>the type of knickers they may wear? >>>> >>>>>No, at the moment I'm not in Scotland, although I >>>have >>>>>returned on occasion. I am widowed so that answers >>>the >>>>>last part. I allow them the modesty of knickers, in >>>>>reality it makes very little difference to the >>effect >>>>>of the spanking in my mind. Actually my daughters >>>and >>>>>I discussed this only the other week when I had to >>>>>tawse both of them for rowing, using bad language >>and >>>>>swearing. That's very very unususal and was brought >>>>>about by a serious problem between friends at >>school, >>>>>but a few strokes brought them to order. >>>>> >>>>>Indeed my younger daughter , who was standing 'in >>>>>line' whilst I strapped her Sister, said to me >when >>>>>replacing her sister over the kitchen stool ' Mum, >>>>>seeing the tawse has done the trick , you really >can >>>>>let me off the real thing.....I didn't of course.. >>>>> >>>>>They told me then they believe spanking is really >>>>>effective,'tough love' it's quick , hurts but is >>>>>given with love, and causes no resentment . Its all >>>>>over and forgiven quickly. >>>>>As to others knowing it isn't anything the girls >are >>>>>proud of , although I know at least one of their >>>>>friends confided in me she wished her parents would >>>do >>>>>the same to her. She gets grounded and the >>>>>reciminations , and punishment hangs around for >>>weeks. >>>>> I know of a couple of other mothers at my Church >>who >>>>>spank their teens, so its not unknown. >>>>> >>>>>>lynnew are you still in Scotland then? Do your >>>>>>dasughters get it bare bum? Is dad ever involved >in >>>>>>Do others know how you discipline? >>>>>> >>>>>>>How would you feel about others (neighbour, >pastor >>>>>>>teachers) spanking your children? Does age >matter? >>>>>>>I was brought up in a no spank family in >Scotland. >>>>>>>Strangely, whilst , for reasons I never figured >>>out, >>>>>>>and were never discussed, my parents, both >>>>practicing >>>>>>>Christians, did not spank, but they approved of >me >>>>>>>being spanked at school ( in my school this was >>>with >>>>>>>the feared Scottish belt ot 'tawse' on you >>hands). >>>>>>>Also I frequently played, and as I got older >'hung >>>>>>>with' two kids who were one of our neighbour's >>>>>>>children. They were spanked at home,normally by >>>>their >>>>>>>mother with a belt. She had checked with my >>>parents, >>>>>>>and told me if we misbehaved she had permission >>to >>>>>>>wallop me as well as them! Indeed, on one >occasion >>>>>>>remember well, we were in out mid teens, and I >and >>>>>>>neighbour's daughter went to town and drank some >>>>>>>alcohol, which was 'forbidden' . However our >state >>>>>>>return was soon discovered by my neighbour, and I >>>>got >>>>>>>the best bare butt spanking of my life. My butt >>was >>>>>>>left cherry red with some really clear welts, and >>>>me, >>>>>>>rightly bawling like a baby. Thinking my mom >would >>>>>>>mad, I told her and she looked and just >commented' >>>>>>>That's a real good job. ~now I know when your >>>>>>>misbehaving where to send you! >>>>>>> >>>>>>>I am bringing my family up traditionally and use >>>>>>>spanking as my main disiplinary tool. I have two >>>mid >>>>>>>teen daughters,(14 and 16) and both know that >>>>>>>misbehaviour leads to a good caning or belting >>>>>>>whichever I deem most appropriate. Either is >>>>>>>administered soundly so that it normally leads >to Amazing -- James , 07:55:09 04/03/09 Fri [3] Every year children die in corporal punishment sessions where they are literally beaten to death. I see little good reason to retain this system because it is completely arbitrary. When corporal punishments were used to punish criminals they were convicted beyond a reasonable doubt, and sentenced by a presumable fair and impartial judge. These judicial punishments took place with and where still legal; they take place with a doctor monitoring the event to ensure that the person is not killed. Most parents have little knowledge of human biology, and many are plain idiots. I have a difficult time accepting the proposition that due to a person's age or status; that they can be moderately tortured at the whim of a psyco parent-all legal. I have seen no state law that states a child must do something wrong to be corporeally punished, the laws only concern the amount of or injuries caused by the moderate torture. When someone is wrongfully sent to prison there is almost always compensation given, when an adult crosses the line and instigates violence to another, the person is subject to civil liability, and criminal in some cases. A child spanked to the fullest extent of the law, who is later found to have done nothing wrong is responded to with "oh well". When a parent does cross the line and is willing to step up and accept responsibility, they face the possibility of their family being torn apart, criminal prosecution, custody issues, ect. Is this for of discipline so great and so wonderfully necessary that it out weighs the harm? Replies: [> Re: Amazing -- Vanessa, 05:43:40 04/05/09 Sun [1] Wow James, Don't know if its worth replying, certainly so far as I am concerned you're so wide of the mark!! When a child were you ever spanked yourself at home , say or at school? I only ask this because the experience of most children is so alien to your rant. Obviously in every barrel there can be bad apples, but most of the spanking parents and teachers/Principals I know would NEVER DREAM of harming their kids. You don't kill kids by causing their butts to redden a little. A good paddling at school may cause a few bruises , and some discomfort for a lttle while, but its not attempted murder. You are right you can't take a spanking back, but that's why you should only spank for clearly established wrong doing. In virtually ever case I can think of , certainly when I was young and with my kids now both at home and at school, the kids always -eventuially - admit the misdemenour- and accept the punishment as fair. After all they are not tied down or ever restrained in any way in my house, nor in any of the schools I know that paddle. I ask them quietly and politely to 'bend over', normally with their hands on a chair seat and if they were feeling 'got at' I know they would object - and no - if they did ~I wouldn't thrash them within an inch of their lives!!!!! I would talk to them as sensible human beings , without anger or raised voices, and get to the bottom of the issue, to excuse a pun. Now many States use capital punishment in the US. that you can't reverse, and there are many miscarriages, but I guess as its a judge and jury who make the mistake, and a doctor oversees the sentence that's ok! not torture! Not Murder!not like a spanking! Have you ever talked to kids? Take a look the 'Principal's Door ' extract on youtube from Arkansas, the kids chose paddling over a long detention, and what does the 'star' say to the reporter, something to the effect of the swats stung, and I've learned my lesson, but at least I can go out and enjoy myself with my friends tonight.Oh! and she can still smile. Doesn't seem much like torture to me. The worst thing in my job as a teacher/administrator is nowadays some kids in my school- excluding those whose parents 'fill in ' the no paddling request,- are really scared without reason if they get themselves a paddling. They believe your propaganda. Today few ever get the paddle, not like when I was at school when you were lucky to avoid it , but a false mistique has grown up as a consequence. I have to spend a good deal of time explaining to scared students that a paddling isn't unbearable ,It's just a series of nasty stings. I'm happy to let them examine the paddle, and I'll even show them my swing, before they chose that or a non physical punishment. When they've had it many apologize and say they wouldn't have made a fuss if they had known what I was really going to do !!Many even thank me for teaching them a quick lesson. But hey teachers who still paddle should be on trial doubtless for attempted murder or worse. Is 20 to life just, do you think??? Actually James we will never agree, but please accept the point that just as the vast majority of gun owners don't massacre their neighbors, the vast majority of parents and teachers who spank are caring people who would never abuse, but believe what they are doing really does help kids, and in school provides a quick, effective punishment option .Please note the word option - there is suspension and /or detention if they prefer. On one point you are right - abuse in whatever form is unacceptable in a civilized society , and every citizen has a duty to stop that. >Every year children die in corporal punishment >sessions where they are literally beaten to death. I >see little good reason to retain this system because >it is completely arbitrary. When corporal punishments >were used to punish criminals they were convicted >beyond a reasonable doubt, and sentenced by a >presumable fair and impartial judge. These judicial >punishments took place with and where still legal; >they take place with a doctor monitoring the event to >ensure that the person is not killed. Most parents >have little knowledge of human biology, and many are >plain idiots. I have a difficult time accepting the >proposition that due to a person's age or status; that >they can be moderately tortured at the whim of a psyco >parent-all legal. I have seen no state law that states >a child must do something wrong to be corporeally >punished, the laws only concern the amount of or >injuries caused by the moderate torture. When someone >is wrongfully sent to prison there is almost always >compensation given, when an adult crosses the line and >instigates violence to another, the person is subject >to civil liability, and criminal in some cases. A >child spanked to the fullest extent of the law, who is >later found to have done nothing wrong is responded to >with "oh well". When a parent does cross the line and >is willing to step up and accept responsibility, they >face the possibility of their family being torn apart, >criminal prosecution, custody issues, ect. Is this for >of discipline so great and so wonderfully necessary >that it out weighs the harm? [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: Amazing -- Susanne (texas gal), 15:52:27 04/07/09 Tue [1] Vanessa, you sound a really nice VP or whatever, who cares about the kids. In my high School in Texas no one spent any time when paddling us - it was -look at the pick slip bend over and grab those ankles- wham , bang bang- get back to class- yes ma'am. The first time I was sent up I was in and out in two minutes three swats, crying, no tissue even, and I really ( honestly!) didn't know what it was for!!! The second time there were so many in line the sports coach helped out. she really whacked as hard as she could . I got five for sass and tardy points. I could hardly walk. Even the teacher whose class I went back to, told me to take some time out in the rest room. She came to see how I was. I remember her saying' What have they done to you poor girl?' Just a routine paddling , that was all I don't disapprove of corporal punishment. We all have to learn , and a little bit of pain can do some good. I smacked my kids, even had a paddle. BUT you need to temper that with love and understanding. Compassion was what was missing in our school. Just a thought . what do y'all think? >Wow James, Don't know if its worth replying, certainly >so far as I am concerned you're so wide of the mark!! > >When a child were you ever spanked yourself at home , >say or at school? I only ask this because the >experience of most children is so alien to your rant. > >Obviously in every barrel there can be bad apples, but >most of the spanking parents and teachers/Principals I >know would NEVER DREAM of harming their kids. You >don't kill kids by causing their butts to redden a >little. A good paddling at school may cause a few >bruises , and some discomfort for a lttle while, but >its not attempted murder. >You are right you can't take a spanking back, but >that's why you should only spank for clearly >established wrong doing. In virtually ever case I can >think of , certainly when I was young and with my >kids now both at home and at school, the kids always >-eventuially - admit the misdemenour- and accept the >punishment as fair. After all they are not tied down >or ever restrained in any way in my house, nor in any >of the schools I know that paddle. I ask them >quietly and politely to 'bend over', normally with >their hands on a chair seat and if they were feeling >'got at' I know they would object - and no - if they >did ~I wouldn't thrash them within an inch of their >lives!!!!! I would talk to them as sensible human >beings , without anger or raised voices, and get to >the bottom of the issue, to excuse a pun. > >Now many States use capital punishment in the US. that >you can't reverse, and there are many miscarriages, >but I guess as its a judge and jury who make the >mistake, and a doctor oversees the sentence that's ok! >not torture! Not Murder!not like a spanking! > >Have you ever talked to kids? Take a look the >'Principal's Door ' extract on youtube from Arkansas, >the kids chose paddling over a long detention, and >what does the 'star' say to the reporter, something to >the effect of the swats stung, and I've learned my >lesson, but at least I can go out and enjoy myself >with my friends tonight.Oh! and she can still smile. >Doesn't seem much like torture to me. > >The worst thing in my job as a teacher/administrator >is nowadays some kids in my school- excluding those >whose parents 'fill in ' the no paddling request,- are >really scared without reason if they get themselves a >paddling. They believe your propaganda. Today few ever >get the paddle, not like when I was at school when you >were lucky to avoid it , but a false mistique has >grown up as a consequence. > >I have to spend a good deal of time explaining to >scared students that a paddling isn't unbearable ,It's > just a series of nasty stings. I'm happy to let them >examine the paddle, and I'll even show them my swing, >before they chose that or a non physical punishment. >When they've had it many apologize and say they >wouldn't have made a fuss if they had known what I was >really going to do !!Many even thank me for teaching >them a quick lesson. But hey teachers who still paddle >should be on trial doubtless for attempted murder or >worse. Is 20 to life just, do you think??? > >Actually James we will never agree, but please accept >the point that just as the vast majority of gun owners >don't massacre their neighbors, the vast majority of >parents and teachers who spank are caring people who >would never abuse, but believe what they are doing >really does help kids, and in school provides a quick, >effective punishment option .Please note the word >option - there is suspension and /or detention if they >prefer. >On one point you are right - abuse in whatever form is >unacceptable in a civilized society , and every >citizen has a duty to stop that. > >>Every year children die in corporal punishment >>sessions where they are literally beaten to death. I >>see little good reason to retain this system because >>it is completely arbitrary. When corporal punishments >>were used to punish criminals they were convicted >>beyond a reasonable doubt, and sentenced by a >>presumable fair and impartial judge. These judicial >>punishments took place with and where still legal; >>they take place with a doctor monitoring the event to >>ensure that the person is not killed. Most parents >>have little knowledge of human biology, and many are >>plain idiots. I have a difficult time accepting the >>proposition that due to a person's age or status; that >>they can be moderately tortured at the whim of a psyco >>parent-all legal. I have seen no state law that states >>a child must do something wrong to be corporeally >>punished, the laws only concern the amount of or >>injuries caused by the moderate torture. When someone >>is wrongfully sent to prison there is almost always >>compensation given, when an adult crosses the line and >>instigates violence to another, the person is subject >>to civil liability, and criminal in some cases. A >>child spanked to the fullest extent of the law, who is >>later found to have done nothing wrong is responded to >>with "oh well". When a parent does cross the line and >>is willing to step up and accept responsibility, they >>face the possibility of their family being torn apart, >>criminal prosecution, custody issues, ect. Is this for >>of discipline so great and so wonderfully necessary >>that it out weighs the harm? spanking works -- Bill, 02:10:53 02/21/09 Sat [7] I'm a father of 3 children, ages 1, 3 and 6. Good hard spankings are what every child needs in order to learn responsibility. After my 6 yr old ran into the street, I told her she was going to get spanked 10 times with the belt. She started crying right away and I told her that crying wasn't going to do her any good. I told her to get in her room and lie face down on the edge of her bed. I lifted her dress and slipped her panties down. I use an old heavy leather strap to ensure the spanking leaves a lasting impression. I always double the belt over and hold it with both hands. I draw it back and whack it against her butt as hard as I can. If each stroke doesn't leave a welt, then you're not doing it right. You shouldn't be alarmed if a spanking results in bruising or welting. That will go away within a week, but the lesson will stay with them. When my 1 yr old threw a temper tantrum in the store, I knew what I needed to do. You need to teach them young that bad behavior will not be tolerated. I immediately took her out to our family van. I unfastened the sticky tabs on her pamper and pulled it back so I could spank her on the bare bottom. I took her over my lap and spanked her with a thick wooden paddle I keep in the glove box. When her little butt turned bright red I knew she was getting the message. I usually give her anywhere from 5 to 10 good hard whacks. Little ones like to kick and squirm when they're being spanked, and I'm trying to break her of that habit. The more she squirms the more I spank. I tell her she better hold still or she'll get it even worse. With my 3 yr old son I also use a heavy leather strap on his bare bottom. When I caught him throwing blocks at his sister I asked him if he was ready for a good spanking. I had both of his sisters come in the room to watch and my wife is usually there also. I like my wife to be present during the children's spankings so the kids know we are united when it comes to punishment. I made my son take off all his clothes. Then I told him to lie face down on the living room floor so he could receive his punishment. My wife brought me the belt and I stood over him and gave him 10 good hard whacks of the strap. Then I had him apologize to his sister. He never did that again. Children need to know that you are in charge! They need to learn to have respect for their parents. My kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to THEM. They know every time they do something wrong their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be spanked. No exceptions! With small children it isn't unusual if they wet themselves while being spanked. My two younger kids gets very upset and nervous when I'm in the process of spanking them. On occasion they will lose control of their bladder and wet themselves. You can always clean the child later, but the spanking must continue. Children also like to cry and plead with you when they know they're about to be spanked. They need to learn that pleading will no effect the outcome. Once a child is told they will be spanked, you need to follow through with it. If my children try to protest the spanking they know they will get it even worse. This teaches them to cooperate with the process. [> Re: spanking works -- Bill (Child Spanking Pics and Blog), 02:15:25 02/21/09 Sat [1] Spanking Blog: [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: spanking works -- Bill, 02:28:24 02/21/09 Sat [1] If your children are misbehaving you need to yank those pants down and bust their butt accordingly! Use a heavy leather strap and administer 10 hard whacks! They'll get the message real quick! Children need to know that you are in charge! They need to have respect for their parents. My kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to THEM. They know EVERY time they do something wrong their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be spanked. No exceptions! [> Re: spanking works -- Sara from amsterdam, 12:29:42 02/27/09 Fri [1] >I'm a father of 3 children, ages 1, 3 and 6. >Good hard spankings are what every child needs in >order to learn responsibility. >After my 6 yr old ran into the street, I told her she >was going to get spanked 10 times with the belt. She >started crying right away and I told her that crying >wasn't going to do her any good. I told her to get in >her room and lie face down on the edge of her bed. I >lifted her dress and slipped her panties down. I use >an old heavy leather strap to ensure the spanking >leaves a lasting impression. I always double the belt >over and hold it with both hands. I draw it back and >whack it against her butt as hard as I can. If each >stroke doesn't leave a welt, then you're not doing it >right. You shouldn't be alarmed if a spanking results >in bruising or welting. That will go away within a >week, but the lesson will stay with them. > >When my 1 yr old threw a temper tantrum in the store, >I knew what I needed to do. You need to teach them >young that bad behavior will not be tolerated. I >immediately took her out to our family van. I >unfastened the sticky tabs on her pamper and pulled it >back so I could spank her on the bare bottom. I took >her over my lap and spanked her with a thick wooden >paddle I keep in the glove box. When her little butt >turned bright red I knew she was getting the message. >I usually give her anywhere from 5 to 10 good hard >whacks. Little ones like to kick and squirm when >they're being spanked, and I'm trying to break her of >that habit. The more she squirms the more I spank. I >tell her she better hold still or she'll get it even >worse. >With my 3 yr old son I also use a heavy leather strap >on his bare bottom. When I caught him throwing blocks >at his sister I asked him if he was ready for a good >spanking. I had both of his sisters come in the room >to watch and my wife is usually there also. I like my >wife to be present during the children's spankings so >the kids know we are united when it comes to >punishment. >I made my son take off all his clothes. Then I told >him to lie face down on the living room floor so he >could receive his punishment. My wife brought me the >belt and I stood over him and gave him 10 good hard >whacks of the strap. Then I had him apologize to his >sister. He never did that again. > >Children need to know that you are in charge! They >need to learn to have respect for their parents. My >kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to >THEM. They know every time they do something wrong >their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be >spanked. No exceptions! >With small children it isn't unusual if they wet >themselves while being spanked. My two younger kids >gets very upset and nervous when I'm in the process of >spanking them. On occasion they will lose control of >their bladder and wet themselves. You can always clean >the child later, but the spanking must continue. >Children also like to cry and plead with you when they >know they're about to be spanked. They need to learn >that pleading will no effect the outcome. Once a child >is told they will be spanked, you need to follow >through with it. If my children try to protest the >spanking they know they will get it even worse. This >teaches them to cooperate with the process. Bill you can�t be serieus! I hope you are a fake poster. To hit a 3 and 6 year old with a belt and to hit a baby with a stick is sick and crazy. There is nothing wrong with spanking,but this is child abuse!!! [> Re: spanking works -- Gina (horrified), 10:59:52 03/17/09 Tue [1] I hope your ass gets thrown in prison. That is abuse not spanking. >I'm a father of 3 children, ages 1, 3 and 6. >Good hard spankings are what every child needs in >order to learn responsibility. >After my 6 yr old ran into the street, I told her she >was going to get spanked 10 times with the belt. She >started crying right away and I told her that crying >wasn't going to do her any good. I told her to get in >her room and lie face down on the edge of her bed. I >lifted her dress and slipped her panties down. I use >an old heavy leather strap to ensure the spanking >leaves a lasting impression. I always double the belt >over and hold it with both hands. I draw it back and >whack it against her butt as hard as I can. If each >stroke doesn't leave a welt, then you're not doing it >right. You shouldn't be alarmed if a spanking results >in bruising or welting. That will go away within a >week, but the lesson will stay with them. > >When my 1 yr old threw a temper tantrum in the store, >I knew what I needed to do. You need to teach them >young that bad behavior will not be tolerated. I >immediately took her out to our family van. I >unfastened the sticky tabs on her pamper and pulled it >back so I could spank her on the bare bottom. I took >her over my lap and spanked her with a thick wooden >paddle I keep in the glove box. When her little butt >turned bright red I knew she was getting the message. >I usually give her anywhere from 5 to 10 good hard >whacks. Little ones like to kick and squirm when >they're being spanked, and I'm trying to break her of >that habit. The more she squirms the more I spank. I >tell her she better hold still or she'll get it even >worse. >With my 3 yr old son I also use a heavy leather strap >on his bare bottom. When I caught him throwing blocks >at his sister I asked him if he was ready for a good >spanking. I had both of his sisters come in the room >to watch and my wife is usually there also. I like my >wife to be present during the children's spankings so >the kids know we are united when it comes to >punishment. >I made my son take off all his clothes. Then I told >him to lie face down on the living room floor so he >could receive his punishment. My wife brought me the >belt and I stood over him and gave him 10 good hard >whacks of the strap. Then I had him apologize to his >sister. He never did that again. > >Children need to know that you are in charge! They >need to learn to have respect for their parents. My >kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to >THEM. They know every time they do something wrong >their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be >spanked. No exceptions! >With small children it isn't unusual if they wet >themselves while being spanked. My two younger kids >gets very upset and nervous when I'm in the process of >spanking them. On occasion they will lose control of >their bladder and wet themselves. You can always clean >the child later, but the spanking must continue. >Children also like to cry and plead with you when they >know they're about to be spanked. They need to learn >that pleading will no effect the outcome. Once a child >is told they will be spanked, you need to follow >through with it. If my children try to protest the >spanking they know they will get it even worse. This >teaches them to cooperate with the process. [> Re: spanking works -- Unbelievable, 10:01:32 03/19/09 Thu [1] >I'm a father of 3 children, ages 1, 3 and 6. >Good hard spankings are what every child needs in >order to learn responsibility. >After my 6 yr old ran into the street, I told her she >was going to get spanked 10 times with the belt. She >started crying right away and I told her that crying >wasn't going to do her any good. I told her to get in >her room and lie face down on the edge of her bed. I >lifted her dress and slipped her panties down. I use >an old heavy leather strap to ensure the spanking >leaves a lasting impression. I always double the belt >over and hold it with both hands. I draw it back and >whack it against her butt as hard as I can. If each >stroke doesn't leave a welt, then you're not doing it >right. You shouldn't be alarmed if a spanking results >in bruising or welting. That will go away within a >week, but the lesson will stay with them. > >When my 1 yr old threw a temper tantrum in the store, >I knew what I needed to do. You need to teach them >young that bad behavior will not be tolerated. I >immediately took her out to our family van. I >unfastened the sticky tabs on her pamper and pulled it >back so I could spank her on the bare bottom. I took >her over my lap and spanked her with a thick wooden >paddle I keep in the glove box. When her little butt >turned bright red I knew she was getting the message. >I usually give her anywhere from 5 to 10 good hard >whacks. Little ones like to kick and squirm when >they're being spanked, and I'm trying to break her of >that habit. The more she squirms the more I spank. I >tell her she better hold still or she'll get it even >worse. >With my 3 yr old son I also use a heavy leather strap >on his bare bottom. When I caught him throwing blocks >at his sister I asked him if he was ready for a good >spanking. I had both of his sisters come in the room >to watch and my wife is usually there also. I like my >wife to be present during the children's spankings so >the kids know we are united when it comes to >punishment. >I made my son take off all his clothes. Then I told >him to lie face down on the living room floor so he >could receive his punishment. My wife brought me the >belt and I stood over him and gave him 10 good hard >whacks of the strap. Then I had him apologize to his >sister. He never did that again. > >Children need to know that you are in charge! They >need to learn to have respect for their parents. My >kids know that their butt belongs to ME and NOT to >THEM. They know every time they do something wrong >their pants WILL be taken down and they WILL be >spanked. No exceptions! >With small children it isn't unusual if they wet >themselves while being spanked. My two younger kids >gets very upset and nervous when I'm in the process of >spanking them. On occasion they will lose control of >their bladder and wet themselves. You can always clean >the child later, but the spanking must continue. >Children also like to cry and plead with you when they >know they're about to be spanked. They need to learn >that pleading will no effect the outcome. Once a child >is told they will be spanked, you need to follow >through with it. If my children try to protest the >spanking they know they will get it even worse. This >teaches them to cooperate with the process. So Bill...one question for you, how often do you hit your wife? Because it sounds to me like you have some unbelievable child abuse problems and I hope you go to hell. [ Edit | View ] [> Re: spanking works -- Louise (sickening), 10:18:52 03/26/09 Thu [1] Bill if your story is true and your beating your kids you deserve alongwith your wife to burn in hell. how dare you hit a one year old with a belt. You made me mad so can I beat your butt with a belt? I am reporting this email to ACS and if its true I hope to god you lose your kids for abuse you sick twisted bastard spank versus no spank -- Verity, 08:42:28 03/15/09 Sun [1] Just wondered if any of you experienced both both 'spanking' and 'no spank' approaches to discipline when you were a child. I am now 'pro-spank' but made that determination not just by faith or choice but by having experienced both regimes when a child. For what its worth these are my views:- I experienced both regimes when I was a early 'teenager'. I had been born in a Christian but 'no spank' family ( for those theologians amongst you let's not get into that). My Father died when I was 12. About two years later one of my Mom's sisters had a serious accident and had no one to look after her. My Mom felt she ought to help, but didn't want me to miss school.One of our neighbours was also a widow, a High School Principal, and a lay Baptist Preacher. She had her own daughter who was about my age. She kindly offered to 'look after me' whilst my mother went to her sister. In all over the next year I probably lived with her for a good few months normally in spells of two or three weeks ( Mt mother's sister lived several hindred miles away). Later this arrangement continued with occasional stays at Sheila's , and her daughter would occasionally stay with us, say when mom was attending a conference. Of course then , if we played up it was groundings and no T.V. At my home life was pretty liberal : no chores , discipline was traditional non spank. I would get grounded,or lose t.v. time, phone rights etc. etc. All of these were 'lengthy' punishments aimed at causing what I shall call mental pain. When I was punished the arguments went on for days. If I though the matter unfair we would have row after row, which only led to my grounding or whatever being increased....which led to more arguments..and so on. When I was first looked after by Sheila she was straight with me. Her house; her rules. If I broke them punishment would be swift and painful! I was also expected to do chores which was a real shock. I got my first punishment within a week. I grumbled at my chores ( to clean up after breakfast before going to school), and as a result didn't do it. When I got home at night I was told to go straight to my room. Shelia came in a few minutes later with a leather strap, and very politely asked me to take off my jeans and lay over a couple of pillows on the bed. She then pulled down my panties and gave me a good leathering. I remember I cried, guess a combination of humiliation and pain. When she had finished and I had composed myself, she told me very gently she hoped I had learned a lesson, and gave me a hug to show her continuing love. For most offenses she used either the strap, or a school paddle. For the latter you stayed clothed,( although if , of course, you wore a skirt it would be straight on your panties), but as in school you either grabbed your ankles or braced yourself against the wall, depending on the number of strokes. Normally her punishments ended in tears, and always with a really sore behind.However they were quick , specific and a deterrent which really made you think twice before re-offending. Sheila had definite ideas about the ritual of punishment. You would be summoned by her for a telling off, and then sent to your room 'to wait'. She didn't keep you long, just long enough to reflect on your misdemour and to think of what was to come. When she came into the room, there was no discussion it was just a business like process. she never told you how many strokes, that was for her to know , you to find out! You had to count, and if you messed up ....she started 'from the top' sgain. Swear and it was an extra two, refuse to bend or otherwise comply with her ( very polite) requests , an extra four.Should you be silly enough to repeat an offense....double! I found this much more effective for me as a punishment. It was quick, you knew what would happen if you 're-offended'. Once the punsihment was over there was no 'atmosphere' in the house afterwards. The penalty had been paid, and life returned to normal. One reservation is with very young children . I was old enogh to fully understand I was doing wrong. In Sheila's view , a slap was enough for a youngster, as an immediate signal of danger. She didn't believe in the strap or the paddle until about 10 when the child knows right from wrong. but then the spankings really have to hurt! She also believed that spankings worked right through the teenage years. At about 15 she normally transferred and used a flexible rattan cane ( a proper 'rod') instead of the strap and paddle. This stung more and was given on the bare, touching toes.A normal dose was six or twelve. I only got twelve once, for buying her daughter cigarettes ! We were both punished together ; first one got six stokes then the other.....then back to the first. We yelled at nearly every stoke. It was a remarkably effective punishment. The marks lasted over a fortnight.I never touched tobacco again. As to my family :we agreed that from the teenage years we would use the cane as the most effective punishment.I did the spanking as our children are girls, I gave an appropriate dose ( normally no more than six). We now have lovely grown up well behaved daughters, who never needed a lot of discipline, but who knew that because we loved them , if they crossed the line a caning was waiting for them - without exception. My eldest daughter told us only the other week that she was happy to have been raised in a secure well disciplined home.She said she never feared me caning her, for punishment is neccessary deserved correction.The pain is suffering you have earned! That reminded us of an incident when she was eighteen. One night she drove a friends car home when she had been drinking. the day afterwards, felling guilty, she told me. I tried to stop her , saying that if she carried on I would have to punish her. Our daughter replied that that was fine, perhaps I should get it over with ....but just one thing she had to say, she felt she should get , for the first time in her life, more than six. We all agreed , and I gave her ten of the very best!. After the tears she thanked me ,and said she knew she deserved, and had learned from, every single stroke. that was her last caning. When is someone to old to spank -- Blake , 11:21:21 11/15/08 Sat [3] When is someone to old to spank! It seems to be somethank that we all are dealing on this form.From parents to some young Adults like me who stell get it from time to time.Hope this subject gets use all taking. Blake [> Re: When is someone to old to spank -- Jo Ann, 08:57:20 01/27/09 Tue [1] > >You are never too old to spank. My son, age 17, started lying to us, playing around with drugs, coming in past curfew and basically making poor decisions. We grounded him, took his truck away and nothing seemed to help. One evening I picked him up from school and took him home and made him just pull down his jeans and bend over the couch. I gave him a spanking he would not forget for a long time. He is now 22 years old and about a couple of months ago he thanked me for that spanking. He said it saved his life. Was it easy to give him this spanking? No, but I rather had spanked him then to see him in prison, high on drugs,or an alcoholic. My husband and I have raised five kids. They all are successful. Yes, we believed in spanking if nothing else worked. [ Edit | View ] [> [> Re: When is someone to old to spank -- Noel W., 05:06:44 03/10/09 Tue [1] I agree Jo Ann. Sometimes it is when you feel you've 'got beyond' the age for correction that it has its most powerful effect. I was in mt late teens in the mid 70's. Far too old to be spanked in my view! I was 'going out' with a girl called Mary , a year younger than me. Her Mom, who was widowed, had three other children , all younger again. I knew she spanked them. Mary had curfew at 11.30 which was very generous compared to many of her, and my friends. One night , however, we decided , quite deliberately, to stay out at a rock concert until the early hours. Of course it was before mobile 'phones , so no call home. Mary's Mom was naturally worried. she rang my Mom , who hadn't a clue where we were. Eventually I rang home just to say I would be very late. My Mom called Mary's who reacted by saying we were selfish little brats who ought to be taught a lesson we wouldn't forget. My Mom concurred, and said she would back Mary's Mom with any discipline she felt appropriate. When we got home we got the shock of our lives. Mary's Mom ushered us into their dining room where she had pushed aside the table and placed on dining chair in the center of the room. Hooked on the back of it was a rattan cane! Mary told us we were both to be caned for disobedience and thoughtlessness. She told me she had spoken to my Mother.We argued , but without success. We were given twelve strokes each - really hard on our butts, plus four 'extras' for arguing and sassing her. We were allowed to keep our boxers/knickers on for modesty,( not that they gave any meaningful protection) but had to remove our jeans .At the end of the punishment , despite our age , we were both in tears. But boy was it effective!!! After that I was always polite and respectful to Mary's Mom. I once crossed her again. I bought a little 'pot' which I shared with Mary. Mary's stash was discovered and once again a whopping was administered, longer and harder than the first, and in this case the humiliation was intense as she did it in front of the entire family to set an 'example'. Believe me to be made to bend over for punishment, let alone cry as a teenager in front of younger children is real humiliation, but in this case fully deserved, and preferable to a Police record! Nevertheless after each punishment we never committed that offense again. Indeed our behavior improved markedly when we realized this discipline was here to stay regardless of our 'grown up' age. It was never given unfairly : indeed on both occasions we were guilty as sin. After the punishments we were both contrite and apologetic. Mary's Mom had drawn a line in the sand. Being 'grown up' as a teenager is just a source of pride and bravado. To bring them down to earth once in a while does no harm. Of course it is humiliating and embarrassing , but that is part of why spankings work! >>You are never too old to spank. My son, age 17, >started lying to us, playing around with drugs, coming >in past curfew and basically making poor decisions. >We grounded him, took his truck away and nothing >seemed to help. One evening I picked him up from >school and took him home and made him just pull down >his jeans and bend over the couch. I gave him a >spanking he would not forget for a long time. He is >now 22 years old and about a couple of months ago he >thanked me for that spanking. He said it saved his >life. Was it easy to give him this spanking? No, but >I rather had spanked him then to see him in prison, >high on drugs,or an alcoholic. My husband and I have >raised five kids. They all are successful. Yes, we >believed in spanking if nothing else worked. worried about you anti spankers -- bloggs (smiling), 03:56:40 02/13/09 Fri [1] Dose it make you think or what that when you go to the message board. There are people surfing all day To put there anti-spanking points of view. Whats so worrying is how they found the site there complaining on This means these guys shouting fetish... abuse ... should not be allowed ...have actual wrote Down Spanking knickers and bare all in google not in that particular order with the adult filter turned off to find the sites to complain on I would seriously love to know what the crack is with these people. They search all night for spanking material to complain about. you can see how much effort they actually put into there hobby by going into Mr polls. To think they actual surfed to find that stuff to complain about. What a Sad lot. You are certainly no better or worse than the other guys. Your complaining about. Talking about calling the kettle black. Is this for real? -- PDeverit , 17:53:34 01/19/09 Mon [1] Wow! Is this site for real, or is it a joke? A site dedicated to hitting kids (for Jesus no less). [ Edit | View ] teenage spanking -- Gia Stephell (SAD), 15:16:32 03/04/08 Tue [7] These are no longer children you are "spanking", they are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young lady on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? [> Re: teenage spanking -- owomen, 20:50:47 03/14/08 Fri [1] >These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young lady >on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? In the days of old, you are never too old for a bare bottom spanking. If your mother of father feels that you have drawn the line and you should be put over their knee, then over your knee you should go. Even if you are kicking and sceaming. Your parent should spank away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their roof, your bottom is there's. [> [> Re: teenage spanking -- owomen, 20:54:11 03/14/08 Fri [1] >>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young lady >>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? > >In the days of old, you were never too old for a bare >bottom spanking. If your mother of father felt that >you dawn the line then you should be put over >their knee, and over your knee you should go. Even if >you were kicking and sceaming. Your parent should spank >away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >roof, your bottom is their's. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Re: teenage spanking -- Chris , 20:40:16 03/18/08 Tue [1] Even spanking a child of the same sex on the bare bottom is bordering on being an invasion of privacy. I'm not sure it would be even be legal anymore, let alone doing it to someone else's daughter. If your wife told you to jump off a cliff would you do it? >>>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young >lady >>>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? >> >>In the days of old, you were never too old for a bare >>bottom spanking. If your mother of father felt that >>you dawn the line then you should be put over >>their knee, and over your knee you should go. Even if >>you were kicking and sceaming. Your parent should >spank >>away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >>roof, your bottom is their's. [ Edit | View ] [> [> [> Adult children spanking -- Emilio (NEVER too old), 03:54:07 10/25/08 Sat [1] No age limit, for followers of common sense and more (of Traditional Christian Family), is the way it works fairly and effectively. Mainly adult daughters benefit from this caring and baalnced DD until their marriage day... E. >>>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young >lady >>>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? >> >>In the days of old, you were never too old for a bare >>bottom spanking. If your mother of father felt that >>you dawn the line then you should be put over >>their knee, and over your knee you should go. Even if >>you were kicking and sceaming. Your parent should >spank >>away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >>roof, your bottom is their's. [> [> [> Re: teenage spanking -- Mary , 12:11:35 12/11/08 Thu [1] >>>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young >lady >>>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? >> >>In the days of old, you were never too old for a bare >>bottom spanking. If your mother of father felt that >>you dawn the line then you should be put over >>their knee, and over your knee you should go. Even if >>you were kicking and sceaming. Your parent should >spank >>away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >>roof, your bottom is their's. I'm 16 and my mom put me over her knee and spanked me with her hairbrush! The reason she spanked me was because she made me some food, and wanted me to come to the table to eat with her. She knows I don't like the sound that she makes when she eats so I told her to be quiet, but she wouldn't listen, so I yelled, "Shut the fuck up." That's when she got up, went to the bathroom and came back with the brush! That's unacceptable! I'M 16! She wont even let me bring boys over! Once I was kissing a boy at school, I got sent to the principal and he called her! Over the speaker phone I told her I was just going to do it anyway, so she'd better let me. The same day after school, my girlfriends and I were walking over to my house. When we got inside my mom was sitting there waiting for me. She asked me what they were doing over and I told her that they were going to spend the night. That's when she told them to take a seat on the sofa and she grabbed my wrist, took me to the kitchen and spanked my butt with a belt! They heard everything! I could hear them laughing! My mom is a bitch! You people are fucking crazy! I SHOULD KICK HER ASS! [> [> Re: teenage spanking -- Jack, 16:51:39 05/13/08 Tue [1] >>These are no longer children you are "spanking", they >>are young ladies and gentlemen. Spanking a young lady >>on her bare bottom is out of the question. You mean >>to say there is no other way to discipline a 15 or 16 >>year old. Then what do you do when they are 18? > >In the days of old, you are never too old for a bare >bottom spanking. If your mother of father feels that >you have drawn the line and you should be put over >their knee, then over your knee you should go. Even if >you are kicking and sceaming. Your parent should spank >away! 15 or 23! As long as you are living under their >roof, your bottom is there's. Are you a parent? [ Edit | View ] Spanking -- kidsmom, 12:23:02 12/10/08 Wed [1] you people are really crazy. Who is spanking a 15 or 16 year old kid unless they have never instilled any behavior along the way. It's too late by that point. By the way, I have twins 12 years old and 15 year old and have NEVER SPANKED ANY OF THEM. They are well behaved and have never given us any trouble. I have withheld privledges and such and that's all I needed to do. You people are NUTS! I was spanked as a child as was my husband and we wanted to STOP THE CYCLE. It doesn't work as evidenced by you still having to HIT A 16 year old kid!! [ Edit | View ] Hi -- Andrew, 16:38:03 10/19/08 Sun [1] Hi I'm pleased to find you here. I don't agree with banning the human race out of existence, I'm a Christian, believe in fairly traditional roles in the family, and support the rights of good parents to spank when needed. Will be good to discuss ideas, and get to know everyone, yours, Andrew New Here -- Blake , 18:19:41 10/18/08 Sat [1] Hi.I'am a 20 year old college student who stell lives at home my parents and my younger brothers.Since I'am stell living at home I most fellow the rules of the house or I suffer the consequences of my actions.For me and my brother that means are parents do spank or ground use,yes I stell subject to punshment at my age.It sucks get spanked at my age,but now that I'am older I'am not in trouble that much. Looking forword to talk to you. Later Im 26 and I still give it to an 18 yr old friend as punishment -- Young Aussie (Sad), 20:48:28 10/06/08 Mon [1] I met a guy onlin ewhos 18 and told me he needed spanking like his dad gave him until the age of 16 and regularly as his behavious hadnt improved. Im 26 ang gay, Chris is undecided and i never force it but we do have sex also part of our sessions. Online it was real and a fantasy but he meant it. We established rules and sort of trusted eachother. I told him at 18 if he hadnt learnt he needs a real beating, like an adult (knowing he had it very hard and regularly as a kid). The first spanking was given us both naked and long and hard, we msg'd me that night and siad Sir im sitting on are sore bottom which weas no suprise but i watched his reactions and he hadled it fine. We have had about 6 sessions harder and hard but the last as he had moved city was by far the hardest and most effective. He was staying with me for 3 days which the longest could get away and lie about it. He would recive 2 spankings a day all much harder than his dad gave but some would be harder then nother and i told him it was essential he had trouble sitting for several days. On top of that he would recieve and thank me for any extra punishments given which werent many but alway with the cane or crap and short but very painful. We now had a fetish strap a crop cane wood paddle and the innocent but nasty lexan paddle. He has a tiny bum its hot as and I had to look after it but it was very red and deep purple and welted with a conentration on the sit spot. Of the 6 offical spanking he cried during most which he had never done before and always asked for his beating and thanked me, he also with a hell of a struugle told me how much ithurt and he hated it but to please maximise the punishment everytime. Note that we tad total trust and his uni marks DID imporve after this session which was very very painful but spread out berable but totally pushed his limits. I intented to hurt him at times to the agony point but that pain never lasted. I never now give blreaks with the paddle if u dont stop it geats unbearably intense (ive recieved i know and its pain we all live through) as its a spanking its meant to hurt and it honestly works on him. He handles the pain very very well for one so young but he enjoys it and i have to go this hard to make him hate it and regret the comoing session. Appart from that we are friends. I told him the next session is 6 weeks and plan on this for a long time to come but to go no harder he now is turned on but dreads the sessions and we totally care about eachother. In his cse the pain is essential as he enjoys spanking so i have to make it so hard he hates it. It works as well i neded ti then and never got but at 18 a kid should take a very very hard spanking generally, to the point where thier bums cant handle more but never break skin or perm marks. The only thing ill increase if needed is the caning at the end as the pain really lasts. I am Pro-Bare Butt Spanking -- Keith, 17:06:27 09/26/08 Fri [1] I'm so sick of the politically correct nonsense these days that has pressured parents and caregivers to feel shamed into not spanking children. There is NOTHING wrong with spanking so long as it is done within the right mindset for the right reasons. I've spanked bare butt and will continue to do so. Why? Because it is effective and gets its point across. People get so worked up about seeing a child's bare bottom and spanking it. Well you spend your early years wiping their rear ends, diapering them and bathing them. It shouldn't be a big deal. It usually is if people raise their kids to be ashamed of their bodies or nudity. I use my hand on bare bottoms when necessary and I have no apologies for doing so. If people care about their children, they will spank them as needed. [ Edit | View ] teenage spanking -- Andrew M., 15:38:39 05/07/08 Wed [2] My wife and I are raising three terrific kids. We have a daughter 15 and two sons 12 and 10. We decided early on in accordance with the Word of God and advice from our pastor that we would use spanking as a method for correcting our children�s misbehavior. Let me first say that our children are very well mannered but when they are disobedient, they are taken over the knee and given an open hand spanking on their bare bottom. As the head of our household, I started out spanking my daughter but at the age of about nine, for reasons of modesty, I began turning her over to her mom for her spankings. I continue to handle the boys myself though. I am careful never to spank out of anger. When a spanking is in order, I take the boy in question to his room where we have a talk about his misbehavior. I encourage him to participate in the discussion as much as possible to try and get an idea of where his heart is at with respect to repentance. After prescribing the spanking I allow my sons the opportunity of pulling down their own pants. Both of my sons have learned from experience that if they are unable to drop their pants on their own, Dad will do it for them. I spank the same way my Dad spanked me; over the knee with the open palm of my hand. After the spanking I give a few follow up words of advice and leave the boy alone for awhile to cry it out. As for my daughter; I don�t interfere with the method her Mom uses on her. All of our children are growing up to be good kids though so I guess we�re doing something right. [> Re: teenage spanking -- Billy, 10:43:12 09/01/08 Mon [1] >My wife and I are raising three terrific kids. We have >a daughter 15 and two sons 12 and 10. We decided early >on in accordance with the Word of God and advice from >our pastor that we would use spanking as a method for >correcting our children�s misbehavior. Let me first >say that our children are very well mannered but when >they are disobedient, they are taken over the knee and >given an open hand spanking on their bare bottom. As >the head of our household, I started out spanking my >daughter but at the age of about nine, for reasons of >modesty, I began turning her over to her mom for her >spankings. I continue to handle the boys myself >though. I am careful never to spank out of anger. When >a spanking is in order, I take the boy in question to >his room where we have a talk about his misbehavior. I >encourage him to participate in the discussion as much >as possible to try and get an idea of where his heart >is at with respect to repentance. After prescribing >the spanking I allow my sons the opportunity of >pulling down their own pants. Both of my sons have >learned from experience that if they are unable to >drop their pants on their own, Dad will do it for >them. I spank the same way my Dad spanked me; over the >knee with the open palm of my hand. After the spanking >I give a few follow up words of advice and leave the >boy alone for awhile to cry it out. As for my >daughter; I don�t interfere with the method her Mom >uses on her. All of our children are growing up to be >good kids though so I guess we�re doing something >right. Don't you think, if you were really "doing something right," that the spankings would've been over with by now? Why can't your kids moderate their behavior so as not to provoke any further bottom warmings? You make it sound like the spanking regimen is a big success, but it seems to me you're either spanking for every little thing or else your kids are having difficulty adding 2 and 2 and coming up with 4. hi -- Lisa , 09:30:37 08/08/08 Fri [1] Rebbeca i had exactly the same my last parental spanking was the day after my 23 birthday for wrecking the car. So your not alone [ Edit | View ] wooden spoons -- Joe, 19:09:01 07/17/08 Thu [1] When I was a kid my dad spanked my brother and I with a heavy duty wooden spoon and it STUNG TO HIGH HEAVEN. He didn't spank us often, maybe once a year or so, but when he did, he made sure we would never forget it. He would send us to our bedroom and go retrieve the wooden spoon from the kitchen. When he returned we were bawling already. He would bare us from the waist down, take turns putting us over his knee, and whipping our butts with that spoon. Each of us would get 20 to 30 searing smacks. We would howl from swat 1. My best friend who lived three houses away from us told me one time he could hear us screaming from his house when we were getting spanked. Here's the thing, we weren't bad kids, we just got into mischievous behavior. One time we rolled tires down a big hill and they would hit cars at the bottom. Another time we took bricks and threw them down our neighbor lady's concrete steps and busted them all up. I know we deserved to be spanked but I think we could have been spanked by hand and not those nasty wooden spoons. My poor butt was so bright red after a spanking and you could see all these red, oval-shaped spoon marks on my butt. I think my dad could have been easier on us. What do you think? Do you think we deserved the wooden spoon? Teenage Spanking Problems -- Brian P, 13:23:45 02/22/08 Fri [3] I'd like some help please with a discipline problem. I'm a father of twins, a boy and a girl, both 16 now. I lost their mother some years ago, but I've recently remarried to a lady with two daughters, aged 15 and 13. We both believe in spanking as a last resort punishment and agreed before we married that we'd continue with corporal punishment when necesary, but hoping, of course that it wouldn't be necessary. But we never got around to sorting out the details, and now it's causing some friction. There are two areas on which we disagree and I'd really value some help from anyone who has any relevant experience. Firstly, although I've used spanking as an "ultimate deterrent" for both my children, when I've had to actually carry out the threat, I've always been more lenient with my dayghter than my son. I normally spank my daughter over my knee with just the flat of my hand or, very rarely, a slipper either on her bare bottom or through her panties. With my son, though, I always either slipper or belt his bare bottom, and I do it harder than I do with my daughter. My wife says that is wrong and that I should treat them both identically. She points to the fact that my daughter needs to be spanked more often than my son as evidence that I am too soft on her. What do you think? The second problem is that my wife is now saying that, as the man of the house, I should take over the job of spanking her daughters when necessary. She always spanks their bare bottoms, which I think is OK, but it does create difficulties for me. I don't have a problem spanking my own daughter's bare botom (and neither does she), but I'm not sure that I should be doing that to girls for whom I'm not the natural father. So I'd like to hear other people's opinion on this as well please. Hopefully they'll all behave themselves and this discussion will turn out to be academic. But I'd like to have the problem resolved before any spanking is needed, and my wife's eldest daughter is already looking like she'll be needing one before much longer. Thank you. Replies: [> Re: Teenage Spanking Problems -- Holden Caulfield, 21:29:54 03/16/08 Sun [1] I'm not sure that spanking teenagers is quite the way to go, for all kinds of reasons besides the misgivings you mention, but if you're that convinced about it why not do it a bit differently - have them bend over something and lift their skirt and pull their panties down and smack them with a cane or a yardstick or some other longer implement? That way there's no direct contact between you, and a cane gives a much more effective spanking than anything else you could use in any case (and I know for the most obvious reason). [ Edit | View ] [> Re: Teenage Spanking Problems -- LizB, 17:34:56 03/26/08 Wed [1] You're already finding more excuses to spank your daughter than your son. You're already treading on dangerous ground, and the last thing you should be even thinking about is doing the same to your step-daughters, regardless of what your wife might say. I agree with the last poster - it'd be better if you used a cane, if you insist on using any corporal punishment at all. You shouldn't be smacking her bare bottom, and you absolutely sure as hell shouldn't be putting her half-naked over your knee to do it, for reasons which should be absolutely obvious. If you must, bend her over the bed and cane her fully clothed, 'six of the best' still hurts well enough. Non Christian Spankers -- John , 10:28:10 03/24/08 Mon [1] Hello I just listen to an hour of the radio show and I am listen to another hour now. I just wanted you to know that Christians are not the only parents who believe in spanking. I live in California and think spanking should be back in school just like it was when I was in school. I got spanked and paddled in school and at home and at church and at friends houses by other parents who felt spanking another's kids was ok if they had earned it. I had friends that got the belt or the switch and none of them died. Oh I hated getting a spanking but it kept in in line. I spanked my daughter when she earned it and since the 6th grade she hasn't needed one. She is a straight A student. I would suggest that you don't need to prove to Christians that spanking is right it is the non Christians who get put off by the talk that the bible says to do it. I didn't spank my child because I read about it in the bible I spanked her because I knew it worked on me. To get spanking back in school and at home we need to go beyond bible teaching. Good job putting up this site and I hope it does some good because I have seen far too many children in schools that could use a good spanking. Oh and by the way I did not have to leave welts just a good red bottom was all it took for my child. Boys are another story growing up I remember that every boy I knew got a spanking often myself included. And we all got it harder than the girls but it seemed that girls learned their lessons quicker. Maybe boys do have as hard a butt as they do head. Again that you keep up the good work.
i don't know
Which British Prime Minister was born on January 17th 1863 and is the only British Prime Minister to be born in Manchester?
The religion of David Lloyd George, British Prime Minister The Religious Affiliation of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George British prime minister David Lloyd George was raised in the Stone-Campbell religious body known as the "Church of Christ (Disciples of Christ)." David Lloyd George was not a Baptist, but he had strong Baptist family roots. His grandfather David Lloyd and his uncle Richard Lloyd were Baptist ministers. From: "David Lloyd George" page on "Britain Un-Limited" website (http://www.britainunlimited.com/Biogs/LloydGeorge.htm; viewed 27 October 2005): Date and Place of Birth: 17th January 1863, Manchester, England. Family Background: Son of William George a Welsh Headmaster of a Manchester Elementary School. His mother was the daughter of David Lloyd a Baptist minister. 1865: Death of his father. He and his mother moved to Llanystumdwy near Cricieth in Gwynedd, North Wales and lived with his uncle Richard Lloyd a shoemaker and baptist Minister. From: "David Lloyd George (1916-22)" article on www.britain.tv website (http://www.britain.tv/ukpolitics_prime_ministers_david_lloyd_george.shtml; viewed 27 October 2005): David Lloyd George was born in 1863. The Lloyd family were staunchly Nonconformist and his early years were marked by a heavy involvement in the Disciples of Christ Chapel. From: "David Lloyd George" page on Spartacus Educational website (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgeorge.htm; viewed 27 October 2005): David Lloyd George, the son of William George and Elizabeth Lloyd, was born in Manchester on 17th January, 1863. David's father, a schoolmaster, died a year after he was born and his mother took her two children to live with her brother, Richard Lloyd, a shoemaker in Llanystumdwy, Caernarvonshire. The Lloyd family were staunch Nonconformists and worshipped at the Disciples of Christ Chapel in Criccieth. Richard Lloyd was Welsh-speaking and deeply resented English dominance over Wales... In 1888 [David] Lloyd George married Margaret Owen, the daughter of a prosperous farmer. He remained an active member of the Disciples of Christ Chapel and it was during his church work that he gained his early training as an orator. Lloyd George developed a reputation as a fiery preacher and was often asked to speak at Temperance Society meetings in Wales. Lloyd George joined the local Liberal Party and became an alderman on the Caernarvon County Council. He also took part in several political campaigns including one that attempted to bring an end to church tithes. Search Adherents.com
David Lloyd George
Which jockey rode L'Escargot to victory in the 1975 Grand National?
David Lloyd-George (1863 - 1945) - Genealogy father About David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a British Liberal politician and statesman. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the head of a wartime coalition government between the years 1916-1922 and was the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1926-1931. During a long tenure of office, mainly as Chancellor of the Exchequer, he was a key figure in the introduction of many reforms which laid the foundations of the modern welfare state. He was the last Liberal to be Prime Minister, as his coalition premiership was supported more by Conservatives than by his own Liberals, and the subsequent split was a key factor in the decline of the Liberal Party as a serious political force. When he eventually became leader of the Liberal Party a decade later he was unable to lead it back to power. He is best known as the highly energetic Prime Minister (1916–1922) who guided the Empire through the First World War to victory over Germany. He was a major player at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that reordered the world after the Great War. Lloyd George was a devout evangelical and an icon of 20th century liberalism as the founder of the welfare state. He is regarded as having made a greater impact on British public life than any other 20th century leader, thanks to his leadership of the war effort, his postwar role in reshaping Europe, and his introduction of the welfare state before the war. He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language, with Welsh being his first.
i don't know
Which common six letter word takes its name from the Greek meaning circle of animals?
Skyscript: Heavenly Imprints: Development of the Zodiac Development of the Zodiac and the early origins of Aries & Taurus by Deborah Houlding Most attempts to explain the symbolic origin of zodiac constellation figures do so by reference to classical mythology. This has created a clouded veneer for anyone wishing to take their origin to its primitive root or ask why a certain creature, to the exclusion of all others, should be honoured in the stars; why in that place, why at that time? Mankind creates its environment with a purpose and stamps its achievements in the monuments set on Earth and the symbolic imprints left in heaven. What great victory or cultural advances were being celebrated through the naming of the constellations that lay in the belt of prime importance? It is not enough to know that Aries pays tribute to the ram because rams were symbols of the Sun, or that Taurus reveres the bull because bulls were symbols of fertility, when the questions of what is sun-like about a ram, or so fertile about a bull go unanswered. The classical constellation myths are rich and exciting, full of drama, and whisper archetypal truths on human experience. It cannot be denied that they have left an indelible mark upon astrological meaning, but they are for the most part extensions or adaptations of a deeper vein, which courses through them, obscured and inconspicuous. Unveiling the underlying foundation has become a difficult task, not least because their period of evolution stretches back into prehistory: there is no direct route to follow; currently, no authority to lean on, only clues and suggestions that must be pieced together like the scattered remnants of an archaeological find. But within this area of astrological pre-history, so void of academic interest, there are amazing treasures to be restored. Unearthing the origin of the zodiac reveals secrets that are not only pertinent to the history of astrology, but reflect upon religious beliefs and cultural traditions that remain at the very heart of modern day life. Before digging into the depths of any of the constellations, it is necessary to understand something of the history of the zodiac as a system; in particular, the embedded problem of precession. The first part of this article offers an overview of the zodiac as an astronomical device, allowing the spiritual, mythological and political significance of its divisions to be explored in an appropriate context. The conclusions may be perceived as challenging and controversial, but they throw up questions that cannot be ignored and highlight coincidences that have been far too easily overlooked. Could it be that astrology has had a much more pertinent and effective role in the foundation of modern religious belief than anyone is letting on? Development of the Zodiac The Zodiac belt extends from the ecliptic, the Great Circle that marks the Sun's transit around the Earth. [1] This is also the circle upon which the cycle of the Moon is centered, and takes its name from the eclipses that occur in the joining of the Sun and Moon on this path. The constellations that lie behind the ecliptic have always been a focus of attention in astrology, a useful backdrop against which luminary movements and the positions of the planets can be tracked. But the zodiac we know today is a relatively recent refinement that appeared around the 6th century BC and spent several centuries struggling to gain common acceptance. It was once believed to be purely Babylonian in origin since the majority of constellation names can be traced far back in ancient Mesopotamian history. Research, however, has proved a combination of cultural influences with some signs, such as the Ram, demonstrating a long history in ancient Egypt while unknown of in Mesopotamia. The Assyrians conquered Egypt in 671 BC, a key date at which two great civilizations could directly persuade each other and blend the ideas from which the zodiac evolved. To comprehend the scientific thrust and widespread celebration that accompanied this event, we need to consider the previous attempts to chart and sectionalise the sky. Evidence of man's progress one step earlier is provided by the two tablet Assyrian text, mul Apin, 'stars of the Plough', which was discovered in the library of King Ashurbanipal, ruler of Assyria between 669-626 BC. This is a document of great importance: our oldest detailed catalogue of the constellations, and a compilation of all the astronomical knowledge available to the Mesopotamians before the 7th century BC. An existing copy has been dated to 687 BC, although it is known to be a reproduction of an earlier text presumed written around 1000 BC. The forerunners to the mul Apin were various astrolabes and star lists, drawn to show which stars were visible in the sky at the different seasons of the year. Astrolabes were circular devices that arranged the stars into three 'paths', trisecting the sky at the eastern horizon. The central segment contained the larger part of the constellations Pisces, Aries, Taurus and the Pleiades. The northern path held Cancer, Leo and Ursa major, and the southern contained Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn and Aquarius. This three-sectioned 'wheel' was then subdivided (like an astrological chart) into twelve sections, allowing the months of the year to be identified with the rising of particular stars. The oldest surviving astrolabe, produced in Assur around 1100 BC, also details the relative positions of the stars, their risings and settings, and their relevance to agriculture and mythology. The mul Apin was a significant improvement upon these earlier astrolabes, but similar in form and structure. It gave detailed astronomical information on the Sun and Moon, the planetary periods, the constellations, visibility of the stars, as well as listing astronomical and mathematical techniques and astrological omens. It specified eighteen constellations along the Moon's path, the twelve in use today, plus six that were later amalgamated with the others in the development of the equally spaced zodiac. The constellations were introduced in the series as: "the gods standing in the path of the Moon, through whose domain the Moon passes every month and whom he touches", and listed as in the table below: As the Mesopotamians became more advanced in astronomical techniques, the rather clumsy measurement of the heavenly bodies against the background stars became increasingly unacceptable. This method of observation has many disadvantages, one notable drawback being the obscuration of the stars by mist and the difficulty in distinguishing constellation boundaries. It became clear that a mathematically devised system was necessary to allow for greater precision in recording planetary movement. The solution was the introduction of the zodiacal 'signs' - in effect, a redefinition of the constellations along the ecliptic. [2] Various factors converged to inspire the selection of a twelve sign zodiac. Astrolabes had long been dividing the heavenly sphere into twelve parts, to establish an association between astronomical conditions and the twelve lunar months of the solar year; it therefore became practical to identify the stars more closely with the monthly divisions. Allotting 360� to the whole circle (the nearest easily divisible number to the Sun's 365-day cycle) meant that each sign measured exactly 30�, even though the constellation figures they were named after varied considerably. In its beginnings the zodiac was a convenient celestial measuring device, unrelated to astrological activity. Babylonian astronomical diaries dated to the middle of the 6th century BC show it was being used at that time for the recording of astronomical data, yet observation of the effects of the planets for astrological purposes continued to be related to the visible constellations. There was a lengthy overlapping of the use of zodiacal signs and visible constellations before the equally defined zodiac was firmly established, but eventually its astronomical advantages, which included a more accurate recording of time and the production of reliable ephemerides, made it widely accepted. Of the six extant Mesopotamian texts that use the zodiac for astrological purposes the oldest has been dated to 263 BC. [3] Notes & References:   1 ] To be politically correct I should say "the Sun's apparent transit around the Earth"; I realise the Sun does not revolve around the Earth. But from hereon we take the viewpoint of the ancients, that the Sun made an annual circle around the Earth because - apparently - it did.
Zodiac (disambiguation)
Which Thames attraction shares its name with a brand of Scotch Whisky that was introduced in 1923?
Mythology The Northern Hemisphere, Circumpolar Constellations Cassiopeia Cassiopeia was the wife of King Cepheus. She was very pretty, and would often brag that she and her daughter were more beautiful than the sea nymphs, the Nereids. They complained to Poseidon, who sent a monster to Cepheus' land. In order to save their country, the king and queen sacrificed their daughter, Andromeda. Just before the monster, named Cetus, ate the princess, Perseus saved her. All five figures are represented in the sky as constellations. Cassiopeia has a very distinct shape. She looks like a "W" or "M" in the sky, depending on where she is. Some legends say that Cassiopeia was chained into the sky and sometimes hangs upside-down to remind others not to be so boastful. Cassiopeia is a northern circumpolar constellation, so it can be viewed all year long. It is home to several clusters, or groups of stars. M52 is a large cluster on the western edge. With a telescope, many distant objects can be spotted. There are a few nebulae within Cassiopeia, including the Bubble Nebula and IC 1805. This nebula is located just to the east of the constellation. Finally, a number of galaxies can be spotted, including NGC 185, which is a small distance south of the "W". King Cepheus Cepheus was king of a land called Ethiopia in Greek myth. He had a wife named Cassiopeia and a daughter, Andromeda. Cassiopeia liked to brag about her beauty so much, that she said she and Andromeda were more beautiful than the Nereids. Poseidon got very angry, and sent a sea monster to kill Cepheus and his family. Andromeda was offered as a sacrifice, and just when the sea monster was going to eat her, Perseus saved her. All four people, along with the monster, are in the sky as constellations. Cepheus looks like a house. The point on top is a special star called a cepheid. These stars are used to measure long distances. Just below the constellation is another cepheid. This red star would be the North Star if we lived on Mars. There are several galaxies, star clusters and nebulae within Cepheus. However, most are very dim and can only be seen with a telescope. If you have a telescope to use, browse this old constellation to find many celestial objects. Draco the Dragon Draco the dragon is a circumpolar constellation, which means it revolves around the North pole. It can be seen all year round. Draco is only present in the Northern Hemisphere, so those living in the Southern Hemisphere will never see this long constellation. The easiest way to spot Draco is by finding his head. It consists of four stars in a trapezoid, burning brightly just north of Hercules. From there, the tail slithers through the sky, ending between the Big and Little Dippers. The end of the constellation is held by Thuban, which was the pole star over 4,000 years ago. Several galaxies and even one nebula is found within the constellation. The Cat's Eye Nebula is a favorite among astronomers. Many myths revolve around this chaotic dragon. It is said in Greek myth that a serpent named Ladon guarded the golden apple tree. One of the twelve labors of Hercules was to steal apples from this well-guarded tree. Ursa Major (The Great Bear) Ursa Major is probably the most famous constellation, with the exception of Orion. Also known as the Great Bear, it has a companion called Ursa Minor, or Little Bear. The body and tail of the bear make up what is known as the Big Dipper. Also called names such as the Plough, the Wain and even the Wagon, this constellation has a lot of history behind it. Several different cultures saw a big bear in the sky. The ancient Greeks had a few different stories to explain how the animal ended up there. In one story, Hera discovered Zeus was having an affair with Callisto and turned her into a bear. Zeus put her in the sky along with her son, Arcas, who became the Little Bear. Ursa Major is full of unique celestial objects. Two of the stars, Dubhe and Merak, are pointer stars. If you are looking at the Big Dipper, the outer edge stars that make up the "bowl" of the handle are the two stars, with Merak being the one on top. Connect a line between the two, and extend it north a distance about five times the distance between them. It will connect with the North Star, Polaris. If you connect the handle of the dipper with a line, it will lead to the star, Arcturus, in the constellation, Bootes. In one Greek myth, the star represented the guardian, Arcturus, who kept the bears from straying from their path. Above the head of the bear are two galaxies, M81 and M82. Both are 12 million light years away, but M81 is one of the brightest galaxies in the sky. Finally, the Owl Nebula is located to the lower left of Dubhe. It is so named because some photographs reveal what looks like a pair of eyes. Most of the constellation is circumpolar, which means it can be viewed all year long. However, parts of the legs will disappear from the sky in the fall and reappear in the winter. Ursa Minor (Little Bear) Ursa Minor, also called the Little Dipper, is a circumpolar constellation. This means it never sets in the northern sky. The true figure represented by the stars is the Little Bear. Its counterpart is Ursa Major, or the Great Bear. There are several mythological stories behind these famous constellations. In Greek myth, Zeus was having an affair with the lovely Callisto. When his wife, Hera, found out she changed Callisto into a bear. Zeus put the bear in the sky along with the Little Bear, which is Callisto's son, Arcas. In other myths, the constellation is not a bear at all, but is in fact a dog. Unfortunately, there aren't as many interesting objects in Ursa Minor as there are in Ursa Major. Probably the most important of all is the last star in the tail. This spot is held by the North Star, Polaris. Many think it is called the North Star because it is very bright. But actually, it is quite dim. Instead, the name comes from the fact that it doesn't move from its spot in the night sky. There aren't any nebulae or star clusters present in Ursa Minor. There is a unique circle of stars called the "engagement ring" slightly below Polaris. They can be viewed with binoculars or a telescope. An easy way to find Polaris is by using the pointer stars. Dubhe and Merak make up the right edge of the "bowl" in the Big Dipper. Connect them with a straight line and continue north. You will run right into the North Star.   Northern Spring Constellations Bootes - the Herdsman Bootes, the herdsman, rides through the sky during the late Spring and early Summer. While he may have appeared as a shepherd to the ancients, modern star-gazers like us can easily recognize the shape of a kite, with the bright star Arcturus at the point of the kite where the tail is attached. Arcturus is a bright red supergiant star with a diameter nearly 20 times that of the Sun and a brightness more than 100 times that of our Sun. Since it is only 36 light-years away (close for a star!), it appears as the brightest star in Bootes, and, in fact, the fourth brightest star in the sky. The name Bootes is derived from the Sumerian Riv-but-sane, which means the "man who drove the cart". So Bootes was identified with a farmer who plows the land during spring. The Romans called Bootes the Herdsman of the Septemtriones, that is, of the seven oxen represented by the seven stars of the Big Dipper, which was seen as the cart or the plow. Cancer, the Crab Cancer, the Crab, is a member of the Zodiac, a group of constellations that the Sun travels through each year. Cancer is best seen during the month of March, but is also in the sky through most of winter and early spring in the Northern Hemisphere. If you live below the Equator, Cancer is visible in late summer and early autumn. Although the Crab is one of the more famous constellations, it is mostly made of dim stars. Fortunately, Cancer is surrounded by much brighter figures, like Gemini and Leo. If you use your imagination, a figure that looks like a crab appears. Looking at the constellation, one can see a body with two "claws" coming out of it. The constellation itself came from Greek myth. In the story of Heracles and the Twelve Labors, the warrior had a great battle with the monster Hydra. The giant crab tried to help Hydra, but Heracles smashed it with his foot. Hera put the crab in the sky because it was so brave. Right next to the head is a star cluster known as Praesepe, or the Beehive. To the naked eye, it looks like a fuzzy cloud. Galileo later discovered that it was really a cluster of stars. It was named the Beehive because astronomers think the cluster looks like a swarm of bees. Hydra - The Sea Serpent Hydra is the longest constellation in the sky and is also the largest in terms of area. It is so long that it takes more than six hours to rise completely. Along it's northern side, we can observe the zodiacal signs of Cancer, Leo, Virgo and Libra. The stars in the serpent's head appear to be at the same distance but they are really very far away from each other. The northernmost of the six stars in the head of the serpent, Epsilon Hydrae, is a quintuple star - a system of five stars. Alphard (Arabic for "the solitary one") is Hydra's brightest star. Hydra is home to a fairly faint, but large, open cluster of about 80 stars known as M48. This cluster is easily observed with binoculars and looks bigger than the disc of the full Moon. Hydra is one of the most ancient constellations. In Greek mythology, Hercules slew Hydra, a horrible serpent with many heads that grew back as soon as they were cut off. Killing the Hydra was one of Hercules' twelve labors, during which he also defeated Leo, the lion, and Draco, the dragon. Leo - The Lion Leo, the Lion, is a very majestic feline. Leo's head and mane are formed by an asterism known as the Sickle which looks like a backward question mark. One of the brightest spring stars, Regulus (Latin for "little king"), is at the base of the question mark. The rest of Leo's body, legs, and tail extend to the east. Leo harbors a group of galaxies, including two spirals (M95 and M96) and an elliptical (M105), in its central region. With binoculars, the cores of the spirals, but not their faint arms, can be distinguished. M105 appears only as a faint oval-shaped glow. Under the hindquarters of Leo, a spiral galaxy (M66) can be observed. It is nearly face-on, looking like a ghostly galactic pinwheel. During the dry season in ancient Egypt, the lions of the desert came close to the valley of the Nile when the river flooded, which used to happen when the Sun was in Leo. Some have interpreted this as the origin of the name of the constellation. The ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, Persians, Syrians, Greeks, and Romans, all recognized this constellation as a lion. It was seen as a horse in the ancient Chinese zodiac, and possibly as a puma in Incan lore. Hercules - A Son of Jupiter Hercules, the great Greek warrior, can be seen kneeling in the sky for northern latitudes throughout the Spring months. Hercules first becomes visible in the east in April, and works his way high across the night sky through October. From the southern hemisphere, he appears low in the north. Four relatively bright stars form what is commonly known as the Keystone. Hercules' arms and legs extend from this central square. By far the most exciting object to see in Hercules is the magnificent globular cluster M13, which is visible in dark night skies even without binoculars or a telescope. This cluster of 300,000 stars appears as a faint fuzzy spot to the naked eye. It is located between the stars which form the western side of the Keystone. Many other constellations, like Leo, the Lion, Hydra, the nine-headed Serpent, and Draco, the Dragon, were unfortunate victims of Hercules, and thus were also placed in the sky. Cancer, the Crab was sent by Hera to annoy Hercules in his battles, and became yet another victim of the hero. Lyra - Orpheus' Harp Lyra, the Lyre, is a type of small harp held in the player's lap. The brightest star in Lyra, Vega, is placed in the handle of the harp. A small parallelogram of four faint stars just to the southeast of Vega outline the harp itself.  Lyra is one of three constellations whose brightest stars form the Summer Triangle. Though small, Lyra has a variety of sights to offer. Between the two parallelogram stars furthest from Vega is the Ring Nebula, a bright planetary nebula. It can be viewed with binoculars, although it's distinctive smoke-ring shape cannot. A famous and well-studied variable star, RR Lyrae is also found in this constellation. The name Vega means "vulture" in Arabic and reminds us that the civilizations of the Middle East saw these stars as a vulture. According to Greek mythology, the lyre was invented by Hermes as a child when he strung a tortoise shell. He traded the lyre to Apollo, who then gave it to his son, Orpheus, a great poet and musician. Some Asian traditions see the bright star Vega as the Weaving-Princess star who marries a shepherd, the star Altair. Ophiuchus (The Serpent Bearer) The constellation Ophiuchus is the Serpent Bearer. This large constellation can be seen in the night sky from June through October. Although most of the stars are dim, Ophiuchus' teapot shape makes it easy to find. The constellation is a combination of three different figures. Ophiuchus is holding Serpens Caput in his left hand, and Serpens Cauda in his right. He is located south of Hercules and north of Scorpius. In Greek myth, Ophiuchus represents the god of medicine, Asclepius. Asclepius was the son of Apollo and was taught by Chiron, the Centaur. He learned how to bring people back from the dead, which worried Hades. The god of the underworld asked his brother Zeus to kill the medicine god. Zeus did strike him dead, but then put the figure of Asclepius in the sky to honor him. There aren't many bright stars in this constellation, but there is a rather unique one. RS Ophiuchi is a type of star called a recurrent nova. These strange objects stay dim for long periods of time, and then suddenly brighten. Ophiuchus is full of celestial objects. There are numerous clusters and one nebula in the constellation. Sagittarius, the Archer Sagittarius is a centaur, with the torso of a man atop the body of a horse. Unlike the wise and peaceful centaur Chiron (Centaurus), Sagittarius is aiming his giant bow at his neighbor, Scorpius. While this is a very large constellation, its stars are relatively faint and most people easily recognize just the central asterism which resembles a teapot with a lid, handle, and spout. Looking into Sagittarius, you are looking directly at the center of our Galaxy through its disk, and many varieties of astronomical treasures can be found there. More than a dozen Messier objects reside in Sagittarius, including globular clusters M69, M70, and M54 which lie along the bottom of the teapot. Recently, astronomers have discovered a small galaxy in Sagittarius that is crashing through the Milky Way. Exactly who is Sagittarius? The Mediterranean people viewed him as Enkidu, the close friend of Gilgamesh, believed to be represented by Orion. Greek mythology associates Sagittarius with Crotus, the son of the goat-god Pan and Eupheme, the nurse of the Muses. He grew to be a skilled hunter, as well as a man with an artistic soul. The Muses, with whom he was raised, begged Zeus to honor him with a constellation equal to his great talents. Scorpius - Slayer of Orion More than any other constellation, Scorpius resembles it's given name. If you live in the northern hemisphere of the Earth, Scorpius crawls across the southern sky, close to the horizon. But if you live in the southern hemisphere, it passes high in the sky. The bright star Antares marks the heart of the insect, and it's long curving tail trails to the south. The scorpion once had claws, but they were cut off by Julius Ceasar to form the constellation Libra. Where stars are concerned, whatever you are looking for, you can probably find it in Scorpius. Antares is an unmistakable, brilliant red supergiant star at the heart of the scorpion. There are many open clusters, including the spectacular M7 roughly 5 degrees off the tip of the scorpion's tail. As it is nearby, M4 is one of the largest, brightest globular clusters in the sky, visible even with binoculars. As a bonus, it is especially easy to find since it is located only 1.5 degrees west of Antares. The scorpion holds an infamous place in Greek mythology as the slayer of Orion. One story tells that Orion fled the scorpion by swimming the sea to the island of Delos to see his lover, Athena. Apollo, seeking to punish Athena, joined her and challenged her hunting skills, daring her to shoot the black dot that approached in the water. Athena won the challenge, unknowingly killing her lover by doing so.   Northern Summer Constellations Aquila - Servant of Zeus Aquila, the celestial eagle, is one of the three constellations which have bright stars forming the Summer Triangle. A nearly perfectly straight line of three stars symbolizes part of the wings. The center and brightest of these three stars is Altair. The tips of the wings extend further to the southeast and northwest. The head of the eagle stretches off to the southwest. A challenging open cluster can be found in Aquila, a few degrees southwest of the northernmost wingtip of the eagle. The stars in this cluster are so faint that they cannot be resolved with binoculars, but instead appear as only a light smudge. Two dark nebulae form a shape known as "Fish on the Platter". They are located about 1.5 degrees west of the star just north of Altair. To the ancient Greeks, Aquila was the servant of Zeus who held the god's thunderbolts and performed errands for him. He may also be the great eagle who devours Prometheus' liver as punishment for giving fire to humans. The line of three stars which includes Altair is revered by Indians as the footprints of the god Vishnu. Some Asian traditions see the bright star Vega as the Weaving-Princess star who marries a shepherd, the star Altair. Cygnus - the Swan Cygnus, the Swan, is also known as the Northern Cross because of it's distinctive shape. The tail of the swan is marked by the bright star Deneb, Arabic for "tail". Three fainter stars cross the line between Deneb and the head of the swan, Albireo. Cygnus flies southward along the summer Milky Way, and into the Summer Triangle. The tail and bill of the swan are both magnificent stellar sights. Deneb is a bright, blue supergiant star, very young as stars go. Albireo, the bill of the swan, is actually two stars which exhibit a spectacular amber and blue contrast. Cygnus is also sprinkled with a variety of nebulae. The North American Nebula is located just a few degrees east of Deneb, and is named for it's resemblance to the North American continent. The Veil Nebula, an ancient supernova remnant, can also be found in Cygnus, several degrees south of the eastern wing. The identity of Cygnus is uncertain. He could be Zeus in the guise in which he seduced Leda, the mother of Helen of Troy. Possibly the swan is Orpheus, transformed and set in the sky to be near his harp. In one myth, Cygnus is a friend of Phaethon, the son of Apollo, the sun god. Phaethon fell into the river Eridanus, trying to drive the sun-gods chariot. Cygnus dove repeatedly into the water to search for Phaethon. Out of pity, Zeus turned the boy into a swan.   Northern Autumn Constellations Andromeda, the Princess Andromeda is a "V" shaped constellation best viewed in the fall if you live in the Northern Hemisphere. Andromeda lies close to the north pole, so only a few in the Southern Hemisphere can see this strangely shaped constellation in the spring. One myth about Andromeda is found in Greek mythology. Andromeda's mother, Queen Cassiopeia, bragged that she was prettier than the sea nymphs. The nymphs complained to Poseidon, who in turn sent a monster to destroy her land. The queen and her husband, King Cepheus, were told to sacrifice their daughter to save the country. Andromeda was chained to a cliff for the monster, called Cetus. Just as the monster was ready to bite down on the maiden, Perseus rescued her. Perseus and Andromeda were put in the sky along with Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Cetus. Andromeda is right next to Pegasus, which leads some to believe that at one time, some of these stars used to be part of the winged horse. There is plenty to see in this fall constellation. The Great Andromeda Galaxy is the most distant object visible to the naked eye. You can find this famous galaxy on the right side of Andromeda, about half-way up the constellation. There are also many other galaxies and some open clusters around this constellation, but many are too faint to see. Aquarius, the Waterbearer Aquarius is a member of the Zodiac, a group of constellations that the Sun travels through each year. It is best viewed in the fall in the southern sky, although much of the northern hemisphere can see the Waterbearer in the spring. Aquarius is one of the oldest constellations in the sky. In Greek myth, Aquarius was Ganymede, the young boy kidnapped by Zeus. Zeus sent his eagle, Aquila, to snatch Ganymede out of the fields where the boy was watching over his sheep. Ganymede would become the cupbearer for the Olympian gods. The constellation, Crater, is often thought to be Ganymede's cup. The Sumerians also believed that Aquarius brought on a sort of global flood. Also, many of the stars that make up Aquarius have names that refer to good luck. This is most likely due to the time of year when the Sun would rise in Aquarius. It happened to be at the same time when the rainy season began in the Middle East. You have to use some imagination to see a figure of a boy in the sky. The head is on the right end. Moving left, you can see what could be an arm dangling down. Continue left more, and you come to the lower half of the body. Notice the legs are bent. This may represent the position of Ganymede while being carried by Aquila to Mount Olympus. There are three globular clusters in Aquarius that may be viewed through a small telescope. M2 is located north of Sadalsud, which is the star that makes up the neck of the boy. Its name means "luckiest of the lucky". M72 is right below the head, which consists of the star Albali. Just west of M72 is the planetary nebula named the Saturn Nebula. It is so named because it looks like the planet Saturn when viewed through a telescope. The closest and brightest planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, located directly east of the "foot". Capricornus, the Goat The constellation Capricornus represents the figure of either a goat or a sea-goat in the sky. Capricornus is also a member of the Zodiac, a special group of constellations that the Sun travels through every year. There are many different myths about this dim constellation. Some believed that Capricornus was the Gate of the Gods, a region in the sky where souls passed when humans died. Most people saw a figure of a goat or even a sea-goat. A sea-goat was part goat, part fish. In Greek myth, Capricornus was associated with Pan. During a picnic, a monster attacked the gods. The gods turned themselves into animals and fled, but Pan couldn't decide what to be. Finally, he jumped into the Nile River, at which point he transformed. His lower half was in water, so it became a fish. However, his upper-half was still dry, so it stayed a goat. Capricornus is one of the dimmest constellations and does not contain very many celestial objects. It does have one globular cluster. It is easiest to see Capricornus in September. You will find it below Aquarius and next to Aquila. Pegasus, the Winged Horse The constellation Pegasus represents the white, winged horse of Greek mythology. This beautiful figure can be seen high in the sky starting near the end of summer and continuing through autumn if you live in the Northern Hemisphere. If you are below the Equator, look for Pegasus in late winter and through spring. When looking at the constellation, it is difficult to see the figure as a horse. That is because the constellation is actually upside-down! Imagine it flipped over, and you can see what could be the neck and head of a horse and two legs sticking out from the famous "Square of Pegasus". This square represents the front half of the horse's body. Mythologists are still not sure what happened to the other half of the constellation. The square is very easy to find in the night sky. The neck and legs of the horse shine brightly on clear nights. The story behind Pegasus begins with the battle between Perseus and Medusa. When Perseus severed Medusa's head, drops of blood fell into the sea. They mixed with sea foam, and Pegasus was born. The white sea foam gave the horse his brilliant color. Pegasus became friends with the warrior, Bellerophon. One day, Bellerophon tried to ride Pegasus to Mount Olympus. This angered Zeus so much that he sent a gadfly to bite Pegasus. When the horse was stung, Bellerophon fell to the Earth. Pegasus made it to the home of the gods, where he still remains. Pegasus is home to several galaxies and even a bright globular cluster.   Northern Winter Constellations Gemini, the Twins Gemini is one of the more famous constellations. The Twins are best seen during the winter and spring in the Northern Hemisphere. If you live in the Southern Hemisphere, look for Gemini in the summer. Gemini is a part of the Zodiac, which is a group of stars which the Sun travels through each year. Gemini is very easy to find, just look for the two bright stars called Castor and Pollux. They represent the heads of the twins, while fainter stars sketch out two bodies. Gemini is right between Cancer and Taurus. Gemini is one of the few constellations that actually looks like the figure it represents. Many different civilizations saw this pair in the sky. Ancient Greeks saw the twins Castor and Pollux, sons of Leda and Zeus. The Romans saw the brothers Romulus and Remus, two heroes that founded Rome. Both the Greeks and the Romans believed the twins were raised by the centaur, Chiron. There are a few interesting objects to look at around Gemini. There is a cluster of stars near the foot of the twin on the right, and a nebula near the arm of the twin on the left. Orion, the Hunter Orion, the Hunter, is by far the most famous seasonal constellation. No other is more distinct or bright as this northern winter constellation. The famous Orion's Belt makes the hunter easy to find in the night sky. Orion looks very much like a person. First, you should spot Orion's Belt, which is made of three bright stars in a straight line. One of Orion's legs is represented by the bright star Rigel, one of the brightest stars in the night sky. His two shoulders are made of the stars Bellatrix and Betelgeuse. You can see Betelgeuse's reddish color without a telescope. Other bright stars make up the two arms, one which holds a shield, and another that carries a club. Many different civilizations saw this constellation in the sky. The most famous stories come from Greek and Roman myths. Orion was a famed hunter, and in one story boasted that no creature could kill him. Hera then sent a scorpion to sting the hunter. Orion smashed the animal with his club, but not before he was poisoned. Both are now on opposite sides of the sky. They cannot be seen at the same time. A different story tells of the love between Orion and the goddess, Artemis. One day, Orion was swimming out in the sea. Apollo, who very much disliked the man, bet his sister that she couldn't hit the object in the sea with her bow. Artemis didn't realize it was her lover, and shot Orion with an arrow. When she later found out what she had done, she honored the hunter by putting him in the sky. There are several clusters and nebulae to view in this awesome constellation. The famous Orion Nebula is located in Orion's sword, which hangs from the belt. It is so bright, that even the naked eye can see the fuzzy patch. It looks spectacular even with a small telescope or binoculars. There are numerous other objects in Orion, so scan the constellation with a telescope or binoculars on a clear night! Perseus, the Hero Perseus, the Hero, can be found in the sky during the winter in the Northern Hemisphere. With a little imagination, you can see the image of a man in the stars. He has a sort of triangular body, with two legs and feet that look like they are curling up towards the head. There are also two arms stretching out, possibly carrying some sort of weapon or the head of Medusa. Perseus was a Greek hero most famous for his slaying of Medusa. If anyone looked at Medusa's face they would turn to stone. With the help of Hermes' wings and Athena's shield, Perseus killed Medusa without looking at her. On his way home, Perseus came across the monster, Cetus, getting ready to eat Andromeda. Perseus used Medusa's head to turn Cetus into stone and saved the princess. Algol is a very famous star in Perseus. When looking at the constellation, Algol is the white "star" in the right leg. In Arabic, the name means "head of the demon", which makes many scientists believe the star was supposed to represent Medusa's eye. What makes this star so special is that it winks! Algol is a special type of binary star, with a dimmer star revolving around a brighter star. When the dimmer star crosses in front of the other, the magnitude of Algol decreases, giving the appearance of a winking star! Perseus is located along the Milky Way, so it is full of deep sky objects. When you find Perseus, look for the constellations Cassiopeia, Cepheus and Andromeda!  
i don't know
Which British Prime Minister was born on December 29th 1809 and is the only British Prime Minister to be born in Liverpool?
19thcentury 22nd First Lord of the Treasury 17th British Prime Minister 1801-1804 (Tory) Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth (30th May 1757 – 15th February 1844)  Signed 2nd June 1803 24th First Lord of the Treasury 19th British Prime Minister 1806 – 1807 (Whig) William Wyndham, Lord Grenville (25th October 1759 – 12th January 1834) 26th First Lord of the Treasury 21st British Prime Minister 1809-1812 (Tory)  Spencer Perceval (1st November 1762 – 11th May 1812)  The only British Prime Minister in history to have been assassinated. 27th First Lord of the Treasury 22nd British Prime Minister 1812-1827 (Tory)  Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool  (7th June 1770 – 4th December 1828)  28th First Lord of the Treasury 23rd British Prime Minister 1827 for 100 days (Tory)  George Canning (11th April 1770 – 8th August 1827)  29th First Lord of the Treasury 24th British Prime Minister 1827 – 1828  (Tory)  Frederick John Robinson, Viscount Goderich, Earl of Ripon (1st November 1782 – 28th January 1859) The Earl of Ripon is how one book ( Britain's Prime Ministers  - Ellis/Treasure 2005 - p 108), refers to him.  The ‘Iron Duke’  30th First Lord of the Treasury 25th & 28th British Prime Minister 1828-1830 (Tory)  Arthur Wellesley,  The Duke of Wellington (c.1st May 1769 – 14th September 1852) See also  Winchilsea  (with whom he fought a duel!) and his connection with  Northamptonshire 31st First Lord of the Treasury 26th British Prime Minister 1830-1834 (Whig) Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807   (13th March 1764 – 17th July 1845)  BBC part 10 32nd & 34th First Lord of the Treasury 27th & 30thBritish Prime Minister 1834, 1835-1839, 1839-1841 (Whig) William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (15th March 1779 – 24th November 1848) A favorite of Queen Victoria  33rd & 35th First Lord of the Treasury 29th & 31st British Prime Minister 1834-1835, 1841-1846 ( Conservative) Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (5th February 1788 – 2nd July 1850) His immage appears on the Beatles 'Seargeant Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band' 36th & 42nd First Lord of the Treasury 32nd & 38th British Prime Minister 1846-1852, 1865-1866 (Whig and  Liberal ) John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878)  An envelope addressed to Gordon Kemball of  6 Chester Place ,  Hyde Park , London 37th, 40th & 43rd First Lord of the Treasury 33rd, 36th & 39th British Prime Minister 1852, 1858-1859, 1866-1868 (Conservative) Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (29th March 1799 – 23rd October 1869) This is a 'mourning' envelope addressed to  Coutts & co .(Bankers) The Strand, London 38th First Lord of the Treasury 34th British Prime Minister 1852-1855 ( Peelite  and Whig) George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen (28th January 1784–14th December 1860),     39th & 41st First Lord of the Treasury 35th & 37th British Prime Minister 1855-1858, 1859-1865 (Whig and Liberal) Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (20th October 1784 – 18th October 1865) 44th & 46th First Lord of the Treasury 40th & 42nd British Prime Minister 1868, 1874-1880 (Conservative) Benjamin Disraeli, (born Benjamin D'Israeli) Earl of Beaconsfield (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) An envelope addressed to the Earl of Abergavenny,  Eridge Castle , Tunbridge Wells. It was Disraeli who, it is said, went there for the venison and strawberries. BBC part 5  The similar piece on the right was recently sold.   45th, 47th,49th & 53rd First Lord of the Treasury 41st, 43rd, 45th & 47th British Prime Minister 1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1866, 1892-1894 (Liberal) William Ewart Gladstone (29th December 1809 – 19th May 1898) An envelope addressed to the Dean of  Rochester Cathedral 50th First Lord of the Treasury 44th, 46th & 49th British Prime Minister 1885, 1886-1892, 1895-1902 (Conservative) Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil,  3rd Marquis of Salisbury (3rd February 1830 – 22nd August 1903) known as  Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868 He chose not to live at 10 Downing Street, remaining at his home in Hatfield instead. He was also the only Premier to serve as Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary simultaneously which left a gap for First Lord during his second administration.  (See Stafford Henry Northcote and W. H. Smith). 54th First Lord of the Treasury 48th British Prime Minister 1894 – 1895. (Liberal) Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (7th May 1847 – 21st May 1929) 51st First Lord of the Treasury William Henry Smith ll ("Old Morality")  (24th June 1825 – 6th October 1891) Son of W.H Smith (1792-1865).  Smith was First Lord of the Admiralty, twice Secretary of State for War, Leader of the House of Commons and later (during Salisbury's second administration) First Lord of the Treasury , among other posts. In his clashes over War Office estimates with Lord Randolph Churchill at the Treasury‚ he was clear‚ adamant‚ and equable where Churchill was excitable and offensive. In the restructuring of the cabinet‚ following  Churchill's resignation‚  Smith became First Lord of the Treasury and leader of the House of Commons in January 1887. Married to  Emily Danvers Smith . See also  W.H Smith  (known colloquially as Smith's) a major British retailer.This is a letter addressed to the British  Admiral of the Fleet, Sir Alfred Phillips Ryder (1820-1888)   dated 10th January1887. (See also Ryder  biography ).The congratulatory reference would have been with regard to his promotion and enhanced political status.  Wikipedia 48th First Lord of the Treasury Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh  (27th October 1818 – 12th January 1887) known as Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt, from 1851 to 1885  British Conservative politician. He notably served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886. When Lord Salisbury became prime minister he took the titles of Earl of  Iddesleigh  and Viscount St Cyres and was included in the cabinet as First Lord of the Treasury. In  Salisbury's 1886 ministry he became Foreign Secretary, but the arrangement was not a comfortable one, and his resignation had just been decided upon when on 12 January 1887 he died very suddenly at Lord Salisbury's official residence in  10 Downing Street.  See also   link 1 H.M.S. Valliant, Portsmouth August 1814 This is an envelope addressed to the Duke of Richmond, Cavendish Square, London Another envelope addressed to  Sir John Richardson  of 1 Pike's Row, Edinburgh This is an envelope addressed to professor George Pryme ,  Political economist and Lecturer on political economy at Cambridge University. Whig M.P. for Cambridge 1832–41.  Left. A note to His Royal Highness, The Prince Albert. Right. A similar item recently offered for sale at £459 This is an envelope addressed to the Revenue A letter to the  University Press , Cambridge, U.S.A An envelope addressed to Mrs. Henry Wynch, Pett Rectory, Hastings. (see  Pett ). Now the home of the Secretary of the Pett Level Naturalists Society  17 (12th October 1773 – 8th January 1846) A British Whig statesman and diplomat.  It was with him that Bellingham  had issue & assasinated the PM An example of Salisburys  signature recently sold for just under £500 19 VERY RARE SIGNATURE An envelope signed RIPON three times, addressed to 'My Lord Bishop' Charles Thomas Longley, (28th July 1794 – 27th October 1868),  at the Palace,Ripon, Yorkshire, Longley served as Bishop of Ripon (1836-1856), Bishop of Durham, Archbishop of York, and later as  Archbishop of Canterbury Another example for price comparison. £1,485.  NOT part of this collection 'Dear Sir, xxxx very regretfully I find myself unable to comply with your request as it would xxxx with the xxxx and xxx of a multitude of lists and xxxx which are always xxx to xxx me xxx in xxx. Yours faithfully                                                          W.G May 17: 1897'                                                       (exactly one year before his death) 15
William Ewart Gladstone
On a standard Monopoly board which property makes up the light blue set along with Euston Raod and Pentonville Road?
BBC - History - British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline On This Day Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'? Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole. Margaret Thatcher Conservative, 1979 - 1990 Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century. James Callaghan Labour, 1976 - 1979 Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year. Harold Wilson Labour, 1974 - 1976 In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'. Edward Heath Conservative, 1970 - 1974 Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kippur War. In March 1974, Heath called a general election on the question of 'who governs Britain?' - the unions, or the elected representatives of the people. To his surprise the result was a hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) and he was ousted. Harold Wilson Labour, 1964 - 1970 In 1964, 'Good old Mr Wilson' - an avuncular, pipe-smoking figure - came to power amid much excitement and optimism. He had promised a 'new Britain' forged in 'the white heat of a second industrial revolution'. In reality, his administration never escaped from a cycle of economic crises, vainly battling against further devaluations of the pound. Wilson won a second general election in 1966 (the year England lifted the football World Cup) making him the first Labour PM to serve consecutive terms. In 1967, the government failed in its application for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) and was also finally forced to devalue sterling. The electorate became disillusioned with Wilson, who lost narrowly to the Conservatives in the 1970 election. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Conservative, 1963 - 1964 In 1963, a change in the law allowed hereditary peers to disclaim (or 'drop') their titles, which in turn meant they were able to become members of parliament (MPs). The only peer ever to do so and become prime minister was Douglas-Home, formerly the 14th Earl of Home, who assumed the office when Harold Macmillan retired due to ill health. He was the first prime minister in the post-war period not to win his own mandate (be elected or re-elected by popular vote). Harold Macmillan, Conservative, 1957 - 1963 Macmillan came to power at a time when Britain was confronting its loss of world-power status and facing mounting economic troubles. Nonetheless, he successfully associated the Conservatives with a new age of affluence and the burgeoning consumer revolution. But his oft-quoted assurance 'You've never had it so good' actually finishes 'What is beginning to worry some of us is, is it too good to be true?'. His government is principally remembered for the so-called 'Profumo Affair', a sex scandal that erupted in 1963 and contributed to the Conservatives' defeat at the general election the following year. Secretary of State for War John Profumo had been having an affair with a showgirl who was also seeing the Soviet naval attaché to London - a serious transgression at the height of the Cold War. After lying to the House of Commons, Profumo admitted the truth in June 1963 and resigned in disgrace. Macmillan resigned due to ill health in October the same year. Sir Anthony Eden, Conservative, 1955 - 1957 When Sir Winston Churchill retired due to ill health, Eden took over as prime minister. Many years before, Churchill had anointed Eden as his successor, but later acknowledged he had made 'a great mistake'. His opinion was born out as the new PM blundered into the Suez Crisis. Following Egypt's decision to nationalise the Suez canal, Britain (the principal shareholder), France and Israel invaded in October 1956 to near-universal condemnation and the threat of nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union. Within a week, Britain was forced into an embarrassing climb-down. Humiliated and in ill-health, Eden left the country for a holiday at the Jamaican home of James Bond author, Ian Fleming. He returned in mid-December to the sarcastic newspaper headline: 'Prime Minister Visits Britain'. He resigned on 9 January 1957. Sir Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1951 - 1955 Churchill's desire to return to power, despite his assured place in history, had much to do with his belligerent refusal to accept that the British public had rejected him in 1945. Now the electorate was seeking to put behind it the hardships and privations of the post-war years under Clement Atlee and return to a more traditional idea of society - so-called 'housing and red meat' issues. Churchill tried - and failed - to recreate the dynamism of his wartime administration, and he struggled to adjust to the political realities of the Cold War, preferring direct action and personal diplomacy to proxy wars and cabinet consensus. His refusal to retire, despite suffering a stroke, caused mounting frustrations among his colleagues. At the age of 80, he finally conceded to his failing health and stepped down, although he continued to serve as an MP. Clement Attlee, Labour, 1945 - 1951 World War Two had sharply exposed the imbalances in Britain's social, economic and political structures. For a population that had sacrificed so much, a return to the pre-war status quo was simply not an option. In 1942, a report by Sir William Beveridge, chairman of a Ministry of Health committee, had advocated a system of national insurance, comprehensive welfare for all and strategies to maintain full employment. The 'Beveridge Report' formed the basis of Labour pledges in the 1945 election and resulted in a landslide victory. Attlee's government successfully harnessed the wartime sense of unity to create the National Health Service, a national insurance scheme, a huge programme of nationalisation (including the Bank of England and most heavy industries) and a massive building programme. He also made Britain a nuclear-armed power. These sweeping reforms resulted in a parliamentary consensus on key social and economic policies that would last until 1979. But by 1951, a row over plans to charge for spectacles and false teeth had split the cabinet. Party disunity and a struggling economy contributed to Attlee - cruelly dubbed by Churchill 'a modest man with much to be modest about' - losing the next election. Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1940 - 1945 By the time Churchill was asked to lead the coalition government in 1940, he had already enjoyed colourful and controversial careers as a journalist, soldier and politician. He had twice 'crossed the floor' of the House of Commons, the first time defecting from Conservative to Liberal and serving as First Lord of the Admiralty during the early years of World War One. Demoted in the wake of the slaughter at Gallipoli, he preferred to resign and take up a commission fighting on the Western Front. Despite standing against the Conservatives in a 1924 by-election, Churchill was welcomed back into the party that same year and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years under Stanley Baldwin. But personal disagreements and his vehement anti-Fascism would lead to nearly a decade in the political wilderness. Following Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill finally realised his 'destiny' and accepted the office of prime minister. Promising nothing more than 'blood, toil, tears and sweat', he almost single-handedly restored Britain's desire to fight on in adversity. Despite Churchill's enormous personal popularity, by 1945 the electorate no longer wanted a war leader and the Conservatives lost by a landslide. Neville Chamberlain, Conservative, 1937 - 1940 Rarely has the hyperbole of politicians been as resoundingly exposed as when Neville Chamberlain returned from his 1938 negotiations with Adolf Hitler, brandishing his famous 'piece of paper' and declaring the agreement it represented to be 'peace for our time'. Within a year, Germany had invaded Poland and Britain was plunged into World War Two. With his policy of 'appeasement' towards Hitler utterly bankrupted, Chamberlain resigned in 1940. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. When the issue of honours was discussed, he stated that he wanted to die 'plain Mr Chamberlain, like my father'. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was the politician who split the Conservatives in 1903 by pushing for tariffs on imported goods. It was this very issue that convinced Churchill to defect to the Liberals, with whom he first achieved high office. Chamberlain died six months after resigning. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1935 - 1937 When Baldwin returned to power in 1935, the financial crisis sparked by the Wall Street Crash six years before appeared to be over. It was to be swiftly replaced by a constitutional crisis brought about by Edward VIII's desire to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Simpson. Baldwin advised Edward that Mrs Simpson would not be accepted as Queen by the public, and that the king could not condone divorce as head of the Church of England. The king proposed a 'morganatic' marriage, whereby Mrs Simpson would become his consort, but not Queen. The government rejected the idea and threatened to resign if the king forced the issue. The story then broke in the press, to general disapproval by the public. Rather than break the engagement, Edward abdicated on 11 December 1936. Credited with saving the monarchy, Baldwin is also condemned for failing to begin re-arming when it became clear that Nazi Germany was building up its armed forces. Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1929 - 1935 MacDonald began his second term at the head of a minority government (one that does not have an outright majority) and with the economy in deep crisis. Britain was still in the grip of the Great Depression and unemployment soon soared to two million. With fewer people able to pay tax, revenues had fallen as demand for unemployment benefits had soared. Unable to meet the deficit, by 1931 it was being proposed that benefits and salaries should be cut. Labour ministers rejected the plan as running counter to their core beliefs. MacDonald went to the king, George V, to proffer his resignation. George suggested MacDonald to try and form a 'national government' or coalition of all the parties. (This is the last recorded direct political intervention by a British monarch.) The National Government was formed, with MacDonald as prime minister, but Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative Party, the de facto 'power behind the throne'. MacDonald is still considered by many in the Labour Party as their worst political traitor. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1924 - 1929 In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress called for a general walkout in support of a coal miners' protest against threatened wage cuts. It was the first and, to date, only general strike in British history. The strike affected key industries, such as gas, electricity and the railways, but ended after just nine days due to lack of public backing and well-organised emergency measures by Baldwin's government. Far from succeeding in its aims, the General Strike actually led to a decline in trade union membership and the miners ended up accepting longer hours and less pay. It also gave impetus to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act, which curtailed workers' ability to take industrial action. Baldwin's government also extended the vote to women over 21 and passed the Pensions Act, but eventually fell as a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Depression that followed. Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1924 In 1924, MacDonald briefly became the first Labour prime minister, ending two centuries of Conservative - Liberal domination of British politics. It was the first party to gain power with the express purpose of representing the voice of the 'working class'. An MP since 1906, MacDonald was respected as a thinker, but criticised by many within his own party as insufficiently radical (despite appointing the first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, in 1929). His opposition to World War One had made him deeply unpopular and he continually suffered a torrid time at the hands of the press. The publication by two newspapers of the 'Zinoviev letter' did much to damage his chances in the run up to the 1924 election. The letter (which he had seen but decided to keep secret) purported to be from Soviet intelligence and urged British communists to commit acts of sedition. He lost by a wide margin. The letter is now widely accepted to be a fraud. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1923 During his very brief first term as prime minister, Stanley Baldwin bumped into an old school friend on a train. Asked what he was doing these days, Baldwin replied: 'I am the prime minister.' Having come to power following Andrew Bonar Law's resignation, he called an election in the hope of gaining his own mandate (election by popular vote), but lost. Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative, 1922 - 1923 Branded the 'unknown prime minister' by his bitter political rival HH Asquith, Canadian-born Bonar Law is principally remembered for a single speech he made in 1922. The Conservatives had been part of a coalition under the Liberal prime minister, David Lloyd George, since 1916. Many were considering joining Lloyd George permanently, but Bonar Law's speech changed their minds. Instead, the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition and Lloyd George was forced to resign. The king, George V, asked Bonar Law to form a new government. Reluctantly he accepted, despite still grieving two sons killed in World War One and - as it turned out - dying of throat cancer. He held office for 209 days before resigning due to ill health. He died six months later and was buried at Westminster Abbey, upon which Asquith commented: 'It is fitting that we should have buried the Unknown Prime Minister by the side of the Unknown Warrior.' David Lloyd George, Liberal, 1916 - 1922 Lloyd George guided Britain to victory in World War One and presided over the legislation that gave women the vote in 1918, but he is remembered as much for his private life as his public achievements. Nicknamed the 'Welsh Wizard', he was also less kindly known as 'The Goat' - a reference to his countless affairs. (Scandalously, he lived with his mistress and illegitimate daughter in London while his wife and other children lived in Wales.) The first 'working class' prime minister, Lloyd George had risen to prominence by solving the shortage of munitions on the Western Front. It was his desire to get to grips with the requirements of 'total war' that led to his split with then Liberal Prime Minister HH Asquith. It also brought him closer to the Conservatives, with whom he formed a new coalition government when Asquith resigned. That coalition would disintegrate six years later in the midst of a scandal. Serious allegations were made that peerages had been sold for as much as £40,000. (One list even included John Drughorn, who had been convicted for trading with the enemy in 1915.) Lloyd George resigned in October 1922. HH Asquith, Liberal, 1908 - 1916 Asquith's government had shown great longevity, but disintegrated in the face of the unequalled disasters of the Somme and Gallipoli. With World War One going badly, fellow Liberal David Lloyd George had seized his chance and ousted Asquith. But in the preceding eight years, the two politicians had together overseen one of the greatest constitutional upheavals of the 20th Century and ushered in some of the predecessors of the Welfare State. Old Age Pensions were introduced and Unemployment Exchanges (job centres) were set up by then Liberal minister Winston Churchill. But when Lloyd George attempted to introduce a budget with land and income taxes disadvantageous to the 'propertied' classes, it was thrown out by the House of Lords. Lloyd George branded the Lords 'Mr Balfour's poodle' (a reference to Conservative leader AJ Balfour's supposed control over the peers). The stand-off resulted in two general elections during 1910, the second of which the Liberals won with a 'peers against the people' campaign slogan. The budget was passed and, in 1911, the Parliament Act became law. The Act stated that the Lords could only veto a Commons bill twice, and instituted five-yearly general elections. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal, 1905 - 1908 Arthur James Balfour, Conservative, 1902 - 1905 The nephew of the Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour had none of his uncle's political skills despite a long period of mentoring. He was instead something of a philosopher, publishing several weighty books, including 'A Defence of Philosophic Doubt', 'The Foundations of Belief', and 'Theism and Humanism'. Following a cabinet split Balfour resigned, gambling that the Liberals would be unable to form a government and that he would be returned to power. He was wrong. Marquess of Salisbury, 1895 - 1902, Conservative Salisbury came to power for the third and final time when the weak Liberal government of the Earl of Rosebery fell. The political climate was one of rising resentment among the lower and middle classes, who demanded better conditions, social reforms and proper political representation. Bitterly divided, the Liberals would nonetheless experience a revival as they sought reforms of the squalid, disease-ridden British 'concentration camps' used in the Boer War. But it was the founding of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) on 27 February 1900 that signalled a quiet, yet highly significant sea-change in British politics. This coalition of socialist groups would win two seats in the 1900 general election and 29 seats in 1906. Later that same year, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party. Despite failing health, Salisbury agreed to stay on to help Edward VII manage the transition following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. He resigned in favour of his nephew, AJ Balfour, in the first months of the new King's reign. (Notably, he was the last serving prime minister to sit in the Lords.) Earl of Rosebery, Liberal, 1894 - 1895 Rosebury reluctantly became prime minister on the insistence of Queen Victoria, despite still mourning the loss of his wife. Desperate to have a minister she actually liked, Victoria had taken the unusual step of not consulting the outgoing PM, William Gladstone, about his successor. Rosebery, who always loved horseracing more than the 'evil smelling bog' of politics, was gratefully allowed to resign a year later. Notably, he is the only prime minister to have produced not one, but three Derby winners, in 1894, 1895 and 1905. (Despite his aversion to politics, Rosebery was no stranger to scandal. The Prince of Wales had reputedly once intervened to prevent him from being horsewhipped by the Marquess of Queensbury, with whose son Rosebery was believed to be having an affair. Queensbury's other son was Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover.) William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1892 - 1894 Gladstone's fourth term as prime minister was completely overshadowed by his insistence on introducing a third bill on the subject of 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords threw the bill out and generally obstructed Liberal attempts to pass legislation. With his cabinet split and his health failing, the 'Grand Old Man' stepped down for the last time. The public was, in any case, exhausted with Home Rule and instead wanted reforms to working conditions and electoral practices. (Meanwhile, out on the political fringe, the Independent Labour Party had been set up under Keir Hardie to represent the working class and 'secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'. Leading figures in the party included George Bernard Shaw and Ramsay MacDonald.) Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1886 - 1892 William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1886 Gladstone came to power for the third time with 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland still the dominant issue. A bitter election battle had seen the Conservative government fall after Irish Nationalist members of parliament sided with the Liberals to defeat them. Instead, the Liberals formed a government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists and Gladstone tried to push through his second attempt at a Home Rule bill. The bill split the Liberals and Gladstone resigned. He lost the general election when the 'Liberal Unionists' - those who wanted Ireland to be ruled from Westminster - broke away from Gladstone's Liberals to fight the next election as a separate party. Most Liberal Unionists were of the 'Whig' or propertied faction of the party, which meant that when they went, they took most of the money with them. Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1885 - 1886 William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1880 - 1885 Having failed to force Gladstone to serve under Lord Hartington, Queen Victoria reluctantly accepted 'that half-mad firebrand' as prime minister for the second time. He had only lately returned to politics from retirement after his so-called 'Midlothian Campaign', in which he spoke to large crowds - a practice considered by polite Victorian society to be 'undignified'. His campaign did much to discredit Disraeli's government and had clearly struck a chord with a public eager for social and electoral reform. The Ballot Act in 1872 had instituted secret ballots for local and general elections. Now came the Corrupt Practices Act, which set maximum election expenses, and the Reform and Redistribution Act, which effectively extended voting qualifications to another six million men. There were other burning issues. The United States had just overtaken Britain as the world's largest industrialised economy, and 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland continued to dominate. In seeking support for Home Rule, James Parnell's Irish Nationalists sided with the Conservatives to defeat a Liberal budget measure. Gladstone resigned and was replaced by the 'caretaker government' of the Marquess of Salisbury. Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1874 - 1880 After a brief taste of power in 1868, it had taken Disraeli six years to become prime minister again. He wasted no time in bringing about the social reforms he had envisaged in the 1840s as a member of the radical Young England group. His Acts included measures to provide suitable housing and sewerage, to protect the quality of food, to improve workers rights (including the Climbing Boys Act which banned the use of juveniles as chimney sweeps) and to implement basic standards of education. In 1876, Disraeli was made the Earl of Beaconsfield, but continued to run the government from the Lords. He persuaded Queen Victoria to take the title 'Empress of India' in 1877 and scored a diplomatic success in limiting Russian influence in the Balkans at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He retired in 1880, hoping to spend his remaining years adding more novels to his already impressive bibliography, but died just one year later. William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1868 - 1874 Upon taking office for the first time Gladstone declared it his 'mission' to 'pacify Ireland' - a prize that was always to elude him. Nonetheless, Gladstone was to become the dominant Liberal politician of the late 19th Century, serving as prime minister four times despite earning Queen Victoria's antipathy early in his career. (She famously complained that 'he always addresses me as if I were a public meeting'.) He had started his career as an ultra-conservative Tory, but would end it as a dedicated political reformer who did much to establish the Liberal Party's association with issues of freedom and justice. But Gladstone also had his idiosyncrasies. He made a regular habit of going to brothels and often brought prostitutes back to 10 Downing Street. In an era when politicians' private lives were very private, his embarrassed colleagues nonetheless felt it necessary to explain his behaviour as 'rescue work' to save 'fallen women'. Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1868 On being asked to become prime minister following the resignation of the Earl of Derby, Disraeli announced: 'I have reached the top of the greasy pole'. He immediately struck up an excellent rapport with Queen Victoria, who approved of his imperialist ambitions and his belief that Britain should be the most powerful nation in the world. Unhappily for the Queen, Disraeli's first term ended almost immediately with an election victory for the Liberals. Despite serving as an MP since 1837 and twice being Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli's journey to the top was not without scandal. In 1835, he was forced to apologise in court after being accused of bribing voters in Maidstone. He also accrued enormous debts in his twenties through speculation on the stock exchange. Disraeli suffered a nervous breakdown as a result, but eventually paid off his creditors by marrying a rich widow, Mary Anne Wyndam Lewis, in 1839. Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1866 - 1868 The introduction of the 1867 Reform Act made Derby's third term as prime minister a major step in the true democratisation of Britain. The Act extended the vote to all adult male householders (and lodgers paying £10 rental or more, resident for a year or more) living in a borough constituency. Simply put, it created more than 1.5 million new voters. Versions of the Reform Act had been under serious discussion since 1860, but had always foundered on Conservative fears. Many considered it a 'revolutionary' move that would create a majority of 'working class' voters for the first time. In proposing the Reform Act, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Leader of the House of Commons, had warned his colleagues that they would be labelled the 'anti-reform' party if they continued to resist. The legislation was passed, and also received the backing of the Liberals under their new leader, William Gladstone. Earl Russell, Whig, 1865 - 1866 Viscount Palmerston, Liberal, 1859 - 1865 Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1858 - 1859 The property qualification - the requirement that a man must own property in order to stand as a member of parliament - was finally abolished during Derby's second term as prime minister. It meant that members of parliament (MPs) were no longer drawn exclusively from the 'propertied' classes and could realistically be 'working class'. This fulfilled one of the six conditions set out by the Chartists - supporters of the Third Chartist Petition, written in 1838. It demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for MPs, and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Viscount Palmerston, Liberal , 1855 - 1858 Earl of Aberdeen, Tory, 1852 - 1855 It was something of a cruel irony that Aberdeen came to be blamed for blundering into the dreadful Crimean War. As plain George Hamilton Gordon he had made a successful career as a diplomat and had done much to normalise Britain's relationships with its powerful neighbours. Vivid reports from the front by WH Russel of the Times have since led to the Crimean being styled the first 'media war'. His reports publicised the squalor and disease that were claiming more soldiers' lives than the fighting, and inspired Florence Nightingale to volunteer and take the first 38 nurses out to treat the wounded. In 1855, Aberdeen conceded to his critics and resigned. Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1852 Earl Russell, Whig, 1846 - 1851 Confronted by the Irish Potato Famine, declining trade and rising unemployment, Russell still managed to push through trade liberalisation measures and limits on women's working hours. A dedicated reformer, he nonetheless presided over the rejection of the Third Chartist Petition. Set out 1838, it demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for members of parliament (MPs), and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Already rejected once by parliament in 1839, the petition had gathered 5 million signatures by 1848. Presented to parliament a second time, it was again rejected. The Chartist movement slowly petered out, even as revolutions blazed across Europe, but many of its aims were eventually realised. Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1841 - 1846 Peel's second term as prime minister was nothing short of tumultuous. Economic depression, rising deficits, Chartist agitation, famine in Ireland and Anti-Corn League protests crowded in. A raft of legislation was created to stabilise the economy and improve working conditions. The Factory Act regulated work hours (and banned children under eight from the workplace), the Railway Act provided for cheap, regular train services, the Bank Charter Act capped the number of notes the Bank of England could issue and the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground. But a failed harvest in 1845 provided Peel with his greatest challenge. There was an increasing clamour for repeal of the Corn Laws, which forbade the import of cheap grain from overseas. Powerful vested interests in the Tory Party opposed such a move, but in the end Peel confronted them and called for repeal. After nearly six months of debate, and with the Tories split in two, the Corn Laws were finally repealed. Defeated on a separate issue, Peel resigned the same day, but was cheered by crowds as he left the Commons. (The 'Peelite' faction of the Tories is widely recognised as the foundation of the modern Conservative.) Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1835 - 1841 Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1834 - 1835 Invited by William IV to form a new government, Peel immediately called a general election to strengthen his party. Campaigning on his so-called 'Tamworth Manifesto', Peel promised a respectful approach to traditional politics, combined with measured, controlled reform. He thereby signalled a significant shift from staunch, reactionary 'Tory' to progressive 'Conservative' politics. Crucially, he pledged to accept the 1832 Reform Act, which had recently increased the number of people eligible to vote. Peel won the election, but only narrowly. He resigned the following year after several parliamentary defeats. (Peel is probably best remembered for creating the Metropolitan Police in 1829 while Home Secretary in the Duke of Wellington's first government. The nickname 'bobbies' for policemen is derived from his first name.) Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1834 Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1834 In a bid to repress trade unions, Melbourne's government introduced legislation against 'illegal oaths'. As a result, the Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union failed. In March of the same year, six labourers were transported to Australia for seven years for attempting to provide a fund for workers in need. They became known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'. Melbourne himself was notoriously laid back. When first asked to become prime minister he declared it 'a damned bore'. Having accepted, he would often refuse to allow his cabinet colleagues to leave the room, insisting 'I'm damned if I know what we agreed on. We must all say the same thing.' Earl Grey, Whig, 1830 - 1834 In June 1832, the Reform Act finally passed into law after 15 torrid months of debate. It extended the vote to just 7% of the adult male population, based on a series of lowered property qualifications. Introduced in March 1831, the bill scraped through the Commons by a single vote, but was thrown out at the committee stage (when the bill is debated in detail - sometimes called the 'second reading'). Parliament was dissolved and the general election was fought on the single issue of the Reform Act - an unprecedented event in British political history. The Whigs won the election and passed the bill, but the House of Lords (with a majority of Tories) threw it out, sparking riots and civil disobedience across the country. With the spectre of France's bloody revolution clearly in mind, William IV eventually agreed to create 50 Whig peers to redress the balance in the Lords if the bill was rejected again. The Lords conceded and the Act was finally passed into law. After all his efforts, Earl Grey is principally remembered for giving his name to a fragrant blend of tea. Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1828 - 1830 Wellington's first term in office was dominated by the thorny subject of Catholic emancipation. Catholics were permitted to vote, but were not allowed to sit as members of parliament (MPs) and had restrictions on the property they could own. Initially, the 'Iron Duke' was staunchly in favour of the status quo, but soon came to realise that emancipation might be the only way to end conflict arising from the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland in 1801. He became such an advocate that he even fought a duel with the 10th Earl of Winchilsea over the issue. The Earl had accused him of plotting the downfall of the 'Protestant constitution', but then backed down and apologised. They still had to go through the ritual of the duel at Battersea Fields, with both men deliberately firing high and wide. Wellington eventually drove the legislation through, opening the way for Catholic MPs. Viscount Goderich, Tory, 1827 - 1828 George Canning, Tory, 1827 Canning finally became prime minister after a long career in politics, only to die of pneumonia 119 days later. He had famously fought a duel in 1809 with his bitterest political rival, Lord Castlereagh, and was shot in the thigh. Castlereagh committed suicide with a penknife in 1822, after becoming depressed about his falling popularity. Earl of Liverpool, Tory, 1812 - 1827 Liverpool is the second longest serving prime minister in British history (after Robert Walpole), winning four general elections and clinging on to power despite a massive stroke that incapacitated him for his last two years in office. Liverpool became PM at a time when Britain was emerging from the Napoleonic Wars and the first rumblings of 'working class' unrest were just beginning to be felt. Staunchly undemocratic in his outlook, Liverpool suppressed efforts to give the wider populace a voice. He was unrepentant when, in 1819, troops fired on a pro-reform mass meeting at St Peter's Fields in Manchester, killing eleven - the so-called 'Peterloo Massacre'. Trade unions were legalised by the 1825 Combination Act, but were so narrowly defined that members were forced to bargain over wages and conditions amid a minefield of heavy penalties for transgressions. (Liverpool's one concession to popular sentiment was in the trial of Queen Caroline on trumped up adultery charges. The legal victimisation of George IV's estranged wife, who was tried in parliament in 1820, brought her mass sympathy. Mindful not to provoke the mob in the wake of Peterloo, the charges were eventually dropped.) Spencer Perceval, Tory, 1809 - 1812 Perceval bears a dubious distinction as the only British prime minister to be assassinated. As chancellor of the exchequer he moved in to 10 Downing Street in 1807, before rising to the office of prime minister two years later. His 12 young children - some born while he was in office - also lived in the PM's crowded residence. Against expectations, he had skilfully kept his government afloat for three years despite a severe economic downturn and continuing war with Napoleon. He was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons on 11 May 1812 by a merchant called John Bellingham who was seeking government compensation for his business debts. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later. Duke of Portland, Tory, 1807 - 1809 Lord Grenville, Whig, 1806 - 1807 William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1804 - 1806 Faced by a fresh invasion threat from Napoleon, George III once again turned to Pitt. A shadow of his former self due to failing health and suspected alcoholism, Pitt nonetheless accepted. He made alliances with Napoleon's continental rivals - Russia, Austria and Sweden - then, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson shattered French invasion hopes at the Battle of Trafalgar. Pitt did not have long to savour victory before Napoleon defeated both Russia and Austria to stand astride the whole of Europe. Heartsick, utterly exhausted, penniless and unmarried, Pitt died on 23 January 1806 at the age of 46. Henry Addington, Tory, 1801 - 1804 Addington secured the Peace of Amiens with France in 1802, but would see Britain plunge into war with Napoleon again just two years later. He also passed the first Factory Act into law. The Act was the earliest attempt to reform working conditions in factories. It set a maximum 12 hour working day for children and addressed issues like proper ventilation, basic education and sleeping conditions. (Notably, his government also awarded Edward Jenner £10,000 to continue his pioneering work on a vaccine for smallpox.) But he was generally poorly regarded, prompting the satirical rhyme 'Pitt is to Addington, as London is to Paddington' - a reference to his distinguished predecessor as prime minister, William Pitt. William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1783-1801 Pitt 'the Younger' was the youngest prime minister in British history, taking office at the tender age of just 24. But his youth did not seem to disadvantage him as he threw himself into the manifold problems of government, holding on to the top office for 17 years - fifteen years longer than his father, Pitt 'the Elder'. His first priority was to reduce the National Debt, which had doubled with the loss of the American colonies in 1783. George III's mental illness then threw up the spectre of a constitutional crisis, with the transfer of sovereignty to the erratic Prince of Wales only narrowly averted by the king's recovery. Further threats to the monarchy emanated from across the Channel, with the bloody French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent war with France in 1793. War increased taxes and caused food shortages, damaging Pitt's popularity to the extent that he employed bodyguards out of fear for his safety. In a bid to resolve at least one intractable conflict, he pushed through the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800, but the related Emancipation of Catholics Bill was rejected by the king a year later. Having lost George III's confidence, Pitt was left with no option but to resign. Duke of Portland, Tory, 1783 Earl Shelburne, Whig, 1782 - 1783 Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1782 Lord North, Tory, 1770 - 1782 North is chiefly somewhat unfairly remembered as the prime minister who lost the American colonies. Groomed by George III to lead his parliamentary supporters, North was fiercely loyal to his king, whose policy it had been to 'punish' the American colonials. The American War of Independence, reluctantly entered into by both sides, had been prosecuted at the king's behest in retaliation for their refusal to pay more towards their own defence. As hostilities progressed, North's blundering and indecision worsened an already difficult situation, and by 1782 it was clear that the outcome was likely to be a disaster. He begged George III to be allowed to resign, but the king refused to release him until the war was over. North has since become the yardstick for prime ministerial mediocrity, with later PMs being criticised as 'the worst since Lord North'. Duke of Grafton, Whig, 1768 - 1770 An unremarkable prime minister, Grafton had a quite remarkable appetite for extra-marital affairs and openly kept several mistresses. He scandalised polite society in 1764 by leaving his wife and going to live with his mistress, Anne Parsons, also known as 'Mrs Houghton'. (Horace Walpole referred to her derisively as 'everybody's Mrs Houghton'.) Popular opinion had disapproved of Grafton's behaviour, until his wife did something even more shocking. She eloped with the Earl of Upper Ossory and had a child by him. Grafton divorced her in 1769, then abandoned Mrs Houghton and married Elizabeth Wrottesley, with whom he had 13 children. The Mrs Houghton ended up marrying the king's brother. This unsuitable union gave impetus to the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, which decreed that the monarch had to give permission for all royal weddings. Earl of Chatham, Pitt 'The Elder', Whig, 1766 - 1768 Pitt 'the Elder' is widely credited as the man who built the British Empire, although much of this was done in the role of secretary of state under the governments of the Duke of Newcastle. He chose his fights carefully, conducting military campaigns where conditions were best suited to British merchants. Pitt added India, West Africa, the West Indies and the American colonies to Britain's overseas possessions, and was persistently belligerent towards colonial rivals like France and Spain. His relentless imperialism kept the merchants happy but infuriated men like Newcastle who counted the financial cost of his wars. Pitt was a superb public speaker and a master of the devastating put-down, but his career was dogged with recurrent mental illness and gout. Ironically, it was during his term as prime minister that he was at his least effective, often struggling to build support. He collapsed in the House of Lords in October 1768 and died four days later. (Pitt was the MP for a 'burgage borough' - an empty piece of land with no-one living on it. His constituency, Old Sarum, was a mound in Wiltshire. On polling day, seven voters met in a tent to cast their votes.) Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1765 - 1766 George Grenville, Whig, 1763 - 1765 Grenville is one of the few prime ministers to have been sacked by the monarch. He was fired after a row with George III over who should rule in his place if his mental health continued to deteriorate. Earl of Bute, Tory, 1762 - 1763 Bute was one of Britain's more unpopular prime ministers. Things came to a head when he failed to lower the taxes he had raised to fight France in the American colonies. Rioting erupted, his effigies were burnt and the windows in his house were smashed. Bute was generally disliked by colleagues and public, and was lampooned for his 'fine pair of legs', of which he was reputed to be extremely proud. His close relationship with the Prince of Wales's widow, the Dowager Princess Augusta, was also the subject of much scurrilous gossip. The nickname 'Sir Pertinax MacSycophant' was a contemptuous reference to the Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was murdered three months after his meteoric assent by his own bodyguard. Unable to muster support in parliament, Bute resigned in 1763. Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1757 - 1762 Newcastle healed his rift with Pitt 'the Elder' by inviting him to serve in his government as secretary of state. Effectively a power-sharing coalition of two powerful men, the relationship gave birth to the British Empire. Their government eventually fell as a result of the new king, George III's hostility to Pitt, who had sought to restrict the influence of the monarch in political matters. Duke of Devonshire, Whig, 1756-1757 Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1754 - 1756 Newcastle became PM after his brother, Henry Pelham, died in office. It is the only instance of two brothers serving as prime minister. Newcastle enraged Pitt 'the Elder' by refusing to promote him in the new government, then compounded the insult by sacking him. Henry Pelham, Whig, 1743 - 1754 Earl of Wilmington, Whig, 1742 - 1743 Sir Robert Walpole, Whig, 1721 - 1742 Walpole is widely acknowledged as the first prime minister, although he never actually held the title. He was also the longest serving, lasting 21 years. But Walpole's first stint in government, as secretary of war, had ended inauspiciously with a six month spell in the Tower of London for receiving an illegal payment. Undeterred, he rose to power again on the back of a collapsed financial scheme in which many prominent individuals had invested. Walpole had the foresight (or luck) to get out early, and as a result was credited with great financial acumen. George I invited him to become chancellor and gave him the powers that came to be associated with the office of prime minister. His owed his longevity in office (and the incredible wealth he accumulated) to a combination of great personal charm, enduring popularity, sharp practice and startling sycophancy. The accession of George II saw him temporarily eclipsed, but he worked hard to win over the new monarch. He was rewarded with both the new King's trust and 10 Downing Street, which remains the official residence of the prime minister to this day. Walpole was eventually brought down by an election loss at Chippenham and died just three years later.
i don't know
Which common four letter word takes its name from the Greek meaning 'sound returned'?
What are the most beautiful words in English? | Dictionary.com Blog Reply MIM -  August 16, 2016 - 7:01 pm I could not believe it when I read that “cellar door.” is often held up as an example of the most euphonic sound combination. When I hear /speak those words, all I can think of is the opening to a cold, dark place. Reply Natalie -  May 2, 2016 - 9:10 pm There’s something so beautiful about the spoken word, and how those sounds are able to paint pictures in one’s mind. Ever since I was little, I always loved having my mother read to me. There wasn’t anything too special about my mother’s voice, other than the facts that it was familiar and comforting to me. But, I loved hearing the soft “th” sounds in words like wither, and feather. I also loved the hard consonant sounds, like “k”, in the word cook. I don’t know why, but I love hearing that word, especially when being read aloud from a book. Reply Hoober -  October 30, 2015 - 7:59 am Since being very young I’ve loved the word calligraphy, pronounced as cOlligraphy though, I purely like it because of how my tongue feels in my mouth as I say it. Also I notice many entries here have some sort of La sound in them. Reply eliza -  October 15, 2015 - 1:46 am the most eye catching and breath taking word for me is” imagination” it feeds your creativity and passion for adventures and romance, it is the thing that is still the young child that we all have inside us and gives us will for inspiration . Rebecca -  September 17, 2015 - 3:33 pm I like anesthetize. Also partial to i griega, the Spanish word for the letter Y. Blarg -  September 17, 2015 - 8:31 am Concatenation is my pick. Goddamn is also a pleasing and infinitely more useful word. Reply Edward Terry -  September 15, 2015 - 2:31 pm My favorite word is porte cochere. I know it’s French but so many words in the English are derived from other languages that I think this qualifies.. Reply Jovian -  September 11, 2015 - 6:25 am Syphilis was a contender in my American Lit class. At first we were all apalled, but when you think on it, it’s extremely pleasing…to the ear. Sam -  September 11, 2015 - 5:05 am “Fruition” is fun to say. Me -  June 25, 2015 - 2:06 pm I like the word intricate Reply Brenda -  September 7, 2015 - 7:27 pm Even as a child I knew that I loved the sound of two words – hyena and Ethiopia. I was not aware that liking the soud of certain words was associated with something called phonoaesthetics. I was also not aware until I was an adult that viewing letters and numbers as coloured was not so weird but had a name – syneasthesia. Tianna -  May 8, 2015 - 6:28 pm My favorite word is passionate. It sounds lovely and gives me a warm feeling inside. Reply Sydney -  April 19, 2015 - 4:46 pm I love amethyst… it’s so beautiful and unique that it even has become my favorite color!!!! amethyst also flows off the tongue as well. Amethyst, and iridescence… I love those two words! Wouldn’t any of you agree? Reply Lauren -  March 6, 2015 - 12:04 pm Puppy. I’ve ALWAYS thought this was the happiest, warmest, loveliest, most beautiful word in the entire English language. Say it quietly out loud: “Puppy”. I’m smiling just thinking of it. Wesley -  February 3, 2015 - 5:15 pm It might sound weird but “Urethra” sounds cool. Bill -  March 31, 2014 - 1:21 pm Eschew is fun to say. Lot’s nof the other people’s choics are cool too. Jacqueline -  March 31, 2014 - 9:50 am “cellar door” does nothing for me. My favorite word has long been “plethora.” Arlene -  March 31, 2014 - 2:31 am Soliloquy. Reply Krista -  March 29, 2014 - 3:02 pm Placenta. I have to add this because my friend is a nurse and during the delivery of the baby of a non-English speaking woman, she heard the nurses talking about Placenta, and she thought it was the most beautiful name in the world. They could not talk her out of naming her baby Placenta. Reply Richard -  April 9, 2014 - 6:14 am If it is true that you have a friend who named her baby Placenta, then she is a Morontus Maximus as are you for keeping her as your friend. KP -  March 29, 2014 - 2:03 pm A word I find beautiful is silhouette. Sounds light, airy, and delicate. Reply Matthew -  March 29, 2014 - 10:50 am I am posting this because I never saw an answer to Joshua’s ? re: his missing blog post: The post showed up in my browser. Here is the original: (and if Callie is the name of a particular person, then Joshua has expressed with divine exultation, that even I, a gnomish Halfling, can fell his meaning. Joshua Smith – February 11, 2014 – 1:39 pm When talking about the beauty of a word, we need to define in what sense of the word we are describing it. We could describe the appearance of the letters on a page to see its aesthetic appeal. We could listen to the spoken word to hear its harmony in our ears. We could say the word ourselves to feel the experience of the word leaving our lips. I feel that all these things are potential candidates for a scale on which to measure words to evaluate their beauty, but they are all inconsequential compared to a far greater candidate. This would be to consider the word in all its various definitions, to find its most potent, significant one, and to understand it to its fullest meaning. Only then can we truly evaluate a word on such a glorious quality as beauty. And when I find myself considering this factor, I can think of only one word. I know with certainty, without consulting a dictionary, that it has behind it the most vibrant concept than any other word in the English language and it shakes every fiber in my being with trembling, before its beauty. Even according to the other standards that people might choose, I know that when I see it on a page, it leaps up at me, the focus of the whole print, with its simple elegance and complex plainness. When someone speaks to the word and it reaches my ears, they perk up at attention and sigh with relief that they got to hear the harmonious, dulcet tones of that word once more. I find myself, in everything, from every day conversation to presentations before both my peers and superiors, that I say it and repeat it often, to that point that someone who has never heard the word before knows exactly what it means. According to all scales to which it can be held, it outshines all words of all languages with its beauty. That word is Callie. Jennifer McLean -  March 29, 2014 - 10:37 am Petrichor is beautiful…the origins aren’t english…but it’s beautiful Jim -  March 29, 2014 - 8:58 am “mellifluous” has been a favorite of mine since first I heard it. Adelina -  March 29, 2014 - 8:58 am I agree that cellar door sounds beautiful, but to me the most beautiful sounding word is “salamander”. Saying it without thinking of its meaning even has a calming effect, sort of like beautiful music does. Tyler -  March 29, 2014 - 7:06 am Squire Squire -  March 29, 2014 - 6:02 am Syrup. Or did I miss the point? It’s as good as cellar door. Andrea -  March 28, 2014 - 10:21 am The word “delicious” just drips off of ones tongue. Yes Lori -  March 28, 2014 - 8:57 am I like the sound and meanings of essence and quintessence or effervescent. Alchemy is another beautiful word…It’s interesting to read others take on beautiful words. Mustakim Fil Umar -  March 28, 2014 - 5:56 am My favorite is “aspiration” because it kind of gives me hope. John -  March 27, 2014 - 3:42 pm Cool is timeless and just COOL, I also love Insouciantly jason -  March 27, 2014 - 1:43 pm midwifery Tim -  March 27, 2014 - 8:42 am I like the way “sarsaparilla” and “Thelonious” (a name) flow off the tongue. Reply Bronwen -  September 12, 2015 - 4:27 am Juys befor i scrolled to comments I was just telling my daughter that my favourite word as a child was sarsaparilla!!! amazing to see it here because most people i know havent even heard that word Bob -  March 26, 2014 - 12:45 pm What’s the most beautiful word in the English language? It’s obvious: BACON!!! Reply Aunty Pasto -  July 31, 2015 - 7:03 am Yes Bob, it’s BACON! My Mother sends me a text “BAAACON!!!” every Sunday and Wednesday morning (from her iPhone). That’s how I know she’s awake and I cook her breakfast and it’s the only two days she gets it (which is a lot) because even though she’s 83 I do not want to be a major contributor to blocked arteries. Though, she always says “at 82, 83, 84…let me have my BAAACON and I’ll die a happy woman ;)) And so I relent. Gloria -  March 26, 2014 - 10:12 am Exquisite is the most beautiful word, both in sound and in meaning. Gloria -  March 26, 2014 - 10:11 am Exquisite is the most beautiful word, in sound as well as in meaning. Reply Elaine G. -  March 26, 2014 - 9:22 am I like the word “light”. It’s simple, easy to pronounce and has multiple definitions. ” Light” is also an early vocabulary word for young children. Light. JimM -  March 26, 2014 - 6:57 am For Elizabeth: then you would love Yahoo Peter Clayton -  March 26, 2014 - 5:53 am apple-dumpling just so english it makes me laugh and smile Peter c -  March 26, 2014 - 5:52 am ‘apple-dumpling’ just makes me laugh smile and love english for its diversity Reply Darren D -  March 23, 2014 - 3:03 am The first time I actually heard cellar door being referred to as the most beautiful phrase was actually in the movie Donnie Darko. Anyway, my favorite word in the English language is esoteric. Reply Marienne Litolff -  March 22, 2014 - 6:44 pm To me the most beautiful word in any,language is “meadow”- it sounds soft, green, peaceful, healing, and a place where surely, anybody would want to be. Reply laurie tolley -  March 22, 2014 - 7:59 am There is 1 medical word I find beautiful and even sexy to say – medulla oblongata and 1 word I just love saying – epididymitis. Xerox is my word choice for phonesthetic competition -  March 22, 2014 - 7:09 am It sounds muscal Reply Elizabeth -  March 22, 2014 - 2:45 am The most beautiful word is satellite. I also like manifesto, pseudo, placebo….(I like the long O sound). As for the worst word in the world? I can’t believe I’m even about to type it……….poop. kendo -  March 21, 2014 - 4:16 pm crystal Lauralee -  March 21, 2014 - 8:21 am “Sonoluminescence” is my favorite word. Reply Sunny -  March 21, 2014 - 6:29 am I’ve always been a big fan of the word “Gethsemane”. It has some of the same characteristics as “cellar door” I suppose. Reply Michael Pacholski -  March 21, 2014 - 2:06 am Radiation. It contains mythology (Ra, the sun God), hopelessly trite ’80s slang (“rad”), units of radiological measure (rad), is part of the basis for radio (with its own baggage of jazz, rock and roll, talk). It contains cancer (radical) and ’60s hippies (“radical”), and, of course, light. What else can one single word do? Joy Martin -  March 19, 2014 - 11:50 pm Mellifluous == appears in sound and meaning beautiful. Patrick Campbell -  March 18, 2014 - 11:26 am Mellifluous. Sounds pretty, means pretty. Reply marcos rogerio machado da fonseca -  March 18, 2014 - 2:40 am Wise curiosity,but it is a very subjective and abstract opinion,but it,at least, makes people think .My choice is serendipity. Marcos Fonseca Rio de Janeiro Brazil Reply Anne Wiggins -  March 17, 2014 - 9:33 pm H. L. Mencken declared the most beautiful word was Monongahela or Shenandoah. I don’t remember which. Does anyone know? Reply Anne Wiggins -  March 17, 2014 - 9:24 pm H. L. Mencken had said he considered a word as the most beautiful English word. I don’t recall if it was Monongahela or Shenandoah. If you know, please, enlighten us. Diane B. -  March 17, 2014 - 4:12 pm As some others, I like the words: serendipity/serendipitous Reply Mark S -  March 17, 2014 - 5:34 am Our Heavenly Father is the most beautiful word that you can possibly say and has more meaning I think.————MS Sara K -  March 16, 2014 - 1:44 pm My favorite word is bravado. Reply gerald -  March 16, 2014 - 10:18 am 26 years ago, while holding my daughter in my arms, I pointed to an animal outside the window. I named the animal’s species, to which she responded, clearly but softly, ‘bird’. It was the first word she spoke. ken -  March 16, 2014 - 9:01 am OK, I would co along with coalesce, though Cadence is a close second, obviously. funniest word has no close call: SNORKEL Robby Bonfire -  March 16, 2014 - 8:45 am How can the most beautiful word in the English language not be “beautiful?” Bison Mann -  March 16, 2014 - 8:11 am “Melanoma” is a mellifluous word, notwithstanding its deadly connotation . a -  March 15, 2014 - 7:19 pm ‘PRETTY’ IS THE MOST LOVELY WORD A-Aron -  March 15, 2014 - 2:18 pm The most beautiful word is Mom. Reply Stef -  March 15, 2014 - 2:13 pm I have no favorite word in the English language. However, my favorite word in the French language is pomplemousse- grapefruit. I do abhore the use of words such as guesstimation. Word slammed are NOT words. What they are is awful, simply awful!! Eleanor -  March 15, 2014 - 1:33 pm think I like Aurora best…other favorites would be myriad, serendipity and sidereal. funny to say out loud…..kenspeckle, flummery, eructation and foofaraw. MD.ABDUL MATIN -  March 14, 2014 - 2:55 pm THE MOST BEAUTIFUL WORD THAT WHICH ONE USED FOR BLESSING TO ANY ONE. Shallane -  March 14, 2014 - 12:16 pm I’ve always thought my name was very euphanous…Shallane…. But otherwise I think SNL did it best with: Scrumtrulescent! bhave anant -  March 14, 2014 - 11:20 am the most beautiful word in english is’ beautiful’ and most pleasing word in english is ‘please’ Donna -  March 14, 2014 - 10:25 am SILVER Reply Lavglow -  March 14, 2014 - 8:21 am All meaning aside, my favorite word to pronounce has always been rack-and-pinion, even if I don’t know what it means. It just makes me giggle. Reply mirrormere -  March 14, 2014 - 8:08 am I thought it was Edgar Allan Poe that promoted cellar door as the loveliest sounding word, not Tolkien. ??? For me, it’s Biloxi, a city in Mississippi Reply cdbytor -  March 14, 2014 - 6:50 am Almost 1,000 comments and not a single vote for fellatio! What other word describes a sex act that sounds like an opera? Deb -  March 14, 2014 - 5:56 am duplicitous-love the sound of this word, not necessarily the meaning. Skaifi -  March 13, 2014 - 9:01 pm The most beautiful words are ” ALLAH” and “MOHAMMAD” PBUH. Reply Karen Maas -  March 13, 2014 - 1:07 pm diaphanous – When I learned how to pronounce diaphanous in the 10th grade I had to go home and share with my family the beautiful word. Both the sound and the meaning appeal to me. Irene KB -  March 13, 2014 - 10:10 am radar love – than again the song’s not bad either Jesus Humper -  March 13, 2014 - 9:38 am I like moist, cloak, and fucktard. Sandy K -  March 13, 2014 - 7:50 am I like the word HEAVEN….it’s like lightly exhaling….I also like the word CHAMELEON mukeshkoshym -  March 13, 2014 - 7:08 am Priceless RE -  March 13, 2014 - 6:20 am Loam Angie -  March 13, 2014 - 3:24 am Jesus, sanguine, Sharpei, ethereal, ignite, chartreuse, partition, entre, Hors d’oeuvre, celtic, chameleon, chowder, karma, reisling, comedy, lycan, iridescent, somber, maverick, chia, chrimson, cork, charlamagne Yasmeen -  March 12, 2014 - 11:37 pm MUMMY. becca -  March 12, 2014 - 10:07 pm coalesce — beautiful sound and image Kevin Quinn -  March 12, 2014 - 7:33 pm I like the word pulchritudinous, which basically means beautiful. Thalia -  March 12, 2014 - 6:05 pm Blutiful was a wonderful word said by my tiny son, seeing the sea for the first time. nargess -  March 12, 2014 - 11:29 am Beautiful words Reply Anna G -  March 12, 2014 - 8:29 am I agree that cellar door does roll off the tongue nicely. That being said, my favorite word is LEONINE. Robby Bonfire -  March 11, 2014 - 2:36 pm Should not “beautiful” be the most beautiful word in the English language? Mac -  March 11, 2014 - 11:22 am The name of our Lord: Jesus. franco -  March 11, 2014 - 9:35 am bliss Reply lori degarmo -  March 10, 2014 - 8:47 pm Try saying the name I grew up with: “Lori Ruth Zurfluh”, (zer–flew). My aunts and uncles usually used both my first and middle names together, like one name, loriruth. My last name was almost always mispronounced, though I think it sounds pretty much like it’s spelled. People see that “Z” and get thrown off or are just too lazy to give it much thought! Believe me, it was not the easiest name in the world to grow up with. Merrilee -  March 3, 2014 - 10:56 pm blue, moon, afternoon, and flurry Reply Malcolm -  March 2, 2014 - 5:48 am Sycamore tree. It’s similar to cellar door (didn’t Poe like it, too?), but with a little more bite to it. Ask Mama Cass: ” Birds singing in the sycamore tree… Dream a little dream of me…”) Bill -  March 1, 2014 - 7:48 pm Forever Reply Ally -  February 28, 2014 - 7:01 pm I think the sound of words are part of the description to the meaning and most relating meanings are of the words with similar sounds, thats why most of the beautiful words have beautiful meanings and malice words have sounds to describe the meaning like chop, severed and yet the word several has nothing to do with sever there are still other words which will relate to each of their meanings too. Like the word favor I always interpreted with the word flavour lol as a child LOL. Fred -  February 27, 2014 - 5:42 pm A word I taught my son when he was under 3, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene . Dorine -  February 27, 2014 - 3:34 pm I’ve always thought of mellifluous as the most beautiful word in English. Reply Dorene Schwartz-Weitz -  September 1, 2016 - 1:13 am Now this is uncanny … My name is Dorene and my favourite word is ‘mellifluous’! Do they call you “Dor” for short? I don’t like that sound, nor would I change my last name to “Cellar” (lol) Reply Daniel Carlin -  February 27, 2014 - 3:12 pm I think what’s appealing about “cellar door” is that it only has one phonetic stop, and that’s a soft one (the d in door). It’s very liquid (the double l in cellar and the r, which is magnified due to the long open vowel preceding it). My personal fave in this regard is “realize.” There are no stops; instead a liquid r is followed by two separate vowels that flow together easily and give way to a liquid l followed by another vowel, and then the whole thing concludes with a soft sibilant z. ‘Tis a beautiful thing. Paul Simon obviously likes this word as well, using and singing it wonderfully well in his song “50 Ways to Leave Your Lover:” “And then she kissed me and I REALIZED she probably was right.” Reply Chuck -  February 27, 2014 - 3:01 pm Oxygen is my favorite – it just slides off the tongue as you exhale this lovely word. But then I am a chemist. However I never like the sound of Bismuth. Arabella -  February 27, 2014 - 8:37 am Surely banana has got to be in the running… Gustav -  February 17, 2014 - 11:21 pm Vaginal is the most beautiful word Reply Mags -  February 17, 2014 - 7:27 pm Rather amazing how it seems that cellar door has been brought to my aattention before as being a beautiful combination of letters and yes i would have to say that it does sound very euphoric to my ears….also enjoyed seeing what others hear to be beautiful…oh and Joshua smith’s post was so sweet!!! Lindsey -  February 17, 2014 - 7:21 pm the word Serendipity is so lovely. it means fortuitous happenstance. Dana -  February 14, 2014 - 5:30 pm -breathe* Natalie -  February 14, 2014 - 4:52 pm My favourite would be “Convivial.” because it sounds like what it means. With a more specialised vocabulary relating closely to Archaeology I would have to say: “Thermoluminescence” or “Dendrochronology.” Penelope -  February 14, 2014 - 3:16 pm I like the word “peruse” Reply Mackenzie -  February 14, 2014 - 9:04 am I think the most beautiful word in English is love. It has so many different meanings and so many levels of strength, yet it’s only one word. Reply Delaney -  February 14, 2014 - 5:39 am I’d have to say fergalicious, because my horse’s name is Fergie and she is pretty fantastic. Reply Edward Powers -  February 14, 2014 - 1:50 am It has been said that the two most relaxing words in the English language are serenity and tranquillity. I think they also sound beautiful. Victoria -  February 13, 2014 - 10:44 pm Clementine Joe -  February 13, 2014 - 4:34 pm I like sinewy and gelid Em -  February 13, 2014 - 3:48 pm Frothy, lather Reply Justin -  February 13, 2014 - 3:47 pm I always liked the word “doppelganger.” But as far as beauty is concerned it has to be evanescent. Heyzeus -  February 13, 2014 - 2:51 pm gondola Reply Crazy Person Alert -  February 13, 2014 - 1:06 pm I know “Belle” isn’t English but anything in French is much prettier than it is in English. I also like the word “shenanigans” like Thaily said. Reply Crazy Person Alert -  February 13, 2014 - 1:02 pm I would have to say “Belle” because it is the French word for beauty. It is also the name of my favorite princess, don’t judge. Mesac -  February 13, 2014 - 1:00 pm Out of the few I have, analytical sounds the best. Nat -  February 13, 2014 - 11:53 am fergalicious Martin -  February 13, 2014 - 11:31 am Personally, I like “cellularly”. Martin W. -  February 13, 2014 - 9:54 am I like “cellar door”. But I always like how “Donnie Darko” sounded better. Zoe -  February 13, 2014 - 9:32 am I like Trance Rusty -  February 13, 2014 - 9:22 am Synovial Kaitlen -  February 13, 2014 - 8:33 am I agree with PETRICHOR (the smell of dry earth or dust after rain). I’ve also always loved the word INSATIABLE (incapable of being satisfied or appeased; a hunger for something) Andre -  February 13, 2014 - 8:25 am The most beautiful word in English is a name, that name is “Jesus” Reply roxanne -  February 13, 2014 - 8:22 am There is nothing even remotely lovely to me about the words (plural, not singular as in the question) “cellar door.” And I do *not* have an unusual accent. ;^P Big miss on this one, imo. Jason Preston -  February 13, 2014 - 7:46 am Irridescent Reply darcey -  February 13, 2014 - 7:43 am This phrase from Shakespeare’s Romeo & Juliet: “. . . like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear . . . ” – perfect sound! Terri -  February 13, 2014 - 4:43 am clarity- for its meaning Abu Zaid -  February 13, 2014 - 12:31 am Hello, is the most beautiful word in English, Also, Lovely, It's Just Me... -  February 12, 2014 - 9:24 pm I think the most beautiful word is ‘whimsical’. Don’t really know why it appeals so much, maybe because one of my friends introduced me to the word, but I only use it in moderation because I thinks it’s too special a word to use out of place. Yes, I think whimsical is the most beautiful word in the English language. Angelo Bautista -  February 12, 2014 - 8:45 pm Iridescent…marshmallow…cloud…um… pjone8 -  February 12, 2014 - 8:45 pm Sofa Chris -  February 12, 2014 - 6:01 pm Well Sandvich is always awesome for all those TF2 fans out there. Clover -  February 12, 2014 - 3:10 pm I like the word “Nova”. It’s a type of star. Garrett -  February 12, 2014 - 2:58 pm clandestine, euphoria, vanilla, warrior, Bella, July, Cleopatra, surfer….. to name a few. MAWHAHAHAHA.ITS.777.AGAIN -  February 12, 2014 - 2:33 pm LUMINOUS Reply Neuktura -  February 12, 2014 - 11:41 am Because I have a super thick accent (outrageous as my good friends say) when I am speaking English, even saying ‘cellar door’ slowly does not sound beautiful. Casey -  February 12, 2014 - 10:13 am Quixotic Kayla -  February 12, 2014 - 9:59 am One of my favorite words is “incandescently” which means to burn brightly or a glowing brilliance. Juan Paul -  February 12, 2014 - 8:54 am Flawless Reply Hanna -  February 12, 2014 - 8:01 am Those are all good words, but as English speakers it is difficult to separate the sound of the word from the meaning of it. Note that most of the favorited words are good/pleasant things. One of my professors told us about a study where they went to find the most beautiful sounding English word, ignoring the meaning entirely. They went and found groups of people who had never heard any English (probably the Amazon or somewhere) and read them lots of words. The 2 most beautiful English words to people who don’t know the meaning? Syphilis Hunter -  February 12, 2014 - 7:03 am Perdition is my favorite word. Meaning is bad, but the sound is good. mr.x -  February 12, 2014 - 5:25 am mine is armageddon. yes i know it means the end of the world. im just weird. Irdalaska -  February 12, 2014 - 3:58 am moist TonyainOKC -  February 12, 2014 - 12:53 am FREE! In any context! Reply Chaz -  February 11, 2014 - 9:29 pm Like the article says, it’s best if said slowly but I also think the intonation makes a difference. I like to imagine it as a breeze of words being uttered from one’s mouth. The words are a whispering wind with all of its secrets in tow. Halan -  February 11, 2014 - 9:23 pm sorry, i meant i have synesthesia! darn sticky keys… Reply Halan -  February 11, 2014 - 9:13 pm My favorite words are- ocelot, violin, onion, clove, evergreen, majestic, beautiful, leopard, viola, cello and clarinet. oh, and marmoset. I have syntheisa (look it up…), and the colors/sounds are just so beautiful! bishnu prasad baral -  February 11, 2014 - 8:19 pm HAPPY EmmaleeL -  February 11, 2014 - 7:21 pm * * * * * * * * * * * * * * L O V E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I haven’t read all of there but I skimmed quite a few and I am blown away that I didn’t see LOVE as the most beautiful word. It has the most beautiful meaning, sound, and feeling out of every word I have ever learned. It is a gift and a blessing. Jake -  February 11, 2014 - 6:29 pm Definitely…. FLABBERGASTED!! quintessential -  February 11, 2014 - 6:03 pm Quintessential Moogie -  February 11, 2014 - 5:49 pm Potato always puts a smile on my face. Ted -  February 11, 2014 - 4:27 pm Cellar. Most beautiful phrase : Cellar door. Ugliest word : Shrub. Reply Anon -  February 11, 2014 - 4:14 pm I never thought of how “Cellar Door” sounds until now. I still think, though, that the most beautiful word, despite its meaning, is asphyxiate. I like how the sound flows, I like writing the y next to the x when I’m writing with pen because of how I can connect them, and when I’m typing, it feels balanced since there are a few letters on each hand. ^_^ Joshua Smith -  February 11, 2014 - 2:25 pm My apologies. The post has since returned. Thank you. Reply Joshua Smith -  February 11, 2014 - 2:22 pm NOTICE TO BLOG.DICTIONARY.COM: I posted something on here about 40 minutes ago for a friend of mine to come and read. The word I choose that friend’s name, and I was trying to write something sweet to randomly show her one day. The problem is, the post said it posted and I saw it on the page, completely posted, and it’s not there any more. I don’t have another copy. I could try to rewrite it, but it wouldn’t be the same. Blog.dictionary.com, is there any way that you have a copy of that post so that I can have it? It doesn’t need to be posted, I just need what I wrote if that would be possible. Thank you. (you got my e-mail when I posted, if you wish to contact me) Jules -  February 11, 2014 - 1:53 pm Chromaticity Mimi -  February 11, 2014 - 1:44 pm Leather~ Reply Joshua Smith -  February 11, 2014 - 1:39 pm When talking about the beauty of a word, we need to define in what sense of the word we are describing it. We could describe the appearance of the letters on a page to see its aesthetic appeal. We could listen to the spoken word to hear its harmony in our ears. We could say the word ourselves to feel the experience of the word leaving our lips. I feel that all these things are potential candidates for a scale on which to measure words to evaluate their beauty, but they are all inconsequential compared to a far greater candidate. This would be to consider the word in all its various definitions, to find its most potent, significant one, and to understand it to its fullest meaning. Only then can we truly evaluate a word on such a glorious quality as beauty. And when I find myself considering this factor, I can think of only one word. I know with certainty, without consulting a dictionary, that it has behind it the most vibrant concept than any other word in the English language and it shakes every fiber in my being with trembling, before its beauty. Even according to the other standards that people might choose, I know that when I see it on a page, it leaps up at me, the focus of the whole print, with its simple elegance and complex plainness. When someone speaks to the word and it reaches my ears, they perk up at attention and sigh with relief that they got to hear the harmonious, dulcet tones of that word once more. I find myself, in everything, from every day conversation to presentations before both my peers and superiors, that I say it and repeat it often, to that point that someone who has never heard the word before knows exactly what it means. According to all scales to which it can be held, it outshines all words of all languages with its beauty. That word is Callie. Reply Katie -  February 11, 2014 - 1:31 pm My favorite word to say is warble. I like the way the a and r sound together, and how they sound with the ble. Reply Polisny -  February 11, 2014 - 12:19 pm The question is nonsensical. Also, cellar door is not a word but a nominal phrase, and regardless, only appealing in sound, whereas a word is made up of much more than sound. Such would be like saying, “such and such a woman is the most beautiful in the world because her skin texture is so smooth looking.” Sorry, but there is a lot more to a woman than her skin. Further, the pronunciation of the word is regional rather than conventional or universal. For most of the English speaking world it therefore not only doesn’t make sense when purported as such but stigmatizes the question of such superlative beauty to begin with. In terms of “beauty,” there is of course only regional criteria, most of the time. Worse, that a writer who has sold a lot of books happens to think that the word is the most beautiful is really quite irrelevent in the same respect that what she thinks about English morphology or semantic relations or lexicography or the Germanic element in the English language or Old High German or phonotactics or psycholinguistics or idioglossia; or what she thinks the ugliest or oldest word might be; or whatever she thinks, the simple verifiable reality is that it is just an opinion and only cirrculated because she is well know. People would no more listen to Picasso on “what the most beautiful color is” because no matter what he says, the question is first and foremost meaningless and over the course of the following points still totally foolish as a question. Further, to tag the question on to his name suggests that the artist is some kind of authority on the matter, which is of course nonesense. Stephen King has probably sold just as many books over the course of his lifetime. That doesn’t mean journalists need to be quoting him on what the most beautiful syllable is. Sorry, but the question is the problem, not the response. That’s why every reponses is equally meaningless. If you don’t want to get that, then chances are you will find a way to insult such digression or merely ignore it. Articles of the sort a waste of time. peanut butter and jelly -  February 11, 2014 - 12:19 pm I like cellar door NO NAME -  February 11, 2014 - 12:18 pm I like the word poo. Not to be inappropriate… :3 Wil -  February 11, 2014 - 9:47 am Totally either aa, or pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. Both unbeatable. Bart -  February 11, 2014 - 9:05 am epiphany John -  February 11, 2014 - 8:39 am I think it needs to be a woman’s name, and my vote thus would be Claudette. Reply Rick Maury -  February 11, 2014 - 7:09 am I love the word “ethereal”. In my opinion it describes everything I hold to be beautiful and perfect (and it has a heavenly euphonious sound ;). I only reserve this scared word for the most magnificent things in my poetry. iam -  February 11, 2014 - 6:13 am octupus debi -  February 11, 2014 - 12:23 am i like saying ‘enclave’ Jerry -  February 10, 2014 - 6:40 pm Sandwich! Reply russell -  February 10, 2014 - 6:34 pm there are three things that sound pleasing to me, two are names that I would like to use someday when I have kids. Endellion Aurora and Gloria Rose. My other favorite word to hear is Eulalia. Emily -  February 10, 2014 - 5:54 pm beautiful is what word that is very beutiful my favorite word is enigma it means mystery, or someone or something that is extremely puzzling; that which can not be understanded Reply ScienceCrazy226 -  February 10, 2014 - 5:52 pm I like words with big meanings words, such as galaxy or nebula or Andromeda (a galaxy) or star or cloud. I also like names like Sheila or Silvia. I know that this is sort of cheating, but I like the Spanish word mariposa, meaning butterfly. I think that words with i’s are pretty, like Iona for example. It’s so hard to choose! Alex -  February 10, 2014 - 4:46 pm Words that roll off my tongue nicely (I really like the letter L): - sleek Matthew Savage -  February 10, 2014 - 2:47 pm I like the poop Reply Matthew Savage -  February 10, 2014 - 2:45 pm I like the word poo. I don’t want to be rude but it’s just my favorite word FindersKeepers -  February 10, 2014 - 2:21 pm euphoria Yo ppl -  February 10, 2014 - 1:00 pm I have to agree. I like the words cellar door. No typo. Reply Jasmine Bajada -  February 10, 2014 - 10:21 am I’ve always liked the sound of ‘fallacy’ and ‘halcyon’. Th ‘s’ sound must be very pleasing to my ears But then I also like a combination of harsh/strong sounds and high-pitched vowels like ‘bryony’ ping -  February 9, 2014 - 7:04 am beautiful Meg -  February 9, 2014 - 5:56 am I’ve always liked the word soliloquy. WalkingCivilWar -  February 7, 2014 - 12:21 pm soliloquy Reply Bridget -  February 7, 2014 - 11:59 am If we are basing this purely on phonaesthetics, then I vote for malevolent and mellifluous. …guess I have a thing for “m” words. Reply POOP -  February 7, 2014 - 10:31 am I don’t think you guys understand what the article is saying. I think the article is not saying which word’s meanings are most beautiful, rather the sound of the word when we hear it. And when I say cellar door, I think the Rs sound very attractive to my ears. Tom -  February 7, 2014 - 9:14 am “Peace” the great Indian -  February 6, 2014 - 11:06 pm The word start with V which always make me confuse.. Vandalise ????? -  February 6, 2014 - 4:52 pm Mine is silver or sleek Huldryich Shnoodlezworth -  February 6, 2014 - 4:26 pm Shenanigans. May not be yours, but my personal favorite Reply jack -  February 6, 2014 - 2:41 pm mine is (Albert Einstein’s definition) insanity- doing the same thing over and over and hoping for a different result . it has a deep meaning and now that i know its meaning i can prove people wrong when they call me insane. I don’t do the same thing twice, i try multiple phycodic theories before i claim one for my own. Reply PickingNits -  February 6, 2014 - 1:41 pm My favorite word has always been facetious. It has all of the vowels in order. If you use it as an adverb (i.e., facetiously), sometimes “y.” And no, I’m not being sarcastic. ;^) Anna Gosling -  February 6, 2014 - 11:16 am As quoted in Donnie Darko, also! I agree :-} Gary Cox -  February 6, 2014 - 11:00 am incunabula (rare and ancient manuscripts or books) Chuck -  February 6, 2014 - 10:53 am Meadowlark. Hands down. Joel Barton -  February 6, 2014 - 9:47 am But-hoal is a good one Reply Scott -  February 5, 2014 - 9:39 pm I have always loved the word “ere”, pronounced like “air”, which simply means before. For whatever reason it has fallen into disuse in favour of “before”, but I still use it anyway. No matter what sentence one uses it in, it just sounds so much more deep, I find. For example: I need to finish my homework ere I leave vs Reply steph -  February 3, 2014 - 11:46 pm i don’t know why but I’ve always love the word inspiration because i jet like how people say it Bryce -  February 3, 2014 - 5:00 pm My personal favorite is actually “eloquence.” It has a nice ring to it. Marty -  February 3, 2014 - 2:47 pm No wonder I always loved the opening of Neal Young’s “The Needle and the Damage Done!” “I hear you knockin at my cellar door/I love you baby can I have some more?” Reply AliceL -  February 1, 2014 - 11:09 pm In college, a friend from Iran said he thought the most beautiful word was “diarrhea.” We laughed, but I have always remembered that. RunAnnArbor -  February 1, 2014 - 4:30 pm Epiphany. I have a lot of favorite words, but none as favorite as epiphany. Emma -  February 1, 2014 - 12:02 pm I always liked the word susurrus Reply AJ -  February 1, 2014 - 3:43 am I’ve always loved the word “soot” above all others. I like how it sounds so cute and sweet while describing something that is essentially dirt. paddy -  February 1, 2014 - 1:11 am I really like the word Oxymoron. Dunno why, but funny word and fun to use. Parker -  January 31, 2014 - 3:51 pm Fallopian Lewis -  January 31, 2014 - 3:49 pm I quite like “chevron” Reply Ambu -  January 31, 2014 - 10:10 am I personally don’t think that cellar door counts because it is technically two words. I would say serenity or aquamarine are very nice to hear and I like the spelling of those. But that’s just my opinion! Ali Rashed -  January 30, 2014 - 9:54 am chef-d’oeuvre – which means masterpiece Reply Ashley J -  January 30, 2014 - 7:17 am I had to look at my favorite words I have saved on the dictionary app. Benevolence, altruistic, sympathetic, gregarious, cool, affectionate, lovable, kind, beneficent, calm, charitable, generous, easy-going, humble, and humanitarian. I have more, but these words are words that I love. I guess you can say I am a lovable person. Any words dealing with helping, love or just being positive person I will love. Stan Lake -  January 29, 2014 - 4:11 pm susurrus – a soft murmuring or rustling sound; whisper; Patrick -  January 29, 2014 - 1:53 pm Serendipity Stan Lake -  January 29, 2014 - 1:22 pm susurrus – a soft murmuring or rustling sound; whisper. scott -  January 29, 2014 - 1:19 pm salacious Veronica -  January 29, 2014 - 11:44 am My favorite word for beauty is something I learned from playing Scribblenauts Unlimited: lazuline. It’s a color blue, and just the sound of it is pleasant. Davy -  January 29, 2014 - 8:22 am Arapaho Jim Stoops -  January 28, 2014 - 5:31 pm I always thought cygnet was the most beautiful word in our language. Brendan -  January 28, 2014 - 5:26 pm Dixie Cup. Hearing that makes me smile kokk -  January 28, 2014 - 3:19 pm rtttyr Moo Moo -  January 28, 2014 - 4:59 am Lagomorpha… all hail the bunnies OuO girlinworld -  January 27, 2014 - 9:46 pm garage Leah -  January 27, 2014 - 8:53 pm Simplicity and Lyrical ♥ ~ beautiful Miu -  January 27, 2014 - 6:55 pm umm… I think it would be….. MIU: ) Miu -  January 27, 2014 - 6:46 pm My favorite word is Miu J.H. -  January 27, 2014 - 5:38 pm Sanative Grace -  January 27, 2014 - 12:53 pm umm… I think it would be….. GRACE : ) jordan -  January 27, 2014 - 11:31 am Fav word conquistador. Say it! CONQEEEEEEEEEEESTADOR! Izzy -  January 20, 2014 - 5:31 pm If I had to choose my favorite words then I guess they would be: word – because it’s simple quack – because it’s fun to say melancholy – because it makes me think of watermelons floating in the sea Izzy -  January 20, 2014 - 5:22 pm blah blah blah! I don’t really want to write a message right now. Teenager -  January 19, 2014 - 6:55 pm hah… sarcasm Reply Elise Martel -  January 18, 2014 - 7:09 pm Cellar door does nothing for me in terms of beauty. It conjures up an opening to a musty, stale, cobwebby hole underground infested with beetles and forgotten onions and maybe some bones. As for beautiful words…. Timmy -  January 13, 2014 - 9:31 pm I don’t like any words. Reply Virginia Lathan -  January 13, 2014 - 12:49 pm I love the word “mea culpa.” It’s such a sophisticated sounding way of saying “my bad” or “my fault,” or “I am to blame.” Reply Joe L. -  January 13, 2014 - 6:53 am As an aside, my mom always wanted to hear Boris Karloff, in his most sinister voice, say the word “Antipasto.” Mom is cool and weird. Joe L. -  January 13, 2014 - 6:44 am I’ve always liked the word “soliloquy,” it sounds soft and round. Reply Natalya Krivorski -  January 12, 2014 - 9:29 pm I love the word olediumyllst. It was very hard to say when i come to the Americas but i better english learned now. I also love word fridge raider because i love the food. I eat many Americas food but my favorite word is salad is very funny say. I do no many word from this wwecsite so english good now. Stevie James -  January 12, 2014 - 9:21 pm i love the word cow. it makes me think of pork. Reply Geoffery James -  January 12, 2014 - 5:39 pm I prefer the word kerfluffle. It has a playful ring to it. It makes me imagine I am floating on a giant cloud surrounded by more clouds. Reply Margaret Ann -  January 12, 2014 - 4:32 pm The word chandilier does have a nice ring to it, I must say. Isn’t it amaizing how many spectacular words there are out there. It makes me a little sad though… many of the young generation do not appreciate such words. I also enjoy the sound of the word feather. It sounds soft and comforting, doesn’t it? Jaimes Jawsh Smithe -  January 12, 2014 - 4:19 pm my faav word is pow. Ha Ha! LOL Reply Bertha Agnessa Jane -  January 12, 2014 - 4:12 pm Oh me! I do not understand young folks language. I see this dictionary will come in handy! Jiminy! Reply Billy Bob jumbo -  January 12, 2014 - 4:09 pm This vocab is so rad, I don’t think i’ve ever seen anything so funky and totes awesome dudeeee. Bertha Agnessa Jane -  January 12, 2014 - 3:46 pm There are so many words in the dictionary! Very educational and inspiring! c -  January 12, 2014 - 12:29 pm blossom Reply steve -  January 10, 2014 - 5:25 pm I said cellar door before I clicked on the blog. My English teacher taught us that in 1967. Funny the things you never forget. Anon -  January 10, 2014 - 1:40 pm “Cellar door” sounds scary to me. It’s like, “The boogeyman lives behind the cellar door.” Delina -  January 10, 2014 - 9:41 am I think “chandelier” is a beautiful word. Reply Sheryll Celladora Colmenares -  October 22, 2013 - 1:54 pm My niece sent me this link on my facebook. Would you believe Celladora is actually a word? Well, more like a name. It happens to be my family name on my mother’s side. Reply Emily -  October 8, 2013 - 5:52 pm I believe that serenity would be a more appropriate word choice. Seriously, just think about it and listen to it a few times. Jorge -  October 6, 2013 - 4:07 pm My favorite is the word “wheat” or maybe also “egg” or “yellow” Nino -  October 4, 2013 - 6:24 am My personal favorite is “Lubricate” Reply M -  August 30, 2013 - 1:18 am I don’t know if anyone’s said this yet, but I love psithurism. meaning, a whisper, or the sound of leaves rustling in the wind. I also like threnody, which is a mourning song, I believe. Reply Campbell -  August 21, 2013 - 1:22 pm Cellar door makes me think of Raymond E Fiests novels based in the fiction world of Midkemia. There is a major city there called SALADOR. Same but different, i like it a bit more succinct and compact! Reply Preston -  August 20, 2013 - 9:40 am I like the fat, round sound of “bubble.” And bobble. Bubble bobble. Like the old NES video game. “Bubble bobble” tickles my bones. Nabokov played with the euphony of “Lolita” when writing his novel. “Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta. She was Lo, plain Lo, in the morning, standing four feet ten in one sock. She was Lola in slacks. She was Dolly at school. She was Dolores on the dotted line. But in my arms she was always Lolita.” Elando -  May 14, 2013 - 2:26 am I love veal and ruthless. They sound so, interesting! Jared -  May 2, 2013 - 10:31 pm Resplendence. And as a bonus, the connotation is great too. Jason -  May 2, 2013 - 5:39 pm What’s also pretty cool is “crescendo.” It’s neat because the volume swells in the middle, just like the meaning of the word. jasmne -  April 29, 2013 - 8:37 am helloo i like people : ) Reply Fiona -  April 26, 2013 - 5:23 pm I love the sound of cellar door, the more I say it the less it means! Other words I love are, starshine, syzygy and mellifluous, and my own name in a whisper! Eileen Popp Syracuse NY -  April 24, 2013 - 3:14 pm I have always loved the words insouciant- butterfly, Shenandoah… Jason -  April 18, 2013 - 5:31 pm Y’all, unfortunately, are all wrong. The best word is sheeps. I know it’s not grammatically correct but it’s ridiculously fun to say. Emjay -  April 15, 2013 - 7:50 pm Plated tail Alberto -  March 30, 2013 - 6:10 pm I like hubris and nostalgia Reply Volition -  March 22, 2013 - 5:55 pm Even though it has the worst connotation ever, the word suicide is fun to say and rolls off the tongue. Toha -  March 12, 2013 - 3:08 am I also like the word ‘shenanigans’. Bianca -  February 20, 2013 - 7:09 pm Euphoria DKHuxley -  February 15, 2013 - 6:35 pm Chiropodist which I first heard in a cartoon. We don’t have them in the U.S. Reply Syncope -  February 13, 2013 - 8:57 am ‘Scintilla’ is an awesome word. I notice that words with the letters ‘S’ and ‘L’ in them tend to sound euphonic. Callie -  February 6, 2013 - 11:03 pm doppelganger. great word Reply Isabella -  February 6, 2013 - 5:31 pm I agree with the notion of being biased because the knowledge of the definition is in my head. To me “cellar door” doesn’t sound pretty at all. Reply L.Geyser -  February 4, 2013 - 10:05 am I find “basement door” far more euphonious than “cellar door.” “Basement” starts on the lips, while “door” ends almost in the throat; together, they flow from front of the mouth to the back. jen -  January 29, 2013 - 12:54 pm acquiesce Matiza Yin -  January 29, 2013 - 1:24 am “Axiomatic” (Axe-xi-yem-matic) Reply valeria gonzález -  January 25, 2013 - 10:30 am Hey how is it possible that one of the words used in this article does not appear in this dictionary? The word is: Phonaesthetic. English is my second language, so even though I understand the meaning of “Phonaesthetics” because of this article, I was interested in knowing how to pronounce it. But.. surprise! dictionary.reference.com tells me that there are “no dictionary results” for that word D: Jay Stewart -  January 23, 2013 - 2:20 pm “Mellifluous” Every time I see this word in print, I imagine it as spoken by James Earl Jones. This is the perfect storm of meaning and aesthetics. Ernest -  January 22, 2013 - 5:19 am Nostalgic/nostalgia. It makes me feel so bitter sweet when I think of that word… It’s my treasure word, truly special. Reply Martin -  January 18, 2013 - 10:51 pm When I was little I loved the sound of “Massachusetts Understanding”, which words came together in a history book my older brother was reading to my mother. For a long time I wanted Massachusetts Understanding to be my middle name! marina Karapetyan -  January 17, 2013 - 7:09 pm My son’s favorite word is falcon.t Grewfz -  January 15, 2013 - 1:06 pm Chestnut It is a nut and in a sense it is that nut in your chest that sometimes makes you do crazy things. It sounds funny, brings out the squirrels and it tastes and smells pretty good too. I think it is a very complete word with many references to and fro. Cellar door does nothing for me! Elenkaia -  January 13, 2013 - 9:38 am Plethora, serendipity, serum, presto, menthol, mauve, etc. Marha -  January 13, 2013 - 7:38 am Babylon would be my choice . BABYLON . BEBELONNNNN ! Reply gatorgirl -  January 9, 2013 - 7:07 pm I’ve always loved the sound of these combination of words: flooded woods, valley of the kings, and now, cellar door! Thank you for a new favorite. Creative -  January 9, 2013 - 6:24 pm Whilst cellar door does sound rather Charles Aznavour. I think: cupboard love when spoken slowly has three even beats and ends on a long note, like cellar door, but has the additional meaning. It reminds me of a beautiful cat caressing my legs just before feeding (albeit obtuse love because they are so independent at other times !) bonggarrido -  January 9, 2013 - 11:20 am chantily, chantily lace. champagne? Reply Channey -  January 6, 2013 - 6:38 am I like ‘translucent’. It give me almost a feather light feeling. It also has a quite dynamic feel, like it’s shifting and moving. ‘flammable’ is also nice. Marcia -  January 4, 2013 - 11:30 am Remove the meaning from “mother”. I like how it sounds. And “Shangri-la”. Reply Jonathan -  November 29, 2012 - 1:53 pm I read all the comments—enjoyed those about word sounds and connotations, hated the religious proselytizing and lazy misspellings; c’mon people, in a comment about your favorite words is it too much to ask that you heed the little, red, wavy line before you hit send? What follows are words culled from previous posts, supplemented by others I thought of—mostly euphonic, though occasionally personal connotations, or “fun-to-say” factored in. Enjoy! colloquialism, muffin, eloquent, elegant, benevolent, insidious, requiem, bubble, autumn, pebbles, lucid, mellifluous, allure, puncture, silhouette, tsunami, (one beauty of English is that we can just steal words…), luscious, succulent, velvet, voluptuous, voluminous, sensual, mesmerizing, superfluous, serenity, loquacious, gorgeous, fortuitous, purple, obsequious, supple, lithe, penultimate, oblique, shaman, pithy, subliminal, soothing, gentle, caress, incredulous, serendipity, silence, moonbeam, poignant, emerald, lyrical, noodles, tranquility, nincompoop, idiosyncrasies, bundle, lush, effervescent, lyric, lucid, parallelogram, ladle, puddle, befuddled, jalopy, antiquity, melodious, svelte, penguin, juxtaposition, sushi, massage, gazebo, bulbous, lollipop, lackadaisical, portly, magnanimity, ubiquitous, dilapidated, windswept, ennui, crestfallen, malicious, peach, lagoon, bamboozle, esoteric, demure, acquiescence, nipple, liquid, sphere, askew, avuncular, inundate, picturesque, persnickety, articulate, melancholy, pristine, chocolate, lasagna, mesmerize, savage, exquisite, crunch, Lilliputian, Liverpudlian, shenanigans, rutabaga, crisp, meticulous, ragamuffin, buffoon, whisper, perpendicular, paraphernalia, flabbergasted, languorous. I think the ugliest sound is the American “a,” as in “hat,” Fun combinations “rural juror” “Reckless Abandon,” “blissful oblivion,” “flannel animal.” “Pensive citadels” Reply Naina -  November 3, 2012 - 5:13 am destined, articulate, delirious, melancholy, prestigious, pronounced, construe, conducive, pristine, ludicrous.. are just a few of my favourite English words. I also like the sharp or soft ‘click’ sound of the ‘c’ in many words pronounced in british English. hazeyjane -  October 18, 2012 - 2:07 am moody alabaster aurora candymilk wash yummy Evan D -  October 10, 2012 - 5:36 pm colloquialism Reply alexander -  July 28, 2012 - 2:30 am Hello there, just became alert to your weblog by means of Google, and discovered that it’s truly informative. I’m going to watch out for brussels. I is going to be grateful if you continue this in future. A lot of people is going to be benefited from your writing. Cheers! Reply Mr. Vantas -  July 26, 2012 - 9:30 pm The MEANING of my favorite word is not beautiful at all, but I always liked the sound of the word ‘Malevolent’… and I like the word ‘Beauty’ itself. Dim -  July 25, 2012 - 1:42 am For me I like the words “balderdash” and “ghoti” K -  July 16, 2012 - 1:09 am Freedom Isabel -  May 22, 2012 - 4:54 pm Belladonna is my personal favorite. It may be a poisonous plant, but it sounds so pretty! Reply patience -  May 7, 2012 - 8:16 am all the nice words have been said but i would say the word kiss is my best mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm…………….sounds good Phil -  May 4, 2012 - 9:42 pm Cellar door? To excel adore. Same sounds, different words/meanings. Does it make a difference? It brought to my mind: Excalibur – shining swords and armour and chivalry I think there may be whole domains of feeling that we each associate with different words, languages and different experiences. So much depends on our culture which means our upbringing, influences, education, reading, a heritage of singing, stories or poetic culture and so on. So words and their sounds conjure up different feelings and associations for all of us. Excalibur made me think of Roman (Hollow Hills, Crystal Cave?) Greek – that euphonic language: chrysanthemon Phoenix – nice piquant word Phoenician – Asterix comics Aztec – reds and oranges and brrr! nastiness (only less malign than that of their conquerors, perhaps). English speakers sometimes say they dislike the guttural sounds of German but if you see a beautiful attractive German person saying nice things in a gentle manner with a radiant smile, German is as lovely, interesting, quirky and cute — in its own way — as any language. Unter den Linden. Feuer-zangen-bolle. Gluwein. Lilly Marlene. Apfel. Auf Wiedersehen. (And English is about 60% German (Anglo-Saxon). I heard a Papuan lady sing the song Tanah Papua recently. The sounds of Indonesian are probably nothing like as beautiful to an English speaker’s ears and mind as Romance languages and Greek but her heartfelt rendition brought tears to my eyes. I could hear it over and over. We inherit tastes and attribute meaning and beauty to sounds, words, tones and rhythms and we can constantly expand our tastes and re-mould our conditioning if we wish. In English language, if you wish to excel adore other languages too. Salut salam shalom. galen -  May 3, 2012 - 4:16 pm syzygy Reply Lindsay -  May 2, 2012 - 3:15 pm Talent, neon, encore, tuxedo, death, kissing, moon, transmission, nightmare, joke, babble, video, haunt, visage, tape, nothing, box, sex, mirror, dance, electricity, bank, yellow, hysterical, record, octopus, honey, blood, telephone, television, image, vague, static. To name a few. My favorite word of all might be boy. Reply milli -  April 15, 2012 - 2:45 pm My personal favorite is Sibilation. I was rifling through an old thesaurus and I came upon that word and instantly loved it. jamest -  April 12, 2012 - 12:04 am Silt, resting in a river. The image stays with me… Dany -  April 11, 2012 - 3:06 pm Oh! And how could I forget these: ‘dove’, ‘abyss’, and ‘echo’. Definitely echo. Reply Dany -  April 11, 2012 - 3:03 pm My favorite word is definitely ‘autumn’. I just love the way it sounds and how it feels on my tongue. Even written, it feels like a beautiful word. I also like the way ‘grace’, ‘oasis’, and ‘quake’ (in that order) feel. And, honestly, although ‘cellar door’ does sound pretty nice, I would never think of it as something more than a slightly-above-average sounding phrase. Though ‘Celladora’ is a beautiful name… Reply Fivetap -  March 26, 2012 - 10:41 pm I think Tolkien was segregating the word from the meaning. After a while it becomes reminiscent of the french “ce la vie”… Jayde -  March 25, 2012 - 9:43 pm Labyrinth Reply Chellspecker -  March 23, 2012 - 8:20 am Please, I beg of you all, do not name your daughters Celladora, for the love of everything good and true. It’s the most ridiculous fairytale nonsense name I’ve ever heard and no child should be burdened with it. It would be like naming your child Belladonna, which is poisonous. Cellar door is fine the way it is, thank you very much. Brando -  March 18, 2012 - 11:02 pm 1) Putrefaction shayes -  March 13, 2012 - 4:00 am Benign ,introvert, dolt Reply wolfwoman -  March 11, 2012 - 9:53 pm My favorite word is “companion” because it’s the right shade of blue denim jeans, soft and warm from the dryer that fit me “just so”. Cass -  March 11, 2012 - 12:45 pm Celadon! I think Tolkien was on to something; I’ve always been enamored by the word “celadon”. It sounds almost exactly like “cellar door”, but sounds good even in rhotic accents. It also has the added benefit of having a non-offensive meaning. Celadon is a pale grey-green color, or a porcelain with that color of glaze. Reply Christine -  March 3, 2012 - 9:26 am I always thought “aesthetically” was a nice-sounding word. As is “oasis” and “juxtapose”. I also really like “defenestrate”. moi -  February 29, 2012 - 1:07 pm I like it as a name, ‘cellodora’ but wouldn’t have chosen it as my favourite… I like pebbles, lucid, melliofluous, anonymous, collaberation Mares. -  February 24, 2012 - 10:02 am allure. it echoes serenely. Reply Seamus Pook -  February 16, 2012 - 1:24 pm Coined by a band (Queensryche) though I wish I could claim it, is such a beautiful song title that I think it stands above cellar door. It is…Silent Lucidity ana -  February 13, 2012 - 8:26 pm cellar door. he definitely got it right. i dont know about you but i like the imagery. llama -  February 9, 2012 - 3:38 pm ooh, and i love celladora llama -  February 9, 2012 - 3:37 pm personally, i love grace because it’s one of my best friends names lana -  February 7, 2012 - 12:21 pm i like; Reply Ebony -  February 1, 2012 - 1:23 pm i don’t know if it’s been mentioned already, but i know it hasn’t been said enough in this thread: thistle. it is the most beautiful word in the language to me, and i think it is one of, if not the, only nouns that actually sound like what they are. try it-picture a thistle, then say the word. it fits. other words, that aren’t s that sound like what they are, selon moi, are: puncture, crack (is that an onomatopoeia?), sift, and flow. Yuki -  January 25, 2012 - 6:19 pm I also love the word Ecstasy! It’s fun to say! Yuki -  January 25, 2012 - 6:18 pm I love the words: Reply Sarah -  December 28, 2011 - 12:59 am Luscious, succulent, velvet, voluptuous (Italian “volupte”), voluminous, sensual, captivating, mesmerizing, ravishing, mysterious, superfluous, serenity, delicious, loquacious, lullaby, beautiful, gorgeous, honeysuckle, muscadine, scarlet, fortuitous, purple, obsequiously, syncopation, supple…imagine saying these words with a Scarlett O’Hara style accent…it’s the in dark chocolate and champagne of phonetics…thus, the French/Italian influence… daaaaamn -  December 5, 2011 - 8:45 pm What the hell? Words aren’t beautiful. They’re a burden. Reply Kayla -  November 27, 2011 - 9:57 pm We had to write poems for our AP American Lit class a few weeks ago, and my teacher loved my friend’s just because she had the word “arpeggio” in it. She was even chosen to participate in a poetry reading… My favorites would have to be “munificence” and “cerulean.” They just sound so elegant and serene. Reply Sydney -  October 29, 2011 - 2:53 am How about those of us who once — or continue — to have a speech disorder? As a child, ‘L’ was difficult for me to pronounce if it was in the middle or the end of a word. Example: ‘hold’ or ‘coal.’ Even today, occasionally I will say, ‘it’s so code (sic) outside!’ I mean to say ‘cold,’ but unconsciously I drop the ‘L’ so ‘cold’ sounds like ‘code.’ Given my history, ‘cellar door’ would NOT be a phrase I find attractive. In fact, I am likely to avoid using it simply from habit. Although incorrect, I would probably use ‘basement’ instead of ‘cellar.’ Reply forrest -  October 19, 2011 - 10:26 pm I’m surprised some of these have not been mentioned, particularly Viola, unless I missed it above. My favorites: Amber alice -  September 29, 2011 - 2:24 pm my favourites (regardless of meaning): plight, kenspeckle, shard, oblique, glass, orchard, water, luminous, liminal, touch, pith, dandelion, coil Reply Pinki -  September 24, 2011 - 8:00 pm Isn’t it funny how some favorite or beautiful-sounding words are based on the definition? I mean, most of all these words have a nice meaning behind it. Or at least something that’s not bad or gross or anything. Cellar door is rather a unique sound. Without the definition, the word is beautiful. Think about it. Say it in a whisper or a hushed voice, a bit slowly, with the end of the word kind of trailing off. Don’t think about rickety, old doors leading up to a cellar, just think of the way it sounds. Rather pleasing, huh? Or, it feels as is you’re serene. Cellar door………….. Elana Murray -  September 23, 2011 - 1:22 pm Ahh yes, and I think AMUCK is one of the most fun words to say! Reply kacki -  September 15, 2011 - 11:20 am Khaki is the word my younger bro called me – it sounds fun, thanks for describing the origin of Khaki. Sensual is another beautiful word- the sound of it echos much of what we are discussing in terms of sensing a word. Reply Mohammed -  September 11, 2011 - 8:35 pm I read the whole thread. No one mentioned the words borrowed from the Indian subcontinant i.e. Jungle, Thug (both from urdu) and Khaki (Persian word picked up by Urdu and then English litterally meaning the color of clay, ground, earth from the origional Persian word “Khak”) Ami -  September 10, 2011 - 10:15 am I myself like beautiful words that can be adjective, … like what? lullaby in lullaby tune. Edward -  September 7, 2011 - 1:20 pm And yes, I saw one contributor with the name Michelle… a lucky girl. ♥ Reply Edward -  September 7, 2011 - 1:19 pm The word everyone likes to hear is ones own name, so they tell me. However, I most love to hear my girl-friend’s name, Michelle (ma belle) ♫ because it is mellifluous. Also, Milan, my daughter’s name is like that–filled with charm. And, if I ever buy a yacht I will name it The Mississippi–such a pretty name, and even spelling it is a pleasure, isn’t it so? sadiq olorunoje -  September 5, 2011 - 12:23 pm just a quick one….i love words like sexy,elegant,shenanigans,scalawag,nitendo,paparazzi and razmatazz Reply Sarah -Jane -  September 3, 2011 - 8:40 pm What about phases? My favouriute words are serendipity, mellifluous, and loquacious and I have another which I think hasn’t yet been mentioned. Close your eyes. Speak soft like your exhailing a breath and whisper elat. Eee-claaah. Otherwise it sounds to sharp and shiny. But if you do it this way you can make it wound soft and sweet. Try it Anna Lynn -  September 3, 2011 - 12:15 am What about “What are the CUTEST words?” I think the word turtle is really cute. Reply Philogos -  September 2, 2011 - 6:19 am If we are talking about sound and not meaning then it seems a touch arrogant to think that the most beautiful phrase would be in english. What is wrong with the Zulu word hlupekha (to worry) or the Italian consapevole (conscious of)? Or what about the Leonard Cohen favourite, Hallelujah? Reply Marcie -  August 25, 2011 - 7:17 pm so many words…so little time….but one of my favorites is the word “soothe”…not only because of the pleasant thoughts it evokes but phonetically it slips so smoothly off the tongue and lands so softly on the ear…lets just say its really soothing My least favorite words (although they are not really accepted as standard English I find they are used commonly and by people who should know better like radio announcers,DJs,politicians etc…) CONVERSATE and IRREGARDLESS Reply trlkly -  August 25, 2011 - 8:02 am Well, duh. Tolkien was British and doesn’t pronounce the Rs in those words. you leave the rhotic out, and you’ve removed what makes the word sound horrible. And as I said in the other topic, the majority of English speakers have a rhotic accent, so declaring a word that is only pretty in a non-rhotic accent as the most beautiful, is ridiculous. As what does “the most beautiful words in English” mean but the words that the majority of English-speaking people declare to be so? Who are these experts who can’t even be bothered to do basic research? Hint: if, as you state, the majority of people would be incredulous at the declaration, then it can’t be the most beautiful word. As you stated, serendipity would get a lot more votes, and thus actually is a contender. Reply Squackie -  August 24, 2011 - 4:02 pm I shall provide a word that is in it’s self so attractive to me that it has pervaded my speech for nigh on a lifetime! Is not the word “Beautiful” it’s own epitome? Perhaps your gazes are selecting their courses with too great a discretion? be more open to the plethora of possibilities. Turn your sites home, and for all your familiarity, you may yet be astonished! Please forgive my altitudinous vocabulary, amongst which exclusively here there was a factitious English word to which spell check could not so much as assent to the validity of its existence! I am, however disagreeable with the concept on the crude and unrefined dialects that now present themselves within the English vernacular. I shall now entertain you with the challenge of ascertaining the word to which the spell check could find no familiarity Reply Jonathon -  August 6, 2011 - 5:15 pm Personally, I enjoy the sound of “cellar door,” but alas, my mind is prejudiced against it due to negative connotations. I would say that “silver,” “splendor” “vicarious,” and “heroic” are my favourite words pertaining to sound. Reply joy -  August 6, 2011 - 7:45 am Enjoyed the varied choices, but disagree with cellar door. It is difficult to choose a favorite in English. I love the English language, but the sound of almost anything in Spanish and French seems more readily appealing to me. I was rather startled to find that, as a professing Christian I had never really sounded out the words Jesus Christ until I stumbled on the etymology of Xmas on this site (x stands for Christ) while contemplating this question. What ensued was a startling revelation that there is indeed “power” and beauty in the name. Even after having long actively avoided actually speaking the name because of it’s gauche connotations in the secular world, I rarely said it out loud. Indulge me and just try to deliberately enunciate the words Jesus Christ feel and hear the sound and the effort it takes to msske it. You may notice the plaintive catch-in- your-throat angst of the first word and the inexorable breathy relief of the last. This is not a pretty word but there is an awesome transformative power in the name..of course it sounds even better to me in French or Spanish.Though blasphemous, the word Jesus sounds absolutely hilarious in the exasperated pronouncement “Cheee-sus!” I thought the sweetest two words in the English language were when my mother, in cute Spanish-accented English sighed, monts before her death, ruefully as if to some unseen confessor, “Only Chee-ses” Sometimes two words are worth a million rosaries. CallumFisher -  August 4, 2011 - 1:49 pm I love ‘sisyphean’. It’s used to describe an endless, unyielding labour. Reply Antago -  August 1, 2011 - 1:01 pm This article confuses me. “Cellador”, or “cellar door” if you wish, is not the most pleasing sound. And this suggestion was not claimed by anyone, by the way, as the article suggests, but rather was given as an opinion. Summertime in Japan -  July 27, 2011 - 5:10 am blasé maureen -  July 26, 2011 - 7:01 pm Valhalla. It has fluid alliteration that flows from the tongue, conjures clean winds, bright colors and an abundance of breathtaking nature. Reply Kenny Smith -  July 26, 2011 - 1:49 am When I read words and phrases, I hear them. And when I hear them, I live them. In the case of “Cellar door”, cold brick walls surround me and I look despondently through the darkness towards a cellar door. I can approach the door and attempt to push it open, but it’s locked. I beat on it and ask if anyone is on the other side. The door unlocks and opens and a man in armor is there. He shouts “None of that! you hear me?” and pushes me down the steps, closes the door and locks it. ‘Despondent’ is my favorite. It may not trigger any reactions phonaesthetically, but I believe the idea transcends beauty in it’s own way. tan -  July 24, 2011 - 4:08 am @ M nicolewatson -  July 21, 2011 - 2:58 am Silence, is the coolest and the hottest word on the planet Reply Aphropuff -  July 19, 2011 - 2:11 am Ever since i was a kid, i loved saying “Fresh Fish!” I’d say it all day and i still love it! I also loooved the sound of Orange Oranges. very refreshing:) Reply M. -  July 16, 2011 - 1:23 pm I’ve read about 300 of these comments, and I have a list of 60 intriguing words that I would like to know the meaning of. I started this list after about 150 comments. Also, there were only 5 COMPLETELY hateful comments out of the ones I read! I got a great feeling from reading this. As for the word? The first word that popped into my mind was “colloquial”. I dismissed that, however, because it reminds me too much of a dingy village in the time of the American Revolution. Speaking of dingy, I like that word a lot. It’s not very beautiful, but it’s a fun word. I know MANY people have said this already, but I love the word “mellifluous”. It has a beautiful ring to it. Although the meaning is bad, “delinquent” is a beautiful word. I have found that a lot of these beautiful words are ones whose definitions I do not know. I believe that makes the word even more beautiful and alluring. It peaks your curiosity without letting it overpower the beauty. My final answer to this magnificent question is not a word, per se. It is a simple punctuation mark–”.” A period is a real thing of beauty. It can finish the open and open the closed. The word “period” has a bit of negative connotation (i.e. women’s hygiene), but the mark is wonderful. Everything ends with this mark, whether alone, on the top of a comma, or below a curve or straight line (? and !) to express extreme emotions. Periods can trail a sentence off into oblivion, usually when the author is becoming lost in thought… Periods are amazing! Why do some people not like periods? All of these are magical uses of a magical “word”. Reply zodac -  July 16, 2011 - 10:22 am Lavender — I can’t look through all ,the entries but am surprised not to see in the couple hundred I did look through. Also – sussuration George Alcorn -  July 12, 2011 - 5:10 am My offering is the word ‘mellifluous’ – it sounds to my ear exactly what it means; I feel I want to wave my arm gently as I say it. It conjures up words like ‘mellow, honey, fluid, and flowing. AND……it just happens to mean (of a voice or words) sweet or musical; pleasant to hear, voila! IC Palasigue -  July 9, 2011 - 8:26 am The words that ease my burdens are: LORD, GOD, and JESUS CHRIST Kayleigh -  June 28, 2011 - 11:21 pm …cosmic, elixir, magicks, dragon, coin, shining… Reply Kayleigh -  June 28, 2011 - 11:15 pm I love the word starlit! Also world, lyrical, violet, emerald, golden, light, bright, brilliant, silent, sword, mist, tree, water, bubble, eyes, poignant, tragic, volatile, the names Arthur and Melehan, idylls, and some weird ones like perchance, durst, trow, wist and mayhap. ^.~ Grace Grotta -  June 24, 2011 - 10:19 pm I love spelling “Egypt” and hate spelling “Awkward”. My daughter’s name is Kiirin(‘KEY-rin), I love what Nic said about Celador for a boy’s name, it sounds so good! I would want to name a boy Jame, instead of James, so you only have to say “that’s Jame’s toy” not “that’s James’s's’s's’s's toy.” Grace Grotta -  June 24, 2011 - 10:11 pm Don’t ask me why, but I’ve always loved “Vehicular Manslaughter” And I can’t figure out if “Projectile Vomit” is Beautiful or Gross, but I like itXD Reply Maddy M. -  June 24, 2011 - 5:10 pm My favorite sound is a word i made up for a class civilization name: Anaqualeture. (an OCK wa lay TOR) I think it sounds graceful and serene Nic -  June 22, 2011 - 10:21 am Of course, if you have a girl, you would probably want to name her… Celadora! Reply Nic -  June 22, 2011 - 10:06 am If we’re all going to jump on the ‘cellar door’ bandwagon, I nominate that we change the spelling just a little to make the sound & flow of the word even more pleasing & a little smoother… and besides, that way someone will definitely name their kid after it, because it sounds ‘cool’. Cellar Door is now going to be spelled & pronounced = Celador Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome to the show… Celador Jones!? Reply person -  June 21, 2011 - 11:22 pm Honestly, my least favorite word is pulchritudinous (means beautiful) and my favorite is probably along the lines of mellifluous, gorgeous (because of how my friend says it), deoxyribonucleic, or pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis for its length. k -  June 21, 2011 - 11:37 am wow i never noticed how beautiful “cellar door” truly is! Allison Black -  June 20, 2011 - 8:30 am i do think that cellar door sounds pretty i think some of the most beautiful / my favorite words are velvet (sounds pretty) Reply Maddi -  June 19, 2011 - 6:25 pm I think the some of the most beautiful sounding words in the English language are antique, clarity and tear drop, even though it’s technically a compound word. I also think cellar door does sound very pretty. tronald dump -  June 19, 2011 - 6:17 am hubris Erick -  June 17, 2011 - 12:13 pm “Serenade” but with [-ah, not -ay], “cigarette”, “undo”, Ken -  June 15, 2011 - 6:05 am susurrus Reply Shari -  June 14, 2011 - 1:56 pm I like surrender….the ultimate giving of one’s self makes this word beautiful to me. Also: unconditional, devotion, sacrifice, agape. CAM -  June 14, 2011 - 1:05 pm and heliotrope. CAM -  June 14, 2011 - 1:01 pm sonorous, euphonium, mellifluous, and Egyptian Reply rp raajeswari -  June 13, 2011 - 11:12 am the most beautiful word is “beautiful” love, care, affection, kindness, compassion, tolerance,patience,truth,righteousness,and lastly peace which are good to hear and see.and my husband’s name which I love the most “Bali”.thank you. shykiddo -  June 13, 2011 - 7:13 am my favorites are melody, piano, sanctuary, vulnerable, sympathy, and party Alysha -  June 12, 2011 - 7:27 pm Edgar Allen Poe’s poem “Ulalume” is absolutely full of gorgeous words: “And now, as the night was senescent And star-dials pointed to morn – As the star-dials hinted of morn – At the end of our path a liquescent And nebulous lustre was born, Out of which a miraculous crescent Arose with a duplicate horn – Astarte’s bediamonded crescent Kat -  June 10, 2011 - 8:03 am And “cello store” is pretty good too. Go cello! Kat -  June 10, 2011 - 8:02 am I like serendipity too!!!! jondedo -  June 8, 2011 - 9:06 pm How about “cello store” instead of “cellar door?” It already has the association with a pleasant sound Reply davd -  June 8, 2011 - 12:26 pm serenity, tranquil, forlorn (if u don’t think of meaning), hooligan ( if said with posh voice and) and nincompoop. always brings a smile on my face every time. Reply KoKaiKenzi -  June 7, 2011 - 2:29 pm I’ve got personal favorites of “extraneous”, “aberration”, “monotonous”, and “idiosyncrasies”. I do realize it is a weird combonation, but the way they are said is what makes them seem beautiful to me. Jeni -  June 7, 2011 - 7:17 am rhododendron seems to be a favorite–I see it a lot in contemporary poetry Rebecca Davis -  June 3, 2011 - 10:09 am I like how coelecanth is pronounced. endive Sravanthi -  June 3, 2011 - 3:19 am I don’t like the word “serendipity” …. it sounds like “surrounded by pity” or “serena needs pity” …… Lindsay H -  June 1, 2011 - 9:32 pm Catharsis. Cathartic. It’s like a breath of relief just saying any form of the word. Gregory -  May 28, 2011 - 5:20 am My favorite word is freedom Imago -  May 27, 2011 - 7:38 pm “Tinder”, or anything that rhymes with it, such as “hinder”. “Iridescent”, “iris”, “lyric”, “satirical”, etc. “Luminescent”, “effervescent”, “fluorescent”. anything with a lot of L’s, U’s, V’s and the shh sound, “lush”, “veil”, “lullaby” etc. Also any F and L combination, like “flame”. U, N, and D together- “understand”, “bundle”. Reply J.D. -  May 26, 2011 - 11:50 pm onomatopoeia I like the way it flows when you say it and I think it fits well with its meaning its more of a sound than a word Morgan -  May 25, 2011 - 9:02 am @Ariana–must agree with the name “Cinna”…such a great name. Those books are awesome too “) WordNerd15 -  May 25, 2011 - 9:00 am “Innocent Bliss” It captures a feeling of youthfulness, carefree pleasure, and euphony. I use this all the time when I write–it captures such a great feeling “) Reply Ashley -  May 25, 2011 - 8:03 am for years i couldn’t figure out why tolkien thought the phrase “cellar door” was so beautiful. then i realized that he’s british, so he would kind of drop the Rs off the ends of the words, especially the one on “cellar”. so he actually doesn’t say “cellerrr dorrr” like an American such as I; instead, he says “celladoh”, which sounds much prettier. I still don’t think it’s the prettiest, though. maribel -  May 24, 2011 - 4:29 pm This sure is shocking! Adriana -  May 24, 2011 - 12:06 pm @Kate You are so right. It sounds even cooler as a name! Well,like that! @Rachel I agree that it is a pretty name! But it reminds me of “The Hunger Games” trilogy by Suzanne Collins. It reminds me of the odd,but beautiful and magnificent names they have,like Cinna and Venia. ~Adriana Reply ladyelmo -  May 23, 2011 - 6:17 pm I’ve always loved the word crimson. All kinds of sounds there–including the soft choclatey-ness of the smooth m, and the crisp cr, ending on a final sort of note with the nnn. Have you noticed a lot of words sound like their meanings? Like rock. Not a single sound is soft; but stone is different. Stone. Sounds smooth (s and n) and cold (t) and round (o), doesn’t it? jacklouis -  May 22, 2011 - 11:34 am I’ve always loved the phrase “kangaroo court” and the vivid imagery it produces. Reply Charlotte -  May 11, 2011 - 1:36 am @Daniel i am also a synesthete but i see almost completely different colours to you! for example, lucid is a vibrant yellow whilst vivid is lime green. but i agree with you on both names except Ron. i find Ron to be a murky brown and to smell awful. i also agree with your statement that we are all partially synesthetic – i didn’t even realise that what i felt wasn’t the norm until i heard a fellow synesthete describing the condition! Reply Caitlin -  May 1, 2011 - 9:18 pm I don’t know why but I think the most beautiful words are those that contain the letter L, like: ripple, velvet, lullaby, willow, linger, melody, elope, silk, ladle, mulberry…. And for some reason I love collecting girls names that, to me, sound ‘pretty’: Penelope, Felicity, Isla, Lilo (said Lee-Low) and Amelia – to name but a few! I think it does have something to do with childhood, there has to be a reason sounds like “la” “li” and “lo” sound so soft and soothing to me. Uthra -  April 28, 2011 - 12:00 am “Sophisticating” Itself is sophisticating! Reply Descro -  April 27, 2011 - 11:38 am I like the word reciprocate. Has a nice ring to it. Also, paradigm, harbinger, zephyr, and the word paradox. Reply sonja -  April 20, 2011 - 11:22 pm i love the word communism. plus it’s so fun to write. over and over and over. i could write it all day! Aria -  April 20, 2011 - 5:00 pm I love the word Iridescent A. Maryadi -  April 13, 2011 - 12:07 pm Heteroscedasticity PrincessT -  March 23, 2011 - 7:25 pm Eleemosynary is the most beautiful word, hands down. Reply Hamachisn't -  March 14, 2011 - 5:31 pm Not related to “the most beautiful word” but I don’t know a better place to post this suggestion for another question to ask the readers: What is your favorite word? One of my favorite words is “sesquipedalian”. Rather than spoil the fun by blabbing out its definition to the readers, I’ll let them look it up and laugh, the way I did years ago. (By the way, it’s only one and a half feet if you use the correct font size.) –H Jumman Surender -  March 14, 2011 - 3:18 pm My personal favorite is “Wife”!!! You are incomplete without her and she without you!!!! Reply Wordy -  March 9, 2011 - 9:08 am I love all words that mean confusing: flummoxed, frazzled,, dumfounded, addled, baffled, and especially flabbergasted. And Tolkien’s confusticated. Great words! Anisha -  March 7, 2011 - 6:09 pm I would rather go for the words such as, Aurora Broken -  February 27, 2011 - 8:44 pm Some words I do not see that I personally enjoy are whimsical, innuendo, dollop, dubious, and for some reason I love the combination of petty tyrant…I love this post btw *kudos* Alex -  February 26, 2011 - 10:40 pm I like esoteric! Colin -  February 24, 2011 - 3:58 pm I’ve always loved the sound of “jubilate” Reply Azuluaru -  February 23, 2011 - 9:09 pm Isn’t this all sort of pointless? no one in the world is the same, so everyone has different preferences.It’s stupid and idiotic to believe that everyone in the whole world will agree on the same word as “the most euphonic word in the english language” because everyone likes different sounds. Nonentity -  February 21, 2011 - 8:10 pm Zephyr. LOVE that word. M i k e R -  February 19, 2011 - 4:23 pm The winners are below: Hannah -  February 18, 2011 - 6:11 pm I love the word “pretense”… Don’t know why, I think it’s because of a song I used to listen to when I was little Taumy -  February 18, 2011 - 11:13 am jux·ta·po·si·tion or jux·ta·pose. Yin and Yang in English; I love it! The word caught my eye, because it is so interesting to look at….A J and and an X in the same word, 5 vowels! The definition is just as wonderful. jux·ta·po·si·tion –noun an act or instance of placing close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast. Reply DudeWhoRidesABarbieBike -  February 18, 2011 - 7:29 am Dudes and dudettes out there, I’m sorry. I think the most beautiful phrase ever is… Happy Noodle. The best word is… Cow. Don’t laugh. Here are some more words: Cookie. Candy. Milk. Shroom. Sushi. Ninja. Smap. And one more. Massage. But pronounce it like mass-a-jee. Peace. Chewy, Nikki -  February 17, 2011 - 7:54 pm Adrenaline or Enemy everytime. Reply da Graybeard -  February 15, 2011 - 7:43 pm I had an English teacher in high school — back in the 70′s — who, along with “cellar door,” cited “gonorrhea” as some-authority-or-another’s choice for euphonic king. jen -  February 15, 2011 - 3:25 am some people are trying to find the most beautiful word here: http://en.bab.la/most-beautiful-word/ you should check it out… but it’s very addictive :p Tigerfire -  February 12, 2011 - 11:49 pm Leninism cyrus esmaeili -  February 8, 2011 - 2:14 am I THINK THE MOST BEAUTIFUL WORD IS ”LACKADAISICAL”DESPITE ITS MEANING. ALL THE BEST! Ryan -  February 7, 2011 - 7:38 pm “Beautiful” is the most beautiful word. In sound and meaning. Amrin -  February 6, 2011 - 8:03 pm I like CRAWDAD HOLE wyattstorch42 -  February 3, 2011 - 6:55 pm @Buonvino: Totally. “Ginger pigeon” is the greatest thing I have ever heard. Although the best word in the English language is “xanthous,” hands down. I opened a dictionary to the X section once and saw it. What cooler word could possibly have such a simple definition? “1. yellow; 2. yellowish.” Love it. Reply Marcos Martinez -  February 3, 2011 - 12:57 pm I love the word ONLY but I also like other estrage word, that makes my ears wake up and enjoy hearing it. This word is FLOCCI NAUCINIHILIPILIFICATION. I thins it’s the largest in the english language. Marcos Martinez 14 years Fatiha -  January 30, 2011 - 2:50 pm Islam is a very nice word. It has a nice ring, a nice meaning, nice origin, etcc… Reply Buonvino -  January 17, 2011 - 10:43 am “Ginger pigeon” easily beats out cellar door as the most pleasant two words to say together. Try saying ginger pigeon a few times, and then try to tell me I’m wrong. SHIVSHANKAR -  January 7, 2011 - 12:56 am “AWESOME” sounds very good and is awesome Reply Rachel U. -  December 6, 2010 - 5:16 pm For me, words that have a sentimental meaning tend to appeal to me more. I also like names that end with -cia, such as Alicia or Elincia. They sound like graceful people, coming from the euphony of their names. Also, I agree, Celladora is pretty and, to my mother and me, is much better than cellar door. My dad says that phrase that’s most pleasing to his ears is ,”time to eat!” X3 Charlie Bullock -  December 4, 2010 - 5:49 pm Oh, and I find it surprising how many people can’t spell their favorite words. Charlie Bullock -  December 4, 2010 - 5:43 pm Gotta be “Gazebo.” Say it to yourselves, people. GA-ZEE-BO. Gazebo, gazebo, gazebo. “Bulbous” is a serious contender as well. blumf blumph -  December 2, 2010 - 7:38 pm carressing Lula -  December 1, 2010 - 11:06 am Glossiolalia- it’s long, flowing, and onomatopoeic Niri -  December 1, 2010 - 9:57 am no…ppl dont no wat they talking bout…Majenta..now thats a kool word Leland -  December 1, 2010 - 9:35 am I like “Cotillion”. Starts off with two strong consonant sounds and then softens beautifully. dearjohn -  December 1, 2010 - 9:30 am my favorite word is “dear” it really sounds wonderful to my ear,. Reply Meg -  December 1, 2010 - 9:28 am Some nice-sounding words to think about…’Verona’, very satiny and watery, like a girl’s name…’ledger’–choppy and snappy(snappy’s a nice word too)…ever thought about the word ‘brouhaha’–it’s hilarious to say!i also like the sound of ‘extemporanea’, ‘cycle’, ‘mercurial’,and ‘name words’, like Sebastian, Evangeline, and Sheridan. A point to think about–lots of peoples’ words seem to be two-or-more syllables; maybe there is something in the flow & repetition of these words that seem more like verse or poetry than simply a collection of letters to express what you mean. Olenska -  December 1, 2010 - 8:57 am Formica dinette. I heard that the other day, and love it. Gretch -  December 1, 2010 - 8:36 am Personally, my favorite word has always been plethera. I also really like epiphany. Reply Susan -  December 1, 2010 - 7:44 am When I was a child, in the ’50s, my father (an English language junkie) told me “cellar door” was the most beautiful phrase in the language. I didn’t get it then, but I do now. Greg -  December 1, 2010 - 7:02 am The most beautiful word in the English language is “retired.” Reply Stellamarie -  December 1, 2010 - 7:00 am This is NOT true! Shakspear was once asked what his favorite word was and he said it was Cellar Door. Not because of the word itself but because of the beautiful discription conjured in his memories. You need to do some more homework on this! Casey -  December 1, 2010 - 6:00 am “Asia” – three syllables, one consonant. Beautiful. Tanya -  November 30, 2010 - 7:26 pm some good words: verdant, onyx (I like the sight and sound of that one), amethyst (ditto). Some bad words: pulchritude! It definitely does not convey its meaning–too harsh. I’ve also heard a lot of people hate moist. Personally, for onomatopoeic reasons, I hate piss. Abbey -  November 30, 2010 - 5:53 pm i LOVE the phrase “cellar door”!!!!!!! it rolls of your tongue beautifully! noopy -  November 30, 2010 - 5:44 pm No wonder Italian is considered the most beautiful language in the world by many… I think ‘cellar door’ was picked because it sounds like Italian or French. Reply Maggie MacGregor -  November 30, 2010 - 5:40 pm I like Sophi’s comment about “march,” and I agree with “philosophy,” which is probably my favorite word for sound and meaning. My high school English Lit teacher told us way back in 1969 that the French had nominated “cellar door” as the most beautiful phrase in the English language. The idea predates Tolkien, according to this article: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/magazine/14FOB-onlanguage-t.html?_r=1 . I like “cellar door” with Midwest American r’s, which sound soft and round to me. More than individual words, I’m intrigued by the euphony of sentences and paragraphs. Even in prose, putting words together is an art. Katie -  November 29, 2010 - 5:40 pm I 100% agree with DoctorDoctor Liverpudlian is one of my favorite words for the meaning and sound. I also love that it applies to The Beatles, as DoctorDoctor mentioned, for I love The Beatles! Aubrey Drake Graham♥ -  November 29, 2010 - 5:12 pm iLike Eclectic Andrew Fallaize -  November 29, 2010 - 2:25 pm I always think that “atrocious” is a sweet sounding word, despite its negative meaning. make. -  November 29, 2010 - 2:25 pm sounds kinda stupid to me. Reply hmm -  November 29, 2010 - 2:07 pm I really like the words Eureka and Viera, but they have to be pronounced in spanish to be very soothing. pankaj -  November 29, 2010 - 2:02 pm my fav is “altruism” beth -  November 29, 2010 - 1:23 pm Glottal stops always disgust me! Some hair-raising examples: Yogurt, Cottage, Goggles, Clinical Audrey -  November 29, 2010 - 1:08 pm Probably the best phrase to hear is “it’s free.” But I think the neatest word to say is “soliloquy.” The only problem is you can only say it when alone. Anon -  November 29, 2010 - 12:14 pm i love unctious, enough said FooGriffy -  November 29, 2010 - 12:08 pm Cappuccino. I has a wonderful sound, and I love coffee. Faith -  November 28, 2010 - 4:01 pm Dream, tropical Reply Ann -  November 28, 2010 - 10:42 am Malodorous is a word I love to say. I go by “mouth feel,” or the way the pronunciation of a word physically affects my oral cavity and face/tongue/pharyngeal muscles. I also like to say lolly-pop and Elizabeth (especially when the z in Elizabeth sounds a little like an s). Dr. Seuss books often give me the same thrill when read aloud. Constantinople and Timbuktu! GEMS -  November 28, 2010 - 12:09 am Thank You to Russ: WOW….. SESQUIPEDALIAN. An extremely artful word. Can’t wait to use it. Oh, and I forgot DIAPHANOUS before. Also very sexy! Reply GEMS -  November 27, 2010 - 11:36 pm haven’t been online in a while but hope it’s not too late to chime in, so here goes… although i’d never consider either word “phonaesthetic”, two of my simple favorites are AKIMBO and UNDULATE. while i didn’t expect to see either make the list, Theresa already had akimbo. other words (some mentioned, some not) i particularly enjoy saying or hearing: Arugula Reply MaryKaye -  November 26, 2010 - 10:49 pm @Mark: “How about French words that are now part of English? I love ennui, ingenue, cachet, and recherche. I also love garage and blaise and jejune. Also, less common Victorian words like (dis)approbation or odious or apothecary” Do I know you? I love Nick Cave. Reply SHARON -  November 26, 2010 - 10:20 am I love the word “CHANDELIER”. I KNOW IT TO BE OF FRENCH ORIGIN, BUT IT SORT OF JUST HAS A MELODIC SOUND AND ROLLS OFF OF THE TONGUE. Dave -  November 25, 2010 - 9:13 am My fave is Lebanon fe -  November 24, 2010 - 10:57 pm I think onomatopoeia is a nice word to say and hear the one -  November 24, 2010 - 8:35 pm Love your comments people! Thanks! I learned so many new words! My favourites are: honey, harmony, darling among many others. And of course I love my name: Ariadna (kudos Mommy!) …even though people often have a hard time pronouncing it! lol HaHa I love LOL Reply Constance -  November 24, 2010 - 4:33 pm I think cellar door is a rather nice sounding word. I think it is my new favorite. I also like milieu, loquacious, sesquipedalianism is a fun word. But just after cellar door sojourn. abby -  November 24, 2010 - 9:42 am To me the most beautiful word is Nowches. ;p Michael M -  November 23, 2010 - 9:05 pm Resolution & Hullaballoo. Also, my favorite German word, Dudelsack (bagpipes). Reply wordsmith -  November 23, 2010 - 10:03 am Superfluous, lackadaisical, flare (or flair), frigid, rosy, eclat, cerulean, coronation, scurvy, clueless, emancipation, higgledy-piggledy, ingenue, elegant, simply, paltry, melody, miscreant, naive, wretched, contemptible, eloquent, meadowlark, sibilant, portly, smack, deplorable, dismal, philosophy, piteous, meager, elocution trifling–not all fundamentally lovely, but indubitably appealing to the ear or the tongue. And this is a piddling, negligible fraction of the utterances I could select. =D Is there a word for someone who discerns the texture of words? or that might be too typical. Elizabeth -  November 23, 2010 - 9:11 am I like the word “ajar” mark v -  November 23, 2010 - 8:29 am “Bills Magic Pocket” Tas -  November 23, 2010 - 1:34 am I think some of the best sounding words to me are: Cadence Jay -  November 22, 2010 - 1:29 pm I honestly like the words beryl, blunderbuss, azure, cerulean, scarlet, and adoration. Weatherwax -  November 22, 2010 - 10:08 am “Terpsichorean”, with the emphasis on the antipenultimate syllable, not the penultimate. Jasper -  November 22, 2010 - 2:31 am My favourite english word, without a doubt, is MURDER Reply Rachel -  November 21, 2010 - 9:39 pm I think my favorite, best sounding English word is ethereal becasue it sounds so light and airy; there aren’t any harsh sounds in it, plus I love the meaning as well. J Dark -  November 21, 2010 - 5:35 pm “Rusty grate” isn’t bad either. Reply J Dark -  November 21, 2010 - 5:32 pm I think my two favourites are “cemetery gates” and “rotisserie chicken”. The latter is a bit obscure, yes, but lovely to say. I’m sure the phonaestetic effect is more apparent when using a pair of words or a phrase rather than just a single word. Maybe there’s some kind of formula to it – the way the mouth moves perhaps? The combination of sibilance in the first word and a hard final syllable are common to both “cellar door” and “cemetery gates”. Of course, “rotisserie chicken” doesn’t quite fit to this pattern, but is comparable. Reply Holly -  November 21, 2010 - 2:46 am My favourites are holly, marshmallow, cuddly, soft, cute, chocolate, romantic, love, boyfriend, date, husband, kiss, wedding, baby, blue, bubblegum, mint, chocolate chip, twilight, new moon, eclipse, breaking dawn, vampire, Edward, Bella, Jacob, hot, Stephanie Meyer Amber -  November 20, 2010 - 5:26 pm I enjoy “cinnamon” and “divinity” Amy -  November 20, 2010 - 10:46 am I don’t know why, but I’ve always liked the way “cusp” sounds. Reply Ann -  November 20, 2010 - 10:34 am My 4 month old smiles every time I say “so serious” or “so silly” so the phrases must sound nice to him, since he has no clue what they mean. Reply Reen -  November 20, 2010 - 10:02 am Cellar Door? Are you for real? It sounds and feels disgusting. Sir Lancelot…now say that out loud. Much better. Susie -  November 20, 2010 - 8:51 am “WONDERFUL” Reply Diana -  November 20, 2010 - 7:54 am Certainly, ‘cellar door’ is mellifluous and ‘mellifluous’ is a delicious-sounding word. Another good word that I like to day is, ‘lobster,’ saying every letter so that it involves the tongue rolling down behind the front teeth and upper and lower lips coming together…another word that I like to say is, ‘paper’ and, or, ‘crumpled paper.’ Reply Indranil Chakraborty -  November 20, 2010 - 4:54 am My Favorite Word is “MAGNANIMOUS”. I like it because it has the grandeur associated with it. It sounds wonderful katy -  November 20, 2010 - 4:32 am sobriquet Reply Mel -  November 19, 2010 - 11:19 pm Funny because I’ve always found the name “Isildur” to be very beautiful sounding, and it sounds a bit like “cellar door”. Maybe Tolkien was onto something. arfy -  November 19, 2010 - 8:00 pm Cloaca. Especially given its meaning. I’m upset the article doesn’t mention to pronounce “cellar door” with a British accent, as those people arguing for the phrase’s elegance were in fact British. “Selador” was an example Tolkien gave as the name of a character he imagined; he created a story all about Selador based on the sound of “cellar door” … I am fairly sure I read this in an excerpt of his posthumously published notes. V.K.TANGRI -  November 19, 2010 - 7:58 pm I like the words “Matchless”, ubiquotous and so on. Reply CC -  November 19, 2010 - 7:06 pm Soliloquy is my absolute favorite word. It means the act of talking while or as if alone ( http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/soliloquy ). It just tastes good and I love the way it sounds. After soliloquy for me comes dilapidated, which I notice Moosh has already said! Reply Nora -  November 19, 2010 - 6:12 pm Phosphorescense. It is so smooth. Imagine yourself mouthing it silently to your lover across a busy room. It is extremely sensual. Close your eyes and say it slowly. bix -  November 19, 2010 - 5:35 pm elegant lizzy x -  November 19, 2010 - 5:16 pm oh.. i wrote that twice…. my bad Reply lizzy x -  November 19, 2010 - 5:14 pm i think hello is the most beautiful word because it can start so many new things and leads to new oppertunities( i do not care if i spelled that wrong)that single word can leed you on to life. that one word can start anything. buisnes, school, friendship , love. it really is a beautiful word Staci -  November 19, 2010 - 4:03 pm Liquid kingofleonlover -  November 19, 2010 - 2:30 pm I LOVE supercalafragalisticespicaladocious! And of course whatamacallit, oh and boomerang yogurt -  November 19, 2010 - 2:26 pm mm i think “teeth” and “shower” sound nice… Reply Andi -  November 19, 2010 - 1:49 pm I’ve heard some other expert claim “melody” as the most beautiful word in the English language, and it is a good word. It’s pleasing to the ear, the sound of it is reminiscent of the meaning, and it doesn’t have any creepy connotations. Nonetheless, I like the word combo from 30 Rock…. “rural juror”. Monica -  November 19, 2010 - 1:46 pm I like lucid too, but I like the company name Lucent even better. Monica -  November 19, 2010 - 1:41 pm Reminds me of the brand name Stella D’Oro. I like the sound of the word reciprocity. Reply JJ -  November 19, 2010 - 1:19 pm I also just realized (in addition to my above comment) that “qualities” is quite the word to love. BTW: Do you know the longest word in the English language? I love to say it: pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconioses (NOO-muh-no-ul-tra-mic-ro-scop-ic-SI-luh-co-vol-cay-no-co-nee-OH-seez). It’s a disease caused by the inhilation of metallic or silica dusts. Can you imagine the doctor walking in and saying that you have that? No, I didn’t look it up and copy and paste in; I know it by heart. LOL. mohammad -  November 19, 2010 - 1:16 pm Serendipity Harrison -  November 19, 2010 - 1:14 pm I personally think the greatest word in the English language is Superfluous. I love that word. Reply Katie -  November 19, 2010 - 1:06 pm Those ‘beautiful’ words by the experts sounds stupid. I think to each’s own. Doesn’t take an expert to know that! Reply sophi -  November 19, 2010 - 12:58 pm my favorite word is murmurous. by the way, have you noticed that March, the month, and march, the way of walking, feel completely different even though they sound the same? Reply Johanan Rakkav -  November 19, 2010 - 12:55 pm The most beautiful word in the English language? Why, “beautiful”. Really. That was the first thing that came to mind. Much nicer than “cellar door”. The most beautiful word in any language? I propose that it’s the one and only combination of semi-consonants and vowels that produces all the overtones of the harmonic series in “overtone chanting”, if I understand what Jill Purce (UK) has brought out in my presence: the proper pronunciation of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, in the Pi’el stem, *Yehawweh* (in overtone chant, “i-a-o-u-eh-ee”, close enough). Reply JJ -  November 19, 2010 - 12:51 pm Cellar door does sound somewhat… lovely… as I say it, but I also find pleasure in the word “lathe,” as in the wood-making tool. I honestly don’t believe there actually is a “most beautiful word;” nonetheless, “lathe” and also “bonzo” sound funny, but awesome, to me. Why these words? That reason, my friends, is currently unknown (try saying them — you’ll know what I mean). Matt Valentine -  November 19, 2010 - 12:47 pm Oh, and “epiphany”, “blaze”, “raven”, and “raconteur”. Theresa -  November 19, 2010 - 12:46 pm Akimbo……. I love the sound, and the meaning. Reply Aysynn -  November 19, 2010 - 12:45 pm Anyone else grow up w/ Sesame Street’s Bert and Ernie singing the “L” song? At one point Bert is singing about Lumps in his oatmeal, and Ernie’s like, “I was thinking about words that are more Lilting and Lovely.” And Bert comes out with, “La la la, LINOLEUM!” Celery root is beautiful. Mellifluous, cinnamon, thorough, vivid, woodthrush, windswept, fifty-three, linden, lemongrass. I like words where you have to slow down a split second to really enjoy the sounds on your tongue. Poem “We become new” by Marge Pearcy has some great combinations: “goes into the blood like garlic/… fragrant as thyme honey.” What about words that sound awful despite their meanings? I think “Pulchra uxor” is hideous, but it means “beautiful wife.” Try complimenting someone on their pulchritude; they won’t be flattered unless they know the Latin root, and even then…! And watch yourself in the mirror while saying “benignant.” “He gave a benignant smile.” It doesn’t look pretty. Reply Matt Valentine -  November 19, 2010 - 12:44 pm “Euphony”, “onomatopoeia”, “rhapsodize”, “ennui”, “genesis”, “crimson”, “scarlet”, “exquisite”, “apocalypse”, “crestfallen”, “crystalline”, and “amorous” all come to mind as some of my favorite-sounding words. Reply Katie Rae -  November 19, 2010 - 12:36 pm I’ve always liked, “salicylic”, but I know cellar door is very popular. “The Hobbit” is my favorite among the Lord of the Rings series. Sandy -  November 19, 2010 - 12:35 pm For me, “sacrifice” has lovely movement when I say it and is beautiful to hear. Janet -  November 19, 2010 - 12:35 pm Phalanges. Reply Person -  November 19, 2010 - 12:35 pm The word only sounds mildly beautiful, in my opinion. It just doesn’t really appeal to me, even when I don’t consider the definition/connotations. If I had to say what the most beautiful word in the English language is, I’d say “willow”, or at the very least I think that sounds much better than “cellar door”. Type -  November 19, 2010 - 12:31 pm Oh, and MALICIOUS, it just sounds incredibly Reply Saf -  November 19, 2010 - 12:29 pm I’ve always loved malevolent. This will be a bit of a stretched reference for this forum, but if anyone is familiar with David Warner’s mesmerizing voice-acting for the character Jon Irenicus in the PC game Baldur’s Gate II, I don’t think the word has ever been personified more becomingly. Also at the top of my list are noctuary, noctivagant, and nycthemeron. I’m not sure why the darker themes are so appealing to me. Charlie -  November 19, 2010 - 12:20 pm I personally like the word “telephony” Type -  November 19, 2010 - 12:18 pm Cellar Door isn’t particularly pleasing to me I do like these phrases and words though Cerebellum Sue -  November 19, 2010 - 11:58 am chevrolet…kept thinking of that word while I read all the comments. Wrasfish -  November 19, 2010 - 11:54 am If you listen to the sound and ignore the meaning, then I vote for “vermin.” Lefty -  November 19, 2010 - 11:48 am For me this two words came to mind… calligraphy and hydrochlorothiazide WonderfulWords -  November 19, 2010 - 11:46 am I like the word candle. For some reason that has always been one of my favorites. Reply Aleydis Sinclaire -  November 19, 2010 - 11:28 am Hmmm…Well, seems to me that whether a word is euphonious or not is a pretty subjective matter, as (I’m sure everyone knows) what is pleasant to one may not necessarily be pleasant to another…(you know, that whole thing about each person being different from everyone else…KIND OF like the fingerprint deal, where no two prints are the same…) While some of us may agree on the euphony of one word, I think it just all comes down to the preference of each person as a individual entity. Just for the kicks, though…I think “Gazelle” or words whose sound end with “-elle”, “-lor” “-era” are particularly euphonious. Also…the Spanish language in general is dulcet. Monica M. -  November 19, 2010 - 11:17 am I like lagoon. Reply Stacey -  November 19, 2010 - 11:11 am Susurrus. It means a murmuring, whispering, or rustling sound, and it makes me think of wind sighing through reeds in a marsh. Reply Kaysha -  November 19, 2010 - 11:08 am a word that is the best is Wonderland. Close your eyes and say it slowly and see what comes up. ^_^ Reply Kaysha -  November 19, 2010 - 11:07 am a word that is the best is Wonderland. Close your eyes and say it slowly and see what comes up. Reply Connie -  November 19, 2010 - 11:06 am I think there are a lot of words that sound beautiful to me, to name a few: GANACHE, ONOMATOPOEIA, PIXY, EXCRUCIATING. None of them related huh? Reply Yevett -  November 19, 2010 - 11:04 am A few of my favourite words are “esoteric”, “idiosyncrasies” and, oddly enough – “odd”! “Demure” is also very beautiful. Tochamba -  November 19, 2010 - 11:00 am I like the word ‘Fox’. It’s sexy, canine and cool – all in three letters. sonia -  November 19, 2010 - 10:57 am I feel somewhat refreshed when I say fleeting, a very flowing and wavy word to me. Caitlin -  November 19, 2010 - 10:56 am I agree with Jen-I also love the word Pulchritudinous. also Truffle. ? yeah? lol (: anonymous -  November 19, 2010 - 10:56 am my favorite word is puzzle =) Reply ida -  November 19, 2010 - 10:53 am Solitude, is a beautiful word, I think. Kinda similar sounds to cellar door actually, tastes nice in my mouth to say! Maggie -  November 19, 2010 - 10:41 am Lug nut. As in “I love my little lug nut”. Reply jenna -  November 19, 2010 - 10:37 am cobble stone ismy favorite word because whenforming the word in your mouth, your tongue acts as thought it is holding a small pebble in the center ofyour tonge.The word is formed around an imaginary stone on your tongue, giving true connection to the meaning Reply Alicia -  November 19, 2010 - 10:35 am I think what makes “cellar door” so pleasing is the fact that you don’t even have to put any work into saying it. Think about it… you are mostly speaking with your tongue, not really having to move your jaw at all. So having a phrase slip out of your mouth in that way is rather sensual Mika -  November 19, 2010 - 10:32 am Altruistic is the most beautiful sounding word in my opinion! angel_of_knowledge -  November 19, 2010 - 10:30 am “Personally, I like the sound of “wine cellar door” better…” lol nice. I personally do like the sound of cellar door it does sound nice now that I think about it as well serendipity. Reply tam -  November 19, 2010 - 10:12 am “unique” is my favourite word which sound excitness,hear surprising, love to spell and meaning is something different, unusual,stunt, surprising Deby -  November 19, 2010 - 10:10 am I like the city name Rey·kja·vik /ˈreɪkyəˌvik, -vɪk/ Show Spelled [rey-kyuh-veek, -vik]. As in the capitol of Iceland. Wreck-ya-vick. I love how it sounds. Not an English word though. Shiro -  November 19, 2010 - 10:07 am A few of mine are; Quantum , omnipitance, velveteen and blissful oblivion. Reply wordsmith -  November 19, 2010 - 10:05 am From a panel of english language hobbyists made up of representatives from over two dozen colleges and universities it was voted upon that the word,”ac·qui·es·cence” is the most beautiful word to say off the tongues of americans. The comments stated that the word,”ac·qui·es·cence” rolls off the tongues of our people with an inherent road bump of sorts that forces pleasure to slow the word down enough to appreciate. Reply Kayla Ferroli -  November 19, 2010 - 9:55 am This was a magnificent article ans I loved reading it. Words and language are beautiful and it can speak to everybody. ROCK ON!!!!!!!!! FASHIZZLE MY NIZZLE!!!!!!! HAHAHAHAHAAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA jade -  November 19, 2010 - 9:55 am I like: liquid, sphere, eucalyptus, saturn kitkatko -  November 19, 2010 - 9:52 am to stick my oar in… fudge, clock, Irish – hmmmm, all beautiful to say. Rebby -  November 19, 2010 - 9:35 am Personally, I like the sound of “wine cellar door” better… Reply Reen -  November 19, 2010 - 9:32 am ABSOLUTELY! love that word. sounds great and always instirs a feeling of connection; however annoying if said/heard too often. Reply Kate -  November 19, 2010 - 9:22 am I have lots of favorite words! But I’d have to say that ASKEW is close to the top of that list. Reply 5tubby -  November 19, 2010 - 9:18 am It’s funny that so many peoples favorite words are onomatopoeias which incidentally is one of my favorite words along with eldritch, bulbous and deliquesce. Reply Ted -  November 19, 2010 - 9:10 am I think this discussion would not be complete without the word SHANGRI-LA. It is evocative and flows so well off the tongue! Lyszie -  November 19, 2010 - 9:08 am I also love the word lunula and loose especially loose Lyszie -  November 19, 2010 - 9:06 am Cellar door has a beautiful ring to it. smoothius -  November 19, 2010 - 9:04 am wow lotsa postings on this subject:) i hate to use a word that someone else has already said but honestly in my opinion the most beautiful word in the english language is elysian, so kudos mr.d i couldn’t agree more:) however when i think of beauty the word that first comes to mind is one i have yet to see on this post… woman. now there is beauty. as for my funnest word (yes i know funnest is not a real word) it has to be my nickname for my dog… gooberdoob. you can have so much fun with that set of sounds and letters. ex. goobgooberydoob. gooberisdooberis, doobgoober, goobdoober, gooberygoobdoob, etc,etc. Reply Marisdotter -  November 19, 2010 - 8:59 am A phrase that always sounded great to my ear – From Poe’s the raven: “The silken sad uncertain rustling…” And I like Celladora as well… lookitsatree -  November 19, 2010 - 8:51 am Divorcing the word from its denotation, purely on aesthetics… Yes, celery is really beautiful. Okay, for those who have a hard time separating word from meaning, mentally stick the word into the mouth of someone definitely not speaking English. Imagine the movie(s) The Lord of the Rings. Galadriel (or insert your favorite elf here) turns to speak to the elf on her right, and says: “Celery.” Or “Callibration,” “serenity” (pronounce it “ser-” not like “sir”), “vivacious” (pronounce “viv” to rhyme with “give”). Okay, now lets put it all together into a lovely monologue, say it low, slow, and soft: “Lothlorien luminescence. Cinnamon serenity ethereal celery.” lol. ~ Celestial, vivacious, melodious. Yes, sounds flowing from the front of the mouth tend to please. Also aesthetic are “v” “z” and soft “th” sounds, but I can’t think of very many examples at the moment. I have a line from a Japanese-language film where the speakers voice goes low (he draws up near to another characters ear, threatening) and he says a few syllables that have a soft “th” sound near each other–it sounds so beautiful, and even sexy. Sky London -  November 19, 2010 - 8:46 am YIN Reply EJR -  November 19, 2010 - 8:31 am euphonious … definitely … it is what it is. And something iPhone addicts love to hear, You phoning us. Yeah Reply Tony Komerska -  November 19, 2010 - 8:12 am I once read where it was thought Marilyn Monroe was more popular in Japan than Jayne Mansfield because her name rolled off the tongue better…and it’s true. It’s a lot softer and more sensual. As was Marilyn. Sigh. Reply Ole TBoy -  November 19, 2010 - 8:07 am “Gwendolynevere” is a name I made up for a character in a children’s play. It goes on a bit, but I think goes on melodically. Another Random Texan -  November 19, 2010 - 8:00 am I like: Sajni -  November 19, 2010 - 7:57 am The poet, Dorothy Parker, said the two greatest words in the English language are, ‘cheque enclosed’. My personal favourites are jejune and vicissitudes. There’s something about the sound of them. Rangster -  November 19, 2010 - 7:49 am Moist ….. it just is! DDDora -  November 19, 2010 - 7:46 am mine is either ‘constipated’ or ‘ostrabogulous’ Reply JAFO -  November 19, 2010 - 7:39 am I’ve always been partial to the word “scissors”. I just like the three “sss” sounds in it. It is a fun word to say: “scissors…scissors…scissors” sandman -  November 19, 2010 - 7:33 am good one. personnaly, my favorite word to hear is “yes” Reply Susan -  November 19, 2010 - 7:28 am A professor in a college class said that “lawnmower” is considered the most beautiful word in English because it has no hard sounds. Reply Mike -  November 19, 2010 - 7:27 am “Seven”. the soft sounds of the s and the v each followed by soft e’s; has kind of a melodic feel. Joseph -  November 19, 2010 - 7:21 am My favorite words are thrashing and glistening. Reply pootsie -  November 19, 2010 - 7:20 am Had a non-English-speaking Russian boyfriend who loved the word ‘cry’. He would repeat it over and over because he loved the sound. Drove me nuts. Cameo -  November 19, 2010 - 7:19 am In no order of preference, based solely on euphony: Virgo (Latin pronounciation), petiole, seraphim, thelonian (if it was a real word), gojira, fortuitous, forever, barrier, thelema Oliver Babes -  November 19, 2010 - 7:06 am “BABE.” Its the future. Reply Dan -  November 19, 2010 - 6:29 am Cellar door graphs as a normal curve. Or maybe its just the way I say it if I try to make it sound beautiful. Reply elise -  November 19, 2010 - 6:26 am “Cellar Door” reminds me of “Stella D’oro” probably because I’m from Rhode Island where we don’t pronounce our “R’s” very well. Stella D’Oro- breakfast treats. Reply Jo -  November 19, 2010 - 6:26 am I just love the way “however” sounds… I think is nice and yet is a word that can give you like a hope that there are some solutions… I just like that word… Deirdre -  November 19, 2010 - 5:57 am Who doesn’t love to say Penultimate, it just rolls off the tongue. Reply tj thomas -  November 19, 2010 - 5:55 am one of my ultimate favorites is : ethereal . The meaning of the word has an influence, but the way it rolls off of my tongue with such ease is the main reason. Reply Bill G -  November 19, 2010 - 5:51 am I’ve always admired the way the very sound of the word “soft” perfectly evokes it’s meaning. muskybutterfly -  November 19, 2010 - 5:48 am ‘The two most beautiful words in the English language are “check enclosed” -Dorothy Parker. :O Reply Victoria -  November 19, 2010 - 5:25 am I think it does depend on your accent. ‘Cellar Door’ may sound beautiful spoken with the Queen’s English, but it does nothing for me in my accent. Words that I like are haberdashery and pantechnicon. Reply Jim W -  November 19, 2010 - 5:19 am I love reading these suggestions for beautiful words. Certainly serendipity is one of my favorites and many others have been suggested here. The Native Americans have given us much beautiful language. Words like Conewago (KAN a waaa go), Susquehanna and Iroquois. Someone mentioned ‘Trixie’, and that made me smile involuntarily, so I think that one rates very high. My personal favorite is ‘Yosemite’? Could any word be more beautiful than that? ccrow -  November 19, 2010 - 5:15 am ‘Cellar door’, meh…. Reply Gabriel -  November 19, 2010 - 5:14 am Being a non-native English speaker, I must say the sound of R in cellar and door are too strong and non-pleasing for my ears. I am the 10 -  November 19, 2010 - 5:05 am intercommunication is white–white letters on the white background–obscenity is all obliterated Sarah -  November 19, 2010 - 4:59 am I like “facetious” Reply ananya -  November 19, 2010 - 4:54 am i personally love the sound of cacophony.. sounds riotious to the ears. my other personal favourite is jagguarnaut- the enormity is inbuilt in the word itself!!!!!!! DavisAfrica -  November 19, 2010 - 4:36 am sanctuary Mananka -  November 19, 2010 - 4:35 am I love the way “gentle breeze” sounds. Isn’t it more euphonous that ” cellar door?” benediction is me another favorite. Reply CK -  November 19, 2010 - 4:11 am My personal favorite: lollygagging or lallygagging. I thought ‘trust fund’ was an odd choice…unless you inherit one Gary -  November 19, 2010 - 4:11 am I like the word ostentatious Reply LC -  November 19, 2010 - 4:00 am ‘Sole Heir’ is an amazing combination of words. I think that it does vary a lot depending on the accent you pronounce these words in though. Cellar Door doesnt sound great with an american ‘R’ but sounds great when said slowly with an english accent. Kristin -  November 19, 2010 - 3:57 am also Sequestered Connie -  November 19, 2010 - 3:50 am I like clapperclaw. But I do love prodigy too. Reply Zivagyus Praporshi -  November 19, 2010 - 3:40 am “Jellyfish” is the greatest word in human history. Just don’t eat a real jellyfish sandwich, OR YOU’LL DIE!!! vvSch -  November 19, 2010 - 3:14 am I still say the most beautiful to hear is: “Do me..” Dawset -  November 19, 2010 - 3:07 am ‘Plethora’ is a nice word too alwayscatchingup -  November 19, 2010 - 2:49 am “Splendid” is just splendid. Reply Dawset -  November 19, 2010 - 2:48 am ‘Conflagrate’, ‘Obliteration’(though a bit morbid in meaning), ‘Tranquil’, and my all-time favorite ‘Pterodactyl’. ‘Pterodactyl’ does not only sound great, but it’s spelt awesomely as well =D. Plus I always loved how the ‘P’ is silent xD Reply Goofy_Charli -  November 19, 2010 - 2:40 am Yeah Cellar door does sound pretty – but whenever I hear I just start singing “lock the cellar door and baaaaby talk dirty to meee!” That kind of kills the effect. Personally, I like meander. My brother suggested phantasmagoria and logical. Not really a pretty word but I REALLY love saying ‘plop’. If you say it slowly and pop the p’s it’s so much fun! P-lo-p. Congruent and contrast are fun to say too… Finally I think the prettiest phrase to look at, and sort of to hear is “Great Barrier Reef” – also the most beautiful place! Oh and thumbs up to the one who said “Natural Twenty” and “plimsolls”. I laughed out loud. Reply Taylor -  November 19, 2010 - 2:29 am Personally, the word “avuncular” will always be one of my favourites… besides, it’s meaning is simply amazing. “To have uncle-like qualities” Someone tell me that’s not brilliant! Reply cbanders -  November 19, 2010 - 2:29 am My two favourite words: ‘pavonine’ and ‘silhouette’ (even though the latter is derived from French origins). I am synesthete, and these two words have always seemed almost perfect to me. I always think of a rippling rainbow when I hear ‘pavonine,’ sort of like a peacock unfurling his tail and showing his colours, like the meaning of the word. Reply Suji -  November 19, 2010 - 1:30 am Oh yeah, this is why in the The Big Bang Theory sitcom, Sheldon chose his screen name ‘shelldoor’. And of course there are more conection to The Big Bang Theory and this research… I like to hear Sofi, sofia, nice,pleasure, amusement… And when you say the word soft you feel the softness and you can not feel the hardness with the word hard. waji -  November 19, 2010 - 1:30 am ‘CRICKET’ music 2 my years Kitty -  November 19, 2010 - 1:29 am Too many r’s. Chris -  November 19, 2010 - 1:26 am its* Reply Chris -  November 19, 2010 - 1:25 am To make cellar door sound good, you have to forget it’s meaning. Once you do, you should get it. It actually rhymes with my favourite name: Eleanor. Reply Kevan -  November 19, 2010 - 1:14 am ‘Ameliorate’ and ‘soliloquy’ are two favourites of mine. I also like ‘aerious’, partly for how it sounds but also because of it’s significance as the shortest word in the english language with all vowels in alphabetical order Sage -  November 19, 2010 - 12:55 am Serendipity is one of my favorite words. It’s a happy word. Also, the name, Theodora, sounds happy. I would love to have had that name. Tina -  November 19, 2010 - 12:52 am I love the sound of some colours, they tend to conjure up images in your mind like: crimson, mauve, turquoise, fushia, amaranto etc Reply Tarren -  November 19, 2010 - 12:35 am Going back to almost the beginning of the post with whoever suggested, that if you put a “name” spin on cellar door, as in Celladora, it really resonated with me as a very much Harry Potter-ish word. I could just close my eyes and hear Hermione saying a spell with it or introducing Harry or Ron to this person. When I do that, the word just flows over me like a magical waterfall, and I let the water flow over me, letting my body, my senses take it all in. My favorite word: Ebb Reply defdog -  November 19, 2010 - 12:34 am Not this cellar door is the most beautiful phrase thing again. Doesn’t anyone get the joke? It was a reference to the fact that cellar door is where you buy your wine at a vineyard. It was a reference to the fact that the writer loved to drink, and seeing those words meant a good glass of vino was just moments away. Flammin heck, ya bunch of drongos. Lisa -  November 19, 2010 - 12:17 am I like “superfluous” – SOUNDS super! Maybe even better is “reciprocity”, with liberty and justice for all! Natalie -  November 19, 2010 - 12:04 am “Cellar door” does sound pretty good, but “Stormfront forum” sounds even better, in my honest opinion. cody -  November 19, 2010 - 12:03 am This is simple, any word ending with “ous” like “harmonious” superfluous” “generous” Reply alicats -  November 18, 2010 - 11:59 pm Seems a lot of people love sibilants. Me, too. I love hearing them, saying them, even writing them: serendipitous, sough, sirocco, susurrous. Reply Bambam Yadav -  November 18, 2010 - 11:53 pm The beauty of every word is distinct itself. of course words are really too interesting in hearing and it also hint about your knowledge of English. All words of English are favorite for me. A A Varaich -  November 18, 2010 - 11:33 pm How about the words PEACE, PURITY, ECSTACY, BRILLIANT, SENTIMENT, PRUDENCE Josh -  November 18, 2010 - 11:31 pm liaison Amanda Kay -  November 18, 2010 - 11:30 pm personally i like Pluto, shallow, and cotyledon MCChi -  November 18, 2010 - 11:21 pm I like a rather simple word-palatial. It just has a clean, crisp, yet soothing sound Keenu -  November 18, 2010 - 11:06 pm Chuck Norris approves the name Keenu! Pronounced “Unique” when spelt backwards :3 Reply Daniel -  November 18, 2010 - 11:03 pm you know I was thinking… putting two words together… such as ‘Cellar Door’ (which is supposed to be with a british accent by the way… so not with the heavy R’s) is more pleasing than any single word… I can think of so many that have both lovely colors to my synesthesia and great shapes and even the meaning and sound… just a couple I was thinking of ‘Autumn Wheat’ ‘Lucid Crystal’ ‘Carnal Velvet’ ‘Lush Foliage’ and like someone said earlier ‘Luminescent Hues’… and many more… the more I think about Cellar Door the more I like it… both for it’s memory and flow… however relating it to Cellodora or the like actually ruins it for me… as do the colors of the letters in my mind unfortunately… however when I’m not registering the letters then the pure sound of it and thought of what it means is quite pleasing! to me =) Keenu -  November 18, 2010 - 11:03 pm My personal favorite word would be “Discombobulated”. Also “Blaze” and “Fire” sounds cool. Wow, that’s a long comment thread x3 Reply Aureala -  November 18, 2010 - 11:00 pm ‘Cellar door’, pronounced in a non-rhotic English accent (i.e. without the intervening ‘r’) does sound nice, although its connotations are rather banal. I prefer more outlandish words, especially long ones, such as: Mellifluous JAD -  November 18, 2010 - 9:41 pm Haha I heard this in my fav movie, Donnie Darko. Pinki -  November 18, 2010 - 9:41 pm and all the othr gems Josh -  November 18, 2010 - 9:41 pm I’ve always like the words ‘muliebrity,’ ‘feminine’ and ‘innundate.’ Pinki -  November 18, 2010 - 9:41 pm i agree with a lot of people amethyst Reply Chris -  November 18, 2010 - 9:28 pm Someone said cello …. But the hard “chuh” sound takes the beauty out of the sound. The sound of the word/phrase is after all what the article was about. And naturally, as stated, vowels make soft sounds that are generally more pleasing. I thought the cellar door was very nice. And I appreciated the person who recognized the similar combined sounds used by Poe. How is this for the shortest, most beautiful word: obey. Isn’t that a wonderful sound? Obey. Obey. Only four letters. Two syllables. But two long soft vowel sounds. Obey. Remember when Bill Cosby had a short segment on the way obey sounded? Too funny. And too accurate. Reply Amelia R. -  November 18, 2010 - 9:25 pm I like the sound of “flannel animal.” It seems like it would trip up the tongue, but it’s surprisingly easy to say, and pleasing in the sound and in the feeling over my tongue. mitchell -  November 18, 2010 - 9:17 pm For sheer beauty there are two phrases that I love — “sole heir” and “trust fund”… Reply Patrick -  November 18, 2010 - 9:11 pm I think “easy” is one of the most beautiful words. Also “presidio” even though it’s not an english word. Tranquility, forest, sesquicentennial. Nevada is a nice word as well even though it’s an ugly state. just my two cents Cool -  November 18, 2010 - 9:10 pm wow, mellifluous sounds neat. very musical. i like justice. illustrious, luminescent, melodious, picturesque, bubble, aquiesce, and some other words mentioned here sounds really sweet. purple is unique. has anyone thought of mystical? it sounds mysteriously pretty to me…..somehow reminds me of the mist, you can tell why. cellodora does sound pleasant. but i prefer celladora. heiroglyphs is a creative wrd too! theresa -  November 18, 2010 - 9:10 pm i like the words cellular, swathed, ombra, twilight, depth, lonely, glass, whale, and figurine,to name a few Reply RNA -  November 18, 2010 - 9:06 pm English is my second language… but I really love “stamina” and “bellybutton”. May not be the most beautiful, but definitely some of the coolest. I think that a lot of non-native English speakers don’t like too many r’s so “celery root” and “aurora” are out of the question to us (are we even allowed to contribute?). The English r’s are way too far back in the throat to be beautiful if you ask me. And can I say that “throat” is a really ugly word? “Persnickety” is awesome and I have no idea about its meaning what so ever. Reply Deathglass -  November 18, 2010 - 9:02 pm “cellar door” doesn’t feel any different from any other word, it seems common and nothing special at all. Your “pantry aperture” or “food closet” would sound the same (but that’s probably just me) I like long less used words. Try phantasmagoria, vignette, or incarnadine. High School Student -  November 18, 2010 - 8:53 pm My favorite word is pomegranate KL -  November 18, 2010 - 7:44 pm flurry PIE -  November 18, 2010 - 7:40 pm “Blubber” sounds addictive, Reply KL -  November 18, 2010 - 7:40 pm Think of some names similar to “cellar door”, all pleasant and memorable: Stella Doro cookies, singer Celine Dion, actress Sela Ward…. Ella -  November 18, 2010 - 7:34 pm thingamajig is fun to say…. Ella -  November 18, 2010 - 7:33 pm gosh, Celladora is so pretty. cellar door didnt exactly it…… but celladora is cool. Reply skbird -  November 18, 2010 - 7:31 pm I wonder if people liked “cellar door” because it vaguely reminds them of “celadon” – - now that’s beautiful, no matter how you look at it! Patrick Cullinan -  November 18, 2010 - 7:28 pm I like “clod,” “twit,” “chipped beef,” and “chalk and cheese.” I don’t know why. Reply bailey talley -  November 18, 2010 - 7:27 pm i like the word mayhem, dispite its meaning it is a beautiful word to hear. i think all words are beautiful. think asbout this, why did we chosse the word “beauty” to mean beauty, and so on. all words have beauty and sound nice when you put aside the deff. that you all know. any and every lang. is awsome and can be inspiring because we are saying somthing that no other speice has! birds can mimic butdo they hear the real beauty inside what they are saying. when you say that someone is talking just to hear themself its mean in what it meens but wouldnt you do that if you could hear the beauty in your voice. next time you open your mouth listen to what you say and be amased at how beautiful the simplest word sounds. like “the”, thats my second favorite!!! ps forgive mt spelling. Reply Annavi -  November 18, 2010 - 7:25 pm I believe that the reason “cellar door” sounds pleasant is because there are no hard consanants to disturb it’s flow of pronounciation. It is a soft phrase. lyly -  November 18, 2010 - 7:24 pm most deff evanescence. Reply Joe -  November 18, 2010 - 7:18 pm Cake is the best sounding word. That’s not my opinion. It’s a fact. (Hmmm… being right sounds pretty good, too!) Elin -  November 18, 2010 - 7:17 pm My favorite is “archipelago.” Lindsay -  November 18, 2010 - 7:17 pm institution sounds nice or prostitution Euphony Master -  November 18, 2010 - 7:16 pm transluscent. It just sounds nice Zoe -  November 18, 2010 - 7:13 pm i like Ladle, Sofa, Pajamas, Plug and Elope Reply Grace -  November 18, 2010 - 7:12 pm I like many of the words already posted. Cellar door just doesn’t cut it for me, though. One of my favorite words is “prosaic”. I just love the way it sounds. Plethora, mundane, and sophisticated are a few more. My favorite word happenes to be a name: Jesus. Henry -  November 18, 2010 - 7:11 pm Also melodious and malodorous (if you discount the meaning of the latter) Katie -  November 18, 2010 - 7:10 pm I love the crispness of ‘femininity’ and ‘defenestration’ when you really enunciate every letter. Reply Dean -  November 18, 2010 - 7:08 pm For some reason, I’ve always thought “archipelago” is a fascinating word. The word comes out smoothly, but also brings an image of an island chain to one’s mind. Henry -  November 18, 2010 - 7:07 pm Marina and marine sound beautiful to me Reply Zachary Overline -  November 18, 2010 - 6:53 pm One of my high school poetry books named “syphilis” as the most euphonic word in the English language — no joke. Connotation and crotch-foam aside, it does sound kinda pretty Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 6:50 pm i swear everytime I write, no one writes back Reply Steph -  November 18, 2010 - 6:49 pm “Cellar door,” when said slowly, sounds almost Elvish. I can see why Tolkien would like it! It sounds pretty good to my ears, too. One of those words/phrases that, when heard, makes the mind go “DING! That sounds great!” Zoe -  November 18, 2010 - 6:48 pm I think that the best sounding words could be Onomatopoeia, The, or Decapitate Reply esther -  November 18, 2010 - 6:46 pm I like purple. Cellar door sounds creepy to me. I need to like the meaning as well as the sound. Like pickle, but I wouldn’t chose that word everyday. Some words annoy me. Like fart. It sounds so obscene. I prefer flatulence, but I’m not sure that is a word. I was making a list one time of all the words I really liked, but sadly forgot where I put it. Oh, I really like the word “Shine” or “Sparkle”. salurai -  November 18, 2010 - 6:44 pm i like boogernaut so much.it sounds funny. ghostinthesky -  November 18, 2010 - 6:34 pm Leverage. kelly -  November 18, 2010 - 6:33 pm i really like supercalafragilisticexpialdocious it seems fun to say when you say it Reply julie -  November 18, 2010 - 6:32 pm That “cell” sound seems to be a touchstone. My sister says I bought my Celica because I liked the name. When I had it, I never referred to “my car” or “the car”; it was always “my Celica” or “the Celica”. Likewise celeste or celetial lovely words. But the loveliest concatenation of words, for their rarity, has to be “I was wrong.” darrell -  November 18, 2010 - 6:30 pm similar to “cathedral” or “por favor” Eyewitness -  November 18, 2010 - 6:28 pm Do place names also count? Khartom and Cairo both have a certain panache, yes? Reply Eyewitness -  November 18, 2010 - 6:25 pm I can hardly imagine after reading all he comments (good job, crew) that noone has mentioned the word “verisimilitude.” It isn’t milifluous, but it has a kind of jaunty sylabification that is fun. kennkenn -  November 18, 2010 - 6:23 pm my favorite word is demon, but i think one of the most beautiful words is genuine. am_misfit -  November 18, 2010 - 6:21 pm Supple. As in supple breasts. Reply TotallyAnonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 6:19 pm For me, words with beautiful meanings usually have a queer, but unique meaning and ring to it. Illustrious, for example, sounds really nice to the ear, but yet also has a picturesque meaning to it. Personally, I love many words in the English language for the way they sound. Celladora to me does sound beautiful now that I think about it. Just like Cinderella (to me) sounds nice although the name came from the word ‘cinders’. Ash to me also sounds nice. Not such a great meaning, but nice ring. Soubriquet -  November 18, 2010 - 6:18 pm Cellar door does come off as euphonic. Soubriquet sounds much better. anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 6:07 pm Shell rider anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 6:06 pm Autobot Reply Hannah E -  November 18, 2010 - 6:06 pm Cellar door is a nice combination, especially when pronounced with an English accent. I really like the sound of, “Jane Eyre”. Reply Marina -  November 18, 2010 - 6:02 pm Wow, cellar door? Not pleasing at all. While English is not full of beautiful words, such as other languages like French, there are many more beautiful words out there than cellar door! I personally love the word “Grace” Jewels -  November 18, 2010 - 6:01 pm I like dwell… and suffice… and isn’t gentle the gentlest word one could ever pronounce? :b Reply Rachel D L -  November 18, 2010 - 5:56 pm Tic tac toc isn’t amusing(the sound of the rain,especially at night when you are under you sheet). Although word “vent”,wind in english is even more sensational.If You leave in sea side or tropical country you know what I’m talking about. Rachel D L -  November 18, 2010 - 5:55 pm Vent is a french word that means wind in english. Megan -  November 18, 2010 - 5:53 pm Melancholy Lisa -  November 18, 2010 - 5:51 pm Loquacious is a great word to say. I like the sound. NTata -  November 18, 2010 - 5:51 pm simple, kiss, smile are my favorite Lisa -  November 18, 2010 - 5:51 pm Loquacious is a great word to say. I like the sound. Reply zara -  November 18, 2010 - 5:50 pm i love the words miscellaneous, broken, anesthesia, maroon, delphiniums, plum, luminescent, enigma, mystery, and anonymous. listen to the way they roll off your tongue so smoothly! Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 5:50 pm Lol i said walrus like ten times before it made sense… imma blonde! Reply naturegirl -  November 18, 2010 - 5:45 pm I believe ‘cellar door’ is indeed one the beautiful compounds of our language, and for some reason the simple word ‘little’ is my favourite word of all. e#1 -  November 18, 2010 - 5:45 pm exquisite is my favorite. also, as somebody mentioned earlier, Melancholy is nice. Reply Rachel D L -  November 18, 2010 - 5:36 pm Tic tac toc isn’t amusing(the sound of the rain,especially at night when you are under you sheet). Although word “vent”wind in english is even more sensational.If You leave in sea side or tropical country you know what I’m talking about. Becky S -  November 18, 2010 - 5:36 pm Azure. Elysian. I love the sound of the “zh” combined with soft vowels. Reply Captain Beefheart -  November 18, 2010 - 5:36 pm Busom, Cacophony, ingratiated, beans(makes you smile as you say it) cleavage(you smile then pout at the end) sabotage, grimoire, elephantitis.. theres so many! Eloise -  November 18, 2010 - 5:32 pm Loquacious is one of my favorites! A real high scorer in Scrabble too! Miss H -  November 18, 2010 - 5:30 pm I like California. Reply Noen N. Particular -  November 18, 2010 - 5:22 pm I really like the words “chasm”, “abyss”, and “schism”. They sound dissonant, poetic, and they sound kind of like what they mean. Melissa -  November 18, 2010 - 5:22 pm @ Sarah: It was chosen purely for its phonaesthetics, not its associations. I am mildly synaesthesiac and find that I enjoy velvety sounds, smooth, silky sounds, crunchy sounds, and hard sounds. There are also words that are pleasant because of their bumpy, or hill-like, nature. Velvety: amanda -  November 18, 2010 - 5:19 pm I realky like “illuminescence” Reply Audrey -  November 18, 2010 - 5:18 pm I think that the most beautiful word would have to be “beautiful.” I know it sounds cheesy but I think it is nice to hear in the sense that someone is calling you beautiful and that it is just nice to hear Reply Lilliana -  November 18, 2010 - 5:18 pm I love the word appreciate. We would play sparkle in elementery school and if you spell it slowly it just sounds beautiful Reply Rafaela P -  November 18, 2010 - 5:10 pm Well.. I like WALRUS..! Cos you start with your mouth open wide and then close it slightly.. It’s nice to say “walllrusss”! Stefania -  November 18, 2010 - 5:04 pm Illustrious! klevurgrl -  November 18, 2010 - 5:00 pm flibbertigibbet Reply J -  November 18, 2010 - 5:00 pm “Crypt,” Slice,” and “Demonic.” Also, “Anakara,” which is the capital of Turkey. These words roll off the tongue like they were meant to be spoken. When I speak them, I feel . . . good. Liesl -  November 18, 2010 - 4:54 pm mellifluous, luminescent, bioluminescent, biogenesis, lush, lust, trust, crush, crunch, bitter, mumble, tremble, melodious “Pensive citadels” has a very nice ring to it. Matthew -  November 18, 2010 - 4:44 pm “Syphilis” and “Chlamydia” – beautiful words for ugly diseases. And yes, “deliquescence” is nice, too. anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 4:43 pm Faucet and bureau. Ala -  November 18, 2010 - 4:40 pm Enigma, Alkali, and Azure. They all sound lovely, and I like the meanings too. Plus, the combination of the letters e, i, and a appeals to me. Reply Norah -  November 18, 2010 - 4:35 pm Does anyone remember the Monty Python sketch where a man and his wife have a conversation on beautiful words? Those that sound nice are described as woody: gorn, sausage, antelope, seemly, prodding, vacuum, bound, vole… “CARIBOU!” Garrett -  November 18, 2010 - 4:27 pm I think the prettiest word in the English language is “cerulean”. Reply Abby -  November 18, 2010 - 4:26 pm I think “taradiddle” is a fun word, but it doesn’t roll off the tongue, however it is fun to say. “Cellar door” is one of those words it’s probably best not to know what it means. Jamie -  November 18, 2010 - 4:23 pm oh and i forgot to add- “Arianna” and “Lilliputian” too! Reply Jamie -  November 18, 2010 - 4:21 pm i agree with effervescent, bubble, and aquiesce for sure. my favorite word though whould have to be “larimar”- which is a blue-ish gemstone. it’s gorgeous and i love the way that word sounds. also (this is kinda a non-sequitor) i think “grody” is the funniest word Reply Brianna -  November 18, 2010 - 4:17 pm Ya, im a synesthete, but i see sounds, so its different for me. my favorite to hear/see is plum pudding. its just so colorful! Jack -  November 18, 2010 - 4:16 pm I would like to vote “moist” as the most gross sounding word in the english language. sham sunder -  November 18, 2010 - 4:02 pm NO is two letter, most beutiful word,most difficult to say and always rewarding. SHAM CHAWLA Reply KRK -  November 18, 2010 - 3:54 pm I really like serendipity and cerebellum. The way those words sound make me happy for some reason. Also, Celladora is a very pretty name, Kate, and I think Bella is too. Reply KK -  November 18, 2010 - 3:51 pm I really like serendipity and cerebellum. The letters in those words make me happy for some reason. Also, Celladora is a very pretty name, Kate, and I think Bella is too. nikki -  November 18, 2010 - 3:38 pm acquiesce. because of the way it’s spelled Colette -  November 18, 2010 - 3:34 pm My favorite would have to be “effervescent.” Reply Adrienne -  November 18, 2010 - 3:32 pm My favorite word is LOVE.love is a great thing everyone can love.Love is a precious thing given to us by ours truly god. Reply Sarah -  November 18, 2010 - 3:29 pm Whoever came up with ‘cellar door’ as the most beauitful phrase is whack. Like really, cellar? It’s harsh sounding and has a lot of bad things associated with it. Like think about when u were a little kid, weren’t u always afraid of going down there cuz it was dark and damp and there could be monsters? Well that’s what i think of when i hear it and it’s just not appealing. So, idk what the most beautiful phrase is, but it is definitely not cellar. Unless perhaps it was pronouced like cellah dooah, like with a Boston accent:) Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 3:26 pm Don’t even get me started on, “Glossary”…. Reply Whimstar -  November 18, 2010 - 3:25 pm I’ve never been a fan of the English “dark L” (or “velar L”) I think it’s ugly-sounding. I hate the word “milk” for this reason. And the English R is kinda off-putting as well. Cellar Door is WAY LOW on my list of favorite words. And Donnie Darko was a stupid movie, but that’s besides the point. I agree with “shenanigans.” Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 3:23 pm I also think the word, “Geometry”, and the word, “jinxed’, sound nice Reply Máiréad -  November 18, 2010 - 3:23 pm One of my favourite words is ‘bubble’ – I like the onomatopoeic effect. Also, ‘cuckoo’ is pleasing to the ear. On a side note, I find it quite disturbing that so many people do not know how to spell their favourite word. Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:19 pm I agree with daisy Reply Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 3:18 pm “Cuidado”, is the Spanish word for caution but when you really just say it without thinking about the meaning, it just sounds so…. i dunno but it sounds good…. l.o.l caution sounds good Reply Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:18 pm And majestic…..i like the word royal for some reason….it reminds me of the color purple…..well, yeah, purple does sound unique. Reply Sage -  November 18, 2010 - 3:17 pm I like wolverine personally, it purrs. and rutabaga brings to mind red and summer, but that may be bias of the memories. oooh memory is an excellent one as well^^ Mark -  November 18, 2010 - 3:16 pm I like the sound of the word taradiddle—no fibbing! Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:15 pm Raspberry sounds sweet! I like the way it sounds! Anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 3:14 pm *words Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:06 pm Nice, autumn……you know, that can be a name. How about summer? Anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 3:04 pm The best word is mellifluous and confectionary. Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:04 pm Aurora is also a charming name. oink -  November 18, 2010 - 2:58 pm shilly-shally marigold -  November 18, 2010 - 2:54 pm My favorites are “Beautiful” and “Graceful”. They definetly reflect their meaning. Reply Anna -  November 18, 2010 - 2:45 pm I think “evanescence” is a beautiful word. I love its meaning as well; I like the way that the sound just matches the meaning. KV -  November 18, 2010 - 2:45 pm Allegory, amalgamation, loquacious are some of my favourites Reply Michael Dadona -  November 18, 2010 - 2:45 pm I’ll choose for rhythmical words which is rhyming compound with invented second element. It is based on the meaning of the word. It sounds “soo-per-doo-per”. Spelled as “Super duper”. “Super duper” represents something had achieved high level of excellency accepted by one’s mind feeling and filling with exciting and rewarding. It’s a type of soothing word to eardrum(s). Reply Alexandra -  November 18, 2010 - 2:40 pm Milk. I love the word milk and I can’t really explain why. It feels pure and sweet. I appreciate the way it sounds as well as what it represents: the pure essence of nourishment to young life. I also find mausoleum, symposium, crisp, cloud, cloudberry, and gilded pleasing to hear. Reply sionainn -  November 18, 2010 - 2:37 pm personally I am partial to the phrase “pensive citadels” from Wordsworth’s poem; I love the connotation and I think it’s fun to say. Holly -  November 18, 2010 - 2:33 pm Autumn Reply Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 2:31 pm Celery root, lol. Cellar door does sound……a bit pleasing to my ears. Not entirely, and I wouldn’t call it one of my favorite words, but likable and agreeable. I like that name, Trixie….except I thought I had made up that name, back in fourth or third grade, when I wrote a story. It does have a appealing sound to it, don’t you think? Brodie -  November 18, 2010 - 2:30 pm The most pleasing words to me are elusive, humble and tranquil TRA -  November 18, 2010 - 2:27 pm Kerfluffle and callipygian get my vote. Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 2:26 pm Wow, i read all the comments. I agree with most of you. I know how you feel, Daniel! It’s the same thing with letters and numbers, for me. And Kate, yes, I love that name! Celladora is a very pretty name. It reminds me of an open field, rushing stream of spring water, the sun peeking out from behind the mountains….you get my point, kind of like how louis paiz described. I think some beautiful color names are turquoise, aquamarine, violet, sienna, burgundy…..well, the list is endless. I agree with Katherine; “mellifluous” does sound rather musical. I don’t know why, but don’t you just love the way melodious sounds? It sounds just so musical, harmonious, unique…..oh yeah, I also like the word unique. Glamorous does sound rather glamorous….get it? Okay, that may not be funny. My all-time favorite word is food. This word is extremely essential, positively vital to life! Food has a very delectable sound to it, don’t you think? Especially, when you think of ice cream cake, peanut butter cookies, vegetable and cheese pizza…….you know, all of a sudden, I’m hungry! Becky -  November 18, 2010 - 2:20 pm Eutherian-belonging or pertaining to the group Eutheria, comprising the placental mammals. norb -  November 18, 2010 - 2:20 pm I kinda like “sibilance.” That or “mumbledypeg.” Becky -  November 18, 2010 - 2:19 pm Eutherian Nam Anh -  November 18, 2010 - 2:16 pm “ethereal” Reply Ana -  November 18, 2010 - 2:15 pm I love “overgrown” and “windblown.” Sadly, whenever I include these words in my sentences, the sentences take on an overwrought or melodramatic quality. “Ovaltine” is also very nice. flower -  November 18, 2010 - 2:09 pm I like glorious, soul, glamorous, unbelievable! Daisy -  November 18, 2010 - 2:02 pm Oh and Voloptous is funny Reply Daisy -  November 18, 2010 - 2:00 pm Honestly, cellar door did sound nice, even though I find velvet quite nice. This is an intriguating question, I’ve never heard of it before. Rachel -  November 18, 2010 - 2:00 pm Boulevard Reply William -  November 18, 2010 - 1:59 pm I like the word conciliatory. Also, I would name my daughter Cellodora, except I would have to come up with a better answer than, “Mmommy and daddy named you after the cellar door sweetheart.” TBH -  November 18, 2010 - 1:56 pm Delicious — say it, and you can almost taste it! Dan the Man with the Frying Pan who's got no Tan -  November 18, 2010 - 1:45 pm Algolagnia is also an amazing word. Although… it doesn’t have the nicest definition. Dan the Man with the Frying Pan who's got no Tan -  November 18, 2010 - 1:42 pm Ragamuffin. Such a fun word, not to mention an amazing definition: a dirty street child. I once called a child from church a “ragamuffin” and she thought I called her a “rat-muffin”. It was really funny. Chandra -  November 18, 2010 - 1:41 pm Rapacious and Sybarite Daniel -  November 18, 2010 - 1:33 pm It’s fun to say. Daniel -  November 18, 2010 - 1:33 pm wait, no! It’s algolagnia. Reply Kelly -  November 18, 2010 - 1:28 pm Cellar door isn’t really mellifluous for me – I don’t like having the r and the d together. Nor do I care for celery root – that “ree root” is difficult for my mouth to get around. Simply celery is prettier to me (and I hate the stuff). If you take out the “r”, and make it celadora, or selladora, then I can get behind it – although I guess those aren’t real words now, are they. Out of the similar sounding “real” words, I’d go with silhouette as mentioned by Natalie above. It just rolls out of the mouth so easily. Reply A Random Texan -  November 18, 2010 - 1:27 pm I think that to most people the most beautiful word in the English language is their own name. I don’t,(I like my name and all, I just like some other words better!) but I *think* a lot of people out there probably do. Christensen -  November 18, 2010 - 1:22 pm My list is rather long, but the English language is indeed beautiful. The most beautiful words in the English language are: brook, notion, dismayed, thence, thus, brusque, disheartened, presuppose, ought, profound, contrary, antithetical, colloquy, causality, precipitous, hitherto, mournfully, forlornly, stygian, assiduous, indeed, extemporaneous, conceived, presentiment. That’s all I can think of presently. ames i -  November 18, 2010 - 1:20 pm lol @ plimsolls. RoseM -  November 18, 2010 - 12:59 pm Amethyst Patrick -  November 18, 2010 - 12:57 pm Aurora is absolutely gorgeous to me. I also like crack, charcoal, chips, fresh, and whisper. Also, though unfortunately they have such bad meanings, the words sh-t and diharrea are actually quite pleasing to the ear as well, I think. If only their meanings weren’t so revolting. ames i -  November 18, 2010 - 12:57 pm natural twenty – nice, Mark! Did you make that up? But wtf? cellar door? I’m thinking tornadoes and Friday the 13th! But selador as a name, yeah, good call Reply Sid -  November 18, 2010 - 12:52 pm I have a huge list of words that sound beautiful (beautiful being one of them) but here are just a few: carnal Caren -  November 18, 2010 - 12:48 pm My favorite word is TENDERLY. Reply Katherine -  November 18, 2010 - 12:43 pm I personally love the way ‘mellifluous’ sounds….it makes me think of sweet and peaceful music floating through the air. Reply Mark -  November 18, 2010 - 12:41 pm How about French words that are now part of English? I love ennui, ingenue, cachet, and recherche. I also love garage and blaise and jejune. Also, less common Victorian words like (dis)approbation or odious or apothecary iamido -  November 18, 2010 - 12:38 pm …Whoohoo ..Whoosaah. . Reply Grammy -  November 18, 2010 - 12:29 pm If I changed cellar door to the name Salvador and say it, I am much more able to “hear” the beauty of it! Reply louis paiz -  November 18, 2010 - 12:25 pm i do not know if i am spelling correctly but my favorite word is euphrates i think that it is because miy wife’s grand mother used to be eufracia. so when i pronunce the name of the river euphrates it make me feel so peaceful i think of a sun coming out in the morning from between the water.it’s a wonderful expirience that my chest grow biger when thinking of it , and i think of it all the time like if i ever have been in that place by that mighty river. Reply zach -  November 18, 2010 - 12:23 pm It is no contest… assuage is the most beautiful word in English. The meaning the sound, the clarity, simply the best. Oh, and no word slouch himself, Lincoln loved it as well. seana -  November 18, 2010 - 12:20 pm NAVIGATOR….my favorite word. My second is noodles. Reply abs -  November 18, 2010 - 12:19 pm I like ‘potassium’. It gives the feeling of energy and also has a nice ring to it, which also reflects its meaning as it is commonly used in bottled water! Reply brianna -  November 18, 2010 - 12:16 pm as a matter of fact I do find it sounding very lovely, and almost dainty, as crazy as that sounds! I’ll admit when i first saw that was the most beautiful word i was extremely surprised or even let down, but the aesthetics are nice Reply Cassandra -  November 18, 2010 - 12:15 pm “Cellar door” sounds hideous to me. “Celery root,” as someone suggested, sounds 50 times better to me than cellar door.. But as for a single word, I think one of the ones I have always thought was prettiest is luminescent.. combined with another word, I love it as “luminescent hues” Lacey -  November 18, 2010 - 12:15 pm I think “lithium” is a beautiful word, as well as “aquamarine”, just to name a few. Rachie Doom -  November 18, 2010 - 12:13 pm Also, “Twelve”. Rachie Doom -  November 18, 2010 - 12:09 pm Cephalopoda Reply Firefly -  November 18, 2010 - 12:09 pm I’ve heard that the Jews believed that the name of their God, Yaweh, had deeper meaning because all the syllables were the sound of breath. I love names that register as being soft and gentle; flowing and breathtaking. J -  November 18, 2010 - 12:02 pm I love the word absolutely love the way “purple” sounds. However its not that it sounds beautiful to me, just fun as “confuzzled”, “gourmendized”, “perpendicular” and “flabbergasted”. To me, “cellar door” doesn’t really sound like anything special. I do not think there is a “most beautiful word” it just depends on everyone’s perspective and what kind of sounds appeal to them. To be I love saying long words like surreptitiously or words that pop like purple. Reply Natalie -  November 18, 2010 - 12:01 pm Taking the meaning from cellar door, I think it does have a beautiful sound… I’m trying to say it as if speaking another language, and it does sound beautiful. Some of my favorite words are silhouette, epiphany, serendipity, melody, song, and water Reply pete -  November 18, 2010 - 12:01 pm Don’t really have a favorite, but I like the sound of the word, ambrosia – not only delicious to the taste and smell, but to the ear as well; and autumnal – the gateway to life’s end. kat -  November 18, 2010 - 11:52 am yo whats up to all my homies on the eastside Reply Amy -  November 18, 2010 - 11:51 am I think it’s interesting that people think JRR Tolkien first came up with the “beauty” of the compound “cellar door.” In The Raven, Edgar Allan Poe illustrated his love for the sounds “cellar door” makes by ending lines with “nevermore,” “chamber door,” “forgotten lore,” and “Plutonian shore.” While not exact rhymes, these all have similar sounds as “cellar door.” In fact, before it was said that Tolkien was first to make this claim (around 1955, I believe), a 1949 article published that Poe thought this compound was the most beautiful word in the English language. Throughout school, I’d always been taught that this was the case. sydney lane -  November 18, 2010 - 11:51 am I like the word Prestidigitation Lara -  November 18, 2010 - 11:44 am Conflagration. I love this word. Conflagration. jon -  November 18, 2010 - 11:43 am deliquesce Reply Ryan -  November 18, 2010 - 11:42 am I don’t find ‘cellar door’ to be very pleasing. Maybe I’m not understanding, but it just sounds like ‘cellar door’, and that’s not interesting or “beautiful” in the slightest. Reply Charlotte -  November 18, 2010 - 11:42 am Back in the 50′s there was a contestant on one of the quiz shows…I think it was the $64,000 Question…whose name was Cellardoor. She said her parents named her that because it was a beautiful phrase. Anybody else remember her? mike hawk -  November 18, 2010 - 11:24 am in my own opinion paraphanelia is the most beautiful word. say it slow. its amazing. Nikki Ortiz -  November 18, 2010 - 11:24 am My favorite words would be consumed, beautiful, love, oh lord so many Reply Libby9182 -  November 18, 2010 - 11:24 am i thougth “cerllar door” were the most beautiful words as they made your wonder what is behind it like an imaginary word or something!!! Trixie -  November 18, 2010 - 11:12 am Apocalyptic. Reply Cameron -  November 18, 2010 - 11:11 am I take it that Tolkien was referring to RP or Queen’s English pronunciation, where for instance the “-er” would not be the rhotic /r/ of American English. I like “serendipitous,” as well as “voluptuous.” (Regarding the latter, someone once commented “I think I know why, Cam!” :-p) Reply Clare -  November 18, 2010 - 11:10 am “Cellar door” is kind of pretty. Not my first choice, but pretty. I think that “Sherlock” is one of my favorite words to say, though. Ed -  November 18, 2010 - 11:08 am My personal favourite is pandemonium; I’m also a big fan of shenanigans seana -  November 18, 2010 - 10:58 am When Niel Young caught someone knockin’ at his cellar door, they wanted some more heroin….not pleasant KK -  November 18, 2010 - 10:57 am “melancholy” or “cotelydon”. Reply Justin -  November 18, 2010 - 10:56 am I thought pseudo-linguistics and pulp literary theory were to be deposited in those fixtures for kitsch crap where we flush away the wiener wits and symbolic, hotdog hammers… GWSTB -  November 18, 2010 - 10:55 am Is there a list of other “beautiful phrases” anywhere? I think “serene” is a beautiful word both in terms of sound and meaning. AuthorMike -  November 18, 2010 - 10:55 am I’ve always been partial to “Lollypop.” Another roll on your tongue word is “Serendipity.” Reply DoctorDoctor -  November 18, 2010 - 10:50 am My by-far favorite word is ‘Liverpudlian’ for its sound and meaning; a sentimental tribute to those 4 Liverpudlian lads that changed the world. Reply Isiik -  November 18, 2010 - 10:49 am I don’t know about the most beautiful word, but the funniest’s got to be: plimsolls… I can always laugh my head of by simply saying it out loud. Thinkin’ bout the most beautiful one… diahorrea sounds good.. Reply Daniel -  November 18, 2010 - 10:44 am Yeah I’m one of those people who sees colors with words and sounds (a synesthete) and though cellar door is pleasing… I dunno if I’d call it the most pleasing… I the words livid, vivid, and lucid because of both the way they sound and the colors of the letters in my mind… those three words are kind of like fiery velvet… lucid being the most fire colored and vivid being the most velvet purple… but I also like the words educe and elicit even though the colors aren’t so pleasing in my mind… just because they have a pleaing shape in my mind… since in adition to seeing colors for sound or letters I also usually have a shape that accompanies a sound or word! I suppose I’m just babbling a bit but I also prefer certain names strongly over others… for men single syllable names seem to fit so much better… however some single syllable men’s names are detestable! The name Ron for some reason almost has a smell of raw meat in my mind and is an ugly combination of greys and orange yellows… Bob I think evokes something in most people’s minds actually… kind of round and not so attractive… but then the name Lor for example reminds me of ancient ruins and great historical deads… the truth is just about everyone has mild synesthesia… if you don’t believe me look up Bouba Kiki Effect on google! Try to see if some words or names give you any ideas or feelings! =) Reply paulo bettinelli -  November 18, 2010 - 10:43 am There are many, but two of my favorites are “ASKEW” and “BANDWAGON”. As a non-native speaker, they sound great to my ears! karen -  November 18, 2010 - 10:39 am I like serendipity Fred -  November 18, 2010 - 10:37 am Kate, I agree. Cellodora sounds great. As for other comments (apart from shenanigans), they either talk about meanings or concepts…. Which has nothing to do with Phonaesthetics … Reply Kate S -  November 18, 2010 - 10:32 am Languorous, lyrical and predatory are all words that sound great to me. I’ve noticed that many of the words listed as pleasing to the ear are very soft sounding and involve at least one l, m, or n or another ‘forward’ sound. all of these sounds are made with the tip of the tongue against the teeth. Interesting yes? I wonder if this hearkens back to a lullaby from childhood and if it’s the brain recognizing sounds that made us feel safe or if we’re hardwired to react favorably to these sounds for some reason. Reply erin -  November 18, 2010 - 10:31 am I like the sound of “lithe.” It seems to flow very well, and the word itself reminds me of a graceful dancer. Reply EternalDelirium -  November 18, 2010 - 10:24 am Wouldn’t “celery root” (particularly if one pronounced each vowel, not running the l and r together) be more euphonious? At no point do two consonants occur together, and you get an extra vowel out of the deal! Becky -  November 18, 2010 - 10:23 am I like: serendipity, euphoric, epiphany, resurrection,amalgamation, allegory to name a few… Rachel -  November 18, 2010 - 10:17 am ooh and yes Celladora is a pretty name, reminds me of Cinderella Reply Rachel -  November 18, 2010 - 10:16 am I think it’s one of those things where if I didn’t speak English and I just heard someone say it, I would think it was beautiful, but like Nic S said, I’m kind of biased by knowing the meaning. It does kind of sound pretty, though. mark v -  November 18, 2010 - 10:14 am “Natural Twenty” Its got a nice flow, with a bit of a bounce to it, and calls up emotions of righteous awesomeness. when it is said, whatevers across from it is about to have its day ruined in a most spectacular fashion. Reply Moosh -  November 18, 2010 - 10:11 am ‘Dilapidated’ means ‘reduced to or fallen into partial ruin or decay, as from age, wear, or neglect.’ Most people think its a negative word, but I think its definition gives it a sort of antique feel. Plus its really fun to say. Reply Kate -  November 18, 2010 - 10:08 am Think of it as changed into a name: Cellodora. Certainly unusual, but beautiful to my ears, especially when I close my eyes and feel the letters as I say the name. Duder -  November 18, 2010 - 10:04 am This was a scene from Donnie Darko! ;P My favorite is “Gangster lean”. Or “money”. Nic S -  November 18, 2010 - 9:52 am As beautiful as it is, it carries too many negative connotations and therefore bias to my ears.
ECHO
Which jockey rode Red Alligator to victory in the 1968 Grand National?
What are the most beautiful words in English? | Dictionary.com Blog Reply MIM -  August 16, 2016 - 7:01 pm I could not believe it when I read that “cellar door.” is often held up as an example of the most euphonic sound combination. When I hear /speak those words, all I can think of is the opening to a cold, dark place. Reply Natalie -  May 2, 2016 - 9:10 pm There’s something so beautiful about the spoken word, and how those sounds are able to paint pictures in one’s mind. Ever since I was little, I always loved having my mother read to me. There wasn’t anything too special about my mother’s voice, other than the facts that it was familiar and comforting to me. But, I loved hearing the soft “th” sounds in words like wither, and feather. I also loved the hard consonant sounds, like “k”, in the word cook. I don’t know why, but I love hearing that word, especially when being read aloud from a book. Reply Hoober -  October 30, 2015 - 7:59 am Since being very young I’ve loved the word calligraphy, pronounced as cOlligraphy though, I purely like it because of how my tongue feels in my mouth as I say it. Also I notice many entries here have some sort of La sound in them. Reply eliza -  October 15, 2015 - 1:46 am the most eye catching and breath taking word for me is” imagination” it feeds your creativity and passion for adventures and romance, it is the thing that is still the young child that we all have inside us and gives us will for inspiration . Rebecca -  September 17, 2015 - 3:33 pm I like anesthetize. Also partial to i griega, the Spanish word for the letter Y. Blarg -  September 17, 2015 - 8:31 am Concatenation is my pick. Goddamn is also a pleasing and infinitely more useful word. Reply Edward Terry -  September 15, 2015 - 2:31 pm My favorite word is porte cochere. I know it’s French but so many words in the English are derived from other languages that I think this qualifies.. Reply Jovian -  September 11, 2015 - 6:25 am Syphilis was a contender in my American Lit class. At first we were all apalled, but when you think on it, it’s extremely pleasing…to the ear. Sam -  September 11, 2015 - 5:05 am “Fruition” is fun to say. Me -  June 25, 2015 - 2:06 pm I like the word intricate Reply Brenda -  September 7, 2015 - 7:27 pm Even as a child I knew that I loved the sound of two words – hyena and Ethiopia. I was not aware that liking the soud of certain words was associated with something called phonoaesthetics. I was also not aware until I was an adult that viewing letters and numbers as coloured was not so weird but had a name – syneasthesia. Tianna -  May 8, 2015 - 6:28 pm My favorite word is passionate. It sounds lovely and gives me a warm feeling inside. Reply Sydney -  April 19, 2015 - 4:46 pm I love amethyst… it’s so beautiful and unique that it even has become my favorite color!!!! amethyst also flows off the tongue as well. Amethyst, and iridescence… I love those two words! Wouldn’t any of you agree? Reply Lauren -  March 6, 2015 - 12:04 pm Puppy. I’ve ALWAYS thought this was the happiest, warmest, loveliest, most beautiful word in the entire English language. Say it quietly out loud: “Puppy”. I’m smiling just thinking of it. Wesley -  February 3, 2015 - 5:15 pm It might sound weird but “Urethra” sounds cool. Bill -  March 31, 2014 - 1:21 pm Eschew is fun to say. Lot’s nof the other people’s choics are cool too. Jacqueline -  March 31, 2014 - 9:50 am “cellar door” does nothing for me. My favorite word has long been “plethora.” Arlene -  March 31, 2014 - 2:31 am Soliloquy. Reply Krista -  March 29, 2014 - 3:02 pm Placenta. I have to add this because my friend is a nurse and during the delivery of the baby of a non-English speaking woman, she heard the nurses talking about Placenta, and she thought it was the most beautiful name in the world. They could not talk her out of naming her baby Placenta. Reply Richard -  April 9, 2014 - 6:14 am If it is true that you have a friend who named her baby Placenta, then she is a Morontus Maximus as are you for keeping her as your friend. KP -  March 29, 2014 - 2:03 pm A word I find beautiful is silhouette. Sounds light, airy, and delicate. Reply Matthew -  March 29, 2014 - 10:50 am I am posting this because I never saw an answer to Joshua’s ? re: his missing blog post: The post showed up in my browser. Here is the original: (and if Callie is the name of a particular person, then Joshua has expressed with divine exultation, that even I, a gnomish Halfling, can fell his meaning. Joshua Smith – February 11, 2014 – 1:39 pm When talking about the beauty of a word, we need to define in what sense of the word we are describing it. We could describe the appearance of the letters on a page to see its aesthetic appeal. We could listen to the spoken word to hear its harmony in our ears. We could say the word ourselves to feel the experience of the word leaving our lips. I feel that all these things are potential candidates for a scale on which to measure words to evaluate their beauty, but they are all inconsequential compared to a far greater candidate. This would be to consider the word in all its various definitions, to find its most potent, significant one, and to understand it to its fullest meaning. Only then can we truly evaluate a word on such a glorious quality as beauty. And when I find myself considering this factor, I can think of only one word. I know with certainty, without consulting a dictionary, that it has behind it the most vibrant concept than any other word in the English language and it shakes every fiber in my being with trembling, before its beauty. Even according to the other standards that people might choose, I know that when I see it on a page, it leaps up at me, the focus of the whole print, with its simple elegance and complex plainness. When someone speaks to the word and it reaches my ears, they perk up at attention and sigh with relief that they got to hear the harmonious, dulcet tones of that word once more. I find myself, in everything, from every day conversation to presentations before both my peers and superiors, that I say it and repeat it often, to that point that someone who has never heard the word before knows exactly what it means. According to all scales to which it can be held, it outshines all words of all languages with its beauty. That word is Callie. Jennifer McLean -  March 29, 2014 - 10:37 am Petrichor is beautiful…the origins aren’t english…but it’s beautiful Jim -  March 29, 2014 - 8:58 am “mellifluous” has been a favorite of mine since first I heard it. Adelina -  March 29, 2014 - 8:58 am I agree that cellar door sounds beautiful, but to me the most beautiful sounding word is “salamander”. Saying it without thinking of its meaning even has a calming effect, sort of like beautiful music does. Tyler -  March 29, 2014 - 7:06 am Squire Squire -  March 29, 2014 - 6:02 am Syrup. Or did I miss the point? It’s as good as cellar door. Andrea -  March 28, 2014 - 10:21 am The word “delicious” just drips off of ones tongue. Yes Lori -  March 28, 2014 - 8:57 am I like the sound and meanings of essence and quintessence or effervescent. Alchemy is another beautiful word…It’s interesting to read others take on beautiful words. Mustakim Fil Umar -  March 28, 2014 - 5:56 am My favorite is “aspiration” because it kind of gives me hope. John -  March 27, 2014 - 3:42 pm Cool is timeless and just COOL, I also love Insouciantly jason -  March 27, 2014 - 1:43 pm midwifery Tim -  March 27, 2014 - 8:42 am I like the way “sarsaparilla” and “Thelonious” (a name) flow off the tongue. Reply Bronwen -  September 12, 2015 - 4:27 am Juys befor i scrolled to comments I was just telling my daughter that my favourite word as a child was sarsaparilla!!! amazing to see it here because most people i know havent even heard that word Bob -  March 26, 2014 - 12:45 pm What’s the most beautiful word in the English language? It’s obvious: BACON!!! Reply Aunty Pasto -  July 31, 2015 - 7:03 am Yes Bob, it’s BACON! My Mother sends me a text “BAAACON!!!” every Sunday and Wednesday morning (from her iPhone). That’s how I know she’s awake and I cook her breakfast and it’s the only two days she gets it (which is a lot) because even though she’s 83 I do not want to be a major contributor to blocked arteries. Though, she always says “at 82, 83, 84…let me have my BAAACON and I’ll die a happy woman ;)) And so I relent. Gloria -  March 26, 2014 - 10:12 am Exquisite is the most beautiful word, both in sound and in meaning. Gloria -  March 26, 2014 - 10:11 am Exquisite is the most beautiful word, in sound as well as in meaning. Reply Elaine G. -  March 26, 2014 - 9:22 am I like the word “light”. It’s simple, easy to pronounce and has multiple definitions. ” Light” is also an early vocabulary word for young children. Light. JimM -  March 26, 2014 - 6:57 am For Elizabeth: then you would love Yahoo Peter Clayton -  March 26, 2014 - 5:53 am apple-dumpling just so english it makes me laugh and smile Peter c -  March 26, 2014 - 5:52 am ‘apple-dumpling’ just makes me laugh smile and love english for its diversity Reply Darren D -  March 23, 2014 - 3:03 am The first time I actually heard cellar door being referred to as the most beautiful phrase was actually in the movie Donnie Darko. Anyway, my favorite word in the English language is esoteric. Reply Marienne Litolff -  March 22, 2014 - 6:44 pm To me the most beautiful word in any,language is “meadow”- it sounds soft, green, peaceful, healing, and a place where surely, anybody would want to be. Reply laurie tolley -  March 22, 2014 - 7:59 am There is 1 medical word I find beautiful and even sexy to say – medulla oblongata and 1 word I just love saying – epididymitis. Xerox is my word choice for phonesthetic competition -  March 22, 2014 - 7:09 am It sounds muscal Reply Elizabeth -  March 22, 2014 - 2:45 am The most beautiful word is satellite. I also like manifesto, pseudo, placebo….(I like the long O sound). As for the worst word in the world? I can’t believe I’m even about to type it……….poop. kendo -  March 21, 2014 - 4:16 pm crystal Lauralee -  March 21, 2014 - 8:21 am “Sonoluminescence” is my favorite word. Reply Sunny -  March 21, 2014 - 6:29 am I’ve always been a big fan of the word “Gethsemane”. It has some of the same characteristics as “cellar door” I suppose. Reply Michael Pacholski -  March 21, 2014 - 2:06 am Radiation. It contains mythology (Ra, the sun God), hopelessly trite ’80s slang (“rad”), units of radiological measure (rad), is part of the basis for radio (with its own baggage of jazz, rock and roll, talk). It contains cancer (radical) and ’60s hippies (“radical”), and, of course, light. What else can one single word do? Joy Martin -  March 19, 2014 - 11:50 pm Mellifluous == appears in sound and meaning beautiful. Patrick Campbell -  March 18, 2014 - 11:26 am Mellifluous. Sounds pretty, means pretty. Reply marcos rogerio machado da fonseca -  March 18, 2014 - 2:40 am Wise curiosity,but it is a very subjective and abstract opinion,but it,at least, makes people think .My choice is serendipity. Marcos Fonseca Rio de Janeiro Brazil Reply Anne Wiggins -  March 17, 2014 - 9:33 pm H. L. Mencken declared the most beautiful word was Monongahela or Shenandoah. I don’t remember which. Does anyone know? Reply Anne Wiggins -  March 17, 2014 - 9:24 pm H. L. Mencken had said he considered a word as the most beautiful English word. I don’t recall if it was Monongahela or Shenandoah. If you know, please, enlighten us. Diane B. -  March 17, 2014 - 4:12 pm As some others, I like the words: serendipity/serendipitous Reply Mark S -  March 17, 2014 - 5:34 am Our Heavenly Father is the most beautiful word that you can possibly say and has more meaning I think.————MS Sara K -  March 16, 2014 - 1:44 pm My favorite word is bravado. Reply gerald -  March 16, 2014 - 10:18 am 26 years ago, while holding my daughter in my arms, I pointed to an animal outside the window. I named the animal’s species, to which she responded, clearly but softly, ‘bird’. It was the first word she spoke. ken -  March 16, 2014 - 9:01 am OK, I would co along with coalesce, though Cadence is a close second, obviously. funniest word has no close call: SNORKEL Robby Bonfire -  March 16, 2014 - 8:45 am How can the most beautiful word in the English language not be “beautiful?” Bison Mann -  March 16, 2014 - 8:11 am “Melanoma” is a mellifluous word, notwithstanding its deadly connotation . a -  March 15, 2014 - 7:19 pm ‘PRETTY’ IS THE MOST LOVELY WORD A-Aron -  March 15, 2014 - 2:18 pm The most beautiful word is Mom. Reply Stef -  March 15, 2014 - 2:13 pm I have no favorite word in the English language. However, my favorite word in the French language is pomplemousse- grapefruit. I do abhore the use of words such as guesstimation. Word slammed are NOT words. What they are is awful, simply awful!! Eleanor -  March 15, 2014 - 1:33 pm think I like Aurora best…other favorites would be myriad, serendipity and sidereal. funny to say out loud…..kenspeckle, flummery, eructation and foofaraw. MD.ABDUL MATIN -  March 14, 2014 - 2:55 pm THE MOST BEAUTIFUL WORD THAT WHICH ONE USED FOR BLESSING TO ANY ONE. Shallane -  March 14, 2014 - 12:16 pm I’ve always thought my name was very euphanous…Shallane…. But otherwise I think SNL did it best with: Scrumtrulescent! bhave anant -  March 14, 2014 - 11:20 am the most beautiful word in english is’ beautiful’ and most pleasing word in english is ‘please’ Donna -  March 14, 2014 - 10:25 am SILVER Reply Lavglow -  March 14, 2014 - 8:21 am All meaning aside, my favorite word to pronounce has always been rack-and-pinion, even if I don’t know what it means. It just makes me giggle. Reply mirrormere -  March 14, 2014 - 8:08 am I thought it was Edgar Allan Poe that promoted cellar door as the loveliest sounding word, not Tolkien. ??? For me, it’s Biloxi, a city in Mississippi Reply cdbytor -  March 14, 2014 - 6:50 am Almost 1,000 comments and not a single vote for fellatio! What other word describes a sex act that sounds like an opera? Deb -  March 14, 2014 - 5:56 am duplicitous-love the sound of this word, not necessarily the meaning. Skaifi -  March 13, 2014 - 9:01 pm The most beautiful words are ” ALLAH” and “MOHAMMAD” PBUH. Reply Karen Maas -  March 13, 2014 - 1:07 pm diaphanous – When I learned how to pronounce diaphanous in the 10th grade I had to go home and share with my family the beautiful word. Both the sound and the meaning appeal to me. Irene KB -  March 13, 2014 - 10:10 am radar love – than again the song’s not bad either Jesus Humper -  March 13, 2014 - 9:38 am I like moist, cloak, and fucktard. Sandy K -  March 13, 2014 - 7:50 am I like the word HEAVEN….it’s like lightly exhaling….I also like the word CHAMELEON mukeshkoshym -  March 13, 2014 - 7:08 am Priceless RE -  March 13, 2014 - 6:20 am Loam Angie -  March 13, 2014 - 3:24 am Jesus, sanguine, Sharpei, ethereal, ignite, chartreuse, partition, entre, Hors d’oeuvre, celtic, chameleon, chowder, karma, reisling, comedy, lycan, iridescent, somber, maverick, chia, chrimson, cork, charlamagne Yasmeen -  March 12, 2014 - 11:37 pm MUMMY. becca -  March 12, 2014 - 10:07 pm coalesce — beautiful sound and image Kevin Quinn -  March 12, 2014 - 7:33 pm I like the word pulchritudinous, which basically means beautiful. Thalia -  March 12, 2014 - 6:05 pm Blutiful was a wonderful word said by my tiny son, seeing the sea for the first time. nargess -  March 12, 2014 - 11:29 am Beautiful words Reply Anna G -  March 12, 2014 - 8:29 am I agree that cellar door does roll off the tongue nicely. That being said, my favorite word is LEONINE. Robby Bonfire -  March 11, 2014 - 2:36 pm Should not “beautiful” be the most beautiful word in the English language? Mac -  March 11, 2014 - 11:22 am The name of our Lord: Jesus. franco -  March 11, 2014 - 9:35 am bliss Reply lori degarmo -  March 10, 2014 - 8:47 pm Try saying the name I grew up with: “Lori Ruth Zurfluh”, (zer–flew). My aunts and uncles usually used both my first and middle names together, like one name, loriruth. My last name was almost always mispronounced, though I think it sounds pretty much like it’s spelled. People see that “Z” and get thrown off or are just too lazy to give it much thought! Believe me, it was not the easiest name in the world to grow up with. Merrilee -  March 3, 2014 - 10:56 pm blue, moon, afternoon, and flurry Reply Malcolm -  March 2, 2014 - 5:48 am Sycamore tree. It’s similar to cellar door (didn’t Poe like it, too?), but with a little more bite to it. Ask Mama Cass: ” Birds singing in the sycamore tree… Dream a little dream of me…”) Bill -  March 1, 2014 - 7:48 pm Forever Reply Ally -  February 28, 2014 - 7:01 pm I think the sound of words are part of the description to the meaning and most relating meanings are of the words with similar sounds, thats why most of the beautiful words have beautiful meanings and malice words have sounds to describe the meaning like chop, severed and yet the word several has nothing to do with sever there are still other words which will relate to each of their meanings too. Like the word favor I always interpreted with the word flavour lol as a child LOL. Fred -  February 27, 2014 - 5:42 pm A word I taught my son when he was under 3, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene . Dorine -  February 27, 2014 - 3:34 pm I’ve always thought of mellifluous as the most beautiful word in English. Reply Dorene Schwartz-Weitz -  September 1, 2016 - 1:13 am Now this is uncanny … My name is Dorene and my favourite word is ‘mellifluous’! Do they call you “Dor” for short? I don’t like that sound, nor would I change my last name to “Cellar” (lol) Reply Daniel Carlin -  February 27, 2014 - 3:12 pm I think what’s appealing about “cellar door” is that it only has one phonetic stop, and that’s a soft one (the d in door). It’s very liquid (the double l in cellar and the r, which is magnified due to the long open vowel preceding it). My personal fave in this regard is “realize.” There are no stops; instead a liquid r is followed by two separate vowels that flow together easily and give way to a liquid l followed by another vowel, and then the whole thing concludes with a soft sibilant z. ‘Tis a beautiful thing. Paul Simon obviously likes this word as well, using and singing it wonderfully well in his song “50 Ways to Leave Your Lover:” “And then she kissed me and I REALIZED she probably was right.” Reply Chuck -  February 27, 2014 - 3:01 pm Oxygen is my favorite – it just slides off the tongue as you exhale this lovely word. But then I am a chemist. However I never like the sound of Bismuth. Arabella -  February 27, 2014 - 8:37 am Surely banana has got to be in the running… Gustav -  February 17, 2014 - 11:21 pm Vaginal is the most beautiful word Reply Mags -  February 17, 2014 - 7:27 pm Rather amazing how it seems that cellar door has been brought to my aattention before as being a beautiful combination of letters and yes i would have to say that it does sound very euphoric to my ears….also enjoyed seeing what others hear to be beautiful…oh and Joshua smith’s post was so sweet!!! Lindsey -  February 17, 2014 - 7:21 pm the word Serendipity is so lovely. it means fortuitous happenstance. Dana -  February 14, 2014 - 5:30 pm -breathe* Natalie -  February 14, 2014 - 4:52 pm My favourite would be “Convivial.” because it sounds like what it means. With a more specialised vocabulary relating closely to Archaeology I would have to say: “Thermoluminescence” or “Dendrochronology.” Penelope -  February 14, 2014 - 3:16 pm I like the word “peruse” Reply Mackenzie -  February 14, 2014 - 9:04 am I think the most beautiful word in English is love. It has so many different meanings and so many levels of strength, yet it’s only one word. Reply Delaney -  February 14, 2014 - 5:39 am I’d have to say fergalicious, because my horse’s name is Fergie and she is pretty fantastic. Reply Edward Powers -  February 14, 2014 - 1:50 am It has been said that the two most relaxing words in the English language are serenity and tranquillity. I think they also sound beautiful. Victoria -  February 13, 2014 - 10:44 pm Clementine Joe -  February 13, 2014 - 4:34 pm I like sinewy and gelid Em -  February 13, 2014 - 3:48 pm Frothy, lather Reply Justin -  February 13, 2014 - 3:47 pm I always liked the word “doppelganger.” But as far as beauty is concerned it has to be evanescent. Heyzeus -  February 13, 2014 - 2:51 pm gondola Reply Crazy Person Alert -  February 13, 2014 - 1:06 pm I know “Belle” isn’t English but anything in French is much prettier than it is in English. I also like the word “shenanigans” like Thaily said. Reply Crazy Person Alert -  February 13, 2014 - 1:02 pm I would have to say “Belle” because it is the French word for beauty. It is also the name of my favorite princess, don’t judge. Mesac -  February 13, 2014 - 1:00 pm Out of the few I have, analytical sounds the best. Nat -  February 13, 2014 - 11:53 am fergalicious Martin -  February 13, 2014 - 11:31 am Personally, I like “cellularly”. Martin W. -  February 13, 2014 - 9:54 am I like “cellar door”. But I always like how “Donnie Darko” sounded better. Zoe -  February 13, 2014 - 9:32 am I like Trance Rusty -  February 13, 2014 - 9:22 am Synovial Kaitlen -  February 13, 2014 - 8:33 am I agree with PETRICHOR (the smell of dry earth or dust after rain). I’ve also always loved the word INSATIABLE (incapable of being satisfied or appeased; a hunger for something) Andre -  February 13, 2014 - 8:25 am The most beautiful word in English is a name, that name is “Jesus” Reply roxanne -  February 13, 2014 - 8:22 am There is nothing even remotely lovely to me about the words (plural, not singular as in the question) “cellar door.” And I do *not* have an unusual accent. ;^P Big miss on this one, imo. Jason Preston -  February 13, 2014 - 7:46 am Irridescent Reply darcey -  February 13, 2014 - 7:43 am This phrase from Shakespeare’s Romeo & Juliet: “. . . like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear . . . ” – perfect sound! Terri -  February 13, 2014 - 4:43 am clarity- for its meaning Abu Zaid -  February 13, 2014 - 12:31 am Hello, is the most beautiful word in English, Also, Lovely, It's Just Me... -  February 12, 2014 - 9:24 pm I think the most beautiful word is ‘whimsical’. Don’t really know why it appeals so much, maybe because one of my friends introduced me to the word, but I only use it in moderation because I thinks it’s too special a word to use out of place. Yes, I think whimsical is the most beautiful word in the English language. Angelo Bautista -  February 12, 2014 - 8:45 pm Iridescent…marshmallow…cloud…um… pjone8 -  February 12, 2014 - 8:45 pm Sofa Chris -  February 12, 2014 - 6:01 pm Well Sandvich is always awesome for all those TF2 fans out there. Clover -  February 12, 2014 - 3:10 pm I like the word “Nova”. It’s a type of star. Garrett -  February 12, 2014 - 2:58 pm clandestine, euphoria, vanilla, warrior, Bella, July, Cleopatra, surfer….. to name a few. MAWHAHAHAHA.ITS.777.AGAIN -  February 12, 2014 - 2:33 pm LUMINOUS Reply Neuktura -  February 12, 2014 - 11:41 am Because I have a super thick accent (outrageous as my good friends say) when I am speaking English, even saying ‘cellar door’ slowly does not sound beautiful. Casey -  February 12, 2014 - 10:13 am Quixotic Kayla -  February 12, 2014 - 9:59 am One of my favorite words is “incandescently” which means to burn brightly or a glowing brilliance. Juan Paul -  February 12, 2014 - 8:54 am Flawless Reply Hanna -  February 12, 2014 - 8:01 am Those are all good words, but as English speakers it is difficult to separate the sound of the word from the meaning of it. Note that most of the favorited words are good/pleasant things. One of my professors told us about a study where they went to find the most beautiful sounding English word, ignoring the meaning entirely. They went and found groups of people who had never heard any English (probably the Amazon or somewhere) and read them lots of words. The 2 most beautiful English words to people who don’t know the meaning? Syphilis Hunter -  February 12, 2014 - 7:03 am Perdition is my favorite word. Meaning is bad, but the sound is good. mr.x -  February 12, 2014 - 5:25 am mine is armageddon. yes i know it means the end of the world. im just weird. Irdalaska -  February 12, 2014 - 3:58 am moist TonyainOKC -  February 12, 2014 - 12:53 am FREE! In any context! Reply Chaz -  February 11, 2014 - 9:29 pm Like the article says, it’s best if said slowly but I also think the intonation makes a difference. I like to imagine it as a breeze of words being uttered from one’s mouth. The words are a whispering wind with all of its secrets in tow. Halan -  February 11, 2014 - 9:23 pm sorry, i meant i have synesthesia! darn sticky keys… Reply Halan -  February 11, 2014 - 9:13 pm My favorite words are- ocelot, violin, onion, clove, evergreen, majestic, beautiful, leopard, viola, cello and clarinet. oh, and marmoset. I have syntheisa (look it up…), and the colors/sounds are just so beautiful! bishnu prasad baral -  February 11, 2014 - 8:19 pm HAPPY EmmaleeL -  February 11, 2014 - 7:21 pm * * * * * * * * * * * * * * L O V E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I haven’t read all of there but I skimmed quite a few and I am blown away that I didn’t see LOVE as the most beautiful word. It has the most beautiful meaning, sound, and feeling out of every word I have ever learned. It is a gift and a blessing. Jake -  February 11, 2014 - 6:29 pm Definitely…. FLABBERGASTED!! quintessential -  February 11, 2014 - 6:03 pm Quintessential Moogie -  February 11, 2014 - 5:49 pm Potato always puts a smile on my face. Ted -  February 11, 2014 - 4:27 pm Cellar. Most beautiful phrase : Cellar door. Ugliest word : Shrub. Reply Anon -  February 11, 2014 - 4:14 pm I never thought of how “Cellar Door” sounds until now. I still think, though, that the most beautiful word, despite its meaning, is asphyxiate. I like how the sound flows, I like writing the y next to the x when I’m writing with pen because of how I can connect them, and when I’m typing, it feels balanced since there are a few letters on each hand. ^_^ Joshua Smith -  February 11, 2014 - 2:25 pm My apologies. The post has since returned. Thank you. Reply Joshua Smith -  February 11, 2014 - 2:22 pm NOTICE TO BLOG.DICTIONARY.COM: I posted something on here about 40 minutes ago for a friend of mine to come and read. The word I choose that friend’s name, and I was trying to write something sweet to randomly show her one day. The problem is, the post said it posted and I saw it on the page, completely posted, and it’s not there any more. I don’t have another copy. I could try to rewrite it, but it wouldn’t be the same. Blog.dictionary.com, is there any way that you have a copy of that post so that I can have it? It doesn’t need to be posted, I just need what I wrote if that would be possible. Thank you. (you got my e-mail when I posted, if you wish to contact me) Jules -  February 11, 2014 - 1:53 pm Chromaticity Mimi -  February 11, 2014 - 1:44 pm Leather~ Reply Joshua Smith -  February 11, 2014 - 1:39 pm When talking about the beauty of a word, we need to define in what sense of the word we are describing it. We could describe the appearance of the letters on a page to see its aesthetic appeal. We could listen to the spoken word to hear its harmony in our ears. We could say the word ourselves to feel the experience of the word leaving our lips. I feel that all these things are potential candidates for a scale on which to measure words to evaluate their beauty, but they are all inconsequential compared to a far greater candidate. This would be to consider the word in all its various definitions, to find its most potent, significant one, and to understand it to its fullest meaning. Only then can we truly evaluate a word on such a glorious quality as beauty. And when I find myself considering this factor, I can think of only one word. I know with certainty, without consulting a dictionary, that it has behind it the most vibrant concept than any other word in the English language and it shakes every fiber in my being with trembling, before its beauty. Even according to the other standards that people might choose, I know that when I see it on a page, it leaps up at me, the focus of the whole print, with its simple elegance and complex plainness. When someone speaks to the word and it reaches my ears, they perk up at attention and sigh with relief that they got to hear the harmonious, dulcet tones of that word once more. I find myself, in everything, from every day conversation to presentations before both my peers and superiors, that I say it and repeat it often, to that point that someone who has never heard the word before knows exactly what it means. According to all scales to which it can be held, it outshines all words of all languages with its beauty. That word is Callie. Reply Katie -  February 11, 2014 - 1:31 pm My favorite word to say is warble. I like the way the a and r sound together, and how they sound with the ble. Reply Polisny -  February 11, 2014 - 12:19 pm The question is nonsensical. Also, cellar door is not a word but a nominal phrase, and regardless, only appealing in sound, whereas a word is made up of much more than sound. Such would be like saying, “such and such a woman is the most beautiful in the world because her skin texture is so smooth looking.” Sorry, but there is a lot more to a woman than her skin. Further, the pronunciation of the word is regional rather than conventional or universal. For most of the English speaking world it therefore not only doesn’t make sense when purported as such but stigmatizes the question of such superlative beauty to begin with. In terms of “beauty,” there is of course only regional criteria, most of the time. Worse, that a writer who has sold a lot of books happens to think that the word is the most beautiful is really quite irrelevent in the same respect that what she thinks about English morphology or semantic relations or lexicography or the Germanic element in the English language or Old High German or phonotactics or psycholinguistics or idioglossia; or what she thinks the ugliest or oldest word might be; or whatever she thinks, the simple verifiable reality is that it is just an opinion and only cirrculated because she is well know. People would no more listen to Picasso on “what the most beautiful color is” because no matter what he says, the question is first and foremost meaningless and over the course of the following points still totally foolish as a question. Further, to tag the question on to his name suggests that the artist is some kind of authority on the matter, which is of course nonesense. Stephen King has probably sold just as many books over the course of his lifetime. That doesn’t mean journalists need to be quoting him on what the most beautiful syllable is. Sorry, but the question is the problem, not the response. That’s why every reponses is equally meaningless. If you don’t want to get that, then chances are you will find a way to insult such digression or merely ignore it. Articles of the sort a waste of time. peanut butter and jelly -  February 11, 2014 - 12:19 pm I like cellar door NO NAME -  February 11, 2014 - 12:18 pm I like the word poo. Not to be inappropriate… :3 Wil -  February 11, 2014 - 9:47 am Totally either aa, or pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. Both unbeatable. Bart -  February 11, 2014 - 9:05 am epiphany John -  February 11, 2014 - 8:39 am I think it needs to be a woman’s name, and my vote thus would be Claudette. Reply Rick Maury -  February 11, 2014 - 7:09 am I love the word “ethereal”. In my opinion it describes everything I hold to be beautiful and perfect (and it has a heavenly euphonious sound ;). I only reserve this scared word for the most magnificent things in my poetry. iam -  February 11, 2014 - 6:13 am octupus debi -  February 11, 2014 - 12:23 am i like saying ‘enclave’ Jerry -  February 10, 2014 - 6:40 pm Sandwich! Reply russell -  February 10, 2014 - 6:34 pm there are three things that sound pleasing to me, two are names that I would like to use someday when I have kids. Endellion Aurora and Gloria Rose. My other favorite word to hear is Eulalia. Emily -  February 10, 2014 - 5:54 pm beautiful is what word that is very beutiful my favorite word is enigma it means mystery, or someone or something that is extremely puzzling; that which can not be understanded Reply ScienceCrazy226 -  February 10, 2014 - 5:52 pm I like words with big meanings words, such as galaxy or nebula or Andromeda (a galaxy) or star or cloud. I also like names like Sheila or Silvia. I know that this is sort of cheating, but I like the Spanish word mariposa, meaning butterfly. I think that words with i’s are pretty, like Iona for example. It’s so hard to choose! Alex -  February 10, 2014 - 4:46 pm Words that roll off my tongue nicely (I really like the letter L): - sleek Matthew Savage -  February 10, 2014 - 2:47 pm I like the poop Reply Matthew Savage -  February 10, 2014 - 2:45 pm I like the word poo. I don’t want to be rude but it’s just my favorite word FindersKeepers -  February 10, 2014 - 2:21 pm euphoria Yo ppl -  February 10, 2014 - 1:00 pm I have to agree. I like the words cellar door. No typo. Reply Jasmine Bajada -  February 10, 2014 - 10:21 am I’ve always liked the sound of ‘fallacy’ and ‘halcyon’. Th ‘s’ sound must be very pleasing to my ears But then I also like a combination of harsh/strong sounds and high-pitched vowels like ‘bryony’ ping -  February 9, 2014 - 7:04 am beautiful Meg -  February 9, 2014 - 5:56 am I’ve always liked the word soliloquy. WalkingCivilWar -  February 7, 2014 - 12:21 pm soliloquy Reply Bridget -  February 7, 2014 - 11:59 am If we are basing this purely on phonaesthetics, then I vote for malevolent and mellifluous. …guess I have a thing for “m” words. Reply POOP -  February 7, 2014 - 10:31 am I don’t think you guys understand what the article is saying. I think the article is not saying which word’s meanings are most beautiful, rather the sound of the word when we hear it. And when I say cellar door, I think the Rs sound very attractive to my ears. Tom -  February 7, 2014 - 9:14 am “Peace” the great Indian -  February 6, 2014 - 11:06 pm The word start with V which always make me confuse.. Vandalise ????? -  February 6, 2014 - 4:52 pm Mine is silver or sleek Huldryich Shnoodlezworth -  February 6, 2014 - 4:26 pm Shenanigans. May not be yours, but my personal favorite Reply jack -  February 6, 2014 - 2:41 pm mine is (Albert Einstein’s definition) insanity- doing the same thing over and over and hoping for a different result . it has a deep meaning and now that i know its meaning i can prove people wrong when they call me insane. I don’t do the same thing twice, i try multiple phycodic theories before i claim one for my own. Reply PickingNits -  February 6, 2014 - 1:41 pm My favorite word has always been facetious. It has all of the vowels in order. If you use it as an adverb (i.e., facetiously), sometimes “y.” And no, I’m not being sarcastic. ;^) Anna Gosling -  February 6, 2014 - 11:16 am As quoted in Donnie Darko, also! I agree :-} Gary Cox -  February 6, 2014 - 11:00 am incunabula (rare and ancient manuscripts or books) Chuck -  February 6, 2014 - 10:53 am Meadowlark. Hands down. Joel Barton -  February 6, 2014 - 9:47 am But-hoal is a good one Reply Scott -  February 5, 2014 - 9:39 pm I have always loved the word “ere”, pronounced like “air”, which simply means before. For whatever reason it has fallen into disuse in favour of “before”, but I still use it anyway. No matter what sentence one uses it in, it just sounds so much more deep, I find. For example: I need to finish my homework ere I leave vs Reply steph -  February 3, 2014 - 11:46 pm i don’t know why but I’ve always love the word inspiration because i jet like how people say it Bryce -  February 3, 2014 - 5:00 pm My personal favorite is actually “eloquence.” It has a nice ring to it. Marty -  February 3, 2014 - 2:47 pm No wonder I always loved the opening of Neal Young’s “The Needle and the Damage Done!” “I hear you knockin at my cellar door/I love you baby can I have some more?” Reply AliceL -  February 1, 2014 - 11:09 pm In college, a friend from Iran said he thought the most beautiful word was “diarrhea.” We laughed, but I have always remembered that. RunAnnArbor -  February 1, 2014 - 4:30 pm Epiphany. I have a lot of favorite words, but none as favorite as epiphany. Emma -  February 1, 2014 - 12:02 pm I always liked the word susurrus Reply AJ -  February 1, 2014 - 3:43 am I’ve always loved the word “soot” above all others. I like how it sounds so cute and sweet while describing something that is essentially dirt. paddy -  February 1, 2014 - 1:11 am I really like the word Oxymoron. Dunno why, but funny word and fun to use. Parker -  January 31, 2014 - 3:51 pm Fallopian Lewis -  January 31, 2014 - 3:49 pm I quite like “chevron” Reply Ambu -  January 31, 2014 - 10:10 am I personally don’t think that cellar door counts because it is technically two words. I would say serenity or aquamarine are very nice to hear and I like the spelling of those. But that’s just my opinion! Ali Rashed -  January 30, 2014 - 9:54 am chef-d’oeuvre – which means masterpiece Reply Ashley J -  January 30, 2014 - 7:17 am I had to look at my favorite words I have saved on the dictionary app. Benevolence, altruistic, sympathetic, gregarious, cool, affectionate, lovable, kind, beneficent, calm, charitable, generous, easy-going, humble, and humanitarian. I have more, but these words are words that I love. I guess you can say I am a lovable person. Any words dealing with helping, love or just being positive person I will love. Stan Lake -  January 29, 2014 - 4:11 pm susurrus – a soft murmuring or rustling sound; whisper; Patrick -  January 29, 2014 - 1:53 pm Serendipity Stan Lake -  January 29, 2014 - 1:22 pm susurrus – a soft murmuring or rustling sound; whisper. scott -  January 29, 2014 - 1:19 pm salacious Veronica -  January 29, 2014 - 11:44 am My favorite word for beauty is something I learned from playing Scribblenauts Unlimited: lazuline. It’s a color blue, and just the sound of it is pleasant. Davy -  January 29, 2014 - 8:22 am Arapaho Jim Stoops -  January 28, 2014 - 5:31 pm I always thought cygnet was the most beautiful word in our language. Brendan -  January 28, 2014 - 5:26 pm Dixie Cup. Hearing that makes me smile kokk -  January 28, 2014 - 3:19 pm rtttyr Moo Moo -  January 28, 2014 - 4:59 am Lagomorpha… all hail the bunnies OuO girlinworld -  January 27, 2014 - 9:46 pm garage Leah -  January 27, 2014 - 8:53 pm Simplicity and Lyrical ♥ ~ beautiful Miu -  January 27, 2014 - 6:55 pm umm… I think it would be….. MIU: ) Miu -  January 27, 2014 - 6:46 pm My favorite word is Miu J.H. -  January 27, 2014 - 5:38 pm Sanative Grace -  January 27, 2014 - 12:53 pm umm… I think it would be….. GRACE : ) jordan -  January 27, 2014 - 11:31 am Fav word conquistador. Say it! CONQEEEEEEEEEEESTADOR! Izzy -  January 20, 2014 - 5:31 pm If I had to choose my favorite words then I guess they would be: word – because it’s simple quack – because it’s fun to say melancholy – because it makes me think of watermelons floating in the sea Izzy -  January 20, 2014 - 5:22 pm blah blah blah! I don’t really want to write a message right now. Teenager -  January 19, 2014 - 6:55 pm hah… sarcasm Reply Elise Martel -  January 18, 2014 - 7:09 pm Cellar door does nothing for me in terms of beauty. It conjures up an opening to a musty, stale, cobwebby hole underground infested with beetles and forgotten onions and maybe some bones. As for beautiful words…. Timmy -  January 13, 2014 - 9:31 pm I don’t like any words. Reply Virginia Lathan -  January 13, 2014 - 12:49 pm I love the word “mea culpa.” It’s such a sophisticated sounding way of saying “my bad” or “my fault,” or “I am to blame.” Reply Joe L. -  January 13, 2014 - 6:53 am As an aside, my mom always wanted to hear Boris Karloff, in his most sinister voice, say the word “Antipasto.” Mom is cool and weird. Joe L. -  January 13, 2014 - 6:44 am I’ve always liked the word “soliloquy,” it sounds soft and round. Reply Natalya Krivorski -  January 12, 2014 - 9:29 pm I love the word olediumyllst. It was very hard to say when i come to the Americas but i better english learned now. I also love word fridge raider because i love the food. I eat many Americas food but my favorite word is salad is very funny say. I do no many word from this wwecsite so english good now. Stevie James -  January 12, 2014 - 9:21 pm i love the word cow. it makes me think of pork. Reply Geoffery James -  January 12, 2014 - 5:39 pm I prefer the word kerfluffle. It has a playful ring to it. It makes me imagine I am floating on a giant cloud surrounded by more clouds. Reply Margaret Ann -  January 12, 2014 - 4:32 pm The word chandilier does have a nice ring to it, I must say. Isn’t it amaizing how many spectacular words there are out there. It makes me a little sad though… many of the young generation do not appreciate such words. I also enjoy the sound of the word feather. It sounds soft and comforting, doesn’t it? Jaimes Jawsh Smithe -  January 12, 2014 - 4:19 pm my faav word is pow. Ha Ha! LOL Reply Bertha Agnessa Jane -  January 12, 2014 - 4:12 pm Oh me! I do not understand young folks language. I see this dictionary will come in handy! Jiminy! Reply Billy Bob jumbo -  January 12, 2014 - 4:09 pm This vocab is so rad, I don’t think i’ve ever seen anything so funky and totes awesome dudeeee. Bertha Agnessa Jane -  January 12, 2014 - 3:46 pm There are so many words in the dictionary! Very educational and inspiring! c -  January 12, 2014 - 12:29 pm blossom Reply steve -  January 10, 2014 - 5:25 pm I said cellar door before I clicked on the blog. My English teacher taught us that in 1967. Funny the things you never forget. Anon -  January 10, 2014 - 1:40 pm “Cellar door” sounds scary to me. It’s like, “The boogeyman lives behind the cellar door.” Delina -  January 10, 2014 - 9:41 am I think “chandelier” is a beautiful word. Reply Sheryll Celladora Colmenares -  October 22, 2013 - 1:54 pm My niece sent me this link on my facebook. Would you believe Celladora is actually a word? Well, more like a name. It happens to be my family name on my mother’s side. Reply Emily -  October 8, 2013 - 5:52 pm I believe that serenity would be a more appropriate word choice. Seriously, just think about it and listen to it a few times. Jorge -  October 6, 2013 - 4:07 pm My favorite is the word “wheat” or maybe also “egg” or “yellow” Nino -  October 4, 2013 - 6:24 am My personal favorite is “Lubricate” Reply M -  August 30, 2013 - 1:18 am I don’t know if anyone’s said this yet, but I love psithurism. meaning, a whisper, or the sound of leaves rustling in the wind. I also like threnody, which is a mourning song, I believe. Reply Campbell -  August 21, 2013 - 1:22 pm Cellar door makes me think of Raymond E Fiests novels based in the fiction world of Midkemia. There is a major city there called SALADOR. Same but different, i like it a bit more succinct and compact! Reply Preston -  August 20, 2013 - 9:40 am I like the fat, round sound of “bubble.” And bobble. Bubble bobble. Like the old NES video game. “Bubble bobble” tickles my bones. Nabokov played with the euphony of “Lolita” when writing his novel. “Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta. She was Lo, plain Lo, in the morning, standing four feet ten in one sock. She was Lola in slacks. She was Dolly at school. She was Dolores on the dotted line. But in my arms she was always Lolita.” Elando -  May 14, 2013 - 2:26 am I love veal and ruthless. They sound so, interesting! Jared -  May 2, 2013 - 10:31 pm Resplendence. And as a bonus, the connotation is great too. Jason -  May 2, 2013 - 5:39 pm What’s also pretty cool is “crescendo.” It’s neat because the volume swells in the middle, just like the meaning of the word. jasmne -  April 29, 2013 - 8:37 am helloo i like people : ) Reply Fiona -  April 26, 2013 - 5:23 pm I love the sound of cellar door, the more I say it the less it means! Other words I love are, starshine, syzygy and mellifluous, and my own name in a whisper! Eileen Popp Syracuse NY -  April 24, 2013 - 3:14 pm I have always loved the words insouciant- butterfly, Shenandoah… Jason -  April 18, 2013 - 5:31 pm Y’all, unfortunately, are all wrong. The best word is sheeps. I know it’s not grammatically correct but it’s ridiculously fun to say. Emjay -  April 15, 2013 - 7:50 pm Plated tail Alberto -  March 30, 2013 - 6:10 pm I like hubris and nostalgia Reply Volition -  March 22, 2013 - 5:55 pm Even though it has the worst connotation ever, the word suicide is fun to say and rolls off the tongue. Toha -  March 12, 2013 - 3:08 am I also like the word ‘shenanigans’. Bianca -  February 20, 2013 - 7:09 pm Euphoria DKHuxley -  February 15, 2013 - 6:35 pm Chiropodist which I first heard in a cartoon. We don’t have them in the U.S. Reply Syncope -  February 13, 2013 - 8:57 am ‘Scintilla’ is an awesome word. I notice that words with the letters ‘S’ and ‘L’ in them tend to sound euphonic. Callie -  February 6, 2013 - 11:03 pm doppelganger. great word Reply Isabella -  February 6, 2013 - 5:31 pm I agree with the notion of being biased because the knowledge of the definition is in my head. To me “cellar door” doesn’t sound pretty at all. Reply L.Geyser -  February 4, 2013 - 10:05 am I find “basement door” far more euphonious than “cellar door.” “Basement” starts on the lips, while “door” ends almost in the throat; together, they flow from front of the mouth to the back. jen -  January 29, 2013 - 12:54 pm acquiesce Matiza Yin -  January 29, 2013 - 1:24 am “Axiomatic” (Axe-xi-yem-matic) Reply valeria gonzález -  January 25, 2013 - 10:30 am Hey how is it possible that one of the words used in this article does not appear in this dictionary? The word is: Phonaesthetic. English is my second language, so even though I understand the meaning of “Phonaesthetics” because of this article, I was interested in knowing how to pronounce it. But.. surprise! dictionary.reference.com tells me that there are “no dictionary results” for that word D: Jay Stewart -  January 23, 2013 - 2:20 pm “Mellifluous” Every time I see this word in print, I imagine it as spoken by James Earl Jones. This is the perfect storm of meaning and aesthetics. Ernest -  January 22, 2013 - 5:19 am Nostalgic/nostalgia. It makes me feel so bitter sweet when I think of that word… It’s my treasure word, truly special. Reply Martin -  January 18, 2013 - 10:51 pm When I was little I loved the sound of “Massachusetts Understanding”, which words came together in a history book my older brother was reading to my mother. For a long time I wanted Massachusetts Understanding to be my middle name! marina Karapetyan -  January 17, 2013 - 7:09 pm My son’s favorite word is falcon.t Grewfz -  January 15, 2013 - 1:06 pm Chestnut It is a nut and in a sense it is that nut in your chest that sometimes makes you do crazy things. It sounds funny, brings out the squirrels and it tastes and smells pretty good too. I think it is a very complete word with many references to and fro. Cellar door does nothing for me! Elenkaia -  January 13, 2013 - 9:38 am Plethora, serendipity, serum, presto, menthol, mauve, etc. Marha -  January 13, 2013 - 7:38 am Babylon would be my choice . BABYLON . BEBELONNNNN ! Reply gatorgirl -  January 9, 2013 - 7:07 pm I’ve always loved the sound of these combination of words: flooded woods, valley of the kings, and now, cellar door! Thank you for a new favorite. Creative -  January 9, 2013 - 6:24 pm Whilst cellar door does sound rather Charles Aznavour. I think: cupboard love when spoken slowly has three even beats and ends on a long note, like cellar door, but has the additional meaning. It reminds me of a beautiful cat caressing my legs just before feeding (albeit obtuse love because they are so independent at other times !) bonggarrido -  January 9, 2013 - 11:20 am chantily, chantily lace. champagne? Reply Channey -  January 6, 2013 - 6:38 am I like ‘translucent’. It give me almost a feather light feeling. It also has a quite dynamic feel, like it’s shifting and moving. ‘flammable’ is also nice. Marcia -  January 4, 2013 - 11:30 am Remove the meaning from “mother”. I like how it sounds. And “Shangri-la”. Reply Jonathan -  November 29, 2012 - 1:53 pm I read all the comments—enjoyed those about word sounds and connotations, hated the religious proselytizing and lazy misspellings; c’mon people, in a comment about your favorite words is it too much to ask that you heed the little, red, wavy line before you hit send? What follows are words culled from previous posts, supplemented by others I thought of—mostly euphonic, though occasionally personal connotations, or “fun-to-say” factored in. Enjoy! colloquialism, muffin, eloquent, elegant, benevolent, insidious, requiem, bubble, autumn, pebbles, lucid, mellifluous, allure, puncture, silhouette, tsunami, (one beauty of English is that we can just steal words…), luscious, succulent, velvet, voluptuous, voluminous, sensual, mesmerizing, superfluous, serenity, loquacious, gorgeous, fortuitous, purple, obsequious, supple, lithe, penultimate, oblique, shaman, pithy, subliminal, soothing, gentle, caress, incredulous, serendipity, silence, moonbeam, poignant, emerald, lyrical, noodles, tranquility, nincompoop, idiosyncrasies, bundle, lush, effervescent, lyric, lucid, parallelogram, ladle, puddle, befuddled, jalopy, antiquity, melodious, svelte, penguin, juxtaposition, sushi, massage, gazebo, bulbous, lollipop, lackadaisical, portly, magnanimity, ubiquitous, dilapidated, windswept, ennui, crestfallen, malicious, peach, lagoon, bamboozle, esoteric, demure, acquiescence, nipple, liquid, sphere, askew, avuncular, inundate, picturesque, persnickety, articulate, melancholy, pristine, chocolate, lasagna, mesmerize, savage, exquisite, crunch, Lilliputian, Liverpudlian, shenanigans, rutabaga, crisp, meticulous, ragamuffin, buffoon, whisper, perpendicular, paraphernalia, flabbergasted, languorous. I think the ugliest sound is the American “a,” as in “hat,” Fun combinations “rural juror” “Reckless Abandon,” “blissful oblivion,” “flannel animal.” “Pensive citadels” Reply Naina -  November 3, 2012 - 5:13 am destined, articulate, delirious, melancholy, prestigious, pronounced, construe, conducive, pristine, ludicrous.. are just a few of my favourite English words. I also like the sharp or soft ‘click’ sound of the ‘c’ in many words pronounced in british English. hazeyjane -  October 18, 2012 - 2:07 am moody alabaster aurora candymilk wash yummy Evan D -  October 10, 2012 - 5:36 pm colloquialism Reply alexander -  July 28, 2012 - 2:30 am Hello there, just became alert to your weblog by means of Google, and discovered that it’s truly informative. I’m going to watch out for brussels. I is going to be grateful if you continue this in future. A lot of people is going to be benefited from your writing. Cheers! Reply Mr. Vantas -  July 26, 2012 - 9:30 pm The MEANING of my favorite word is not beautiful at all, but I always liked the sound of the word ‘Malevolent’… and I like the word ‘Beauty’ itself. Dim -  July 25, 2012 - 1:42 am For me I like the words “balderdash” and “ghoti” K -  July 16, 2012 - 1:09 am Freedom Isabel -  May 22, 2012 - 4:54 pm Belladonna is my personal favorite. It may be a poisonous plant, but it sounds so pretty! Reply patience -  May 7, 2012 - 8:16 am all the nice words have been said but i would say the word kiss is my best mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm…………….sounds good Phil -  May 4, 2012 - 9:42 pm Cellar door? To excel adore. Same sounds, different words/meanings. Does it make a difference? It brought to my mind: Excalibur – shining swords and armour and chivalry I think there may be whole domains of feeling that we each associate with different words, languages and different experiences. So much depends on our culture which means our upbringing, influences, education, reading, a heritage of singing, stories or poetic culture and so on. So words and their sounds conjure up different feelings and associations for all of us. Excalibur made me think of Roman (Hollow Hills, Crystal Cave?) Greek – that euphonic language: chrysanthemon Phoenix – nice piquant word Phoenician – Asterix comics Aztec – reds and oranges and brrr! nastiness (only less malign than that of their conquerors, perhaps). English speakers sometimes say they dislike the guttural sounds of German but if you see a beautiful attractive German person saying nice things in a gentle manner with a radiant smile, German is as lovely, interesting, quirky and cute — in its own way — as any language. Unter den Linden. Feuer-zangen-bolle. Gluwein. Lilly Marlene. Apfel. Auf Wiedersehen. (And English is about 60% German (Anglo-Saxon). I heard a Papuan lady sing the song Tanah Papua recently. The sounds of Indonesian are probably nothing like as beautiful to an English speaker’s ears and mind as Romance languages and Greek but her heartfelt rendition brought tears to my eyes. I could hear it over and over. We inherit tastes and attribute meaning and beauty to sounds, words, tones and rhythms and we can constantly expand our tastes and re-mould our conditioning if we wish. In English language, if you wish to excel adore other languages too. Salut salam shalom. galen -  May 3, 2012 - 4:16 pm syzygy Reply Lindsay -  May 2, 2012 - 3:15 pm Talent, neon, encore, tuxedo, death, kissing, moon, transmission, nightmare, joke, babble, video, haunt, visage, tape, nothing, box, sex, mirror, dance, electricity, bank, yellow, hysterical, record, octopus, honey, blood, telephone, television, image, vague, static. To name a few. My favorite word of all might be boy. Reply milli -  April 15, 2012 - 2:45 pm My personal favorite is Sibilation. I was rifling through an old thesaurus and I came upon that word and instantly loved it. jamest -  April 12, 2012 - 12:04 am Silt, resting in a river. The image stays with me… Dany -  April 11, 2012 - 3:06 pm Oh! And how could I forget these: ‘dove’, ‘abyss’, and ‘echo’. Definitely echo. Reply Dany -  April 11, 2012 - 3:03 pm My favorite word is definitely ‘autumn’. I just love the way it sounds and how it feels on my tongue. Even written, it feels like a beautiful word. I also like the way ‘grace’, ‘oasis’, and ‘quake’ (in that order) feel. And, honestly, although ‘cellar door’ does sound pretty nice, I would never think of it as something more than a slightly-above-average sounding phrase. Though ‘Celladora’ is a beautiful name… Reply Fivetap -  March 26, 2012 - 10:41 pm I think Tolkien was segregating the word from the meaning. After a while it becomes reminiscent of the french “ce la vie”… Jayde -  March 25, 2012 - 9:43 pm Labyrinth Reply Chellspecker -  March 23, 2012 - 8:20 am Please, I beg of you all, do not name your daughters Celladora, for the love of everything good and true. It’s the most ridiculous fairytale nonsense name I’ve ever heard and no child should be burdened with it. It would be like naming your child Belladonna, which is poisonous. Cellar door is fine the way it is, thank you very much. Brando -  March 18, 2012 - 11:02 pm 1) Putrefaction shayes -  March 13, 2012 - 4:00 am Benign ,introvert, dolt Reply wolfwoman -  March 11, 2012 - 9:53 pm My favorite word is “companion” because it’s the right shade of blue denim jeans, soft and warm from the dryer that fit me “just so”. Cass -  March 11, 2012 - 12:45 pm Celadon! I think Tolkien was on to something; I’ve always been enamored by the word “celadon”. It sounds almost exactly like “cellar door”, but sounds good even in rhotic accents. It also has the added benefit of having a non-offensive meaning. Celadon is a pale grey-green color, or a porcelain with that color of glaze. Reply Christine -  March 3, 2012 - 9:26 am I always thought “aesthetically” was a nice-sounding word. As is “oasis” and “juxtapose”. I also really like “defenestrate”. moi -  February 29, 2012 - 1:07 pm I like it as a name, ‘cellodora’ but wouldn’t have chosen it as my favourite… I like pebbles, lucid, melliofluous, anonymous, collaberation Mares. -  February 24, 2012 - 10:02 am allure. it echoes serenely. Reply Seamus Pook -  February 16, 2012 - 1:24 pm Coined by a band (Queensryche) though I wish I could claim it, is such a beautiful song title that I think it stands above cellar door. It is…Silent Lucidity ana -  February 13, 2012 - 8:26 pm cellar door. he definitely got it right. i dont know about you but i like the imagery. llama -  February 9, 2012 - 3:38 pm ooh, and i love celladora llama -  February 9, 2012 - 3:37 pm personally, i love grace because it’s one of my best friends names lana -  February 7, 2012 - 12:21 pm i like; Reply Ebony -  February 1, 2012 - 1:23 pm i don’t know if it’s been mentioned already, but i know it hasn’t been said enough in this thread: thistle. it is the most beautiful word in the language to me, and i think it is one of, if not the, only nouns that actually sound like what they are. try it-picture a thistle, then say the word. it fits. other words, that aren’t s that sound like what they are, selon moi, are: puncture, crack (is that an onomatopoeia?), sift, and flow. Yuki -  January 25, 2012 - 6:19 pm I also love the word Ecstasy! It’s fun to say! Yuki -  January 25, 2012 - 6:18 pm I love the words: Reply Sarah -  December 28, 2011 - 12:59 am Luscious, succulent, velvet, voluptuous (Italian “volupte”), voluminous, sensual, captivating, mesmerizing, ravishing, mysterious, superfluous, serenity, delicious, loquacious, lullaby, beautiful, gorgeous, honeysuckle, muscadine, scarlet, fortuitous, purple, obsequiously, syncopation, supple…imagine saying these words with a Scarlett O’Hara style accent…it’s the in dark chocolate and champagne of phonetics…thus, the French/Italian influence… daaaaamn -  December 5, 2011 - 8:45 pm What the hell? Words aren’t beautiful. They’re a burden. Reply Kayla -  November 27, 2011 - 9:57 pm We had to write poems for our AP American Lit class a few weeks ago, and my teacher loved my friend’s just because she had the word “arpeggio” in it. She was even chosen to participate in a poetry reading… My favorites would have to be “munificence” and “cerulean.” They just sound so elegant and serene. Reply Sydney -  October 29, 2011 - 2:53 am How about those of us who once — or continue — to have a speech disorder? As a child, ‘L’ was difficult for me to pronounce if it was in the middle or the end of a word. Example: ‘hold’ or ‘coal.’ Even today, occasionally I will say, ‘it’s so code (sic) outside!’ I mean to say ‘cold,’ but unconsciously I drop the ‘L’ so ‘cold’ sounds like ‘code.’ Given my history, ‘cellar door’ would NOT be a phrase I find attractive. In fact, I am likely to avoid using it simply from habit. Although incorrect, I would probably use ‘basement’ instead of ‘cellar.’ Reply forrest -  October 19, 2011 - 10:26 pm I’m surprised some of these have not been mentioned, particularly Viola, unless I missed it above. My favorites: Amber alice -  September 29, 2011 - 2:24 pm my favourites (regardless of meaning): plight, kenspeckle, shard, oblique, glass, orchard, water, luminous, liminal, touch, pith, dandelion, coil Reply Pinki -  September 24, 2011 - 8:00 pm Isn’t it funny how some favorite or beautiful-sounding words are based on the definition? I mean, most of all these words have a nice meaning behind it. Or at least something that’s not bad or gross or anything. Cellar door is rather a unique sound. Without the definition, the word is beautiful. Think about it. Say it in a whisper or a hushed voice, a bit slowly, with the end of the word kind of trailing off. Don’t think about rickety, old doors leading up to a cellar, just think of the way it sounds. Rather pleasing, huh? Or, it feels as is you’re serene. Cellar door………….. Elana Murray -  September 23, 2011 - 1:22 pm Ahh yes, and I think AMUCK is one of the most fun words to say! Reply kacki -  September 15, 2011 - 11:20 am Khaki is the word my younger bro called me – it sounds fun, thanks for describing the origin of Khaki. Sensual is another beautiful word- the sound of it echos much of what we are discussing in terms of sensing a word. Reply Mohammed -  September 11, 2011 - 8:35 pm I read the whole thread. No one mentioned the words borrowed from the Indian subcontinant i.e. Jungle, Thug (both from urdu) and Khaki (Persian word picked up by Urdu and then English litterally meaning the color of clay, ground, earth from the origional Persian word “Khak”) Ami -  September 10, 2011 - 10:15 am I myself like beautiful words that can be adjective, … like what? lullaby in lullaby tune. Edward -  September 7, 2011 - 1:20 pm And yes, I saw one contributor with the name Michelle… a lucky girl. ♥ Reply Edward -  September 7, 2011 - 1:19 pm The word everyone likes to hear is ones own name, so they tell me. However, I most love to hear my girl-friend’s name, Michelle (ma belle) ♫ because it is mellifluous. Also, Milan, my daughter’s name is like that–filled with charm. And, if I ever buy a yacht I will name it The Mississippi–such a pretty name, and even spelling it is a pleasure, isn’t it so? sadiq olorunoje -  September 5, 2011 - 12:23 pm just a quick one….i love words like sexy,elegant,shenanigans,scalawag,nitendo,paparazzi and razmatazz Reply Sarah -Jane -  September 3, 2011 - 8:40 pm What about phases? My favouriute words are serendipity, mellifluous, and loquacious and I have another which I think hasn’t yet been mentioned. Close your eyes. Speak soft like your exhailing a breath and whisper elat. Eee-claaah. Otherwise it sounds to sharp and shiny. But if you do it this way you can make it wound soft and sweet. Try it Anna Lynn -  September 3, 2011 - 12:15 am What about “What are the CUTEST words?” I think the word turtle is really cute. Reply Philogos -  September 2, 2011 - 6:19 am If we are talking about sound and not meaning then it seems a touch arrogant to think that the most beautiful phrase would be in english. What is wrong with the Zulu word hlupekha (to worry) or the Italian consapevole (conscious of)? Or what about the Leonard Cohen favourite, Hallelujah? Reply Marcie -  August 25, 2011 - 7:17 pm so many words…so little time….but one of my favorites is the word “soothe”…not only because of the pleasant thoughts it evokes but phonetically it slips so smoothly off the tongue and lands so softly on the ear…lets just say its really soothing My least favorite words (although they are not really accepted as standard English I find they are used commonly and by people who should know better like radio announcers,DJs,politicians etc…) CONVERSATE and IRREGARDLESS Reply trlkly -  August 25, 2011 - 8:02 am Well, duh. Tolkien was British and doesn’t pronounce the Rs in those words. you leave the rhotic out, and you’ve removed what makes the word sound horrible. And as I said in the other topic, the majority of English speakers have a rhotic accent, so declaring a word that is only pretty in a non-rhotic accent as the most beautiful, is ridiculous. As what does “the most beautiful words in English” mean but the words that the majority of English-speaking people declare to be so? Who are these experts who can’t even be bothered to do basic research? Hint: if, as you state, the majority of people would be incredulous at the declaration, then it can’t be the most beautiful word. As you stated, serendipity would get a lot more votes, and thus actually is a contender. Reply Squackie -  August 24, 2011 - 4:02 pm I shall provide a word that is in it’s self so attractive to me that it has pervaded my speech for nigh on a lifetime! Is not the word “Beautiful” it’s own epitome? Perhaps your gazes are selecting their courses with too great a discretion? be more open to the plethora of possibilities. Turn your sites home, and for all your familiarity, you may yet be astonished! Please forgive my altitudinous vocabulary, amongst which exclusively here there was a factitious English word to which spell check could not so much as assent to the validity of its existence! I am, however disagreeable with the concept on the crude and unrefined dialects that now present themselves within the English vernacular. I shall now entertain you with the challenge of ascertaining the word to which the spell check could find no familiarity Reply Jonathon -  August 6, 2011 - 5:15 pm Personally, I enjoy the sound of “cellar door,” but alas, my mind is prejudiced against it due to negative connotations. I would say that “silver,” “splendor” “vicarious,” and “heroic” are my favourite words pertaining to sound. Reply joy -  August 6, 2011 - 7:45 am Enjoyed the varied choices, but disagree with cellar door. It is difficult to choose a favorite in English. I love the English language, but the sound of almost anything in Spanish and French seems more readily appealing to me. I was rather startled to find that, as a professing Christian I had never really sounded out the words Jesus Christ until I stumbled on the etymology of Xmas on this site (x stands for Christ) while contemplating this question. What ensued was a startling revelation that there is indeed “power” and beauty in the name. Even after having long actively avoided actually speaking the name because of it’s gauche connotations in the secular world, I rarely said it out loud. Indulge me and just try to deliberately enunciate the words Jesus Christ feel and hear the sound and the effort it takes to msske it. You may notice the plaintive catch-in- your-throat angst of the first word and the inexorable breathy relief of the last. This is not a pretty word but there is an awesome transformative power in the name..of course it sounds even better to me in French or Spanish.Though blasphemous, the word Jesus sounds absolutely hilarious in the exasperated pronouncement “Cheee-sus!” I thought the sweetest two words in the English language were when my mother, in cute Spanish-accented English sighed, monts before her death, ruefully as if to some unseen confessor, “Only Chee-ses” Sometimes two words are worth a million rosaries. CallumFisher -  August 4, 2011 - 1:49 pm I love ‘sisyphean’. It’s used to describe an endless, unyielding labour. Reply Antago -  August 1, 2011 - 1:01 pm This article confuses me. “Cellador”, or “cellar door” if you wish, is not the most pleasing sound. And this suggestion was not claimed by anyone, by the way, as the article suggests, but rather was given as an opinion. Summertime in Japan -  July 27, 2011 - 5:10 am blasé maureen -  July 26, 2011 - 7:01 pm Valhalla. It has fluid alliteration that flows from the tongue, conjures clean winds, bright colors and an abundance of breathtaking nature. Reply Kenny Smith -  July 26, 2011 - 1:49 am When I read words and phrases, I hear them. And when I hear them, I live them. In the case of “Cellar door”, cold brick walls surround me and I look despondently through the darkness towards a cellar door. I can approach the door and attempt to push it open, but it’s locked. I beat on it and ask if anyone is on the other side. The door unlocks and opens and a man in armor is there. He shouts “None of that! you hear me?” and pushes me down the steps, closes the door and locks it. ‘Despondent’ is my favorite. It may not trigger any reactions phonaesthetically, but I believe the idea transcends beauty in it’s own way. tan -  July 24, 2011 - 4:08 am @ M nicolewatson -  July 21, 2011 - 2:58 am Silence, is the coolest and the hottest word on the planet Reply Aphropuff -  July 19, 2011 - 2:11 am Ever since i was a kid, i loved saying “Fresh Fish!” I’d say it all day and i still love it! I also loooved the sound of Orange Oranges. very refreshing:) Reply M. -  July 16, 2011 - 1:23 pm I’ve read about 300 of these comments, and I have a list of 60 intriguing words that I would like to know the meaning of. I started this list after about 150 comments. Also, there were only 5 COMPLETELY hateful comments out of the ones I read! I got a great feeling from reading this. As for the word? The first word that popped into my mind was “colloquial”. I dismissed that, however, because it reminds me too much of a dingy village in the time of the American Revolution. Speaking of dingy, I like that word a lot. It’s not very beautiful, but it’s a fun word. I know MANY people have said this already, but I love the word “mellifluous”. It has a beautiful ring to it. Although the meaning is bad, “delinquent” is a beautiful word. I have found that a lot of these beautiful words are ones whose definitions I do not know. I believe that makes the word even more beautiful and alluring. It peaks your curiosity without letting it overpower the beauty. My final answer to this magnificent question is not a word, per se. It is a simple punctuation mark–”.” A period is a real thing of beauty. It can finish the open and open the closed. The word “period” has a bit of negative connotation (i.e. women’s hygiene), but the mark is wonderful. Everything ends with this mark, whether alone, on the top of a comma, or below a curve or straight line (? and !) to express extreme emotions. Periods can trail a sentence off into oblivion, usually when the author is becoming lost in thought… Periods are amazing! Why do some people not like periods? All of these are magical uses of a magical “word”. Reply zodac -  July 16, 2011 - 10:22 am Lavender — I can’t look through all ,the entries but am surprised not to see in the couple hundred I did look through. Also – sussuration George Alcorn -  July 12, 2011 - 5:10 am My offering is the word ‘mellifluous’ – it sounds to my ear exactly what it means; I feel I want to wave my arm gently as I say it. It conjures up words like ‘mellow, honey, fluid, and flowing. AND……it just happens to mean (of a voice or words) sweet or musical; pleasant to hear, voila! IC Palasigue -  July 9, 2011 - 8:26 am The words that ease my burdens are: LORD, GOD, and JESUS CHRIST Kayleigh -  June 28, 2011 - 11:21 pm …cosmic, elixir, magicks, dragon, coin, shining… Reply Kayleigh -  June 28, 2011 - 11:15 pm I love the word starlit! Also world, lyrical, violet, emerald, golden, light, bright, brilliant, silent, sword, mist, tree, water, bubble, eyes, poignant, tragic, volatile, the names Arthur and Melehan, idylls, and some weird ones like perchance, durst, trow, wist and mayhap. ^.~ Grace Grotta -  June 24, 2011 - 10:19 pm I love spelling “Egypt” and hate spelling “Awkward”. My daughter’s name is Kiirin(‘KEY-rin), I love what Nic said about Celador for a boy’s name, it sounds so good! I would want to name a boy Jame, instead of James, so you only have to say “that’s Jame’s toy” not “that’s James’s's’s's’s's toy.” Grace Grotta -  June 24, 2011 - 10:11 pm Don’t ask me why, but I’ve always loved “Vehicular Manslaughter” And I can’t figure out if “Projectile Vomit” is Beautiful or Gross, but I like itXD Reply Maddy M. -  June 24, 2011 - 5:10 pm My favorite sound is a word i made up for a class civilization name: Anaqualeture. (an OCK wa lay TOR) I think it sounds graceful and serene Nic -  June 22, 2011 - 10:21 am Of course, if you have a girl, you would probably want to name her… Celadora! Reply Nic -  June 22, 2011 - 10:06 am If we’re all going to jump on the ‘cellar door’ bandwagon, I nominate that we change the spelling just a little to make the sound & flow of the word even more pleasing & a little smoother… and besides, that way someone will definitely name their kid after it, because it sounds ‘cool’. Cellar Door is now going to be spelled & pronounced = Celador Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome to the show… Celador Jones!? Reply person -  June 21, 2011 - 11:22 pm Honestly, my least favorite word is pulchritudinous (means beautiful) and my favorite is probably along the lines of mellifluous, gorgeous (because of how my friend says it), deoxyribonucleic, or pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis for its length. k -  June 21, 2011 - 11:37 am wow i never noticed how beautiful “cellar door” truly is! Allison Black -  June 20, 2011 - 8:30 am i do think that cellar door sounds pretty i think some of the most beautiful / my favorite words are velvet (sounds pretty) Reply Maddi -  June 19, 2011 - 6:25 pm I think the some of the most beautiful sounding words in the English language are antique, clarity and tear drop, even though it’s technically a compound word. I also think cellar door does sound very pretty. tronald dump -  June 19, 2011 - 6:17 am hubris Erick -  June 17, 2011 - 12:13 pm “Serenade” but with [-ah, not -ay], “cigarette”, “undo”, Ken -  June 15, 2011 - 6:05 am susurrus Reply Shari -  June 14, 2011 - 1:56 pm I like surrender….the ultimate giving of one’s self makes this word beautiful to me. Also: unconditional, devotion, sacrifice, agape. CAM -  June 14, 2011 - 1:05 pm and heliotrope. CAM -  June 14, 2011 - 1:01 pm sonorous, euphonium, mellifluous, and Egyptian Reply rp raajeswari -  June 13, 2011 - 11:12 am the most beautiful word is “beautiful” love, care, affection, kindness, compassion, tolerance,patience,truth,righteousness,and lastly peace which are good to hear and see.and my husband’s name which I love the most “Bali”.thank you. shykiddo -  June 13, 2011 - 7:13 am my favorites are melody, piano, sanctuary, vulnerable, sympathy, and party Alysha -  June 12, 2011 - 7:27 pm Edgar Allen Poe’s poem “Ulalume” is absolutely full of gorgeous words: “And now, as the night was senescent And star-dials pointed to morn – As the star-dials hinted of morn – At the end of our path a liquescent And nebulous lustre was born, Out of which a miraculous crescent Arose with a duplicate horn – Astarte’s bediamonded crescent Kat -  June 10, 2011 - 8:03 am And “cello store” is pretty good too. Go cello! Kat -  June 10, 2011 - 8:02 am I like serendipity too!!!! jondedo -  June 8, 2011 - 9:06 pm How about “cello store” instead of “cellar door?” It already has the association with a pleasant sound Reply davd -  June 8, 2011 - 12:26 pm serenity, tranquil, forlorn (if u don’t think of meaning), hooligan ( if said with posh voice and) and nincompoop. always brings a smile on my face every time. Reply KoKaiKenzi -  June 7, 2011 - 2:29 pm I’ve got personal favorites of “extraneous”, “aberration”, “monotonous”, and “idiosyncrasies”. I do realize it is a weird combonation, but the way they are said is what makes them seem beautiful to me. Jeni -  June 7, 2011 - 7:17 am rhododendron seems to be a favorite–I see it a lot in contemporary poetry Rebecca Davis -  June 3, 2011 - 10:09 am I like how coelecanth is pronounced. endive Sravanthi -  June 3, 2011 - 3:19 am I don’t like the word “serendipity” …. it sounds like “surrounded by pity” or “serena needs pity” …… Lindsay H -  June 1, 2011 - 9:32 pm Catharsis. Cathartic. It’s like a breath of relief just saying any form of the word. Gregory -  May 28, 2011 - 5:20 am My favorite word is freedom Imago -  May 27, 2011 - 7:38 pm “Tinder”, or anything that rhymes with it, such as “hinder”. “Iridescent”, “iris”, “lyric”, “satirical”, etc. “Luminescent”, “effervescent”, “fluorescent”. anything with a lot of L’s, U’s, V’s and the shh sound, “lush”, “veil”, “lullaby” etc. Also any F and L combination, like “flame”. U, N, and D together- “understand”, “bundle”. Reply J.D. -  May 26, 2011 - 11:50 pm onomatopoeia I like the way it flows when you say it and I think it fits well with its meaning its more of a sound than a word Morgan -  May 25, 2011 - 9:02 am @Ariana–must agree with the name “Cinna”…such a great name. Those books are awesome too “) WordNerd15 -  May 25, 2011 - 9:00 am “Innocent Bliss” It captures a feeling of youthfulness, carefree pleasure, and euphony. I use this all the time when I write–it captures such a great feeling “) Reply Ashley -  May 25, 2011 - 8:03 am for years i couldn’t figure out why tolkien thought the phrase “cellar door” was so beautiful. then i realized that he’s british, so he would kind of drop the Rs off the ends of the words, especially the one on “cellar”. so he actually doesn’t say “cellerrr dorrr” like an American such as I; instead, he says “celladoh”, which sounds much prettier. I still don’t think it’s the prettiest, though. maribel -  May 24, 2011 - 4:29 pm This sure is shocking! Adriana -  May 24, 2011 - 12:06 pm @Kate You are so right. It sounds even cooler as a name! Well,like that! @Rachel I agree that it is a pretty name! But it reminds me of “The Hunger Games” trilogy by Suzanne Collins. It reminds me of the odd,but beautiful and magnificent names they have,like Cinna and Venia. ~Adriana Reply ladyelmo -  May 23, 2011 - 6:17 pm I’ve always loved the word crimson. All kinds of sounds there–including the soft choclatey-ness of the smooth m, and the crisp cr, ending on a final sort of note with the nnn. Have you noticed a lot of words sound like their meanings? Like rock. Not a single sound is soft; but stone is different. Stone. Sounds smooth (s and n) and cold (t) and round (o), doesn’t it? jacklouis -  May 22, 2011 - 11:34 am I’ve always loved the phrase “kangaroo court” and the vivid imagery it produces. Reply Charlotte -  May 11, 2011 - 1:36 am @Daniel i am also a synesthete but i see almost completely different colours to you! for example, lucid is a vibrant yellow whilst vivid is lime green. but i agree with you on both names except Ron. i find Ron to be a murky brown and to smell awful. i also agree with your statement that we are all partially synesthetic – i didn’t even realise that what i felt wasn’t the norm until i heard a fellow synesthete describing the condition! Reply Caitlin -  May 1, 2011 - 9:18 pm I don’t know why but I think the most beautiful words are those that contain the letter L, like: ripple, velvet, lullaby, willow, linger, melody, elope, silk, ladle, mulberry…. And for some reason I love collecting girls names that, to me, sound ‘pretty’: Penelope, Felicity, Isla, Lilo (said Lee-Low) and Amelia – to name but a few! I think it does have something to do with childhood, there has to be a reason sounds like “la” “li” and “lo” sound so soft and soothing to me. Uthra -  April 28, 2011 - 12:00 am “Sophisticating” Itself is sophisticating! Reply Descro -  April 27, 2011 - 11:38 am I like the word reciprocate. Has a nice ring to it. Also, paradigm, harbinger, zephyr, and the word paradox. Reply sonja -  April 20, 2011 - 11:22 pm i love the word communism. plus it’s so fun to write. over and over and over. i could write it all day! Aria -  April 20, 2011 - 5:00 pm I love the word Iridescent A. Maryadi -  April 13, 2011 - 12:07 pm Heteroscedasticity PrincessT -  March 23, 2011 - 7:25 pm Eleemosynary is the most beautiful word, hands down. Reply Hamachisn't -  March 14, 2011 - 5:31 pm Not related to “the most beautiful word” but I don’t know a better place to post this suggestion for another question to ask the readers: What is your favorite word? One of my favorite words is “sesquipedalian”. Rather than spoil the fun by blabbing out its definition to the readers, I’ll let them look it up and laugh, the way I did years ago. (By the way, it’s only one and a half feet if you use the correct font size.) –H Jumman Surender -  March 14, 2011 - 3:18 pm My personal favorite is “Wife”!!! You are incomplete without her and she without you!!!! Reply Wordy -  March 9, 2011 - 9:08 am I love all words that mean confusing: flummoxed, frazzled,, dumfounded, addled, baffled, and especially flabbergasted. And Tolkien’s confusticated. Great words! Anisha -  March 7, 2011 - 6:09 pm I would rather go for the words such as, Aurora Broken -  February 27, 2011 - 8:44 pm Some words I do not see that I personally enjoy are whimsical, innuendo, dollop, dubious, and for some reason I love the combination of petty tyrant…I love this post btw *kudos* Alex -  February 26, 2011 - 10:40 pm I like esoteric! Colin -  February 24, 2011 - 3:58 pm I’ve always loved the sound of “jubilate” Reply Azuluaru -  February 23, 2011 - 9:09 pm Isn’t this all sort of pointless? no one in the world is the same, so everyone has different preferences.It’s stupid and idiotic to believe that everyone in the whole world will agree on the same word as “the most euphonic word in the english language” because everyone likes different sounds. Nonentity -  February 21, 2011 - 8:10 pm Zephyr. LOVE that word. M i k e R -  February 19, 2011 - 4:23 pm The winners are below: Hannah -  February 18, 2011 - 6:11 pm I love the word “pretense”… Don’t know why, I think it’s because of a song I used to listen to when I was little Taumy -  February 18, 2011 - 11:13 am jux·ta·po·si·tion or jux·ta·pose. Yin and Yang in English; I love it! The word caught my eye, because it is so interesting to look at….A J and and an X in the same word, 5 vowels! The definition is just as wonderful. jux·ta·po·si·tion –noun an act or instance of placing close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast. Reply DudeWhoRidesABarbieBike -  February 18, 2011 - 7:29 am Dudes and dudettes out there, I’m sorry. I think the most beautiful phrase ever is… Happy Noodle. The best word is… Cow. Don’t laugh. Here are some more words: Cookie. Candy. Milk. Shroom. Sushi. Ninja. Smap. And one more. Massage. But pronounce it like mass-a-jee. Peace. Chewy, Nikki -  February 17, 2011 - 7:54 pm Adrenaline or Enemy everytime. Reply da Graybeard -  February 15, 2011 - 7:43 pm I had an English teacher in high school — back in the 70′s — who, along with “cellar door,” cited “gonorrhea” as some-authority-or-another’s choice for euphonic king. jen -  February 15, 2011 - 3:25 am some people are trying to find the most beautiful word here: http://en.bab.la/most-beautiful-word/ you should check it out… but it’s very addictive :p Tigerfire -  February 12, 2011 - 11:49 pm Leninism cyrus esmaeili -  February 8, 2011 - 2:14 am I THINK THE MOST BEAUTIFUL WORD IS ”LACKADAISICAL”DESPITE ITS MEANING. ALL THE BEST! Ryan -  February 7, 2011 - 7:38 pm “Beautiful” is the most beautiful word. In sound and meaning. Amrin -  February 6, 2011 - 8:03 pm I like CRAWDAD HOLE wyattstorch42 -  February 3, 2011 - 6:55 pm @Buonvino: Totally. “Ginger pigeon” is the greatest thing I have ever heard. Although the best word in the English language is “xanthous,” hands down. I opened a dictionary to the X section once and saw it. What cooler word could possibly have such a simple definition? “1. yellow; 2. yellowish.” Love it. Reply Marcos Martinez -  February 3, 2011 - 12:57 pm I love the word ONLY but I also like other estrage word, that makes my ears wake up and enjoy hearing it. This word is FLOCCI NAUCINIHILIPILIFICATION. I thins it’s the largest in the english language. Marcos Martinez 14 years Fatiha -  January 30, 2011 - 2:50 pm Islam is a very nice word. It has a nice ring, a nice meaning, nice origin, etcc… Reply Buonvino -  January 17, 2011 - 10:43 am “Ginger pigeon” easily beats out cellar door as the most pleasant two words to say together. Try saying ginger pigeon a few times, and then try to tell me I’m wrong. SHIVSHANKAR -  January 7, 2011 - 12:56 am “AWESOME” sounds very good and is awesome Reply Rachel U. -  December 6, 2010 - 5:16 pm For me, words that have a sentimental meaning tend to appeal to me more. I also like names that end with -cia, such as Alicia or Elincia. They sound like graceful people, coming from the euphony of their names. Also, I agree, Celladora is pretty and, to my mother and me, is much better than cellar door. My dad says that phrase that’s most pleasing to his ears is ,”time to eat!” X3 Charlie Bullock -  December 4, 2010 - 5:49 pm Oh, and I find it surprising how many people can’t spell their favorite words. Charlie Bullock -  December 4, 2010 - 5:43 pm Gotta be “Gazebo.” Say it to yourselves, people. GA-ZEE-BO. Gazebo, gazebo, gazebo. “Bulbous” is a serious contender as well. blumf blumph -  December 2, 2010 - 7:38 pm carressing Lula -  December 1, 2010 - 11:06 am Glossiolalia- it’s long, flowing, and onomatopoeic Niri -  December 1, 2010 - 9:57 am no…ppl dont no wat they talking bout…Majenta..now thats a kool word Leland -  December 1, 2010 - 9:35 am I like “Cotillion”. Starts off with two strong consonant sounds and then softens beautifully. dearjohn -  December 1, 2010 - 9:30 am my favorite word is “dear” it really sounds wonderful to my ear,. Reply Meg -  December 1, 2010 - 9:28 am Some nice-sounding words to think about…’Verona’, very satiny and watery, like a girl’s name…’ledger’–choppy and snappy(snappy’s a nice word too)…ever thought about the word ‘brouhaha’–it’s hilarious to say!i also like the sound of ‘extemporanea’, ‘cycle’, ‘mercurial’,and ‘name words’, like Sebastian, Evangeline, and Sheridan. A point to think about–lots of peoples’ words seem to be two-or-more syllables; maybe there is something in the flow & repetition of these words that seem more like verse or poetry than simply a collection of letters to express what you mean. Olenska -  December 1, 2010 - 8:57 am Formica dinette. I heard that the other day, and love it. Gretch -  December 1, 2010 - 8:36 am Personally, my favorite word has always been plethera. I also really like epiphany. Reply Susan -  December 1, 2010 - 7:44 am When I was a child, in the ’50s, my father (an English language junkie) told me “cellar door” was the most beautiful phrase in the language. I didn’t get it then, but I do now. Greg -  December 1, 2010 - 7:02 am The most beautiful word in the English language is “retired.” Reply Stellamarie -  December 1, 2010 - 7:00 am This is NOT true! Shakspear was once asked what his favorite word was and he said it was Cellar Door. Not because of the word itself but because of the beautiful discription conjured in his memories. You need to do some more homework on this! Casey -  December 1, 2010 - 6:00 am “Asia” – three syllables, one consonant. Beautiful. Tanya -  November 30, 2010 - 7:26 pm some good words: verdant, onyx (I like the sight and sound of that one), amethyst (ditto). Some bad words: pulchritude! It definitely does not convey its meaning–too harsh. I’ve also heard a lot of people hate moist. Personally, for onomatopoeic reasons, I hate piss. Abbey -  November 30, 2010 - 5:53 pm i LOVE the phrase “cellar door”!!!!!!! it rolls of your tongue beautifully! noopy -  November 30, 2010 - 5:44 pm No wonder Italian is considered the most beautiful language in the world by many… I think ‘cellar door’ was picked because it sounds like Italian or French. Reply Maggie MacGregor -  November 30, 2010 - 5:40 pm I like Sophi’s comment about “march,” and I agree with “philosophy,” which is probably my favorite word for sound and meaning. My high school English Lit teacher told us way back in 1969 that the French had nominated “cellar door” as the most beautiful phrase in the English language. The idea predates Tolkien, according to this article: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/magazine/14FOB-onlanguage-t.html?_r=1 . I like “cellar door” with Midwest American r’s, which sound soft and round to me. More than individual words, I’m intrigued by the euphony of sentences and paragraphs. Even in prose, putting words together is an art. Katie -  November 29, 2010 - 5:40 pm I 100% agree with DoctorDoctor Liverpudlian is one of my favorite words for the meaning and sound. I also love that it applies to The Beatles, as DoctorDoctor mentioned, for I love The Beatles! Aubrey Drake Graham♥ -  November 29, 2010 - 5:12 pm iLike Eclectic Andrew Fallaize -  November 29, 2010 - 2:25 pm I always think that “atrocious” is a sweet sounding word, despite its negative meaning. make. -  November 29, 2010 - 2:25 pm sounds kinda stupid to me. Reply hmm -  November 29, 2010 - 2:07 pm I really like the words Eureka and Viera, but they have to be pronounced in spanish to be very soothing. pankaj -  November 29, 2010 - 2:02 pm my fav is “altruism” beth -  November 29, 2010 - 1:23 pm Glottal stops always disgust me! Some hair-raising examples: Yogurt, Cottage, Goggles, Clinical Audrey -  November 29, 2010 - 1:08 pm Probably the best phrase to hear is “it’s free.” But I think the neatest word to say is “soliloquy.” The only problem is you can only say it when alone. Anon -  November 29, 2010 - 12:14 pm i love unctious, enough said FooGriffy -  November 29, 2010 - 12:08 pm Cappuccino. I has a wonderful sound, and I love coffee. Faith -  November 28, 2010 - 4:01 pm Dream, tropical Reply Ann -  November 28, 2010 - 10:42 am Malodorous is a word I love to say. I go by “mouth feel,” or the way the pronunciation of a word physically affects my oral cavity and face/tongue/pharyngeal muscles. I also like to say lolly-pop and Elizabeth (especially when the z in Elizabeth sounds a little like an s). Dr. Seuss books often give me the same thrill when read aloud. Constantinople and Timbuktu! GEMS -  November 28, 2010 - 12:09 am Thank You to Russ: WOW….. SESQUIPEDALIAN. An extremely artful word. Can’t wait to use it. Oh, and I forgot DIAPHANOUS before. Also very sexy! Reply GEMS -  November 27, 2010 - 11:36 pm haven’t been online in a while but hope it’s not too late to chime in, so here goes… although i’d never consider either word “phonaesthetic”, two of my simple favorites are AKIMBO and UNDULATE. while i didn’t expect to see either make the list, Theresa already had akimbo. other words (some mentioned, some not) i particularly enjoy saying or hearing: Arugula Reply MaryKaye -  November 26, 2010 - 10:49 pm @Mark: “How about French words that are now part of English? I love ennui, ingenue, cachet, and recherche. I also love garage and blaise and jejune. Also, less common Victorian words like (dis)approbation or odious or apothecary” Do I know you? I love Nick Cave. Reply SHARON -  November 26, 2010 - 10:20 am I love the word “CHANDELIER”. I KNOW IT TO BE OF FRENCH ORIGIN, BUT IT SORT OF JUST HAS A MELODIC SOUND AND ROLLS OFF OF THE TONGUE. Dave -  November 25, 2010 - 9:13 am My fave is Lebanon fe -  November 24, 2010 - 10:57 pm I think onomatopoeia is a nice word to say and hear the one -  November 24, 2010 - 8:35 pm Love your comments people! Thanks! I learned so many new words! My favourites are: honey, harmony, darling among many others. And of course I love my name: Ariadna (kudos Mommy!) …even though people often have a hard time pronouncing it! lol HaHa I love LOL Reply Constance -  November 24, 2010 - 4:33 pm I think cellar door is a rather nice sounding word. I think it is my new favorite. I also like milieu, loquacious, sesquipedalianism is a fun word. But just after cellar door sojourn. abby -  November 24, 2010 - 9:42 am To me the most beautiful word is Nowches. ;p Michael M -  November 23, 2010 - 9:05 pm Resolution & Hullaballoo. Also, my favorite German word, Dudelsack (bagpipes). Reply wordsmith -  November 23, 2010 - 10:03 am Superfluous, lackadaisical, flare (or flair), frigid, rosy, eclat, cerulean, coronation, scurvy, clueless, emancipation, higgledy-piggledy, ingenue, elegant, simply, paltry, melody, miscreant, naive, wretched, contemptible, eloquent, meadowlark, sibilant, portly, smack, deplorable, dismal, philosophy, piteous, meager, elocution trifling–not all fundamentally lovely, but indubitably appealing to the ear or the tongue. And this is a piddling, negligible fraction of the utterances I could select. =D Is there a word for someone who discerns the texture of words? or that might be too typical. Elizabeth -  November 23, 2010 - 9:11 am I like the word “ajar” mark v -  November 23, 2010 - 8:29 am “Bills Magic Pocket” Tas -  November 23, 2010 - 1:34 am I think some of the best sounding words to me are: Cadence Jay -  November 22, 2010 - 1:29 pm I honestly like the words beryl, blunderbuss, azure, cerulean, scarlet, and adoration. Weatherwax -  November 22, 2010 - 10:08 am “Terpsichorean”, with the emphasis on the antipenultimate syllable, not the penultimate. Jasper -  November 22, 2010 - 2:31 am My favourite english word, without a doubt, is MURDER Reply Rachel -  November 21, 2010 - 9:39 pm I think my favorite, best sounding English word is ethereal becasue it sounds so light and airy; there aren’t any harsh sounds in it, plus I love the meaning as well. J Dark -  November 21, 2010 - 5:35 pm “Rusty grate” isn’t bad either. Reply J Dark -  November 21, 2010 - 5:32 pm I think my two favourites are “cemetery gates” and “rotisserie chicken”. The latter is a bit obscure, yes, but lovely to say. I’m sure the phonaestetic effect is more apparent when using a pair of words or a phrase rather than just a single word. Maybe there’s some kind of formula to it – the way the mouth moves perhaps? The combination of sibilance in the first word and a hard final syllable are common to both “cellar door” and “cemetery gates”. Of course, “rotisserie chicken” doesn’t quite fit to this pattern, but is comparable. Reply Holly -  November 21, 2010 - 2:46 am My favourites are holly, marshmallow, cuddly, soft, cute, chocolate, romantic, love, boyfriend, date, husband, kiss, wedding, baby, blue, bubblegum, mint, chocolate chip, twilight, new moon, eclipse, breaking dawn, vampire, Edward, Bella, Jacob, hot, Stephanie Meyer Amber -  November 20, 2010 - 5:26 pm I enjoy “cinnamon” and “divinity” Amy -  November 20, 2010 - 10:46 am I don’t know why, but I’ve always liked the way “cusp” sounds. Reply Ann -  November 20, 2010 - 10:34 am My 4 month old smiles every time I say “so serious” or “so silly” so the phrases must sound nice to him, since he has no clue what they mean. Reply Reen -  November 20, 2010 - 10:02 am Cellar Door? Are you for real? It sounds and feels disgusting. Sir Lancelot…now say that out loud. Much better. Susie -  November 20, 2010 - 8:51 am “WONDERFUL” Reply Diana -  November 20, 2010 - 7:54 am Certainly, ‘cellar door’ is mellifluous and ‘mellifluous’ is a delicious-sounding word. Another good word that I like to day is, ‘lobster,’ saying every letter so that it involves the tongue rolling down behind the front teeth and upper and lower lips coming together…another word that I like to say is, ‘paper’ and, or, ‘crumpled paper.’ Reply Indranil Chakraborty -  November 20, 2010 - 4:54 am My Favorite Word is “MAGNANIMOUS”. I like it because it has the grandeur associated with it. It sounds wonderful katy -  November 20, 2010 - 4:32 am sobriquet Reply Mel -  November 19, 2010 - 11:19 pm Funny because I’ve always found the name “Isildur” to be very beautiful sounding, and it sounds a bit like “cellar door”. Maybe Tolkien was onto something. arfy -  November 19, 2010 - 8:00 pm Cloaca. Especially given its meaning. I’m upset the article doesn’t mention to pronounce “cellar door” with a British accent, as those people arguing for the phrase’s elegance were in fact British. “Selador” was an example Tolkien gave as the name of a character he imagined; he created a story all about Selador based on the sound of “cellar door” … I am fairly sure I read this in an excerpt of his posthumously published notes. V.K.TANGRI -  November 19, 2010 - 7:58 pm I like the words “Matchless”, ubiquotous and so on. Reply CC -  November 19, 2010 - 7:06 pm Soliloquy is my absolute favorite word. It means the act of talking while or as if alone ( http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/soliloquy ). It just tastes good and I love the way it sounds. After soliloquy for me comes dilapidated, which I notice Moosh has already said! Reply Nora -  November 19, 2010 - 6:12 pm Phosphorescense. It is so smooth. Imagine yourself mouthing it silently to your lover across a busy room. It is extremely sensual. Close your eyes and say it slowly. bix -  November 19, 2010 - 5:35 pm elegant lizzy x -  November 19, 2010 - 5:16 pm oh.. i wrote that twice…. my bad Reply lizzy x -  November 19, 2010 - 5:14 pm i think hello is the most beautiful word because it can start so many new things and leads to new oppertunities( i do not care if i spelled that wrong)that single word can leed you on to life. that one word can start anything. buisnes, school, friendship , love. it really is a beautiful word Staci -  November 19, 2010 - 4:03 pm Liquid kingofleonlover -  November 19, 2010 - 2:30 pm I LOVE supercalafragalisticespicaladocious! And of course whatamacallit, oh and boomerang yogurt -  November 19, 2010 - 2:26 pm mm i think “teeth” and “shower” sound nice… Reply Andi -  November 19, 2010 - 1:49 pm I’ve heard some other expert claim “melody” as the most beautiful word in the English language, and it is a good word. It’s pleasing to the ear, the sound of it is reminiscent of the meaning, and it doesn’t have any creepy connotations. Nonetheless, I like the word combo from 30 Rock…. “rural juror”. Monica -  November 19, 2010 - 1:46 pm I like lucid too, but I like the company name Lucent even better. Monica -  November 19, 2010 - 1:41 pm Reminds me of the brand name Stella D’Oro. I like the sound of the word reciprocity. Reply JJ -  November 19, 2010 - 1:19 pm I also just realized (in addition to my above comment) that “qualities” is quite the word to love. BTW: Do you know the longest word in the English language? I love to say it: pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconioses (NOO-muh-no-ul-tra-mic-ro-scop-ic-SI-luh-co-vol-cay-no-co-nee-OH-seez). It’s a disease caused by the inhilation of metallic or silica dusts. Can you imagine the doctor walking in and saying that you have that? No, I didn’t look it up and copy and paste in; I know it by heart. LOL. mohammad -  November 19, 2010 - 1:16 pm Serendipity Harrison -  November 19, 2010 - 1:14 pm I personally think the greatest word in the English language is Superfluous. I love that word. Reply Katie -  November 19, 2010 - 1:06 pm Those ‘beautiful’ words by the experts sounds stupid. I think to each’s own. Doesn’t take an expert to know that! Reply sophi -  November 19, 2010 - 12:58 pm my favorite word is murmurous. by the way, have you noticed that March, the month, and march, the way of walking, feel completely different even though they sound the same? Reply Johanan Rakkav -  November 19, 2010 - 12:55 pm The most beautiful word in the English language? Why, “beautiful”. Really. That was the first thing that came to mind. Much nicer than “cellar door”. The most beautiful word in any language? I propose that it’s the one and only combination of semi-consonants and vowels that produces all the overtones of the harmonic series in “overtone chanting”, if I understand what Jill Purce (UK) has brought out in my presence: the proper pronunciation of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, in the Pi’el stem, *Yehawweh* (in overtone chant, “i-a-o-u-eh-ee”, close enough). Reply JJ -  November 19, 2010 - 12:51 pm Cellar door does sound somewhat… lovely… as I say it, but I also find pleasure in the word “lathe,” as in the wood-making tool. I honestly don’t believe there actually is a “most beautiful word;” nonetheless, “lathe” and also “bonzo” sound funny, but awesome, to me. Why these words? That reason, my friends, is currently unknown (try saying them — you’ll know what I mean). Matt Valentine -  November 19, 2010 - 12:47 pm Oh, and “epiphany”, “blaze”, “raven”, and “raconteur”. Theresa -  November 19, 2010 - 12:46 pm Akimbo……. I love the sound, and the meaning. Reply Aysynn -  November 19, 2010 - 12:45 pm Anyone else grow up w/ Sesame Street’s Bert and Ernie singing the “L” song? At one point Bert is singing about Lumps in his oatmeal, and Ernie’s like, “I was thinking about words that are more Lilting and Lovely.” And Bert comes out with, “La la la, LINOLEUM!” Celery root is beautiful. Mellifluous, cinnamon, thorough, vivid, woodthrush, windswept, fifty-three, linden, lemongrass. I like words where you have to slow down a split second to really enjoy the sounds on your tongue. Poem “We become new” by Marge Pearcy has some great combinations: “goes into the blood like garlic/… fragrant as thyme honey.” What about words that sound awful despite their meanings? I think “Pulchra uxor” is hideous, but it means “beautiful wife.” Try complimenting someone on their pulchritude; they won’t be flattered unless they know the Latin root, and even then…! And watch yourself in the mirror while saying “benignant.” “He gave a benignant smile.” It doesn’t look pretty. Reply Matt Valentine -  November 19, 2010 - 12:44 pm “Euphony”, “onomatopoeia”, “rhapsodize”, “ennui”, “genesis”, “crimson”, “scarlet”, “exquisite”, “apocalypse”, “crestfallen”, “crystalline”, and “amorous” all come to mind as some of my favorite-sounding words. Reply Katie Rae -  November 19, 2010 - 12:36 pm I’ve always liked, “salicylic”, but I know cellar door is very popular. “The Hobbit” is my favorite among the Lord of the Rings series. Sandy -  November 19, 2010 - 12:35 pm For me, “sacrifice” has lovely movement when I say it and is beautiful to hear. Janet -  November 19, 2010 - 12:35 pm Phalanges. Reply Person -  November 19, 2010 - 12:35 pm The word only sounds mildly beautiful, in my opinion. It just doesn’t really appeal to me, even when I don’t consider the definition/connotations. If I had to say what the most beautiful word in the English language is, I’d say “willow”, or at the very least I think that sounds much better than “cellar door”. Type -  November 19, 2010 - 12:31 pm Oh, and MALICIOUS, it just sounds incredibly Reply Saf -  November 19, 2010 - 12:29 pm I’ve always loved malevolent. This will be a bit of a stretched reference for this forum, but if anyone is familiar with David Warner’s mesmerizing voice-acting for the character Jon Irenicus in the PC game Baldur’s Gate II, I don’t think the word has ever been personified more becomingly. Also at the top of my list are noctuary, noctivagant, and nycthemeron. I’m not sure why the darker themes are so appealing to me. Charlie -  November 19, 2010 - 12:20 pm I personally like the word “telephony” Type -  November 19, 2010 - 12:18 pm Cellar Door isn’t particularly pleasing to me I do like these phrases and words though Cerebellum Sue -  November 19, 2010 - 11:58 am chevrolet…kept thinking of that word while I read all the comments. Wrasfish -  November 19, 2010 - 11:54 am If you listen to the sound and ignore the meaning, then I vote for “vermin.” Lefty -  November 19, 2010 - 11:48 am For me this two words came to mind… calligraphy and hydrochlorothiazide WonderfulWords -  November 19, 2010 - 11:46 am I like the word candle. For some reason that has always been one of my favorites. Reply Aleydis Sinclaire -  November 19, 2010 - 11:28 am Hmmm…Well, seems to me that whether a word is euphonious or not is a pretty subjective matter, as (I’m sure everyone knows) what is pleasant to one may not necessarily be pleasant to another…(you know, that whole thing about each person being different from everyone else…KIND OF like the fingerprint deal, where no two prints are the same…) While some of us may agree on the euphony of one word, I think it just all comes down to the preference of each person as a individual entity. Just for the kicks, though…I think “Gazelle” or words whose sound end with “-elle”, “-lor” “-era” are particularly euphonious. Also…the Spanish language in general is dulcet. Monica M. -  November 19, 2010 - 11:17 am I like lagoon. Reply Stacey -  November 19, 2010 - 11:11 am Susurrus. It means a murmuring, whispering, or rustling sound, and it makes me think of wind sighing through reeds in a marsh. Reply Kaysha -  November 19, 2010 - 11:08 am a word that is the best is Wonderland. Close your eyes and say it slowly and see what comes up. ^_^ Reply Kaysha -  November 19, 2010 - 11:07 am a word that is the best is Wonderland. Close your eyes and say it slowly and see what comes up. Reply Connie -  November 19, 2010 - 11:06 am I think there are a lot of words that sound beautiful to me, to name a few: GANACHE, ONOMATOPOEIA, PIXY, EXCRUCIATING. None of them related huh? Reply Yevett -  November 19, 2010 - 11:04 am A few of my favourite words are “esoteric”, “idiosyncrasies” and, oddly enough – “odd”! “Demure” is also very beautiful. Tochamba -  November 19, 2010 - 11:00 am I like the word ‘Fox’. It’s sexy, canine and cool – all in three letters. sonia -  November 19, 2010 - 10:57 am I feel somewhat refreshed when I say fleeting, a very flowing and wavy word to me. Caitlin -  November 19, 2010 - 10:56 am I agree with Jen-I also love the word Pulchritudinous. also Truffle. ? yeah? lol (: anonymous -  November 19, 2010 - 10:56 am my favorite word is puzzle =) Reply ida -  November 19, 2010 - 10:53 am Solitude, is a beautiful word, I think. Kinda similar sounds to cellar door actually, tastes nice in my mouth to say! Maggie -  November 19, 2010 - 10:41 am Lug nut. As in “I love my little lug nut”. Reply jenna -  November 19, 2010 - 10:37 am cobble stone ismy favorite word because whenforming the word in your mouth, your tongue acts as thought it is holding a small pebble in the center ofyour tonge.The word is formed around an imaginary stone on your tongue, giving true connection to the meaning Reply Alicia -  November 19, 2010 - 10:35 am I think what makes “cellar door” so pleasing is the fact that you don’t even have to put any work into saying it. Think about it… you are mostly speaking with your tongue, not really having to move your jaw at all. So having a phrase slip out of your mouth in that way is rather sensual Mika -  November 19, 2010 - 10:32 am Altruistic is the most beautiful sounding word in my opinion! angel_of_knowledge -  November 19, 2010 - 10:30 am “Personally, I like the sound of “wine cellar door” better…” lol nice. I personally do like the sound of cellar door it does sound nice now that I think about it as well serendipity. Reply tam -  November 19, 2010 - 10:12 am “unique” is my favourite word which sound excitness,hear surprising, love to spell and meaning is something different, unusual,stunt, surprising Deby -  November 19, 2010 - 10:10 am I like the city name Rey·kja·vik /ˈreɪkyəˌvik, -vɪk/ Show Spelled [rey-kyuh-veek, -vik]. As in the capitol of Iceland. Wreck-ya-vick. I love how it sounds. Not an English word though. Shiro -  November 19, 2010 - 10:07 am A few of mine are; Quantum , omnipitance, velveteen and blissful oblivion. Reply wordsmith -  November 19, 2010 - 10:05 am From a panel of english language hobbyists made up of representatives from over two dozen colleges and universities it was voted upon that the word,”ac·qui·es·cence” is the most beautiful word to say off the tongues of americans. The comments stated that the word,”ac·qui·es·cence” rolls off the tongues of our people with an inherent road bump of sorts that forces pleasure to slow the word down enough to appreciate. Reply Kayla Ferroli -  November 19, 2010 - 9:55 am This was a magnificent article ans I loved reading it. Words and language are beautiful and it can speak to everybody. ROCK ON!!!!!!!!! FASHIZZLE MY NIZZLE!!!!!!! HAHAHAHAHAAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA jade -  November 19, 2010 - 9:55 am I like: liquid, sphere, eucalyptus, saturn kitkatko -  November 19, 2010 - 9:52 am to stick my oar in… fudge, clock, Irish – hmmmm, all beautiful to say. Rebby -  November 19, 2010 - 9:35 am Personally, I like the sound of “wine cellar door” better… Reply Reen -  November 19, 2010 - 9:32 am ABSOLUTELY! love that word. sounds great and always instirs a feeling of connection; however annoying if said/heard too often. Reply Kate -  November 19, 2010 - 9:22 am I have lots of favorite words! But I’d have to say that ASKEW is close to the top of that list. Reply 5tubby -  November 19, 2010 - 9:18 am It’s funny that so many peoples favorite words are onomatopoeias which incidentally is one of my favorite words along with eldritch, bulbous and deliquesce. Reply Ted -  November 19, 2010 - 9:10 am I think this discussion would not be complete without the word SHANGRI-LA. It is evocative and flows so well off the tongue! Lyszie -  November 19, 2010 - 9:08 am I also love the word lunula and loose especially loose Lyszie -  November 19, 2010 - 9:06 am Cellar door has a beautiful ring to it. smoothius -  November 19, 2010 - 9:04 am wow lotsa postings on this subject:) i hate to use a word that someone else has already said but honestly in my opinion the most beautiful word in the english language is elysian, so kudos mr.d i couldn’t agree more:) however when i think of beauty the word that first comes to mind is one i have yet to see on this post… woman. now there is beauty. as for my funnest word (yes i know funnest is not a real word) it has to be my nickname for my dog… gooberdoob. you can have so much fun with that set of sounds and letters. ex. goobgooberydoob. gooberisdooberis, doobgoober, goobdoober, gooberygoobdoob, etc,etc. Reply Marisdotter -  November 19, 2010 - 8:59 am A phrase that always sounded great to my ear – From Poe’s the raven: “The silken sad uncertain rustling…” And I like Celladora as well… lookitsatree -  November 19, 2010 - 8:51 am Divorcing the word from its denotation, purely on aesthetics… Yes, celery is really beautiful. Okay, for those who have a hard time separating word from meaning, mentally stick the word into the mouth of someone definitely not speaking English. Imagine the movie(s) The Lord of the Rings. Galadriel (or insert your favorite elf here) turns to speak to the elf on her right, and says: “Celery.” Or “Callibration,” “serenity” (pronounce it “ser-” not like “sir”), “vivacious” (pronounce “viv” to rhyme with “give”). Okay, now lets put it all together into a lovely monologue, say it low, slow, and soft: “Lothlorien luminescence. Cinnamon serenity ethereal celery.” lol. ~ Celestial, vivacious, melodious. Yes, sounds flowing from the front of the mouth tend to please. Also aesthetic are “v” “z” and soft “th” sounds, but I can’t think of very many examples at the moment. I have a line from a Japanese-language film where the speakers voice goes low (he draws up near to another characters ear, threatening) and he says a few syllables that have a soft “th” sound near each other–it sounds so beautiful, and even sexy. Sky London -  November 19, 2010 - 8:46 am YIN Reply EJR -  November 19, 2010 - 8:31 am euphonious … definitely … it is what it is. And something iPhone addicts love to hear, You phoning us. Yeah Reply Tony Komerska -  November 19, 2010 - 8:12 am I once read where it was thought Marilyn Monroe was more popular in Japan than Jayne Mansfield because her name rolled off the tongue better…and it’s true. It’s a lot softer and more sensual. As was Marilyn. Sigh. Reply Ole TBoy -  November 19, 2010 - 8:07 am “Gwendolynevere” is a name I made up for a character in a children’s play. It goes on a bit, but I think goes on melodically. Another Random Texan -  November 19, 2010 - 8:00 am I like: Sajni -  November 19, 2010 - 7:57 am The poet, Dorothy Parker, said the two greatest words in the English language are, ‘cheque enclosed’. My personal favourites are jejune and vicissitudes. There’s something about the sound of them. Rangster -  November 19, 2010 - 7:49 am Moist ….. it just is! DDDora -  November 19, 2010 - 7:46 am mine is either ‘constipated’ or ‘ostrabogulous’ Reply JAFO -  November 19, 2010 - 7:39 am I’ve always been partial to the word “scissors”. I just like the three “sss” sounds in it. It is a fun word to say: “scissors…scissors…scissors” sandman -  November 19, 2010 - 7:33 am good one. personnaly, my favorite word to hear is “yes” Reply Susan -  November 19, 2010 - 7:28 am A professor in a college class said that “lawnmower” is considered the most beautiful word in English because it has no hard sounds. Reply Mike -  November 19, 2010 - 7:27 am “Seven”. the soft sounds of the s and the v each followed by soft e’s; has kind of a melodic feel. Joseph -  November 19, 2010 - 7:21 am My favorite words are thrashing and glistening. Reply pootsie -  November 19, 2010 - 7:20 am Had a non-English-speaking Russian boyfriend who loved the word ‘cry’. He would repeat it over and over because he loved the sound. Drove me nuts. Cameo -  November 19, 2010 - 7:19 am In no order of preference, based solely on euphony: Virgo (Latin pronounciation), petiole, seraphim, thelonian (if it was a real word), gojira, fortuitous, forever, barrier, thelema Oliver Babes -  November 19, 2010 - 7:06 am “BABE.” Its the future. Reply Dan -  November 19, 2010 - 6:29 am Cellar door graphs as a normal curve. Or maybe its just the way I say it if I try to make it sound beautiful. Reply elise -  November 19, 2010 - 6:26 am “Cellar Door” reminds me of “Stella D’oro” probably because I’m from Rhode Island where we don’t pronounce our “R’s” very well. Stella D’Oro- breakfast treats. Reply Jo -  November 19, 2010 - 6:26 am I just love the way “however” sounds… I think is nice and yet is a word that can give you like a hope that there are some solutions… I just like that word… Deirdre -  November 19, 2010 - 5:57 am Who doesn’t love to say Penultimate, it just rolls off the tongue. Reply tj thomas -  November 19, 2010 - 5:55 am one of my ultimate favorites is : ethereal . The meaning of the word has an influence, but the way it rolls off of my tongue with such ease is the main reason. Reply Bill G -  November 19, 2010 - 5:51 am I’ve always admired the way the very sound of the word “soft” perfectly evokes it’s meaning. muskybutterfly -  November 19, 2010 - 5:48 am ‘The two most beautiful words in the English language are “check enclosed” -Dorothy Parker. :O Reply Victoria -  November 19, 2010 - 5:25 am I think it does depend on your accent. ‘Cellar Door’ may sound beautiful spoken with the Queen’s English, but it does nothing for me in my accent. Words that I like are haberdashery and pantechnicon. Reply Jim W -  November 19, 2010 - 5:19 am I love reading these suggestions for beautiful words. Certainly serendipity is one of my favorites and many others have been suggested here. The Native Americans have given us much beautiful language. Words like Conewago (KAN a waaa go), Susquehanna and Iroquois. Someone mentioned ‘Trixie’, and that made me smile involuntarily, so I think that one rates very high. My personal favorite is ‘Yosemite’? Could any word be more beautiful than that? ccrow -  November 19, 2010 - 5:15 am ‘Cellar door’, meh…. Reply Gabriel -  November 19, 2010 - 5:14 am Being a non-native English speaker, I must say the sound of R in cellar and door are too strong and non-pleasing for my ears. I am the 10 -  November 19, 2010 - 5:05 am intercommunication is white–white letters on the white background–obscenity is all obliterated Sarah -  November 19, 2010 - 4:59 am I like “facetious” Reply ananya -  November 19, 2010 - 4:54 am i personally love the sound of cacophony.. sounds riotious to the ears. my other personal favourite is jagguarnaut- the enormity is inbuilt in the word itself!!!!!!! DavisAfrica -  November 19, 2010 - 4:36 am sanctuary Mananka -  November 19, 2010 - 4:35 am I love the way “gentle breeze” sounds. Isn’t it more euphonous that ” cellar door?” benediction is me another favorite. Reply CK -  November 19, 2010 - 4:11 am My personal favorite: lollygagging or lallygagging. I thought ‘trust fund’ was an odd choice…unless you inherit one Gary -  November 19, 2010 - 4:11 am I like the word ostentatious Reply LC -  November 19, 2010 - 4:00 am ‘Sole Heir’ is an amazing combination of words. I think that it does vary a lot depending on the accent you pronounce these words in though. Cellar Door doesnt sound great with an american ‘R’ but sounds great when said slowly with an english accent. Kristin -  November 19, 2010 - 3:57 am also Sequestered Connie -  November 19, 2010 - 3:50 am I like clapperclaw. But I do love prodigy too. Reply Zivagyus Praporshi -  November 19, 2010 - 3:40 am “Jellyfish” is the greatest word in human history. Just don’t eat a real jellyfish sandwich, OR YOU’LL DIE!!! vvSch -  November 19, 2010 - 3:14 am I still say the most beautiful to hear is: “Do me..” Dawset -  November 19, 2010 - 3:07 am ‘Plethora’ is a nice word too alwayscatchingup -  November 19, 2010 - 2:49 am “Splendid” is just splendid. Reply Dawset -  November 19, 2010 - 2:48 am ‘Conflagrate’, ‘Obliteration’(though a bit morbid in meaning), ‘Tranquil’, and my all-time favorite ‘Pterodactyl’. ‘Pterodactyl’ does not only sound great, but it’s spelt awesomely as well =D. Plus I always loved how the ‘P’ is silent xD Reply Goofy_Charli -  November 19, 2010 - 2:40 am Yeah Cellar door does sound pretty – but whenever I hear I just start singing “lock the cellar door and baaaaby talk dirty to meee!” That kind of kills the effect. Personally, I like meander. My brother suggested phantasmagoria and logical. Not really a pretty word but I REALLY love saying ‘plop’. If you say it slowly and pop the p’s it’s so much fun! P-lo-p. Congruent and contrast are fun to say too… Finally I think the prettiest phrase to look at, and sort of to hear is “Great Barrier Reef” – also the most beautiful place! Oh and thumbs up to the one who said “Natural Twenty” and “plimsolls”. I laughed out loud. Reply Taylor -  November 19, 2010 - 2:29 am Personally, the word “avuncular” will always be one of my favourites… besides, it’s meaning is simply amazing. “To have uncle-like qualities” Someone tell me that’s not brilliant! Reply cbanders -  November 19, 2010 - 2:29 am My two favourite words: ‘pavonine’ and ‘silhouette’ (even though the latter is derived from French origins). I am synesthete, and these two words have always seemed almost perfect to me. I always think of a rippling rainbow when I hear ‘pavonine,’ sort of like a peacock unfurling his tail and showing his colours, like the meaning of the word. Reply Suji -  November 19, 2010 - 1:30 am Oh yeah, this is why in the The Big Bang Theory sitcom, Sheldon chose his screen name ‘shelldoor’. And of course there are more conection to The Big Bang Theory and this research… I like to hear Sofi, sofia, nice,pleasure, amusement… And when you say the word soft you feel the softness and you can not feel the hardness with the word hard. waji -  November 19, 2010 - 1:30 am ‘CRICKET’ music 2 my years Kitty -  November 19, 2010 - 1:29 am Too many r’s. Chris -  November 19, 2010 - 1:26 am its* Reply Chris -  November 19, 2010 - 1:25 am To make cellar door sound good, you have to forget it’s meaning. Once you do, you should get it. It actually rhymes with my favourite name: Eleanor. Reply Kevan -  November 19, 2010 - 1:14 am ‘Ameliorate’ and ‘soliloquy’ are two favourites of mine. I also like ‘aerious’, partly for how it sounds but also because of it’s significance as the shortest word in the english language with all vowels in alphabetical order Sage -  November 19, 2010 - 12:55 am Serendipity is one of my favorite words. It’s a happy word. Also, the name, Theodora, sounds happy. I would love to have had that name. Tina -  November 19, 2010 - 12:52 am I love the sound of some colours, they tend to conjure up images in your mind like: crimson, mauve, turquoise, fushia, amaranto etc Reply Tarren -  November 19, 2010 - 12:35 am Going back to almost the beginning of the post with whoever suggested, that if you put a “name” spin on cellar door, as in Celladora, it really resonated with me as a very much Harry Potter-ish word. I could just close my eyes and hear Hermione saying a spell with it or introducing Harry or Ron to this person. When I do that, the word just flows over me like a magical waterfall, and I let the water flow over me, letting my body, my senses take it all in. My favorite word: Ebb Reply defdog -  November 19, 2010 - 12:34 am Not this cellar door is the most beautiful phrase thing again. Doesn’t anyone get the joke? It was a reference to the fact that cellar door is where you buy your wine at a vineyard. It was a reference to the fact that the writer loved to drink, and seeing those words meant a good glass of vino was just moments away. Flammin heck, ya bunch of drongos. Lisa -  November 19, 2010 - 12:17 am I like “superfluous” – SOUNDS super! Maybe even better is “reciprocity”, with liberty and justice for all! Natalie -  November 19, 2010 - 12:04 am “Cellar door” does sound pretty good, but “Stormfront forum” sounds even better, in my honest opinion. cody -  November 19, 2010 - 12:03 am This is simple, any word ending with “ous” like “harmonious” superfluous” “generous” Reply alicats -  November 18, 2010 - 11:59 pm Seems a lot of people love sibilants. Me, too. I love hearing them, saying them, even writing them: serendipitous, sough, sirocco, susurrous. Reply Bambam Yadav -  November 18, 2010 - 11:53 pm The beauty of every word is distinct itself. of course words are really too interesting in hearing and it also hint about your knowledge of English. All words of English are favorite for me. A A Varaich -  November 18, 2010 - 11:33 pm How about the words PEACE, PURITY, ECSTACY, BRILLIANT, SENTIMENT, PRUDENCE Josh -  November 18, 2010 - 11:31 pm liaison Amanda Kay -  November 18, 2010 - 11:30 pm personally i like Pluto, shallow, and cotyledon MCChi -  November 18, 2010 - 11:21 pm I like a rather simple word-palatial. It just has a clean, crisp, yet soothing sound Keenu -  November 18, 2010 - 11:06 pm Chuck Norris approves the name Keenu! Pronounced “Unique” when spelt backwards :3 Reply Daniel -  November 18, 2010 - 11:03 pm you know I was thinking… putting two words together… such as ‘Cellar Door’ (which is supposed to be with a british accent by the way… so not with the heavy R’s) is more pleasing than any single word… I can think of so many that have both lovely colors to my synesthesia and great shapes and even the meaning and sound… just a couple I was thinking of ‘Autumn Wheat’ ‘Lucid Crystal’ ‘Carnal Velvet’ ‘Lush Foliage’ and like someone said earlier ‘Luminescent Hues’… and many more… the more I think about Cellar Door the more I like it… both for it’s memory and flow… however relating it to Cellodora or the like actually ruins it for me… as do the colors of the letters in my mind unfortunately… however when I’m not registering the letters then the pure sound of it and thought of what it means is quite pleasing! to me =) Keenu -  November 18, 2010 - 11:03 pm My personal favorite word would be “Discombobulated”. Also “Blaze” and “Fire” sounds cool. Wow, that’s a long comment thread x3 Reply Aureala -  November 18, 2010 - 11:00 pm ‘Cellar door’, pronounced in a non-rhotic English accent (i.e. without the intervening ‘r’) does sound nice, although its connotations are rather banal. I prefer more outlandish words, especially long ones, such as: Mellifluous JAD -  November 18, 2010 - 9:41 pm Haha I heard this in my fav movie, Donnie Darko. Pinki -  November 18, 2010 - 9:41 pm and all the othr gems Josh -  November 18, 2010 - 9:41 pm I’ve always like the words ‘muliebrity,’ ‘feminine’ and ‘innundate.’ Pinki -  November 18, 2010 - 9:41 pm i agree with a lot of people amethyst Reply Chris -  November 18, 2010 - 9:28 pm Someone said cello …. But the hard “chuh” sound takes the beauty out of the sound. The sound of the word/phrase is after all what the article was about. And naturally, as stated, vowels make soft sounds that are generally more pleasing. I thought the cellar door was very nice. And I appreciated the person who recognized the similar combined sounds used by Poe. How is this for the shortest, most beautiful word: obey. Isn’t that a wonderful sound? Obey. Obey. Only four letters. Two syllables. But two long soft vowel sounds. Obey. Remember when Bill Cosby had a short segment on the way obey sounded? Too funny. And too accurate. Reply Amelia R. -  November 18, 2010 - 9:25 pm I like the sound of “flannel animal.” It seems like it would trip up the tongue, but it’s surprisingly easy to say, and pleasing in the sound and in the feeling over my tongue. mitchell -  November 18, 2010 - 9:17 pm For sheer beauty there are two phrases that I love — “sole heir” and “trust fund”… Reply Patrick -  November 18, 2010 - 9:11 pm I think “easy” is one of the most beautiful words. Also “presidio” even though it’s not an english word. Tranquility, forest, sesquicentennial. Nevada is a nice word as well even though it’s an ugly state. just my two cents Cool -  November 18, 2010 - 9:10 pm wow, mellifluous sounds neat. very musical. i like justice. illustrious, luminescent, melodious, picturesque, bubble, aquiesce, and some other words mentioned here sounds really sweet. purple is unique. has anyone thought of mystical? it sounds mysteriously pretty to me…..somehow reminds me of the mist, you can tell why. cellodora does sound pleasant. but i prefer celladora. heiroglyphs is a creative wrd too! theresa -  November 18, 2010 - 9:10 pm i like the words cellular, swathed, ombra, twilight, depth, lonely, glass, whale, and figurine,to name a few Reply RNA -  November 18, 2010 - 9:06 pm English is my second language… but I really love “stamina” and “bellybutton”. May not be the most beautiful, but definitely some of the coolest. I think that a lot of non-native English speakers don’t like too many r’s so “celery root” and “aurora” are out of the question to us (are we even allowed to contribute?). The English r’s are way too far back in the throat to be beautiful if you ask me. And can I say that “throat” is a really ugly word? “Persnickety” is awesome and I have no idea about its meaning what so ever. Reply Deathglass -  November 18, 2010 - 9:02 pm “cellar door” doesn’t feel any different from any other word, it seems common and nothing special at all. Your “pantry aperture” or “food closet” would sound the same (but that’s probably just me) I like long less used words. Try phantasmagoria, vignette, or incarnadine. High School Student -  November 18, 2010 - 8:53 pm My favorite word is pomegranate KL -  November 18, 2010 - 7:44 pm flurry PIE -  November 18, 2010 - 7:40 pm “Blubber” sounds addictive, Reply KL -  November 18, 2010 - 7:40 pm Think of some names similar to “cellar door”, all pleasant and memorable: Stella Doro cookies, singer Celine Dion, actress Sela Ward…. Ella -  November 18, 2010 - 7:34 pm thingamajig is fun to say…. Ella -  November 18, 2010 - 7:33 pm gosh, Celladora is so pretty. cellar door didnt exactly it…… but celladora is cool. Reply skbird -  November 18, 2010 - 7:31 pm I wonder if people liked “cellar door” because it vaguely reminds them of “celadon” – - now that’s beautiful, no matter how you look at it! Patrick Cullinan -  November 18, 2010 - 7:28 pm I like “clod,” “twit,” “chipped beef,” and “chalk and cheese.” I don’t know why. Reply bailey talley -  November 18, 2010 - 7:27 pm i like the word mayhem, dispite its meaning it is a beautiful word to hear. i think all words are beautiful. think asbout this, why did we chosse the word “beauty” to mean beauty, and so on. all words have beauty and sound nice when you put aside the deff. that you all know. any and every lang. is awsome and can be inspiring because we are saying somthing that no other speice has! birds can mimic butdo they hear the real beauty inside what they are saying. when you say that someone is talking just to hear themself its mean in what it meens but wouldnt you do that if you could hear the beauty in your voice. next time you open your mouth listen to what you say and be amased at how beautiful the simplest word sounds. like “the”, thats my second favorite!!! ps forgive mt spelling. Reply Annavi -  November 18, 2010 - 7:25 pm I believe that the reason “cellar door” sounds pleasant is because there are no hard consanants to disturb it’s flow of pronounciation. It is a soft phrase. lyly -  November 18, 2010 - 7:24 pm most deff evanescence. Reply Joe -  November 18, 2010 - 7:18 pm Cake is the best sounding word. That’s not my opinion. It’s a fact. (Hmmm… being right sounds pretty good, too!) Elin -  November 18, 2010 - 7:17 pm My favorite is “archipelago.” Lindsay -  November 18, 2010 - 7:17 pm institution sounds nice or prostitution Euphony Master -  November 18, 2010 - 7:16 pm transluscent. It just sounds nice Zoe -  November 18, 2010 - 7:13 pm i like Ladle, Sofa, Pajamas, Plug and Elope Reply Grace -  November 18, 2010 - 7:12 pm I like many of the words already posted. Cellar door just doesn’t cut it for me, though. One of my favorite words is “prosaic”. I just love the way it sounds. Plethora, mundane, and sophisticated are a few more. My favorite word happenes to be a name: Jesus. Henry -  November 18, 2010 - 7:11 pm Also melodious and malodorous (if you discount the meaning of the latter) Katie -  November 18, 2010 - 7:10 pm I love the crispness of ‘femininity’ and ‘defenestration’ when you really enunciate every letter. Reply Dean -  November 18, 2010 - 7:08 pm For some reason, I’ve always thought “archipelago” is a fascinating word. The word comes out smoothly, but also brings an image of an island chain to one’s mind. Henry -  November 18, 2010 - 7:07 pm Marina and marine sound beautiful to me Reply Zachary Overline -  November 18, 2010 - 6:53 pm One of my high school poetry books named “syphilis” as the most euphonic word in the English language — no joke. Connotation and crotch-foam aside, it does sound kinda pretty Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 6:50 pm i swear everytime I write, no one writes back Reply Steph -  November 18, 2010 - 6:49 pm “Cellar door,” when said slowly, sounds almost Elvish. I can see why Tolkien would like it! It sounds pretty good to my ears, too. One of those words/phrases that, when heard, makes the mind go “DING! That sounds great!” Zoe -  November 18, 2010 - 6:48 pm I think that the best sounding words could be Onomatopoeia, The, or Decapitate Reply esther -  November 18, 2010 - 6:46 pm I like purple. Cellar door sounds creepy to me. I need to like the meaning as well as the sound. Like pickle, but I wouldn’t chose that word everyday. Some words annoy me. Like fart. It sounds so obscene. I prefer flatulence, but I’m not sure that is a word. I was making a list one time of all the words I really liked, but sadly forgot where I put it. Oh, I really like the word “Shine” or “Sparkle”. salurai -  November 18, 2010 - 6:44 pm i like boogernaut so much.it sounds funny. ghostinthesky -  November 18, 2010 - 6:34 pm Leverage. kelly -  November 18, 2010 - 6:33 pm i really like supercalafragilisticexpialdocious it seems fun to say when you say it Reply julie -  November 18, 2010 - 6:32 pm That “cell” sound seems to be a touchstone. My sister says I bought my Celica because I liked the name. When I had it, I never referred to “my car” or “the car”; it was always “my Celica” or “the Celica”. Likewise celeste or celetial lovely words. But the loveliest concatenation of words, for their rarity, has to be “I was wrong.” darrell -  November 18, 2010 - 6:30 pm similar to “cathedral” or “por favor” Eyewitness -  November 18, 2010 - 6:28 pm Do place names also count? Khartom and Cairo both have a certain panache, yes? Reply Eyewitness -  November 18, 2010 - 6:25 pm I can hardly imagine after reading all he comments (good job, crew) that noone has mentioned the word “verisimilitude.” It isn’t milifluous, but it has a kind of jaunty sylabification that is fun. kennkenn -  November 18, 2010 - 6:23 pm my favorite word is demon, but i think one of the most beautiful words is genuine. am_misfit -  November 18, 2010 - 6:21 pm Supple. As in supple breasts. Reply TotallyAnonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 6:19 pm For me, words with beautiful meanings usually have a queer, but unique meaning and ring to it. Illustrious, for example, sounds really nice to the ear, but yet also has a picturesque meaning to it. Personally, I love many words in the English language for the way they sound. Celladora to me does sound beautiful now that I think about it. Just like Cinderella (to me) sounds nice although the name came from the word ‘cinders’. Ash to me also sounds nice. Not such a great meaning, but nice ring. Soubriquet -  November 18, 2010 - 6:18 pm Cellar door does come off as euphonic. Soubriquet sounds much better. anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 6:07 pm Shell rider anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 6:06 pm Autobot Reply Hannah E -  November 18, 2010 - 6:06 pm Cellar door is a nice combination, especially when pronounced with an English accent. I really like the sound of, “Jane Eyre”. Reply Marina -  November 18, 2010 - 6:02 pm Wow, cellar door? Not pleasing at all. While English is not full of beautiful words, such as other languages like French, there are many more beautiful words out there than cellar door! I personally love the word “Grace” Jewels -  November 18, 2010 - 6:01 pm I like dwell… and suffice… and isn’t gentle the gentlest word one could ever pronounce? :b Reply Rachel D L -  November 18, 2010 - 5:56 pm Tic tac toc isn’t amusing(the sound of the rain,especially at night when you are under you sheet). Although word “vent”,wind in english is even more sensational.If You leave in sea side or tropical country you know what I’m talking about. Rachel D L -  November 18, 2010 - 5:55 pm Vent is a french word that means wind in english. Megan -  November 18, 2010 - 5:53 pm Melancholy Lisa -  November 18, 2010 - 5:51 pm Loquacious is a great word to say. I like the sound. NTata -  November 18, 2010 - 5:51 pm simple, kiss, smile are my favorite Lisa -  November 18, 2010 - 5:51 pm Loquacious is a great word to say. I like the sound. Reply zara -  November 18, 2010 - 5:50 pm i love the words miscellaneous, broken, anesthesia, maroon, delphiniums, plum, luminescent, enigma, mystery, and anonymous. listen to the way they roll off your tongue so smoothly! Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 5:50 pm Lol i said walrus like ten times before it made sense… imma blonde! Reply naturegirl -  November 18, 2010 - 5:45 pm I believe ‘cellar door’ is indeed one the beautiful compounds of our language, and for some reason the simple word ‘little’ is my favourite word of all. e#1 -  November 18, 2010 - 5:45 pm exquisite is my favorite. also, as somebody mentioned earlier, Melancholy is nice. Reply Rachel D L -  November 18, 2010 - 5:36 pm Tic tac toc isn’t amusing(the sound of the rain,especially at night when you are under you sheet). Although word “vent”wind in english is even more sensational.If You leave in sea side or tropical country you know what I’m talking about. Becky S -  November 18, 2010 - 5:36 pm Azure. Elysian. I love the sound of the “zh” combined with soft vowels. Reply Captain Beefheart -  November 18, 2010 - 5:36 pm Busom, Cacophony, ingratiated, beans(makes you smile as you say it) cleavage(you smile then pout at the end) sabotage, grimoire, elephantitis.. theres so many! Eloise -  November 18, 2010 - 5:32 pm Loquacious is one of my favorites! A real high scorer in Scrabble too! Miss H -  November 18, 2010 - 5:30 pm I like California. Reply Noen N. Particular -  November 18, 2010 - 5:22 pm I really like the words “chasm”, “abyss”, and “schism”. They sound dissonant, poetic, and they sound kind of like what they mean. Melissa -  November 18, 2010 - 5:22 pm @ Sarah: It was chosen purely for its phonaesthetics, not its associations. I am mildly synaesthesiac and find that I enjoy velvety sounds, smooth, silky sounds, crunchy sounds, and hard sounds. There are also words that are pleasant because of their bumpy, or hill-like, nature. Velvety: amanda -  November 18, 2010 - 5:19 pm I realky like “illuminescence” Reply Audrey -  November 18, 2010 - 5:18 pm I think that the most beautiful word would have to be “beautiful.” I know it sounds cheesy but I think it is nice to hear in the sense that someone is calling you beautiful and that it is just nice to hear Reply Lilliana -  November 18, 2010 - 5:18 pm I love the word appreciate. We would play sparkle in elementery school and if you spell it slowly it just sounds beautiful Reply Rafaela P -  November 18, 2010 - 5:10 pm Well.. I like WALRUS..! Cos you start with your mouth open wide and then close it slightly.. It’s nice to say “walllrusss”! Stefania -  November 18, 2010 - 5:04 pm Illustrious! klevurgrl -  November 18, 2010 - 5:00 pm flibbertigibbet Reply J -  November 18, 2010 - 5:00 pm “Crypt,” Slice,” and “Demonic.” Also, “Anakara,” which is the capital of Turkey. These words roll off the tongue like they were meant to be spoken. When I speak them, I feel . . . good. Liesl -  November 18, 2010 - 4:54 pm mellifluous, luminescent, bioluminescent, biogenesis, lush, lust, trust, crush, crunch, bitter, mumble, tremble, melodious “Pensive citadels” has a very nice ring to it. Matthew -  November 18, 2010 - 4:44 pm “Syphilis” and “Chlamydia” – beautiful words for ugly diseases. And yes, “deliquescence” is nice, too. anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 4:43 pm Faucet and bureau. Ala -  November 18, 2010 - 4:40 pm Enigma, Alkali, and Azure. They all sound lovely, and I like the meanings too. Plus, the combination of the letters e, i, and a appeals to me. Reply Norah -  November 18, 2010 - 4:35 pm Does anyone remember the Monty Python sketch where a man and his wife have a conversation on beautiful words? Those that sound nice are described as woody: gorn, sausage, antelope, seemly, prodding, vacuum, bound, vole… “CARIBOU!” Garrett -  November 18, 2010 - 4:27 pm I think the prettiest word in the English language is “cerulean”. Reply Abby -  November 18, 2010 - 4:26 pm I think “taradiddle” is a fun word, but it doesn’t roll off the tongue, however it is fun to say. “Cellar door” is one of those words it’s probably best not to know what it means. Jamie -  November 18, 2010 - 4:23 pm oh and i forgot to add- “Arianna” and “Lilliputian” too! Reply Jamie -  November 18, 2010 - 4:21 pm i agree with effervescent, bubble, and aquiesce for sure. my favorite word though whould have to be “larimar”- which is a blue-ish gemstone. it’s gorgeous and i love the way that word sounds. also (this is kinda a non-sequitor) i think “grody” is the funniest word Reply Brianna -  November 18, 2010 - 4:17 pm Ya, im a synesthete, but i see sounds, so its different for me. my favorite to hear/see is plum pudding. its just so colorful! Jack -  November 18, 2010 - 4:16 pm I would like to vote “moist” as the most gross sounding word in the english language. sham sunder -  November 18, 2010 - 4:02 pm NO is two letter, most beutiful word,most difficult to say and always rewarding. SHAM CHAWLA Reply KRK -  November 18, 2010 - 3:54 pm I really like serendipity and cerebellum. The way those words sound make me happy for some reason. Also, Celladora is a very pretty name, Kate, and I think Bella is too. Reply KK -  November 18, 2010 - 3:51 pm I really like serendipity and cerebellum. The letters in those words make me happy for some reason. Also, Celladora is a very pretty name, Kate, and I think Bella is too. nikki -  November 18, 2010 - 3:38 pm acquiesce. because of the way it’s spelled Colette -  November 18, 2010 - 3:34 pm My favorite would have to be “effervescent.” Reply Adrienne -  November 18, 2010 - 3:32 pm My favorite word is LOVE.love is a great thing everyone can love.Love is a precious thing given to us by ours truly god. Reply Sarah -  November 18, 2010 - 3:29 pm Whoever came up with ‘cellar door’ as the most beauitful phrase is whack. Like really, cellar? It’s harsh sounding and has a lot of bad things associated with it. Like think about when u were a little kid, weren’t u always afraid of going down there cuz it was dark and damp and there could be monsters? Well that’s what i think of when i hear it and it’s just not appealing. So, idk what the most beautiful phrase is, but it is definitely not cellar. Unless perhaps it was pronouced like cellah dooah, like with a Boston accent:) Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 3:26 pm Don’t even get me started on, “Glossary”…. Reply Whimstar -  November 18, 2010 - 3:25 pm I’ve never been a fan of the English “dark L” (or “velar L”) I think it’s ugly-sounding. I hate the word “milk” for this reason. And the English R is kinda off-putting as well. Cellar Door is WAY LOW on my list of favorite words. And Donnie Darko was a stupid movie, but that’s besides the point. I agree with “shenanigans.” Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 3:23 pm I also think the word, “Geometry”, and the word, “jinxed’, sound nice Reply Máiréad -  November 18, 2010 - 3:23 pm One of my favourite words is ‘bubble’ – I like the onomatopoeic effect. Also, ‘cuckoo’ is pleasing to the ear. On a side note, I find it quite disturbing that so many people do not know how to spell their favourite word. Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:19 pm I agree with daisy Reply Kid down the street -  November 18, 2010 - 3:18 pm “Cuidado”, is the Spanish word for caution but when you really just say it without thinking about the meaning, it just sounds so…. i dunno but it sounds good…. l.o.l caution sounds good Reply Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:18 pm And majestic…..i like the word royal for some reason….it reminds me of the color purple…..well, yeah, purple does sound unique. Reply Sage -  November 18, 2010 - 3:17 pm I like wolverine personally, it purrs. and rutabaga brings to mind red and summer, but that may be bias of the memories. oooh memory is an excellent one as well^^ Mark -  November 18, 2010 - 3:16 pm I like the sound of the word taradiddle—no fibbing! Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:15 pm Raspberry sounds sweet! I like the way it sounds! Anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 3:14 pm *words Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:06 pm Nice, autumn……you know, that can be a name. How about summer? Anonymous -  November 18, 2010 - 3:04 pm The best word is mellifluous and confectionary. Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 3:04 pm Aurora is also a charming name. oink -  November 18, 2010 - 2:58 pm shilly-shally marigold -  November 18, 2010 - 2:54 pm My favorites are “Beautiful” and “Graceful”. They definetly reflect their meaning. Reply Anna -  November 18, 2010 - 2:45 pm I think “evanescence” is a beautiful word. I love its meaning as well; I like the way that the sound just matches the meaning. KV -  November 18, 2010 - 2:45 pm Allegory, amalgamation, loquacious are some of my favourites Reply Michael Dadona -  November 18, 2010 - 2:45 pm I’ll choose for rhythmical words which is rhyming compound with invented second element. It is based on the meaning of the word. It sounds “soo-per-doo-per”. Spelled as “Super duper”. “Super duper” represents something had achieved high level of excellency accepted by one’s mind feeling and filling with exciting and rewarding. It’s a type of soothing word to eardrum(s). Reply Alexandra -  November 18, 2010 - 2:40 pm Milk. I love the word milk and I can’t really explain why. It feels pure and sweet. I appreciate the way it sounds as well as what it represents: the pure essence of nourishment to young life. I also find mausoleum, symposium, crisp, cloud, cloudberry, and gilded pleasing to hear. Reply sionainn -  November 18, 2010 - 2:37 pm personally I am partial to the phrase “pensive citadels” from Wordsworth’s poem; I love the connotation and I think it’s fun to say. Holly -  November 18, 2010 - 2:33 pm Autumn Reply Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 2:31 pm Celery root, lol. Cellar door does sound……a bit pleasing to my ears. Not entirely, and I wouldn’t call it one of my favorite words, but likable and agreeable. I like that name, Trixie….except I thought I had made up that name, back in fourth or third grade, when I wrote a story. It does have a appealing sound to it, don’t you think? Brodie -  November 18, 2010 - 2:30 pm The most pleasing words to me are elusive, humble and tranquil TRA -  November 18, 2010 - 2:27 pm Kerfluffle and callipygian get my vote. Forever Me -  November 18, 2010 - 2:26 pm Wow, i read all the comments. I agree with most of you. I know how you feel, Daniel! It’s the same thing with letters and numbers, for me. And Kate, yes, I love that name! Celladora is a very pretty name. It reminds me of an open field, rushing stream of spring water, the sun peeking out from behind the mountains….you get my point, kind of like how louis paiz described. I think some beautiful color names are turquoise, aquamarine, violet, sienna, burgundy…..well, the list is endless. I agree with Katherine; “mellifluous” does sound rather musical. I don’t know why, but don’t you just love the way melodious sounds? It sounds just so musical, harmonious, unique…..oh yeah, I also like the word unique. Glamorous does sound rather glamorous….get it? Okay, that may not be funny. My all-time favorite word is food. This word is extremely essential, positively vital to life! Food has a very delectable sound to it, don’t you think? Especially, when you think of ice cream cake, peanut butter cookies, vegetable and cheese pizza…….you know, all of a sudden, I’m hungry! Becky -  November 18, 2010 - 2:20 pm Eutherian-belonging or pertaining to the group Eutheria, comprising the placental mammals. norb -  November 18, 2010 - 2:20 pm I kinda like “sibilance.” That or “mumbledypeg.” Becky -  November 18, 2010 - 2:19 pm Eutherian Nam Anh -  November 18, 2010 - 2:16 pm “ethereal” Reply Ana -  November 18, 2010 - 2:15 pm I love “overgrown” and “windblown.” Sadly, whenever I include these words in my sentences, the sentences take on an overwrought or melodramatic quality. “Ovaltine” is also very nice. flower -  November 18, 2010 - 2:09 pm I like glorious, soul, glamorous, unbelievable! Daisy -  November 18, 2010 - 2:02 pm Oh and Voloptous is funny Reply Daisy -  November 18, 2010 - 2:00 pm Honestly, cellar door did sound nice, even though I find velvet quite nice. This is an intriguating question, I’ve never heard of it before. Rachel -  November 18, 2010 - 2:00 pm Boulevard Reply William -  November 18, 2010 - 1:59 pm I like the word conciliatory. Also, I would name my daughter Cellodora, except I would have to come up with a better answer than, “Mmommy and daddy named you after the cellar door sweetheart.” TBH -  November 18, 2010 - 1:56 pm Delicious — say it, and you can almost taste it! Dan the Man with the Frying Pan who's got no Tan -  November 18, 2010 - 1:45 pm Algolagnia is also an amazing word. Although… it doesn’t have the nicest definition. Dan the Man with the Frying Pan who's got no Tan -  November 18, 2010 - 1:42 pm Ragamuffin. Such a fun word, not to mention an amazing definition: a dirty street child. I once called a child from church a “ragamuffin” and she thought I called her a “rat-muffin”. It was really funny. Chandra -  November 18, 2010 - 1:41 pm Rapacious and Sybarite Daniel -  November 18, 2010 - 1:33 pm It’s fun to say. Daniel -  November 18, 2010 - 1:33 pm wait, no! It’s algolagnia. Reply Kelly -  November 18, 2010 - 1:28 pm Cellar door isn’t really mellifluous for me – I don’t like having the r and the d together. Nor do I care for celery root – that “ree root” is difficult for my mouth to get around. Simply celery is prettier to me (and I hate the stuff). If you take out the “r”, and make it celadora, or selladora, then I can get behind it – although I guess those aren’t real words now, are they. Out of the similar sounding “real” words, I’d go with silhouette as mentioned by Natalie above. It just rolls out of the mouth so easily. Reply A Random Texan -  November 18, 2010 - 1:27 pm I think that to most people the most beautiful word in the English language is their own name. I don’t,(I like my name and all, I just like some other words better!) but I *think* a lot of people out there probably do. Christensen -  November 18, 2010 - 1:22 pm My list is rather long, but the English language is indeed beautiful. The most beautiful words in the English language are: brook, notion, dismayed, thence, thus, brusque, disheartened, presuppose, ought, profound, contrary, antithetical, colloquy, causality, precipitous, hitherto, mournfully, forlornly, stygian, assiduous, indeed, extemporaneous, conceived, presentiment. That’s all I can think of presently. ames i -  November 18, 2010 - 1:20 pm lol @ plimsolls. RoseM -  November 18, 2010 - 12:59 pm Amethyst Patrick -  November 18, 2010 - 12:57 pm Aurora is absolutely gorgeous to me. I also like crack, charcoal, chips, fresh, and whisper. Also, though unfortunately they have such bad meanings, the words sh-t and diharrea are actually quite pleasing to the ear as well, I think. If only their meanings weren’t so revolting. ames i -  November 18, 2010 - 12:57 pm natural twenty – nice, Mark! Did you make that up? But wtf? cellar door? I’m thinking tornadoes and Friday the 13th! But selador as a name, yeah, good call Reply Sid -  November 18, 2010 - 12:52 pm I have a huge list of words that sound beautiful (beautiful being one of them) but here are just a few: carnal Caren -  November 18, 2010 - 12:48 pm My favorite word is TENDERLY. Reply Katherine -  November 18, 2010 - 12:43 pm I personally love the way ‘mellifluous’ sounds….it makes me think of sweet and peaceful music floating through the air. Reply Mark -  November 18, 2010 - 12:41 pm How about French words that are now part of English? I love ennui, ingenue, cachet, and recherche. I also love garage and blaise and jejune. Also, less common Victorian words like (dis)approbation or odious or apothecary iamido -  November 18, 2010 - 12:38 pm …Whoohoo ..Whoosaah. . Reply Grammy -  November 18, 2010 - 12:29 pm If I changed cellar door to the name Salvador and say it, I am much more able to “hear” the beauty of it! Reply louis paiz -  November 18, 2010 - 12:25 pm i do not know if i am spelling correctly but my favorite word is euphrates i think that it is because miy wife’s grand mother used to be eufracia. so when i pronunce the name of the river euphrates it make me feel so peaceful i think of a sun coming out in the morning from between the water.it’s a wonderful expirience that my chest grow biger when thinking of it , and i think of it all the time like if i ever have been in that place by that mighty river. Reply zach -  November 18, 2010 - 12:23 pm It is no contest… assuage is the most beautiful word in English. The meaning the sound, the clarity, simply the best. Oh, and no word slouch himself, Lincoln loved it as well. seana -  November 18, 2010 - 12:20 pm NAVIGATOR….my favorite word. My second is noodles. Reply abs -  November 18, 2010 - 12:19 pm I like ‘potassium’. It gives the feeling of energy and also has a nice ring to it, which also reflects its meaning as it is commonly used in bottled water! Reply brianna -  November 18, 2010 - 12:16 pm as a matter of fact I do find it sounding very lovely, and almost dainty, as crazy as that sounds! I’ll admit when i first saw that was the most beautiful word i was extremely surprised or even let down, but the aesthetics are nice Reply Cassandra -  November 18, 2010 - 12:15 pm “Cellar door” sounds hideous to me. “Celery root,” as someone suggested, sounds 50 times better to me than cellar door.. But as for a single word, I think one of the ones I have always thought was prettiest is luminescent.. combined with another word, I love it as “luminescent hues” Lacey -  November 18, 2010 - 12:15 pm I think “lithium” is a beautiful word, as well as “aquamarine”, just to name a few. Rachie Doom -  November 18, 2010 - 12:13 pm Also, “Twelve”. Rachie Doom -  November 18, 2010 - 12:09 pm Cephalopoda Reply Firefly -  November 18, 2010 - 12:09 pm I’ve heard that the Jews believed that the name of their God, Yaweh, had deeper meaning because all the syllables were the sound of breath. I love names that register as being soft and gentle; flowing and breathtaking. J -  November 18, 2010 - 12:02 pm I love the word absolutely love the way “purple” sounds. However its not that it sounds beautiful to me, just fun as “confuzzled”, “gourmendized”, “perpendicular” and “flabbergasted”. To me, “cellar door” doesn’t really sound like anything special. I do not think there is a “most beautiful word” it just depends on everyone’s perspective and what kind of sounds appeal to them. To be I love saying long words like surreptitiously or words that pop like purple. Reply Natalie -  November 18, 2010 - 12:01 pm Taking the meaning from cellar door, I think it does have a beautiful sound… I’m trying to say it as if speaking another language, and it does sound beautiful. Some of my favorite words are silhouette, epiphany, serendipity, melody, song, and water Reply pete -  November 18, 2010 - 12:01 pm Don’t really have a favorite, but I like the sound of the word, ambrosia – not only delicious to the taste and smell, but to the ear as well; and autumnal – the gateway to life’s end. kat -  November 18, 2010 - 11:52 am yo whats up to all my homies on the eastside Reply Amy -  November 18, 2010 - 11:51 am I think it’s interesting that people think JRR Tolkien first came up with the “beauty” of the compound “cellar door.” In The Raven, Edgar Allan Poe illustrated his love for the sounds “cellar door” makes by ending lines with “nevermore,” “chamber door,” “forgotten lore,” and “Plutonian shore.” While not exact rhymes, these all have similar sounds as “cellar door.” In fact, before it was said that Tolkien was first to make this claim (around 1955, I believe), a 1949 article published that Poe thought this compound was the most beautiful word in the English language. Throughout school, I’d always been taught that this was the case. sydney lane -  November 18, 2010 - 11:51 am I like the word Prestidigitation Lara -  November 18, 2010 - 11:44 am Conflagration. I love this word. Conflagration. jon -  November 18, 2010 - 11:43 am deliquesce Reply Ryan -  November 18, 2010 - 11:42 am I don’t find ‘cellar door’ to be very pleasing. Maybe I’m not understanding, but it just sounds like ‘cellar door’, and that’s not interesting or “beautiful” in the slightest. Reply Charlotte -  November 18, 2010 - 11:42 am Back in the 50′s there was a contestant on one of the quiz shows…I think it was the $64,000 Question…whose name was Cellardoor. She said her parents named her that because it was a beautiful phrase. Anybody else remember her? mike hawk -  November 18, 2010 - 11:24 am in my own opinion paraphanelia is the most beautiful word. say it slow. its amazing. Nikki Ortiz -  November 18, 2010 - 11:24 am My favorite words would be consumed, beautiful, love, oh lord so many Reply Libby9182 -  November 18, 2010 - 11:24 am i thougth “cerllar door” were the most beautiful words as they made your wonder what is behind it like an imaginary word or something!!! Trixie -  November 18, 2010 - 11:12 am Apocalyptic. Reply Cameron -  November 18, 2010 - 11:11 am I take it that Tolkien was referring to RP or Queen’s English pronunciation, where for instance the “-er” would not be the rhotic /r/ of American English. I like “serendipitous,” as well as “voluptuous.” (Regarding the latter, someone once commented “I think I know why, Cam!” :-p) Reply Clare -  November 18, 2010 - 11:10 am “Cellar door” is kind of pretty. Not my first choice, but pretty. I think that “Sherlock” is one of my favorite words to say, though. Ed -  November 18, 2010 - 11:08 am My personal favourite is pandemonium; I’m also a big fan of shenanigans seana -  November 18, 2010 - 10:58 am When Niel Young caught someone knockin’ at his cellar door, they wanted some more heroin….not pleasant KK -  November 18, 2010 - 10:57 am “melancholy” or “cotelydon”. Reply Justin -  November 18, 2010 - 10:56 am I thought pseudo-linguistics and pulp literary theory were to be deposited in those fixtures for kitsch crap where we flush away the wiener wits and symbolic, hotdog hammers… GWSTB -  November 18, 2010 - 10:55 am Is there a list of other “beautiful phrases” anywhere? I think “serene” is a beautiful word both in terms of sound and meaning. AuthorMike -  November 18, 2010 - 10:55 am I’ve always been partial to “Lollypop.” Another roll on your tongue word is “Serendipity.” Reply DoctorDoctor -  November 18, 2010 - 10:50 am My by-far favorite word is ‘Liverpudlian’ for its sound and meaning; a sentimental tribute to those 4 Liverpudlian lads that changed the world. Reply Isiik -  November 18, 2010 - 10:49 am I don’t know about the most beautiful word, but the funniest’s got to be: plimsolls… I can always laugh my head of by simply saying it out loud. Thinkin’ bout the most beautiful one… diahorrea sounds good.. Reply Daniel -  November 18, 2010 - 10:44 am Yeah I’m one of those people who sees colors with words and sounds (a synesthete) and though cellar door is pleasing… I dunno if I’d call it the most pleasing… I the words livid, vivid, and lucid because of both the way they sound and the colors of the letters in my mind… those three words are kind of like fiery velvet… lucid being the most fire colored and vivid being the most velvet purple… but I also like the words educe and elicit even though the colors aren’t so pleasing in my mind… just because they have a pleaing shape in my mind… since in adition to seeing colors for sound or letters I also usually have a shape that accompanies a sound or word! I suppose I’m just babbling a bit but I also prefer certain names strongly over others… for men single syllable names seem to fit so much better… however some single syllable men’s names are detestable! The name Ron for some reason almost has a smell of raw meat in my mind and is an ugly combination of greys and orange yellows… Bob I think evokes something in most people’s minds actually… kind of round and not so attractive… but then the name Lor for example reminds me of ancient ruins and great historical deads… the truth is just about everyone has mild synesthesia… if you don’t believe me look up Bouba Kiki Effect on google! Try to see if some words or names give you any ideas or feelings! =) Reply paulo bettinelli -  November 18, 2010 - 10:43 am There are many, but two of my favorites are “ASKEW” and “BANDWAGON”. As a non-native speaker, they sound great to my ears! karen -  November 18, 2010 - 10:39 am I like serendipity Fred -  November 18, 2010 - 10:37 am Kate, I agree. Cellodora sounds great. As for other comments (apart from shenanigans), they either talk about meanings or concepts…. Which has nothing to do with Phonaesthetics … Reply Kate S -  November 18, 2010 - 10:32 am Languorous, lyrical and predatory are all words that sound great to me. I’ve noticed that many of the words listed as pleasing to the ear are very soft sounding and involve at least one l, m, or n or another ‘forward’ sound. all of these sounds are made with the tip of the tongue against the teeth. Interesting yes? I wonder if this hearkens back to a lullaby from childhood and if it’s the brain recognizing sounds that made us feel safe or if we’re hardwired to react favorably to these sounds for some reason. Reply erin -  November 18, 2010 - 10:31 am I like the sound of “lithe.” It seems to flow very well, and the word itself reminds me of a graceful dancer. Reply EternalDelirium -  November 18, 2010 - 10:24 am Wouldn’t “celery root” (particularly if one pronounced each vowel, not running the l and r together) be more euphonious? At no point do two consonants occur together, and you get an extra vowel out of the deal! Becky -  November 18, 2010 - 10:23 am I like: serendipity, euphoric, epiphany, resurrection,amalgamation, allegory to name a few… Rachel -  November 18, 2010 - 10:17 am ooh and yes Celladora is a pretty name, reminds me of Cinderella Reply Rachel -  November 18, 2010 - 10:16 am I think it’s one of those things where if I didn’t speak English and I just heard someone say it, I would think it was beautiful, but like Nic S said, I’m kind of biased by knowing the meaning. It does kind of sound pretty, though. mark v -  November 18, 2010 - 10:14 am “Natural Twenty” Its got a nice flow, with a bit of a bounce to it, and calls up emotions of righteous awesomeness. when it is said, whatevers across from it is about to have its day ruined in a most spectacular fashion. Reply Moosh -  November 18, 2010 - 10:11 am ‘Dilapidated’ means ‘reduced to or fallen into partial ruin or decay, as from age, wear, or neglect.’ Most people think its a negative word, but I think its definition gives it a sort of antique feel. Plus its really fun to say. Reply Kate -  November 18, 2010 - 10:08 am Think of it as changed into a name: Cellodora. Certainly unusual, but beautiful to my ears, especially when I close my eyes and feel the letters as I say the name. Duder -  November 18, 2010 - 10:04 am This was a scene from Donnie Darko! ;P My favorite is “Gangster lean”. Or “money”. Nic S -  November 18, 2010 - 9:52 am As beautiful as it is, it carries too many negative connotations and therefore bias to my ears.
i don't know
In which book of the New Testament does the parable of the good samaritan occur?
Luke 10:25-37 NIV - The Parable of the Good Samaritan - On - Bible Gateway Luke 10:25-37New International Version (NIV) The Parable of the Good Samaritan 25 On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. “Teacher,” he asked, “what must I do to inherit eternal life?” 26 “What is written in the Law?” he replied. “How do you read it?” 27 He answered, “‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind’[ a ]; and, ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’[ b ]” 28 “You have answered correctly,” Jesus replied. “Do this and you will live.” 29 But he wanted to justify himself, so he asked Jesus, “And who is my neighbor?” 30 In reply Jesus said: “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, when he was attacked by robbers. They stripped him of his clothes, beat him and went away, leaving him half dead. 31 A priest happened to be going down the same road, and when he saw the man, he passed by on the other side. 32 So too, a Levite, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. 33 But a Samaritan, as he traveled, came where the man was; and when he saw him, he took pity on him. 34 He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, brought him to an inn and took care of him. 35 The next day he took out two denarii[ c ] and gave them to the innkeeper. ‘Look after him,’ he said, ‘and when I return, I will reimburse you for any extra expense you may have.’ 36 “Which of these three do you think was a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of robbers?” 37 The expert in the law replied, “The one who had mercy on him.” Jesus told him, “Go and do likewise.” Footnotes:
Lucas Oil Stadium
Which ex-politician who lived from 1910 to 2002 had the nickname 'The Baroness of Blackburn'?
The Samaritans: 720 BC The pagan half-Jews of the Old Testament. The Samaritans Introduction: 1.      The Samaritans were a pagan sect that grew out of the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim after their deportation in 723 BC into Assyria by Shalmaneser. a.      Assyrian king Shalmaneser V, 727-722 BC deported Israel into captivity in 723 BC, but died the following year. b.      Sargon II (Assyria) 722-705 BC sends a group of Assyrians to inhabit Samaria/Israel but YHWH kills them with lions which they interpret as an omen. c.       The Assyrians living in Israel ask Sargon II for a priest of Bethel who had been recently deported. d.      We don't know this priest's name but he must have been prominent, given he was chosen by Sargon II to represent the God of Israel. e.      What Sargon II did not know was that this was an evil priest� the very likes of whom God had destroyed the ten tribes to begin with due to the very idolatry he was now promoting again at Bethel after the 723 deportation. f.        At Bethel, following in the footsteps of Jeroboam (923 BC), idol worship stood beside the true worship of YHWH down to the Babylonian captivity of 587 BC. g.      After the return of Judah, the Samaritans ceased to worship idols, but they invented a brand new alternate religion where they chose Mt. Gerizim as their holy mountain in direct opposition to Jerusalem. This action was a continuation of Jeroboam's policy of separating the ten northern tribes from the one true God at Jerusalem. His famous quote: "It is too far for you to go up to Jerusalem� worship at Bethel or Dan" says it all. h.      The "Samaritans" intermarried with the pagans, a point of contention between them and the pure blooded Jews, that continued down to the woman at the well of John 4. i.        The Samaritans, therefore represented all the worst of the Jews in that they opposed God's choice of David, Jerusalem and polluted their bloodlines which forever disqualified them from producing the Messiah, Jesus Christ. j.        The woman at the well was told by Jesus that they were totally wrong and in error: "Jesus said to her, �Woman, believe Me, an hour is coming when neither in this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you worship the Father. �You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews." (John 4:21-22) � 2.      The basic philosophies of the Samaritans originated with Jeroboam. This is why we call the Samaritans, "Neo-Jeroboamites". Samaritans carry on the basic traditions that Jeroboam set in order in 931 BC when he set up two pagan worship centers to replace Jerusalem: Bethel and Dan. 3.      A small population that had been deported in 723 BC from the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim, were brought back by Shalmaneser and they intermarried with the Gentiles. 4.      In about 538 BC, after Judah returned from Babylonian captivity, the Samaritans chose Mt. Gerizim as the location where Abraham sacrificed Isaac. To the Samaritans, Mt. Gerizim is their "Jerusalem". This has caused the Jews to hold the Samaritans with contempt to this day. The Samaritans and the Jews are historic enemies. 5.      In the New Testament, Jesus used the "parable of the good Samaritan" as an example of how lost Samaritans can be more moral, than those who consider themselves saved. 6.      The Samaritans had three periods of development: a.      Incubation stage in the anti-Jerusalem ideology promoted by Jeroboam which laid the ground work for the sect to develop. (931 - 723 BC) b.      The birth stage of becoming a formal "Samaritan sect" in reaction to Nehemiah's efforts to rebuilt Jerusalem as the center of Mosaic religion. (723 -538 BC) c.       The born again stage in their conversion to Christ by being baptized for the remission of their sins upon their confession of faith. (33 AD) 7.      In 622 AD the devil would duplicate another counterfeit religion through Mohammed who said that Mecca was the place where Abraham sacrificed Ishmael . For the Muslims, Mecca is their Jerusalem. A. The origin of Samaritans ideology is Jeroboam: Incubation stage: 931-723 BC The "Incubation stage" of Samaritan history is from the time of the divided kingdom to the time of the Assyrian captivity. (931-723 BC) The history of the Samaritans starts with Solomon's son Rehoboam who went to Shechem to become king: "Then Rehoboam went to Shechem, for all Israel had come to Shechem to make him king." (1 Kings 12:1). Since Solomon was anointed king at the Gihon spring (1 Kings 1:33) Here is a photo of the coronation spot at the Gihon spring in the city of David that was discovered in 2005 AD. Solomon rode David's mule to the Gihon spring. The rock had been ridged so that the mule would have traction and not slip. There was a post hole to tie up the mule. You can see both features in the photograph. Because Rehoboam went to Shechem and not this location, it seems it was not "the place" for kings to get anointed. Perhaps Solomon was the only king anointed here. Rehoboam acted foolishly and caused the Kingdom to split in two. The ten northern tribes became the Kingdom of Israel under King Jeroboam. About 931 BC, Jeroboam deliberately created a counterfeit replica of the religion Moses revealed in the Wilderness. He set up two "Jerusalems": One in Bethel and one in Dan. Here is the worship site he set up in Dan to compete with the real Jerusalem. The basic philosophies of the Samaritans where Mt. Gerizim is the real "holy mountain" not Jerusalem, had their origin in Jeroboam. This is why we call the Samaritans, "Neo-Jeroboamites". Jeroboam's famous quote, "Its too far for you to go to Jerusalem", was the foundation of the Samaritans making Mt. Gerizim as their holy mountain 200 years later. Here is the 3000 year old altar that Jeroboam set up in Dan. It is the little square of blocks inside the larger replica steel altar. The area has been rebuilt and enlarged during the Hellenistic period (400 BC). The Jeroboam's original altar area was expanded and enlarged and included cut stones with stairs rather than uncut stones with ramps. But Jeroboam's original altar was found below the newer and larger Hellenistic altar. The steel replica gives the size and height of the Hellenistic altar that was built over top of Jeroboam's altar. You can see the 3000 year old male cult oak tree at the rear right hand side of the photo. Nearby is the 3000 year old female cult myrtle tree. The oak tree was seen as a male deity and the Myrtle as female deity. These two tree were part of the pagan worship of the site. Pagan worship under trees was one of the reasons why the kingdom of Israel went into extinction: "They set for themselves sacred pillars and Asherim on every high hill and under every green tree" 2 Kings 17:10 Notice that Shechem, a valley town between Mt. Ebal and Mt. Gerizim, was Jeroboam's original home base. The Samaritans, influence by Jeroboam, adopted Shechem as their home base with Mt. Gerizim as their "real Jerusalem" where Abraham sacrifices Isaac: "Then Jeroboam built Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim, and lived there. And he went out from there and built Penuel. Jeroboam said in his heart, "Now the kingdom will return to the house of David. "If this people go up to offer sacrifices in the house of the Lord at Jerusalem, then the heart of this people will return to their lord, even to Rehoboam king of Judah; and they will kill me and return to Rehoboam king of Judah." So the king consulted, and made two golden calves, and he said to them, "It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem; behold your gods, O Israel, that brought you up from the land of Egypt." He set one in Bethel, and the other he put in Dan. Now this thing became a sin, for the people went to worship before the one as far as Dan. And he made houses on high places, and made priests from among all the people who were not of the sons of Levi. Jeroboam instituted a feast in the eighth month on the fifteenth day of the month, like the feast which is in Judah, and he went up to the altar; thus he did in Bethel, sacrificing to the calves which he had made. And he stationed in Bethel the priests of the high places which he had made. Then he went up to the altar which he had made in Bethel on the fifteenth day in the eighth month, even in the month which he had devised in his own heart; and he instituted a feast for the sons of Israel and went up to the altar to burn incense." 1 Kings 12:25-33 In 723 BC, when the 10 northern tribes (Kingdom of Israel) went into permanent extinction by being deported into Assyria by Shalmaneser, the Assyrian king, God blamed Jeroboam for misleading the nation with his counterfeit religion: "Now this came about because the sons of Israel had sinned against the Lord their God, who had brought them up from the land of Egypt from under the hand of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and they had feared other gods and walked in the customs of the nations whom the Lord had driven out before the sons of Israel, and in the customs of the kings of Israel which they had introduced. The sons of Israel did things secretly which were not right against the Lord their God. Moreover, they built for themselves high places in all their towns, from watchtower to fortified city. They set for themselves sacred pillars and Asherim on every high hill and under every green tree, and there they burned incense on all the high places as the nations did which the Lord had carried away to exile before them; and they did evil things provoking the Lord. They served idols, concerning which the Lord had said to them, "You shall not do this thing." Yet the Lord warned Israel and Judah through all His prophets and every seer, saying, "Turn from your evil ways and keep My commandments, My statutes according to all the law which I commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you through My servants the prophets." However, they did not listen, but stiffened their neck like their fathers, who did not believe in the Lord their God. They rejected His statutes and His covenant which He made with their fathers and His warnings with which He warned them. And they followed vanity and became vain, and went after the nations which surrounded them, concerning which the Lord had commanded them not to do like them. They forsook all the commandments of the Lord their God and made for themselves molten images, even two calves, and made an Asherah and worshiped all the host of heaven and served Baal. Then they made their sons and their daughters pass through the fire, and practiced divination and enchantments, and sold themselves to do evil in the sight of the Lord, provoking Him. So the Lord was very angry with Israel and removed them from His sight; none was left except the tribe of Judah. Also Judah did not keep the commandments of the Lord their God, but walked in the customs which Israel had introduced. The Lord rejected all the descendants of Israel and afflicted them and gave them into the hand of plunderers, until He had cast them out of His sight. When He had torn Israel from the house of David, they made Jeroboam the son of Nebat king. Then Jeroboam drove Israel away from following the Lord and made them commit a great sin. The sons of Israel walked in all the sins of Jeroboam which he did; they did not depart from them until the Lord removed Israel from His sight, as He spoke through all His servants the prophets. So Israel was carried away into exile from their own land to Assyria until this day." 2 Kings 17:7-23 Kermes Oak and the Scarlet worm: If you look at the photo above, you can see the male cult Kermes oak tree. Henry Morris talks about the scarlet worm that fed upon this tree. Look at the 22nd Psalm. This is the great Psalm of the crucifixion of Christ written 1,000 years before it was fulfilled. It describes in great detail the sufferings of Christ on the cross. "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" he cries out. Then down in verse 6...he says "But I am a worm, and no man; a reproach of men, and despised of the people." What did he mean by saying "I am a worm"?...This particular worm is different from other kinds of worms. There are different kinds of worms, different varieties, but this is a particular worm. It means more than just he is not a man. Isaiah 52 says, "his visage was so marred more than any man, and his form more than the sons of men." He was literally made corruption personified; he didn't even look like a man there on the cross; it is talking about more than that here. He says "I am a worm and no man." This is a scarlet worm and the reason it was called that was because it had the ability to secrete a scarlet fluid which was used in making the scarlet dye that they used in ancient days. As a matter of fact, when you find the word "scarlet" in the bible, it's the same word. "Though your sins be as scarlet," it's the same word exactly. The worm was identified with the crimson color. The life cycle of that worm is something like this: when the mother worm was ready to give birth to the baby worms, she would find the trunk of a tree, a post or a stick somewhere and then she would plant her body in that wood and she would implant her body so firmly in it that she could never leave it again. And then the young would be brought forth and the mother's body would provide protection for the babies as long as they needed before they could get out and take care of themselves. Then the mother would die, and in the process, the scarlet fluid would stain her body and the body of the young and the tree and so on. The Lord Jesus said "I am like that scarlet worm." He's making peace through the blood of his cross; he's bringing many sons into glory through the suffering. And this is a graphic testimony of the fact that eternal life comes out of the suffering and death of the Son of God" (Bible & Science tape series, Henry Morris). The Kermes Oak was historically important as the food plant of the Kermes insect from which a red dye was obtained and used toward the end of the second Holy Temple (70 CE). The color red, translated as 'scarlet,' or 'crimson,' in Hebrew is usually referred to as 'shani' or more fully as 'tolaat shani.' (In Chronicles, the color is referred to as karmil: "with purple and blue and crimson yarn", II Chron. 2:6,13). The "scarlet worm", Tola`ath shani, "scarlet," Cermes vermilio is a scale-insect which feeds upon the oak and it is not a worm. The female is wingless and adheres to its favorite plant by its long, sucking beak, by which it extracts the sap on which it lives. After once attaching itself it remains motionless, and when dead its body shelters the eggs which have been deposited beneath it. The males, which are smaller than the females, pass through a complete metamorphosis and develop wings. The dye is made from the dried bodies of the females. The word 'crimson' comes from kermes, although the color produced was more of an orange-red. The Cermes vermilio also gave rise to one other word for red, vermillion (Latin "worm-colored", from vermiculus, the Latin term for the kermes). Vermilion, in Hebrew shashar, also appears two times in the Bible (Ezek. 23:14 and Jer. 22:14). This red color was early known; "...and took a scarlet thread" (Gen 38:2). It was one of the colors of the ephod (Exo 28:6), the girdle (Exo 28:8), and the breastplate (Exo 28:15) of the high priest. It is also mentioned in various other connections (Jos 2:18; Sa2 1:24; Lam 4:5; Nah 2:3). A scarlet robe was in mockery placed on our Lord (Mat 27:28; Luk 23:11 Come now, let us reason together," says the LORD. "Though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red as crimson, they shall be like wool (Isa 1:18). Scarlet and crimson were the firmest of dyes, and thus not easily washed out. Acorn from a Kermes Oak B. The Samaritans formally began in 723 -538 BC: 723 - 538 BC: The first phase of Samaritan history is from the time of the divided kingdom to the time of Judah returned from Babylonian captivity in 538 BC. The second phase was after Judah returned from Babylonian captivity. Shalmaneser moved non-Gentile natives of Assyria (Modern Iraq, Babylon) and other places into Samaria to occupy the land to retain control. When God killed these non-Jews with lions the people requested one of the "priests" of Jeroboam's religion, to return and teach them about the "God of the land". Shalmaneser chose one of the priests who was from Bethel to move back into Canaan and educate the gentiles about this God who was killing them. Bethel was one of the two pagan altars that Jeroboam had set up. "The king of Assyria brought men from Babylon and from Cuthah and from Avva and from Hamath and Sephar-vaim, and settled them in the cities of Samaria in place of the sons of Israel. So they possessed Samaria and lived in its cities. At the beginning of their living there, they did not fear the Lord; therefore the Lord sent lions among them which killed some of them. So they spoke to the king of Assyria, saying, "The nations whom you have carried away into exile in the cities of Samaria do not know the custom of the god of the land; so he has sent lions among them, and behold, they kill them because they do not know the custom of the god of the land." Then the king of Assyria commanded, saying, "Take there one of the priests whom you carried away into exile and let him go and live there; and let him teach them the custom of the god of the land." So one of the priests whom they had carried away into exile from Samaria came and lived at Bethel, and taught them how they should fear the Lord. But every nation still made gods of its own and put them in the houses of the high places which the people of Samaria had made, every nation in their cities in which they lived. The men of Babylon made Succoth-benoth, the men of Cuth made Nergal, the men of Hamath made Ashima, and the Avvites made Nibhaz and Tartak; and the Sepharvites burned their children in the fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech the gods of Sepharvaim. They also feared the Lord and appointed from among themselves priests of the high places, who acted for them in the houses of the high places. They feared the Lord and served their own gods according to the custom of the nations from among whom they had been carried away into exile. To this day they do according to the earlier customs: they do not fear the Lord, nor do they follow their statutes or their ordinances or the law, or the commandments which the Lord commanded the sons of Jacob, whom He named Israel; with whom the Lord made a covenant and commanded them, saying, "You shall not fear other gods, nor bow down yourselves to them nor serve them nor sacrifice to them. "But the Lord, who brought you up from the land of Egypt with great power and with an outstretched arm, Him you shall fear, and to Him you shall bow yourselves down, and to Him you shall sacrifice. "The statutes and the ordinances and the law and the commandment which He wrote for you, you shall observe to do forever; and you shall not fear other gods. "The covenant that I have made with you, you shall not forget, nor shall you fear other gods. "But the Lord your God you shall fear; and He will deliver you from the hand of all your enemies." However, they did not listen, but they did according to their earlier custom. So while these nations feared the Lord, they also served their idols; their children likewise and their grandchildren, as their fathers did, so they do to this day." 2 Kings 17:24-41 In the end the Hebrew priest of Bethel, who had been trained to function in the false religion Jeroboam invented, learned no lessons from being deported to Assyria. They continued to worship both idols and Yahweh, the one true God of Israel. This is exactly why Yahweh punished them by deporting them for eternal extinction into Assyria. C. The Samaritans chose Mt. Gerizim after the Babylonian captivity in 538 BC 538 BC - 30 AD: The second phase of Samaritan history is from the time Judah returned from Babylonian captivity in 538 BC to the time of Christ's birth. After Judah returned from exile, the idol worshipping Samaritans were confronted with a zealous and repentant group of Hebrews who immediately started rebuilding Jerusalem and the Temple. Judah had learned in exile what the Samaritans never did: Follow the word of God exactly as it is written as a blueprint. Many churches today are very "Samaritan like" in that they teach both the Gospel and things that had their origin in the human mind. The biggest false doctrine floating around churches today is: " Doctrine doesn't matter ." Tobiah (an Ammonite ) and the men of Samaritan mocked and opposed Nehemiah's efforts to rebuild Jerusalem: "When Sanballat the Horonite and Tobiah the Ammonite official heard about it, it was very displeasing to them that someone had come to seek the welfare of the sons of Israel." Nehemiah 2:10 "He spoke in the presence of his brothers and the wealthy men of Samaria and said, "What are these feeble Jews doing? Are they going to restore it for themselves? Can they offer sacrifices? Can they finish in a day? Can they revive the stones from the dusty rubble even the burned ones?" Now Tobiah the Ammonite was near him and he said, "Even what they are building-if a fox should jump on it, he would break their stone wall down!"" Nehemiah 4:2-3 About 515 BC, When the Jews succeeded in completing rebuilding Jerusalem, Tobiah went off in a huff, and built his own temple and royal palace, which was located transjordan in his native homeland of the Ammonites . The temple can be seen today with amazing full size rock carved lions all the way around the top of the temple. There are also lions at ground level. One is pictured below. There are many "house of David" symbols including lily flowers and capitals of the same style that David used. Tobiah's royal palace was built about 2 kms away up in the side of a rock cliff. It was a massive structure and twice an inscription can be found on the palace walls that identify it as "Tobiah". Here is the first "Tobiah" inscription right of the door that is cut out of solid rock. Here is a close up of the second of two "Tobiah" inscriptions on the palace walls: Here is a more detailed look at Tobiah's temple and palace. The arrival of Judah after 538 BC back to Jerusalem was a social force that caused the Samaritan's to get back into the "religious counterfeiting business" of their founder Jeroboam. No doubt they were challenged by this groups of zealous "follow the book, Bible thumping" Judeans. We can hear the Judeans chastising the Samaritans for their continued idolatry. "You never learned your lesson. We have returned back from Babylon and we have learned our lesson. We are not going to worship idols any more. You need to repent. We have the truth, you are worshipping idols still. When will you ever learn?" Of course the Samaritans did not listen, but continued to manufacture lies about Mt. Gerizim being the holy mountain of God, and not Jerusalem. Looking back to 931 BC, notice that the first place Jeroboam built a home was at Shechem located in the valley between Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Ebal. The anti-Jerusalem sentiment of Jeroboam is the foundation of what eventually gave birth to the Samaritans who are equally anti-Jerusalem. With the return of Judah from Babylon, the Samaritans were suddenly forced to defend, for the second time, why they would not worship in Jerusalem. Out of this the Samaritans chose Mt. Gerizim as their "Jerusalem". Since the grand-daddy and "high priest" of the Samaritans was Jeroboam, it makes sense that they decided to center their religion on a mountain that overlooks their founder's first residence in the valley city of Shechem. But they needed to make one more important changes to history. They started teaching that Abraham sacrificed Isaac on Mt. Gerizim, not Mt. Moriah (ie. Jerusalem). So Mt. Gerizim became the "Holy Mountain" of the Samaritans after 538 BC, which was nothing more than a continuation of the ideas Jeroboam had introduced in 931 BC. Today the Jews in Israel have irreconcilable differences because Muhammad, like Jeroboam, was a master at myth making and the rewriting of history. For example, Muslims today teach that Moses, Isaiah and Jesus were all Muslims! Being at odds with every history book in every library in every university in the world doesn't seem to be problem for Muslims! The true history is that Abraham sacrificed Isaac in Jerusalem. The Samaritans rewrote history and teach Abraham sacrificed Isaac in Mt. Gerizim. The Muslims rewrote history and teach Abraham sacrificed Ishmael in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. In the parable of the Tares , the Devil is the counterfeiter of religion. Today many churches are counterfeits of the true church you read about in the Bible . By 500 BC, we have two sects of Jews who have irreconcilable differences in theology because the Samaritans rewrote history into a lie. The Samaritans also intermarried with the gentiles. This is the foundation of the contempt that the Jews have for the Samaritans. D. How the Jews viewed the Samaritans in 30 AD: The Jews at the time of Christ viewed the Samaritans as idol worshipping apostates to be shunned who had intermarried with the Gentiles. Not once are the Samaritans referred to as a sect in the Old Testament, Nehemiah 4:2 shows how the "wealthy men of Samaria" mocked Nehemiah's efforts to rebuilt Jerusalem. "For Jews have no dealings with Samaritans." John 4:9 The Jews falsely slandered Jesus for being a Samaritan probably because he was from Nazareth, a city north of Mt. Gerizim. Guilt by geography: "The Jews answered and said to Him, "Do we not say rightly that You are a Samaritan and have a demon?" John 8:48 E. How the Jesus viewed the Samaritans in 30 AD: Jesus' viewed the Samaritans as apostates, just like the rest of Jews did. However, unlike his fellow Jews, Jesus did not shun them. At the early stages of Jesus' ministry he did not view the Samaritans as being part of Israel but on the same level as Gentiles. This is important since the Samaritans were originally from the tribes that were part of the Kingdom of Israel as part of the 10 northern tribes: "These twelve Jesus sent out after instructing them: "Do not go in the way of the Gentiles, and do not enter any city of the Samaritans; but rather go to the lost sheep of the house of Israel." Matthew 10:6 Jesus viewed the Samaritans as foreigners. Of the one Samaritan leper who Jesus cleansed: "Were there not ten cleansed? But the nine-where are they? "Was no one found who returned to give glory to God, except this foreigner?"" Luke 17:11-18 Jesus was rejected by the Samaritans simply because he was on his way to Jerusalem. The bad feelings between the Jews and the Samaritans went both ways: "When the days were approaching for His ascension, He was determined to go to Jerusalem; and He sent messengers on ahead of Him, and they went and entered a village of the Samaritans to make arrangements for Him. But they did not receive Him, because He was traveling toward Jerusalem. When His disciples James and John saw this, they said, "Lord, do You want us to command fire to come down from heaven and consume them?" But He turned and rebuked them, and said, "You do not know what kind of spirit you are of; for the Son of Man did not come to destroy men's lives, but to save them." And they went on to another village." Luke 9:51-56 A later time Jesus was making a similar trip to Jerusalem he healed a Samaritan of Leprosy. A miracle like this would surely impact his Samaritan village. "While He was on the way to Jerusalem, He was passing between Samaria and Galilee. As He entered a village, ten leprous men who stood at a distance met Him; and they raised their voices, saying, "Jesus, Master, have mercy on us!" When He saw them, He said to them, "Go and show yourselves to the priests." And as they were going, they were cleansed. Now one of them, when he saw that he had been healed, turned back, glorifying God with a loud voice, and he fell on his face at His feet, giving thanks to Him. And he was a Samaritan. Then Jesus answered and said, "Were there not ten cleansed? But the nine-where are they? "Was no one found who returned to give glory to God, except this foreigner?"" Luke 17:11-18 Jesus bluntly told the woman at the well her religion is wrong: "You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews." John 4:22 In spite of all this, Jesus used a Samaritan as the timeless example of a man doing unconditional good to a stranger in the Parable of the good Samaritan. F. The parable of the good Samaritan: "Jesus replied and said, "A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among robbers, and they stripped him and beat him, and went away leaving him half dead. "And by chance a priest was going down on that road, and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. "Likewise a Levite also, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. "But a Samaritan, who was on a journey, came upon him; and when he saw him, he felt compassion, and came to him and bandaged up his wounds, pouring oil and wine on them; and he put him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn and took care of him. "On the next day he took out two denarii and gave them to the innkeeper and said, 'Take care of him; and whatever more you spend, when I return I will repay you.' "Which of these three do you think proved to be a neighbor to the man who fell into the robbers' hands?" And he said, "The one who showed mercy toward him." Then Jesus said to him, "Go and do the same."" Luke 10:30-37 Jesus knew exactly how separate the good honest hearts from the bad in the way He told stories. This amazing parable was spoken to a Jewish Lawyer and he made a Samaritan the hero! A Jewish Lawyer was one who is an expert in Mosaic law. He used a priest, Levite and a Samaritan. The priest and Levite are vilified and the Samaritan is the hero! Wow how to make your audience hate you! But the honest listener would have to agree. In this parable, an expert in Mosaic law, was being told to imitate the morals of a Samaritan who was being held up as a role model. It is entirely possible that this was a recent and real news event. G. The Samaritan woman at the well converts to Christ: "There came a woman of Samaria to draw water. Jesus said to her, "Give Me a drink." For His disciples had gone away into the city to buy food. Therefore the Samaritan woman said to Him, "How is it that You, being a Jew, ask me for a drink since I am a Samaritan woman?" (For Jews have no dealings with Samaritans.) Jesus answered and said to her, "If you knew the gift of God, and who it is who says to you, 'Give Me a drink,' you would have asked Him, and He would have given you living water." She said to Him, "Sir, You have nothing to draw with and the well is deep; where then do You get that living water? "You are not greater than our father Jacob, are You, who gave us the well, and drank of it himself and his sons and his cattle?" Jesus answered and said to her, "Everyone who drinks of this water will thirst again; but whoever drinks of the water that I will give him shall never thirst; but the water that I will give him will become in him a well of water springing up to eternal life." The woman said to Him, "Sir, give me this water, so I will not be thirsty nor come all the way here to draw." He said to her, "Go, call your husband and come here." The woman answered and said, "I have no husband." Jesus said to her, "You have correctly said, 'I have no husband'; for you have had five husbands, and the one whom you now have is not your husband; this you have said truly." The woman said to Him, "Sir, I perceive that You are a prophet. "Our fathers worshiped in this mountain, and you people say that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship." Jesus said to her, "Woman, believe Me, an hour is coming when neither in this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you worship the Father. "You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews. "But an hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for such people the Father seeks to be His worshipers. "God is spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth." The woman said to Him, "I know that Messiah is coming (He who is called Christ); when that One comes, He will declare all things to us." Jesus said to her, "I who speak to you am He." At this point His disciples came, and they were amazed that He had been speaking with a woman, yet no one said, "What do You seek?" or, "Why do You speak with her?" So the woman left her waterpot, and went into the city and said to the men, "Come, see a man who told me all the things that I have done; this is not the Christ, is it?" They went out of the city, and were coming to Him. Meanwhile the disciples were urging Him, saying, "Rabbi, eat." But He said to them, "I have food to eat that you do not know about." So the disciples were saying to one another, "No one brought Him anything to eat, did he?" Jesus said to them, "My food is to do the will of Him who sent Me and to accomplish His work. "Do you not say, 'There are yet four months, and then comes the harvest'? Behold, I say to you, lift up your eyes and look on the fields, that they are white for harvest. "Already he who reaps is receiving wages and is gathering fruit for life eternal; so that he who sows and he who reaps may rejoice together. "For in this case the saying is true, 'One sows and another reaps.' "I sent you to reap that for which you have not labored; others have labored and you have entered into their labor." From that city many of the Samaritans believed in Him because of the word of the woman who testified, "He told me all the things that I have done." So when the Samaritans came to Jesus, they were asking Him to stay with them; and He stayed there two days. Many more believed because of His word; and they were saying to the woman, "It is no longer because of what you said that we believe, for we have heard for ourselves and know that this One is indeed the Savior of the world."" John 4:7-42 The Samaritan woman at the well resulted in evangelizing the entire Samaritan city. Jesus Disciples are now told to start teaching the Samaritans. This reverses his previous ban on teaching them earlier on in his ministry. It is important to keep in mind that Jesus bluntly told the Samaritan woman to her face that her religion was wrong, and yet she was honest enough to accept this and convert to Christ. He told her: "You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews." She could have taken offence, instead she went and brought back the whole town to hear more of this. H. The Samaritans were included in the great commission: The day Jesus ascended into heaven, Jesus gave three stages of evangelizing the world: "but you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be My witnesses both in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and even to the remotest part of the earth."" Acts 1:8 Jews the Samaritan who were pagan 1/2 Jews The pagan Gentiles I. The city of Shechem and Simon become Christians: "Therefore, those who had been scattered went about preaching the word. Philip went down to the city of Samaria and began proclaiming Christ to them. The crowds with one accord were giving attention to what was said by Philip, as they heard and saw the signs which he was performing. For in the case of many who had unclean spirits, they were coming out of them shouting with a loud voice; and many who had been paralyzed and lame were healed. So there was much rejoicing in that city. Now there was a man named Simon, who formerly was practicing magic in the city and astonishing the people of Samaria, claiming to be someone great; and they all, from smallest to greatest, were giving attention to him, saying, "This man is what is called the Great Power of God." And they were giving him attention because he had for a long time astonished them with his magic arts. But when they believed Philip preaching the good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were being baptized, men and women alike. Even Simon himself believed; and after being baptized, he continued on with Philip, and as he observed signs and great miracles taking place, he was constantly amazed. Now when the apostles in Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent them Peter and John, who came down and prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Spirit. For He had not yet fallen upon any of them; they had simply been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. Then they began laying their hands on them, and they were receiving the Holy Spirit. Now when Simon saw that the Spirit was bestowed through the laying on of the apostles' hands, he offered them money, saying, "Give this authority to me as well, so that everyone on whom I lay my hands may receive the Holy Spirit." But Peter said to him, "May your silver perish with you, because you thought you could obtain the gift of God with money! "You have no part or portion in this matter, for your heart is not right before God. "Therefore repent of this wickedness of yours, and pray the Lord that, if possible, the intention of your heart may be forgiven you. "For I see that you are in the gall of bitterness and in the bondage of iniquity." But Simon answered and said, "Pray to the Lord for me yourselves, so that nothing of what you have said may come upon me." So, when they had solemnly testified and spoken the word of the Lord, they started back to Jerusalem, and were preaching the gospel to many villages of the Samaritans." Acts 8:4-25 Shechem, the capital city of the Samaritans and Simon the sorcerer are converted. (Although some suggest the city of Samaria was "Sebaste", 11 km NW of ancient Shechem). Shechem was converted though the preaching of Philip. Simon the sorcerer, was an example of the type of religion the Samaritans were willing to accept. Simon used the same three techniques that modern Pentecostal/Charismatic preachers use to deceive followers into believing they possess supernatural powers: 1. Talk: "claiming to be someone great". 2. Testimony (of deceived followers): "This man is what is called the Great Power of God." 3. Tricks: "he had for a long time astonished them with his magic arts". (Max Dawson) Simon presents a warning to those to follow Pentecostal/Charismatic preachers because: 1. Large numbers of people listen to them: "all were giving attention". The fact that large numbers of people supported Simon did not change the fact that he was a fraud. The fact that important people could vouch for him did not change error into truth, or change tricks into miracles. 2. The rich, famous and important people follow them: "greatest". 3. Long periods of time: "for a long time". (Max Dawson) J. Churches established in Samaritan cities: Churches were established in Samaritan cities: "So the church throughout all Judea and Galilee and Samaria enjoyed peace, being built up; and going on in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit, it continued to increase." Acts 9:31 So after 1000 years the Samaritans had finally come home to their God by repenting and believing in Jesus and being baptized for the remission of their sins . The Samaritans who rejected Jesus would share the same fate as the Jews who rejected Jesus: Hell. As far as Christianity is concerned, there is no spiritual difference between a pagan Gentile, a Samaritan and Jew today: They are all lost and need the blood of Jesus in order to be saved and get to heaven. Learn for yourself how to be saved . K. Mt. Gerizim is located next to Shechem and beside the oaks of Moreh: "The woman said to Him, "Sir, I perceive that You are a prophet. "Our fathers worshiped in this mountain [Gerizim], and you people say that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship." Jesus said to her, "Woman, believe Me, an hour is coming when neither in this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you worship the Father. "You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews. "But an hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for such people the Father seeks to be His worshipers. "God is spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth."" John 4:19-24 The Samaritans believed two false doctrines: 1. that Mt. Gerizim was the Holy Mountain of God. 2. The myth that Abraham sacrificed Isaac at Mt. Gerizim instead of Jerusalem as the Bible says. Historically, the orthodox Jews who lived in Jerusalem began to claim that the "Mt. Gerizim" Samaritans had chosen, was in fact the wrong mountain. The orthodox Jews knew the Samaritans were at the true Mt. Gerizim, but were wanting to counter their anti-Jerusalem teachings by saying, "You Samaritans claim the Mt. Gerizim is your holy mountain, but you haven't chosen the wrong mountain for Mt. Gerizim. Obviously then, you are wrong when you say Jerusalem is not the true mountain of God." So the Orthodox invented a new lie to counter the lies of the Samaritans. This was unfortunate because even today in modern Israel, some Jews today continue to claim that the Mt. Gerizim of the Samaritans, is the not the true Mt. Gerizim. The true Mt. Gerizim, is located elsewhere near Jericho and Gilgal. However the Bible is clear in that Mt. Gerizim is located beside Shechem, not Gilgal: The oaks of Moreh were beside Mt. Gerizim and two Bible verses place the oaks of Moreh beside Shechem (modern Nabulus). (Genesis 12:6 and Genesis 35:4.) Judges 9:7 likewise places Mount Gerizim directly beside Shechem: "Jotham went and stood on the top of Mount Gerizim, and lifted his voice and called out. Thus he said to them, "Listen to me, O men of Shechem, that God may listen to you." (Judges 9:7) In 325 AD, Eusebius believed that the Samaritan's choice for Mt. Gerizim was wrong and said so in his Onomasticon which he wrote in 325 AD. He likely based this on the Bible verse that said it was opposite Gilgal: "Are they [Mt. Ebal and Gerizim] not across the Jordan, west of the way toward the sunset, in the land of the Canaanites who live in the Arabah, opposite Gilgal, beside the oaks of Moreh?" Deuteronomy 11:30. It is clear that "opposite Gilgal", does not mean beside Gilgal, as Eusebius claimed. It was beside the oaks of Morah, which was beside Shechem: Genesis 12:6 and Genesis 35:4. In 325 AD Eusebius wrongly chose mountains sometimes called "Tyros" and "Thrax" above Aqaba jabr near Jericho. The Samaritans chose "Jebel es-Slamiyeh" and "Jebel et Tur". These are the traditional locations on all Bible maps today and are the correct locations. Here is what Eusebius wrote in his Onomasticon in 325 AD: Mt. Ebal: "Gaibal (Gebal). Mountain in the Promised Land where Moses commanded an altar to be built (at the command of Moses an alter was built). They say (there are) two neighboring mountains facing each other located at (near) Jericho, one of which (is said) to be Garizin [Gerizim], the other Gaibal [Ebal]. But the Samaritans erroneously point out two others near Neapolis (argue for two mountains near Neapolis but they err greatly) since the great distance of one from the other there shows that they are not able to hear one another when calling out from one (hear the voices calling out in turn blessing or cursing as Scripture records)." (Eusebius, Onomasticon 325 AD) Mt. Gerizim: "Garizein (Garizin). Mountain where those calling out the blessing (curse) stood. Read the above mentioned Gaibal (Gebal)." (Eusebius, Onomasticon 325 AD) Gilgal: "Golgol or Galgal. The Scriptures teach this is near Mt. Garisein and Mt.Gaibal. The place of Galgal is in the Jericho region (near Jericho). [Therefore the Samaritans err who would point out Mt.Gairsin and Mt.Gebal near Neapolis which Scripture testifies are near Galgal.]" (Eusebius, Onomasticon 325 AD) Footnote from Onomasticon : This and the following entry can be treated together. The Onomasticon begins by recording the simple biblical information here. The generally accepted tradition is to follow the Samaritan tradition as given here. The two mountains are on either side of Neapolis (K. 4:28) and are Jebel es-Slamiyeh and Jebel et Tur. The Madaba Map reflects this tradition by having them near Shechem (K. 150:1) called Garizin and Gōbel. The pilgrims also recognize this identity. "At Neapolis is Mt Gazaren where the Samaritans say Abraham brought the sacrifice. And to ascend up to the summit are 300 steps. At the foot of the mountain is located a place by the name of Shechem" (Itin. Bourd. PPT I, 18). Zeno and Justinian built churches on Garizein according to Procopius Buildings V, vii, 5-17. Excavation of this area is going on. But Eusebius and Jerome prefer to follow an anti-Samaritan location. The Madaba map hesitates between the two opinions and so locates Gebal Garizeini near Ierichō [Jericho] (K. 104:25). The use of the LXX names in Ierichō region and the Aramaic in the Neapolis area may signify some preference. Since Josephus and the later Byzantines had the correct tradition, this rabbinic tradition must have developed in the late first and early second centuries. Procopius 905C is also confused: "This is situated at the Eastern part of Ierichō beyond Galgal" and he continues by denying the Samaritan tradition. Yet in 908A he seems to accept the Samaritan location and tradition. The two mountains near Jericho are probably those above Aqaba jabr sometimes called Tyros and Thrax. The Roman road to Jerusalem passed between them. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Gebal, ancient abyss or stone building" (87). (Eusebius, Onomasticon 325 AD) In 542 AD, the Madaba map places the two mountains twice, in two different locations: On the Madaba map, the mountains of Ebal and Gerizim are in two different locations. One is at Shechem (Modern Nabulus) and one near Jericho and Gilgal. This is because the Orthodox Jews had created a new location near Jericho in their longstanding dispute with the Samaritans. Eusebius, Jerome and the creators of the Madaba map were fully aware of the two traditions and chose to represent both on the map. Herbert Donner comments on this: "The mountains Gerizim and Ebal are represented twice on the Madaba Map: near Jericho and near Neapolis. What has happened here? The problem can be solved on the basis of Eus. On. 64:9-14 where, strangely enough, both mountains are indeed located near Jericho. Eusebius, however, does not fail to add: "The Samaritans show other ones near Neapolis, but they are wrong, for the mountains shown by them are too far from each other, so that it is impossible to hear one�s voice when calling to each other." Although this seems to be entirely intelligible and is confirmed by Deut. 27, the Samaritans were by no means wrong. Eusebius was wrong, and everybody knew it, perhaps he himself included. The Samaritans laid claim to the mountains, considering them to be their own holy mountains. Hostility to the Samaritans forced the orthodox Jews in Jerusalem to locate both mountains at another spot, for the Samaritans were not allowed to be right. Eusebius followed the orthodox Jewish tradition. The mosaicist, however, being well informed, preferred a Solomonic solution: he listed the mountains twice, indicating by larger letters that he regarded the location near Nabulus as being correct." (Herbert Donner, The Mosaic Map of Madaba, Kampen 1992, 24.48) In the 1980's, Adam Zertal has chosen an entirely new location for Mt. Gerizim after discovering Joshua's Altar . Zertal believes the Samaritans chose the wrong mountain in 500 BC this was about 1000 years after Joshua built his altar in 1406 BC. Zertal reasons that the chances of them getting the mountain wrong is high because of the long time frame between Joshua and when they first chose Gerizim to be their "holy mountain". (900 years) There is also a possibility that the Samaritans deliberately chose a different mountain because they wanted to create a new myth that Abraham sacrificed Isaac there. While Mt. Ebal is not in dispute, here is where Zertal believes Mt. Gerizim is really located. He chose this new location, because it is within view of a Hebrew altar he discovered which he believes to be Joshua's altar. One of the problems for Zertal, is that the altar doesn't directly point to his choice for Mt. Gerizim. Rather the altar is facing the open plains to the left of Zertal's Mt. Gerizim. Surely the altar would point directly to Mt. Gerizim since it was directly in view. . Here is a close up of Zertal's choice for Mt. Gerizim taken from the south side of the altar. It is unfortunate that Zertal carries on the tradition of those orthodox Jews who lived from 400 BC - 30 AD that the Samaritans had chosen the wrong mountain for Mt. Gerizim. The Samaritans chose the correct mountain. Zertal is wrong. When all has been examined it is clear that the correct location of Mt. Ebal is where Adam Zertal found Joshua's Altar . The correct location for Mt. Gerizim is where the Samaritans chose it. Zertal's choice for Mt. Gerizim is wrong. Eusebius is also wrong for locating the two mountains beside Jericho and Gilgal. The Bible locates Mt. Gerizim beside Shechem. The Samaritan location at Shechem (Nabulus) is correct. The orthodox Jewish locations near Gilgal are wrong. L. The history of Shechem, Mt. Ebal and Mt. Gerizim: Today, ancient Shechem is located Tel Balata, which is about 3 km east of modern Nabulus. It may be that Tel Balata which literally means "a paving stone or tile" may in fact derive from Arabic balut, meaning "oak". In 2085 BC Abraham left Haran at age 75 and the same year God appeared to him at Shechem: Gen 12:4. In 2085 BC, Abraham built an altar in Shechem beside the Oak of Moreh where God appeared to him and promised to give his seed the land: "Abram passed through the land as far as the site of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. Now the Canaanite was then in the land. The Lord appeared to Abram and said, "To your descendants I will give this land." So he built an altar there to the Lord who had appeared to him." Genesis 12:6-7. Regarding the "Oaks of Moreh": Not just a single oak tree but a forest called the "oaks of Moreh" were located near, but not in Shechem, (Genesis 35:4) and apparently not directly on either of the two mountains: "Are they [Mount Gerizim & Ebal] not across the Jordan, west of the way toward the sunset, in the land of the Canaanites who live in the Arabah, opposite Gilgal, beside the oaks of Moreh?" Deuteronomy 11:29-30. The location of the oaks of Moreh are clearly outside the formal city limits of Shechem: "Then Hamor the father of Shechem went out to Jacob to speak with him." Genesis 34:6 In 1900 BC, Jacob after he had fled from Laban back to Canaan, he built an altar at the place he camped "before the city of Shechem", not in Shechem. He bought this land: "Now Jacob came safely to the city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Paddan-aram, and camped before the city. He bought the piece of land where he had pitched his tent from the hand of the sons of Hamor, Shechem's father, for one hundred pieces of money. Then he erected there an altar and called it El-Elohe-Israel." Genesis 33:18-20 In 1900 BC, just before Jacob moved from Shechem to Bethel, he hid the idols of his family under the "oak of Moreh" which was the very spot where Abraham had built an altar: "So they gave to Jacob all the foreign gods which they had and the rings which were in their ears, and Jacob hid them under the oak which was near Shechem." Genesis 35:4 In 1893 BC, Joseph was sold into slavery. Jacob sent Joseph to Shechem to find his brothers, who had moved on to Dothan, where they betrayed him: "Israel said to Joseph, "Are not your brothers pasturing the flock in Shechem? Come, and I will send you to them." And he said to him, "I will go."" Genesis 37:13 Joshua lived 1460 - 1350 BC: Joshua is described as a young man, a youth, when Israel left Egypt: (Ex 33:11; Num 11:28) He was chosen by Moses to fight Amalek at (Exodus 17:9) Rephidim . We would estimate that Joshua need be no less than 20 and probably 30 years old when he was given the responsibility of leading the armies of Moses. Since the exodus was 1446 BC and Joshua lived to be 110 years old. (Joshua 24:29) This means Joshua was born about 1466 BC and died 1356 BC. This means that Joshua began serving Moses at age 30, and served Moses for 40 years in the wilderness and then 40 years in Canaan after crossing the Jordan. In 1406, when Israel crossed the Jordan, the tabernacle was first set in the Gilgal (Josh 4:19). In 1390 BC, Joshua traveled from Gilgal, where the tabernacle was located, to Mt. Ebal beside Shechem to built the "altar of Joshua". The ark of the covenant was taken to Mt. Ebal and used in the blessings and curses ceremony, while the tabernacle remained at Gilgal. Josh 8:30 In 1385 BC, the tabernacle then moved to Shiloh (Josh 18:1,10) where he divided up the land by lot (Joshua 19:51). Shiloh was the central gathering point for Israel at the time of Joshua: "When the sons of Israel heard of it, the whole congregation of the sons of Israel gathered themselves at Shiloh to go up against them in war." Joshua 22:12. In 110 AD, Josephus says that the tabernacle was first at Gilgal, then Shiloh after which Joshua built the Altar on Mt. Ebal. The correct order was Gilgal, Ebal, Shiloh: "The fifth year was not past, and there was not one of the Canaanites remained any longer, excepting some that had retired to places of great strength. So Joshua removed his camp to the mountainous country, and placed the tabernacle in the city of Shiloh, for that seemed a fit place for it, because of the beauty of its situation, until such time as their affairs would permit them to build a temple; and from thence he went to Shechem, together with all the people, and raised an altar where Moses had beforehand directed; then did he divide the army, and place one half of them on Mount Gerizim, and the other half on Mount Ebal, on which mountain the altar was; he also placed there the tribe of Levi, and the priests. (And when they had sacrificed, and denounced the [blessings and the] curses, and had left them engraved upon the altar, they returned to Shiloh. (Josephus, Antiquities 5.1.19, 68-70) In 1385, Shechem became a central "city of refuge" for Ephraim and Manasseh: "They gave them Shechem, the city of refuge for the manslayer, with its pasture lands, in the hill country of Ephraim, and Gezer with its pasture lands," Joshua 21:21 (Josh 20:2,7; 1 Chronicles 6:67) In 1380, From Shiloh, Joshua sent the tribe of Reuben transjordan for their inheritance: Joshua 22:9. The sons of Reuben built an exact replica of the altar of burnt offering in the tabernacle at Shiloh on the east side of the Jordan which created a huge problem. Altars had to be endorsed directly by God or else they were considered apostate and rebellious: "Thus says the whole congregation of the Lord, 'What is this unfaithful act which you have committed against the God of Israel, turning away from following the Lord this day, by building yourselves an altar, to rebel against the Lord this day?" Joshua 22:16 "Therefore we said, 'It shall also come about if they say this to us or to our generations in time to come, then we shall say, "See the copy of the altar of the Lord which our fathers made, not for burnt offering or for sacrifice; rather it is a witness between us and you." '" Joshua 22:28 In 1350 BC Just before Joshua died, the tabernacle "sanctuary of the Lord" was moved from Shiloh to Shechem and placed near the Oaks of Moreh. Joshua gathered all the people there for his farewell address: "Then Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, ... and they presented themselves before God." (Joshua 24:1). He also set up a memorial stone directly underneath the very oak that Abraham had built an altar near and Jacob had hid his family idols underneath: "So Joshua made a covenant with the people that day, and made for them a statute and an ordinance in Shechem. And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God; and he took a large stone and set it up there under the oak [of Moreh] that was by the sanctuary of the Lord. Joshua said to all the people, "Behold, this stone shall be for a witness against us, for it has heard all the words of the Lord which He spoke to us; thus it shall be for a witness against you, so that you do not deny your God." Then Joshua dismissed the people, each to his inheritance." Joshua 24:25-28 In 1350 BC, Joshua died and was buried at Timnath-serah: Josh 24:30. At the same time Joseph, who had died in Egypt 450 years earlier (1800 BC), was buried at Shechem in a plot of land Jacob had bought 550 years earlier (1900 BC): "Now they buried the bones of Joseph, which the sons of Israel brought up from Egypt, at Shechem, in the piece of ground which Jacob had bought from the sons of Hamor the father of Shechem for one hundred pieces of money; and they became the inheritance of Joseph's sons." Joshua 24:32; Genesis 33:18-20; Acts 7:16. Today, the tomb of Joseph is located east of modern Nabulus between Tel Balata and Sychar: "one of the tombs whose location is known with the utmost degree of certainty and is based on continuous documentation since biblical times. (Zvi Ilan, Tombs of the Righteous in the Land of Israel, p. 365) . On 7 October 2000, Joseph's Tomb, the third most holy place in Judaism, was destroyed by Muslims. It is located east of modern Nabulus between Shechem (Tel Balata) and Sychar at the foot of Mt. Ebal. It had come under attack and the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) withdrew after gaining reassurances from the Palestinian Authority (PA) that they would protect the site in accordance with their obligations under the Oslo Accords to protect holy sites. Two hours after the withdrawal Muslims began destroying the site. It was burned and torn down stone by stone, then bulldozed. It was immediately declared a Muslim holy site.
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