question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
Which ground in West London is shared by Harlequins (rugby union) and London Broncos (rugby league) ? | Stadium | Your Club | Harlequins Rugby Union
Fax: 020 8410 6001
By Rail
The nearest train station is Twickenham, which is a short walk from the stadium. Turn right out of the station, and continue down Whitton Road. Proceed down Court Way and turn left on to Egerton road. At the mini-roundabout, turn right onto Craneford Way and enter the stadium at the end of the road. Regular trains run to Twickenham from London Waterloo, Clapham Junction, Reading, Ascot and Windsor & Eton Riverside.
By Bus
Bus numbers 281, 267, 481, 681 and H20 have regular services passing close to the stadium. Alternatively the R68, R70, 33, 110, 290, H22 or 490 stop in Twickenham High Street, where the stadium is a short walk away over the river crane.
By Bicycle
Bicycle parking facilities are provided outside Gates 1 and 3. Please bring your own bike locks and chains.
By Car
From the M25, exit J12 onto the M3 and head toward London. This then becomes the A316; continue to the Whitton Road roundabout next to the Lexus/Toyota car dealership and take the fourth exit. Turning back on yourself the stadium is located 500 metres on the left via Langhorn Drive.
Parking
Matchday
Parking is available to the public in the Rosebine car park for £7. To access the Rosebine car park continue past The Stoop on your left and continue on the A316. The Rosebine car park is located 200 metres on the left after passing the stadium.
Blue badge holders
Parking is provided for blue badge holders - please drive into the ground via Langhorn Drive and a steward will direct you to one of the reserved bays. Please note these bays are offered on a first come, first served basis.
About the Twickenham Stoop
The Twickenham Stoop has been the home of Harlequin FC since 1963.
Located in south-west London, the stadium is situated just across the road from the Home of English rugby, Twickenham Stadium.
The Stoop is named after the influential Harlequin fly-half and RFU Secretary Adrian Stoop. The all-seater stadium consists of four stands and has a capacity of 14,800, making it the fifth largest dedicated rugby ground in the Aviva Premiership.
The first match played at The Stoop was on November 23rd between Harlequins and Cambridge University. Since that match, Harlequins have played over 600 matches in the stadium.
In the past, the stadium has also been home to Super League side London Broncos, who played here between 2007 and 2013. It was also the host venue for the 2010 Women’s Rugby World Cup final, the Amlin Challenge Cup final in 2009 and 2012, and the Premiership Rugby 7s final in 2011 and 2014.
Today, The Stoop is more than just a rugby venue, with high-class conferencing, dining, meeting and events facilities.
The stadium is easily accessible by all forms of travel and we pride ourselves on our fun atmosphere and family friendly environment.
Ground rules and regulations
The Twickenham Stoop's ground rules and regulations can be found by clicking here .
Accessible Stadium
Disabled Facilities
Harlequins is committed to a policy of equality, inclusion and accessibility. We recognise our evolving duty under the Equality Act 2010 (incorporating the previous Disability Discrimination Act), as a service provider and employer, not to discriminate against disabled persons.
Our objective is to ensure that disabled supporters, both members and non-members, receive the same service and experience as non-disabled supporters. In order to help fulfill our duties, Harlequins have an ongoing policy of improving our services, premises and facilities.
Current policy and seating
Presently, there are 70 dedicated, wheelchair user spaces available out of 14,800. The vast majority of these are in the west (IG) stand, with twelve seats available in the east (DHL) stand. There are no wheelchair user spaces in the north or south stands.
There are concessionary membership rates available for these seats. The price is dependent on the status of the member (new, renewing etc.) and the position of the seat in the stadium. The remaining accessible seats will be sold on a match by match basis and are priced at the equivalent of Club-level seating.
Where a disabled supporter requires a personal assistant/ carer, a complimentary ticket is provided. This is typically for a seat adjacent to the disabled supporter (one of the dedicated disabled seats).
Parking
Harlequins have twenty designated blue badge holder car park spaces available on a match by match which are available on a first come first served basis.
For further information about our disabled facilities or match by match accessibility requirements please call the Ticketing Office on 0208 410 6010 or email [email protected] .
| Twickenham Stoop |
What natural phenomenon caused the late postponement of the third game of Baseball's World Series between San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics ? | Learn and talk about London Broncos, 1980 establishments in England, London Broncos, Rugby clubs established in 1980, Rugby league teams in London
Current season
London Broncos R.L.F.C. is a professional rugby league club in Ealing , London , who compete in the Kingstone Press Championship , the second tier of professional rugby league football. They competed in the Super League from its introduction in 1996 until the end of the 2014 season. The current head coach is Andrew Henderson , assisted by England and Great Britain internationals Jamie Langley and Danny Ward .
The Broncos are captained by Wes Naiqama and play at the Trailfinders Sports Ground in Ealing , sharing with the rugby union side Ealing Trailfinders .
The club was originally formed as Fulham in 1981, entering the Rugby Football League Championship 's second division for the 1980–81 Rugby Football League season . The club has also been known as London Crusaders (1991–1994), London Broncos (1994–2005 and since 2012) and Harlequins Rugby League (2006–2011).
Whilst the club has never won a major trophy, they were finalists in the 1999 Challenge Cup and finished the 1997 Super League season in second place. The only trophy the club has won since its formation in 1980 is the Rugby Football League Championship Second Division in 1982-83.
Contents
Origins[ edit ]
This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .
(August 2016)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Professional rugby league was briefly represented in London in the 1930s by London Highfield (1933), Acton and Willesden (1935–36) and Streatham and Mitcham (1935–36). All were speculative clubs set up by local businessmen purely as money making exercises, and were ultimately driven out of business through poor finances. Thereafter, the sport of rugby league in England remained exclusively a Northern game for over forty years until the formation of new club in London, Fulham.
1980-1991: Fulham RLFC[ edit ]
In 1980, Fulham Football Club chairman Ernie Clay , set up a rugby league team at Craven Cottage , with the intention of creating another income stream for the football club. Warrington director Harold Genders, who had helped to persuade Clay of the benefits of starting a rugby league club in the capital, resigned from the Warrington board to become managing director of Fulham RLFC. The Rugby Football League (RFL), keen to encourage the expansion of the sport beyond its traditional Northern heartland, accepted the new club at once. One of the game's leading players, Reg Bowden , was recruited by Genders to act as player-coach and the club's first signing was Roy Lester on a free transfer from Warrington. Within nine weeks, Genders and Bowden had assembled a team of experienced players approaching retirement, together with a few promising youngsters.[ citation needed ]
Nearly 10,000 Londoners turned up for the opening game at Craven Cottage to see the newly formed side convincingly beat highly-regarded Wigan 24–5. The new Fulham RL team quickly proved to be very competitive and went on to win promotion at the end of their inaugural season. After their initial season, immediate relegation from the first division in 1981–82 was something of a reality check.[ citation needed ]
Fulham played two "home" games against Swinton and Huddersfield at Widnes in 1983 as the pitch at the Cottage had disintegrated in the wet winter following the collapse of the main drain to the river Thames under the Miller Stand.[ citation needed ]
Despite winning the Division Two Championship in 1982–83, a second immediate relegation in 1983–84 coupled with continuing financial losses saw Clay, under pressure from the Fulham board, pull the plug at the end of their fourth season. However, with the backing of supporters Roy and Barbara Close and with a new coach, former player Roy Lester , Fulham RL still had a future. Most of the players had moved on as free agents and a new team began life at the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre .
The club moved to Chiswick Polytechnic Sports Ground in 1985. They also played several one-off games at football grounds around London such as Wealdstone , Hendon , Brentford and Chelsea's ground Stamford Bridge in 1983.
Bill Goodwin replaced Lester as coach between 1986 and 1987. In August 1986, Fulham hit a cash crisis and withdrew from RFL 11 days before the start of the season but re-launched in September.[ citation needed ] Bev Risman was asked to be coach at Fulham in 1987. The team was in the bottom half of the second division. The team struggled for success and Risman left after a couple of seasons and Bill Goodwin returned. Phil Sullivan was coach for just two months between January and February 1989, Goodwin came in for his third spell and held the reins until May 1989 when Ross Strudwick was appointed.
The club returned to Crystal Palace in 1990.
1991-1994: London Crusaders[ edit ]
A 1991 name change to London Crusaders coincided with a slightly more successful period on the pitch.
Ross Strudwick was replaced as coach by Darryl van der Velde in 1992 but continued as manager until 1993. The Crusaders moved from Crystal Palace National Sports Centre to Barnet Copthall arena in June 1993. In November 1993, London Crusaders imposed 20% pay cut to ease financial problems. The RFL briefly owned the Crusaders in 1993-94 as the Bartrams departed but Crusaders' new owners were Britannic Shipping ; Strudwick stepped down as manager to give the club's new owners a clean slate. [1]
The climax of the Crusaders era was a 1994 appearance in the Divisional Premiership Final under coach Tony Gordon . They lost 22–30 to Workington Town with Mark Johnson scoring a hat-trick and Logan Campbell also bagging a try.
1994-2005: Broncos and Super League[ edit ]
Griffin Park
In the spring of 1994 it was announced that the Australian NRL club the Brisbane Broncos , who had just won back-to-back premierships, was buying the London team, which would be renamed London Broncos. Gordon was replaced by a Brisbane coach, Gary Grienke . [2] The first home game under the Broncos moniker was against Keighley at Hendon F.C.'s ground on Clairmont Road. During a period of improving fortunes they made the 1994 Divisional Premiership Final at Old Trafford.
Despite not playing in the top flight, London Broncos were selected by the RFL to be part of the new Super League competition in 1996 on the basis that it was essential for the sport to have a high profile representative in the capital. In their first year in the top flight, the 1995–96 Rugby Football League season , the Broncos came second last. Former Brisbane Bronco Tony Currie took up the role of head coach.
Broncos moved to southeast London to play at the Valley , home of Charlton Athletic , which is when David Hughes became involved with the club. But after one season they were on their way back to west London to play at the Stoop Memorial Ground.
The 1996 season brought the best London attendances since the inaugural season at Craven Cottage . Tony Rea retired from playing at the end of the season to take up the Chief Executive role at the club.
After two years they moved once again, to the Harlequin rugby union club's Stoop Memorial Ground. Richard Branson 's Virgin Group became majority shareholders, and the immediate future looked very bright. In 1997, after a remarkably good season they finished second in Super League . Highlights that year included victories at the Stoop over Canberra in the World Club Challenge and Bradford and Wigan in Super League II .
In 1998, as part of rugby league's "on the road" scheme London Broncos played Bradford Bulls at Tynecastle in Edinburgh in front of over 7,000 fans. Success continued in 1998 with a first appearance in the Challenge Cup semi-finals, losing to Wigan . Head coach Tony Currie left the club at the end of the 1998 Super League season and was replaced by Dan Stains .
In 1999, the club went one better, having its best cup run to date. Following a famous semi-final victory over Castleford , the Broncos reached the Challenge Cup final at Wembley Stadium for the first time, but were defeated 52–16 by Leeds. The club sacked Stains after the Broncos endured a long losing streak during the Super League campaign. Tony Rea was appointed temporary joint head coach with Stains' assistant Les Kiss . Rea and Kiss managed to steer Broncos out of the slump.
The Virgin Group then became the majority shareholder and in 1999, they reached the Challenge Cup Final, losing to Leeds Rhinos in what proved to be the last rugby league game ever to be played at the old Wembley Stadium.
In 2000, John Monie was appointed head coach. Monie only stayed in the job until the last month of the 2000 Super League season with the club endured a mediocre season during his tenure. Rea took over caretaker coach until the end of the season and Broncos sailed to mid-table security. Rea resigned his Chief Executive role at the end of the 2000 season to become head coach on a full-time basis.
York made an approach to Virgin to buy the London Broncos in August 2001 and form a merged club under a new name, York Wasps, to play in Super League . [3]
In 2002, fervent supporter David Hughes purchased the majority shareholding from Virgin in a major restructuring of the club. the Broncos moved back across London to play at Griffin Park as tenants of Brentford FC . 2003 marked the club's first Super League play off appearance, losing in the first round to St Helens 24–6 at Knowsley Road .
The 2005 season was marked by significant activity off the pitch as the club welcomed new chairman and majority shareholder Ian Lenagan who had bought up 65% of the shares. This was followed by the announcement of a partnership with Harlequins Rugby Union Club that saw the side return to Twickenham Stoop , this time renamed as Harlequins RL for the 2006 season .
2006-2011: Harlequins Rugby League[ edit ]
Ian Lenagan became the majority shareholder in the London Broncos in July 2005. The new franchise started 2006 with a goal of 5,500 average home ground attendance by mid 2007. [4]
On 8 July 2006, after a disappointing run of form for the team, the Harlequins Rugby League club announced a re-organisation of the coaching set-up. Rea was replaced as head coach by the Leeds Rhinos ' assistant coach Brian McDermott and was appointed to a position on the club's board of directors.
The team completed its first season as Harlequins RL with 7th place in Super League XI . Although finishing strongly to avoid relegation, the run of four consecutive home defeats at the start of the season proved difficult to overcome.
Harlequins RL vs St Helens in 2006 , the first game under in their new guise
A key factor was that the Rugby Football League allowed Chairman Ian Lenagan to become owner of his home town club Wigan Warriors in 2007 but did not force him to sell his controlling share. His associates Chairman Keith Hogg, who lived in Scotland, and CEO Paul Brown were put in place as a short-term measure but no financial investment was made. David Hughes as minority shareholder effectively had to pay the considerable playing costs himself.[ citation needed ]
McDermott presided over four seasons of Harlequins RL decline from 2007 to 2010, with the club dropping to 9th in both 2007 and 2008 and then falling to 11th in 2009 before dropping to 13th in his last season, 2010.[ citation needed ] In 2010, with a couple of games to go the Catalans in last position played Harlequins whom were next to last in what was effectively a wooden spoon decider. Quins RL were winning by a handful of points and in the 78th minute Will Sharp took the ball from a Catalans hand in his own in-goal area, thus just avoiding the ignominy of a bottom place finish.[ citation needed ]
Under new coach Powell, 2011 saw the club's best start to a season ever, with three wins from their first three matches placing them at the top of the ladder. Away wins at Leeds Rhinos and St Helens seemed to herald a new dawn, however, the club's run of success was ended with a club record 82–6 defeat to Warrington Wolves on 20 March 2011 and the team were within a try of losing by the all-time Super League record margin of −80 held by Salford City Reds. Powell has since won only one further match with one draw and thirteen losses as of the start of July 2011.
2012-2014: Broncos and relegation[ edit ]
The club announced on 1 November 2011 that it would be reverting to London Broncos name from 2012. [5] In addition, the team unveiled a new logo as well as new colours of black, light blue and silver. On 4 February, London Broncos played their first competitive match against St Helens since reverting to that name. The game was won by St Helens 34–24 in front of a 4,924 crowd, which was higher than all of their attendances in the year before. In the match, seven players made their debuts for the club.
In the 2012 season, the Broncos played two home games "on the road" away from the Twickenham Stoop , on 6 June vs Bradford at Leyton Orient FC 's Brisbane Road , where they were narrowly beaten 22–29 in front of 2,844 fans, and on 20 June vs Hull at Gillingham FC 's Priestfield Stadium , as thanks for the work Medway Dragons had done in growing rugby league in Kent . The game proved to be popular with nearly 4,000 (3,930) turning up to watch London narrowly beaten 12–14 by Hull.[ citation needed ]
Tony Rea was appointed as the club's head coach for a second time in August 2012 taking over from Rob Powell. In 2013, London Broncos used four venues for their home games with the majority being played at the Twickenham Stoop. On 8 June 2013, London once again played a home game at Priestfield Stadium, this time being heavily beaten 82–10 by Warrington Wolves in front of 3,041 fans.[ citation needed ] On 28 March, London had to play a home game at Molesey Road due to a waterlogged pitch at the Stoop. For the next home game on 6 April, Harlequins didn't allow London to use the Stoop due to a Heineken Cup game, forcing them to play Bradford Bulls at Adams Park.
London Broncos had a successful Challenge Cup campaign in 2013, reaching the semi-finals for the first time since their Wembley appearance in 1999. In round 4, London beat part-timers Featherstone Rovers 24–12 and in round 5, defeated Bradford Bulls 25–16. In the quarter-finals, London Broncos beat part-timers Sheffield Eagles 29–10 to book a place in the semi-finals. On 27 July, London Broncos' dream of reaching the Final for the second time came emphatically to an end with a televised 0-70 defeat by Wigan Warriors, a record score in a Challenge Cup semi-final.
On 29 June 2013, London Broncos announced the loan signing of Australian Jamie Soward until the end of the season. Soward quickly became a fans favourite with a man of the match performance on his debut v Salford City Reds (scoring a try and kicking five goals) and received a standing ovation from the crowd despite being defeated 30–44. Soward put in impressive performances in his short venture in England and in 9 games scored 67 points (5 tries, 23 goals, 1 drop goal).
The club's financial struggles were made evident when, on 20 November 2013, the club announced that it would have to enter administration in ten working days if an new owner was not found. On 3 December 2013, London Broncos announced, "The club will be instructing lawyers to file a further notice of intention to appoint administrators at court, which shall be effective for 10 business days". The club's saviour David Hughes later decided to carry on putting millions into the club. [6] [7]
On 13 December 2013, London Broncos announced a move to The Hive Stadium in Edgware, the new home of Barnet FC . [8] After London lost 21 players from their 2013 squad, they faced a huge task to build up their squad again with minimal finances. The Broncos managed to retain twelve players from 2013 and in the off season signed 16 players (five on loan) including Tongan international fullback Nesiasi Mataitonga and former England international hooker Scott Moore . Tony Rea quit as coach following Broncos' 11-game winless start to the Super League season. Assistant coach Joe Grima became head coach, having been asked to take charge for the rest of the season and next. [1] . Despite several closely contested games in 2014, the team struggled throughout the season against teams with more strength in depth and greater financial resources and finished the season bottom of the table, with only one win.
A supporters club (The LBSA) was founded in 2014 in order for fans to have a voice regarding their team. [9] In July, at a pre-match lunch hosted by former Broncos Martin Offiah and Shaun Edwards , the club announced its Hall of Fame, with six inaugural inductees: Reg Bowden , Peter Gill , Mark Johnson , Hussain M’Barki , Rob Purdham and Steele Retchless and Scott Roskell . [10]
2015-present: The Championship[ edit ]
On 13 July 2014, London Broncos were officially relegated from the First:Utility Super League to the Kingstone Press Championship after a 72-12 loss to Warrington Wolves . The capital club has competed in all 19 Super League seasons and this was the club's first relegation since 1984 as Fulham RL and the first time the club competed in the second division since 1995. Relegation bought another mass exodus of players, with the club losing key homegrown and non-homegrown players.
In their first season in the Championship, Broncos failed to make the Super 8 play-offs that would have given them a chance of promotion back to Super League finishing 7th but made it to the Championship Shield Grand Final but were beaten 36-4 by Featherstone Rovers. Also during the 2015 season, the Broncos had their third change of head coach in four seasons change with Joe Grima resigning and Andrew Henderson taking control of the London club.
London Broncos will move to Ealing for the 2016 season having signed a three-year deal to play at the Trailfinders Sports Ground , home of rugby union side Ealing Trailfinders . On the 3rd of July, the Broncos beat Dewsbury Rams 36-6 to secure a place in The Qualifiers against the bottom 4 Super League teams for promotion. [11] Henderson signed Penrith Panthers playmaker Jamie Soward who played for the Broncos in 2013 until the end of the season. London Broncos finished 2nd in the Championship heading into the Qualifiers for a place in Super League .
The Broncos started The Qualifiers with a narrow 34-30 away loss to Leigh Centurions . London then won their first game in the competition setting a record club scoring victory over Batley Bulldogs 76-16 at the Trailfinders Sports Ground . The following week, Henderson's team put in a gutsy, strong performance going down 28-42 to Leeds Rhinos in front of a record rugby league crowd at the ground of 1,845 in front of the Sky Sports cameras.
The Broncos have played at numerous different grounds around London. In 2016, they moved to Trailfinders Sports Ground in West Ealing .
Colours and badge[ edit ]
Colours[ edit ]
The original Fulham team wore an all black kit with a broad white chevron on the shirt which was unaltered during that club's existence. As London Crusaders, the kit used the same colours again, but in a variety of designs over the seasons. London Broncos wore red, yellow and blue also in a variety of styles, with red being the predominant colour for the last 5 years of their existence. When the club became known as Harlequins they adopted the colours of sister rugby union side Harlequins F.C. . When the club returned to being known as the London Broncos, the colours were black and cyan blue with the home kit being black with a light blue trim and the reverse for the away kit In 2015, the London Broncos reverted to their Fulham colours with their home kit being predominantly black with a white chevron and a red strip around the chevron and on the bottom of sleeves. The home shirt is a replica of the original Fulham RL kit in celebration of the 35th anniversary of the club.
Badge[ edit ]
The first Broncos badge was a red and white crest with a horse on the front with London in scripted on the top. This was worn between the 1990s and 2006 when they became known as Harlequins.
The Harlequins club crest was the same as the rugby union team as they had also adopted the clubs colours as well. This was used up until 2011.
In 2012, the club reverted to the name London Broncos and created a new crest that is silver and blue.
Kit sponsors and manufacturers[ edit ]
Years
Original courtesy of Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:London_Broncos — Please support Wikipedia.
This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia . A portion of the proceeds from advertising on Digplanet goes to supporting Wikipedia.
We're sorry, but there's no news about "London Broncos" right now.
Limit to books that you can completely read online
Include partial books (book previews)
Oops, we seem to be having trouble contacting Twitter
Support Wikipedia
A portion of the proceeds from advertising on Digplanet goes to supporting Wikipedia. Please add your support for Wikipedia!
Searchlight Group
Digplanet also receives support from Searchlight Group. Visit Searchlight
Copyright © 2009-2016 Digparty. All rights reserved.
| i don't know |
In which South African city is the Wanderers test ground ? | South Africa's cricket grounds
Tweet on Twitter
When South Africa hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup, South Africa, the country’s beautiful and varied cricket grounds were on show, with each of them bringing their own character to the game.
The Wanderers exhibited the super-charged atmosphere of the “Bullring”. Newlands revealed one of the most beautiful settings in the world of cricket, while SuperSport Park’s spectator-friendly grass embankments showed off a party vibe.
Each and every one of South Africa’s grounds boasts something unique and special. Take a look around the country:
OUTsurance Oval, Bloemfontein
Website
Located in Bloemfontein, the capital of the Free State province, OUTsurance Oval is a spectator-friendly ground, with the sizeable grass embankment on the eastern side especially popular with spectators.
It is part of a wonderful sporting complex, covering a massive city block that includes facilities of either international of provincial standard for athletics, rugby, hockey, cricket, tennis and swimming.
The ground has been used for limited-overs internationals since the fifth one-day international between South Africa and India in December 1992. The pitch is recognised as a good one-day wicket and is usually conducive to high scoring.
OUTsurance Oval hosted its first Test in October 1999 when South Africa took on Zimbabwe. It was a good start for the Proteas as they thrashed SA’s northern neighbours by an innings and 13 runs.
Willowmoore Park, Benoni
Website
One of South Africa’s newer international grounds, Willowmoore Park is a smaller-sized venue and home of the Easterns provincial team. It is also used by the Nashua Titans franchise.
Willowmoore Park first hosted a one-day international in February 1997 when India met Zimbabwe and Sachin Tendulker celebrated the new venue’s debut with a century as the Indians won by six wickets, with over 10 overs to spare.
Willowmoore Park remains a one-day international venue; it has not yet hosted a test. However, it has become a more and more popular choice as an ODI ground. During the Cricket World Cup in 2003 it hosted two matches.
Denis Compton famously scored a triple century in three hours and one minute against North Eastern Transvaal at the ground in 1948. It remains the fastest ever triple century.
Sahara Park Newlands, Cape Town
Monorgan, 161 Campground Rd, Newlands, Cape Town
Website
Newlands is reckoned by many to be the most picturesque test cricket venue in the world, with the mountains shrouded in clouds overlooking the ground, while tasteful chalets and trees, impressive stands and open grassed areas grace the ground. It is also synonymous with a fantastic atmosphere.
Newlands hosted its first one-day international in 1992 when Hansie Cronje captured 5 for 32 to help South Africa to a six-wicket win over India. It was a test ground over a century before that, hosting the second test between England and South Africa in March 1889.
South African fans enjoy the fact that Newlands has been a particularly good ground to the national side in limited-overs internationals.
The playing surface is highly regarded, but that wasn’t always the case. Pakistan certainly didn’t think so when they were blasted out for just 43 by the West Indies in February 1993. Their woeful batting effort included six ducks!
At the 2003 Cricket World Cup, Newlands hosted both the opening ceremony and the opening match of the tournament, between South Africa and the West Indies. In something of a shock, the islanders beat the home side.
Newlands was one of the primary venues used during the competition, hosting five matches, including three category-A internationals, featuring established test-playing nations.
Supersport Park, Centurion
Website
Rated one of the 10 best grounds in the world by Indian legend Kapil Dev, Supersport Park is a 20 000-seater that boasts a wonderful grandstand and superb open grass embankments. It hosted its first one-day international in December 1992 and its first test in November 1995, a match in which the great Shaun Pollock made his debut for South Africa against England.
Supersport Park has always proved to be an excellent one-day cricket ground, with a wicket that is conducive to free scoring but usually has a little in it for bowlers of all kinds. In tests, the character is different, providing a more even contest between bat and ball.
The ground hosted five World Cup matches in 2003, including two Super Six clashes.
Sahara Stadium Kingsmead, Durban
Website
Sahara Stadium Kingsmead is a 25 000-seater stadium located within walking distance of Durban’s famed Indian Ocean shoreline. It hosted its first one-day international in December 1992, but its first test was hosted in January 1923.
Kingsmead was also home to the famous “Timeless Test” played in 1939 between England and South Africa. The match lasted from 3 to 13 March, but was eventually declared a draw amid concerns that the English team would miss its ship home!
The ground was a semi-final venue during the 2003 Cricket World Cup.
Interestingly, it is widely believed that the changing tides of the nearby ocean help swing bowlers move the ball nicely through the air!
Buffalo Park, East London
Website
A small ground with plentiful grass embankments, East London’s Buffalo Park, boasts a beautiful view with the ocean in the background.
Home to the Border Cricket Union, it first tasted international cricket in December 1992 when India defeated South Africa in the seventh and final one-day international of their series. Since that time it has been regularly used for ODIs.
There have been some special moments in limited overs games that Buffalo Park has hosted. In December 1994, Pakistani paceman Waqar Younis claimed a hat-trick against New Zealand, while in January 1999 Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Carl Hooper put on a fourth-wicket stand of 226 for the West Indies against South Africa. Incredibly, Shaun Pollock captured 6 for 35 for the Proteas in the same match!
The ground hosted its first test in October 2002 when South Africa thrashed Bangladesh by an innings and 107 runs as Graeme Smith hit 200 and Gary Kirsten 150.
During the 2003 Cricket World Cup Buffalo Park hosted a Super Sixes contest, as well as the match between South Africa and Canada.
Bidvest Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
Website
To be precise, the Wanderers is in fact the New Wanderers. The Old Wanderers first hosted test cricket in 1896, when South Africa faced England and George Lohmann claimed 9 for 28 in South Africa’s first innings to help the English to a convincing innings victory.
The New Wanderers, on the other hand, first hosted test cricket in December 1956, and its first one-day international, between South Africa and India, in December 1992. The stadium also hosted the 2003 Cricket World final.
It is known as “the Bullring” for its electric, sometimes intimidating atmosphere. High stands surround most of the field, although there is a small grassed area that is very popular with spectators. The Wanderers’ capacity is about 34 000 people, which includes the occupants of the ground’s 180 corporate suites.
De Beers Diamond Oval, Kimberley
Dickenson Ave, Kimberley
A nice, open ground with plenty of the grass banks that are so popular with South African spectators, The De Beers Diamond Oval hosted its first one-day international in April 1998 when Pakistan chased down a Sri Lankan total of 295 to record a four-wicket victory.
That has been the pattern in most one-day matches – high scoring. However, England’s Mark Ealham managed figures of 5 for 15 in 10 overs against Zimbabwe in January 2000!
The ground hosted three matches during the 2003 Cricket World Cup.
City Oval, Pietermaritzburg
Website
The Pietermaritzburg Oval, a small, picturesque ground with a touch of old-world, Victorian charm about it, hosted its first one-day internationals during the 2003 World Cup.
Chaminda Vaas ensured the first match was a memorable one, capturing four wickets in the very first over of the contest, on his way to figures of 6 for 25, as Sri Lanka crushed Bangladesh by 10 wickets.
Bangladesh won’t have good memories of the ground. Apart from their 10-wicket thrashing in the World Cup, they also suffered a 10-wicket loss to a South African Invitation Eleven in October 2000. On that occasion Charl Langeveldt knocked over 5 for 7 as the Bangladeshis were bundled out for just 51!
Along with the St Lawrence Ground in Kent, it is the only first-class venue that includes a tree within the boundary.
Sahara Oval St George’s Park, Port Elizabeth
Park Drive, Port Elizabeth
Website
Actually The Crusaders Ground, St George’s Park, but commonly known as St George’s Park, the ground first hosted a test match in March 1889 – the first ground to host a test in South Africa.
It was hugely improved for the 2003 World Cup, with R11-million of the total allocation of R35-million for improvements being used on it.
Saint George’s Park boasts excellent stands as well as grassed embankments. It is also famous for its enthusiastic band that is always in attendance at one-day internationals and test matches.
One of the most remarkable results achieved at St George’s Park occurred in October 2001 when lightly regarded Kenya handed India a 70-run thrashing, prompting anti-corruption investigators to look into the match. It was ultimately declared a fair contest.
During World Cup 2003, the ground was home to one of the semi-finals, and hosted five games in total, including the high profile England versus Australia clash.
Senwes Park, Potchefstroom
Website
Senwes Park, sometimes used by the Lions franchise, is one of South Africa’s newer international grounds. It was first used in October 2000 for a match between South Africa and New Zealand. Nicky Boje ensured the occasion would be remembered when he blasted an unbeaten 105 off only 93 deliveries, but the match was ultimately rained out.
In October 2002, Senwes Park became a test ground when it hosted the second test between South Africa and Bangladesh. Herschelle Gibbs, Gary Kirsten and Jacques Kallis all scored centuries, as the Proteas raced to an innings and 160 runs victory.
The excellent rivalry between South Africa and Australia was highlighted at the ground in April 2002. Batting first, the Proteas rattled up 259 for 7 in their 50 overs, thanks mainly to 71 from Jacques Kallis and 83 from Jonty Rhodes. Australia, in reply, sneaked a tension-filled tie, ending the match on 259 for 9 after being reduced to 223 for 9 in the forty-sixth over.
During the 2003 World Cup, the North West Stadium hosted three contests, including the match between South Africa and Kenya during which Jonty Rhodes broke his hand, bringing an untimely end to his international career; he had planned to retire after the World Cup.
Boland Bank Park, Paarl
Langehoven Street, Paarl
Boland Bank Park’s introduction to one-day international cricket was a memorable one. Zimbabwe and India met at the ground on 27 January 1997, with the match ending in a dramatic tie.
Surrounded by beautiful mountains and trees, it offers spectators lovely grassed embankments to relax upon while taking in a match.
Back in 2001 the ground was home to one of the biggest turnarounds the game of cricket has ever seen. India thrashed Kenya by 186 runs after tallying a massive 351 for 3, led by 111 from Sourav Ganguly and 146 from Sachin Tendulkar. A week prior to that, the Kenyans had crushed India by 70 runs after bowling them out for just 176.
Boland Bank Park hosted three matches during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and is nowadays used by the Cape Cobras franchise.
Would you like to use this article in your publication or on your website? See: Using SAinfo material
TAGS
| Johannesburg |
Limoges, Metz and Mulhouse are cities in which European country ? | Sports stadiums in South Africa
Sports stadiums in South Africa
Sports stadiums in South Africa
05 Apr 2002
Tweet on Twitter
South Africa is the home of world-class sporting facilities capable of accommodating tens of thousands of spectators in comfort, such as the picturesque Newlands grounds, nestled at the foot of Cape Town’s mountains, and the energy-charged Wanderers Cricket Grounds in Johannesburg.
There are world-renowned rugby stadiums such as Pretoria’s Loftus Versfeld, home fortress of the feared “Blue Bulls” team; Johannesburg’s Ellis Park, where the 1995 World Cup final was staged, and Durban’s Absa Stadium (formerly Kings Park), home of the Sharks.
Then there are some hugely impressive stadiums that were built for the 2010 Fifa World Cup: the FNB Stadium in Johannesburg, known to football fans as Soccer City; Durban’s Moses Mahbida Stadium, with it’s iconic arch; and the beautiful Cape Town Stadium Stadium.
Keep a watch on the newspapers while you’re here – if a big international game is being played, it could be worth your while to go and watch.
JOHANNESBURG
Coca-Cola Park
Johannesburg’s Coca-Cola Park, formerly known as Ellis Park, was built in 1927 and it wasn’t long before it hosted its first rugby international, when South Africa faced the All Blacks in the first test in 1928, won 7-6 by the New Zealanders.
The Stadium has since become world famous and it played host to the 1995 Rugby World Cup final between South Africa and New Zealand, won 15-12 by the Springboks in a tension-filled atmosphere that exploded into a celebration that engulfed the entire country.
The image of former President Nelson Mandela wearing the number six jersey of Bok captain Francois Pienaar is one that will remain in the memories of many people worldwide.
The original Ellis Park played host to the largest ever crowd at a rugby game in South Africa in 1955, when 100 000 spectators saw the Springboks go down 23-22 to the British Lions. The original ground, which also played host to cricket tests, was rebuilt in 1979-1980 and seven years later was listed on the stock exchange.
Today it is a top-class venue equipped with excellent facilities, and is home to the Golden Lions Rugby Union.
It plays host to many big concerts, and some of the world’s top music superstars, including the Rolling Stones, have graced the ground in New Doornfontein.
Whilst it is recognized primarily as a rugby ground, Ellis Park has also played host to some of the world’s greatest football teams, including Brazil, Manchester United and Arsenal.
The ground seats just over 62 000 spectators.
Bidvest Wanderers Cricket Stadium
Bidvest Wanderers Stadium
Affectionately referred to as the Bullring, The Wanderers Cricket Ground is South Africa’s largest test venue, capable of hosting 34 000 spectators. It is also home to 182 corporate suites and eight function rooms.
The Wanderers became the third ground in South Africa to become a test cricket venue in December 1956, having been built only one year earlier. When Ellis Park was rebuilt in 1979-1980, The Wanderers also became a test rugby ground, playing host to the South American Pumas in a 24-9 victory for the Springboks.
There is no doubt, however – especially since South Africa’s return to world cricket in 1991, when the country started competing against the entire world and not just Australia, England and New Zealand – that the Wanderers is a wonderful, vibrant cricket ground.
Since that time over R60-million has been spent on upgrading the facilities. The Unity stand at the south end of the ground was completed in November 1992 and officially opened by England great Sir Colin Cowdrey. In October 1994 the Trust Bank Memorial Stand on the northwest side of the ground was completed, followed by work on The Western Pavilion and the rebuilding of the Main Gate.
More work was done in 1996 with the upgrading of the lights, and in January 1997 The Wanderers played host to its first day-night international when South Africa beat India by four wickets. At the same time a giant screen television was installed, providing replays much to the delight of the spectators – and probably much to the horror of the umpires!
The Wanderers was in the spotlight again in 2003 when it hosted the final of cricket’s biggest event, the World Cup, on 18 March.
FNB Stadium (Soccer City)
Take a tour of grand FNB Stadium
Built in 1987, South Africa’s national soccer stadium has played host to some of the most memorable matches in South Africa’s soccer history.
South Africa defeated Congo 1-0 at the ground in 1997, in front of a delirious capacity crowd, to qualify for the World Cup finals for the first time. And it was at the same venue that the 1996 African Cup of Nations kicked off and then finished with South Africa beating Tunisia by two goals to nil to give the entire country a welcome boost, especially as it followed only one year after the Springboks had won the Rugby World Cup, also in Johannesburg.
It was also the venue for the first mass rally to celebrate Nelson Mandela’s release from prison in 1990, which drew over 100 000 people.
The FNB Stadium was the main venue for the 201 Fifa World Cup, hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, and the World Cup final. Its seating capacity was increased to 94 700 for football’s showcase event, including 184 suites.
Other changes made for the World Cup include an enciciling roof, new changing rooms and new floodlighting.
The new-look stadium is certainly eye-catching with a distinctly African flavour. That’s because the design is based on the African pot known as a calabash.
The stadium is a short distance from the famous Soweto township, well known for its fanatical football supporters, who produced a humming, festive, and vibrant during atmosphere for the World Cup.
Orlando Stadium
The Orlando Stadium is home to the popular Premier Soccer League club, Orlando Pirates, one of the most popular clubs in South Africa.
The ground, which has hosted many of Soweto’s famous derbies, between Orlando Pirates and Kaizer Chiefs, celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 2009.
It wasn’t used for any matches during the 2010 Fifa World Cup™, but was used for training by the World Cup participants.
It underwent a revamp in preparation for the event, with its capacity increasing from 24 000 to 40 000. Apart from the world class football facilities, the ground also boats a 200-seat auditorium, a conference centre, a gymnasium, and 120 hospitality suites.
Rand Stadium
Johannesburg’s Rand Stadium has, like the Orlando Stadium, was revamped and served as a training ground during the 2010 Fifa World Cup™. It was originally built in 1951.
Between 1951 and 1976, the stadium played host to some of South Africa’s top teams, including Highlands Park and Germiston Callies, while some of the visitors to grace the venue included Arsenal, Ajax Amsterdam, Newcastle United and Real Madrid.
The facility, however, with time, began to lose its shine and it became a bit of a white elephant until South Africa was awarded the World Cup. After that, the stadium was redeveloped over three years in a multi-million rand project.
Now, it sports a new grandstand roof and media facilties, new changing rooms, and a new pitch. However, the look and feel of the original venue has been retained, including a unique scoreboard in the north-eastern corner of the ground.
Its return was celebrated in May 2009 when the Rand Stadium hosted the Nedbank Cup final between Moroka Swallows and Pretoria University.
PRETORIA
Blue Bulls website
Situated in South Africa’s capital Pretoria and home to the Blue Bulls Currie Cup rugby side, and the Bulls Super 12 rugby team, Loftus Versfeld is one of the country’s premier sporting venues.
It has been in use as a rugby ground since 1908. Largely unchanged for many years, it underwent refurbishment in 1976 and was one of the primary venues for the 1995 Rugby World Cup, playing host to five matches.
For many years. the Blue Bulls (formerly known as Northern Transvaal) have been one of the most teams in South African provincial rugby and southern hemisphere competition.
Loftus has also proved to be a happy hunting ground for the Springboks; their victories there include a 61-22 pounding of Australia in 1997 and their biggest victory ever over one of the top-tier nations, a 96-13 humbling of Wales in 1998.
Premier Soccer League powerhosue Mamelodi Sundowns also play some of their bigger games at the ground.
Loftus Versfeld is not only home to sporting events, however. It has successfully hosted a number of big concerts, and with a media centre, corporate suites and spacious parking areas, is one of South Africa’s top stadiums.
Only minor improvements were needed for the 2010 Fifa World Cup, including to the floodlights, sound system and scoreboards. Seating capacity at the stadium was increased by 5 000 – from 45 000 to 50 000.
SuperSport Park
Nashua Titans Official Website
A relatively new venue, built in 1986 to replace Berea Park, SuperSport Park in Centurion just outside Pretoria is an appealing cricket venue (no pun intended!), with lots of grassed banks and good seating on a well-equipped main stand, set in spacious surrounds. The grassed areas are conducive to a festive atmosphere and lend themselves to groups of friends and families having a good time watching the game. Corporate chalets add to the setting.
The ground first hosted a first-class match in December 1986 when Northern Transvaal faced the might of the Transvaal “Mean Machine”, one of the most powerful provincial cricket combinations ever seen in South Africa. In November 1995 it was awarded its first test when it hosted England and South Africa. The match was unfortunately rained out, but it was memorable for the fact that cricket legend Shaun Pollock made his debut for South Africa.
The next time the ground hosted a test the result was altogether better for home fans, both from the fact that the game was completed, and also that it resulted in a victory over Australia inside four days by eight wickets.
High praise from Indian cricket legend Kapil Dev was accorded SuperSport Park in 1992, when he rated the facilities at the ground as being among the best in the world.
It hosted five matches during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and hosted the final of the ICC Champions Trophy in 2009.
CAPE TOWN
Nashua Cape Cobras Cricket
Acknowledged as one of the most scenic cricket grounds in the world, Newlands was officially opened in January 1888. Four years later the ground experienced its first taste of test cricket, hosting the third test between South Africa and Australia, won by the Australians by 10 wickets. The crowd attracted was estimated at 10 000, a record turnout.
The picturesque ground became famous for the Oaks and the superb background of mountains and clouds, but towards the end of the twentieth century it was agreed that the ground needed to undergo some changes. This began with the revamping of the Main Stand in 1984/85, improving seating capacity by 3 000 and providing upgraded media facilities.
Newlands underwent further changes in 1986 with floodlights and chalets being added. However, when South Africa was readmitted to international cricket in 1991, it became necessary to upgrade the ground once more.
The R85-million development took place over a number of years, eventually ending in January 1997. This included the demolition of the much-loved Oaks, but in its place impressive stands were erected which, while they couldn’t match the natural beauty of the Oaks, were nonetheless tastefully designed.
Today, Newlands remains one of South Africa’s most popular grounds, with enthusiastic crowds who like nothing more than a test in December or January, played in warm African sunshine in the shadow of the mountains.
Over the years Newlands has proved to be something of a bogey ground for South Africa, but the Proteas, since March 1994, when they lost to Australia by 9 wickets, they have built up a string of victories at the ground, including wins over Sri Lanka, England, India, Australia, Zimbabwe and the West Indies.
For any visitor, Newlands is a ground that breathes character and beauty, and it remains one of the most scenic settings for test cricket in the world today.
Newlands Rugby Stadium
Western Province Rugby Website
Newlands was first used for an official match in May 1890 when club rugby sides Villagers and Stellenbosch met in a match that was won by the university. The following year, on 5 September 1891, the ground hosted its first rugby test when the touring British Lions beat South Africa by four points to nil.
The ground has been pretty good to the Springboks, with the national team winning almost two-thirds of the matches they have played there. Newlands has also hosted two test matches that didn’t include the Boks. That happened during the 1995 World Cup and included the semi-final between New Zealand and England when Jonah Lomu, famouslly, scored four tries.
The Springboks scored a memorable 27-18 victory over defending champions Australia in the opening match of the 1995 World Cup at Newlands. The ground also saw a big 27-9 win over England in 1994, just one week after the English had thumped South Africa 32-15 in Pretoria.
In 1980, the Springboks did just enough to stay ahead of the 18-point haul of Lions’ flyhalf Tony Ward, scoring four tries to the Lions’ one in a 26-22 victory. In 1955, South Africa enjoyed a big 25-9 win over the British Lions in a four-match series that was drawn.
Newlands has a capacity of 51 9000 and is the home ground of the Stormers in the Super 12 and of Western Province in the Currie Cup. The seating is close to the field and with the crowd normally sizeable and festive, the atmosphere is one of the finest of any rugby ground in the world.
From time to time, the ground has also played host to Ajax Cape Town, a local Premier Soccer League team, which is an affiliate of the famous Dutch club, Ajax Amsterdam.
Cape Town Stadium
Cape Town Stadium – open to the public
The Cape Town Stadium was built for the 2010 Fifa World Cup™. It hosted eight games in the tournament, including the semi-final showdown between The Netherlands and Uruguay, with a capacity of 64 100.
The stadium is a short distance from the ocean, with a backdrop of mountains, which makes for a spectacular setting. The stadium is also ideally located within a short walk of the transportation hub of the city.
A multi-purpose venue, the has a noise-reducing cladding on the exterior, which makes it ideal as a host of major events and concerts.
Premier Soccer League club, Ajax Cape Town, an affiliate of the famous ajax Amsterdam, plays regularly at Cape Town Stadium.
DURBAN
Dolphins Cricket Website
Little more than a stone’s throw from the ocean, Kingsmead is located in humid Durban, home to wonderful sandy beaches and surfing. The ground has played host to tests since January 1923 when England and South Africa played to a draw.
Highlights in the history of Kingsmead include South Africa’s innings and 129-run demolition of Australia in February 1970 when two of the game’s greats, Graeme Pollock and Barry Richards, thrashed the Australian bowling to all parts of the ground as they scored 274 and 140 respectively. The total of 622 for 9 remained SA’s record total until 2003.
In that year, a new high was established at Lords when South Africa declared on 682 for 6 against England. Then, in December, Kingsmead was again the venue for the highest total in the history of tests played in South Africa, with the Proteas posted 658 for 9 declared against the West Indies.
Gary Kirsten wrote his name into the record books at Kingsmead in December 1999 against England when he bettered Graeme Pollock’s 274 and equalled Darryl Cullinan’s South African record test score of 275. That score has since been bettered by Graeme Smith (277 vs England, June 2003) and AB de Villiers (278* vs Pakistan, November 2010)
The ground was also the host of the longest cricket test in history, the fifth test between South Africa and England, from 3 to 14 March 1939. Play took place on 10 days, but the contest ultimately ended in a draw by agreement of the captains when the English team, ironically, ran out of time and had to catch their ship back home.
Kingsmead’s warm weather encourages a casual and relaxed atmosphere as spectators soak up the sun’s rays while taking in top-class action out on the pitch. And if the humidity proves too much, it is easy to pop down to the beach for a quick dip in the ocean and then return for more cricket.
Mr Price King’s Park
Jacko Jackson Road, Durban
Sharks Rugby
Durban’s Kings Park Stadium, after a quiet history as a test venue, enjoyed a rebirth in 1990 when the ground underwent a massive upgrade and the hometown Natal Sharks won the prestigious Currie Cup for the first time.
Between 1891 and 1992 the ground hosted just 12 rugby tests between, beginning in 1962 when South Africa defeated the British Lions 3-0. Since 1992, the ground has played hosted to way more than 12 tests!
It has also been a favoured venue for matches featuring the South African national football side, Bafana Bafana. In fact, it played host to the team’s first international match, a friendly against Cameroon in July 1992, which was won 1-0 by South Africa.
In 2003 it hosted the friendly between England and South Africa that launched the Rainbow Nation’s bid to host the 2010 Fifa World Cup. Bafana Bafana lost 2-1, but the bid was successful!
In a rich history of many wonderful matches at Kings Park, three two stand out above all others. The first was mentioned above: the democratic South Africa’s introduction to international football against Cameroon in 1992. The other contests involved rugby tests.
The first took place in 1995 when South Africa faced France in atrocious conditions in the semi-final of the Rugby World Cup. The game was a cliff-hanger, and only splendid and stubborn Springbok defence earned the home team a nail-biting 19-15 victory.
The second memorable rugby match took place in 1998 when Natal Sharks’ favourite Gary Teichmann led the Boks to the Tri-Nations title with an unbelievable 24-23 win over the All Blacks. South Africa trailed 23-5 with 12 minutes remaining, but they lifted themselves and an ecstatic crowd as they crossed New Zealand’s try line three times to claim a famous victory.
The Moses Mabhida Stadium
Moses Mabhida Stadium
Durban received an impressive new football stadium for the 2010 Fifa World Cup. The Moses Mabhida Stadium with its impressive arch became an eye-catching addition to the city’s fine list of sporting facilities.
Situated within walking distance of the Absa Stadium, home to the Sharks and a popular rugby test venue, the Moses Mabhida Stadium had a capacity of 62 760 during the World Cup, but that was reduced to 54 000 afterwards. The stadium has the capacity, however, to accommodate 80 000, if needed. There are 150 corporate hospitality suites with 7 500 seats.
The 106-metre high grand arch is not just a design feature. A cable car takes visitors up to its highest point, where they can get out and enjoy breathtaking, panoramic views of the city and ocean.
The roof is made of Teflon®-coated glass fibre membranes, which produce a translucent glow when the stadium is lit.
Seven Fifa World Cup matches were played at the stadium: five first round games, a second round fixture, and a semi-final.
Since the World Cup, the ground has also hosted a T20 international between South Africa and India and many concerts.
With its spectacular arch and big capacity, it dominates the city’s seaside sporting skykline, including the nearby Absa Stadium.
PORT ELIZABETH
Sahara Oval Saint George’s
Park Drive, Port Elizabeth
St George’s Park
The Crusaders Ground in Port Elizabeth, commonly referred to as Saint George’s Park, first played host to international cricket in March 1889 when England defeated South Africa by eight wickets in South Africa’s first ever test match.
Saint George’s Park became home to Eastern Province cricket, and some of South Africa’s finest players graced the ground for EP and South Africa, including Bert Vogler, Peter and Graeme Pollock, and Dave Richardson.
As with many other grounds, Saint George’s underwent an upgrade after South Africa returned to international cricket, and today it is a popular venue for both test matches and one-day internationals.
Situated within sight of the ocean, the ground has become well known for the enthusiastic band that plays during test matches. It is a particular favourite of spectators during the summer months, when tests take place in beautiful sunny settings, often accompanied by a cooling breeze, making Saint George’s Park an ideal venue both for fans of the game and for the players themselves.
South Africa has experienced both wonderful success and agonising defeat at the ground. Two matches of more recent vintage that stand out are a painful loss to Australia by two wickets in March 1997 after the Proteas had the Aussies on the rack, having led by 101 runs on the first innings; and a superb win by 9 wickets over India in 1992 as fast bowler Allan Donald claimed 12 for 139 on a pitch that many had said favoured spin bowling and was a fast bowler’s nightmare.
Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium
Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium
Port Elizabeth, known as “The Friendly City”, received a long overdue new stadium ahead of the 2010 Fifa World Cup™. It now accommodates almost 48 500 spectators.
The stadium, with a striking roof that highlights its design, played host to the playoff for third place during the World Cup, as well as a quarter-final, a second round match, and five first round games.
It has since become home to the Port Elizabeth Sevens, one of the stops on the HSBC World Sevens Series circuit.
The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium is set on the shores of the North End Lake and is the first football-dedicated stadium in the city. It is located north of the city, near the industrial port development of Coega, just two kilometres from the ocean. Thanks to its proximity to the N2 Highway, access to the ground from the city is easy and fast.
BLOEMFONTEIN
Toyota Free State Cheetahs
The upgraded Free State Stadium was completed before the 2009 Fifa Confederations Cup and it played a big role in the event, hosting the eventual winners, Brazil. Bloemfontein’s football supporters are well known for their enthusiastic support and true to form they provided each match with a party atmosphere.
Five first round contests, as well as a second round match were played at the ground in in the Fifa World Cup.
Formerly a 38 000-seater, the ground now hosts almost 41 000 people. Top football and rugby matches are played there. It is home to Bloemfontein Celtic of the Premier Soccer League and the Cheetahs Super 14 and Currie Cup rugby teams.
Free State Stadium is part of what is possibly the finest collection of sports facilities in South Africa. Situated on the same huge block as it are an international standard athletics stadium, the OUTsurance Oval cricket ground – also used for international matches – and tennis facilities that have played host to South African satellite events. Just across the way is a top class class swimming stadium.
The stadium first saw international action in 1955 when the touring British Lions faced the Junior Springboks and edged to a 15-12 victory. It included cycling and athletics tracks around the playing field for many years, but all that changed in 1994 when it was reconstructed ahead of the 1995 Rugby World Cup.
The result was a beautiful stadium vastly improved on the former design. Spectators were no longer distanced from the action, with seating bordering the field creating a sense of intimacy. The All Blacks, based in Bloemfontein for their World Cup pool matches, certainly enjoyed the new stadium, thrashing a hapless Japanese team 145-17.
The ground has hosted a good number of football internationals played by Bafana Bafana. It was also used during the 1996 African Cup of Nations for a group that included Zambia, Algeria, Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso.
OUTsurance Oval
Free State Cricket Union Website
Formerly known as Springbok Park, then Goodyear Park for many years, the ground is now known as the OUTsurance Oval and is a well-designed 20 000-seater. It incorporates two large stands and lots of grassed banks that attract large groups who wish to cook in the sun while enjoying their cricket.
The ground hosted its first one-day international in December 1992 when South Africa cruised to an eight-wicket victory over India. In October 2000 it was accorded full test status when the Proteas defeated Zimbabwe by an innings and 13 runs at the ground.
Goodyear Park played its part in South African test history when, fittingly, it became the ground on which Free State fast bowler Allan Donald became the first South African to capture 300 test wickets, during the first test against New Zealand in November 2000.
One of the greatest innings ever played at the ground occurred early in 1994 when former South African captain Hansie Cronje, playing for Free State, smashed 251 against the touring Australians, hitting 28 fours and six sixes, including three in succession to hurry him along from 200 to 250.
The OUTsurance Oval boasts some of the best lights for night cricket in the country and it is regularly used for day/night internationals, when the grassy banks become colourfully filled with spectators and a carnival atmosphere prevails. It is relaxed and friendly.
POLOKWANE
Peter Mokaba Stadium
The Peter Mokaba Stadium is named after an anti-apartheid activist. It is located in Polokwane, the birthplace of Mokaba, in the Limpopo Province and seats almost 42 000 people. It is a mere five kilometres from the city centre.
The design of the stadium is inspired by the iconic Baobab tree. Each corner of the stadium features giant ‘trunk’ structures which accommodate vertical circulation ramps and service cores.
The venue hosted four first round matches during the Fifa World Cup. It has since been used by a number of Premier Soccer League clubs as an alternate venue, including SuperSport United, Kaizer Chiefs, and Black Leopards.
RUSTENBURG
Royal Bafokeng Sports Palace
The Royal Bafokeng Sports Palace was opened in 1999. Not much work was needed to prepare it to host Fifa World Cup™ matches in 2010.
Five matches took place at the ground: four in the first round and one in the second round.
It is to be found in Rustenburg and is named after the Bafokeng people who live in the area. The Royal Bafokeng people are a rich community, whose wealth is founded on the royalties paid to it by mining companies for access to platinum, ferrochrome, rhodium, and palladium.
The stadium, located 12 kilometres from the Rustenburg city centre, seats 42 000 and is home to Platinum Stars, a Premier Soccer League club in which Royal Bafokeng Sports Holdings owns a majority share.
It is also a 25-minute drive from Sun City and a half-hour drive from the beautiful Pilansberg Mountains.
NELSPRUIT
Mbombela Stadium
The Mbombela Stadium, in Nelspruit, seats close to 42 000 people and was especially built for the 2010 Fifa World Cup™, during which is hosted five first round matches.
It is named after the municipality in which the stadium is found and the name, which comes from one of South Africa’s 11 official languages, Siswati, means “many people together in a small space.”
The stadium is only seven kilometres from the city centre and 12 kilometres from the Kruger-Mpumalanga Airport. It is located in a part of South Africa renowned for its game reserves and wildlife.
The stadium design has wildlife features, with the 18 roof supports resembling giraffes and the seating patterned in zebra stripes.
The stadium was the first top class football venue built in the province of Mpumalanga. Premier Soccer League club Bidvest Wits uses it for some of the team’s home matches.
Would you like to use this article in your publication or on your website? See: Using SAinfo material
TAGS
| i don't know |
In which country is Raciborz, which emtereed a twinning agreement with Wrexham County Borough Council in 2002 ? | ��ࡱ� > �� * 4 ���� ) � ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� q � 4* bjbjt+t+ @ A A ;% � �� �� �� ] V V V V � � � 4 V � ^ t t t t = 6 s � DV FV FV FV FV FV FV $ 5W � )Y P jV � � � @ = � � jV V V t t � ^ � p V l t � t DV V V V V � DV � � F �R � , � DV t B ��n^ � �U T EMBED Word.Picture.8 1. PURPOSE OF THE REPORT To provide Members with the annual update on twinning activity. 2. INFORMATION 2.1 The original Twinning was established on 17th March 1970 between the former Kreis Iserlohn and Wrexham Rural District. Its early success ensured that, after local government reorganisation in both countries in the mid-seventies, the Twinning was taken over by the new Councils of M�rkischer Kreis and Wrexham Maelor Borough Council and, in 1996, by Wrexham County Borough Council. 2.2 Well over 26,000 visits have taken place over the years with over 40 different groups being involved. The Twinning has been awarded the European Flag of Honour and the European Plaque of honour for its contribution to European understanding. Apart from official visits and exchanges between clubs there have been countless private visits and friendships and even four weddings. 2.3 The Twinning had mainly been one of cultural and sporting exchanges, with exchanges between choirs, schools, sports clubs etc.. In recent years, however, it has seen several new initiatives such as students and pupils on work placements in their partner county, the exchange of exhibitions and exciting joint projects such as the Welsh-German Youth Orchestra. 2.4 The Executive Board in 2003 adopted revised objectives for twinning, namely:- To foster friendship and mutual understanding between the County Borough and identified areas in the European Community with the specific but not exclusive aims of:- identifying projects of mutual interest and benefit; enabling exchanges of experiences between organisations (in the health, statutory and voluntary sectors etc); developing joint submissions for E.C. funding support; encouraging contact and understanding especially between young people; fostering opportunities and facilitating links leading to economic development activities; organising sporting and cultural exchange programmes; Consideration of any areas for twinning should be based on the relevance to the above aims and on a readily identifiable link to the County Borough. 2.5 Recent activities and exchanges between Wrexham and M�rkischer Kreis have included the following:- - Youth Project - 8 youngsters from MK visited Wrexham in October 2004 as a pilot visit for youth exchanges potentially to be funded by the EU. The group had information exchange meetings with Yale College students at which they discussed the future impact and programme for twinning for young people. M�rkischer Kreis Twinning Festival - Our German partners organised a weekend long festival at Altena Castle to celebrate the success and development of their twinning relationships. Two groups of young people from Wrexham � the County Wind Band and the N.E. Wales Dance � participated in all the public performance. The annual visit by Wrexham citizens was organised to coincide with the event which also featured, for the first time, a tourism promotion featuring the attractions of Wrexham. This major event was attended by the Mayor and a small official delegation. a wide range of community groups have visited or been visited by their German counterparts during the year, for example Rossett Scouts, Borras Park Albion FC hosted TuS Plettenberg (Youth Football Club), Bergstadt Gymnasium, a grammar school, visited its twin school St Joseph�s in March / April 2004 and the Wrexham German Club (formed in 2002) which is twinned with Wales Freunde Nevenrade visited Germany. Cultural activities have included Theatr Ifanc Rhos who visited M�rkischer Kreis with their production of �Return to the Forbidden Planet� in October 2003 They gave a performance in Altena and are looking to build on this visit by creating in future a link with a Youth Musical Theatre Society or Youth Choir with a view to putting on a joint production; Choral Variations visited their twinned organisation the Hans Gunter Holler Choir Members of the Caia Park Healthy Living Project visited M�rkischer Kreis on a study visit between August 31st. and September 6th. 2003. A series of meetings were arranged to allow them to find out how such issues as drug abuse, alcohol misuse, obesity and heart disease are dealt with in Germany. This visit was extremely successful and plans are being made for a reciprocal visit from MK to Wrexham. - GWS / Wrexham County Borough Council�s Economic Development Dept. The GWS is MK�s �arms length� Economic Development Unit. Jochen Schr�der, Head of the GWS, visited Wrexham in August 2003 for discussions with officers of Wrexham�s Economic Development Department. In December 2003 a small delegation from the Economic Development Department visited MK. Work is now underway on a business website, contacts between firms and an EU funded project. In October Jochen Schr�der visited a major national trade fair in Wrexham and then took part in Wrexham Business week, where he gave a breakfast talk to local business people interested in trading in M�rkischer Kreis. Wrexham�s Economic Development Department has set up a fully equipped office in Wrexham to be at the disposal of firms from M�rkischer Kreis interested in doing business in Wrexham and GWS is planning to set up an office for Wrexham businesses in MK and recipricol conference arrangements. As part of a new initiative to create a link between NEWI and BITS (Business and Information Technology School) Iserlohn, Professor Thomas Lange of NEWI visited MK and gave a lecture at BITS. This was followed up by the participation of the NEWI Principal in an official visit in December 2003 which concluded with the signing of a formal co-operation agreement between the two institutions. - A new initiative was M�rkischer Kreis�s participation in the Wrexham Science Festival. The science museum in L�denscheid, Ph�nomenta, brought over five �hands-on� scientific exhibits which were displayed at their own stand at �Scientrific�. Also the �Physikanten� � a physics based show � was presented during Scientrific and was extremely well attended and well received. M�rkischer Kreis�s Chief Culture Officer and Twinning Officer provided transport for the exhibits and assisted with translation on the stand. 2.6 At the local election on 26 September 2004, Aloys Steppuhn was elected directly by the electorate for a second term as Landrat of M�rkischer Kreis. 2.7 In 2001 M�rkischer Kreis entered a Twinning arrangement with Racib�rz (Ratibor), a county in Poland, which was at one time part of Silesia, Germany. In September 2002, a delegation from Racib�rz visited Wrexham and began initial discussions about possible co-operation which led, eventually, to the signing of Articles of Twinning between Wrexham and Racib�rz in March 2004. 2.8 Underpinning the aims and objectives of the new Twinning was the recognition of two main points, namely:- The significant links between County Borough residents and Poland Poland�s accession to the EU in 2004 Both Councils are developing initiatives in the areas of Health, Local Government, Young People, Schools and other educational links, Economic Development, Culture and Heritage as the first steps towards taking the new relationship forward. Specific initiatives include the following:- currently officers of all three twinned areas are finalising the detail of an innovative young people�s event which will be hosted in Racib�rz in the Spring. This will involve three delegations � one from each partner � of young people participating in an intense workshop to develop ideas and proposals, from their viewpoint, for the partnerships. It is hoped that ongoing institutional and individual links will also be established � the Wrexham delegation is drawn from Yale College students; initial discussions are being held to establish a relationship between the respective police forces of Wrexham and Racib�rz; similar links have been established elsewhere in the UK and this has been initiated to assist our police to be able to work particularly with Polish nationals working in Wrexham companies; it has been agreed, and joint planning is underway, to develop a citizens link whereby local organisations, families and individuals can be partnered paralleling the remarkably successful model established between Wrexham and M�rkischer Kreis, possible links range from the cultural (recipricol choir visits) to the economic (exploring potential development opportunities in the two areas). a recent development has been the linking of Racib�rz and Wrexham public library services who are reviewing the benefits of possible co-operative activity. A joint working programme for the next 12-18 months is being drawn up for agreement which will guide the efforts of both Racib�rz and ourselves. 2.9 The total revenue budget allocated within the Departmental budget for 2004/05 is some �17,600. Of the total expenditure, about 43% is spent on delivering the programme of activities, 31% towards transport costs (mainly to assist twinning participants), and the remaining 26% on direct employee costs and support services to facilitate the twinning programme (official delegation costs in 2004 amount to a total of �2100 � which funded two official visits, one to Racib�rz to ratify the Twinning agreement and one to M�rkischer Kreis to participate in the Twinning Festival celebrations both of which were led by the Mayor). 3. RECOMMENDATION That Members note the report. 4. BACKGROUND PAPERS None 5. WEBSITE INFORMATION None REPORT TO: Executive Board REPORT NO: COLLC / 05 / 05 DATE: 1 February 2005 LEAD OFFICER: Chief Leisure, Libraries & Culture Officer CONTACT OFFICER: George Lacy (01978 292683) SUBJECT: Twinning Partnership WARD: N/A + - K � � � � � � c � R � � � � � � ( ) � y � � [ d � T X& Y& �( �( �( �( ) ) ) 6) ;) =) K) [) i) y) �) �) �) �) �) �) * * #* '* ,* -* .* 0* 3* 4* ��������� � � ��� � � �� � ��������� � � � ������ ������������������ � 5�CJ H*5�CJ j�@�< CJ UVmH CJ j CJ Uj CJ UmH F ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 J K � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $�7��� �� $ $ $ ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 J K � � � � � � b c ? � � + � � � R S � � �����������������������������|yv ����9���:��� ���� �������' a���' ����' ����' M���' ����' ���� )��� *���|���}������� ���� m��� n����������� ���� ���� ���� ������������������������ . � � b c ? � � + � � � R S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $�7��� � 7 $�7 � 7 $�n�W� � n $ & F' ���V� �h� $ & F' �7� �h� $ $�7 �7��� � 7 $�7��� � � � � ( ) � � y z R � � Z [ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $�: � � $ & F% � � $�� $�7 � � � 7� �: $ & F% � � ��� � � 7� & F% � 7� � 7 & F% � 7 ��� � � 7� $ � � � ( ) � � y z R � � Z [ d e � � � } ~ � . S T r s e" f" �# �# )% *% �% W& X& Y& ������������ļ��������������zxqxjxcxx % % % ����% ���� ��� ���-���& o���& ��������\���]���^��� ���� ���� i�������% ����q�����������I���% J��� % ��������% ���� ����% ���� q���&[ d e � � � } ~ � . S T r s e" f" �# �# )% *% �% � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � n �: � n & F% � n �� & F& �n�W� �h ���;� � 7� ���;� $���Y� � � �% W& X& Y& �( �( �( �( ) ) ) ) ) ) 4) 5) ;) <) =) >) [) \) y) z) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � 7 $�7 $�7��� �7��� � 7� ���;� �� �� � � Y& �( �( �( �( ) ) ) ) ) ) 4) 5) ;) <) =) >) [) \) y) z) �) �) �) �) �) �) * * '* (* )* ** +* ,* -* .* /* 0* 3* 4* � ������ �� �� � ���������������������������� (z) �) �) �) �) �) �) * * '* (* )* ** +* ,* -* .* /* 0* 1* 2* 3* 4* � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � 7 ���� ��. ��A!�n"�n#�n$�n%� V8 D d �n )(>6 �B � � S � A ? � � � � �b ��7 a>�$��M�� � �7 D x n �7 a>�$��M�� ��PNG IHDR � n 2
�:��=��=��=ܹ ��ߧ[;7�O�un|i�~���ƹ������ح \�]�<{(κSq�pv���g��n97� ��X݅#q֝���t��f`x�rⶃ� �M����q�Р�;萙�A��D*L�����N|ֽ��c� �\��Lw:B��РO��:9 �o �{jdO��o���E�� ���|)L���û�F��O���]��� /Cv��le�S���^tC��O��폟at9�rc ��:_�ܲ��ȁ��V���o���6����>�,K���p c>����\p�1U�H4 ��_q�Ï���G����{٭κqɑ����6�#���w�]��'�H�?�����#���oO{� NV�i�n�K���� �����������۷/ȵ)�m��w"�p�f�}�ݣ`�¼���:�D��4�_�?qZs��v�[N����/yw������i�1]�:�]����/߾}�?ټ��ϩ�\�:���G�����M��]�ŝq�?��kK�Ës�^v�
-�Rˢ�Z��u�D*�Wp��Ë�rh���՞-�+$9�WʦN������s�&�X��w.�]�q ��6Q`�����po.�ZZ�F������-kY���g��y�q�a��7�j�(��[:wb_r��]X�E�9�ԟ�Vb�җ�\��7��ɠV�/'�}���pgL{{��?��b��▹�ʜi��w]!�I��ۗ�A����&���L��^� /��Kj�Ja�����Wp���OK_�*���6���~Aɮ�/_? �%��O��� �K��;�ɻo/Fe���O�7��<���\������`_F��[ �J��+�� s� i���F���"h�?��[H|�[����ߟ�Z��)7\-�\.���������l7��N��x�x�6�B���� I+��/����u�K͠LT�b��kN��k����!$���� �x���f�\�>��+$��x��?�)��n�Fn�L� ������\n����s]�+]�)ϸ�ѹ��%��E��C���E�;�%��mF����E���θ�{g��J������������Z�c�w�(� 9�����. ߁[x�$�]y%�e����AGp���Z ����p �_�^� ��-���q :���'�En�Fbn&ܗ��u���ZX�b|��҅��=���u�3���g��1�����*Ň�skg|��^�e��m�q�����+?�+p���nd��6p_��[�\W.�w���J�D>9�j�ۼ � +?���^�u����x��ؼ=5�n��"X@�k�zk����o�v�� l�ۿ����|+ܒ�|
�����7W��s?�� �[���܊��� ��/�߲Z�j�ލ��K���皇c���8���w~�y0�㻹���-�en���Gnڟ��V����q�F�`�E{���2W�hbnG.T~�}���F�ܸo(3_�n��o'�ܹ�_��nw�|�ww�h #,�nt�V�2W.H��}:v�����+������g�"� �X�����-�2m1v?�۟�n�.t+����� ��Ż���}�nj.ݒ\�jq�N�w�}0�r��5��U�~w��BW.Hy; �]�����gܼwg�6�m�+��kG�^�5���_9��_/��_�J�f��n_�x��\�{=��aNh�]9wҎ�X乼[E{���\9�{~�ڮ�ɩ�?�^;���v�F��ҭ��ni�D�L��y�{p�n�����\/������s+�&��/ eX������Ѝ�� ��w�kq����p�ι}��9��s�3��K�ؗ���ͽc����'q3s������� /Y궳��␂ ��Q�[qҟx�|�q#v sq��RW �¹��}���16�^ ���\=_I�;� ���8Te������šWp]�Pܛ�]ݭص����Ȝ}jp��G��k⾿��e7�n��f��
��&��HWp���쑟ŕ�27��� �_(�n{7rg �Z�7oo��u�Sw�)�k����~ɇ�����=йy0t�=ʫn���x�kΝU����a�~�����
��l� f��3�wΣ []C] ��ۙ���n��� ��g��~=gL�V��ؽ��v��O �� ��!E�����l�� ���{���s�����nΐ���t�x�GS�� ^ ݼ�p~m�y��3�~��O����u�V�a�P�.���ܹ��u5�sk�#Ok��/���f辛���f��P��W�wr�E W{�^��~�.��^�?{ܛ�b趿~���� dz�ys�ts M����h�F� _��|平 �Y� כ���wwS������<"�ٽ�� �Z�g�����_��ᬓp|g����fc ����r�����*�W�o����y����ݎoQy��ھ���~��9wj�z4e��ӽ\�[ �lޣV�ܢ��f���R��� �u�wޣV�\���ٹ��[~v�8����/?;��.q������.�~o�V�=8Љ��!��u]���x|� ._�[��r/n1r�;��^t 3�̚�a���YG�9� �빮K�ͬ�����r厯�;��)��_�%/w�g�[��x�J ��1_9�� w���{ �|�m����#��[�Ƌ���՜�������Uֻƽ0D�y� ot]~���ng=ڽ�����w����;$��;�g�uV>�f�����o��g|��'�o��֝�(�F�+�ٽ���g�������n� _vϼ��z���K{J��gO��;�z�� ��m��W��W���� ����" # $ % & ' ( i ����+ 6 - . / 0 1 2 3 �������� ~ 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X ����Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` ����b c d e f g h ����j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ��������� R o o t E n t r y �������� � F P^ ���z^ �5 D a t a ������������ ! V8 W o r d D o c u m e n t �������� @ O b j e c t P o o l ���� �`^ ���z^ � _ 1 0 2 0 6 0 8 7 4 9 �������� � F �`^ ��g^ � 1 T a b l e ������������ , C o m p O b j ���� h O b j I n f o ������������ [ $ @�� $ N o r m a l mH < A@��� < D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t ���� �� �l � �, b �$ !0� ^[mm�m��B� � �7 @ � �� � ��� � �� � �n �( � "uE$v\�� �� � �6 � � � A � � �B � S � � � � ? � ) ( T �@ �� p @ G� T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5� � S y m b o l 3&� A r i a l " �� � h f�E&g�EF ! ��� � � r0 d ��� C . I . S . O . C . I . S . O . �������� ���� ���� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �� ���� � F Microsoft Word Picture MSWordDoc Word.Picture.8 �9�q �� �����Oh�� +'��0 � � � � � � � � � 0 < H T ` h p x � s s Martin Howarth art art Normal H ciso l H O b j e c t P o o l ���� �b^ � �b^ � W o r d D o c u m e n t ������������ 7 �C S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ���� Y D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ������������ a �� q � bjbjt+t+ �C A A �� �� �� ] � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � U U U i k k k k k k $ Z � N J � � U 3 " U U U � i � � � � M � i i i U � � � � i � � � � � � U i i i i � � i � � ����Ŀ� � _ i � j UmH � �� ��N ��N!��$"��$#�L$$�L$%� n �7 !0� ^[mm�m��B� ��PNG IHDR � n 2
�:��=��=��=ܹ ��ߧ[;7�O�un|i�~���ƹ������ح \�]�<{(κSq�pv���g��n97� ��X݅#q֝���t��f`x�rⶃ� �M����q�Р�;萙�A��D*L�����N|ֽ��c� �\��Lw:B��РO��:9 �o �{jdO��o���E�� ���|)L���û�F��O���]��� /Cv��le�S���^tC��O��폟at9�rc ��:_�ܲ��ȁ��V���o���6����>�,K���p c>����\p�1U�H4 ��_q�Ï���G����{٭κqɑ����6�#���w�]��'�H�?�����#���oO{� NV�i�n�K���� �����������۷/ȵ)�m��w"�p�f�}�ݣ`�¼���:�D��4�_�?qZs��v�[N����/yw������i�1]�:�]����/߾}�?ټ��ϩ�\�:���G�����M��]�ŝq�?��kK�Ës�^v�
-�Rˢ�Z��u�D*�Wp��Ë�rh���՞-�+$9�WʦN������s�&�X��w.�]�q ��6Q`�����po.�ZZ�F������-kY���g��y�q�a��7�j�(��[:wb_r��]X�E�9�ԟ�Vb�җ�\��7��ɠV�/'�}���pgL{{��?��b��▹�ʜi��w]!�I��ۗ�A����&���L��^� /��Kj�Ja�����Wp���OK_�*���6���~Aɮ�/_? �%��O��� �K��;�ɻo/Fe���O�7��<���\������`_F��[ �J��+�� s� i���F���"h�?��[H|�[����ߟ�Z��)7\-�\.���������l7��N��x�x�6�B���� I+��/����u�K͠LT�b��kN��k����!$���� �x���f�\�>��+$��x��?�)��n�Fn�L� ������\n����s]�+]�)ϸ�ѹ��%��E��C���E�;�%��mF����E���θ�{g��J������������Z�c�w�(� 9�����. ߁[x�$�]y%�e����AGp���Z ����p �_�^� ��-���q :���'�En�Fbn&ܗ��u���ZX�b|��҅��=���u�3���g��1�����*Ň�skg|��^�e��m�q�����+?�+p���nd��6p_��[�\W.�w���J�D>9�j�ۼ � +?���^�u����x��ؼ=5�n��"X@�k�zk����o�v�� l�ۿ����|+ܒ�|
�����7W��s?�� �[���܊��� ��/�߲Z�j�ލ��K���皇c���8���w~�y0�㻹���-�en���Gnڟ��V����q�F�`�E{���2W�hbnG.T~�}���F�ܸo(3_�n��o'�ܹ�_��nw�|�ww�h #,�nt�V�2W.H��}:v�����+������g�"� �X�����-�2m1v?�۟�n�.t+����� ��Ż���}�nj.ݒ\�jq�N�w�}0�r��5��U�~w��BW.Hy; �]�����gܼwg�6�m�+��kG�^�5���_9��_/��_�J�f��n_�x��\�{=��aNh�]9wҎ�X乼[E{���\9�{~�ڮ�ɩ�?�^;���v�F��ҭ��ni�D�L��y�{p�n�����\/������s+�&��/ eX������Ѝ�� ��w�kq����p�ι}��9��s�3��K�ؗ���ͽc����'q3s������� /Y궳��␂ ��Q�[qҟx�|�q#v sq��RW �¹��}���16�^ ���\=_I�;� ���8Te������šWp]�Pܛ�]ݭص����Ȝ}jp��G��k⾿��e7�n��f��
��&��HWp���쑟ŕ�27��� �_(�n{7rg �Z�7oo��u�Sw�)�k����~ɇ�����=йy0t�=ʫn���x�kΝU����a�~�����
��l� f��3�wΣ []C] ��ۙ���n��� ��g��~=gL�V��ؽ��v��O �� ��!E�����l�� ���{���s�����nΐ���t�x�GS�� ^ ݼ�p~m�y��3�~��O����u�V�a�P�.���ܹ��u5�sk�#Ok��/���f辛���f��P��W�wr�E W{�^��~�.��^�?{ܛ�b趿~���� dz�ys�ts M����h�F� _��|平 �Y� כ���wwS������<"�ٽ�� �Z�g�����_��ᬓp|g����fc ����r�����*�W�o����y����ݎoQy��ھ���~��9wj�z4e��ӽ\�[ �lޣV�ܢ��f���R��� �u�wޣV�\���ٹ��[~v�8����/?;��.q������.�~o�V�=8Љ��!��u]���x|� ._�[��r/n1r�;��^t 3�̚�a���YG�9� �빮K�ͬ�����r厯�;��)��_�%/w�g�[��x�J ��1_9�� w���{ �|�m����#��[�Ƌ���՜�������Uֻƽ0D�y� ot]~���ng=ڽ�����w����;$��;�g�uV>�f�����o��g|��'�o��֝�(�F�+�ٽ���g�������n� _vϼ��z���K{J��gO��;�z�� ��m��W��W����}���H�y�g��� �=� �X^����u;Ng�CeX�q>�� ���͞��ݷcw��l/z��@��ģ���W&�;k���w h؝ �J72�:�u/�Lk�[����-v�����ٺ�_�Vok/Q� _tc���y3�u+r� �w����@*�Ls�%^��&�џuw� ���w|��o�B7��ѩ5sʀmnPg%w�LAݠL$��53�Z���n�! ��� ̊[�C��TnCnPF�xJ�[n�� +E31��fa�u�MU��ŋ���6�������9ro��=��������۴�� �[c����p|��L��6�� ~��Ů�ŋmn��fr�{p�6��"��>�������zDnX^�;sj���!7����5?�^{tgNɴ�-�����|���-����p�E�Z0��&7�W��5m�k�� ?��[n��v0�3��w�W'�}� ��F�E����j� ��ݙS��u�t�;o��-nd�� �����Z7�{U<�ʎn=q+ ����f`���j`��s�B������{p����[O ]P ����C5�{p�&|6r��)�6���8%���s�B��'q�� ��wp ]���^n{�]�Zw��p|w.7� �J�aj�U�}a~w�����5O����> �;��D�p��o: �UϟQ|�� � �7;�g�oI�����/���\��P���[�����i�;z+L�w�T}��r<�?އ��p�3g����U���zw�{q���;����z�� ܒwI����������3�ʾ� �N�Y�����I �� ��|�8_�����b�WuO�-��A����o ouz:rw���D_���%���H��m_w4����/�����������v/�x[���|�Lc�̝�n�{7>� ������U٢n�Un�Ʒ��lY+]��l��ʻ%��un�O��u�G��_�m��e�uu>�� ��.r��w�D6�rk[���ѹ|�:w�|�5�u�� _�hV� v?�F�s���9ٻvH[��5��w�=� �o�������ķS�����_ ��v����_��]��w���Ğ�U��~=�]�W�{�����~ݯ�z$n�0��.�(=w����z�.��?K���u�������&����;y�O��ˍ^���n��n>v�4.����{p'�ս��?�������f2����}~~=v�%?"w��]������5cw��WA����}�WS�Ѣ�_[:O�������������}��\s����g��5�{��{��{��{��{��{��{��]7��͞� ����������2��:�49�O� �M,���^��S A5�I�(Ԓ�jyV�:��fzi�]���~��(�������+�%�SӔҍݬf����h��n����k������VsܨL1��� O锤3>Z/!�v�dNkQ�5� 2z,~��|$q��[yS��|~�mG��'�A��7�n�klx ��s��|*�_*\Q-u�[ ]9����P�R̦i�+�?%|+9 \�Q�vPs�[-t+�^�y��\�G�W�\;����18�0����� ��D�(�At^� r��FB�f�]���V�7�blj �B���*CW{n��K�(kr�K�ܓ�����Х$-1?ӜDZ���� ��~�%� ���] ]-�˗�� A�~Ѥkw��OsD�tＵȭ7��.9���UB�_��+(6��Cl�0�P5���}U���A�[�B�k��K.���n�6)0[Ÿ� �!�w���_��[��M��$c��غ��N0� %B� o=v�i�6�mj�|��� �HEaL�Ԗ֝�gt�qu�5 ӁS;�M3;���j/D{${7�am��ʱ��n&nܲ��?���nGGa��{-�9�Պ�&�d�Fv(_�. TCWQV(0�\FE7��)�pp�+g�%� ��Fې)�[J�� :L߅JB���Ż��t��9]E��f7'��� C�d�.�wtl���G����|�p�\Ʋ�V��*��J㹒��ȿ� ]�ܘ\{���� \�%��V ]�-a����p�s�ģ h��w�j{����.��.>(T�r+9��B~� \� C��M \�>1<83r��Z�Mȅ�Pr���bbl �B\��d�d����č�� �rnd�� ��n��-"��\����C�������؍����f����ZΕ�U��Ժ)���NrCE�8��`o�l�n�Y#~֍C�8w����bT�K!�pu�n:�Sne��� v1az�ɜ[]�s��Z��V\�ܹ67�:cT�s���Z�n� W�߭�����m�6�U�t� QsK�����bʕ�J܆]����� ڸ+�4G�k��]�Ҧ~���62{�:���������<7'7��[����8p��}���5�r"�'� ƹͺ9]��}�Xr��x����E�&'��?�R����Mκ����l�j�p�>�&���º�^p5ts U�l�f����bWM��I��s��X��������Rװ�]v J�Շl9�ܔ. ����r�u�~~��(\=t }K�ڶ=�8���7�8�6�����͆n�L��k.��Ke�i���9�>�i�f� � \���9�r��ך��'��n��{���w;t�k����%ݨ���Y@�r ��=�j��n�.��Fn��(� mu��..��#p�p-����]���ѕ�\˥��D��[`��W��x���r���-��&�V��m=א+ʦt���f�.7����_q��ˍ��ꢛ���!�tKύGnf+�K���ޤ�bp�Je�*�r� .F�;���v��Ӯ �zn5r� ��f�5�k�pQ��=r���.�j�[�[N���;�w���.SCלw��um�x���v?6g_pK>�S��j�K9�Z{��Nmp��n5u�� v2�v���{�<��;���*�V��:�V��
�:]��K.n��s.����sn6vq��k�C�,�ϔ��6� �Un5ᖔ��iҳn\�[�o��Ej���t� ��0pnw鴛��T�|�V � |����ݤ�%���� 7i�9�{ ~��yrي�7�7.7���3�OLy�%HT��L�b��*�lB)զ�n���:1�e�j�%Ǥ���\ח�}�V�K��*���+��}$��j��ΐZ���ssq�е9&2|�N�,t1�)z�3>�r�s�Ӯ QH� e��KO&� ��Rd�MO�r��B�m����(��Sn�ED\ִ��8��l%ni�2�%D��z䫂ײ��mE�� �36D[q�yOR��y�<�2�?�bI�a�ъV�:��B4��ZN<�j��(�I�Vrj��4��Q'Z��$��� ������j91,o�f��Ix������0�X�1|��O�d�� oCc!9���[�,4 Z'������!��=ީ1|S�L�\��%7�i��m_��~��U�J�t�Ž֭r�������ߛB���W|�WB4?ب� �t��q���s?�f������>�{��{��{��{���������.ޥ�6����O[�i���� b �� 5�jhVCl¼28�# �m m���V��C\���ۙ0�I�r�Zf�m� ��T���¤ �����6�$�5U. IDAT 4�h(4�y�aqr�f���(�o��$:�I� �Z��RE�.6�쾀��(U 6��2��L+lԁ��Q�} KݬO�.�pR��h'�V$�I�60��I������5�mn�`|����?�?}Z�.NZ���&� �6�x��H�6���τ�3���7| �����Ĺ%�ܤ`� ��6�����.�5��������!� ����� "ٻ����Y��}��� �s��p+�B"B�;̂T� v�&�X��`�ib�F��Cr� YW��&���u����Ѥ��-!��sh�۽̨���� ���U�� taf�:��n��� ��߭[��u��obt�t�{�Q'� w�f�tn��GV��!�v/3��w���?ea�|����y��[�u���a�rn/~e]�G�+�9�S���U�D���Յ�e��qq���M��smj]��^�-<�� ���*�V]ܐ�a7����[`�!�eF݇�܌�f�3\}m��.��Z�?�9� �%�vB>r�+��s� �_��;m ��o'n��V��v�>�C����[�����nv �x���B�)���u�r��v����+�%�vzDr#q��Fnm�ܹ��� 6r�/�.�m^���e.�Ӱ[9W�vzIp��V����*��['C7W���J�v.��xGP�>1����[��o �s�|m����xg�?����t.֝G�ی\����n.�^���_�m�[>d�N���g�j��k�~�\C�x����6����U#W��\�-��SB�4p��~�-���6���a|��A}ܻ<]/�j�[M��i�?����-���s5| ��s'�F7���V��M�u ��N��W��=M�>����� 7�~��빆�: �g�-�}���� ���-����"`�2�_}�Ž��u�\��H�a|�[���T[�"��
�����䚜�U�h�����߉��Ԫ8�*�SC˻dJ��Ō�[X�� ^`J خ�7�ﺶ�����R��_�־&o����j�� �f�{����fe�&��*���S D��/y nܪ_7��7´��Rz��-
<^]T)̯����\g L�a�D'8?k� ;�g]|$��g띫 .*`��&X�ƍ�j��H���: ��w_����$8g������s�c떙u�sk�}n�6�3����]H0ݻ4�R���&���΅�v�raRI�F:̸�X��1||'�~5��!���f��s[�}�\�+.wqM|& ��&�t�F�Fx�u�ڍiJ r��B|����g�u���?����v �'�"k�n�*�dt�.�3��u�W���nl� w���� �����~�Y����Jv�iW�n��5�Fg�6=��+� L�'u��p �&4��:���J�[Y�:����Wߢ#�[�bx0Q�M����7�P^��Z����W�)a�� ��ף�n/�n6\��K��YBn��7RJ�6� ��m�[��iI\��Urrq=qr�|�� B�� �H\m�z]l�9�Z7}n����_�D��vroiNA� ����j���f����C��C��PQ�`�+���� ������r���[0zf��_�� D~�� ��=p� n S���$pύa�!h� {��!�e�~opa ����B���WK{n �ve�х� ������ �?�5���>ֻ��V�Y�6�_a �lb��k"�BeȝG�$��v�Ȩ�?� ���v�]�����v#����It�r���@~V6�%� Lx�����*p��A'�sׅ�������ř�2l�nGnY�� ��7�R �R\����/��ow_AsK���^��䖡[�����ݚz]�&��� ���٭���2�.lr��m� �e �'� o�l�M��?�;��cq��F�����f�ܠC܄�\�.�y��� �v:�'�6'��f�[��W��~��zҍ�]���܈�{��ݠ��W�\H�o8�g�xʍ0�fM��.`�T}.�����m��z�k�M����لM�}� 5�zE��е���Co#jr�ry� ܜ�'�\�O�nF/l{lݺ�pմ M�W�\� ��F�����x ��C=#k�G{�Kt�};��[_tS�Y�>�nN.̶��s ���� ��� � 9�9/W�Oȴn �������6�����[tu5�l��Hłݾ�f�'��V�V���ܴQвZ^o����D�2]�P��U����� sOE�8�� �����ڷ��|������)6��.R�Kz�{�MP /Lk��[1X��T���}�E.vE9W'��A�oUa+��[�� �.��!\���\��� ��nU<��ǛQ��vm���ۃ9�A��s��__/|�G��m���}�+�� �[z�}C�4ye�ӥI�o`�`��7:!�sG���7|���_����=��=��=��=��=��{���������ū�����Ps&�!tK ٥ un�Z�5��X>%�B*�K�ȶA� � C������^ ��JͺN��mZ+kИ?c����1}�2��:�[�[˾��� [h�� ���b�x��[.v�U̅ۊ[I����;.R�@�A�X*z}|h�V^��P�(nWa�]9,�☷��{�L�+J�;H��HE1��d�����F8�����6�sM-��6�md2ِ�I;�����K\Rs�;[�֒c�����E��#�Ɍ�� �ۙ�"���o��J�R~�=���4^��,�춞�H�mD$�ڥ��JDZ�[�^����R��$Ea��skqmD$���Vⶲ� ]����v _��I|+n駕��̯U��%�\!�JN2�wKϕ?[r]��I�W+/�e �\b�� w ����P�cF��5#������K�݈[��Q<���#���/� �2C�(\ ������|�J"�������Ĕ�(���xA2�1wѕ�� ����M����)��;�l� �d��/L�YD�3�L��Y7�ͫ����:�p����%�~9�I�=��1����*?Oz���D��?������Z��rL�Ւ�3E ��1�ؓ-��}ʍ�n��8��o�B�:5�*��pZg�0#N����q��(�u) ��j�;�p=�x�/���O�;xn��93����kS �.a@���p�U�\�yN�@k(v�H2}���+���Jvq��s�-%� ���1՝&ݒ��s �%�U�g�=r� ���Q�xԶҒ�q+v�� ���a梶�\�Ѕ�"������_΅׃ZW��+tˡ+9�{u�-�nD.��2r�-l�k�*N�����-�_���j�օ�^���T��i���-�oI���[O���Mص�W��ڹ� c|9�-mu���s[�sX��5�Ⱦ�|�՞ˇ���k4��g�v���Z>D�\;�6���kciWyi�.��]>D�n>p1psZ�O��s�A��ºMv�u� vis�v��kC�sKc]��IW�ۉk�ۥJ.�X�� ��٥=_�>�ry�sn��-�K�j̻m��&�JZ���Oviϛ�n �Op��6�G�[�n ��`ǐ�O���mm�"N&\�ׄn�����t����J&�]iؓ�3q��u����������f��t征��������唸 u��|���jy��'\�������Y�6>�9}�J�Iہ{7p��bK� �C�s�n1r����fW�i6�/�锛�r�-.��zn�ŧ��������M������\҂[� lW���� ��.7�p�E��+�ʍ��nҭ|W��rkg�w0�i�[�tU���6�o*��W>CwP`-v���}�tn�y�V�k���� �h�:g(\� ���݄[�n����Una�k�<�Ff�'�:���Ɓ�n���v�������i���� �iwx_h� ���7�p]p��vڍ��-�z�[��lµe��V� �΅�=�E5ps�&p�0C�k]=�']�h?�Z�f����� n3���~n��MRw>�v�A}��v�s;d�z�[�r� 2t���.�s�cQ��종����ۜv+?Ck��m�����ٮ�3t_)[�&���T}�tup|k/C�*Y�BnZ�6^���Ӆn7t�>w�� ]э�-n5�5�eh{�w��.q]�ƞ��nL��څ.f��ʶ�қzɭ�D�>ꅮ�݄��s�FN�Ҏ.Y�F�<���wݕ�]�j�&s]�E7�6�j�[��n�,uQ�4�*^�r��9 ]es1�<�j�u_ e��g��n���Z�V�] Tg�6�q1/u�-�l k���wKt��nA.X�� J{Wi��Z� �n����mx��2�J�������:Wֻ4Q �Q��A� �g_�V���v�q��H�v��un�ޥ�oI�ܜb.��];�[�����f���'ݰ��N���R��nr���+��-��ϸ���u\hWk ,3˅�l�k\�?�v��f� YGܼ�۟캾�ft��I���\�L��S��nR�E~��np;��ls��own;�W���|�L��ⴛ�u��}��|��+�!�-N��67v����^�|���&�M'�|?�J8^e�řӇn֬�W���d�V�F��u_����]�Ϻ�� 8!'�rX��- �Z�V*�g�R;t��-���nvƍ�5O��W�r��[���wHm�~��#jM�s#�����?�q�Sn���}/���k�n�I_^���WWu�� ����s2�Z����jڥ����f��=��u��\�aN�,.���~�������u]��aU�����f �QpT��������_�ҡ�&�\��+��-�t�9U���9iM�����"���bj�� ��_��\ ��g6��q#q����yX�ӏ>/�ھ����2;纫ؤ[O���%x�#��݈���b�$<˒kؿ ����Y���Wx�C� >��ʺ�27��(�}���}�Ъ�N X�"q u�n/�Y�ғ�v��V6r�sE7RhfJl O��>������we쬍\�-�?"ڧ��������nnW�O&A�!`�2�}ڐvH\g�i��I�6n�J�����w�e6|W�}���R]��[���E>ug7�� �p�Zv���pne��E>g� ����"y��rtn!./��랙v;! �� �-��B��랲 ��vFI䵍%����n���;#\�7pYs�B#�%� w�;yl�*擡�O"n6�����3����� ��%~��{]0�沍�|��d����Zyl�� ٱ�R'��ܾ��߷�岰�eA7]08光[V��v��}�b3pe��w��n��G��2���V��y�K$~g��>��\���u�`XN��ne��U�+3��ݩ����W.�{}�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p���T�c�ʃ@ IEND�B`� �� �����Oh�� +'��0 l � � � � � � � � ( 4 @ L T \ d � s s C.I.S.O. .I. .I. Normal . C.I.S.O. 2 I. Microsoft Word 8.0 @ @ d�A�Ŀ@ ��e�Ŀ �� ��՜.�� +,��D ��՜.�� +,��0 � h p � � � � � � � � � � � WCBC itl 1 Title � 6 > _PID_GUID � A N { 3 D 1 F D 1 6 3 - 3 0 B B - 1 1 D 4 - 8 C F A - 0 0 1 0 5 A 4 5 F E 0 F } }���H�y�g��� �=� �X^����u;Ng�CeX�q>�� ���͞��ݷcw��l/z��@��ģ���W&�;k���w h؝ �J72�:�u/�Lk�[����-v�����ٺ�_�Vok/Q� _tc���y3�u+r� �w����@*�Ls�%^��&�џuw� ���w|��o�B7��ѩ5sʀmnPg%w�LAݠL$��53�Z���n�! ��� ̊[�C��TnCnPF�xJ�[n�� +E31��fa�u�MU��ŋ���6�������9ro��=��������۴�� �[c����p|��L��6�� ~��Ů�ŋmn��fr�{p�6��"��>�������zDnX^�;sj���!7����5?�^{tgNɴ�-�����|���-����p�E�Z0��&7�W��5m�k�� ?��[n��v0�3��w�W'�}� ��F�E����j� ��ݙS��u�t�;o��-nd�� �����Z7�{U<�ʎn=q+ ����f`���j`��s�B������{p����[O ]P ����C5�{p�&|6r��)�6���8%���s�B��'q�� ��wp ]���^n{�]�Zw��p|w.7� �J�aj�U�}a~w�����5O����> �;��D�p��o: �UϟQ|�� � �7;�g�oI�����/���\��P���[�����i�;z+L�w�T}��r<�?އ��p�3g����U���zw�{q���;����z�� ܒwI����������3�ʾ� �N�Y�����I �� ��|�8_�����b�WuO�-��A����o ouz:rw���D_���%���H��m_w4����/�����������v/�x[���|�Lc�̝�n�{7>� ������U٢n�Un�Ʒ��lY+]��l��ʻ%��un�O��u�G��_�m��e�uu>�� ��.r��w�D6�rk[���ѹ|�:w�|�5�u�� _�hV� v?�F�s���9ٻvH[��5��w�=� �o�������ķS�����_ ��v����_��]��w���Ğ�U��~=�]�W�{�����~ݯ�z$n�0��.�(=w����z�.��?K���u�������&����;y�O��ˍ^���n��n>v�4.����{p'�ս��?�������f2����}~~=v�%?"w��]������5cw��WA����}�WS�Ѣ�_[:O�������������}��\s����g��5�{��{��{��{��{��{��{��]7��͞� ����������2��:�49�O� �M,���^��S A5�I�(Ԓ�jyV�:��fzi�]���~��(�������+�%�SӔҍݬf����h��n����k������VsܨL1��� O锤3>Z/!�v�dNkQ�5� 2z,~��|$q��[yS��|~�mG��'�A��7�n�klx ��s��|*�_*\Q-u�[ ]9����P�R̦i�+�?%|+9 \�Q�vPs�[-t+�^�y��\�G�W�\;����18�0����� ��D�(�At^� r��FB�f�]���V�7�blj �B���*CW{n��K�(kr�K�ܓ�����Х$-1?ӜDZ���� ��~�%� ���] ]-�˗�� A�~Ѥkw��OsD�tＵȭ7��.9���UB�_��+(6��Cl�0�P5���}U���A�[�B�k��K.���n�6)0[Ÿ� �!�w���_��[��M��$c��غ��N0� %B� o=v�i�6�mj�|��� �HEaL�Ԗ֝�gt�qu�5 ӁS;�M3;���j/D{${7�am��ʱ��n&nܲ��?���nGGa��{-�9�Պ�&�d�Fv(_�. TCWQV(0�\FE7��)�pp�+g�%� ��Fې)�[J�� :L߅JB���Ż��t��9]E��f7'��� C�d�.�wtl���G����|�p�\Ʋ�V��*��J㹒��ȿ� ]�ܘ\{���� \�%��V ]�-a����p�s�ģ h��w�j{����.��.>(T�r+9��B~� \� C��M \�>1<83r��Z�Mȅ�Pr���bbl �B\��d�d����č�� �rnd�� ��n��-"��\����C�������؍����f����ZΕ�U��Ժ)���NrCE�8��`o�l�n�Y#~֍C�8w����bT�K!�pu�n:�Sne��� v1az�ɜ[]�s��Z��V\�ܹ67�:cT�s���Z�n� W�߭�����m�6�U�t� QsK�����bʕ�J܆]����� ڸ+�4G�k��]�Ҧ~���62{�:���������<7'7��[����8p��}���5�r"�'� ƹͺ9]��}�Xr��x����E�&'��?�R����Mκ����l�j�p�>�&���º�^p5ts U�l�f����bWM��I��s��X��������Rװ�]v J�Շl9�ܔ. ����r�u�~~��(\=t }K�ڶ=�8���7�8�6�����͆n�L��k.��Ke�i���9�>�i�f� � \���9�r��ך��'��n��{���w;t�k����%ݨ���Y@�r ��=�j��n�.��Fn��(� mu��..��#p�p-����]���ѕ�\˥��D��[`��W��x���r���-��&�V��m=א+ʦt���f�.7����_q��ˍ��ꢛ���!�tKύGnf+�K���ޤ�bp�Je�*�r� .F�;���v��Ӯ �zn5r� ��f�5�k�pQ��=r���.�j�[�[N���;�w���.SCלw��um�x���v?6g_pK>�S��j�K9�Z{��Nmp��n5u�� v2�v���{�<��;���*�V��:�V��
�:]��K.n��s.����sn6vq��k�C�,�ϔ��6� �Un5ᖔ��iҳn\�[�o��Ej���t� ��0pnw鴛��T�|�V � |����ݤ�%���� 7i�9�{ ~��yrي�7�7.7���3�OLy�%HT��L�b��*�lB)զ�n���:1�e�j�%Ǥ���\ח�}�V�K��*���+��}$��j��ΐZ���ssq�е9&2|�N�,t1�)z�3>�r�s�Ӯ QH� e��KO&� ��Rd�MO�r��B�m����(��Sn�ED\ִ��8��l%ni�2�%D��z䫂ײ��mE�� �36D[q�yOR��y�<�2�?�bI�a�ъV�:��B4��ZN<�j��(�I�Vrj��4��Q'Z��$��� ������j91,o�f��Ix������0�X�1|��O�d�� oCc!9���[�,4 Z'������!��=ީ1|S�L�\��%7�i��m_��~��U�J�t�Ž֭r�������ߛB���W|�WB4?ب� �t��q���s?�f������>�{��{��{��{���������.ޥ�6����O[�i���� b �� 5�jhVCl¼28�# �m m���V��C\���ۙ0�I�r�Zf�m� ��T���¤ �����6�$�5U. IDAT 4�h(4�y�aqr�f���(�o��$:�I� �Z��RE�.6�쾀��(U 6��2��L+lԁ��Q�} KݬO�.�pR��h'�V$�I�60��I������5�mn�`|����?�?}Z�.NZ���&� �6�x��H�6���τ�3���7| �����Ĺ%�ܤ`� ��6�����.�5��������!� ����� "ٻ����Y��}��� �s��p+�B"B�;̂T� v�&�X��`�ib�F��Cr� YW��&���u����Ѥ��-!��sh�۽̨���� ���U�� taf�:��n��� ��߭[��u��obt�t�{�Q'� w�f�tn��GV��!�v/3��w���?ea�|����y��[�u���a�rn/~e]�G�+�9�S���U�D���Յ�e��qq���M��smj]��^�-<�� ���*�V]ܐ�a7����[`�!�eF݇�܌�f�3\}m��.��Z�?�9� �%�vB>r�+��s� �_��;m ��o'n��V��v�>�C����[�����nv �x���B�)���u�r��v����+�%�vzDr#q��Fnm�ܹ��� 6r�/�.�m^���e.�Ӱ[9W�vzIp��V����*��['C7W���J�v.��xGP�>1����[��o �s�|m����xg�?����t.֝G�ی\����n.�^���_�m�[>d�N���g�j��k�~�\C�x����6����U#W��\�-��SB�4p��~�-���6���a|��A}ܻ<]/�j�[M��i�?����-���s5| ��s'�F7���V��M�u ��N��W��=M�>����� 7�~��빆�: �g�-�}���� ���-����"`�2�_}�Ž��u�\��H�a|�[���T[�"��
�����䚜�U�h�����߉��Ԫ8�*�SC˻dJ��Ō�[X�� ^`J خ�7�ﺶ�����R��_�־&o����j�� �f�{����fe�&��*���S D��/y nܪ_7��7´��Rz��-
<^]T)̯����\g L�a�D'8?k� ;�g]|$��g띫 .*`��&X�ƍ�j��H���: ��w_����$8g������s�c떙u�sk�}n�6�3����]H0ݻ4�R���&���΅�v�raRI�F:̸�X��1||'�~5��!���f��s[�}�\�+.wqM|& ��&�t�F�Fx�u�ڍiJ r��B|����g�u���?����v �'�"k�n�*�dt�.�3��u�W���nl� w���� �����~�Y����Jv�iW�n��5�Fg�6=��+� L�'u��p �&4��:���J�[Y�:����Wߢ#�[�bx0Q�M����7�P^��Z����W�)a�� ��ף�n/�n6\��K��YBn��7RJ�6� ��m�[��iI\��Urrq=qr�|�� B�� �H\m�z]l�9�Z7}n����_�D��vroiNA� ����j���f����C��C��PQ�`�+���� ������r���[0zf��_�� D~�� ��=p� n S���$pύa�!h� {��!�e�~opa ����B���WK{n �ve�х� ������ �?�5���>ֻ��V�Y�6�_a �lb��k"�BeȝG�$��v�Ȩ�?� ���v�]�����v#����It�r���@~V6�%� Lx�����*p��A'�sׅ�������ř�2l�nGnY�� ��7�R �R\����/��ow_AsK���^��䖡[�����ݚz]�&��� ���٭���2�.lr��m� �e �'� o�l�M��?�;��cq��F�����f�ܠC܄�\�.�y��� �v:�'�6'��f�[��W��~��zҍ�]���܈�{��ݠ��W�\H�o8�g�xʍ0�fM��.`�T}.�����m��z�k�M����لM�}� 5�zE��е���Co#jr�ry� ܜ�'�\�O�nF/l{lݺ�pմ M�W�\� ��F�����x ��C=#k�G{�Kt�};��[_tS�Y�>�nN.̶��s ���� ��� � 9�9/W�Oȴn �������6�����[tu5�l��Hłݾ�f�'��V�V���ܴQвZ^o����D�2]�P��U����� sOE�8�� �����ڷ��|������)6��.R�Kz�{�MP /Lk��[1X��T���}�E.vE9W'��A�oUa+��[�� �.��!\���\��� ��nU<��ǛQ��vm���ۃ9�A��s��__/|�G��m���}�+�� �[z�}C�4ye�ӥI�o`�`��7:!�sG���7|���_����=��=��=��=��=��{���������ū�����Ps&�!tK ٥ un�Z�5��X>%�B*�K�ȶA� � C������^ ��JͺN��mZ+kИ?c����1}�2��:�[�[˾��� [h�� ���b�x��[.v�U̅ۊ[I����;.R�@�A�X*z}|h�V^��P�(nWa�]9,�☷��{�L�+J�;H��HE1��d�����F8�����6�sM-��6�md2ِ�I;�����K\Rs�;[�֒c�����E��#�Ɍ�� �ۙ�"���o��J�R~�=���4^��,�춞�H�mD$�ڥ��JDZ�[�^����R��$Ea��skqmD$���Vⶲ� ]����v _��I|+n駕��̯U��%�\!�JN2�wKϕ?[r]��I�W+/�e �\b�� w ����P�cF��5#������K�݈[��Q<���#���/� �2C�(\ ������|�J"�������Ĕ�(���xA2�1wѕ�� ����M����)��;�l� �d��/L�YD�3�L��Y7�ͫ����:�p����%�~9�I�=��1����*?Oz���D��?������Z��rL�Ւ�3E ��1�ؓ-��}ʍ�n��8��o�B�:5�*��pZg�0#N����q��(�u) ��j�;�p=�x�/���O�;xn��93����kS �.a@���p�U�\�yN�@k(v�H2}���+���Jvq��s�-%� ���1՝&ݒ��s �%�U�g�=r� ���Q�xԶҒ�q+v�� ���a梶�\�Ѕ�"������_΅׃ZW��+tˡ+9�{u�-�nD.��2r�-l�k�*N�����-�_���j�օ�^���T��i���-�oI���[O���Mص�W��ڹ� c|9�-mu���s[�sX��5�Ⱦ�|�՞ˇ���k4��g�v���Z>D�\;�6���kciWyi�.��]>D�n>p1psZ�O��s�A��ºMv�u� vis�v��kC�sKc]��IW�ۉk�ۥJ.�X�� ��٥=_�>�ry�sn��-�K�j̻m��&�JZ���Oviϛ�n �Op��6�G�[�n ��`ǐ�O���mm�"N&\�ׄn�����t����J&�]iؓ�3q��u����������f��t征��������唸 u��|���jy��'\�������Y�6>�9}�J�Iہ{7p��bK� �C�s�n1r����fW�i6�/�锛�r�-.��zn�ŧ��������M������\҂[� lW���� ��.7�p�E��+�ʍ��nҭ|W��rkg�w0�i�[�tU���6�o*��W>CwP`-v���}�tn�y�V�k���� �h�:g(\� ���݄[�n����Una�k�<�Ff�'�:���Ɓ�n���v�������i���� �iwx_h� ���7�p]p��vڍ��-�z�[��lµe��V� �΅�=�E5ps�&p�0C�k]=�']�h?�Z�f����� n3���~n��MRw>�v�A}��v�s;d�z�[�r� 2t���.�s�cQ��종����ۜv+?Ck��m�����ٮ�3t_)[�&���T}�tup|k/C�*Y�BnZ�6^���Ӆn7t�>w�� ]э�-n5�5�eh{�w��.q]�ƞ��nL��څ.f��ʶ�қzɭ�D�>ꅮ�݄��s�FN�Ҏ.Y�F�<���wݕ�]�j�&s]�E7�6�j�[��n�,uQ�4�*^�r��9 ]es1�<�j�u_ e��g��n���Z�V�] Tg�6�q1/u�-�l k���wKt��nA.X�� J{Wi��Z� �n����mx��2�J�������:Wֻ4Q �Q��A� �g_�V���v�q��H�v��un�ޥ�oI�ܜb.��];�[�����f���'ݰ��N���R��nr���+��-��ϸ���u\hWk ,3˅�l�k\�?�v��f� YGܼ�۟캾�ft��I���\�L��S��nR�E~��np;��ls��own;�W���|�L��ⴛ�u��}��|��+�!�-N��67v����^�|���&�M'�|?�J8^e�řӇn֬�W���d�V�F��u_����]�Ϻ�� 8!'�rX��- �Z�V*�g�R;t��-���nvƍ�5O��W�r��[���wHm�~��#jM�s#�����?�q�Sn���}/���k�n�I_^���WWu�� ����s2�Z����jڥ����f��=��u��\�aN�,.���~�������u]��aU�����f �QpT��������_�ҡ�&�\��+��-�t�9U���9iM�����"���bj�� ��_��\ ��g6��q#q����yX�ӏ>/�ھ����2;纫ؤ[O���%x�#��݈���b�$<˒kؿ ����Y���Wx�C� >��ʺ�27��(�}���}�Ъ�N X�"q u�n/�Y�ғ�v��V6r�sE7RhfJl O��>������we쬍\�-�?"ڧ��������nnW�O&A�!`�2�}ڐvH\g�i��I�6n�J�����w�e6|W�}���R]��[���E>ug7�� �p�Zv���pne��E>g� ����"y��rtn!./��랙v;! �� �-��B��랲 ��vFI䵍%����n���;#\�7pYs�B#�%� w�;yl�*擡�O"n6�����3����� ��%~��{]0�沍�|��d����Zyl�� ٱ�R'��ܾ��߷�岰�eA7]08光[V��v��}�b3pe��w��n��G��2���V��y�K$~g��>��\���u�`XN��ne��U�+3��ݩ����W.�{}�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p���T�c�ʃ@ IEND�B`� 1 T a b l e ���� � yY S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ���� � D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ������������ � C o m p O b j ������������ j 2 so Microsoft Word 8.0 @ @ @�� �@ �)F �@ �)F � b � �� ��՜.�� +,��D ��՜.�� +,��4 � h p � � � � � � � � � � � W. C. B. C. A �% 1 Title � 6 > _PID_GUID � A N { F 6 ��������� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 1 3 E C 3 - E 6 8 3 - 4 5 8 A - B A 7 3 - 4 C 1 D 1 7 9 F B 9 1 A } �� ���� � F Microsoft Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 �9�q [ 0 @�� 0 N o r m a l _HmH sH tH 0 @ 0 H e a d i n g 1 $@& 5� 0 @ 0 H e a d i n g 2 $@& CJ 4 @ 4 H e a d i n g 3 $@& 5�CJ : @ : H e a d i n g 4 $$@&a$ 5�CJ 8 8 H e a d i n g 5 $ & F @& CJ 4 @ 4 H e a d i n g 6 $@& 5�CJ @ @ @ H e a d i n g 7 $$�7���@& 5�CJ < A@��� < D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t * B@ � * B o d y T e x t CJ H C H B o d y T e x t I n d e n t �h���^�h`��� CJ L R L B o d y T e x t I n d e n t 2 ���0�^��`�0� CJ D S@ "D B o d y T e x t I n d e n t 3 ��^�� CJ 2 P@ 22 B o d y T e x t 2 $ CJ � � 4& ���� ���� ���� ���� � � � �� 4& @ ���� 4* � [ �% z) 4* � Y& 4* 4& :���� �8 � @ � �� � ��� � �@ � �� �( � �� �� �� �� � �P � � � � � � � "� � � �N � � 3 � � � � � � � �B � S � � � � ? � 4& � R � � t ���� �$ � t �� _ 1 0 2 0 6 0 8 6 7 5 _ 1 1 0 4 8 4 1 4 5 8 5& @ @ 5& � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � J P � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � z � e k � � � � � � ] a � � � � � � � � � � � � � � * 4 5 : � � A I r | } � � � � � B M [ f � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � @ H J Q � � � � c k � � � � � � � � � W! _! ?" G" -$ 5$ b$ l$ m$ r$ ;% 5& ! # _ a � � r } � & ) * � � � } � � � o q s | � � *! +! " " �" �" �" �$ �$ �$ ;% 5& �� C I S O f C : \ D O C U M E ~ 1 \ p a r r y 1 c \ L O C A L S ~ 1 \ T e m p \ A u t o R e c o v e r y s a v e o f C O L L C 2 4 0 4 T w i n n i n g r e p o r t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . a s d C I S O o \ \ H E N S _ S \ D A T A \ P A R R Y 1 C \ D A T A \ C l a i r e P a r r y \ E x e c B o a r d R e p o r t s \ 2 0 0 5 \ C O L L C 0 5 0 5 T w i n n i n g r e p o r t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . d o c C I S O f C : \ D O C U M E ~ 1 \ p a r r y 1 c \ L O C A L S ~ 1 \ T e m p \ A u t o R e c o v e r y s a v e o f C O L L C 0 5 0 5 T w i n n i n g r e p o r t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . a s d C I S O o \ \ H E N S _ S \ D A T A \ P A R R Y 1 C \ D A T A \ C l a i r e P a r r y \ E x e c B o a r d R e p o r t s \ 2 0 0 5 \ C O L L C 0 5 0 5 T w i n n i n g r e p o r t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . d o c C I S O o \ \ H E N S _ S \ D A T A \ P A R R Y 1 C \ D A T A \ C l a i r e P a r r y \ E x e c B o a r d R e p o r t s \ 2 0 0 5 \ C O L L C 0 5 0 5 T w i n n i n g r e p o r t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . d o c C I S O o \ \ H E N S _ S \ D A T A \ P A R R Y 1 C \ D A T A \ C l a i r e P a r r y \ E x e c B o a r d R e p o r t s \ 2 0 0 5 \ C O L L C 0 5 0 5 T w i n n i n g r e p o r t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . d o c C I S O f C : \ D O C U M E ~ 1 \ p a r r y 1 c \ L O C A L S ~ 1 \ T e m p \ A u t o R e c o v e r y s a v e o f C O L L C 0 5 0 5 T w i n n i n g r e p o r t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . a s d C I S O o \ \ H E N S _ S \ D A T A \ P A R R Y 1 C \ D A T A \ C l a i r e P a r r y \ E x e c B o a r d R e p o r t s \ 2 0 0 5 \ C O L L C 0 5 0 5 T w i n n i n g r e p o r t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . d o c C I S O o \ \ H E N S _ S \ D A T A \ P A R R Y 1 C \ D A T A \ C l a i r e P a r r y \ E x e c B o a r d R e p o r t s \ 2 0 0 5 \ C O L L C 0 5 0 5 T w i n n i n g r e p o r t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . d o c c i s o ? \ \ G O L D _ S \ D A T A \ M I N U T E S \ M i n u t e s D a t a \ E x B o a r d \ R e p o r t s \ C O L L C 0 5 0 5 . d o c ' �G- � cQDl�27��������� �gH � ;: D������������ �^ �s����������� �d �s����������� *� d�T� �������� ��"x����������� �f� � �"x����������� #N�Pi��������� t6��\&a��������� u~L D������������ db� Lb� ��������� m." � .�%l�27��������� �L�( � @�+�\ج��������� L�,�s����������� 6�6�s����������� Ch�7 � "T�D � w8G"x����������� ubwG � �=�I � zS�\��"'��������� d]�\l�27��������� 8qw]L �`��������� 6�m � �`Ro�\&a��������� �^(q�s����������� mnGu � GyXu � �kzv�1����������� d[�x � �;z��"'��������� �d{Խ ���������� ,�{�_�u��������� �f(|�\&a��������� �h���� h^�h`��� . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`���OJ QJ o( �� ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`���o( �h���� h^�h`���o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`���o( �h���� h^�h`���o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`���o( �h���� h^�h`���o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`��� . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . ���\�� �^��`�\�o( ���\�� �^��`�\�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �8�0�� 8^�8`�0�o( ) � ������ �^��`��� . � �p�L�� p^�p`�L� . � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `��� . � ����� ^�`��� . � ���L�� �^��`�L� . � ������ �^��`��� . � ������ �^��`��� . � �P�L�� P^�P`�L� . �h���� hOJ QJ o( �� ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`��� . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( - �h���� h^�h`���o( �h���� h^�h`���o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`���o( �h���� h^�h`���o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`��� . �h���� h^�h`��� . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� hOJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���o( �h���� h^�h`���o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �W���� W^�W`���o( . �h���� h^�h`���5 o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`���o( �h���� h^�h`���o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �h���� h^�h`��� . �h���� h^�h`��� . ������ �5 o( - �h���� h^�h`��� . �h���� h^�h`���o( �h���� h^�h`���o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . �t�!�� t^�t`�!�o( - �h���� h^�h`���o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . ���0�� �^��`�0�o( . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . �8���� 8^�8`���o( . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . ���`�� �^��`�`�o( . . . . . . . ����� ^�`���o( . . . . . . . . ' 6�m d[�x �=�I �L�( �G- Ch�7 @�+ "T�D mnGu �gH u~L �;z zS�\ 6�6 �d �^ L�, �^(q *� .�% d]�\ cQD �� � w8G t6� �f(| �`Ro ;: # �f� GyXu 8qw] �d{ ,�{ db� �kzv m." ubwG ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������' �@� �� 4& P @ G� �z � � T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5� � S y m b o l 3&� �z � � A r i a l " q� �� h �&�&�& b � A ! � ��� � � 20 d �% �� M a r t i n H o w a r t h c i s o
| Poland |
Which mountain range forms an arc that stretches from the Czech Republic inj the northwest to the border of Romania and Serbia in the south ? | Wrexham - definition - What is ?
What is ?
Wrexham
definition : Wrexham
Wrexham ( ; ; ) is a town in north Wales, between the Welsh mountains and the lower Dee Valley alongside the border with England. In Wrexham County Borough, it is the largest town in north Wales and an administrative, commercial, retail and educational centre.
At the 2011 Census, Wrexham had a population of 61,603, the fourth largest urban area in Wales.
==History==
===Prehistoric to Roman times=== Human activity in the Wrexham area dates back to the Mesolithic period (8000 to 4300 BC). By the early Middle Bronze Age the area had developed into a centre for an innovative metalworking industry.
A Roman civilian settlement was located in the Plas Coch area of Wrexham and excavations have revealed evidence of agriculture and trade with the wider Roman world.
===Mercian Conquest=== By the end of the 6th century AD, the area was being contested between the Celtic-speaking inhabitants and the English-speaking invaders advancing from the east. The Anglo-Saxons went on to dominate north-east Wales from the 8th to 10th centuries and the settlement of Wrexham was likely founded by Mercian colonists on the flat ground above the meadows of the River Gwenfro during the 8th century. The origins of the name "Wrexham" may possibly be traced back to this period.
===Welsh Restoration and Border Conflict=== Renewed Welsh and Viking attacks led to a reduction in Anglo-Saxon power in north Wales from the early 10th century. Following the Welsh reconquest of the area during the 11th century, Wrexham formed part of the native Welsh lordship of Maelor.
During the 12th century the lordship was disputed between the Welsh and the English. The first recorded reference to the town in 1161 is to a Norman motte and bailey castle at "Wristlesham" which was likely founded in the Erddig area around 1150 by Hugh de Avranches, earl of Chester. However, by the early 13th century Wrexham was undisputedly in the hands of the Welsh house of Powys Fadog. and by 1391 Wrexham was wealthy enough for a bard, jester, juggler, dancer and goldsmith to earn their living there.
The traditional pattern of Welsh life remained undisturbed, and until the close of the Middle Ages the pattern was for English incomers to be rapidly assimilated into Wrexham's Welsh society, for instance adopting Welsh patronymics.
By 1851, the population of Wrexham was 6,714; within thirty years this had increased to 10,978 as the town became increasingly industrialised.
Wrexham benefited from good underground water supplies which were essential to the brewing of beer: by the mid 19th century, there were 19 breweries in and around the town. Wrexham Lager brewery was established in 1882 in Central Road and became the first brewery in the United Kingdom to produce lager beer.
Rev. William Bingley described Wrexham in 1839 as "of such size and consequence as to have occasionally obtained the appellation of the metropolis of North Wales". Wrexham gained its first newspaper in 1848. The Market Hall was built in 1848, and in 1863 a volunteer fire brigade was founded. In addition to brewing, tanning became one of Wrexham's main industries. In the mid 19th century Wrexham was granted borough status.
A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of Hightown Barracks in 1877.
===Modern Wrexham=== By 1913, the North East Wales coal field was producing up to three million tonnes a year and employed over ten thousand people, dominating the economic and cultural life of the area. However the industry went into decline after the First World War, and of the seven large-scale collieries operating in the Wrexham area in 1946, only two functional collieries remained by 1968. The last pit to close in the Borough was Bersham Colliery in 1986. One of the worst mining disasters in British history occurred at Gresford Colliery in 1934 when underground explosions and a subsequent fire cost the lives of 266 men.
The leatherworks in Pentrefelin and Tuttle Street, the many coal mines in the area, the brickworks in Abenbury, Brymbo Steelworks and the breweries all closed in the latter half of the 20th century. Wrexham suffered from the same problems as much of industrialised Britain and saw little investment in the 1970s.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the Welsh Development Agency (WDA) funded a major dual carriageway (the A483) bypassing Wrexham town centre and connecting it with nearby Chester and with England's trunk road network. New shopping areas have been created within the town at Henblas Square, Island Green and Eagles Meadow and the Wrexham Industrial Estate, previously used in the Second World War, has become home to many manufacturing businesses.
Wrexham's former police station on Regent Street, originally the barracks for the Royal Denbighshire Militia, is now home to Wrexham County Borough Museum. The museum has two galleries devoted to the history of the town and its surrounding communities. The museum also holds the archive of the Royal Welch Fusiliers; battalions were stationed in Wrexham during the First World War. The collection is notable for containing original documents in the handwriting of Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves, J. C. Dunn and other notable members of the RWF, as well as official records.
==Governance==
Wrexham County Borough Council elects a mayor who serves for one year. Between 2001 and 2005 Wrexham Council's website was named the best local government portal in Wales on four occasions and in 2007 was listed as 19th out of 20 in the UK's top 20 council websites based on usability, with the comment 'the leading council websites have significant scope to improve the usability of their online offering'. People who live under the jurisdiction of Wrexham County Borough Council are able to pay taxes, debts and other fees through the website. They can also access many other services, such as reporting crimes, submitting planning applications and applying for permits.
The Wrexham constituency elects members to the UK Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales. The constituency includes both the town and some of its outlying villages such as Gwersyllt, Llay, Marford, Rossett and Holt. The UK Parliament constituency of Wrexham has long been a safe seat for the Labour Party. Wrexham is divided into the communities of Acton, Rhosddu, Offa and Caia Park.
===Public services=== Wrexham Maelor Hospital () is the region's major acute district hospital, with over 900 beds, and is the largest of the three core hospitals in North Wales. Other NHS hospitals within the borough are Chirk Community and Penley Polish Hospital.
Yale Hospital (), situated close to the Maelor Hospital on Wrexham Technology Park, is Wrexham's largest private hospital with over 25 beds. Formerly BUPA Yale Hospital, it is now owned and operated by Spire Healthcare.
Wrexham is served by North Wales Police; their Eastern Division HQ is in the centre of the town, due to close in 2016 to be replaced by a smaller town centre station and HQ building in Llay.
The region's main fire station is situated on Bradley Road close to the Island Green and central retail parks. Other local fire stations are located in the nearby towns of Chirk and Llangollen.
===City status=== Wrexham has applied for city status three times since the turn of the 21st century, in competitions to mark the new Millennium, and for both the Queen's Golden and Diamond Jubilees. In March 2012, it was announced that Wrexham had again missed out on city status as the community of St Asaph, which was previously a city, was granted city status.
In March 2012, a report was issued stating a study was under way as to whether to establish a 'city region' encompassing Wrexham, Deeside and Chester.
==Geography==
Wrexham is not built on a major river, but on a relatively flat plateau between the lower Dee Valley and easternmost mountains of North Wales. This position enabled it to grow as a market town, as a crossroads between England and Wales, and later as an industrial hub – due to its rich natural reserves of iron ore and coal. But three small rivers flow through parts of the town: the Clywedog, Gwenfro and Alyn. Wrexham is also famed for the quality of its underground water reserves, which gave rise to its previous dominance as a major brewing centre.
Originally a market town with surrounding urban villages, Wrexham has now coalesced with a number of urban villages and forms North Wales' largest conurbation, including its western and south western suburban villages. The conurbation including Wrexham, Rhosllanerchrugog, Coedpoeth and Llay built-up areas totals over 100,000 residents. The Office for National Statistics defines a Wrexham Built-Up Area (Pop. 65,592 in 2011) making it the 134th largest built up area in the UK, and the 4th largest in Wales.
Wrexham is approximately south of Chester, north-west of Shrewsbury, south-west of Manchester, and north of Cardiff.
==Economy== Wrexham's economy has moved away from heavy industry to high tech manufacturing, bio-technology, finance and professional services. The town also has the largest retail sector in North Wales. In 2007, the town was ranked fifth in the UK for business start-up success, higher than most larger UK towns and cities.
===Shopping=== There are several shopping streets. A cluster of retail parks is situated around the inner ring road. Plas Coch and Berse retail parks are on the outskirts close to the A483. Central and Island Green retail parks are in the town centre. The newest development is at Eagle's Meadow. The development is connected to Yorke Street and High Street by a bridge. There are three traditional covered markets (Butter, Butchers and Peoples Markets) plus north Wales' largest open-air market. Wrexham has a Shopmobility service which is free. Much of the Wrexham town centre is pedestrianised.
===Tourism===
Wrexham held the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 2011.
A number of visitor attractions can be found in the town:
* Wales Comic Con - The largest fan convention in Wales that brings actors, artists, writers and sports personalities to the town each year to meet thousands of fans who attend from around the globe. * St. Giles Church – One of the Seven Wonders of Wales and burial place of Elihu Yale * Racecourse Ground – home of Wrexham F.C. and North Wales Crusaders, it is the world's oldest international stadium that still continues to host international games. * Historic town centre buildings (Horse & Jockey pub – Hope Street, the Golden Lion – High Street, the Wynstay Arms Hotel – High Street & the Old Swan – Abbott Street). * Techniquest Glyndŵr – Science discovery centre. * Wrexham County Museum – Museum showcasing local history. * Saith Seren ("Seven Stars") – The Welsh centre provides a bilingual environment with locally sourced food, a bar, live entertainment, meeting rooms and community facilities. * Indoor Markets – Wrexham has always been known as a market town, and continues this tradition with two architecturally significant Victorian indoor markets (Butchers and General), and a newer indoor market (Peoples).
===Finance and Professional Services=== Wrexham is home to a number of departments of the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation including the subsidiaries AVOX and Clarinet, which collates and analyses company information for investment banks and financial organisations. In early 2016, DTCC employed over 500 people at their Redwither Tower offices. The expansion is due in part to the re-location of jobs from DTCC's United States of America offices to Wrexham. it is due to open in early 2016.
===Industries===
Wrexham Industrial Estate is home to a number of bio-pharmaceutical companies. Wockhardt, Ipsen and Cytec Industries have major sites which provide research and development and manufacturing capabilities.
Wrexham's close location to both aerospace (Airbus are located in nearby Broughton) and automotive manufacturers has led to a number of organisations being in the town. JCB have a transmissions and drive train site on Wrexham Industrial Estate. ACT and Magellan Aerospace have sites.
Large food manufacturing sites include Kelloggs, Cadbury, Calypso and Village Bakery. Electronics companies Sharp and Brother have manufacturing facilities located along the A483.
One of Wrexham's traditional industries is brewing. Whilst only employing a small number of people, Wrexham is now home to five breweries, located on Wrexham Industrial Estate and in the town centre. Big Hand, Erddig, Sandstone, Axiom, Wrexham Lager and Wrexham Lager Beer breweries have all come to prominence in the last few years.
===Residential development=== The central area of Wrexham has also seen a number of purpose-built residential developments as well as conversions of older buildings to residential use. Outside the town centre new estates are being developed in several areas, including over 500 homes at the former Brymbo Steelworks site, a ribbon of development on Mold Road leading out of the town (which includes four development companies) and Ruthin Road (Wrexham Western Gateway). There are further plans. These include the development of National Trust (NT) land at Erddig for over 250 homes. This latter proposal generated many protests, particularly from residents of nearby Rhostyllen. A motion at the NT's 2008 AGM to block the development gained much support, but was overturned by proxy votes cast by the chairman.
==Demography==
In January 2015, it was estimated more than 2,000 Portuguese migrants live and work in the town. The community is mainly centered in the district of Hightown, and the community hold an annual carnival through the town centre.
===Arts===
The town is referenced in the late-Jacobean Beaumont and Fletcher play, ‘The pilgrim’ (1647), in which the stock Welshman declares that “Pendragon was a shentleman, marg you, Sir, and the organs at Rixum were made by relevations”.
Wrexham hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1888, 1912, 1933 and 1977, as well as an unofficial National Eisteddfod event in 1876. The National Eisteddfod returned to the area in 2011, when Wales' leading festival was held on the land of Lower Berse Farm between 30 July and 6 August.
Wrexham has a number of theatres, including the Grove Park Theatre on Vicarage Hill, the Riverside Studio Theatre at Wrexham Musical Theatre Society on Salop Road, and the Yale Studio theatre close to Llwyn Isaf. The main visual arts centre, Oriel Wrexham, has recently moved to Chester Street; it holds exhibitions and events, with others at Glyndŵr University in Plas Coch and at Yale College. There is a multi-screen Odeon cinema in the Eagles Meadow development.
===Science=== Every March the town hosts the Wrexham Science Festival.
Wrexham is also home to a branch of Techniquest, known as Techniquest Glyndŵr. The science discovery centre is situated within Glyndŵr University's Plas Coch campus.
===Music=== Live music venues have developed around the core of the town including Central Station, The Old Swan, Penny Black and The Commercial. Further out of the centre The Centenary Club, the William Aston Hall and The Student Guild at Glyndŵr University also provide live music shows. The scene is dominated by local bands and the town has become known for the rock, indie and alternative genres.
The local music scene has its own dedicated website Wrexham Music which features news, forums and details of upcoming shows.
Some international artists perform in the larger venues of Central Station or the William Aston Hall. Central Station is a club with a capacity of approximately 650, attracting touring bands. Since its opening in 2000 the venue has played host to several acts.
The William Aston Hall at Glyndŵr University is a 900-seat venue which has recently undergone extensive refurbishment, and is now designed to accommodate a range of events from conferences and exhibitions to theatrical performances and pop/rock concerts. Acts who have performed there include Super Furry Animals, Feeder Love, Ray Davies, Freddie Starr and Sweet.
===Media=== Wrexham's local newspapers include two daily titles, North Wales Daily Post and The Leader (formerly Wrexham Evening Leader), and the free weekly tabloid Wrexham Leader, often known as the "Big Leader".
Two radio stations are based in the town – Communicorp station Heart FM and community radio station Calon FM serve the county borough from studios revamped in 2015 at Glyndŵr University on Mold Road. Whilst BBC Cymru Wales runs a studio and newsroom for their radio, television and online services located at Glyndŵr University but does not base their broadcasting there.
An online news website covering the Wrexham area, [http://www.wrexham.com/ Wrexham.com], operates from offices in Regent Street in the town centre.
==Parks and open spaces==
Wrexham has three parks, Bellevue Park, Acton Park, and Erddig Park, as well as a green area within the town centre called Llwyn Isaf.
Bellevue Park was built alongside the old cemetery on Ruabon Road. The park was designed to commemorate the jubilee year of the incorporation of Wrexham. It became neglected during the 1970s and many of the amenities were in a poor state of repair. A major project was undertaken to restore the park to its original state. The park reopened in June 2000.
Acton Park was originally the landscaped grounds of Acton Hall. It was laid out in 1785 by James Wyatt on the instructions of the owner Sir Foster Cunliffe.
Llwyn Isaf, situated alongside Wrexham Guildhall, is a popular green area within the town centre. The green was originally the landscaped grounds of a mansion house known as Llwyn Isaf. It now lies at the centre of Wrexham's civic centre just off Queens Square. The Welsh Children in Need concert was held here in 2005.
Erddig Park is two miles (3 km) south of the town centre where the town meets the Clywedog Valley. The park is owned and managed by the National Trust, and is home to Erddig Hall and its formal gardens.
==Sport==
===Football===
The town has a professional football team, Wrexham F.C.. Their home ground is the Racecourse Ground.
Wrexham was the site of the headquarters of the Football Association of Wales from its formation in 1876 until relocation to Cardiff in 1991.
===Rugby League===
The Racecourse stadium is home to the North Wales Crusaders who currently play in League 1 - the third division of the sport in Britain. In 2011 North Wales were created following the folding of the European Super League club Crusaders Rugby League.
===Rugby Union=== The Racecourse ground has in the past also served as the secondary home of the Llanelli Scarlets, one of the four Welsh professional rugby union sides that compete in the Magners-sponsored Celtic League. The Wales rugby union team have also played there on occasion. Wrexham is also home to rugby union team Wrexham RFC, a team affiliated to the Welsh Rugby Union. In 1931 nine northern Welsh clubs met at Wrexham to form the North Wales Rugby Union, Wrexham RFC were one of the founders. Rhos Rugby Club, one of Wrexham RFC's main rivals are also based just outside the town in the village of Rhosllanerchrugog. Rhos now have grown to match Wrexham's quality, making the rivalry even more intense than in previous years.
===Other sports=== * Athletics – Queensway International Athletics stadium in Caia Park is Wrexham's second stadium after the Racecourse and has hosted the Welsh Open Athletics event in recent years. The stadium is also home to North Wales' largest athletics club, Wrexham Amateur Athletics Club. * Basketball – Wrexham Raiders Basketball Club play at Glyndwr's Plas Coch sports arena. * Hockey – Plas Coch is home to the North Wales Regional Hockey Stadium, home of Wrexham Glyndwr HC, with seating for 200 spectators and floodlighting. * Horse racing – Bangor-on-Dee racecourse is 10 minutes south of Wrexham * Leisure centres – Wrexham has 7 leisure centres: Chirk, Clywedog, Darland, Gwyn Evans(Gwersyllt), Plas Madoc, Queensway and Waterworld, which offer activities including swimming, aerobics, climbing walls and yoga. In December 2013, The Council's scrutiny committee recommended that both Leisure centres, Plas Madoc and Waterworld should close causing much controversy with a community trust taking over the running of Plas Madoc. * Netball - Wrexham Warriors play at Glyndwr's Plas Coch sports arena. * Roller Derby Wrexham has one of the newest Roller Derby leagues in the UK. The Wrexham Rejects train at Glyndwr University Sports Centre each week and teach newcomers how to skate and learn the sport of Roller Derby. * Tennis – Wrexham is home to the North Wales Regional Tennis Centre, which plays host to a number of international competitions each year including the Challenger Series. The centre is a pay and play facility and is open 7 days a week to all members of the public. The centre is also home to the WLTA (Wrexham Lawn Tennis Association). * Golf – Wrexham has 4 golf courses: Moss Valley Golf Club, Plassey Golf Club, Wrexham Golf Club and Clays Farm Golf Club. * Model Car Racing Wrexham has an RC Model Car Club established in the early 1980s , the club started off at an outdoor venue off Hosely Lane in Marford. WMCC now can be now found at Coedpoeth Community Council, on Park Road racing various classes of electric cars on Friday nights.
==Religion==
===The Parish Church of St. Giles=== :Main article St Giles' Church, Wrexham
St. Giles is the Parish Church of Wrexham and is considered to be the greatest medieval church in Wales. It includes a colourful ceiling of flying musical angels, two early eagle lecterns, a window by the artist Edward Burne-Jones and the Royal Welch Fusiliers chapel. In the graveyard is the tomb of Elihu Yale who was the benefactor of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States and after whom Yale College Wrexham is named. As a tribute to Yale and his resting place, a scaled-down replica of the church tower, known as Wrexham Tower was constructed at Yale University. The tower appears in an 18th-century rhyme, as one of the Seven Wonders of Wales. Recently, a first edition (1611) of the King James Bible (also known as the Authorized Version) was discovered in a cabinet by the Rector of the church. (Only about 200 copies of the original KJV are known to exist.) As far as he knows, the Bible has been in the church since it was first published.
===St. Mary's Cathedral=== The Roman Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows in Regent Street is the main church of the Diocese of Wrexham, which extends over all of North Wales. Built in 1857 at the height of the Gothic Revival, the cathedral was home to the Bishop of Menevia from 1898 until 1987, whose diocese covered all of Wales. However, in 1987 the Roman Catholic province of Wales was reconstructed, since which time the cathedral has been home to the Bishop of Wrexham. The cathedral is also home to the relic of Saint Richard Gwyn, Wrexham's patron saint. He was a Roman Catholic martyr in the 16th century and was hanged, drawn and quartered at Wrexham's Beast Market. He was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970. The current Dean of the Cathedral is Canon Fr. Simon Treloar.
===Other denominations=== Wrexham has a number of non-conformist chapels and churches around the town, including a corps of The Salvation Army. The main Methodist church is Wrexham Methodist church, built in 1971 on the site of the former Brynyfynnon Chapel on Regent Street.
There is a mosque on Grosvenor Road in the former Wrexham Miners' Institute.
Wrexham had a church with a spire dedicated to and named after St. Mark in St. Mark's Road but it was demolished in 1960 after being declared unsafe and in danger of collapse due to inadequate foundations. A multi-storey car park named St. Mark's was erected on the site.
==Education==
===Glyndŵr University=== Named after the 14th century scholar and last Welsh Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndŵr, Glyndŵr University was formed when the North East Wales Institute (NEWI) was granted full university status in 2008. It consists of Plas Coch campus in the western part of the town and the North Wales School of Art and Design located on Regent Street. The institution was originally founded in 1887 as the Wrexham School of Science and Art.
Glyndŵr remains an accredited institution of the University of Wales and offers both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. Glyndŵr has approximately 8,000 full-time students and over 350 from outside the UK.
===Yale College of Wrexham=== Yale College / Coleg Iâl is the main provider of adult education in Wrexham and is one of the largest colleges in Wales. As a tertiary college it also provides a wide range of higher education courses at its two campuses at Grove Park in the town centre and Bersham Road in south west Wrexham.
It is named after Elihu Yale, best known for being the prime benefactor of Yale University. It was founded in 1950 as a state school on a site at Crispin Lane. In 1973, as part of the conversion of local schools to the comprehensive system, it was renamed as Yale Sixth Form College and the pupils re-located to other schools. The Crispin Lane site was incorporated into NEWI (now Glyndŵr University) after the development of the Grove Park Campus.
In 1998 Yale College took up residence in two sites across Wrexham: the faculty of engineering and construction at a site on Bersham Road, and a multi purpose site in a redeveloped Grove Park campus. Over the next fifteen years the college grew. In 2013 Yale College was merged with Deeside College, Northope College, and Llysfasi College to form a new college: Coleg Cambria under the leadership of the ex-Deeside Principal Mr David Jones. The merger officially took place on 1 August 2013.
===Schools=== Wrexham has a number of primary and secondary schools. It has just one Welsh-speaking secondary school, Ysgol Morgan Llwyd. Recently, three of the largest secondary schools, St David's School, Ysgol Bryn Offa and The Groves High School were merged to create two larger "super schools", Rhosnesni High School, and Ysgol Clywedog. Other large secondary schools Darland High School and Ysgol Bryn Alyn, were both built in 1958. Wrexham has become home to the first shared-faith school in Wales, St Joseph's.
There are seven Welsh medium primary schools in Wrexham County Borough, two of which are located in Wrexham town (Ysgol Bodhyfryd CP and Ysgol Plas Coch CP). Ysgol Morgan Llwyd serves as the single Welsh medium secondary school for the county and is located in Wrexham.
==Twin municipalities==
* Iserlohn (Märkischer Kreis), Germany * Racibórz, Poland
The town of Wrexham is twinned with the German district of Märkischer Kreis and the Polish town of Racibórz.
The first twinning was established on 17 March 1970 between the former Kreis Iserlohn and Wrexham Rural District. Its early success ensured that, after local government reorganisation in both countries in the mid-seventies, the twinning was taken over by the new Councils of Märkischer Kreis and Wrexham Maelor Borough Council and, in 1996, by Wrexham County Borough Council.
In 2001 Märkischer Kreis entered a twinning arrangement with Racibórz (Ratibor), a county in Poland, which was formerly part of Silesia, Germany. In September 2002, a delegation from Racibórz visited Wrexham and began initial discussions about possible co-operation which led, eventually, to the signing of Articles of Twinning between Wrexham and Racibórz in March 2004. The Wrexham area has strong historical links with Poland. Following World War II, many service personnel from the Free Polish armed forces who had been injured received treatment at Penley Polish Hospital. Many of their descendants remain in the area to this day.
==Prison==
A £212m 2,100 capacity Category C prison is being built on the former Firestone Site on the Wrexham Industrial Estate. Construction began in 2015 with the floor slabs and metal frames being erected in June.
The prison is due to open in 2017, and was named in February 2016 as HM Prison Berwyn.
==Transport==
===Rail===
Wrexham has four railway stations, Wrexham General, Wrexham Central, Gwersyllt and Ruabon. Until the early 1980s what is now platform 4 of Wrexham General, serving the Wrexham Central – Bidston service, was a separate station, Wrexham Exchange. General has seen a 12% rise in passenger numbers between 2004 and 2007, Central seeing an increase of 18%.
;Wrexham General
was opened in 1846, rebuilt in 1912 and again in 1997. It has six platforms (four through, two terminal). Wrexham General is on two different lines, The Shrewsbury to Chester Line and the Borderlands Line run by Arriva Trains Wales. It is also on an extension of the West Coast Main Line towards London via Crewe, Welsh Marches Line services towards both Cardiff and Manchester travel via Wrexham on a regular basis.
Wrexham General was also the base for the train operating company Wrexham & Shropshire (the operating name of the Wrexham, Shropshire and Marylebone Railway Company). The company provided passenger train services from Wrexham via Shropshire to London Marylebone on an open-access basis. Services started in 2008 with an agreement for a seven-year period. Wrexham & Shropshire began running services on 28 April 2008. Having decided they could not make the business profitable, the company ended services on 28 January 2011.
All services that operate from Wrexham Central to Bidston also run through this station.
A token Virgin Trains service runs via Chester and Crewe to London Euston.
;Wrexham Central
, which is located on the Island Green retail park, is a small terminus station which is the southern terminus of the Wrexham to Bidston in Birkenhead Borderlands Line. Until the 1998 construction of the Island Green retail park, Wrexham Central station was located 50 metres further along the track.
;Gwersyllt
is an unmanned halt which serves the Gwersyllt suburb of Wrexham. It is a stop on the borderlands line between Wrexham General and Bidston.
;Ruabon
is a bus and mainline rail interchange located in South Wrexham. It is the second busiest station in Wrexham after Wrexham General. It is located on the Shrewsbury to Wrexham line between Chirk and Wrexham General. It now only has two through platforms, the former bay platforms long disused. The town centre is approximately 7 minutes away by train and 20 minutes by bus.
Trains run hourly in each direction between Wrexham and Shrewsbury. Northbound trains usually continue beyond Wrexham to Chester and Holyhead (connecting with the ferries to Dublin Port) whereas, southbound trains usually continue via Shrewsbury in all cases, and to either Cardiff Central or Birmingham New Street.
===Bus===
Most buses are low-floor and with slightly elevated bus stops to allow easy access. A new bus terminal, the largest in north Wales, has been built in Wrexham, with a staffed information booth. The bus station serves local, regional and long-distance bus services. It is served by various bus companies, including Arriva Buses Wales, GHA Coaches and Townlynx. Long-distance coaches are available to Edinburgh via Manchester, Bradford and Leeds and to London via Telford and Birmingham. The Wrexham Shuttle provides a link between Wrexham and the nearby industrial estate. The townlink bus connects the main bus station with Eagles Meadow shopping centre and Border retail park to the east and Wrexham General and Central stations with Plas Coch, Wrexham Central and Island Green shopping centres to the south and west of the town. Wrexham is served by the National Express coach network, which picks up from the Wrexham bus station. Wrexham use the distinctive yellow American Bluebird school buses. Ten currently operate in the Wrexham area, transporting pupils to and from the schools and colleges.
===Roads=== The town centre is orbited by a ring road. The northern and eastern parts of the road are dualled between Rhosddu Road roundabout and Eagles Meadow. The A483 is Wrexham's principal route. It skirts the western edge of the town, dividing it from the urban villages to the west. The road has connections with major roads (A55(M53), A5(M54)). The A5156 leads to the A534 and on to the Wrexham Industrial Estate. The A541 road is the main route into Wrexham from Mold and the town's western urban area. It connects to the B5101 road which eventually leads to the A5104 road to the east of Treuddyn in Flintshire.
==Future development==
In 2012 there was an expectation that the Wrexham to Chester railway lines were to be re-doubled at a cost of £36 million, with completion by early 2015.
Redevelopment of the Kop stand at the Racecourse stadium is expected to proceed in the coming years with the owners of the stadium recruiting a development director named Paul Fletcher to push forward plans for the Kop.
Western Gateway project is a long-term development proposed by the Wrexham council as a third phase of the Wrexham technology park focusing on companies that can help drive the local economy with better paid jobs while focusing on an eco friendly approach from design to construction.
Liverpool donated £100,000 to a study of electrification of the Wrexham to Bidston railway line, and a possible rail link to the North Wales coast line. This would open new rail links to the east, and the urban area of Liverpool. The line was put on indefinite hold following a larger than expected cost projection by Network Rail.
In September 2013 it was announced by the Ministry of Justice that a new 2000 inmate prison will be built on the former Firestone site at the Wrexham Industrial Estate by 2017.
==People== :See :Category:People from Wrexham *Jack Mary Ann – a local folk hero who lived in the Top Boat House area of Broughton *Chris Bartley - Olympic silver medallist rower. *William Davidson Bissett (1893-1971) - Scots-born Victoria Cross winner. Cremated at Pentre Bychan. *Hannah Blore- Byte Class; Women's World Champion, 2005, 2008 *David Bower – a deaf actor who is best known for his role as David, the younger brother of Charles, in the comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral. *Charles Harold Dodd (1884–1973) – eminent New Testament scholar and influential Protestant theologian *Percy William Dodd (1889–1931) – classics lecturer at the University of Leeds and captain in the West Yorkshire Regiment during the Great War *Arthur Herbert Dodd (1891–1975) – Welsh historian and professor of history at University College, Bangor *Dr Harold Drinkwater (1855-1925), physician noted as a botanical artist *Stephen Evans (born 1970) - Actor, best known for his regular role as Vine in the BBC sci-fi sitcom Hyperdrive (TV series) alongside Miranda Hart & Nick Frost. He also appeared in Nighty Night, Doctors & My Family. Stephen attended Acton Park Primary School. *Rosemarie Frankland – beauty pageant contestant who won the 1961 Miss United Kingdom and Miss World. *Amy Guy current gladiator 'SIREN' on the TV show of the same name. Member of British Team in horse riding. Miss Wales 2004 Miss World Sport 2004. Miss United Kingdom 2005. *Saint Richard Gwyn – (1535–1584) – Catholic Martyr and Patron Saint of Wrexham *Edwin Hughes – ("Balaclava Ned") (1830–1927), the last survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava in the Crimea *Mark Hughes – former Welsh international footballer and subsequently manager of several clubs *Tom James – Olympic Gold Medallist Rower. *George Jeffreys – (1645–1689) 'The Hanging Judge' of Acton Hall in Acton *Darren Jeffries – Hollyoaks actor *Dewi Penrhyn Jones - Professional Cricketer for Glamorgan C.C.C.2014. Born in Wrexham 1994 *Professor Sir Ewart Ray Herbert Jones FRS - chemist, inventor of the Jones oxidation, Waynflete Professor of Chemistry at Oxford University *Joey Jones – football player who played for Liverpool, Chelsea and Wrexham *Paul Jones – retired Welsh international footballer. *Rob Jones – footballer who played for Liverpool F.C. *K-Klass – dance music group *Jason Koumas – footballer with Wigan Athletic *Charlie Landsborough – (born 1941), British country and folk musician and singer-songwriter. *Tom Lawrence - footballer with Leicester City *David Lord – (1913–1944), Irish born holder of the Victoria Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross. *Andy Moore – Neath/Swansea Rugby Club & Wales International. *Seb Morris (Racing Driver)- Also appeared as the face of Jack Wills Autumn/Winter 2013 campaign. *Neck Deep - Kerrang! award winning Pop Punk band *Jonathon O'Dougherty – British National Ice Dance champion * John Godfrey Parry-Thomas – (1884–1927), engineer and racing driver. *Leigh Richmond Roose – Welsh international footballer who played for Stoke City, Sunderland and Celtic amongst others. *Robbie Savage – former and Wales international footballer. *Andrew Scott – guitarist with 70s glam rock band The Sweet *Dennis Taylor – ex snooker World Champion, currently living in Llay *Tim Vincent – former Blue Peter presenter, now Access Hollywood reporter. *Robert Waithman – (1764–1833), born in Wrexham, became Lord Mayor of London in 1823 *John "Iron-Mad" Wilkinson – (1728–1808) Son of Isaac, known for Bersham Ironworks in the town and producing cannons for the American civil war *Llŷr Williams – Welsh pianist, received the Outstanding Young Artist Award from MIDEM Classique and the International Artist Managers' Association. *Mike Williams - Welsh journalist. Editor in Chief of NME *Elihu Yale – (1649–1721), businessman and benefactor of Yale University. *Philip Yorke (1743-1804), antiquarian and writer, squire of Erddig
==References==
==External links==
*[http://www.wrexham.gov.uk/ Wrexham County Borough Council]
Category:Towns in Wrexham county borough Category:Towns of the Welsh Marches Category:Market towns in Wales Category:Towns with cathedrals in the United Kingdom
| i don't know |
Ljubljana is the capital of which European country ? | Ljubljana Photo Essay: The Prettiest Capital in Europe
Ljubljana Photo Essay: The Prettiest Capital in Europe
25
We were instantly charmed by Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia , and one of the smallest and prettiest capital cities in Europe. It’s like something out of a fairytale with its picture-perfect old town of pastel coloured baroque and art nouveau buildings, tree-lined river, and medieval castle perched on a hill. The city is compact and laid-back, with what feels like more bikes than cars, a youthful artsy population, and delicious food. It felt like a city we could live in for a while.
Prešernov Trg, the circular main square in Ljubljana
The river is the heart of the city. Weeping willows droop into the emerald water, pink, peach, and pistachio houses line the banks, and street musicians play lively Balkan tunes. Cafes spill out onto the cobblestoned pavement by the water—the perfect place for strolling, coffee drinking, gelato licking, or perhaps taking a nap. For such a prime location the cafes are surprisingly affordable.
Street musicians by the Triple Bridge, Ljubljana
Every bridge is different—the ferocious green dragons of Dragon Bridge, the six pairs of pillars at Shoemaker’s Bridge, and the hub of Triple Bridge which connects the modern city and the old town.
Dragon Bridge
Love padlocks on Butcher’s Bridge. Couples lock them here to symbolise their eternal love.
Shoemaker’s Bridge with random hanging shoes and the castle turret in the background
One of Ljubljana’s quirky details—random shoes thrown over a wire by the Shoemaker’s Bridge, no one quite knows why.
From the riverbank you can delve down side streets and discover little plazas or wander into the medieval centre down Mestni and Stari Trg, a pedestrian street parallel to the river. Here you’ll find more cobblestones, elegant baroque buildings turned into boutiques, chocolate shops, cafes, and restaurants. There are a few souvenir shops but the city doesn’t feel touristy, and we never saw any tour groups, impressive for a European capital.
The Robba fountain in Mestni Trg
The Ljubljana Door, a side door to the Cathedral with portraits of the city’s bishops
We visited the Central Market on our Ljubljananjam food walk . Inside you’ll find piles of dried fruit and nuts, grains, cheese, meat, bread, and Slovenian specialities like pumpkin seed oil. Outside tables overflow with local fresh fruit and vegetables. On Friday mornings there’s also the Open Kitchen with food stalls serving hot meals.
Produce at the Central Market
Near the market we saw our first milk vending machine. These are stocked with fresh raw milk every day and you can bring your own container or buy one of the bottles from the machine and fill it up with as much milk as you like for €0.10 per 100ml.
Milk vending machine
All the food we ate in Ljubljana was delicious—fava bean soup with homemade buckwheat bread on our food walk, good value salad and quiches at veggie friendly Bazilika, mango gelato from Fetiche along the river, and a gourmet multi-course meal at Valvas’or.
Zucchini carpaccio with figs and local cheese at Valvas’or
Ljubljana’s old town is gorgeous but it’s worth exploring further afield to experience the alternative vibe of this student city. In just five minutes walk you’ll leave the tourists behind and discover urban gardens, parks, funky cafes, art galleries, and hole in the wall local restaurants.
Skate shop entrance in Ljubljana
Ljubljana is one of our new favourite cities. It’s not the place to come for major sightseeing but it’s a beautiful, relaxed city and the perfect place to wander, people-watch in cafes, and soak up the atmosphere.
Note: Ljubljana is pronounced “lyoob-lyAH-nah” and yes, I had to look it up on Youtube before our visit!
Thanks to Spirit Slovenia , the country’s tourist board who provided our accommodation in Ljubljana and our meal at Valva’sor.
Are you planning a trip in 2017? See our Gear and Resources page for our favourite tools to help you plan the perfect trip.
Share:
| Slovenia |
Which colour is on the left of the three colours on the flag of Italy ? | Ljubljana
Plečnik year
This year we are observing the 145th anniversary of the birth and the 60th anniversary of the death of the renowned architect Jože Plečnik who created the city of Ljubljana as we know it today. We are commemorating the two anniversaries with diverse events and activities throughout the year. More
12. 1. 2017 Author: Ljubljana.si
Beavers 2017
From 21 January to 8 February 2017, the 9th Festival of Culture and Art Education Beavers (Bobri) is taking place in Ljubljana with 68 producers preparing 225 events open to over 17,000 visitors. The main theme of this year’s festival is multiculturalism. More
5. 1. 2017 Author: Ljubljana.si
The event GREEN NIGHT.FOR YOU. featuring the Perpetuum Jazzile group concluded the year-long project of Ljubljana, European Green Capital, on 2 January 2017. More
19. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
I’m not lasting, but therefore less annoying.
The City of Ljubljana has launched a campaign against plastic bags with the slogan »I’m not lasting, but therefore less annoying. I’m a biodegradable bag.« with the aim of reducing the use of plastic bags which are very harmful to the environment. More
23. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
Comprehensive transport strategy
The City of Ljubljana has started developing the Comprehensive Transport Strategy intended to offer Ljubljana’s residents and visitors even more high-quality, efficient and diverse modes of mobility while preserving the green, clean, accessible and all-around friendly character of the city. More
6. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
Ljubljana, European Green Capital 2016, has entered the last month of the green year, which is thematically dedicated to eco-innovations, green jobs and sustainable local governance. More
25. 11. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
On 28 December 2016, 10 years have passed since the funicular railway brought first passengers to the top of the Castle Hill. Since then some 2,900,000 passengers rode on the funicular. More
29. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
New playground in the Šmartinska Park
A new playground has been set up in the Šmartinska Park. It is equipped with markings for the blind and visually impaired, it has top quality playground equipment, a part of it is adapted to movement-impaired children and it also features the first water park in Slovenia. More
27. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
Apple of Quality 2016
The Livada Primary School and the Ljubljana City Library have received the national recognition Apple of Quality 2016 with which the Centre of the Republic of Slovenia for Mobility and European Educational and Training Programmes awards the best implemented projects in European educational and training programmes. More
16. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
On 8 December 2016, the LGBT-Friendly Certificates were awarded at the City Hall, the aim of which is to raise awareness and create a positive atmosphere for everyone within the work environment and beyond. More
9. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
During December events in the city centre, until the end of the year, the Urban electric train ends its last round-trip of the day at the bus stop »Ajdovščina« on Slovenska Street. More
8. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
At the competition for the Most Bee-Friendly Municipality 2016 the City of Ljubljana was placed third. More
6. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
On 28th November 2016, Mayor Zoran Janković was awarded a prize at the Gala Academy of the Braća Karić Foundation in Belgrade in the field of economy and development of the city. More
1. 12. 2016 Author: Ljubljana.si
| i don't know |
Which former Yugoslav state will become the 28th member of the European Union on July 1st this year ? | Croatia celebrates on joining EU - BBC News
BBC News
Croatia celebrates on joining EU
1 July 2013
Close share panel
Media captionMost Croatians have supported accession to the EU
Croatia has become the 28th member of the European Union, with crowds joining celebrations in the capital Zagreb.
Fireworks lit the sky as membership became effective at midnight (22:00 GMT), with President Ivo Josipovic describing the event as historic.
It comes almost two decades after Croatia's brutal war of independence.
But correspondents say enthusiasm for the EU in the country has been dampened by the eurozone crisis, and Croatia's own economic problems.
Analysis
By Guy DelauneyBBC News, Zagreb
Thousands of people were in Zagreb's main square for the accession ceremony.
They enjoyed performances ranging from traditional dance to hip hop - culminating in a stirring rendition of the EU anthem Ode To Joy at midnight, as Croatia officially became the 28th member state.
But the square was not as packed as it might have been, had accession taken place a few years ago. Economic crises at home and within the EU have made many Croatians ambivalent about membership.
Some said the plight of their fellow Balkan country - and now fellow EU member - Bulgaria made them worried about what might happen to Croatia. Others said the accession process had taken so long - almost a decade - that they no longer cared.
But other Croatians were more enthusiastic - especially those whose lives or businesses involve crossing borders. For them, EU membership should reduce paperwork and hassle - reason enough to celebrate.
'New chapter'
Celebrations took place in the central square of Zagreb, with fireworks and music including Beethoven's Ode to Joy, the European anthem.
"Welcome to the European Union!" European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso said in Croatian to the cheering crowd.
President Josipovic said it was "a great and joyful day for our homeland".
"This the day when we open a new chapter in the thick book of our history," he added.
Earlier he told a meeting of EU and regional leaders: "The accession of Croatia to the European Union is confirmation that each one of us belongs to the European democratic and cultural set of values."
Croatian officials then unveiled EU signs and removed customs posts at the borders with Slovenia, the first former Yugoslav republic to have joined the bloc, and with Hungary.
Croatia is the first new EU member since Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007. It is 10 years since it applied.
Croatia's split from Yugoslavia triggered a 1991-1995 war to secure its independence.
But with one in five unemployed and Croatia's national debt officially classed as junk, some Croatians feel joining an economic bloc with its own serious troubles will do little to improve their prospects.
"Just look what's happening in Greece and Spain! Is this where we're headed?" asked pensioner Pavao Brkanovic in a market in the capital.
"You need illusions to be joyful, but the illusions have long gone," he told Reuters news agency.
Long-term view
Concerns about Croatian corruption and organised crime remain among some EU leaders, and Croatia will not yet join the single currency or the free-movement Schengen zone, where most EU citizens are not subject to passport checks.
Croatia in figures
Population: 4.4 million (UN, 2012)
Capital: Zagreb
Area: 56,594 sq km (21,851 sq miles)
GNI per capita: €10,389 (World Bank, 2011)
But advocates of EU membership say despite this, their case remains a persuasive one.
Two-thirds of Croatians voted in favour of accession last year.
"It's important for us primarily for the long term guarantees of political stability and then everything else - the single market too," Croatia's First Deputy Prime Minister, Vesna Pusic, told the BBC.
The EU itself has given Croatia a clean bill of health - and praised reforms which improve the rule of law and tackle corruption.
It hopes the other countries of the former Yugoslavia will be encouraged to join - and secure long-term peace for an historically turbulent region, reports the BBC's regional correspondent Guy De Launey.
| Croatia |
At 1,038 km long and emptying into the Atlantic Ocean at Lisbon, which is the longest river on the Iberian peninsula ? | Vladimir Drobnjak on Croatia: 28th Member of the EU - YouTube
Vladimir Drobnjak on Croatia: 28th Member of the EU
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
The interactive transcript could not be loaded.
Loading...
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on Nov 25, 2011
About the Speaker:
Vladimir Drobjnak is the Chief Negotiator on the accession of Croatia to the European Union since his appointment in 2005. He has overseen all aspects of the accession process, including the opening and closing of all 33 chapters of the EU acquis.
About the Event:
On 1st July 2013, Croatia is scheduled to join the European Union to become the 28th member state of the EU in the first enlargement since Bulgarian and Romanian accession in 2007. It will be the second of six former Yugoslav republics to join the EU, after Slovenia in 2004. Mr. Drobjnak's speech was on the new role Croatia will play within the European Union, focusing in particular on its role in the Balkan region. The treaty-signing ceremony for Croatian accession is due to be hosted under the auspices of the Polish EU Presidency, in Warsaw on 19 December 2011.
Category
| i don't know |
Which two-word name is given to INVICTA, the symbol of Kent ? | BBC - Kent - A giant white horse for Ebbsfleet
11:25 GMT, Thursday, 8 April 2010 12:25 UK
A giant white horse for Ebbsfleet
The proposed giant white horse, designed by Turner Prize winner Mark Wallinger, will stand on a hill near Ebbsfleet International station.
The £2 million horse will measure up to 164ft in height, and will be the biggest public work of art in the UK.
It will be more than twice the size of Antony Gormley's Angel Of The North in Gateshead, and roughly the same height as Nelson's Column.
The sculpture will be visible from the A2 and from Eurostar trains.
The Ebbsfleet project is the UK's biggest and most significant public art commission since Gormley's most famous work was unveiled in 1998, so it's no surprise it's been dubbed Angel Of The South ever since the idea was announced in 2007, although Gormley was never one of the shortlisted artists.
The statue was commissioned to help symbolise regeneration around Ebbsfleet. As well as the station, around 10,000 new homes, offices and shops are planned for the area over the next 20 years.
Kent County Council launched a campaign to persuade Wallinger to submit a rearing Invicta horse instead, to reflect the county's symbol, even though the council confirmed that they have no financial involvement with the project.
The horse was given planning permission by Gravesham Borough Council on 14 April 2010.
About the artist
Mark Wallinger won the Turner prize in 2007 for State Britain, a recreation of the banners and paraphernalia of Brian Haw's Parliament Square protest against UK military involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan.
He is no stranger to Kent, and created a permanent piece of work on The Leas at Folkestone as part of the Triennial sculpture expo in 2008.
What do you think of the statue? Is it a fitting symbol for the county?
We the kent gypsys love it we have horses in north kent and the wite horse show importance and bravery and prosperty we love it
Mark Butler, Gravesend
This horse is such a missed opportunity. I have seen the wonderful inverted parabola at St Louis (USA) and also the elegant group of arches in the Victoria Gardens, Chatham. I think a parabola group could have made a wonderful "gateway" to England. Also they could have had wonderful internal lighting which could have been powered by constructing it with solar panels - even if there were no internal lift system like at St Louis. It would have been cheaper (I suspect) futuristic, dramatic and beautiful. The horse is just an outsize horse.
Marylin , Gillingham, Kent
I am going to have to drive past this monstrosity every day, there were many more pleasing ideas put forward but as usual the council has not taken the residents views into consideration. This ugly beast will become a source of ridicule and focus for local vandals before the project is even finished !
J Hunt, Swanscombe, Kent
My views are quite simple: we in Kent DONT WANT THIS! If you must have something use the invicta horse but this looks like it comes from a toy farmyeard. It will do nothing to improve the area - just make it more tacky than it already is.
AW, Kent, England
With all the chalk that was dug out for the rail link couldn't we have the hill built up and a proper white horse (Invicta)carving instead? Think of the existing white horses etc already around the country that look so attractive.
Grahame Denney, Dartford Kent
As a native of this county, I have to say that the creation of the white horse will be a source of great embarrassment. There is only one white horse of Kent: Invicta, Rampant. If it technically impossible to create the horse in this way, then don't do it at all!
Tom O'Connor, Tunbridge Wells
Totally not surprised this eyesore will be allowed to blight Gravesend/NW Kents landscape. Let us all who'll have to see this eyesore hope and pray that as much effort goes into its construction as its design/forethought. With any luck it will fall down or get damaged beyond repair when we next get some strong winds!!!
David Beattie, Gravesend, Kent
We find it rather disappointing that such an opportunity to promote Kent and Art and Design has been severely let down by a bunch of people who thought that Kent would love nothing more than horse to look at every morning on their way to work! - its ridiculous, we are both local designers who studied at local Art and Design University the UCA in Rochester, an opportunity like this would have been an amazing experience for anyone studying art disciplines but it wasn't even offered to us! Surely if the monument is to represent Kent then a fine example would be to use sources that KENT has to offer. There are many,many people out there with undiscovered talent,that wouldn't just dream up the idea of presenting a Horse and having the cheek to say it was 'designed' by an 'artist' - If i was this guy, i would be embarrassed,however the sad fact is,that the more you speak of the designer,and the more controversy they cause,the more they get the chance to 'shine' again! :(
Samuel Flaherty and Sefika Sakalli, Meopham
Another waste of Money, There are many other ways the sponsors could contribute to North Kent.
Alan Webster, Herne Bay
Revelations 6:8
Alison Wilson, Sandwich
I remember being taken by my father in the 1950's to a site near by to see the stone celebrating the Kentish tribes meeting the Romans and offering peace to the Romans hence "Invicta" unconquered. This placing of a whisky advert horse in this position I find insulting to the people of Kent. Yet again showing officials planning something when they have no local knowledge and don't take the time to find out the locals (people born and bread in Kent's) views. If this horse were to be produced it would be more fitting to place it at Newmarket or any other horse centre where the style of horse would be more suitable.
Michael Roche, Maidstone
Could somebody please explain to us mere mortals what they see in this pile of junk? Almost without exception the posts to this site are against it.I would ask the question who gave it approval in the first place it was certainly not the locals. If somebody has a large sum of money to spare I am sure that the people of NW Kent could suggest a better use.
Roy Farrow, Rochester,Kent
I have yet to meet anyone who thinks this oversized monstrosity would in any way be a good idea. It is bland,too big,ugly,overpriced and does in no way represent Kent. The Angel of the North did at least show imagination. This horse looks like it was based on a free gift from a cereal box. Please let us have a symbol with taste
Michael Giles, Gravesend
This must not be allowed to happen, if there is to be a statue of a horse it must be the " Invicta Horse", & not the" Barbie " option.
Keith Meakins, Dartford ,
If the horse is set in place as suggested what an embarrassment to the people of Kent it would be! The White Horse Rampant, the symbol of Kent, is the only realistic and acceptable option.
John, Sittingbourne, Kent
This is an incredibly lazy and poor example of design by an artist, and planning on the part of local councils. In contrast to the wilder and more open countryside in the North of England, Kent is already becoming utterly overcrowded with so called 'innovative' building and planning projects which plan to 'regenerate' areas of Kent, but which seem to pay no heed to the needs or opinions of local people.How about using the `£2 million pounds, and consequent ridiculous amounts of money that will have to be spent on cleaning mould and bird poo off the thing to do something really useful for the people of Kent? Imagine that money going to fund local projects or charities.... Or to set up a beautiful open space for people to enjoy together.... Or to fund work projects for young, unemployed people....There are so many more exiting possibilities.
Heather Grabham, Faversham, Kent
I cannot believe they are going ahead with this. It looks terrible and I know of no one in the area that likes it. The money would be better spent landscaping the surrounding area, which is currently wasteland and very ugly.
Lis Bryan, Greenhithe, Kent
Whatever is built I will see across the fields from my home, I would prefer to see something different like the Invicta horse, as I can see the normal horses any time I like by just looking across the road in Southfleet. Build something to give the people of Kent proud of their county.
Peter Wanless, Southfleet
You say "The sculpture will be visible from the A2 and from Eurostar trains". The part of the A2 where you can view 'Champion the Wonder Horse' is already the A2 accident hotspot and the view from a train going at 140mph would be but a blur on the landscape. Has anybody asked if a white horse would offend anybody!
Garry Hodges, Gravesend UK
Why a white horse? It has about as much relevance as a carrot (that's more agricultural too!) Now if it was Invicta that would be different and we'd all welcome it!
Fran Gallwey, Sevenoaks, Kent
If we have to have a horse, let's have the one we should have "The Invicta Horse". I think a landmark should have the WOW factor, which is sadly missing in the proposed art work.
Carl Smith, Gravesend
Totally agree with Barbie look to the "horse". Why can't we have the Invicta horse? The symbol of Kent for many years. Why pay to reinvent the wheel or horse in this case?
Malc, Stone
Kent is known as the Garden of England, the Invicta horse is a well known symbol. The horse pictured will be an eyesore and says nothing about THE GARDEN OF ENGLAND. The thought of viewing this proposed eyesore almost daily I think I need blinkers.
Ms Lee Forder, Gravesend
It looks like a giant 'Airfix' kit. Depressingly stereotypical banal 'art' world nonsense, imposed on the many by the remote and arrogant few.
Dave Hendley, Whitstable
Why do the powers to be never listen to public opinion? Invicta horse YES Dobbin NO.
Michael Terry, Gravesend
This will make us the laughing stock of the UK. The horse is a wonderful animal and has always been associated with Kent but in a beautiful vibrant way on hind legs and full of life. Please re-think this design and opt for a horse with some life to it not this dreadful static depiction.
M Woollard, Longfield Kent
If Kent has to have a structure, then it should represent what the county has to offer. This is the garden of England. There are more fitting things to build than this monstrosity.
Em, Birchington Kent
Please, please, please DO NOT grant permission for this monstrosity. I live very close to this site and it would be a tragedy if this horse was built. It's already been dubbed "Dobbin of the Downs" - it's lifeless, it's banal rubbish and totally out of keeping. Once again, PLEASE DO NOT GRANT PERMISSION.
Teresa Jenns, England
Will I and the other residents of Swanscombe and Northfleet be receiving a reduction in our council tax - given that we'll have a glorious view of a giant horse's backside?
Nova, Swanscombe, Kent, UK
I think it great it will but a smile on many peoples faces in these miserable times and a great land mark. What about all the pylons making the countryside looking a mess.
Maria Cummins, Cuxton
I hope the planners have the sense not to grant permission for this ridiculous monstrosity. Let's not give visitors a reason to laugh at us before they've even arrived.
Kate B, Tonbridge, Kent
I work at an Age Concern Day Centre in Swanscombe which is very close to the proposed site of the horse. At present it is unlikely that the proposed development of all these homes etc will go ahead for a good few years. If the horse is installed now it will sit rather miserably amongst a large area of what looks like a wasteland. This area is not lit at night and I just imagine anyone driving along the surrounding roads, might wonder what they ate for brekfast thinking it is a hallucination!
Sue Wood, Dartford
Very passive looking horse. Definitely don't like the halter. The horse should give a sense of freedom and movement. Agree with others that it should be similar to the invicta horse, the symbol of Kent.
Lydia, Tonbridge, Kent
If we have to have a horse, why not the Kent Invicta white horse. It is far more fitting to represent Kent and also would look far more attractive. Personally, I think the one that has been chosen is 'pretty naff'. Let's have something more in keeping with the Garden of England.
Linda Golding, Ashford (Kent)
As someone who has lived here all my life, I will have to look at this monstrosity everyday when I go to work. The Invicta Horse would have been acceptable, as it is a symbol of Kent. This one has no meaning whatsoever.
Dee Richards, Swanscombe,Kent.England
I second 'Emma' in her sardonic comment that it serves "...just to show what an agricultural country we are". The proposed monument is indeed, as she says, 'fantastic' - which my thesaurus defines as 'absurd', 'bizarre' and 'grotesque'.
Michael Knight, as from Maidstone
What an absolute waste of money. Why do we need such a monstrosity on the hillside. Whose idea was it to choose the horse, Kent has an emblem of the Invicta horse so why not use that? Better still they should have chosen a completely different emblem like the 'E' that is on the roundabout off the A2260 junction.
Michelle Humble, Gravesend
Last year already I did vent my anger about this poor effort to display INVICTA - the SENSE of Invicta - with this giant, lifeless, dull horse. I know, I'm from Germany; however, I intend to move to Kent in the near future and as a future Kent citizen I'm not proud of the dicision of my county-council-to-be.
Heike, Germany
I'm all for large monuments, but this is just a massive unassuming horse standing in a field casting a big shadow over North Kent. Why does one need an artist for this? How about something more striking? The White Horse of Invicta on its hind legs would be a far better choice!
James, Derby (Formerly Canterbury)
Grand idea! If you look at other such landmarks, you -know- there's going to be an expansion of tourism jobs in the area. I do think they should make every effort to build the horse with local labor and materials.
Rick H,
It is simply a gigantic replica of a horse, It doesnt really have anything of a unique style. i do feel however that it will be a fantastic piece of work and if his small scale model is anything to go by a brilliant piece of engineering.
K. Clarke
I personaly think that the horse was, and is a fantastic idea. I think it will be the new Effel Tower, just to show what an agricultural country we are!
Emma
I think the white horse is an insult to the people of Kent!It is ugly, grossly oversize, over priced, and if it's to be made of cement, presumably they will be rounding up flocks of seagulls to keep flying over it so it continues to stay white!!Seriously, who selected it?If we are to have a white horse, then let us have the proper invicta horse, rampant over the shield of Kent
janet mckechnie
What a golden opportunity to promote Kent and the South East missed here. This 'work' looks as though it has just been removed from a 'Barbie goes Horse Riding' plastic kit. Instead of the proud prancing Invicta Stallion demonstrating the vigorous and undefeated nature of our County we have been fobbed off with this utter banal rubbish - a symbol of the watered down country we have become.Surely there must be a Health and Safety rule against it.
John Hennessy
| White (horse) |
A white cross on a black background is the symbol and PRO UTILITATE HOMINUM is the motto of which organisation founded in 1877 and present at most large events held in Britain each year ? | Canterbury Flashcards - Course Hero
Name the altar in Canterbury Cathedral placed at the site of the Martyrdom of Thomas Becket.
Altar of the Sword's Point
After the destruction of the Reformation which group of immigrants brought new life to Canterbury?
Hugenots
After which native of Canterbury is the city’s main theatre named?
Marlowe
Apart from the Cathedral, which other TWO Canterbury sites make up the 'Canterbury World Heritage Site'?
St Martins Church and St Augustines Abbey
Describe or draw exactly where in the cathedral Edward, the Black Prince, is buried.
Southside of Trinity Chapel
Do “Kentish men” live east or west of the River Medway?
West
For what purpose were oast houses built?
Drying Hops
For which occasion is St Augustine’s Chair used?
Installation of Archbishop of Canterbury
From which London inn did pilgrims leave in ‘The Canterbury Tales’?
Tabbard
Give the exact date of the murder of Archbishop Thomas Beckett.
29 December 1170
Give the one-word Latin motto of the county of Kent.
Invicta
In a vault of which Canterbury church is the head of Sir/ Saint Thomas More buried?
Roper Vault St Dunstans
In which language other than English are services held in the cathedral crypt on Sunday afternoons?
French
In which month are hops normally harvested?
September
In which part of the present cathedral did Thomas Becket’s martyrdom take place?
North West Transept
In which window of Canterbury Cathedral is the 12th century piece of stained glass showing Adam delving (ie. digging) displayed?
West Window
In which year did St. Augustine arrive in Canterbury?
597
In which year was Becket made a saint?
1173
In which year was King Ethelbert of Kent baptised by St. Augustine?
597
In which year was Thomas Becket: Murdered? Canonised?
1170 and 1173
Name ONE architectural feature built by Prior Wybert (1153-67) that can be seen on a tour of Canterbury Cathedral.
Water Tower (Infirmary)
Name ONE Kent home lived in by Vita Sackville-West.
Sissinghurst
Name ONE of the people who created Sissinghurst Garden in Kent.
Vita Sackville West
Name one of the two official drop-off and pick-up points for coaches?
Kingmead Coach Park - Bus station Whitefriars Shopping Centre (Next)
Name ONE station in Kent where passengers can join the Eurostar train.
Ashford
Name the American heiress who restored Leeds Castle in the 20th century.
Lady Baillie
Name the Canterbury church said to have been used by Queen Bertha.
St Martins
Name the central tower of Canterbury Cathedral.
Bell Harry
Name the garden at Leeds Castle created by Russell Page and named after a 17th century herbalist.
Culpeper
Name the handsome Welsh courtier whom Henry V's widow met at Leeds Castle.
Owen Tudor
Name the king and queen who are buried on the north side of the Trinity Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral.
Henry IV and Joan of Navarre
Name the only king buried in Canterbury Cathedral.
Henry IV
Name the river which runs through Canterbury.
Stour
Name TWO Kent homes of the writer Vita Sackville-West.
Sissinghurst & Knole
Name TWO of the families who owned Leeds Castle after it ceased being in Royal hands.
Culpeper (Fairfax/St Leger/Wykeham Martin)
Name Winston Churchill’s beloved house in Kent.
Chartwell
The cultivation of which crop are oast houses associated?
Hops
What happened to Becket's shrine in 1538?
Destroyed by Henry VIII
What is the meaning of the Latin word fossa from which the Fosse Way gets its name?
Ditch
What symbol on the badge of Kent recalls Jutish brothers Hengist and Horsa?
White Horse
When King Henry VIII stopped at Leeds Castle in 1520 with his entire court, to which important event was he travelling to attend?
Field of the Cloth of Gold
Where in Canterbury were St Augustine, King Ethelbert and Queen Bertha buried?
St Augustines Abbey
Where is Princess Pocahontas reputedly buried?
Gravesend (St Georges Church)
Which Archbishop began building Canterbury Cathedral in Caen stone from Normandy in 1070?
Lanfranc
Which Archbishop of Canterbury was taken prisoner by the Danes in 1011?
Alfege
Which architect built the choir of Canterbury Cathedral after the fire of 1174?
William of Sens
Which C13 King bought Leeds Castle for his wife and strengthened its defences?
Edward I
Which famous castle and garden, now a National Trust property, is associated with Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicholson?
Sissinghurst
Which king of Kent welcomed St. Augustine in 597?
Ethelbert
Which owner of Leeds Castle emigrated to America and employed George Washington as a surveyor?
Fairfax
Which part of Leeds Castle was built in Tudor times as the bakery and brew house, and later housed the cinema?
The Maidens Tower
Which Pope sent Augustine and his monks to England in 597AD?
Pope Gregory the Great
Which river divides Men of Kent from Kentish Men?
Medway
Which Roman road was built to link Richborough in Kent to the island of Anglesey?
Watling Street
Which school did Christopher Marlowe and Somerset Maugham attend?
Kings School Canterbury
Which ten-yearly conference of archbishops and bishops took place at the University of Kent in Canterbury between July 16th and August 3rd 2008?
Lambeth Conference
Which tunnel under the River Thames would you drive through when travelling to Canterbury through the Docklands and the Greenwich Peninsula?
Blackwall
Which TWO medieval landmarks in Rochester can be seen from the M2 motorway?
Rochester Castle and Cathedral
Who built Canterbury’s West Gate in 1380?
Yvele
Who can be seen in the oldest stained glass window in the Cathedral?
Adam
Who was the first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury, appointed by William I in 1070?
Lanfranc
Who was the first Queen to own Leeds Castle?
Eleanor of Castile (Wife of Edward I)
Who were the “Guinea Pig Club” who stayed at Leeds Castle during World War II?
Burned Pilots in a military hospital
Whose head, rescued from London Bridge, is thought to have been buried in St Dunstan's, Canterbury?
Sir Thomas Moore
With which novelist is Gads Hill associated?
Charles Dickens
What is the name of the Keep on the small isalnd at Leeds
Gloriette
What is the name of the Courtyard in the Gloriette at Leeds Castle
Fountain Court
Where were the initial talks culminating in Camp David Accords held in 1978
Leeds Castle
What castle is near the River Len
Leeds Castle
Name one other Garden in Leeds Castle other than Culpeper
Lady Bailllie Garden
What is another name for the Maidens Tower
The Square Tower
What is the name of the building on larger island at Leeds
New Castle
What are men called on London side of Medway
Kentish Men
Where is the Garden of England
Kent
Dover, Romney Hythe, Sandwich and Hastings
Who is the Constable of Dover Castle
Lord Warden of Cinque Ports: Admiral Boyce
What is official residence of Lord Warden of Cionque Ports
Walmer Castle
Whats the mae of William Morris's Hosue in Kent
The Red House
Shared inheritence amongst sons and daughters/wives not primogeniture
What was William the Conqueror known as in Kent
Duke William
What does Kents Motto Invicta stand for
Unconquered
Whats the symbol of the Cinque Ports
3 Half Lions/Half Castles
What defenses were built in Kent over the Years
The Royal Military Canal; Martello Towers; Tunnels under Dover Castle;Pill Boxes
Roman Name for Canterbury
What sacred book is kept at Corpus Christi College Cambridge
Canterbury Gospels
664 Synod of Whitby and Accord of Winchester are related to what?
Supremacy of Canterbury/ Archbishop of Canterbury
4 Knights who killed Becket
Tracy Fitzurse (first blow) Morville (brains) Breton (top of head)
Name one pilgrim Inn in Canterbury
Chequer of the Hope
Year Becket was translated to Trinity Chapel
1220
Name of Painter of Cows exhibited in Beaney House of Art and Knowledge
Thomas Sidney Cooper
What street leading to Buttermarket is Chequer of the Hope on
Mercery Lane
Sculptor of Christ in Christ Church Gate
Klaus Ringwald
Which Prior commissioned the Christ Church Gate
Prior Goldstone (Dorr under his rebus is Group Entry)
Which King and Queen are on the Soth West Porch of the Cathedral
Ethelbert and Bertha
What are the Black Prince's achievments
Helm, Gauntkets, Tunic
Artist of 1950's stained Galss in South East Transpet
Ervin Bossanyi
Georgian Villa off the A2
Danson House
Tudor Hall and Garden off the A2
Halls Place
Site of Major Shipbuilding from Tudor times
Chatam
Who is Mary Tourtel and where is she buried
Creator Rupert Bear/St Martin's Canterbury
What can be seen form the bridge next to the Marlowe Theatre
Blackfriars Refectory 13C
What does the Christopher Marlowe Memorial show
Contemporary 19C actors in Marlowes plays - eg Faustas. Tennyson and Henry Irving involved. Kitty Marlowe - Muse of Poetry. Originally in Buttermarket. Sir Ian Mackellan
Name 2 universities in Canterbury
University of Kent & Canterbury Christchurch
Population of Canterbury
What is the name of Anne Boylens Childhood Home
Hever Castle
What is the name of Churchills Kent Home
Chartwell
| i don't know |
Along which road from Capua to Rome were 6000 slaves crucified in 71BC after defeat in then Servile War led by Spartacus ? | Spartacus the Gladiator and the Roman Slave Revolt
By N.S. Gill
Updated November 03, 2015.
Little is known about this fighting slave from Thrace beyond his role in the spectacular revolt that became known as the Third Servile War (73–71 B.C.). But sources agree that Spartacus had once fought for Rome as a legionnaire and was enslaved and sold to become a gladiator . In 73 B.C., he and a group of fellow gladiators rioted and escaped. The 78 men who followed him swelled to an army of 70,000 men, who terrified the citizens of Rome as they plundered Italy from Rome to Thurii in present-day Calabria.
Spartacus the Gladiator
Spartacus, perhaps a captive of a Roman legion, perhaps a former auxiliary himself, was sold, in 73 B.C., into the service of Lentulus Batiates, a man who taught at a ludus for gladiators in Capua, 20 miles from Mt. Vesuvius, in Campania . That same year Spartacus and two Gallic gladiators led a riot at the school. Of the 200 slaves at the ludus, 78 men escaped, using kitchen tools as weapons. In the streets they found wagons of gladiatorial weapons and confiscated them.
continue reading below our video
What are the Seven Wonders of the World
Thus armed, they easily defeated soldiers who tried to stop them. Stealing military-grade weapons, they set out south to Mt. Vesuvius .
Three Gallic slaves, Crixus, Oenomaus and Castus, became, along with Spartacus, the leaders of band. Seizing a defensive position in the mountains near Vesuvius, they attracted thousands of slaves from the countryside—70,000 men, with another 50,000 women and children in tow.
Early Success
The slave rebellion happened at a moment when Rome's legions were abroad. Her greatest generals, the consuls Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta, were attending to the subjugation of the Eastern kingdom of Bithynia , a recent addition to the Republic. The raids carried out in the Campanian countryside by Spartacus' men fell to local officials to mediate. These praetors , including Gaius Claudius Glaber and Publius Varinius, underestimated the training and ingenuity of the slave fighters. Glaber thought he could lay siege to the slave redoubt at Vesuvius, but the slaves dramatically rappelled down the mountainside with ropes fashioned from vines, outflanked Glaber's force, and destroyed it. By the winter of 72 B.C., the successes of slave army alarmed Rome to the degree that consular armies were raised to deal with the threat.
Crassus Assumes Control
Marcus Licinius Crassus was elected praetor and headed to Picenum to put an end to the Spartacan revolt with 10 legions, some 32,000–48,000 trained Roman fighters, plus auxiliary units. Crassus correctly assumed the slaves would head north to the Alps and positioned most of his men to block this escape. Meanwhile, he sent his lieutenant Mummius and two new legions south to pressure the slaves to move north. Mummius had been explicitly instructed not to fight a pitched battle. He, however, had ideas of his own, and when he engaged the slaves in battle, suffered defeat.
Spartacus routed Mummius and his legions. They lost not only men and their arms, but later, when they returned to their commander, the survivors suffered the ultimate Roman military punishment— decimation, by order of Crassus. The men were divided into groups of 10 and then drew lots. The unlucky one in 10 was then killed.
Meanwhile, Spartacus turned around and headed towards Sicily , planning to escape on pirate ships, not knowing that the pirates had already sailed away. At the Isthmus of Bruttium, Crassus built a wall to block Spartacus' escape. When the slaves tried to break through, the Romans fought back, killing about 12,000 of the slaves.
The End of Spartacus' Revolt
Spartacus learned that Crassus' troops were to be reinforced by another Roman army under Pompey , brought back from Spain . In desperation, he and his slaves fled north, with Crassus at their heels. Spartacus' escape route was blocked at Brundisium by a third Roman force recalled from Macedonia. There was nothing left for Spartacus to do but to try to beat Crassus' army in battle. The Spartacans were quickly surrounded and butchered, although many men escaped into the mountains. Only a thousand Romans died. Six thousand of the fleeing slaves were captured by Crassus' troops and crucified along the Appian Way , from Capua to Rome.
Spartacus' body was not found.
Because Pompey performed the mopping-up operations, he, and not Crassus, got credit for suppressing the rebellion. The Third Servile War would become a chapter in the struggle between these two great Romans. Both returned to Rome and refused to disband their armies; the two were elected consul in 70 B.C.
The Goals of Spartacus' Rebellion
Popular culture, including the 1960 film by Stanley Kubrick, has cast the revolt led by Spartacus in political tones, as a rebuke to slavery in the Roman republic. There is no historical material to support this interpretation. Nor is it known whether Spartacus intended for his force to escape Italy for freedom in their homelands, as Plutarch maintains. The historians Appian and Florian wrote that Spartacus intended to march on the capital itself. Despite the atrocities committed by Spartacus' forces, and the splintering of his host after disagreements among the leaders, the Third Servile War inspired revolutions successful and unsuccessful throughout history, including Toussaint Louverture's march for Haitian independence.
| Appian Way |
Named after the 16/17th century fancy collar that made a fortune for Robert Baker, which London street starts at Hyde Park Corner and ends at a famous statue ? It is the 6th most expensive property in Monopoly. | Spartacus - a real representative of the proletariat of ancient times | Ancient History | History & Theory | Front page articles
Spartacus - a real representative of the proletariat of ancient times
+1
In the first century BC, a slave named Spartacus threatened the might of Rome in a massive slave uprising. The spectacle of these most downtrodden people rising up with arms in hand and inflicting defeat after defeat on the armies of the world’s greatest power is one of the most amazing and moving events in history.
In the first century BC, a slave named Spartacus threatened the might of Rome. Spartacus (c. 109 BC-71 BC) was the leader (or possibly one of several leaders) of the massive slave uprising known as the Third Servile War. Under his leadership, a tiny band of rebel gladiators grew into a huge revolutionary army, numbering about 100,000. In the end the full force of the Roman army was needed to crush the revolt.
Despite his well-deserved fame as a great revolutionary leader and one of the most outstanding generals of antiquity, not much is known about Spartacus the man. It is always the victors who write history and the voice of the slaves throughout the centuries can be heard only through the accounts of the oppressors. What little information we have is from accounts written by his mortal enemies. The surviving historical records are all written by Roman historians and therefore hostile. They are often contradictory.
There were other leaders of the revolt whose names have come down to us: Crixus, Castus, Gannicus and Oenomaus – gladiators from Gaul and Germania. But of these even less is known. History is always written by the victors, and they faithfully reflect the interests, psychology and class bias of the ruling class. Trying to understand Spartacus from these sources is like trying to understand Lenin and Trotsky from the slanderous writings of the bourgeois enemies of the Russian Revolution. Through this distorting mirror one can only catch tantalising glimpses of the real Spartacus.
Plutarch writes:
“And seizing upon a defensible place, they chose three captains, of whom Spartacus was chief, a Thracian of one of the nomad tribes, and a man not only of high spirit and valiant, but in understanding, also, and in gentleness superior to his condition, and more of a Grecian than the people of his country usually are.”
These words by an enemy present Spartacus in a personally favourable light, which requires an explanation. This is not hard to find. A man who defeated one Roman army after another and brought the Republic to its knees had to be possessed of extraordinary qualities. Only in this way could the Roman commentators begin to come to terms with the fact that “mere slaves” had defeated their invincible legions.
Other Roman historians attempt to make him out to be of royal blood, for exactly the same reason. He is said to be endowed with superhuman attributes. His wife is said to have been a priestess, and so on and so forth. All this is clearly part of Roman propaganda that aims to present Spartacus as somebody very special, and in this way to try to reduce the sense of shame and humiliation felt by the master class when it had been defeated by farm labourers, kitchen skivvies and gladiators.
Spartacus' real origins are unclear as the ancient sources do not agree on where he came from, although he was probably a native of Thrace (now Bulgaria). He seems to have had military training and experience and may even have joined the Roman army as a mercenary. Plutarch also says Spartacus' wife, a prophetess of the same tribe, was enslaved with him. In any case, he was enslaved and sold at auction to a trainer of gladiators in Capua. Appian says he was “a Thracian by birth, who had once served as a soldier with the Romans, but had since been a prisoner and sold for a gladiator”.Florus says he “had become a Roman soldier, of a soldier a deserter and robber, and afterwards, from consideration of his strength, a gladiator”.
The Gladiators’ Revolt
At the time of Spartacus' uprising, the Roman republic was entering a period of turmoil that would end with the rule of the Caesars. Roman territories were expanding east and west; ambitious generals could make a name fighting in Spain or Macedonia, then carve out a political career in Rome. Rome was a militaristic society: battles were staged in the newly popular entertainment of gladiatorial combat. While successful gladiators were idolised, in terms of social status they ranked little above convicts; indeed, some gladiators were convicted criminals. Others were slaves. By this time slavery accounted for roughly every third person in Italy. Slaves were liable to extreme and arbitrary punishment from their owners; while the death penalty for free Romans was rarely invoked (and humanely executed), slaves were routinely crucified.
Spartacus was trained at the gladiatorial school (ludus) near Capua, belonging to one Lentulus Batiatus. It was here that in 73 BC, Spartacus led a revolt of 74 gladiators, who armed themselves, overpowered their guards and escaped. This is how Plutarch deals with it in the section of his Roman History, The Life of Crassus:
“The insurrection of the gladiators and the devastation of Italy, commonly called the war of Spartacus, began upon this occasion. One Lentulus Batiatus trained up a great many gladiators in Capua, most of them Gauls and Thracians, who, not for any fault by them committed, but simply through the cruelty of their master, were kept in confinement for this object of fighting one with another. Two hundred of these formed a plan to escape, but being discovered, those of them who became aware of it in time to anticipate their master, being seventy-eight, got out of a cook's shop chopping-knives and spits, and made their way through the city, and lighting by the way on several wagons that were carrying gladiators' arms to another city, they seized upon them and armed themselves. And seizing upon a defensible place, they chose three captains, of whom Spartacus was chief, a Thracian of one of the nomad tribes, and a man not only of high spirit and valiant, but in understanding, also, and in gentleness superior to his condition, and more of a Grecian than the people of his country usually are.”
So, armed with the knives in the cook's shop and a wagon full of weapons that they seized, the slaves fled to the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, near modern day Naples. The news of the breakout encouraged others to follow. A steady flow of rural slaves soon joined the mutineers, whose numbers began to swell. The group overran the region, raiding the farms for food and supplies. Thus the rebels began by winning small victories, which lead to bigger things. Plutarch continues his account: “First, then, routing those that came out of Capua against them, and thus procuring a quantity of proper soldiers' arms, they gladly threw away their own as barbarous and dishonourable.”
One can almost picture the exhilaration of these early victories and the joy with which the gladiators cast aside the hated uniform of their trade and dressed themselves as proper soldiers, not slaves. This little detail reveals something far more important than weapons and equipment. It reveals a growing confidence, the rejection not only of the servile state but also of the servile mentality. We see the same thing in every strike and in every revolution in history, where the ordinary workers – the lineal descendants of the slaves – draw themselves up to their true height and begin to think and act like free men and women.
This slave mutiny was by no means a unique event. When the news of the outbreak reached Rome, it caused some concern, but neither surprise nor undue alarm. In the previous century, two slave revolts, both on Sicily, had been put down at the cost of tens of thousands of lives. There could be no doubt in the minds of the august Senators who held control of the whole world in their hands that the outcome of this rising would be no different.
In the first instance, therefore, the Roman authorities did not rate Spartacus as highly as later commentators. The Senate did not even bother to send a legion to suppress the rebels, but only a militia force of about 3,000 under the praetor, Claudius Glaber. They clearly considered that this was a mere police operation and easily dealt with. They thought this would be more than enough to suppress a small number of badly armed slaves. But Spartacus' camp had become a magnet for slaves from the surrounding area, several thousand of whom had joined him. Unlike the Roman soldiers and their officers, the slaves were fighting a desperate battle for survival. By contrast, the Roman generals underestimated the enemy and were unduly lax in the beginning.
It is a well-known fact that revolutionaries can only win by going onto the offensive and showing the greatest audacity. The Romans besieged the rebels on Vesuvius, blocking their escape. The slaves found themselves besieged on a mountain, accessible only by one narrow and difficult passage, which the Romans kept guarded, “encompassed on all other sides with steep and slippery precipices”. In an impressive tactical coup, Spartacus had ropes made from vines and with his men absailed down a cliff on the other side of the volcano, to the rear of the Roman soldiers, and launched a surprise attack.
Plutarch describes the situation:
“Upon the top, however, grew a great many wild vines, and cutting down as many of their boughs as they had need of, they twisted them into strong ladders long enough to reach from thence to the bottom, by which, without any danger, they got down all but one, who stayed there to throw them down their arms, and after this succeeded in saving himself. The Romans were ignorant of all this, and, therefore, coming upon them in the rear, they assaulted them unawares and took their camp.”
Claudius Glaber, expecting an easy victory over a handful of slaves, probably did not bother to take the elementary precaution of fortifying his camp. He did not even post adequate sentries to keep a lookout. The Romans paid a heavy price for this neglect. Most of them were killed in their beds, including the praetor Claudius Glaber. This was an ignominious defeat for the Romans. The slaves now possessed weapons and armour. More importantly, they developed a sense that they could fight and win. This was the biggest gain.
Spartacus marches north
Spartacus was an excellent military tactician, which tends to confirm the idea that he had served as an auxiliary soldier under the banners of Rome. If this is true, he would have been acquainted with the tactics of the Roman army, and this, together with the audacity that is a necessary quality for a revolutionary, made him a formidable enemy. However, his army was mainly composed of poorly armed and untrained former slave labourers. This dictated his tactics, which were at first defensive. They hid out on the heavily wooded Mount Vesuvius until such time as they had been trained properly for the inevitable showdown with the Roman army.
Realizing that time was running out before a new and more serious battle, Spartacus delegated to the gladiators the task of training small groups, who then trained other small groups and so on. In this way he was able to create from scratch a fully trained army in a matter of weeks. And what the slave army lacked in military experience they made up for with the heroism of people fighting for their very survival, with literally nothing to lose but their chains.
There were many skirmishes with the Roman army, all of which ended in victory. Publius Varinus, the praetor, was now sent against them with two thousand men, which they fought and routed. Then Cossinius was sent “with considerable forces”, and narrowly missed being captured in person, as he was bathing at Salinae. He made his escape with great difficulty, while Spartacus possessed himself of his baggage. The slaves followed the retreating Romans, slaughtering many. Finally, they stormed the Roman camp and took it, and Cossinius himself was killed.
With every such victory, the morale of the rebels grew. The reports to the Senate at Rome must have made grim reading. Slowly, the truth was beginning to dawn in the minds of even the most dull-witted aristocrat that here they were facing a most dangerous enemy – one that possessed a vast number of reserves infiltrated in the very heart of the enemy camp – on every farm, in every household, there were slaves, each of whom was a potential rebel, to be watched with suspicion and fear. After this successful battle, the fame of Spartacus grew. The message was clear to all: the Romans were no longer invincible.
A large number of runaway slaves joined and soon the small band of rebels grew into an army. By some accounts, the slave army may have finally numbered as many as 140,000 escaped slaves, used to living in harsh conditions, hardened by years of heavy labour and with nothing to lose by fighting their former masters. Plutarch writes: “Several, also, of the shepherds and herdsmen that were there, stout and nimble fellows, revolted over to them, to some of whom they gave complete arms, and made use of others as scouts and light-armed soldiers.” In the end the word “several” should read several tens of thousands.
Spartacus's army spent the winter of 73 BC camped on the south coast of Italy, all the time building up its numbers, armaments and morale. In the spring, it headed north; the audacious plan appears to have been to march the length of Italy, cross the Alps and escape to Gaul (present-day France, then largely outside Roman control). According to Plutarch: “Wisely considering that he was not to expect to match the force of the empire, he [Spartacus] marched his army towards the Alps, intending, when he had passed them, that every man should go to his own home, some to Thrace, some to Gaul.”
Divisions among the slaves
The Senate, now thoroughly alarmed, sent two legions under the consuls, Gellius Publicola and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus against the slaves. Now Spartacus faced his greatest challenge so far: an army of two legions – 10,000 men – commanded by Cassius Longinus, the Governor of Cisalpine Gaul (“Gaul this side of the Alps”, present-day Northern Italy). The Romans scored one victory, when they defeated a Gaulish contingent led by Crixus. The reason for this setback was divisions in the ranks of the rebels.
It cannot have been easy to maintain unity and discipline in an army of slaves from different lands, speaking different languages and worshiping different gods. It required a leader of colossal stature to achieve this, and even he did not always succeed. Crixus and the Gauls had refused to march under Spartacus' leadership. It seems that Crixus wanted to stay in Italy, seduced by the prospect of plunder. Spartacus wanted to continue North to Gaul, as Plutarch points out:
“But they, grown confident in their numbers, and puffed up with their success, would give no obedience to him, but went about and ravaged Italy; so that now the Senate was not only moved at the indignity and baseness, both of the enemy and of the insurrection, but, looking upon it as a matter of alarm and of dangerous consequence, sent out both the consuls to it, as to a great and difficult enterprise.” (Plutarch, Crassus)
The Roman commentator understood the root of the problem. Some of the leaders of the rebels had become over-confident, intoxicated by their early successes. For this reason, Crixus left Spartacus, taking around 30,000 Gauls and Germans with him. This split was a disastrous mistake: Crixus was defeated by Publicola and fell in battle. The Gauls paid a terrible price for this and 20,000 of them were killed. This was the first warning of the dangerous consequences of divisions in the ranks of the slave army.
Despite the disastrous actions of Crixus, Spartacus held funeral games in honour of the Gaulish leader, including gladiatorial combat between captured Roman soldiers. This detail reveals a nobility of character and true leadership qualities. Later Spartacus first defeated Lentulus, and then Publicola, as Plutarch relates:
“The consul Gellius, falling suddenly upon a party of Germans, who through contempt, and confidence had straggled from Spartacus, cut them all to pieces. But when Lentulus with a large army besieged Spartacus, he sallied out upon him, and, joining battle, defeated his chief officers, and captured all his baggage. As he made toward the Alps, Cassius, who was praetor of that part of Gaul that lies about the Po, met him with ten thousand men, but being overcome in the battle, he had much ado to escape himself, with the loss of a great many of his men.”
This was a heavy blow to Roman prestige and it shook the confidence of the Senate. Not only had their army been massacred, but Spartacus had captured the fasces, the symbol of Roman authority (from which the word fascism is derived). At Mutina (now Modena) the slaves defeated yet another legion under Gaius Cassius Longinus, the Governor of Cisalpine Gaul. The leader of the slaves now seemed to be completely invincible.
The slaves change direction
What happened next is one of the great mysteries of history. The slaves were in sight of the Alps and could have crossed into Gaul and entered Germany, where they might have escaped from Roman rule, or even to Spain where a rebellion was raging. Then, for some reason, the plan changed and Spartacus turned back: his army once more marched the length of Italy. What was the cause of this change? We do not know. Perhaps they were put off by the logistics of getting an army across the Alps, or perhaps the slaves were intoxicated by success and drawn by the prospect of plundering the rich Italian cities.
However, events were no longer moving Spartacus' way. By now, Spartacus's army was swollen by a large number of camp-followers, including women, children, and elderly men who joined the rebels in the hope of escaping from a life of servitude. The non-fighting followers may have numbered some 10,000 people, all of whom would have had to be fed. This must have considerably complicated his movements. Moreover, the Romans were no longer making the mistake of underestimating the qualities of their enemy.
When the Senate learned that Spartacus had scored new victories over the armies of the Republic, they were furious at the consuls, and ordered them to keep out of the conflict. Instead they gave Marcus Licinius Crassus charge of the war. He was the richest man in Rome, a very ambitious politician and hungry for glory. Crassus was no fool and he did not make the mistake of underestimating his opponents. His aim was to carefully build up his forces and avoid a decisive battle, confident that in the end the superior resources and wealth of Rome would wear down the rebels and create favourable conditions for a military victory.
However, many of those who joined him in the pursuit of glory did not share his understanding of the enemy they were confronted with. They were rich young fops who did not realise what they were up against. They must have set out after the slaves with the same spirit as they would embark on a fox hunt. Plutarch informs us: “A great many of the nobility went volunteers with him, partly out of friendship, and partly to get honour.” Once again, this excessive over-confidence was a recipe for disaster.
While Crassus stayed on the borders of Picenum, expecting Spartacus would come that way, he sent his lieutenant, Mummius, with two legions, to observe the enemy's movements, but gave him strict orders upon no account to engage or skirmish. They were ordered to capture a small hill, but to do it as quietly as possible, so as not to alert the enemy.
Overconfident, on the first opportunity, Crassus’ lieutenant joined battle, and was heavily defeated. They would have been annihilated, had it not been for the fact that Crassus immediately appeared, and engaged in a battle. It proved a most bloody one. A great many of his men were slain, and a great many only saved their lives by throwing down their arms and ignominiously running away. By contrast, writes Plutarch: “Out of twelve thousand three hundred rebels whom he killed, two only were found wounded in their backs, the rest all having died standing in their ranks and fighting bravely.”
This bravery of the slaves contrasts with the cowardly conduct of the Romans in earlier battles, which had compelled Crassus to revive the ancient Roman method of punishment: decimation. In an attempt to restore discipline, Crassus first rebuked Mummius severely. Then he armed the soldiers again, but in a humiliating gesture made them pay a deposit for their arms, to make sure that they would part with them no more.
He then selected five hundred men who were the first to run away and he divided into fifty groups of ten, one of each was to die by lot, “with a variety of appalling and terrible circumstances, presented before the eyes of the whole army, assembled as spectators”, as Plutarch relates. This terrible punishment had long fallen into disuse and by reviving it, Crassus wanted to show that he meant business. From this moment, every Roman soldier learned to fear his general more than he feared the slaves.
Trapped
At the end of 72 BC, Spartacus and his army set up camp in Rhegium (Reggio Calabria), near the Strait of Messina. Spartacus attempted to strike a deal with Cilician pirates to get the slaves across the Straits to Sicily. According to Plutarch: “He had thoughts of attempting Sicily, where, by landing two thousand men, he hoped to new kindle the war of the slaves, which was but lately extinguished, and seemed to need but little fuel to set it burning again. But after the pirates had struck a bargain with him, and received his earnest they deceived him and sailed away.”
This shows a sound grasp of tactics and strategy. If they could get to Sicily and stir up a new slave revolt there, they might be able to defend the island against Rome. Having failed to take the opportunity to cross the Alps, this was perhaps the only option left to him, other than a direct assault on Rome itself. But the project failed because the pirates betrayed the slaves. It may be that Crassus’ agents had bribed them, or simply that they feared that by helping the slaves they would bring the whole weight of the Roman army down on their heads. Whatever the reason, Spartacus' army now found itself trapped in Calabria.
We can imagine the terrible blow this represented for Spartacus and his followers. Once the plan to escape to Sicily fell through, the position of the slaves was desperate. At the beginning of 71 BC, eight legions under Crassus were thrown against them. They had their backs to the sea with nowhere to escape. Worse news was to come. The assassination of Quintus Sertorius, who had been leading a rebellion in Spain, enabled the Roman Senate to recall Pompey from that province. And just to make sure, they also recalled Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus from Macedonia. The Roman state, which had earlier shown such contempt for the slaves, was concentrating all its forces against them.
It seems that after a small skirmish, Spartacus had a Roman prisoner crucified. The Roman propagandists cited this as proof of the “barbarous and cruel nature” of the rebels. However, crucifixion was a normal punishment for slaves. And all history shows that the masters, not the slaves, always display the most barbarous cruelty. It may be that this was a calculated act of defiance, since crucifixion was a particularly cruel and degrading method of execution not normally used on Romans. By this act, Spartacus was saying to his enemies: you think the lives of slaves are cheap, but we will make you pay dearly for your actions. This report, like all the other reports published by the Romans, were intended to justify their bloody suppression of the slaves. But they really did not require any excuse to do what they were already determined to do. These slaves must be taught a lesson that the whole world would never forget!
Excessive confidence played a big role in the defeat of the rising, as Plutarch explains:
“Spartacus, after this discomfiture, retired to the mountains of Petelia, but Quintius, one of Crassus' officers, and Scrofa, the quaestor, pursued and overtook him. But when Spartacus rallied and faced them, they were utterly routed and fled, and had much ado to carry off their quaestor, who was wounded. This success, however, ruined Spartacus, because it encouraged the slaves, who now disdained any longer to avoid fighting, or to obey their officers, but as they were upon the march, they came to them with their swords in their hands, and compelled them to lead them back again through Lucania, against the Romans, the very thing which Crassus was eager for.” (my emphasis, AW)
The ever-cautious Crassus did not want an immediate battle with an enemy whose strength, courage and resourcefulness had defeated the Romans many times. Instead of attacking, he ordered his troops to build a wall across the isthmus, in an attempt to starve the slaves into submission. All the technological prowess of Rome was summoned to defeat the slaves. In the words of Plutarch:
“This great and difficult work he perfected in a space of time short beyond all expectation, making a ditch from one sea to the other, over the neck of land, three hundred furlongs long, fifteen feet broad, and as much in depth, and above it built a wonderfully high and strong wall.” (Ibid.) By building this wall, he achieved two objects: keeping his soldiers from demoralising idleness and denying the enemy food and forage.
All this effort, however, was in vain. Despite these frightening odds, Spartacus yet again displayed an uncanny grasp of tactics. On a stormy night, in the middle of a snowstorm , Spartacus ordered his followers to fill up part of the ditch with earth and boughs of trees, and so passed over with one third of his army. But this was just a last show of strength, one last burst of energy before the final collapse of the revolt. With this daring blow, he managed to break through Crassus's lines and escape towards Brundisium (now Brindisi), where Lucullus' army was landing.
When he saw that Spartacus had evaded him, Crassus was terrified that the slave army was going to march directly to Rome. In reality, that was probably the best option open to him – indeed the only option: to chance everything on one last desperate throw and strike at the enemy’s head. But this was rendered impossible by a new outbreak of divisions in the ranks of the slaves. Once again, part of Spartacus’ army mutinied, abandoned their commander and set up a camp upon the Lucanian lake. And once again the lack of unity had disastrous consequences. Crassus fell upon the dissident slaves and beat them from the lake. He would have slaughtered them, except that Spartacus suddenly appeared, rallying the troops and checking their flight.
The final battle
Despite his recent setback, it was clear to Crassus that the slaves were in a difficult position. Sensing that victory was within his grasp, Crassus began to regret his earlier action of writing to the Senate to call Lucullus out of Thrace, and Pompey out of Spain. As a typical politician of that period, he saw war as a means of winning prestige and glory that would help him to win high office in the state, as Julius Caesar did very effectively later on. If the other generals were to arrive at the last moment, before the decisive battle, it would look as if they, and not Crassus, had won the war. This is just what happened. Crassus won the decisive battle against Spartacus but it was Pompey who got all the glory.
Crassus was therefore anxious to be the one to give battle as soon as possible:
“For news was already brought that Pompey was at hand; and people began to talk openly that the honour of this war was reserved to him, who would come and at once oblige the enemy to fight and put an end to the war. Crassus, therefore, eager to fight a decisive battle, encamped very near the enemy, and began to make lines of circumvallation; but the slaves made a sally and attacked the pioneers.” (Plutarch, Crassus)
Crassus had superior forces and was eager to fight a decisive battle. He intercepted Spartacus’ army and encamped very near the enemy in an obvious provocation to get the slaves to fight. The slaves obliged by attacking. Spartacus, seeing that fresh reinforcements were arriving from all sides, understood that there was no longer any possibility of avoiding a battle. Every moment that passed meant a strengthening of the Roman host. As he watched fresh supplies coming from every side to the Roman camp, Spartacus had to bet everything on one last superhuman effort. In the words that Karl Marx later used to describe the heroic uprising of the Paris Commune, the slaves decided to “storm Heaven”. He therefore gathered his army and strove to raise their fighting spirits for the coming battle.
We can only guess at his state of mind at this fateful moment, when the entire destiny of the rebellion rested on the outcome of one last battle. Displaying the extraordinary qualities of a great commander, he calmly set all his army in battle order. What followed then is one of the most moving incidents in history. When his horse was brought to him, Spartacus drew out his sword and killed him in front of the slave army, saying: “If we win the day I shall have a great many better horses from the enemy, and if we lose, I shall have no need of one.” By this action, Spartacus not only showed great personal courage and complete disregard for his personal safety, but also sent out an uncompromising message to the slaves: we win this battle or we die.
For the last time the slaves fought with desperate courage, as even the Roman historians are compelled to admit. But the outcome of this battle was never in doubt. According to Roman accounts, Spartacus cut his way through the mass of fighting men and made directly for Crassus himself. Amidst the deadly rain of blows, and covered in wounds, he did not reach his goal, but killed two centurions that fell upon him together. Finally, being deserted by those that were about him, he himself stood his ground, and, surrounded by the enemy, bravely defending himself, was cut to pieces: The Roman historian, Appian: describes the scene thus:
“Spartacus was wounded in the thigh with a spear and sank upon his knee, holding his shield in front of him and contending in this way against his assailants until he and the great mass of those with him were surrounded and slain”. (Appian Civil Wars).
After the battle, the legionaries found and rescued 3,000 Roman prisoners in their camp – all of whom were unharmed. This civilized treatment of the Roman prisoners contrasts starkly with the fate meted out to Spartacus' followers. Crassus had 6,000 slaves crucified along the Appian Way between Capua and Rome – a distance of about 200 kilometres. Their corpses lined the road all the way from Brundisium to Rome. Since Crassus never gave orders for the bodies to be taken down, for years after the final battle all who travelled that road were treated to this macabre spectacle.
Around 5,000 slaves somehow escaped capture. These shattered remnants of the slave army fled north and were intercepted on the shores of the river Silarus in Lucania by Pompey, who was coming back from Roman Iberia. The slaves, who by now must have been exhausted by all their exertions, were confronted by the fresh, well-trained and confident legions of the most prominent Roman general. He proceeded to slaughter them, and later used the butchering of a depleted and dispirited band of exhausted runaway slaves as a pretext to claim the credit for ending the slave war.
Pompey immediately wrote a letter to the Senate, claiming that, although Crassus had defeated the slaves in a pitched battle, he (Pompey) had put an end to the war. Subsequently, Pompey was honoured with a magnificent triumph for his conquest over Sertorius and Spain, while Crassus was denied the honour of a triumph that he so earnestly desired. Instead, he was compelled to accept a lesser honour, called an ovation. Thus was Pompey “the Great” greeted as a hero in Rome, while Crassus, to his great chagrin, received neither credit nor glory for saving the Republic from Spartacus.
This ingratitude tells us something about the psychology of the slave-owning Roman ruling class. These wealthy scoundrels and hypocrites could never admit that in Spartacus they had found an enemy that made them tremble. The noble Senators conveniently forgot the terror that the name of Spartacus had struck in their hearts only a few months earlier. How could a war against a slave army merit the honours of a triumph?
Desperate to win the military triumph that the Senate had denied him, Crassus again tried to achieve glory in Asia, where he met a well-deserved death under ignominious circumstances. Pompey himself was later murdered in Egypt after his defeat in the civil war against Caesar. One might conclude from this that there is some justice in history after all. The names of these men are half-forgotten today, while the name of Spartacus is honoured and his memory cherished in the hearts of millions.
Myth and reality
The legend of Spartacus lived on long after his death. For the Romans, the story of the slave revolt was an awful warning: it suggested that a society built on the backs of slaves and subject peoples might one day be overthrown by them. Four centuries later, this is exactly what happened, and Rome fell to the barbarians. The memory of Spartacus lives on as a symbol of the power of the oppressed masses to confront their oppressors. It retains all its force and is an inspiration for all who today fight for their rights.
It is no accident that during the First World War, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht adopted the name of the Roman revolutionary when they launched the Spartakist League. Karl Marx was also a great admirer of Spartacus. Marx said Spartacus was his hero, citing him as the “finest fellow antiquity had to offer”. In a letter to Engels dated 27th February, 1861, Marx says that he was reading about Spartacus in Appian’s Civil Wars of Rome: “Spartacus emerges as the most capital fellow in the whole history of antiquity. A great general [...], of noble character, a ‘real representative’ of the proletariat of ancient times. Pompey a real shit [...]” (Marx and Engels, Collected Works, Volume 41, p. 265). Anyone who has even a superficial knowledge of history would find it hard to disagree with this assessment.
The figure of Spartacus, and his great rebellion, has become an inspiration to many modern literary and political writers. Howard Fast wrote a famous novel about the rising. Stanley Kubrick later adapted Howard Fast’s novel to make his outstanding film Spartacus (1960). In his book Spartacus, F.A. Ridley is dismissive of both Kubrick and Fast, but is unjust in both cases. This is just another sad example of how a narrow and mechanical interpretation of Marxism is always incapable of seeing the wood for the trees.
Fast was not attempting to write a history book but a historical novel, and while he may have taken certain liberties, the novel conveys very well the spirit of its subject. This is not history, but the best kind of historical novel that represents real events in an imaginative way, without seriously departing from the historical record. Of course, there are some things that are definitely non-historical, especially in the film. Contrary to the celebrated sequence in the film, the survivors of the battle were never asked to identify Spartacus, because he had died on the battlefield.
But we must bear in mind this is a work of art and as such is entitled to a certain latitude in presenting historical events in a dramatic light. More importantly, a work of art may present a profound truth even when it departs from the strict historical record of events. This dramatic scene, when one by one, the slaves rise to defy their masters, each one declaring “I am Spartacus”, does in fact contain a profound truth that is applicable not only to the Spartacus revolt but to every such revolt of oppressed people throughout history. For the strength of Spartacus was precisely the fact that in his person he embodied the hopes and aspirations of the mass of slaves yearning for freedom. And within each of these rebellious slaves one can say that there was lodged a small particle of Spartacus. As for the subsequent mass crucifixion scene, that is historically accurate.
What little we know about this great man we know from what his enemies wrote about him. What do we know? We know sufficient to deduce that Spartacus was a brilliant commander and a skilful battlefield tactician. Probably, he was the greatest general of all antiquity. But he was probably not, as the film and novel presented him, the revolutionary leader of a disciplined fighting force. If he possessed a clearly defined political strategy, we do not know of it. Little united his army except the goal of continued survival and in the end, internal dissent and sheer confusion sealed its fate as surely as Rome’s superior forces.
Was Spartacus an early forerunner of Communism? In his novel Howard Fast places the following words in the mouth of the slave leader: “Whatever we take, we hold in common, and no man shall own anything but his weapons and his clothes. It will be the way it was in the old times”. Where Fast got the idea for this I do not know, but it is not impossible that some kind of primitive communist and egalitarian ideas existed at the time – in the same way that they later surfaced among the early Christians.
It is possible that utopian or communist currents were present in the great slave revolt of 71 BC, based on the dim memories of a remote past when men were equal and property was held in common. But if that were the case, they would have been backward looking, rather than progressive, and would have manifested themselves as a communism of consumption (“equal sharing”) and not collective production.
In the given conditions, such an option would not have carried society forward, but backwards. Real communism (a classless society) cannot be built on the basis of backwardness and austerity. It supposes a high development of the productive forces, such that men and women can be freed from the burden of labour and can possess the necessary time to develop their full human potential. These material conditions did not exist at the time of Spartacus.
What would have happened if the slaves had won? Had they succeeded in overthrowing the Roman state, the course of history would have been significantly altered. Of course, it is not possible to say exactly what the outcome would have been. Probably the slaves would have been freed – although even this cannot be taken for granted. Even if that had occurred, given the level of development of the productive forces, the general tendency could only have been in the direction of some kind of feudalism.
Several centuries later, this began to happen under the Empire, when the slave economy reached its limits and entered into crisis. The slaves were “freed” but tied to the land as serfs (colonii). If this had occurred earlier, it is likely that economic and cultural development would have proceeded more quickly and humanity might have been spared the horrors of the Dark Ages.
However, this is just speculation. The fact is that the rising did not succeed, and could not succeed for a number of reasons. Marx and Engels explained in the Communist Manifesto that the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles:
“Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes”.
The fate of the Roman Empire was a striking example of the second variant. The basic reason why Spartacus failed in the end was the fact that the slaves did not link up with the proletariat in the towns. So long as the latter continued to support the state, the victory of the slaves was impossible. But the Roman proletariat, unlike the modern proletariat, was not a productive class. It was mainly a parasitical class, living off the labour of the slaves and dependent on their masters.
The failure of the Roman revolution is rooted in this fact. The end result was the collapse of the Republic and the rise of a monstrous tyranny under the Empire, leading to a long period of inner decay, social and economic decline and finally a collapse into barbarism.
The spectacle of these most downtrodden people rising up with arms in hand and inflicting defeat after defeat on the armies of the world’s greatest power is one of the most amazing and moving events in history. Ultimately, Spartacus failed. It may be that his revolt was always doomed to fail. But this glorious page in history will never be forgotten as long as men and women are motivated by the love of truth and justice. The echoes of this titanic uprising reverberate down the centuries and are still a source of inspiration to all those today who are continuing the fight for a better world.
London, March 20, 2009
| i don't know |
The road from Paris to Montpellier passes over the highest bridge in the world, completed in 2004. Which river valley does it span ? | General notes on maritime commerce and shipping in the early centuries CE
A. The Main Caravan Routes.
B. The territories of Haixi, Haibei and Haidong.
C. The “great seas” and the “Western Sea.”
D. Sea Silk.
F. Maritime Commerce and Shipping during the Han Period.
G. The Water Cisterns on the Route between Petra and Wadi Sirhan.
H. The Identification of the city of Angu with Ancient Gerrha and Modern Thaj.
I. The Spread of Ideas and Religions along the Trade Routes.
J. Climate and other Changes along the Silk Routes.
K. The Identification of Jibin as Kapisha-Gandhāra.
L. The Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century CE.
M. The Canals and Roads from the Red Sea to the Nile.
N. Kanishka’s Hostage in History and Legend.
A. The Main Caravan Routes
The overland routes from China to India, Parthia, and the Roman Empire stretched thousands of kilometres and presented the traveller with many geographical, and ever-changing political, obstacles.
Rarely, if ever, did caravans travel the whole route. Goods were carried to market-places where they were sold or traded, local taxes paid, and then other merchants transported them onward.
Long-distance freight costs were high, so preference was given to trade in rare or precious goods that were relatively light, compact, and non-perishable (such as silk).
The animal that made this long-distance trade possible was the camel. Camels can carry half as much as a horse and cart, and twice as much as a mule. They can travel long distances with minimal water and fodder. Carts and formed roads were, not needed, substantially reducing transport costs. Caravans could use alternative routes, or head across open country, whenever necessary. There was no need to stick to a road, if there was enough water, fodder and fuel available.
At first the caravans mostly used the two-humped, or ‘Bactrian’ camel, native to Central Asia, and better adapted to the cold than the one-humped dromedary, or ‘Arabian’ camel. Cable and French (1943), pp. 169-172.
At some point, it was discovered that first-generation hybrids between the two had more stamina than either of the original breeds, but it was some centuries before a cold-resistant one-humped variety was bred. Bulliet (1975), pp. 141-175.
A standard camel load in Roman times was about 195 kg (430 pounds). Over 227 kg (or 500 pounds) could sometimes be carried for shorter distances. A pack camel could travel 24 to 32 kilometres (15 to 20 miles) a day, and go for long periods without food or water. Bulliet (1975), pp. 20, 24, 281, n. 35. The main east-west caravan routes provided excellent conditions for camel travel almost the whole way from China to the Roman Orient.
Trade between distant parts of the Eurasian landmass has been occurring for several thousand years at least. Lapis lazuli was traded from the mines in eastern Badakhshan to Mesopotamia and Egypt by the second half of the fourth millennium BCE at the latest.
The earliest long-distance road, the ‘Persian Royal Road,’ may have been in use as early as 3,500 BCE. By the time of Herodotus, (c. 475 BCE) it ran some 2,857 km from the city of Susa on the lower Tigris to Smyrna near the Aegean Sea. It was maintained and protected by the Achaemenian empire and had postal stations and relays at regular intervals. By having fresh horses and riders ready at each relay, royal couriers could carry messages the entire distance in 9 days, though normal travellers took about three months.
This ‘Royal Road’ linked in to many other routes –some of them, such as the routes to India and Central Asia, were also protected by the Achaemenids, ensuring regular contact between India, Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean.
Another very ancient series of routes linked Badakhshān in northeastern Afghanistan –the only known source of lapis lazuli in the ancient world – with Mesopotamia and Egypt by the second half of the fourth millennium BCE, and by the third millennium with the Harappan civilization in the Indus valley. Sarianidi (1971), pp. 12-13.
By the second millennium nephrite jade was being traded from mines in the region of Yarkand and Khotan to China. Significantly, these mines were not very far from the lapis lazuli and spinel (‘Balas Ruby’) mines in Badakhshān and, although separated by the formidable Pamir, routes across them were, apparently, in use from very early times.
Regular diplomatic contacts and large-scale trade between China and the West first occurred soon after the daring explorations and international contacts developed by the famous explorer and diplomat, Zhang Qian circa 112 BCE.
The main ‘Silk Route’ to the west crossed out of the Tarim Basin past Kashgar by relatively easy passes, accessible to camel caravans. They crossed into Ferghana, and then continued through relatively flat country, with sufficient water and fodder for camels, all the way to Parthia, Syria, and beyond.
However, camels do poorly in mountainous or rocky regions, so goods had to be off-loaded onto mules, yaks, or human porters before crossing the high passes over the Pamir and Karakoram mountains into southern Bactria and northern India.
Dunhuang was at the crossroads of several routes, including the main route from Central Tibet to Mongolia, and the three main branches of the ancient ‘Silk Routes’ across and around the Tarim Basin.
The first major difficulty facing caravans after leaving Chinese territory at the Yumen Frontier Post (about 85 km northwest of Dunhuang – see Stein (1921), II, p. 691), was to find a way around or across the fearsome Taklamakan desert. The Taklamakan forms a giant oval enclosed to the north, northeast, west, and south by some of the highest and most forbidding mountain ranges in the world. To the east, it opens into the vast wastes of the Gobi desert.
‘Silk Routes’ rather than ‘The Silk Road.’
“The use of the plural above, ‘Silk Routes’ rather than the more familiar ‘Silk Road’, is deliberate. We are not dealing with a single entity like Watling Street or the Appian Way, but with a complex network of roads and tracks reaching right across Eurasia. There are some permanent nodes in the network, such as Ch’ang-an where much of the silk was produced and Rome where much of it was consumed; but the line taken by a particular caravan depended on the weather, the economic situation and the political situation, any of which might change with surprising suddenness.” Sitwell (1984), p. 174.
“The middle and shortest route by Lou-lan became deserted because of the shifting of the waters; but the southern, known in many stretches, was mentioned later by Marco Polo in regions east of Khotan, by streams of chalcedony and jasper. Six crossings between south and north are referred to in the Chinese annals, across what is now the central desert of Taklamakan.
In these outer lands the raid of a single enemy was enough to ruin an oasis for ever. ‘Many travellers stick in the swamp. On the northern road, the Hiung-Nu fall upon one. On the southern there is neither food nor water, and on many uninhabited stretches there is hunger’: there was in fact a ten days’ trek without habitation worth mentioning, and the settled places when reached were too poor to afford the traveller sufficient provision for the way. The Chinese solved the problem through colonies of soldier-peasants: an imperial komissar was established to watch over crops and harvests and care for the visiting ambassadors; and the northern route in the second half of the first century B.C. came to take eight days less than the southern, while the Hiung-Nu were kept down.” Stark (1968), pp. 189-190.
The confusion surrounding the names of the routes.
Not surprisingly, the routes have frequently been confused in the literature. This is particularly because what was called the “Northern Route” in the two Han histories, is called the “Central Route” in the Weilue, and we have mention of both a “New Route” and a “New Route of the North” in the Weilue.
There are, in fact, three main caravan routes around and across the Taklamakan Desert, and one to the north of it, described in the Weilue. Also briefly mentioned are the two secondary north-south routes joining the Southern Route with the Central Route, and the maritime route. See Appendix F.
“Yu Huan shows here how the route which led from Hami to Barkol and then to Gucheng (Guchen) to rejoin the Central Route at Kucha by turning off abruptly to the south after leaving Gucheng to cross the Bogdo ola mountains and reaching Turfan. Meanwhile there remains one obscure point for me : why Yu Huan says that the Northern Route rejoins the Central Route only at Kucha? He should have said, it would seem, that the two routes coincided from Gaochang (Turfan), but this is not a sufficient reason to presume that the Central Route had another lay-out than the one we have determined. – In the detailed examination Yu Huan makes later on of the three routes, he does not show that the Northern route fits together with the Central Route, but it proceeds to the Wusun, that is, as far as the Ili Valley. It is thus clearly proven that the new route established by the Chinese in the 2nd year of our era was the one which passed to the north of the Tianshan by Urumchi, Manass, Kur-kara-wusu [= modern Wu-su or Usu. 84o 40’ E; 44o 26’ N], then crossed the Iren Shabirgan [Erenhaberga Shan] mountains by the Dengnul [Talki Pass or Ak Tash Davan?] Pass to enter the Ili Valley (cf. Documents sur les T’ou-kiue occidentaux, pp. 12-13). – As one can see from the above, the three routes mentioned by Yü Huan basically correspond with those which the Imperial Commissioner Pei Ju 裵矩 described in his “Treatise with Maps on the Western Countries” 西域圖記 (Suishu, chap. LXVII, p. 5 b) around the year 608 of our era: “The Northern Route goes through Yiwu 伊吾 (Hami), passes by Pulei Lake 蒲類 (Lake Barkol), the Tiele 鐵勒 (Tölös) tribes, the court of the Khaghan of the Tujue 穾厥可汘庭 (the Borotala or Ili Valley), crosses the rivers which flow towards the north 北流河水 (the Chu, Syr Darya, and Amu Darya Rivers), and arrives at the kingdom of Fulin (Byzantium), which is in contact with the Western Sea. – The Central Route passes through Gaochang 高昌 (Yar-khoto, near Turfan), Yanqi 焉耆 (Karashahr), Qiuci 龜玆 (Kucha), Suole 疏勒 (Kashgar), crosses over the Congling 葱嶺 (Pamirs), then crosses the kingdoms of Pohan 鏺汘 (Ferghana) and Suduishana 蘇對沙那 (Osrushana = modern Ura Tyube), the kingdom of 康 Kang (Samarkand), the kingdom of Cao 曹 (Ishtykan), the kingdom of He 何 (Koshania), the large and small kingdoms of An 安 (Bukhara and Kharghan near Karminia; but it is necessary here to reverse the order of the two terms, for the itinerary passes through Kharghan before reaching Bukhara), the kingdom of Mu 穆 (Amol), and arrives in Bosi 波斯 (Persia), where it contacts the Western Sea. – The Southern Route passes through Shanshan 鄯善 (to the south of Lop Nor), Yutian 于闐 (Khotan), Zhujubo 朱俱波 (Karghalik), Hepanto 唱 (read 喝)槃陀 (Tashkurgan), crosses over the Congling 葱嶺 (Pamirs), then crosses Humi 護密 (Wakhan), Tuheluo 吐火羅 (Tokharestan), the Yida 挹怛 (Hephthalites), Fanyan 忛延 (Bamiyan), the kingdom of Cao 漕 (Ghazni?; cf. LÉVI, in J.A. Sept.-Oct. 1895, p. 375), and reaches the land of the northern Poluomen 北婆羅門 (Hindus), where it contacts the Western Sea. – The only differences which turn up between these itineraries, and those of Yü Huan, come from, on the one hand, the fact that the routes of Pei Ju go further to the west and, on the other hand, the Southern Route described by Pei Ju emerges from the Pamirs in Badakhshan, whereas the Southern Route of Yu Huan goes from the Pamirs into Kashmir [but note that Chavannes incorrectly identifies Jibin with Kashmir].” Translated from Chavannes (1905), p. 534, n. 3.
The ‘New Route’ to Turfan probably became an alternative after the Chinese lost control of Hami to the Xiongnu. At the best of times this a difficult route north across the desert to the northeast of Loulan, with little fodder or water available. Caravans could have been supplied and supported from both Loulan and Turfan but only at considerable expense.
The ‘New Route of the North’ followed through the kingdoms beyond Hami, which stretch in a long arc to the north of the Bogoda and Tianshan ranges to Wusun territory in the west. There is no mention of where it begins, or of Hami.
Presumably, since Hami was off-limits, one would first head to Turfan via the ‘New Route.’ Then, to reach Jimasa and territories to the east, one would cross directly north across the Bogoda Mountains by a rather difficult track to Jimasa and join the ‘New Route of the North’ there. If one wanted to travel west, the route left Turfan and travelled along the relatively easy road to the region of modern Urumchi, and then west along the ‘New Route of the North’ to the north of the Tianshan range.
The nature of the trade.
“Sometime after the death of Alexander, Chinese silk, transported by caravan through central Asia and passed along by a chain of middlemen, started to filter through to the Mediterranean, where its superiority to the nearest thing the Greeks had, produced from wild Asia Minor silkworms, was swiftly recognized. In the second half of the second century B.C., the Chinese became more active in the trade, dispatching caravans on a regular basis. Starting from Paochi, centre of a complex of roads, these moved inside the Great Wall by way of T’ienshui, Lanchou and Wuwei to the western end of the wall and deep into Chinese Turkistan; by 118-114 B.C., some ten caravans a year were making the trip. At Anhsi between the Gobi desert and the Nan Shan mountains the route forked into three branches to avoid the vast salt swamp in the Tarim Basin, two looping to the north and one to the south. The southern loop and one of the northern came together at Kashgar, then forked again to snake through the difficult Pamir mountains; this stretch was more or less the halfway point to the Mediterranean. All three rejoined at Merv to continue across the desert and join up with the tracks that led through Persia and Mesopotamia to the sea. Nobody went the whole distance. Somewhere between Kashgar and Balkh was a place called Stone Tower, and here the Chinese turned their merchandise over to local and Indian traders. The latter carried their share south to India to send it the rest of the way by boat, the others plodded on into Persia, where they met up with Syrians and Greeks who took care of the final leg.” Casson (1974), pp. 123-124.
“The whole Indian trade shifted gradually north-west because of the overland route through Bactria, until the Hiung-Nu in A.D. 23 fell upon it and made it impossible again for fifty years. In A.D. 73 the Chinese began to resuscitate it, and again advanced along both sides of the great chain of oases of the Tarim basin to ‘open the roads that lead to China and establish peace’. Merchants along the trade line, from Parthia and Bactria and India, sent their requests and prayers to the Celestial Court; and it was during this renascence of the trade around A.D. 100, that the Syrian-Roman merchants and the Chinese tried to link up their trade directly, and failed because Parthia lay between.
At this time, the trade was in its heyday: ‘peasant colonies were founded in the fertile lands; inns and posts for changing horses were established along the main routes; messengers and couriers travelled in every season of the year; and the Merchant Strangers knocked daily on our gates to have them opened’. It was the period of the Roman peace with Parthia and the never-to-be-repeated summit of the Asiatic trade in the ancient world. By 127 A.D. the Tarim relapsed into chaos, while traffic increased in the Persian Gulf or Aden as it waned in the north: that there was any connection between the Chinese of the north (the ‘long-lived’ Seres of Lucian) and those of the south (the Sines), was still undiscovered in Ptolemy’s day.” Stark (1968), p. 191.
“Unfortunately, whether by land or sea, the contact between the two great cultures was always tenuous. Shipments of Chinese goods came to the Mediterranean year in and year out, cinnamon-leaf and camphor and jade and other items as well as silk, and Graeco-Roman statuettes and jewellery and pottery made the journey the other way, but rarely was there a direct exchange; in between were merchants from other countries, particularly India, which not only lay astride the sea lanes but was firmly linked by branch roads with the overland silk route. These middlemen had solid information to pass on – it was they who supplied the many place-names in Central Asia and the names of the Indonesian islands that the geographers know now – but they were businessmen, not reporters. What filtered back to the man in a Roman or Chinese street was mere fanciful hearsay. The Romans thought the Chinese were all supremely righteous; the Chinese thought westerners were all supremely honest. Kan Ying, sent as envoy to Mesopotamia in A.D. 97, describes the people he met as ‘honest in their transactions and without any double prices’ – probably the first and last time that has ever been said about Near Eastern tradesmen. Kan Ying, the embassy of An-tun [in 166 CE] – we can number on the fingers of one hand the known occasions when westerners and Chinese met face to face.” Casson (1974), pp. 125-126.
“The Chinese are mild in character, but resemble wild animals in that they shun the company of the rest of their fellow men and wait for traders to come to them.” Pliny NH (a), p. 64 (VI, 54).
(a) The “Southern Route”
There were two branches of the Southern Route between Dunhuang and Shanshan (northwest of Lop Nor). The first led directly across the desert. It was short but difficult and dangerous. By the middle of the first century CE, the Han were able to cut off support from the Xiongnu and pacify the Er Jiang who lived in the Altin-tagh ranges to the south. They were then able to make use of the better-watered and sheltered, though longer, route further south. Aurel Stein pointed out:
“A look at the map shows that the route meant [in the Weilue] is the one which skirts the high Altin-tagh range, and still serves as the usual connection between Dunhuang and Charklik during that part of the year when the shorter desert route is closed by the heat and the absence of drinkable water.” Stein (1912), pp. 514-515.
The most feared stretches of desert were between Cherchen and Khotan. Not only was there a lack of water and fodder but the constant crossing of sand hills was very tiring for both man and beast. “The desert itself is quite flat, a billowing sea of soft yellow sand-dunes 5 to 30 m high. However, in some central areas, for example in the west of the Keriya River, the dunes can rise to more than 200 metres high – a tough challenge even for a camel caravan.”
From Khotan there were several routes south: the one in the Weilue headed southwest across the Pamirs and through Hunza and Gilgit (Xuandu – the notorious ‘Hanging Passages’) to North India and Jibin (Kapisha-Gandhāra). Branch routes led south to Ladakh and Kashmir, northwest to Kashgar, and north along the Khotan River join the ‘Middle Route’ near Aksu. The Weilue informs us that an extension of the Southern Route extended right across India to the Pandya kingdom at the southern tip of the sub-continent.
Although it is not known if the following alternative route to India was in use this early, it is quite possible, and so I will mention here for consideration:
“South of the Southern Silk Road proper were more roads. One of them was the so-called Qinghai Road that led from Lanshou to Xining (the present capital of Qinghai Province), from whence it crossed the desert and reached the classic Southern Silk road near Miran. Another was and extremely arduous trade route that led from Xining in a south-westerly direction to Tibet, finally to reach Nepal and India. This Tibetan Route was opened in the 5th century AD [and perhaps earlier], even before Songsten Gampo (609-650) had politically unified the Snowlands.” Baumer, p. 8. See also Ibid., p. 2.
Historical records suggest that from the first century BCE until the second half of the third century CE the Tarim Basin experienced a relatively warm and wet period. This caused faster melting of mountain glaciers, which thus supplied more water to the rivers flowing down from the mountains into the Taklamakan desert. This, in turn, made the Southern Route more feasible, and the high passes over the Pamir and Karakoram Mountains somewhat easier to cross.
By the late third and early fourth century this climatological process seems to have reversed itself, making the Southern Route more difficult to cross. Caravans were forced to use the longer middle and northern routes and even, when the northern nomads could be controlled, to avoid the Tarim Basin altogether, and pass to the north of the Tian Shan ranges. Stein (1921), p. 1524; Stein (1928), pp. 79, 435, 837; Almgren (1962), p. 101; and Hoyanagi (1975), pp. 85-113; Bao et al. (2004).
Recent research has confirmed these historical indications. Ice samples from the Guliya ice core which is situated in the mountains about 150 km due south of Keriya have provided valuable temperature and precipitation data for the region over the past 2,000 years. They show that there was a relatively warm and wet period before 270 CE rapidly followed by a cold dry period between about 280 and 970 CE. Shi et al (1999), pp. 90-100.
“This worsening of climatic conditions was not limited to the Tarim Basin alone, but concerned all of China, which was plagued by periods of severe drought between about CE 280 and CE 320. The annals of the Western Jin (CE 265-316) report that, in the year 309, the Yellow River and the Yangtsekiang (Changjiang) practically ran dry and could be crossed on foot.” Baumer (2000), p. 3.
In spite of its difficulties, the Southern Route remained important. It was better protected than the Central and Northern routes from raids by the northern nomads. It was by far the shortest and most direct route to the jade centres of Khotan and Yarkand. It remained passable, if difficult, for individuals and smaller caravans travelling to India, over the notorious Karakoram Pass, and human porters could even travel through the Wakhan corridor to Gandhāra and southern Afghanistan.
Not quite halfway between Kashgar and Yarkand, between modern Yengisar and Qizil, a route turned west and headed towards Badakshan as described in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi:
“The distance from Káshghar to Yángi-Hisár is six statute [shari] farsákhs. At about six farsákhs from Yángi-Hisár is an insignificant hamlet called Kará Chanák,1 in front of which flows another stream called Shahnáz, which waters several [other] places. The valley of the Shahnáz lies in the western range, and the [high] road from Káshgar to Badakhshán runs through this valley.” Elias (1895), pp. 295-296.
By far the easiest routes from China to the Turfan oasis – “Nearer (or Southern) Jushi,” as well as to the Jimasa region (“Further Jushi”), went through Hami (Yiwu). Because of its critical strategic importance, Hami changed hands between the Xiongnu and China numerous times. China finally lost control of it to the Xiongnu in 151 CE, and did not regain it for over 400 years.
South to India over the ‘Hanging Passages.’
The detailed account of the Southern Route given in the Hanshu (CICA, pp. 97-99) mentions that, between Pishan (= modern Pishan) and Jibin (Kapisha-Gandhāra) there is a small kingdom called Wucha, said to be 1,340 li (557 km) to the southwest of Pishan, just before the route turned west into the dreaded ‘Hanging Passages.’
Xuandu 縣度 [Hsüan-tu, often incorrectly given as Hsien-tu], from: 縣度 xuan = ‘to suspend”, ‘hang’, ‘dangerous’ + 度 du = GR 11640a: “7. – To cross (the water by ferry). To cross (over)].” From this we get the infamous, ‘Hanging Passages’ – the narrow and dangerous hanging footpaths of the Hunza region.
It is significant that Xuandu is not listed as a guo (= ‘kingdom’ or ‘country’) in any of the ancient Chinese texts. It is clearly described as a locality, not a state. It has long been recognised that it refers to the terrifying hanging pathways, locally known as rafiks, which are so characteristic of the route through the Hunza valley to Gilgit. The most difficult passage in the whole Hunza valley is the section south of the junction of the Misgar and the Hunza rivers. See, for example, Chavannes (1905), p. 529, n. 5.
Although it was impossible to take pack animals over this route, a route barely practicable for people on foot, it was by far the shortest route from the Tarim Basin to Gandhara and Jibin in what are now northern Pakistan and southeastern Afghanistan. The Hanshu describes Xuandu as follows:
The Hanshu describes Xuandu (Hunza/Gilgit) as follows:
“What is termed the Suspended Crossing is a rocky mountain; the valley is impenetrable, and people traverse the place by pulling each other across with ropes.” CICA, pp. 99-100, and n. 169.
The Hanshu gives the distance from the seat of the Protector General at Weili near Kucha to Wucha as 4,892 li (2,035 km), and to Xuandu, the ‘Hanging Passages’, 5,020 li (2,088 km). This would indicate that Xuandu was only 128 li (53 km) west of Wucha, placing it in present day Ghujal, or ‘Upper Hunza,’ which is on the way to the Shimshal Pass to the west, or the Kunjerab Pass to the northwest. The most difficult passage in the Hunza valley is the section south of the junction of the Misgar and the Hunza rivers.
“Rafiks, the local name for such galleries, are fastened to the sheer cliffs by branches of trees forced into the fissures of the rock and covered with small stones. Elsewhere natural narrow ledges are widened by flat slabs packed over them. In some places the rafiks “turn in sharp zigzags on the side of cliffs where a false step would prove fatal, while at others again they are steep enough to resemble ladders. To carry loads along these galleries is difficult enough, and . . . for ponies, sure-footed as they are, wholly impassable.” Even his [Aurel Stein’s] terrier, Yolchi Beg, so nimble on the rocks of Mohand Marg, was fearful and allowed himself the indignity of being carried. Rafiks alternated “with passages over shingly slopes and climbs over rock-strewn wastes.” To negotiate this terrain, the “baggage animals were left behind [at Chalt] and coolies taken for the rest of the journey up to the Taghdumbash Pamir.” Mirsky (1977), p. 121.
“The next day’s march [from Khuabad] to Misgar, he had been warned, would be the worst part of the route. By starting before dawn while the river was still low enough to ford, he avoided a long detour and a perilous crossing on a rope bridge. Then the going reached a climax of “scramble up precipitous faces of slatey rocks . . . with still more trying descents to the riverbed”; slower still was the progress along rafiks clinging to cliffs hundreds of feet above the river. But the previous five days had toughened him, and he felt fresh when he emerged from the rocky gorge to an open valley. . . . Here he discharged the “hardy hillmen who had carried our impedimenta over such trying ground without the slightest damage.” Beyond, the route was open to baggage animals at all seasons.” Mirsky (1977), p. 125.
The Kushans are thought to have controlled the whole region from the late 1st century and for most or all of the 2nd century CE. Chavannes’ mention in Ban Chao’s biography that, “(Ban) Chao then crossed the Congling and got as far as Xuandu.” There is no indication of the date or any other details. One can only assume that the reference was to a brief foray by Ban Chao to the borders of Kushan territories – perhaps to deliver a message – or just to scout out the territory for himself. See Chavannes (1906), p. 237.
From Xuandu (Hunza–Gilgit) there were four main routes one could take:
1. south along the Astor river and across the Burzil Pass into Kashmir,
2. a difficult route along the Indus River Valley to Taxila,
3. through the Swat Valley to Peshawar or,
4. via Chitral to Jibin (Kapisha-Gandhāra), and on to Wuyi (Kandahar) or Gaofu (Kabul/Kabulistan).
“Surrounded thus by granite precipices and huge wastes of ice and snow, affording only a hazardous passage during a few summer months into the neighbouring countries, Hunza-Nagar has but one vulnerable point on the southern part of the Hindoo Koosh, the ravine of the Kanjut River; while the junction of that torrent with the Gilgit River is the one gateway of the country assailable for an invading force. Even this entrance is practically closed during the summer months; for then the river, swollen by the melting snows, becomes an unfordable and raging torrent, overflowing the whole bottom of the valley at many points, so that the only way left by which one can ascend the gorge is a rough track high up upon the cliff-side, carried along narrow ledges, and overhanging frightful precipices – a road fit only for goats and cragsmen, which could be easily held by a handful of determined men against a large force; while at this season the river can only be crossed by means of the frail twig-rope bridges, which will support but two or three men, and can be cut adrift with a knife in a few moments.
Such is the road into Hunza-Nagar from our side; but at the head of the Kanjut Valley there is a group of comparatively easy and low passes, leading across the Hindoo Koosh on to the Tagdambash Pamir, in Chinese territory, which are used by the Kanjuts on their raiding expeditions. . . . ” Knight (1893), pp. 345-346.
“As one ascends the valley beyond Hunza. . . . It is only at certain points, where passage along the cliffs would otherwise be absolutely impossible for the best cragsmen, that any steps have been taken to open a road, and then it is but the narrowest scaffolding thrown from ledge to ledge. One comes upon position after position of immense natural strength in this gorge, where the dangerous and only path passes under stout sangas, which could be held by a handful of men against a host. Even as the Kanjuts had left the approaches to their valley below Nilt as difficult of access as possible, so had they done here, at the outlet of their country on to the Pamirs, rendering it almost impossible for an enemy to invade them from either direction.” Ibid., pp. 488-489.
“Strategically the Pamirs had always been written off as too bleak and barren to appeal to the Russians and too formidable for them to cross. Wood’s story suggested nightmarish conditions, which the Mirza’s travels fully supported. And, in April, Gordon found the going quite as bad, the wind unbearable, the snow freezing to their faces as it fell, and fuel and provisions desperately short. But from the Wakhi people he heard a different story. In summer the grazing was, as Marco Polo had recorded, some of the best in the world. Moreover, though mountainous, it was nothing compared to the Karakorams or the Kun Lun. The Pamirs, he was told, ‘have a thousand roads’. With a guide you could go anywhere and, in summer, considerable forces might cross without difficulty. The Chinese had done it in the past, the Wakhis had recently sent a contingent across to Kashgar, and the Russians might do it in the future.
Finally, and most important of all, it was discovered that the passes leading south from the Pamirs over the Hindu Kush to Chitral, Gilgit and Kashmir were insignificant. This was so disconcerting that Gordon, ever discreet, omitted all mention of it in his published account. The discovery was made by Biddulph who, while the others explored the Great Pamir, made a ‘lonely journey by the Little Pamir’ (a misprint – in Gordon’s book actually has it as a ‘lovely journey’). In the process he climbed the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush and ascertained that at least two passes constituted veritable breaks in the mountain chain. One you could ride over without ever slowing from a gallop and both had artillery transported across them. To these Gordon added another ‘easy pass’ conducting from Tashkurgan to Hunza.” Keay (1977), pp. 257-258.
“Communication with Badakhshan is easy [from Gilgit and region] by the Darkot and Warogil Passes, which are the lowest depressions in the great Hindu Kush and Karakorum chains from Bamian on the west to the unknown passes of Tibet on the east.” Neve (1945), p. 132.
“And in those days [the journey from Gilgit to Kashmir], before ever Mr. Knight was there, before a regular road was made, when even the Indus had to be crossed by a rope bridge, and when the only track led by crazy wooden galleries along the sheer face of the most dreadful precipices, the journey was an experience well worth having and well worth talking about.” Younghusband (1909), p. 161.
“Gilgit, the northernmost outpost of the Indian Empire, covers all the passes over the Hindoo Koosh, from the easternmost one, the Shimshal, to those at the head of the Yasin River, in the west. It will be seen, on referring to a good map, that all these passes descend to the valleys of the Gilgit River and its tributaries. But the possession of the Gilgit Valley does more than this: it affords us a direct communication through Kashmir territory to the protected State of Chitral. . . . ” Knight (1893), pp. 290-291.
From Gilgit a relatively easy route, accessible to pack animals for most of the year, led to Mastuch in the Upper Chitral Valley. From here one can head either west into Badakshān or south to Chitral.
From Chitral the relatively easy route ran through ancient Hadda (near modern Jalalabad) to Peshawar, the ancient city (where Buddhist accounts tell us Kanishka made his winter capital), and then to northern India; or directly southwest towards Ghazni, Kandahar, and the Persian Gulf.
“Westward from Gilgit is the country of Chitral, distinguished as Upper and Lower. The latter, which is nearest to the Hindu Kosh, is situated on a river flowing from a lake called Hanu-sar, and ultimately falling into the river of Kabul. The country is rough and difficult. The Mastuch, as the capital is termed in the language of the country, is situated on the left bank of the river. It contains a bazar, with some Hindu shopkeepers, and is as large as Mozeffarabad, containing between four and five hundred houses: slavery prevails here. . . .
The Mastuch, or capital of Upper Chitral, is situated in the same valley as that of Lower Chitral, at about three days’ march, and about thirty miles north-west from Gilgit. It stands upon a river, and consists of about four hundred houses, with a fort, on a moderately extensive plain, from whence roads lead to Peshawar, Badakhshan, and Yarkand. The mountains in the neighbourhood are bare, and much snow falls: the climate, however, upon the whole, is temperate. Some traffic takes place with Badakhshan and Yarkand, whence pearls, coral, cotton baftas, and chintzes, boots and shoes, and metals are imported: horses are also much brought, and tea, but the latter is not much in use. The chief return is in slaves, kidnapped from the adjacent districts, or, when not so procurable, the Raja seizes and sells his own subjects. Soliman Shah, the Raja, resides chiefly at Yasin, which is not so large as the capital, but is better situated for the command of the country. . . . West from Yasin is the Darband, or fortified pass, of Chitral. . . . ” Moorcroft and Trebeck (1841), pp. 268-270.
Both Hadda (or Hidda – near modern Jalalabad) and Kapisha (near modern Begram) were probably considered part of the territory of Jibin at this time. See: Appendix K.
(b) The “Central Route” or “Middle Route.”
The Central Route headed west from the Yumen (‘Jade Gate’) Frontier Post, then northwest to the ancient town of Loulan, to the north of Lop Nor, and then on via the now-dry Kum (or Kuruk) Darya and Konche Darya to the region of modern Korla, where it joined the route coming from Turfan.
This route was probably preferred for large caravans because of the ready availability of water. The importance of this route is underscored by the recent discovery of eleven beacon towers along the banks of the Konche Darya (Kongque River):
Great Wall extends to Xinjiang, 500 km longer: archeologists (02/22/2001)
The Great Wall of China is 500 kilometers longer than the earlier recorded length, according to archeological findings released in Urumqi recently.
The new findings show that the Great Wall extends to the Lop Nur region in northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, instead of previously acknowledged Jiayu Pass in Gansu Province.
Lop Nur now is a desolate desert region where China had established nuclear test facilities.
Mu Shunying, a research fellow with the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, discovered during a field survey conducted in 1998 an earthen wall stretching from western Yumen Pass in Gansu Province to the northern edge of Lop Nur.
Luo Zhewen, president of the China Society of Cultural Heritage, said, "There is no doubt this is part of the Great Wall as it consists of the city wall and beacon towers, forming a complete defense system."
The wall is identical to the sections at Jiayu Pass and Yumen Pass in terms of architectural style and function. However, this newly found section was made with yellow sandy stone and jarrah branches found locally, he added. Luo, 77, is China's top Great Wall expert.
Mu said it's obvious that the new find is a man-made wall built for the purpose of defense, as its shape and size resemble the other sections of the wall. Moreover, a large number of arrowheads have been found near the new site which indicates battles took place nearby, Mu said. Great Wall Extends to Xinjiang, 500 km longer. The Great Wall is a military installation built some 2,000 years ago. It has been renovated by numerous dynasties in the years following the Qin Dynasty, when Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered to link up separated wall sections.
With the addition of the new section found in Xinjiang, the total length of the Great Wall would be 7,200 kilometers. The Great Wall was listed as a World Heritage site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1987.
According to historical records, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220) mobilized 600,000 laborers to build a wall from Dunhuang to Yanze, the present site of Lop Nur. The massive construction project is illustrated in frescos at the Dunhuang Grottoes.
During a recent tour to Lop Nur, a Xinhua reporter saw the new section of wall, which undulates westward at heights ranging from one to three meters, with some portions completely missing. The lower part of some of this section is covered by reeds, jarrah and other kinds of plants that live in arid areas.
The portion of the Great Wall in eastern China was made of brick, while most parts of the wall in western China were made of yellow sandy soil and jarrah branches.
Luo said the Great Wall in Xinjiang was built to protect merchants traveling on the ancient Silk Road.
Wang Binghua, a researcher of the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, said the Great Wall in Xinjiang runs parallel to the Silk Road. An official with the State Administration of Cultural Heritage said the state will further investigate this valuable historical site and take measures to protect it.
Experts believe the newly discovered segment of wall is not likely to be the end of the Great Wall, as beacon towers continue to appear along the Kongque River, pass through Wulei, the site of the prefecture government of the western region during the Han Dynasty, and extend to Kashi in southwestern Xinjiang. Eleven beacon towers have been seen at the bank of the Kongque River.
The Lop Nur River, which supplied water for Lou Lan, a busy commercial city on the ancient Silk Road, has dried up and civilization there moved elsewhere in China. The kingdom of Lou Lan was ruled by the government of the Han Dynasty. Troops of the Han Dynasty were stationed in Lou Lan. (Xinhua) Downloaded on 13 May 2001 from:
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cover/storydb/2001/02/22/cn-wall.222.html .
It has even been suggested that it might once have been possible to transport goods by water from Loulan to Yarkand or Kashgar, but there is no mention of this in the historical sources:
“From about 120 BC to AD 330, the MIDDLE SILK ROAD was regarded as the preferred caravan route. It crossed the dreaded Lop Desert from Dunhuang to Loulan, then led to today’s Korla, and from thence west to Kucha and Aksu and once again to Kashgar. This route had the advantage of making it possible to use a barge from Loulan on the Kum Darya (also called the Kuruk Darya), and then on the Konche Darya to Korla. The meaning of these two river names refers to the conditions in the 19th and early 20th centuries, for Kuruk Darya means “Dry river” and Kum Darya “Sand River”. According to Hedin’s explorations, during the first few centuries of our era the Tarim also flowed into the Kuruk Darya, so that perhaps in those days it was possible to transport wares on water from Loulan to Yarkand or Kashgar.4 It is not known whether this waterway was actually used in ancient times or whether the overland route was preferred.”
4. Sven Hedin, Scientific results of a journey in Central Asia 1899-1902, Stockholm, 1904-1907, vol. II, p. 263.
Baumer (2000), p. 9 and note 4. Baumer goes on to say that:
“The middle route could be used during winter only, not merely because the heat was less oppressive, but most of all because it was easier to take along water reserves in the form of ice blocks. This stretch offered no springs, and water was so scarce en route that it would never have been enough for an entire caravan.” Although he does not say so, he must be referring only to the period after the Kuruk and Konche rivers dried up – a process which probably began after the severe droughts which occurred from c. 270 AD onward.”
Zhang Qian probably took the Central Route in c. 119 BCE when he travelled to the court of the Wusun near Issyk-kol with 300 men, about 600 horses and myriads of cattle and sheep plus silks and gold. See Shiji 123 – translated in Watson (1961), p. 272, and Stein (1928), I, p. 341.
The Weilue says that the ‘Central Route,’ after reaching “ancient Loulan and, turning west, goes to Qiuci(Kucha), and on to the Congling mountains.”
The ‘Central Route’ probably became the main route to the west whenever the Chinese lost control of Hami and/or Turfan. Fortunately, the section of the route between Loulan, to the north of Lop Nor, and Kucha is now well established:
“. . . . Dr. Hedin on his journey of 1896 to the terminal Tarīm had found an obviously ancient route line leading from Korla to Ying-p’an, where the dried-up bed of the Kuruk-daryā branches off towards Lou-lan, marked by a series of big watch-towers. His description of them strongly supported the belief that this line of towers dated back to the period when the ancient Chinese route from Tun-huang to Lou-lan and thence to the northern oases of the Tarīm Basin was first opened. The careful survey of them which I was able to make in the spring of 1915 on my way from the Kuruk-daryā to Korla has fully confirmed this belief. It has furnished conclusive evidence that these towers served as watch and signal stations along the road which connected Lou-lan with the Chinese administrative posts and military colonies established under the Emperor Wu-ti in the oases dotting the southern foot of the T’ien-shan.
The chief, if not the sole, danger which threatened the safety of this great military and trade route came, as the account of the Former Han Annals shows, from the irruptions of the Hsiung-nu, or Huns. For these, as we have seen, the open Kara-shahr valley, with its easy approaches from the Yulduz and other great camping grounds north, must have at all times been the main gate. Experience gained during centuries on their far-flung northern borders must have proved to the Chinese commanders that the best safeguard against such attacks and raids lay in securing quick warning which would allow for timely preparation for defence. Korla and the adjacent parts of the route lay certainly nearest to the ground whence the danger of incursions threatened, and if they were to be adequately protected, a line of signal-stations pushed out to the north-east into the Kara-shahr valley would certainly suggest itself.” Stein (1928) Vol. III, p. 1227.
“The special interest to us of the Wei lio’s notice of ‘the central route’ lies in the fact that it makes a definite reference to the Lou-lan Site, almost contemporary with the documents found there, by its mention of ‘the ancient Lou-lan’, and that it details some of the chief stages on the desert journey by which the site was reached by travellers from the ‘Jade Gate’ and the westernmost extension of the ‘Great Wall’. The position of the last of these stages, the Lung-tui or ‘Dragon Mounds’, was first determined by me, in the course of my explorations of 1914, when I traced the line of the old Chinese route where it crossed the salt-encrusted ancient Lop Sea, some forty miles to the north-west of the station L.A.”. Stein (1921), p. 419.
“By deduction, one can accept that the route called ‘Central’ in the Weilue must coincide with the route called ‘Northern’ in the Hanshu. The fact that Yu Huan tells us that formerly there were only two known routes to the western countries, but that now a third, more northerly route, had been opened. Thus the only new route is the ‘Northern Route’. The ‘Central’ and ‘Southern’ routes are the same as those already followed during the period of the Former Han. We are, therefore, right to consider the ‘Central Route’ according to the Weilue as identical with the route called ‘Northern’ in the Hanshu. . . . ” Translated from Chavannes (1905), p. 531, n. 1.
The Hanshu describes the ‘Northern Route’ (i.e. the Weilue’s ‘Central Route’) as follows:
“The one [route] which starts from the royal court of Nearer Chü-shih [Turfan], running alongside the northern mountains and following the course of the river west to Shu-lo [Kashgar], is the Northern Route. To the west, the Northern Route crosses the Ts’ung-ling and leads to Ta Yüan [Ferghana], K’ang-chü and Yen-ts’ai.” CICA, p. 73.
“But it still remains for us to fix the location in detail of such intermediate stages as the text names, in the light of the knowledge now gained of the actual ground which the route crossed. For convenience of reference I may quote again that portion of the passage [from the Weilue] which concerns us here : ‘The central route is the one, which, starting from Yü-mên kuan, sets out on the west, leaves the well of the Protector-General, turns back at the northern extremity of the San-hung (‘Three Ridges’) [desert of] sand, passes the Chü-lu granary ; then, on leaving from the Sha-hsi well, turns to the north-west, passes through the Lung-tui (‘Dragon Mounds’), arrives at the ancient Lou-lan.’ Stein (1921), Vol. II, p. 555.
Apparently, a short cut, not mentioned in the Weilue or in the Han Histories, also existed between the region of Loulan and Miran (= Yuni – the early capital of Shanshan). At Miran (ancient Yuni) it rejoined the Southern Route via Khotan to Kashgar. For the identification of Miran as Yü-ni, the ‘Old Town’, the early capital of Shan-shan, see Stein (1921a), I, pp. 326 ff.
This route was probably only used when political or other pressures demanded, as it crossed over 190 km of waterless salt crust, and was only really feasible in winter, when water could be carried in the form of blocks of ice:
“Another land route branched off near Loulan to Miran, where it joined the southern route. This section from Dunhuang to Loulan and Miran was rediscovered by Sir Aurel Stein in 1914. It was the shortest connection with Shule [Kashgar]. Moreover, since the Han dynasty it was protected by watch-towers from which could be transmitted smoke signals during the day and fire signals during the night. At the same time, however, it was very trying for men and animals, for a 190 km wide, waterless wasteland across the Lop Desert had to be traversed on a hard salt crust.5
It was probably no better than now, a fact reported by Hedin as well as by Stein; namely, that the sensitive soles of the camels’ hoofs would be injured by the razor-sharp edges of the ground surface, until blood appeared. Then would come the painful operation of “re-soling” the camels to make them fit to go on. Pieces of leather literally would be stitched over the camels’ wounded heels!”
5. Marc Aurel Stein, Innermost Asia, Oxford, 1928, vol. 1, p. 285.
Baumer (2000), p. 9 and n. 5.
From Korla the route led to Kucha, and Aksu, rejoining the Southern Route at Kashgar. The Weilue does not give details of the route past this point but it does list two ‘kingdoms’, Juandu and Xiuxiu, as dependencies of Kashgar. Both of these places (but with the variant Xiuxun) are mentioned in the Hanshu as being on the route from Kashgar to the Da Yuezhi, and both were near forks in the road which led to Ferghana (Da Yuan).
Stein (1928), Vol. II, pp. 849-851 makes a very strong case for placing Juandu in the region of modern Irkeshtam, about 200 km west of Kashgar, on the modern border between China and Kyrgyzstan. This is near a major fork in the route here. One branch headed over the Terek Pass to Ferghana; the other led down the Alai valley, past Daraut-kurghān and Chat (where Stein locates Xiuxiu/Xiuxun – see notes 9.18 and 9.19), into the valley of the Surkhab (or Kizil-su), and then probably via the huge fortified Kushan city of Shahr-i Nau (40 km west of the modern Dushanbe – see note 9.22), and thence on to Termez, where it crossed the Oxus (or Amu Darya) and on to ancient Bactra (modern Balkh).
Interestingly, the name Juandu can be translated as ‘Tax Control’, a function which Irkeshtam retains to this day. As Stein and many others have pointed out, the famous ‘Stone Tower’ of Ptolemy, where caravans from the west off-loaded their cargoes, must have been located not far to the west of Irkeshtam, in the Alai trough.
“But during the centuries before and after the beginning of the Christian era, when Baktra was a chief emporium for the great silk trade passing from China to Persia and the Mediterranean, all geographical factors combined to direct this trade to the route which leads from Kāshgar to the Alai valley and thence down the Kizil-su or Surkh-āb towards the Oxus. Nature has favoured the use of this route, since it crosses the watershed between the Tārīm basin and the Oxus where it is lowest. Moreover, it has, in Kara-tēgin, a continuation singularly free from those physical difficulties which preclude the valleys draining the Pāmīrs farther south from serving as arteries of trade. According to the information received at Daraut-kurghān and subsequently on my way through Kara-tēgin, the route leading mainly along or near the right bank of the Kizil-su is practicable for laden camels and horses at all seasons right through as far as Āb-i-garm. From there routes equally easy lead through the Hissār hills to the Oxus north of Balkh.” Stein (1928), Vol. II, p. 848.
“Topographical facts, climactic conditions and local resources all support the conclusion that along the great natural thoroughfare of the Alai trough, which skirts the high northern rim of the Pamirs from east to west and is continued lower down by the fertile valley of the Kizil-su or Surkh-ab, “the Red River,” there once passed the route which the ancient silk traders coming from China and the Tarim basin followed down to the middle Oxus. Of this route Ptolemy, the great geographer of the second century A.D., has preserved for us an important and much-discussed record of Marinus of Tyre, his famous predecessor. This describes the progress made in the opposite direction by the trading agents of “Maës the Macedonian called Titianus” as they travelled from Baktra, the present Balkh, to the “country of the Seres,” or China, for the sake of their silk.
There is no need here to discuss the details which this record indicates as to the directions followed by the route. That it led up from the Oxus to the Alai had been established long ago by Sir Henry Yule, that great elucidator of early travel, when he proved that “the valley of the Komedoi,” through which the ascent toward Imaos is said to have led, could be no other than Kara-tegin, the valley of the Surkh-ab. Medieval Arab geographers still knew it by the name of Kumedh. The Kara-tegin valley and its eastern continuation, the trough of the Alai, offer in fact the easiest line of communication from the Oxus to the Tarim basin. But the advantages of the physical features which make the Alai particularly suited to serve as a natural highway between the two were brought home to me best by what the actual journey along it showed most clearly.
For fully seventy miles from where the Russian military road crosses it the open trough of the Alai stretches with an unbroken width of from six to eleven miles at its floor down to the Kirghiz village of Daraut-kurghan. Eastward for another twenty miles up to the Taun-murun saddle, where the route from the Kashgar side enters the Alai, the “thalweg” is equally wide and easy. Climactic conditions, moister than on the Pamirs to the south, provide everywhere ample steppe vegetation. Hence the Alai forms the great summer grazing ground for thousands of Kirghiz nomads who actually move up there from the plains of Farghana with their flocks, camels and horses. Well did I remember their picturesque caravans with camels carrying rich carpets, felts and other comfortable possessions of nomadic households as I had met them on their regular migration when I travelled early in June 1901 from Irkesh-tam to Osh and Andijan in Farghana. Now the warmth of the summer had made their camps seek the higher side valleys for the young grass, and thence they would descend later in the season to graze along the main valley. All the way the great snowy range to the south, with Mount Kaufmann [now known as “Lenin Peak” or “Pik Lenina” – 7,134 m or 23,406 ft] rising to close on 23,000 feet, presented grand panoramic views in the distance.
Long before reaching Daraut-kurghan, I came at an elevation of about 9,000 feet upon traces of former cultivation and remains of roughly built stone dwellings such as are occupied now by the semi-nomadic Kirghiz lower down during the winter months. similarly, on the Kashgar side cultivation is to be found at Irkesh-tam and above it to the same elevation. Thus wayfarers of old could be sure of finding shelter and some local supplies all along this ancient route except for a distance of less than seventy miles on the highest portion of the Alai. Though the snow lies deep on the Alai from December to February, the route would be practicable even then just as the Terek pass (12,700 feet), much frequented from Irkesh-tam to Farghana, is now at that season, provided there were sufficient traffic to keep the track open.
Such trade between the Tarim basin and the middle Oxus as was once served by the route through Kara-tegin and the Alai no longer exists. Balkh and the rest of Afghan Turkistan to the south of the Oxus have long ceased to see traffic passing from China. What little local trade comes up Karategin from the side of the Oxus proceeds from Daraut-kurghan to Marghilan or Andijan in Farghana, while exports from the Kashgar side find their way across the Terek pass to these places on the Russian railway.
Daraut-kurghan, where I was obliged to make a short halt for the sake of arrangements about transport and supplies, is a small place at the point where the Kara-tegin valley opens out toward the Alai. A Russian Customs post here guarded the frontier of Bukhara territory. Three miles farther down lies the village of Chat with a large, well-cultivated area and a ruined circumvallation of some size occupied during the troubled times preceding the Russian annexation of Turkistan. It is a point well suited for a large roadside station, and it is in this vicinity that we may safely locate the famous “Stone Tower” which the classical record preserved by Ptolemy mentions as the place reached from Baktra “when the traveller has ascended the ravine,” i.e. the valley of Kara-tegin. [In note 9.19, which see, I locate this site at Karakavak (Turkic for: ‘Black Poplar’ – Populus nigra L.), about half way along the fertile pasturelands of the Alai Valley at approximately 39o 39’ N; 72o 42’ E., rather than at Chat.]
It is equally probable that “the station at Mount Imaos whence traders start on their journey to Sera,” which Ptolemy’s account of the trade route to China as extracted from Marinus mentions on the eastern limit of the territory of the Nomadic Sakai, corresponds to the present Irkesh-tam. This is still a place well-known to those who carry on the lively caravan trade from Kashgar to Farghana and who face here the vagaries and exactions of the Chinese and Russian Customs stations, both established close to each other.” Stein (1931), pp. 223-227.
There can be little doubt that Juandu (‘Tax Control’), in the region of modern Irkeshtam is ‘the station (όρμητήριον) at Mount Imaos, whence traders start on their journey to Sēra’, according to Ptolemy. See Stein (1928), Vol. II, p. 850. See also the discussions by I. V. P’iankov in the notes 9.18 on Juandu, and 9.19 on Xiuxiu/Xiuxun.
An alternative route led from Tashkurgan (which could be reached either by heading south from Kashgar or southwest from Yarkand – thus, either from the ‘Southern’ or the ‘Middle’ Routes) past the Pamir Lakes via the Kushan-controlled regions of Wakhan and Badakhshān, and on to ancient Bactria. This route joined up here with the major east-west caravan routes leading from Chinese-controlled territory in the Tarim basin via the Alai, and past modern Dushanbe to cross the Oxus and reach Baktra (modern Balkh). See Stein (1931), pp. 232-242.
(c) The “New Route”
This route, called only the ‘New Route’ in the Weilue, has been confused with the ‘New Route of the North,’ by both Chavannes (1905), p. 533, n. 1, and Stein (1921), Vol. II, pp. 705 ff). See also note 4.3.
The “New Route,” after it left Yumen guan [‘Jade Gate Frontier Post’], headed through Hengkeng [‘East-West Valley’], the wide Bēsh-toghrak valley which heads west towards Lop Nor. The ‘New Route’ seems to have followed the same path as the ‘Middle Route,’ for awhile, but then turned north before, or at, Bēsh-toghrak itself, thus avoiding some of the more difficult stages including the Sanlongsha [‘Three Sand Ridges’] and the Longdui [‘Dragon Dunes’].
It then probably continued north across the desert, west of Hami, via the Palgan Bulak, Yulghan Bulak, and Biratar Bulak springs, to Lukchun in the Turfan oasis. Thence the route headed west, rejoining the Central Route before Kucha. See: The Times Atlas of the World.(1980), Map 24; The Contemporary Atlas of China. (1989), pp. 17, 18.
The account of the ‘New Route of the North,’ on the other hand, ran via Hami to Eastern Qiemi, a dependency of Further Jushi, which was located immediately after crossing the gorge through the Bogda-shan mountains [called the Tianshan during the Han period], just north of Qijiaojing [Ch’i-chiao-ching]. The ‘New Route of the North’ then headed along the northern slopes of the massive range to the north of the Tarim Basin now called the Tianshan (and not to the south of it, as in the ‘New Route’), then through Wusun territory, and north of the Aral and Caspian Seas to reach Roman territory on the Black Sea (thus avoiding Parthian taxes on the caravan traffic).
Qijiaojing was usually approached from the south via Hami (Yiwu). Here the road branched and one either went west to the Turfan oasis, or north through the Bogda shan mountains to the territory controlled by the king of Further Jushi in Dzungaria.
The route through Hami was, and is, by far the easiest route to the north, and the only one with sufficient supplies for large caravans, but there is no mention of it at all in the itineraries of the Weilue.
This strongly suggests that, at the time the information was gathered, Hami was out of bounds to the Chinese having once again come under the power of the Xiongnu. The Chinese captured and lost Hami several times during the Later Han Dynasty. “China finally lost control of it to the Xiongnu in 151 CE and did not regain it for over 400 years.” See Sitwell (1984), p. 174, in note 4.3.
This explains the urgent development of a ‘New Route’ to provide communication with Turfan, which avoided Hami, for China no longer controlled it.
The Hanshu says:
“During the reign-period Yüan-shih [1-5 CE] there was a new route in the further royal kingdom of Chü-shih. This led to the Yü-men barrier from north of Wu-ch’üan, and the journey was comparatively shorter. Hsü Pu, the Wu and Chi colonel, wanted to open up this route for use, so as to reduce the distance by half and to avoid the obstacle of the White Dragon Mounds. Ku-kou, king of the further state of Chü-shih, realised that because of [the passage of] the road he would be obliged to make provisions available [for Han travellers] and in his heart thought that this would not be expedient. In addition, his lands were rather close to those of the southern general of the Hsiung-nu. . . . [Ku-kou was finally beheaded by the Chinese for disobedience].” CICA: 189-190, 192.
“I have explained elsewhere how this ever-present threat of the Huns [from 121 BCE to 73 CE] from across the northernmost T’ien-shan determined the direction of the ‘new northern route’ {note – this should read, simply, the “New Route”} which the Chinese in A.D. 2 opened from the ancient ‘Jade Gate’ in order to communicate with ‘Posterior Chü-shih’ or the territory around the present Guchen. To reach this ground, which, like Turfān immediately to the south, had passed early under their control, the route via Hāmi would undoubtedly have been the easiest. Yet Chinese administrative policy, was always disposed to face physical difficulties rather than risks from hostile barbarians, kept the new road well away from Hāmi and carried it through waterless desert wastes which at least offered protection from those dreaded nomadic foes.” Stein (1928), I, pp. 539-540.
This route left the Yumen frontier post and then headed west through part or all of the Hengkeng (literally; ‘East-West Gully’ = the present Bēsh-toghrak valley), and then directly north, past the still unidentified Wuchuan (‘Five Boats’), some 300 km across the desert to the town of Gaochang, at the southern tip of the Turfan Basin. From here it led on to Karashahr and joined the Middle Route near modern Korla. Almost all authors place the Yiwu(lu) 伊吾盧 [I-wu-lu] of the Han period in the region of modern Hami or Qumul.
“Known as Khamil in Mongolian, the name of this important Silk Road town is transcribed in Modern Standard Mandarin as Hami. It is famous for its succulent melons suffused with fragrance and sweetness. Large amounts of cotton are also grown in irrigated fields.” Mallory and Mair (2000), p. 13.
A few scholars, however, identify Yiwu with the modern settlement of the same name (and written with the same characters) about 160 km by road northeast of modern Hami, across the Karlik range. See, for example, de Crespigny (1984), pp. 43 and 522, n. 71. This tiny settlement is also known as Aratürük or Atürük. For the derivation of the name Qāmul = modern Hami, see Bailey (1985), p. 10.
I have chosen the traditional identification, however, placing it near modern Hami, on the grounds that the strategically important and famously fertile Hami oasis is a far more likely location for the State Farms the Han established at Yiwu than the rather limited agricultural potential of the region surrounding modern Yiwulu / Aratürük. Pelliot places Yiwu some 30 miles (48 km) west of the town of modern Hami:
“In A.D. 73, the Chinese created a military colony in the region, with a walled city. . . . The military colony of I-wu-lu or I-wu did not thrive like that of Kao-chang..., and was abandoned with the whole of the region in 77. A new occupation in 90 was still less durable. The third effort, in 131, was more successful, but only for a time, and Qomul had already passed out of Chinese reach at the end of the Han dynasty. . . . As to the I-wu-lu of the Han, which the commentary of 676 on the two passages of the Hou Hanshu calls the ancient small town of I-wu, it was located about 30 miles west of Qomul [Hami], in the district of Na-shih....” Pelliot (1959), p. 155.
“Perhaps the earliest reference to Hami – or Yiwu, Yizhou or Kumul, as it was variously known – was in a book, made of bamboo slips and bound together with white silk, found in a second-century BC tomb in Henan Province. This record, discovered in the third century, is an account of the quasi-mythical travels of Emperor Mu, the fifth emperor of the Zhou Dynasty (1027-256 BC), who, on returning from his visit to the Queen Mother of the West, stayed in Hami for three days and received a present of 300 horses and 2,000 sheep and cattle from the local inhabitants.
Hami was considered by the Chinese the key to access to the northwest, but they were not always successful in keeping the city free of nomadic incursions. In 73 BC [sic – should read AD] the Han general Ban Chao wrested the area from a Xiongnu army and established a military and agricultural colony. . . .
Like Turpan, Hami is in a fault depression about 200 metres (650 feet) below sea level, and temperatures are extreme, from a high of 43o C (109o F) in summer to a low of -32o C (-26o F) in winter.” Bonavia (1988), pp. 105; 110-111.
“Cumul occupies a geographical position of great strategical importance. Like Ansi on the south, so Cumul on the north is a stepping-off and landing-place for all travellers who cross the inhospitable tract of Gobi between the provinces of Kansu and Chinese Turkestan. The approach to the oasis is by long and desolate stages, but from the moment that the traveller’s foot touches watered land he is in the midst of beauty and luxuriant agriculture, and for several miles before reaching the town the road leads through fields and by farmhouses surrounded with elm and poplar trees. Everything indicates prosperity and an abundance of every product.” Cable and French (1943), p. 138.
“Beyond Hami the track led to Tsi-kio-king [Qijiaojing – not quite 200 km northwest of Hami], the Seven-Horned Well, which stands as sentinel where north and south trade-roads divide, each taking its own way on one or the other side of the dividing mountain range. The old well watches the South Road disappear over a dismal gravel plain toward the burning oases of the Flame Hills [north of Turfan], and the North Road enter the narrow tortuous defile which cuts the Tienshan range of mountains in two. In times of peace Seven-Horned Well was a dreary hamlet, but in war-time it became a strategic desert outpost from which soldiers guarded three main arterial roads toward Turfan, Hami and Urumchi. It has been a scene of fierce Gobi battles, and its sands have many a time been reddened with blood and littered with the bodies of men and carcasses of horses. Every invader covets its strategic position and knows of its tamarisk growth, which, though smothered by sand, will supply abundant fuel for his army. . . . The southern road kept south of the mountain range, past East Salt Lake and West Salt Lake to Turfan, and over the steep Dawan Pass to Urumchi. The northern road, however, led through a jagged cut in the Tienshan where, for a long nine-hour stage, a narrow and almost level path wound with innumerable turns between great bare crags and lofty granite cliffs, emerging at last on the Dzungarian plain.” Ibid. 297-298.
“This constant liability to northern attack, from which Hami has suffered whenever Chinese power in Central Asia weakened, is fully illustrated by its chequered history, as recorded in the Chinese Annals, and right down to our own times. . . . As regards the former [Han] period, it will suffice to point out that within four years of the first establishment of a Chinese military colony in A.D. 73 I-wu was lost again to the Hsiung-nu; reoccupied between A.D. 90-104, it suffered once more the same fate. The notice concerning the re-establishment of a military colony there in A.D. 131 brings out clearly the strategic value which the Chinese rightly attached to Hami. But obviously their hold upon it ceased when imperial control over the ‘Western regions’ was abandoned after the middle of the second century.” Stein (1921), p. 1149.
From just north of Lop Nor all the way to the Turfan Basin across the dreaded Gashun Gobi, there is a string of salt springs. During the Han, and up until about 270 CE, however, the whole region was much wetter than it is now, so they may have been fresh enough at the time to provide water for the camels, at least. Wild Bactrian camels still live in the area and have apparently adapted so they can drink the water from the salt springs:
“There is no fresh water in the Gashun Gobi, only salt springs. No humans, not even the hardy nomad, can survive in this utterly barren area of over 1,750 square kilometres. The only inhabitant of this huge space is the wild Bactrian camel. Far removed from contact with domestic Bactrians and fully adapted to drinking salt water, the camels migrate from water point to water point, some of which are over 100 kilometres apart.” Hare (1998), p. 80.
As this route was protected from the raids of the Xiongnu by the empty desert to its east, and because it was less than half the distance of the difficult, but better-watered, route through Loulan, Korla and Karashahr to Turfan, it may have proved economical for the Chinese, when the route via Hami was not available to them, to set up strategic caches of supplies along this route.
Stein (1928, Vol. I, p. 319) reports that some of his party found old tracks and their guide “took them to mark the passage of some Mongols making for Tun-huang from the western Kuruk-tāgh. On questioning, the guide told him that his grandfather “who like his father had been a hunter of wild camels and familiar with the wastes of the Kuruk-tāgh, knew vaguely of a route leading through them to the Tun-huang side.”
(d) The “New Route of the North”
The “New Route of the North” or “New Northern Route” ran to the north of the Bogdo Shan Mountains through Further Jushi (near modern Jimasa) and then almost parallel to the Central Route, and north of the Tian Shan, past modern Urumchi to the Wusun.
The distance of 208 km mentioned in the text matches that between Turfan and the region of modern Guchen and Jimasa on modern maps. The town of Jinman 金滿城 [Ch’in-man] is described as houbu 後郶 in the Hou Hanshu which translates as something like: “The Headquarters for Further [Juzhi]”
“According to the Xiyushuidaoji (chap. III, p. 5 a), the site of the ancient Beiting is none other than the locality of Hubaozi, about twenty li to the north of the present sub-prefecture of Baohui. In fact, a Tang period stele has been found at this place which, although badly damaged, categorically proves that previously the sub-prefecture of Jinman was to be found here. Now, here is what one reads in the Jiu Tangshu (chap. XL, p. 29 b): “Jinman... was, during the Later Han, the Posterior Royal Court (of the kingdom) of Jushi. In the ancient barbarian court, there were five towns. The common name was therefore, the ‘Territory of the Five Towns.’ In the 14th Zhengguan year (640), after (the kingdom of) Gaochang (Yarkhoto) had been pacified, the District of Ting was established.” Several lines above, one reads in the same work that, in the second Changan year (702), the Protectorate of Beiting was created from the District of Ting. Thus this text confirms the opinion of the Xiyushuidaoji, for it proves that Beiting is Jinman. Now, we know, from an inscription found in situ that Jinman was 20 li to the north of Baohui xian (or Ximusa) which is 90 li to the southwest of Guchen. Besides, this text shows us that the name of Bishbalek (the five towns), that the Government of Beiting had under the Mongols, corresponds to a very ancient name already known in the T’ang period. Bishbalek is, therefore, not Urumchi. Like Beiting, with which it is identical, it is at some distance to the west of Guchen.” Translated and adapted from: Chavannes (1900) pp. 11, and 305, n.
Aurel Stein found the ruins of the old town about 10 km north of modern Jimasa, just beyond the village of Hu-p’u-tzu (Hupuzi): “The outer walls... appear to have once enclosed a roughly rectangular area, measuring approximately 2,160 yards [1,975 m.] from north to south and 1,260 yards [1,152 m.] from east to west.” Stein (1928), pp. 554-559. See also: CICA: 184, n. 622.
The Hou Hanshu states that the king of the Posterior Jushi lived in the Wutu valley, which was 500 li [= 208 km] from the residence of the Jangshi [‘Adjutant General’] in Lukchun. As I measure it, this is exactly the distance between Lukchun and a point about 10 km beyond Jimasa on two maps of the route from Turfan to Guchen. See: Stein (1928), Map 28, and the U.S. Defence Mapping Agency’s ONC, Sheet F-7. This confirms the findings of Chavannes and Stein, making the identification virtually certain.
Although this short route was probably used for military communications and the like between Nearer and Further Jushi, it could never have been a major caravan route:
“I may point out here that the direct tracks leading from Turfān to Guchen across the high, snowy portion of the T’ien-shan intervening are only open for a part of the year, and, as my crossing in 1914 of the least difficult of the passes, the Pa-no-p’a, showed, impracticable at all times for any but the lightest transport. Trade caravans and military convoys would at all times have to make a great detour either west (via Urumchi) or east (via Ulan-su) in order to get round the Bogdo-ula range by a route practicable for camels or carts.
This point has to be borne in mind when we compare the two routes referred to in the notice of the Former Han Annals. The ‘new route of the north’ coming from the Shona-nōr must have crossed the T’ien-shan by the easy and low saddle north of Ch’i-ku-ching over which the present Chinese cart-road from Hāmi to Guchen and Urumchi passes.” Stein (1921), p. 706, n. 6.
There were two main routes through Wusun territory. One ran west through Santai (near Lake Sairam) and then over the Talki Pass into the Ili valley. From Urumchi the route ran west through Manass.
To the west of Manass there were two main passes south into the Kax He [K’o shih Ho] Valley which led on to modern Yining or Guldja near the junction of the Kunes and the Ili Rivers. The first headed over the mountains through modern Dushanzi to the south of Kuytun and Usa. The second pass, further east, led to the south of Lake Ayram:
“Another [of the so-called “Iron Gates”] is the defile of Talki leading from the Sairam (nor) or Sut (Kul) lake southward, to the Ili River. This was called Kulugha by Turki-speaking people, and Timur-Khalaga by the Mongols ; and Dr. Bretschneider explains that the word Khalaga or Khalga, means, in Mongol, a pass or gate, while Timur signifies iron. The Chinese traveller Chang-Te, in 1259, passed through the Talki defile, and described it as “very rugged with overhanging rocks.” He speaks of it by a transliterated Mongol name which stands for “iron roadway.” Elias (1895), p. 20, n. 3. The TCAW marks this pass as the “Xin’ertai.”
This route continued to the north of Issyk Kul through modern Almaty to Tokmak and Bishkek. All these routes were accessible to camel caravans:
“But his first words contained a test, and I had failed to meet that test. ‘The camel caravans did not cross the mountains,’ he had said. I should have corrected him, politely; knowing he had been referring to these mountains, to the Tien Shan.
The camel caravans had crossed these mountains, through the eastern passes coming from the Middle to the Northern Route; making their way from Gao Chang, from Turfan. And they crossed them again from the west, travelling the Northern Route that led to Kuldja and the Ili.” Martyn (1987), p. 432.
The alternative route (which would have been safer from the attacks of northern nomads) ran even further south, along the Kekes River Valley to Issyk-kol where, according to the Hanshu the Wusun had their capital at Chigu (“Red Valley”) – which I have located in the spectacular Jeti-Öghüz Valley just southwest of modern Karakol near the Issyk-kol lake itself (see CWR note 1.61).
From Issyk-kol the way continued around the northern perimeter of the lake (“Most of the population and agriculture, and all the decent roads, are along the north shore.” King, et al. (1996), p. 375), and on via Tokmak to Bishkek, where it joined the previous route to Talas in Kangju territory. From there one could head through the Ferghana Valley to Khojend (Khodzhent or Kujand, known as Stalinabad during the Soviet era).
It was, as closely as I can measure it on my maps, about 820-830 km between Jeti-Öghüz and Khojend by this route. So, it seems fair to assume that this is route mentioned in the Shiji, ch. 123, which records that “Wusun is situated some 2,000 li [832 km] northeast from Dayuan.” See TWR, note 1.61 for more details on these identifications, which find valuable additional support from this notice.
From Talas there were three main branch routes: the one mentioned in the Weilue ran northwest along the Jaxartes or Syr Darya north of the Aral and the Caspian Seas to the land of the Yancai or Alans who, at that time, were living to the north of the Black Sea and stretching over to the western and northern shores of the Caspian. The Weilue states the Yancai bordered on Da Qin (Roman territory) which is undoubtedly a reference to the Roman territories in Armenia from which there was access to ports on the Black Sea, and from there to the Mediterranean.
The other two routes ran south from Talas through Northern Wuyi (modern Khojend) to the region of modern Samarkand, where one branch went southwest through the oasis of Bukhara and Merv to Iran, and the other branch headed south through Termez (ancient Dumi – one of the five main divisions of the Yuezhi mentioned in the Hou Hanshu) and across the Oxus (or Amu Darya) to Bactra (Balkh). From there one could travel southeast to Gaofu (Kabul) and India, or southwest through Herat to Iran.
(e) North-South Routes across the Tarim Basin
“It is true that the Southern and the Middle Silk Roads were separated from each other by the Taklamakan Desert, but since the Bronze Age there were north-south connections along a few rivers such as the Khotan Darya and the Keriya Darya. Since after a great thaw in the Kunlun mountain range the waters of the Khotan Darya cross the desert and reach the Tarim even today, this transverse line linking Khotan to Aksu and going along the river has never been abandoned.
About 180 km north of Khotan a mountain range with a reddish hue rises up from the desert plain. . . .
The Mazar Tag chain of mountains ends next to the Khotan Darya. Here on a rocky ledge about 150 m high, the well-preserved Mazar Tagh fort proudly looks down on the river and watches over the former trade route. The position of the fort was almost impregnable, for the rock face near the southern crest falls almost vertically and is also quite steep in the east, while a tower at a distance of about 30 m protects the northwestern access. This massive 6 m tower reminds one of the limes of the Eastern Han and Jin eras between Loulan and Dunhuang. . . .
The tower is certainly the most ancient structure and could date from the 3rd or 4th century AD. . . . ” Baumer (2000), pp. 67 and 69.
“A look at the map as well as analysis of the satellite photographs show that a trade route along the Keriya Darya would be the shortest connection between the two former kingdoms of Khotan and Kucha. If one believes the report of Mirza Hidar, Kashgar prince and historian, the Keriya Darya was supposed to have reached the course of the Tarim as early as the 16th century. We may therefore surmise that Karadong, which was halfway between Keriya (today’s Yutian) and the Tarim south of Kucha, had been a fort at the beginning of our era, besides serving as a caravanserai for trade caravans. . . .
The excavations of ancient Karadong by a Sino-French team, which began in 1991, have brought to light sensational finds and caused a reassessment of Karadong’s importance. First, in an area five kilometres long and three kilometres wide next to the fort, the archaeologists found twenty ruined houses, a temple and forty other ceramic sites that indicate completely destroyed houses or ceramic kilns. Most structures are concentrated in the northern half of the oasis south-east of the caravanserai, in an area of 1300 m by 800 m. In the southern half, an intricate irrigation system could be identified, extending more than three kilometres in a north-south direction. Coins from the Han Dynasty and numerous remnants of millet, wheat, oats and rice were also found. In view of the extended irrigation network, conceivably one or more of these cereals had been produced in Karadong itself. . . .
As previously described, forty kilometres north of Karadong are the extended ruins of the proto-historic town of Yuan Sha as well as traces of even older settlements. Since Yuan Sha had been abandoned shortly before the turn of the era in favour of Karadong, the golden age of the latter settlement must have been in the first two centuries of our era. In those times Karadong was part of the Yumi principality which extended as far as Keriya. The complete lack of coins from the Tang Dynasty and of artefacts of a younger date than the 4th century AD leads to the conclusion that Karadong must have been abandoned in the 4th century AD. The political disturbances after the breakdown of Chinese authority in the 3rd century AD must have led to a recession of trade, depopulation, and as a consequence, neglect of the irrigation canals, which favoured the advance of the desert. The Keriya Darya probably transferred its river bed eastwards during this period, a fact that also made living conditions more difficult.” Baumer (2000), pp. 93, 95, 96.
B. The territories of Haixi, Haibei and Haidong
(a) Haixi 海西 – literally: ‘West of the Sea’ = Egypt.
Haixi, and the associated names, Haibei 海北 – ‘North of the Sea’ – which provided an overland route between Mesopotamia and Egypt; and Haidong 海東 –‘East of the Sea,’ have continued to elude firm identification in spite of detailed treatment by recent scholars. Haixi and Haibei are first mentioned in the Hou Hanshu, and Haidong in the Weilue.
These regions or countries are presumably located in the various directions in relation to Xihai, or the ‘Western Sea,’ (sometimes called, Dahai, or the ‘Great Sea’).
Although there has been some speculation that Xihai and Dahai might refer to the Mediterranean or even the Black Sea, all the evidence points to both names being used for the Indian Ocean which, to Chinese as well as the Romans, included the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. See Leslie and Gardiner (1996), Chap. 20.8, pp. 271-272.
There is a detailed account of these territories in David Graf’s article, Graf (1996) – especially the section on ‘The Western Regions’ on p. 204, and the map at the end. However, he argues that the use of the terms Haixi 海西 [Hai-hsi], Haibei 海北 [Hai-pei], and Haidong 海東 [Hai-tung] indicate: “that the Chinese of the Han era were ignorant about the existence of the Arabian peninsula. For them, the great sea adjacent to the Persian coasts stretched westward forming an immense bay that extended all the way west to the coasts on Ta-ch’in. Their belief in this imaginary body of water resulted in the creation of the three coastal districts.”
I cannot agree with this analysis. It is true that the Chinese, like the Romans, and the Greeks before them, considered the Indian Ocean and its two major Gulfs, the Red Sea and the Arabian (or ‘Persian’) Gulf as a whole. The Greeks referred to it as the Erythraean Sea. This is perfectly reasonable and accurate, as easily navigable entrances join all the waterways. Because the Chinese accounts do not mention the Arabian Peninsula does not mean they were necessarily ignorant of it.
In my view, the Chinese division of these regions makes excellent sense. Thus we have: ‘West of the Sea’ (= Egypt); ‘East of the Sea’ (the lands on the east coast of the Persian Gulf, or Persis) and, finally, ‘North of the Sea,’ the region in between and joining them: (probably northern Saudi Arabia, Jordan and southern Israel). The Weilue mentions an overland route through Haibei from Parthian territory to Egypt (Haixi):
“Now, if you leave the city of Angu (Gerrha) by the overland route, you go due north to Haibei (‘North of the Sea’), then due west to Haixi (Egypt), then turn due south to go through the city of Wuchisan (Alexandria).”
This could refer to the long route up the Euphrates through Palmyra and Dura Europa, from where it turns south, and later west, to Egypt. There were two rather more arduous, but shorter, and more direct alternatives. the first of these went west from the head of the Persian Gulf, across the desert to the oasis of al-Jawf (Dumatha). Here the road forked, and one could head north up the Wadi Sirhan towards Damascus, or west towards Petra, Rhinocolura, and Egypt. It seems these routes were guarded by Roman patrols after their annexation of Nabataea in 106 CE. Bowersock (1996), pp. 157-159; Millar (1993), pp. 138-139.
The other route left the region of the prosperous trading state of Gerrha in eastern Arabia and took one across the peninsula either to al-Jawf or to the Nabataean city of Hegra (modern Meda’in Salih – some 25 km north of the ancient site of Dedan) and on to the port of Leukê Komê (literally, ‘White Village’), which is probably be located in the vicinity of modern Egra = Al Wajh, 26° 13’ N, 36° 27’ E, on the east coast of the Red Sea.
“Much of the merchandise of the Orient was brought overland from the port of Gerrha on the Persian Gulf to the Arabian port of Leukê Komê on the east side of the Gulf of Aqabah and then shipped or transported by caravan northward to Aila. From there it was carried to Petra, to which a direct, overland route led also from Meda’in Aleh in Arabia. And “thence to Rhinocolura (modern el-Arish in Sinai on the Mediterranean) . . . and thence to other nations,” according to the Greek geographer Strabo, who wrote about the Nabataeans at the beginning of the first century A.D.” Glueck (1959), pp. 269-270. See also note 16.1.
“For this trade [with Elymais and Karmania] they opened the city of Carra [Gerrha] where their market was held. From here they all used to set out on the twenty-day march to Gabba and Syria-Palestine. According to Juba’s report they began later for the same reason to go to the empire of the Parthians. It seems to me that still earlier they brought their goods to the Persians rather than to Syria and Egypt, which Herodotus confirms, who says the Arabs paid 1,000 talents of incense yearly to the kings of Persia. Juba (c. 25 BC-AD 25) and Pliny, NH (AD 77) 12. 40. 80).” Potts (1990), pp. 90-91.
“The merchants of Palmyra were also active in Egypt. One group resident in Coptos was engaged in the commerce of the Red Sea and thus by implication possibly also with India and East Africa. Others used the overland route from Mesopotamia to Denderah in Egypt.” Raschke (1976), p. 644.
The suggestion that best that fits all the evidence is that Haixi refers to Egypt. Egypt is certainly to the west of the Red Sea (which was considered an integral part of Xihai – the ‘Western Sea’), and the major Roman ports in the Red Sea which were the termini of the extensive maritime trade with India and Parthia, were located along the eastern coast of Egypt – quite literally ‘west of the sea’. The use of Haixi as a name for Egypt was probably reinforced by the fact that the characters represent a reasonably close phonetic approximation of the name into Chinese.
A major source of confusion has been the identification of Haixi with Da Qin in the Chinese texts as, for example, in the section on Da Qin in the Hou Hanshu: “The kingdom of Da Qin (Rome) is also called Lijian. As it is found to the west of the sea, it is also called the kingdom of Haixi.”
This does not seem to be contradictory to me – Egypt had been under the control of Rome since 30 BCE and was, therefore, considered ‘Roman territory.’ Also, almost all freight being shipped from the East to ‘Rome’ went through Egypt, which was the first territory mariners reached which could be called ‘Roman.’ Merchants from Egypt may well have referred to themselves as Romans, as many would have been officially Roman citizens, even before Caracalla’s edict:
“In AD 212 Emperor Caracalla issued his famous edict granting Roman citizenship to all the inhabitants of the Roman Empire (only the ‘capitulated’, whose identification remains a matter of scholarly dispute, were excluded).” Lewis (1983), p. 34.
It is not surprising to find both the names for Rome and Egypt interchanged at this time in distant China. This identification of Haixi as Egypt is, I believe, amply confirmed in the passage from the Weilue.
To add weight to my contention that Haixi = Egypt – the Weilue says that from Parthian territory one can sail directly to Haixi – which, in itself, strongly indicates Egypt. The only other Roman-controlled territory which could be reached by sea from the East were the Nabataean lands, annexed by the Romans in 106 CE, in the northeast corner of the Red Sea and included the Gulf of Aqaba and the port of Leukê Komê. See note 16.1.
The port of Aila (also known, at various times as: Aelana, ‘Aḳaba, Elath, Ezion-geber, Ailath and Ailam), at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba, was very difficult to sail to because of the unfavourable prevailing winds and would have been quite unsuited to handle the large ships the Romans used in the India trade.
The estimate in the Weilue of two months for the journey to Egypt with good winds seems very reasonable. The reference to it taking up to three years with no wind is probably only a repeat of the discouraging reports given to Gan Ying in 97 CE by Parthian sailors.
The reference to a river “flowing out of the west of the country into another great sea,” is clearly a reference to the Nile. This certainly puts an end to any of the speculation (as discussed above) that Haixi might refer to the Nabataean territories.
Some have argued that the Nile doesn’t flow out of the west of Egypt, but out of its north. If, on the other hand, one looks at it from the perspective of a sailor reaching the eastern coast of Egypt on the Red Sea. The Nile would certainly seem to flow out of the west of the country into another big sea (the Mediterranean).
The next section of the text shows how one could travel from the south of the country and across the main branches of the Nile to get to Wuchisan or Alexandria.
Wu – 烏 K. 61a *·o / ·uo; EMC ?ɔ
chi – 遲 K. 596d *d’i̯ǝr / d̑’i; EMC dri, also drih
san – 散 K. 156a sân / san; EMC: san’, also sanh
Despite the misgivings of Leslie and Gardiner (1996, p. 185), Wuchisan is not an unreasonable transcription of Alexandria into Chinese – as Hirth (1875), p. 182, first pointed out. It is also significant that it is never described as a ‘capital city,’ or the seat of a king.
Finally, the journey of six days (after first “circling around the coast”) across another big sea (which must be the Mediterranean) to Da Qin “Proper” makes the identification of Haixi with Egypt, for all intents and purposes, certain. This clearly shows that Haixi was considered separate from Da Qin “proper”. While it is true that the journey from Alexandria to Rome usually took considerably longer than six days, the fastest recorded time being about nine days, the return journey could sometimes be made in less than six days, as Priscus of Panium reports:
“When the [Roman] emperor [Valentinian III] learned of these events he dispatched [c. CE 452] two thousand newly enlisted troops, and with a fair wind they landed in the great city of Alexandria on the sixth day.” Quoted in Gordon (1992), p. 19, who adds: “Such a rapid journey was only possible with the Etesian winds of July.” The ‘etesian wind’ blows from the north, northwest, or northeast, most of the time from about mid-May to mid-September each year.
It is very clear in both the texts of the Weilue and the Hou Hanshu that Haixi (‘West of the Sea’) must refer to Egypt. And, of course, until the Romans annexed the Nabataean empire (which controlled the ports of Leuke Kome on the eastern shore of the Red Sea), it was the only part of the Roman empire accessible by sea for traders from the east, and was the western terminus for extensive maritime trade with Parthia, India and Southeast Asia.
Also, there is other evidence which supports the identification of Haixi as Egypt. For example:
“At the time of the Eastern Han, this kingdom [Haixi = Egypt] had communications with China. During the reign of Emperor Hedi, in the Yongyuan period (89-105), the king of Dan [which was probably the port of Tāmralipti in the Ganges delta – see: Colless (1980), p. 169], named Yongyoudiao, sent an interpreter charged with offering precious objects from his country. The Emperor gave him a golden seal decorated with purple silk.
Envoys from the same prince again came to the Court at the beginning of the Yongning period (120), to congratulate Emperor Andi on his accession to the throne. They brought some musicians and some skilful jugglers who performed transformations, belched fire, changed the head of an ox to that of a horse, amputated limbs, and then replaced them. They also know how to play with little balls and can keep as many as ten in the air at a time.
These foreigners themselves said, “We are men from West of the Sea”. Now, ‘West of the Sea’ is [part of] Da Qin, and it is situated to the southwest of the kingdom of Dan.” Ma Duanlin quoted in Saint-Denys (1876), pp. 268-269. Translated from the French.
Haixi clearly must refer to Egypt for:
a. it is the main Roman territory one reaches after sailing from Parthia;
b. it has a large river flowing out of the west of the country (the Nile) into another ‘Great Sea’ which one crosses to reach the capital (Rome) of Da Qin;
c. and it contains the city of Wuchisan (= Alexandria).
(b) Haibei 海北 literally: ‘North of the Sea.’ The territory called Haibei 海北 ‘North of the Sea,’ must refer to the lands between Babylonia and what is now Jordan and/or Syria. This is a perfectly accurate description as the Chinese apparently [like the Greeks and Romans] referred to the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean as the one sea. The Greeks and Romans referred to it as the Erythraean (“Red”) Sea whereas the Chinese called it the Xihai or ‘Western Sea’ or Tahai which just means ‘great sea’ and seems to have been also used for the Mediterranean. See Appendix C.
“The merchants of Palmyra were also active in Egypt. One group resident in Coptos was engaged in the commerce of the Red Sea and thus by implication possibly also with India and East Africa. Others used the overland route from Mesopotamia to Denderah in Egypt.” Raschke (1976), p. 644.
(c) Haidong literally: 海東 or ‘East of the Sea’ = Persis. Haidong probably referred to the region of Persis – the old homeland of the Persians and site of the ancient capital of Persepolis, destroyed by Alexander.
For much of the 1st and 2nd centuries CE it was, in all but name, independent of the Parthians. It was the seat of Sasanians who, under Ardashir I, founded a new Persian dynasty in 224 CE and overthrew the Parthians circa 226 CE.
“Persis was originally a district of the Persian empire that embraced the lands along the eastern shore of the Persian Gulf; see W. Hinz, RE Suppl. 12 s. v. Persis (1970). During the centuries when a Parthian dynasty ruled in Persia (ca. 248 B.C. to A.D. 226), the district became virtually an independent kingdom, with its own rulers and coinage, acknowledging vassalage to Parthian overlords only when these were strong enough to insist on it (cf. Raschke 815, n. 719). To judge from the statements in the Periplus, at the time of writing [between 40 and 70 CE] Persis controlled a broad expanse of territory, from a point on the Arabian coast opposite the Kuria Muria Islands to past Omana on the Makran coast.. It controlled as well the head of the Persian Gulf....” Casson (1989), p. 174.
For more details see notes 11.5 and 11.11.
C. The “great seas” and the “Western Sea.”
Dahai 大海 [Ta Hai] – literally, ‘a great sea.’ I believe that, in this context, it can only refer to what we now know as the Indian Ocean, including the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.
The text says that: “The kingdom of Da Qin (Rome) is also called Lijian. It is west of Anxi (Parthia) and Tiaozhi (Characene and Susiana), and west of a great sea. From the city of Angu (Gerrha), on the frontier of Anxi (Parthia), you take a boat and cut directly across to Haixi (‘West of the Sea’ = which is definitely Roman Territory and, as I will show later, is almost certainly Egypt).” See: note 11.5.
The Chinese text reads: 有河出其國西又有大海 – literally, “There is a river flowing from the west of this country (into) another great sea.” This, I believe, can only be interpreted as: “a river (the Nile) flows out of the west of this country (i.e. out of the west of “Haixi”) into another great sea (which can only be the Mediterranean).
Although the terms used are somewhat confusing, if looked at carefully the meaning is quite clear. Chapters 96A and 61 of the Hanshu (see CICA, pp, 113, 235) and the Chapter on the Western Regions of the Hou Hanshu refer only to Xihai 西海 – the ‘Western Sea,’ which Gan Ying reached at the head of the Persian Gulf in 97 CE, and by which it was said you could sail to Da Qin, i.e. Roman territory (which could only be a reference to Egypt).
This Roman-controlled territory, Egypt, is referred to as Haixi 海西, which literally means “West of the Sea” and, as we are told in this section of the Weilue, was also used as a name for the country because it was, quite literally at the western end of the “Western Sea.” It is important to keep these two entities, Xihai or the “Western Sea,” and Haixi or “West of the Sea” = Egypt, separate in our minds.
Further, the Weilue refers to the same sea (running from the Persian Gulf to Egypt as 大海 dahai which can equally be translated as “The Great Sea” or “a great sea.” I think it should be understood as the latter here – “a great sea” rather than “The Great Sea” because the text refers to another 大海 dahai or “great sea” which has the river running into it. This must be the Mediterranean. This identification is confirmed a little further on in the text when we are informed that from Wuchisan (= Alexandria) you must cross a “great sea” to reach the “king’s seat of government” of “that country” (i.e. Da Qin = Rome).
Leslie and Gardiner (1996), include a section (12.3 c.) on “The Western Sea” and another (20.8) on “The Hsi-hai and other seas” on pp. 146 and 271-272 respectively.
D. Sea Silk.
“They [of the Roman Empire] also have a fine cloth which some people say is made from the down of ‘water sheep,’ but which is made, in fact, from the cocoons of wild silkworms.”
This is the first known reference to “sea silk” in Chinese literature and is found in the chapter on the Western Regions of the Hou Hanshu which deals with the period of the Later Han (25-220 CE), and was composed by Fan Ye. Fan Ye states that he based most of the information in this chapter on a report presented to the Emperor by the Chinese general Ban Yong about 125 CE. This report contained a considerable amount of information on a country called ‘Da Qin’, or the Roman Empire.
The Chinese Envoy Gan Ying apparently collected the bulk of this information during his journey to Parthia. He had been specifically sent in 97 CE to collect information on the Roman Empire by Ban Yong’s father, the famous general, Ban Chao. Although he only reached the shores of the Persian Gulf, he managed to gather much information on Da Qin that was new to the Chinese – presumably from seamen and other travellers he met in Parthia.
The story of the ‘water-sheep’ is also found in the Weilue, which was written sometime during the second third of the 3rd century CE by the historian, Yu Huan. It contains no criticism of the story of the ‘water-sheep’ and adds that other common domestic animals in the Roman Empire came “from the water.” It is worth repeating here:
“This country [the Roman Empire] produces fine linen. They make gold and silver coins. One gold coin is equal to ten silver coins. They have fine brocaded cloth that is said to be made from the down of ‘water-sheep’. It is called Haixi (‘Egyptian’) cloth. This country produces the six domestic animals [traditionally: horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs and pigs], which are all said to come from the water.
It is said that they not only use sheep’s wool, but also bark from trees, or the silk from wild silkworms, to make brocade, mats, pile rugs, woven cloth and curtains, all of them of good quality, and with brighter colours than those made in the countries of Haidong (“East of the Sea”).
Furthermore, they regularly make a profit by obtaining Chinese silk, unravelling it, and making fine hu (‘Western’) silk damasks. That is why this country trades with Anxi (Parthia) across the middle of the sea.”
Here we have an account not only of cloth made from the “wool” of “water-sheep”, but also that made from domestic sheep wool, tree bark, and silk from wild silkworms (yecan), as well a very light silken cloth produced from rewoven imported Chinese cultivated silk.
Emil Bretshneider in his book, Arabs and Arabian Colonies (1871), p. 24, suggested that the ‘down of the water-sheep’ referred to in the Chinese accounts was, “. . . perhaps, the Byssus, a cloth-stuff woven up to the present time by the Mediterranean coast, especially in Southern Italy, from the thread-like excrescences of several sea-shells, especially Pinna squamosa.” Hirth (1885), p. 262.
“It is all very arbitrarily, it seems to me, that the shuiyang 水羊 or ‘aquatic sheep’ have been connected with the famous agnus scythicus which plays such an important role in the accounts of travellers of the Middle Ages until the 17th century. The two legends have nothing in common, for there is no question of water regarding the agnus scythicus; as Bretschneider remarked (On the knowledge . . . , p. 24) the cloth made from the wool of aquatic sheep must be the Byssus which is manufactured with the excretions of certain seashells, notably the Pinna squamosa. This opinion seems confirmed to me by the passage of Alestakhry (10th century) : “At a certain time of the year, one sees coming up from the sea an animal which rubs up against certain rocks on the coast, and deposits a kind of wool of a silken colour, that is, of a golden colour. This wool is very rare and highly valued, and none is allowed to be wasted. It is collected and is used to weave material, which is dyed now in different colours. The Ummayad princes (who reigned at Cordova then) reserved the use of this wool for their own use. It is only in secret that one can succeed in diverting any portion of it. A robe made with this wool costs more than a thousand pieces of gold.” Reinard, from whom we have borrowed this translation (Géographie s’Aboulféda, II, II, p. 242, n. 1) indicates that the animal which comes up from the sea to rub itself on certain rocks is the marine pinnus, a shell which attaches itself to the rocks. But, if it is true that the Byssus was, in fact, manufactured from the filaments of the Pinna squamosa, it is clear, on the other hand, that this manufacture being kept secret, a legend formed which attributed the tufts gathered from the rocks at the edge of the sea to a rot of marine sheep which came to rub against these rocks. The tradition reported by Alestakhry thus appears to me to well account for the expression “aquatic sheep” 水羊 which is found for the first time in this text of the Hou Hanshu. – By disassociating the aquatic sheep from the agnus scythicus, we cannot therefore say that the legend of the agnus scythicus was unknown in China. To the contrary, the Chinese literature which gives us the most ancient evidence relating to this fantastic animal. In fact, Zhang Shouqie 張守節, who published his commentary in 737 on the Historical Memoires of Sima Qian, quotes (Mém. Hist., chap. CXXIII, p. 3a) a passage from the Yiwuzhi of Song Ying 宋膺異物志 in which we read that: “To the north of Qin, in a little country which is subject to it, there are lambs which are born spontaneously in the ground. By waiting for the moment when they are on the point of hatching out, a wall is built all around them for fear that they might be eaten by ferocious beasts. Their umbilical cord is attached to the ground and, if one cuts it, they die. Therefore instruments are beaten to scare them. They cry from fear and their umbilical cords break. Then they are allowed to search for water and pasture and form a flock. . . . ” Translated from Chavannes (1907), p. 183, n. 4.
Many scholars remained sceptical and accepted the account in the Hou Hanshu that clearly states that the so-called ‘water-sheep’ were a fiction and that the cloth referred to was, rather, wild silk:
“The down of the water sheep is a particular favourite. HIRTH accepted BRETSCHNEIDER’S suggestion that this was cloth made from the thread-like excretions of sea-shells and that this is what was meant by the term byssus! This particular fable, whose acceptance by modern scholars demonstrates an almost absurd naivety, still continues to flourish (e.g. J. FERGUSON, ANRW II 9.2, above p. 590). For the various meanings of byssus see E. WIPSZYCKA, L’industrie textile dans l’Égypte romaine: matières premières et stades préliminiaires (Warsaw 1965), 40-41.” Raschke (1976), p. 854, n. 849.
“The conclusion is that, in the whole of Chinese literature, there is only one mention of the shui-yang, that found in the Wei lio, in the middle of the 3rd cent. Later texts have been copied or abbreviated from it, and do not represent any independent tradition. In the Wei lio itself, this “water sheep” occurs only in connection with a certain textile, which was woven with threads of variegated colours without a monochrome ground (地 ti; this was the main differentiation between chih-chêng, which had no “ground”, and the 錦 chin, which had one; but it was not always strictly adhered to in the practical use of the two terms); and even then, the author of the Wei lio had heard conflicting reports, some saying that the fabric was made of tree-bark (or bast), others of the silk of wild silkworms. Moreover, there is a disquieting sentence in the text: “In that kingdom, the six domestic animals all come out of the water”, to which former inquirers did not devote a word of comment. It sounds as though Ta-Ch’in being a maritime kingdom, the “West of the Sea Kingdom”, a rumour had reached China that Ta-Ch’in was indebted to the sea not only for its “water sheep”, but for its oxen, horses, dogs, etc. . . . In any case, since all the domestic animals in Ta-Ch’in are in the same plight, the shui-yang is merely the equivalent of yang alone, and, as a matter of fact, it is the word yang (“sheep”) alone, not “water sheep”, which is used when the Wei lio speaks a second time of the wool of the same animal. Under such conditions, while admitting that there must have been in China, in the early 3rd cent., a tradition about some special sort of “sheep’s down” of Ta-Ch’in, I think that we must be careful not to lay too much stress on the statement that this sheep was a “water sheep”. Pelliot (1963), pp. 509-510.
Evidence of the existence of sea-silk textiles in the 4th century Roman Empire, and the fact that the “marine wool” mentioned in Diocletian’s Price Edict of 301 CE possibly refers to sea silk, leads us to re-examine the references in the Chinese accounts.
On closer examination of the wording of the Chinese text of the Hou Hanshu, it appears that the claim that the cloth made from “water-sheep” was false and really referred to wild silks is likely a critical comment added by the compiler Fan Ye in the 5th century CE to the original report by Gan Ying. It seems quite probable to me now that the original reports had a factual basis, only to be discounted as myth at a later period.
In fact, “sea-silk” has always been extremely rare and it is quite plausible that similar cloths from Da Qin examined by the Chinese in later periods were wild silks. Although wild silks were themselves uncommon, they were not nearly as rare (or as costly) as sea-silk. Wild silks could be easily mistaken sea-silk, as many of them were naturally similar in colour and appearance to sea-silk and they were, sometimes, blended together.
“The most famous product produced by the Pinnidae is the byssus fiber, which is an extremely fine and soft but strong fiber produced by a gland in the foot of the animal for the purpose of anchoring the shell. The byssus fiber of some of the larger species in this family is sufficiently long so that it can be spun and then woven or knitted to make small garments. It has a beautiful golden bronze sheen and was often combined with silk when used in making larger garments. Most authorities believe that the use of the byssus as a fiber in making garments probably originated in India near Colchi. This is based on the fact that the earlier Greek and Roman writers referred to Pinna but did not mention the use of the byssus before the time of Tertullian (150-222 A.D.). Tarento was the center of the industry in Italy, and Procopius, who wrote on the Persian wars about 350 A.D., stated that the five hereditary satraps (governors) of Armenia who received their insignia from the Roman Emperor were given chlamys (or cloaks) made from lana pinna (Pinna “wool,” or byssus). Apparently only the ruling classes were allowed to wear these chlamys. Even today a small remnant of the former industry remains in Italy and a few articles such as gloves, hats, shawls and stockings are made mainly for the tourist trade. According to Simmonds (1879) in “The Commercial Products of the Sea,” the byssus formed an important article of commerce among the Sicilians, for which purpose considerable numbers of Pinna were annually fished in the Mediterranean from a depth of 20 to 30 feet. He also said, “a considerable manufactory is established at Palermo; the fabrics made are extremely elegant and vie in appearance with the finest silk. The best products of this material are, however, said to be made in the Orphan Hospital of St. Philomel at Lucca.” Though the modern gloves and shawls are knitted, the chlamys, gloves and stockings of the ancients were woven, for knitting was not known until about 1500 according to Yates (1843). Articles made from Pinna byssus are extremely strong and durable except that they are readily attacked by moths so that great care must be taken in their preservation. There are, as a consequence, very few examples of the early garments in existence. On Plate 153 are shown the cleaned byssus of Atrina rigida Solander ; the shell of Pinna nobilis Linné, the species from which the byssus was obtained for the Italian industry ; and a glove made from byssus fibre at Tarento, Italy [presently displayed at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.].” Turner and Rosewater (1958), pp. 292 and 294.
The Oxford English Dictionary (1971), Compact Edition Reprint (1988) gives under Byssus:
“3. Zool. The tuft of fine silky filaments by which molluscs of the genus Pinna and various mussels attach themselves to the surface of rocks; it is secreted by the byssus-gland in the foot.”
“These filaments have been spun, and made into small articles of apparel.. Their colour is brilliant, and ranges from a beautiful golden yellow to a rich brown; they are also very durable.. The fabric is so thin that a pair of stockings may be put in an ordinary-sized snuff-box.” [From: The draper’s dictionary, by S. William Beck (1886)].
The Treasury of Natural History or A Popular Dictionary of Zoology by Samuel Maunder. London. Longmans, Green, and Co. (1878), p. 526, states:
“PINNA. A genus of Molluscs, called also wing-shell, which in many respects approaches the Mussels. It has two equal wedge-shaped valves, united by a ligament along one of their sides ; and obtains a very considerable size, sometimes being nearly three feet long. The animal fixes itself, by its byssus which is remarkably long and silky, to submarine rocks and other bodies ; where it lives in a vertical position, the point of the shell being undermost, and the base or edge above. Sometimes large bodies of them are found even attached to a sandy bottom at the depth of a few fathoms. They are common in some parts of the Mediterranean ; and are not merely sought as food by the inhabitants on the coasts, but they gather the byssus, of which a stuff may be formed which is remarkable for its warmth and suppleness. The filaments are extremely fine and strong, and the colour, which is a reddish-brown, never fades. The finest byssus of the ancients was fabricated from these filaments ; and in Sicily they are still sometimes manufactured into gloves and other articles of dress, though, it must be confessed, more as an object of curiosity than use.”
“The Pinnidae have considerable economic importance in many parts of the world. They produce pearls of moderate value. In the Mediterranean area, material made from the holdfast or byssus of Pinna nobilis Linné has been utilized in the manufacture of clothing for many centuries: gloves, shawls, stockings and cloaks. Apparel made from this material has an attractive golden hue and these items were greatly valued by the ancients.
Today, pinnidae are eaten in Japan, Polynesia, in several other Indo-Pacific island groups, and on the west coast of Mexico, In Polynesia, the valves of Atrina vexillum are carved to form decorative articles, and entire valves of larger specimens are sometimes used as plates.” Rosewater (1961), pp. 175-176.
The word byssus not only refers to the excretions of seashells, as sometimes assumed, but originally referred to fine threads of linen, and later, of cotton and silk. It is derived from Latin byssus via Gk. byssos – flax, linen. It is of Semitic origin related to Hebrew būts – fine linen. This word is probably related to the material “‘Böz,’ an exotic cloth in the Chinese Imperial Court.” Discussed in Ecsady (1975), pp. 145-153.
It seems that the initial reports of sea-wool reaching China in the 1st century CE were based on a genuine tradition. These reports were then embellished by the 3rd century to the point that the six main domestic animals known to the Chinese were said to have come from the water in the Roman Empire.
By the 5th century, the whole story was being dismissed as a fable; the sea-wool explained away as merely a form of wild silk – with which the Chinese had had long experience.
Felicitas Maeder very kindly, sent me a copy of her excellent article, “The project Sea-silk – Rediscovering an Ancient Textile Material,” from the Archaeological Textiles Newsletter Number 35, Autumn 2002, pp. 8-11. She also included a copy of the fascinating chapter, “Oriental Translations: Pinna Wool, Aquatic Sheep and Mermaid Fleece,” pp. 67-75, from Daniel L. McKinley’s monograph, “Pinna and Her Silken Beard: A Foray Into Historical Misappropriations” in Ars Textrina: A Journal of Textiles and Costume, Volume Twenty-nine, June, 1998. Winnipeg, Canada, 9p. 9-223.
Felicitas Maeder’s article not only includes a beautiful full-page colour reproduction of a 14th century knitted cap of sea-silk but points out on page 10 that:
“Proof of the reality of the use of sea-silk for textile production at least in late antiquity is a fragment of a woven textile of the 4th century. It was found in 1912 in a woman’s grave in Aquinicum (Budapest), at that time a Roman town at the north-east frontier of the empire. It was described in 1917 by F. Hollendonner and 1935 by L. Nagy. J. P. Wild mentions this fragment in his study of textile manufacture in the Northern Roman provinces (1970) and adds that it supports the assumption that the ‘marine wool’ of Diocletian’s Price Edict meant sea-silk.”
Felicitas Maeder, through the “Project sea-silk” at the Natural History Museum in Basle, Switzerland, has mounted a spectacular exhibition on sea silk from 19th March to 27th June, 2004 featuring a wide variety of items made of sea silk loaned by museums all over Europe. They have just published a magnificently illustrated catalogue on the exhibition with detailed notes on all aspects of the history, production and uses of sea silk in both Italian and German, called Bisso marino: Fili d’oro dal fondo del mare – Muschelseide : Goldene Fäden vom Meeresgrund. Edited by Felicitas Maeder, Ambros Hänggi, and Dominik Wunderlin. Naturhistoriches Museum and Museum der Kulturen, Basel, Switzerland.
There can no longer be any question of sea silk being just a fable!
E. Wild Silks.
Wild silks are produced by a number of non-domesticated silkworms. They all differ in one major respect from the domesticated varieties. The cocoons, which are gathered in the wild, have already been chewed through by the pupa or caterpillar (“silkworm”) before the cocoons are gathered and thus the single thread which makes up the cocoon has been cut into shorter lengths, making a weaker thread. They also differ in colour and texture and are often more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm.
Commercially reared silkworms are killed before the pupae emerge by dipping them in boiling water or they are killed with a needle, thus allowing the whole cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread. This allows a much stronger cloth to be woven from the silk.
There is ample evidence that small quantities of “wild silks” were already being produced in the Mediterranean and Middle East by the time the superior, and stronger, cultivated silk from China began to be imported.
Pliny, in the 1st century CE, obviously had some knowledge of how silkworms were utilised, even though his account included some muddled information:
“Another species of insect is the silk-moth which is a native of Assyria. It is larger than the insects already mentioned [i.e. bees, wasps and hornets]. Silk-moths make their nests of mud, which looks like salt, attached to stone; they are so hard they can scarcely be pierced by javelins. In the nests they make wax combs on a larger scale than bees and produce a bigger larva.
Silk-moths have an additional stage in their generation. A very big larva first changes into a caterpillar with two antennae, this becomes what is termed a chrysalis, from which comes a larva which in six months turns into a silkworm. The silkworms weave webs like spiders and these are used for haute couture dresses for women, the material being called silk. The technique of unravelling the cocoons and weaving the thread was first invented on Cos by a woman named Pamphile, the daughter of Plateas. She has the inalienable distinction of having devised a way of making women’s clothing ‘see-through.’
Silk-moths, so they say, are produced on Cos, where a vapour from the ground breathes life into the flowers – from the cypress, terebinth, ash and oak – that have been beaten down by the rain. First, small butterflies without down are produced; these cannot endure the cold so they grow shaggy hair and equip themselves with thick coats to combat winter, scraping together down from the leaves with their rough feet. They compact this into fleeces, card it with their claws and draw it out into the woof, thinned out as if by a comb, and then they wrap this round their body.
Then they are taken away, put in earthenware containers and reared on bran in a warm atmosphere. Underneath their coats a peculiar kind of feather grows, and when they are covered by these they are taken out for special treatment. The tufts of wool are plucked out and softened by moisture and subsequently thinned out into threads by means of a rush spindle. Even men have not been ashamed to adopt silk clothing in summer because of its lightness. Our habits have become so bizarre since the time we used to wear leather cuirasses that even a toga is considered an undue weight. However, we have left Assyrian silk dresses to the women – so far!” Pliny NH (a), pp. 157-158. (XI, 75-78).
“The use and production of wild silk was known to geographically widely diverse areas of the ancient world. In this case the larvae are not cultivated or fed. They spin the cocoon and then chew their way out of it. The cocoons are then collected and unwound. The domesticated silkworm is killed, either by scalding the cocoon or by the insertion of a needle, to insure that the thread remains undamaged from the efforts of the larvae to escape. Wild silk is coarser and somewhat less expensive and is the product of a considerable variety of larvae of the sub-order bombycina. It is to this class that the famous Coan silk of the ancient world belonged. Such wild silk was produced in China and possibly also in India, Central Asia and Mesopotamia. How much, if any, was exported to the West is unknown.” Raschke, Manfred G., 1976: 623. (Also see the discussion of Coan silk, ibid. 722, nn. 380, 381).
“One knows that Aristotle mentions fabrics made from the cocoons of a wild silkworm on the island of Kos.” Chavannes (1907), p. 184, n. 1.
“The Arthaśāstra lists valuable goods considered important to be included in the king’s treasury and this includes a range of textiles such as silk, where a distinction is made between patrorṇā, kauśeya, and cīna-paṭṭa (II.11.107-14). Patrorṇā has been identified as uncultivated silk collected from various trees (Scharfe 1993:290) and together with kauśeya, which Xuanzang differentiates from Chinese silk and refers to as gathered from wild silkworms (Beal 1906/1958, vol. II: 133), it forms the Indian varieties of silk. Kauśeya is already mentioned in the fifth to fourth-century BCE grammar of Paṇini (IV.3.42) and occurs in the Epics.” Ray (2003), p. 220.
As Ray mentions in the above quote, Beal does claim that the kauśeya that Xuanzang mentions as being used for clothing in India, “is the product of the wild silkworm” (but on vol. I, p. 75 of my 1969 reprint of the 1884 edition). However, Watters (1904-05), I, p. 148, specifies that it was a silk made from the cocoon of “Bombyx Mori” – which is the domesticated silkworm. Monier-Williams (1899) p. 317, defines kauśeya simply as: “. . . silken. . . silk, silk cloth, silk petticoat or trousers, a woman’s lower garments of silk. . . .”
“The more than 500 species of wild silkworms fend for themselves, feasting on oak and other leaves. When they become moths, they are bigger and more gorgeous than the commercial Bombyx. More robust than their domesticated cousins, wild silkworms produce a tougher, rougher silk, not as easily bleached and dyed as the mulberry silk.
China is the chief supplier of an off-white wild silk known as tussah. India has a monopoly on the muga caterpillar, which thrives in the humidity of the Assam Valley and produces a shimmering golden silk. The eri silkworm, raised on the castor plant in India, produces silk that is extremely durable, but that cannot be easily reeled off the cocoon and must be spun like cotton or wool.” Hyde (1984), p. 14.
There are a number of references in early Chinese literature to nanjin as a very rare and highly-prized tribute item coming from the south. Unfortunately, it has never been clear exactly what this product was. The Hanyu da cidian has several references to nanjin which show that as early as the Later Han it was being included in a list of rare treasures which also included precious jewels, special fine silk (used to produce fans), and fine mulberry paper. In the Pan shui it is listed along with ivory as a tribute item and says in a later entry that it was a form of unbleached silk.
“Nan Jin see Pei Wen Yun Fu p. 1425. I think this is a kind of silk.” Dr. Ryden, personal email 2/7/98.
“India has a monopoly on the muga caterpillar, which thrives in the humidity of the Assam Valley and produces a shimmering golden silk. The eri silkworm, raised on the castor plant in India, produces silk that is extremely durable, but that cannot be easily reeled off the cocoon and must be spun like cotton or wool.” Hyde (1984), p. 14.
The beautiful and expensive golden-coloured “wild” silk called “Muga” is produced only in the Brahmaputra Valley - mainly Assam and adjoining parts of Burma. This silk has always been highly prized - not only for its beautiful natural golden sheen, which actually improves with ageing and washing – but for the fact that it is the strongest natural fibre known. Garments made of it outlast those made of ordinary silk - commonly lasting 50 years or more.
In addition, it absorbs moisture better than ordinary silk and is, therefore, more comfortable to wear. Nowadays, it is mainly sought after for the highest-quality saris given as dowry presents to wealthy brides in India. There is, apparently, quite a racket in India, where other “wild” silks are dyed so they can be passed off as the more expensive Muga variety. Also see: “On the question of silk in pre-Han Eurasia” by Irene Good. Antiquity Vol. 69, Number 266, December 1995, pp. 959-968; “Silk in Ancient Nubia: One Road, Many Sources” by Nettie K. Adams (to be published soon).
F. Maritime Commerce and Shipping during the Han Period.
By the first century CE a vast network of interlinked, regularly travelled, maritime trade routes stretched all the way from Britain to Korea (via the Mediterranean, Egypt, India and Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Tonkin), and down the east coast of Africa.
These sea routes were, of course, closely linked with the overland routes, allowing a flow of goods and ideas across almost the whole of the known world at the time.
Roman and Arab ships dominated the Egypt to India trade, but most of the trade between India and China was carried by Malay, Indonesian and Indian ships. It seems it was only later that Chinese ships regularly travelled to India. It was rare, however, for Chinese or Roman citizens to make the complete round trip journey between China and Egypt:
“The water of the great sea which is crossed on the road thither [to the Roman Empire] is salt and bitter, and unfit for drinking purposes; the merchants travelling to and fro are provided with three years’ provisions; hence, there are not many going. . . . During the T’ai-k’ang period of the emperor Wu-ti [= CE 280-290] their king sent an envoy to offer tribute.” From the Chin-shu, “written before the middle of the 7th century, and embracing the period CE 265-419, ch. 97. . . ,” translation from Hirth (1885), p. 45.
This network of sea routes was made possible by a series of four almost simultaneous developments:
– China gained control of Jiaozhi [Chiao-chih] (Tonkin – centred near modern Hanoi in the delta of the Red River) by early first century CE.
– The annexation of Egypt in 31 BCE provided Rome with access to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
– The strong desire of China and Rome both for direct trade with India, and to open a sea route between their two empires to evade the heavy taxes charged by the Parthians on the main east-west caravan routes.
– The emergence of a regular sea trade between India, Indonesia, and China, particularly by Indian, and Indonesian merchantmen. Some of these ships were very large for their day and are said to have carried up to a thousand passengers and cargoes of over a thousand tonnes.
This trade was made simpler and more reliable, for not only did the winds change direction at various seasons, but so did the ocean currents. This meant that ships could sail both ways across the Indian Ocean and in and out of the Persian Gulf (at different times of year) with not only favourable winds, but also favourable currents:
“In tropical waters there is an interplay between air currents and ocean currents. Equatorial currents and trade winds keep one another company from east to west all year round across the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The Indian Ocean differs because the monsoons dominate, and the ocean current is influenced by winds that blow from south to north in the six summer months and from north to south in the six winter months. This is the only ocean area in the world where currents change directions with the seasons. Arab and Indian dhows took advantage of those varying tailwinds when they sailed back and forth with their merchandise, in and out of the Persian Gulf. The changes in the monsoon were part of nature’s clockwork, and just as reliable as the sun and the moon.” Heyerdahl (2000), p. 290.
“We also have dramatic new evidence of sailing ability in the early historical period in Southeast Asia, in this case perhaps involving use of the monsoon winds that blow seasonally across the Bay of Bengal. About 2,000 years ago, pottery characteristic of the Indo-Roman site of Arikamedu in Tamil Nadu, on the Indian coast, found its way to the site of Sembiran in Bali (excavated by I.W. Ardika of Udayana University in Bali), an astounding 2,700 miles as the crow flies, or much more if the sailors hugged the coast. This Indian trade pottery--the largest assemblage ever found outside the Indian subcontinent itself--heralded a millennium of cultural contact that gave rise to the temples and civilizations of Pagan, Angkor, and Borobudur. Much of this trade probably involved spices--even Romans occasionally acquired cloves, which came from small islands in the northern Moluccas.” Bellwood (1997).
Most foreign shipping to China during the Later Han seems to have terminated at the port of Jiaozhi in the Red River Delta, near modern Hanoi and Haiphong. Sailing around Hainan Island and up the rest of the coast of China was hazardous and uncertain, as were the straits between Formosa and the mainland.
From Jiaozhi junks could transport goods up the Red River some 330 km [205 miles] to Manhao, in what is now southern Yunnan and transported from there overland across the famous “five-foot road” to central China and the capital, Changan.
Jiaozhi seems to be the only port under Chinese control mentioned in the early literature which was reached by envoys and merchants from Da Qin (the Roman Empire). It was not until later that ports to the north such as Nan-hai began to be frequented by ships from the south and west.
“Marinos [of Tyre] does not tell the number of stadia from the Golden Chersonese to Cattigara, but says Alexander wrote that the shore line extends toward the south, and that those sailing along the shore came, after twenty days, to Zaba. From Zaba carried southward and toward the left, they came after some days to Cattigara.
He lengthens the distance, interpreting the expression some days to mean many days, and believing (ridiculously it seems to me) that the expression “some days” was used because the days were too many to be counted.” From: Ptolemy, Geography, 35 (Chap. 14, 1-2).
“. . . , and from those who have come to us we have also learned much concerning its [India’s] interior as far as the Golden Chersonesus, and from there to Cattigara. We have also learned that those who sail there sail to the eastward, and those returning sail to the westward.
The navigators say that the time of the passage is uncertain, and that beyond Sina is the region of the Seres and the city Sera. What regions lie east of this they say are unknown, for they have stagnant marshes, in which grow reeds so thick and so large, that catching hold of them, and upborne by them, men can walk across these marshes. They say further that not only is there a way from there to Bactriana through the Stone Tower, but also a way to India through Palimbothra.
The journey from the capital Sina to the gate of Cattigara runs to the southwest, and therefore does not coincide with the meridian drawn through Sera and Cattigara, as Marinus reports, but with one drawn more to the east.” Ptolemy, Geography, 37-38. (Chap. 17, 4-5).
“In the 9th year of the Yen-hsi period of Huan-ti of the Han dynasty [= CE 166] the king of Ta-ts’in, An-tun, sent an embassy with tribute from the frontier of Jih-nan [Annam]; during the Han period they have only once communicated [with China]. The merchants of this country frequently visit Fu-nan [Siam, Cambodja?] Jih-nan [Annam] and Chiao-chih [Tung-king]; but few of the inhabitants of these southern frontier states have come to Ta-ts’in. During the 5th year of the Huang-wu period of the reign of Sun-ch’uan [= CE 226] a merchant of Ta-ts’in came to Chiao-chih [Tung-king]; the prefect [t’ai-shou] of Chiao-chih, Wu Miao, sent him to Sun-ch’üan [the Wu emperor], who asked him for a report on his native country and its people. Ts’in-lun prepared a statement, and replied. At the time Chu-ko K’o chastised Tan-yang [= Kiang-nan] and they had caught blackish coloured dwarfs. When Ts’in-lun saw them he said that in Ta-ts’in these men are rarely seen. Sun-ch’üan then sent for male and female dwarfs, ten of each, in charge of an officer, Liu Hsien of Hui-chi [a district in Chêkiang], to accompany Ts’in-lun. Liu Hsien died on the road, whereupon Ts’in-lun returned to his native country.” From the Liang-shu, “written about A.D. 629, and comprising the period A.D. 502-556, ch. 54: the account of Chung T’ien-chu.” Translation by Hirth (1885), pp. 47-48 [with some minor adaptations].
Soon after 111 BCE, when the Chinese conquered the Yue [Yüeh] kingdom, centred in the rich delta of the Red River, they began searching for land routes to the west. They found their path blocked by local tribes, and were forced to generally rely on the northwest route through Central Asia:
“At this time Han had already overthrown the kingdom of Yüeh [111 BCE] in the southeast, and the barbarian tribes living southwest of Shu [western part of present Szechuan] were all filled with awe and begged to be ruled by Han officials and allowed to pay their respects at court. The Han therefore set up the provinces of I-chou [109 BCE], Yüeh-sui [111 BCE], Tsang-ko [111 BCE], Ch’en-li [111 BCE], and Wen-shan [111 BCE], hoping to extend the area under Han control so that a route could be opened to Ta-hsia [Daxia = Bactria]. The Han sent Po Shih-ch’ang, Lü Yüeh-jen, and others, over ten parties in the space of one year, out of these new provinces to try to get through to Ta-hsia. The parties were all blocked by the K’un-ming barbarians, however, who stole their goods and murdered the envoys, so that none of them were ever able to reach Ta-hsia.
The Han then freed the criminals of the three districts of the capital area and, adding to them twenty or thirty thousand soldiers from Pa and Shu, dispatched them under the command of two generals, Kuo Ch’ang and Wei Kuang, to go and attack the K’un-ming tribes that were blocking the Han envoys. The army succeeded in killing or capturing twenty or thirty thousand of the enemy before departing from the area, but later, when another attempt was made to send envoys to Ta-hsia, the K’un-ming once more fell upon them and none were able to reach their destination. By this time, however, so many envoys had journeyed to Ta-hsia by the northern route out of Chiu-ch’üan that the foreign states in the area had become surfeited with Han goods and no longer regarded them with any esteem.” From Chapter 123 of the Shih chi of Szu-ma Ch’ien, translated by Watson (1961). Vol. II, 275-276. See also the similar passage in Chapter 61 of the Hanshu, translated in: CICA, pp. 220-221.
Nothing is heard of this route again until CE 69 when the Chinese established the Prefecture of Yongchang [Yung-ch’ang] across the upper Mekong, Salween, and Red Rivers, with its headquarters east of the Salween, about 100 kilometres from the present border of Burma, near modern Dali [Tali].
“Despite Han China’s annexation of its Vietnamese province near the end of the second century B.C., which brought the Middle Kingdom into close geographical proximity to Southeast Asia, China’s role in the development of the early seaborne trade of the area was relatively unimportant. This fact was attributable in some measure to the failure of the Chinese authorities to maintain the naval power needed for suppressing the pirates who infested the Fukien and Kwangtung coastal areas. The policing of the south was regarded, apparently, as being not worth the effort required. The Middle Kingdom’s cultural and political centre was located in the Yellow River Valley, so that the distant coasts constituted only a little-used back door leading to the barbarian world of the southern seas. In general, China evinced no urge to civilize its southern neighbours, even though at a later date it set no geographical bounds to the exercise of its political suzerainty in the area.
China’s traditional outlet to the civilized world of India and the Middle East long remained the overland silk road across Central Asia. It was by this route that Buddhism reached China from India in the first century A.D. In the late fourth century it was in reverse along the same route, dotted at the time with monastic way stations, that the Chinese pilgrim Fa Hsien and others found their way back to India for the purpose of visiting Buddhist shrines and assembling Pali scriptures. When the Han Chinese undertook in the first century to develop shorter trade connections with India, they selected the previously mentioned route from the upper Yangtse basin through the gorges of the Mekong and Salween Rivers in western Yunnan to the Irrawaddy Valley of Burma and thence to the coasts of the Bay of Bengal. Proceeding westward in the winter winds, they made for the Telingana and Kalinga areas of the eastern coast of India, where the Mons also maintained their most persistent contacts. The special Chinese prefecture of Yung ch’ang, covering the area of western Yunnan, was established in A.D. 69. This route continued to be used until after the collapse of the Han dynasty in the early third century; the Yung ch’ang prefecture was not abandoned until 342.” Cady (1964), pp. 22-23.
“Near Eastern cargoes penetrating to the China market were of necessity luxury goods such as frankincense and myrrh, medicinal drugs, jewels, fine textiles and carpets, and glassware. From Southeast Asian sources, China also began to accept, as early as the second century, forest products such as pine resins, benzoin, camphor, scented woods, ebony, ivory, and condiments. The forest items in particular may have first gained entry into China as cheaper substitutes for the rare “Persian” drugs and perfumes of the Near East. This Po-ssŭ trade from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula eventually (by the third or fourth century) gained Chinese acceptance on its own merits.” Cady (1964), pp. 26-27.
There is no evidence that the Chinese ever succeeded in opening a major overland route from Yunnan to the west, due to the difficult terrain and hostile native tribes. There was, at times, some movement of goods from Burmese ports, up the Irrawaddy River as far as Bhamo and even as far as Myitkyinā. From Bhamo, goods were taken overland into Yunnan and southern China.
“Commercial transport is maintained for about 800 miles [1,287 km]. From Henzada to Bhamo (670 miles) [1,078 km], commercial traffic is maintained throughout the year, but from Bhamo to Myitkyina (125 miles), for only seven months.” NEB: vol. 9, 899.
For extensive details on the overland routes through Yunnan and to Burma and India, see Pelliot (1904), pp. 131-413, which although it relates to conditions in the 8th century, it contains much of relevance to earlier periods.
The Mekong River was not a viable alternative for access into Southern China, as waterfalls and rapids made navigation on the upper river impossible. The Chinese soon discovered, as the French did many years later, that the Red River provided the easiest access to Southern China – when political control of the lower river could be maintained:
“Garnier and de Lagrée led a small expedition up the [Mekong] river between 1866 and 1868; they reached Luang Prabang and, ignoring the King’s dissuasions, followed the river’s course into China as far as Tali. There Garnier was courteously turned back, but he had discovered both that the Mekong was useless as a trade route between Saigon and Yunnan, owing to the rapids of its wild upper reaches, and that the Red River (Song Koi) was a more feasible route to China from Tongking. This route was quickly tested by Dupuis, a merchant whom Garnier had met at Hangkow and who had contacts with Chinese generals in Yunnan. In 1871 Dupuis left Yunnan-fu to strike the Red River at Mang-hao, south of the provincial capital, and then came down to Hanoi with a cargo of tin and copper. He returned up the river to Yunnan with a cargo of arms, and again made the downstream journey to Hanoi.” Simkin (1968), p. 342.
“When, more than five years earlier, the ragged and exhausted members of the Mekong mission had met Jean Dupuis in Hankow, this astute French businessman had recognized the vital commercial significance of their information about the Red River. As an arms merchant, Dupuis did not need to be told that a river route into Yunnan, such as they believed the Red River to be, offered great opportunities. Instead of having to ship weapons by the long and costly way of the Yangtze, and then overland to the Yunnanese capital at K’un-ming, the Red River could be used to transport supplies into the heart of southwestern China. After two visits to the capital of Yunnan, Dupuis had, by early 1871, a major commission to purchase arms for the imperial forces. His plan was to buy these in France, then bring them up the Red River to Yunnan.” Osborne (1975), p. 201.
“As with so much of the history of the Mekong expedition, the debate over who first discovered the Red River’s commercial possibilities ended with a final twist of irony. Just as the Mekong was bound to be impossible for long-distance navigation by craft of any size, so eventually did the Red River prove to have little commercial value. It was, as Dupuis had found, navigable, with some difficulty from the Gulf of Tonkin into China, but his experience did not represent any general indication of the river’s possibilities. Depuis’ arms sales to the imperial forces in Yunnan had been a special case. He had, for a brief period, stood ready to supply the one commodity which the officials in Yunnan required. When, more than a decade later, France did occupy Tonkin, the last thing the new colonial administration wished to see was the use of the Red River as a conduit for arms. In later years the upper waters of the Red River were important for local commerce but little more.” Osborne (1975), p. 217.
“Decade after decade, French planners pored over maps, still convinced that it ought to be possible to use the Mekong as a link to China; if only the rapids could be conquered, this great river would offer a way to the country that had been so very much in French minds from the earliest days of their colonial presence in Vietnam. In the eighties and nineties, and even into the twentieth century, plans were made and, more rarely, put into action. All to no avail. Highly powered steam launches could master some of the rapids, but the Khone falls remained a major obstacle to passage from Cambodia into Laos. In Laos itself, navigation above Vientiane was made tortuous and slow by the rapids that had cost the French expedition so much effort. The best that could be done was to link the navigable stretches of the river by other, land-based forms of transport. When British naval intelligence produced a handbook on the Indochinese region during the Second World War, the information provided on the Mekong as a navigable route was succinct and to the point. At the end of the 1930s it still took longer to travel from Saigon to Luang Prabang than to travel from Saigon to Marseilles. The golden route to China did not lie along the Mekong.” Osborne (1975), pp. 218-219. See also Osborne (2000), pp. 102, 103, 114, 119.
The Red River was navigable as far up as Manhao [Man-hao] in Yunnan. I can report from my own personal observation that above this point navigation on the river is prevented by extensive rapids. From here a road went to Mengzi [Meng-tzu] and on, via Jian-shui [Chien-shui] and Tonghai [Tung-hai], to join the main road (the ‘Five Foot Road’), near present day Kunming, which led all the way, via Chengdu, to the capital at Changan (modern Xian).
“The commercial highway from Chiao-chih (Tungking) to Yün-nan, or the Tunking Manhao trade route to Yün-nan. Man-hao is the landing place at the end of the Red River in the Circuit or Intendancy of Southern Yün-nan, called I-nan Tao . . . .
The most important of all routes to Yün-nan from an economical point of view, as well as from its superior convenience, is undoubtedly the Tungking Manhao Route.
However disagreeable it may be to Englishmen to know it the French in Tungking are in possession of the key to Yün-nan. The navigability of the Red River for junks as high up as Manhao in Yün-nan, has been proven beyond doubt.
Manhao is a town and port at the head of navigation on the Red River. It is in the jurisdiction of the Lin-an Fu prefecture and in the county of Mêng-tzŭ Hsien. From Manhao to Yün-nan Fu, the Capital of the province, the journey occupies eleven days, and the whole of the journey from Hanoi to the Capital of Yün-nan can be accomplished within a month by junk and pony, but the introduction of steam will greatly abridge the time occupied on the journey.” Mesny (1896), p. 346.
“MENG-TZU, Pin-yin romanization MENG-ZU [now Mengzi], town in southern Yunnan Province (sheng), China. In the 19th century, Meng-tzu was a trading centre for commerce between the interior of Yunnan and the Hanoi-Haiphong area of Indochina. Communications were inconvenient: goods were brought to Ho-k’ou on the Indochinese border by junk, transferred by a small craft to Man-hao, and then brought 37 mi (60 km) by pack animal to Meng-tzu. Despite these difficulties, Meng-tzu was an important point of entry not only into Yunnan but also into western Kweichow Province and in 1889 was opened to foreign trade as a treaty port. Most of this foreign trade was in tin and opium. The importance of Meng-tzu was ended by the construction of the French railway from Haiphong to K’un-ming (provincial capital of Yunnan) in 1906-10. This railway bypassed Meng-tzu, but in 1915, a branch line was built via the town to the Ko-chiu [Gejiu] tin mines. . . . ” NEB: VI, p. 789. See also Pelliot (1904), pp. 141-142.
The Weilue makes it quite clear that it was mainly by this route foreigners and their merchandise made their way to Yongchang [Yung-ch’ang]. The routes from the south and the west included difficult overland portages that frequently crossed the territory of hostile tribes. As a result of this situation, Jiaozhi, in the delta of the Red River, near modern Hanoi, soon became China’s major port in the south:
“As the Jiutangshu (k. 41, p. 33b) says, all the kingdoms of the southern seas who came to render homage during the Han, “inevitably took the way of Jiaozhi.” Pelliot (1904), p. 133. See also Hirth (1885), pp. 47-48.
“The population statistics of Chiao-chih Commandery for A.D. 2 [92,440 households] suggest that by that time Tongking was already a flourishing trade center with large households of merchant families dealing in the exotic wares of the south and controlling the southern extreme of the Nan-hai trade routes.” Holmgren (1980), p. 71.
The story of the family of Senghui [Seng-hui], died c. 280 CE, a famous Buddhist monk and translator, gives a glimpse of this movement of foreign merchants to Jiaozhi, in the delta of the Red River:
“The ancestors of the Sogdian Seng-hui were originally from K’ang-chü (Sogdiana). They had been established in T’ien-chou (India) for several generations. His father came to Chiao-chih (Tonkin) to trade.” Translated from Chavannes (1909), pp. 199-200.
The biography of Shi Xie [Shih Hsieh] who ruled Jiaozhi Circuit with his family from CE 189-226 gives us a fascinating glimpse of the wealth and trade of Jiaozhi in the early third century:
“Whenever Hsieh sent couriers to Sun Ch’üan [ruler of the Wu court at Nanking CE 222-252], they brought with them varied types of incense, fine cloth and always several thousand pearls, great cowries, porcelain, blue kingfisher feathers, tortoise shells, rhinoceros horn and elephant tusk. They also brought strange animals and curiosities, coconuts, bananas and longans. Not a year went by without the arrival of a tribute mission. Once [Shih] Yi [one of Shih Hsieh’s brothers who was in charge of a commandery] sent a tribute of several hundred horses. Ch’üan invariably sent letters greatly increasing their honours in order to keep their allegiance and make them happy.” SKC 49 (Wu 4), 11b-12a. From: Holmgren (1980), p. 75.
“Entrances and exits at his (Shih Hsieh’s) court were heralded by striking of gongs and musical stones, a correct sense of decorum was adhered to, whistles and flutes were played and often there were several hu (Westerners) burning incense beside his carriage in the street.” SKC 49 (Wu 4), 10a. From: Holmgren (1980), p. 76.
“Official Chinese use of the sea route to Southeast Asia for diplomatic contact with India also occurred in the first century A.D. The Chinese envoys destined for India proceeded cautiously around the shoreline from Kwangtung past Hainan Island to Vietnam and along the coasts of Annam and Cochin-China around to a point at the northwest corner of the Gulf of Siam. Debarking here in the civilized Mon state called Tun-sun by the Chinese, the envoys proceeded overland via the Mekong Valley and the Three Pagodas Pass to the estuary of Burma’s Salween River at Martaban. From here they proceeded past the delta of the Irrawaddy and on up the coast of Arakan, whence they traversed a route to India much the same as the final stage of the commercial overland route. It was this same Tun-sun portage route from Martaban to the Gulf of Siam shore which was presumably used in 120 by a China-bound mission from the Roman Empire, which included musicians and jugglers. There is no clear indication that the water-route to India via Tun-sun, clearly known to the Chinese, was ever seriously exploited by them for commercial purposes. Occasional Chinese junks, no doubt, braved the dangers of the southern seas down to various points on the northern and eastern Malay coasts. Fragments of Han porcelains are widely scattered. Patani was an early port of call, and the Emperor Wang Mang reportedly, sent to Sumatra for rhinoceros horns. A few Chinese may have proceeded around the peninsula to the port of Trakkola (Trang), but official Chinese initiative and participation in the early Southeast Asian trade were very meagre.
The reasons for the lack of Chinese interest in the south ocean trade can be surmised. In the first place the navigational hazards were great, and the inferior Chinese ships were obliged to sail close to shore long after Indonesian, Indian, and Arab ships had learned enough about seasonal winds and navigation to strike out across the open sea. The officials at South China ports, furthermore, did not encourage the uncontrolled activity of private traders – a policy which did characterize the urban port-centered kingdoms of India. Even after the attractive commercial possibilities of the south ocean trade became apparent in the second century, the officially acceptable trade from that area was confined for the most part to the Vietnamese port of Chiao-chi. Canton began to be widely used only in the sixth century. It was easier, and no doubt just as profitable, for port officials to control a segregated community of resident Southeast Asian traders operating on a seasonal rhythm than to encourage an expansion of Chinese shipping. The so-called Po-ssŭ trading community at Chinese ports to which Chinese accounts of the early centuries make reference was probably composed of Sumatran or isthmian merchants trading in Persian-type perfumes, scented woods, resins, and pearls produced in and collected from tropical forests and coastal waters of Southeast Asia.
In any case the initiative in the shuttle trade between China on the north and the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra on the south came at first almost entirely from the Malays. If Chinese traders penetrated the south ocean areas, they did so as passengers of Po-ssŭ ships operated by Malays or Indonesians. . . .
Regular trading contacts between Chinese and Southeast Asian ports were developed by the late second century on the initiative of a dozen or so partly Indianized city-states located on the shores of the Gulf of Siam. These port cities were grouped together into an empire or federation by Funan probably around the middle of the third century. Such trading operations were associated after 240 with the periodic dispatch of official tributary missions to Chinese courts with gifts advertising local wares. Commercial exchanges were made at southern Chinese ports of entry while the successive missions completed their leisurely journey to and from the various Chinese courts. . . . ” Cady (1964), pp. 23-24.
“In 190 A.D. in the reign of the Emperor Han Hsien Ti the prefect of Jih-nan in Chiao-chih returned from that country to his native place. This man originally a native scholar of the Chinese state of Lu, the modern Shan-tung, being seized with a spirit of unrest and adventure had gone to Chiao-chih where he had distinguished himself so greatly that he, a foreigner, had been raised to the dignity of prefect.
On his return, his fame as a traveller was noised abroad until it penetrated the precincts of the royal palace and reached the ears of the reigning potentate. Chih Hsieh was presently summoned to court and on his arrival this ancient explorer was received in audience with his sovereign who raised him to the ranks of the aristocracy as a Lung-t’ing Hou. After a short stay with his kinsmen Chih Hsieh the newly created Marquis Lung-t’ing went back to Jih-nan and quietly resumed his official duties. After the final collapse of the Han dynasty the state of Chiao-chih on receipt of the news resolved to send a special envoy to the court of the new Emperor, and the Marquis of Lung-t’ing was selected as the suitable man. The advent of the Marquis of Lung-t’ing at the court of Wu Ta Ti [r. 222-252 CE] bringing tribute from so distant a state was hailed as an event auguring well for the newly established royal house of Sun. The Emperor was highly gratified by this mark of attention and in commemoration of the occasion changed the name of Chiao-chih to Chiao-chou, whilst the ambassador was created a Lung-pien Hou and had bestowed on him the important and responsible post of Chiao-chou Chieh-tu-shih, or Commander-in-Chief of the imperial forces in the state of Chiao-chou.
The object of the Emperor in making these changes was evidently to impress the Annanese with a sense of his great power and authority. It was a clear indication of his desire to govern An-nan directly as a Colony, rather than as a semi-independent state. It was the thin end of the political wedge intended to deprive An-nan of its autonomy, for when the Annanese government had made Chih Hsieh Prefect of Jih-nan, they did so as a signal mark of their appreciation of his abilities and services. But when the Suzerain stepped in and placed this fortunate and enterprising immigrant above all his former Annanese colleagues and superiors, then was struck the death blow of the right of An-nan to promote or demote an official without reference to the Imperial Court. On the death of the new Viceroy his son Hui did not succeed him but was merely appointed Prefect of Chiao-chou. Time soon proved Hui’s allegiance to the reigning house of Sun to be of the slenderest kind for that official headed a revolt, presumably with the intention of possessing himself of the power his father had enjoyed. But this was not to be. The Emperor Wu Ta Ti greatly incensed at the treachery of Hui despatched Wu Tai with an expeditionary force to crush the rebellion, punish the leaders and restore order in the distant Colony. Complete success attended the expedition. Wu Tai, who previous to starting had been created Chiao Chou Tzu Shih, landed without opposition and summoned the rebellious Hui to his presence. The order was obeyed for Hui together with his five brothers presented themselves at the Imperial Headquarters where they humbly acknowledged their guilt and craving pardon for their treasonable offences, offered guarantees for future good behaviour. However, the Imperial Commander remained obdurate, and, being exceeding indignant with the treason and abject cowardice of the six brothers who piteously begged for mercy, he, after treating them with contempt and contumely ordered his young men to fall on the traitors and hack them to pieces. This act of severity caused the stern Commander to be held in great awe by all classes so that the imperial authority was quickly and firmly re-established. The reigning Emperor in order to commemorate the suppression of the revolt changed the name Chiao-chou to Wu-p’ing Chün and governed it by martial law a practice maintained by succeeding dynasties.
The Chin dynasty called it Chiu Tê Chün whilst under the Sung; Ch’i; Niang; Ch’ên and Sui dynasties it was known by the name of Sung-p’ing Chün after which time the ancient name of Chiao-chih was again revived.” Mesny (1884), VI, pp. 28-30.
“Chang-ti’s reign saw a distinct improvement in internal communications in the southern part of the empire. Hitherto, goods that were being transported from the seven commanderies of Chiao-chih had been sent by sea. The ships had been able to put in at Tung-yeh, the only known settlement at that time on the Fukien coast, but thereafter were subject to storm and shipwreck. In A.D. 83 Cheng Hung, a native of K’uai-chi commandery who was conversant with these local conditions, was appointed superintendent of agriculture (ta-ssu-nung). At his suggestion a land route was opened up across the mountains, through Ling-ling and Kuei-yang commanderies. This became the normal means of communications, which remained in use up to the time of one of the compilers of the Hou-Han shu.” Loewe (1986a), p. 297.
“There is no evidence to show that by A.D. 1 colonists from elsewhere in China had migrated to Fukien, and it is likely that only one major settlement existed at that time. This was the town or county of Tung-yeh, which may have been founded during Wu-ti’s reign or somewhat later. It was situated on the seacoast at the mouth of the Min River, and from A.D. 83 at least it served as a staging post for ocean-going ships carrying tribute from farther south. Toward the end of the second century some additional counties may have been established in the area, and these increased in number noticeably from perhaps A.D. 300; presumably some measure of colonization had taken place during the earlier decades, when China had been split into the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu-Han, and Wu.” Yü (1986), pp. 456-457.
“Maritime trade developed slowly but steadily from the first to the middle of the third centuries A.D., with ships Roman in name though really Graeco-Egyptian reaching all parts of India, and towards the end of this period, even penetrating as far as Kattigara, which was either Indo-China, or perhaps the coast of south China itself. Syrian and Graeco-Egyptian ‘colonies’ or ‘factories’ may have been established at Canton and Hangchow. Indian and Singhalese ships also plied the same routes, and a few Roman trading settlements were established in India, but it was not until after the third century that long-distance Chinese navigators appear on the scene.” Needham (1978), p. 65.
“According to Wan Chen, who wrote an account of the South during the Wu dynasty (A.D. 222-77), foreigners [i.e. natives of S.E. Asia] call ships po. The biggest are 20 chang or more in length, and two or three chang above the waterline. Seen from above they resemble covered galleries. They carry six to seven hundred men and a cargo of 10,000 hu’.” Christie (1957), p. 347.
During the Han 1 chang equalled 2.31 metres, so a ship this size would have been 46.2 metres (152 feet) long, and 4.6 metres (15 feet) to 6.9 metres (23 feet) above water (presumably including the “house” or living quarters).
According to Deng (1997), p. xxiv, the chi (of which 10 equal a chang) was equal to 0.2304 meters in the early Eastern Han (25-28 CE), 0.2375 m. between 81 and 220 CE, and 0.2412 m. during the Wei (220-265 CE) and during the early Western Jin (265-273) it was 0.2412 m., while later during the Western Jin it reverted to the earlier measurement of 0.2304 m.. So the length of these ships would have been anywhere from 46.08 m (151 feet) to 48.24 m. (158 feet) long, “or more.”
One Han hu equalled 19.968 litres – see: Loewe (1967), p. 161. Therefore, if we can accept the figure of 10,000 hu as being approximately correct, the ships could carry only about 200 tonnes of cargo. Deng (1997), p. xxv, shows the shi (which, during the Han, was the same as the hu) as varying between 24.98 kg during the Later Western Han (141 BCE to 8 CE), and 13.87 kg during the Eastern Han. This would suggest a carrying capacity of between 249.8 tonnes and 138.7 tonnes.
However, this is likely to be a gross underestimate as ships this size could be expected to carry up to 1,000 to 2,000 tonnes. ‘10,000’ is probably used here in the common sense of ‘a myriad’, or ‘a very large number.’
“By the third century B.C.E. the Chinese had taken notice of Malay sailors approaching their shores from the “Kunlun” Islands in the southern seas, which the Chinese learned were “volcanic and invariably endowed with marvellous and potent powers”. . . . The Chinese also knew these islanders as builders and as the crews of ocean-going vessels engaged in long-distance overseas trade. The Chinese, in fact, appear to have learnt much from these sailors. The Malays independently invented a sail, made from woven mats reinforced with bamboo, at least several hundred years B.C.E., and by the time of the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E. to 221 B.C.) the Chinese were using such sails (Johnstone, 1980: 191-92).
Chinese descriptions of Malay ships, the earliest of which dates to the third century C.E., indicate that the Malay sailed jongs (a Malay word), large vessels with multilayered hulls. The English word junk, which is often used to refer to Chinese vessels, is a derivative of the Malay jong. The Chinese also recognized that their word for Kunlun ships, buo, was a foreign word that had been incorporated into Chinese (Manguin, 1980: 266-67, 274). On average, the jong could carry four to five hundred metric tons, but at least one was large enough to carry a thousand tons. The planks of the ships were joined with dowels; no metal was used in their construction. On some of the smaller vessels parts might be lashed together with vegetable fibres, but this was not typical of larger ships. The jong usually had from two to four masts plus a bowsprit, as well as two rudders mounted on its sides. Outrigger devices, designed to stabilize a vessel, were used on many ships but probably were not characteristic of ships that sailed in rough oceans (Manguin, 1980: 268-74).
The Malays were also the first to use a balance-lug sail, an invention of global significance. Balance-lugs are square sails set fore and aft and tilted down at the end. They can be pivoted sideways, which makes it possible to sail into the oncoming wind at an angle of to tack against the wind – to sail at an angle first one way and then the other, in a zigzag pattern, so as to go in the direction from which the wind is blowing. Because of the way the sides of the sail were tilted, from a distance it looked somewhat triangular. . . . It is thus quite likely that the Malay balance-lug was the inspiration for the triangular lateen sail, which was developed by sailors living on either side of the Malays, the Polynesians to their east and the Arabs to their west.
Precisely when the Polynesians and the Arabs began using the lateen sail remains unknown, but it would seem to have been in the last centuries B.C.E. It is known that the Arabs in the vicinity of the Indian Ocean were accomplished sailors by the first century C.E. and both they and the Polynesians apparently had the lateen sail by then (Hourani, 1951: 102). This pattern suggests that sailors who came into contact with the Malays’ balance-lug sail were inspired by it and attempted to copy its design. They might have misunderstood it to be a triangular sail or, in the process of trying to duplicate it, discovered a triangular sail would serve the same purpose.
Arabs sailing in Mediterranean waters were using a lateen sail by the second century C.E., but it did not appear on Atlantic ships until the fifteenth century, when Portuguese mariners put both the lateen and the traditional Atlantic square sails on their vessels. It was only after they came into the possession of the lateen and learned how to tack against the wind that it became possible for them to explore the western coast of Africa, because the winds off Africa’s western coast blow the same direction all year round. Without a lateen, Atlantic sailors, including the Portuguese, could not sail south in search of West African gold, since they would have no way to return to Europe.” Shaffer (1996), pp. 12-14.
Navigation to the northern end of the Red Sea was usually difficult for sailing vessels because of the prevailing northerly winds, but at certain times of the year it was usually possible to sail some distance up the Red Sea. Ships heading for Egypt could unload their cargoes (depending on weather conditions and the ultimate destination of the cargoes) at one of the three main Egyptian ports on the Red Sea: Myos Hormos, Leukos Limen or Berenicê. Some of the cargoes were transported across difficult desert roads to the Nile and then shipped down that river to Alexandria and other delta cities. At other times cargoes may have been carried by camel caravan north along the banks of the Red Sea and then west across the delta, probably along roads built on the embankments of the canals which linked all the major delta cities.
“Myos Hormos [“Mussel Harbour”] had the advantage of offering a shorter desert crossing–six to seven days as against eleven to twelve from Berenicê. But Berenicê, in turn, had a signal advantage of its own to offer: it lay 230 nautical miles [426 km] south of Myos Hormos, and this saved homeward bound vessels that much relief from beating against consistently foul winds. Until the time of the Periplus, both ports seemed to have been used equally. . . . Strabo’s remarks seem to indicate that in his day [he visited Egypt circa 25 or 24 BCE] Myos Hormos was the most important, whereas statements in the Periplus point to the balance having tipped in favour of Berenicê. A third port, Leukos Limên, saw some use in the course of time but apparently never attained the status of the other two.” Casson (1989), pp. 95-96.
“These troublesome northerlies may well lie behind Strabo’s remark (17.815) that Ptolemy II made Berenicê accessible by opening up a road to it “because the Red Sea is hard to sail, particularly or those who set sail from the innermost recess”; those who set sail from the innermost recess obviously had to get back there, and that, no question about it, involved hard sailing.” Casson (1989), p. 97.
During the time of Trajan [reigned 98-117 CE] the old canal joining the northern end of the Red Sea with the Nile had been, once again, cleaned out and open to navigation. However, because of the aforementioned difficulties sailing north in the upper part of the Red Sea it seems to have be mainly used for outgoing cargoes and local trade:
“Trajan had another canal dug to link Alexandria with the new port of Clysma. By this time a Roman fleet was patrolling the Red Sea in order to give protection from pirates, and its control extended to the Arab anchorage at Ocelis [near the mouth of the Red Sea], where Rome had trading rights secured through costly gifts to the local ruler.” Simkin (1968), p. 39.
“Trajan repaired his ‘river’, the Cairo to Suez canal; and before A.D. 216 the Red Sea was to be patrolled and Coptos was to be garrisoned by Palmyrene archers officered by Rome.” Stark (1966), p. 253.
Indian ships were making long-distance maritime trade a regular feature of the first few centuries CE:
“Ancient Tamil literature and the Greek and Roman authors prove that in the first two centuries of the Christian era the ports on the Coromandel or Chola coast enjoyed the benefits of active commerce with both West and East. The Chola fleets did not confine themselves to coasting voyages, but boldly crossed the Bay of Bengal to the mouths of the Ganges and the Irrawaddy, and the Indian Ocean to the islands of the Malay Archipelago. All kinds of goods imported into Kerala or Malabar from Egypt found a ready market in the Chola territory ; while, on the other hand, the western ports drew a large part of their supplies of merchandise from the bazaars of the eastern coast, which produced great quantities of cotton goods. The principal Chola port was Kāviripaddinam, situated at the northern mouth of the Kāviri (Cauvery) river [on the southeast coast of India]. This once wealthy city, in which the king maintained a magnificent palace, and foreign merchants found residence agreeable and profitable, has vanished, and its site lies buried under deep sand-drifts.
The first historical, or semi-historical, Chola king is Karikāla, who is represented by the early poets as having invaded Ceylon and carted off thence thousands of coolies to work on the embankments of the Kāviri river, a hundred miles in length, which he constructed. He is said to have been contemporary with Nedunj Cheliyan Pāndya, as well as with Athem I Chera, and nearly so with Gajabāhu, king of Ceylon. This last synchronism is valuable as giving an approximate date, which may be indicated as falling within the limits of the second century A.D. Karikāla, according to the poets, was succeeded by a grandson named Ched-chenni Nalank-killi, who was succeeded in his turn by Killi-vallavam. Chen-kudduva, or Imaya-varman, a cousin of Ched-chenni Nalank-killi, is said to have been contemporary, at fifty years of age, with Gajabāhu, king of Ceylon, to whom the traditional chronology assigns the period from 113 to 125 A.D. But the true date must be considerably later.2
2 The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago, pp. 64-78 ; S. Krishnaswamy Aiyenagar, ‘Some points in Tamil Literary History,’ Malabar Quarterly Review, 1904. The dates in Mr. Kanakasabhai’s book seem to be placed too early.”
Smith (1908), pp. 415-416.
For accounts of Indian passenger ships of about this period carrying up to 1,000 passengers, and very large freight ships – up to 176 feet (53.6 metres) long, 22 feet (6.7 metres) broad and 17 feet (5.2 metres) deep, see: Prasad, (1977), pp. 128-133; Sastri (1975), pp. 115-145.
“In comparison, the largest galleon in the world when it sank in 1638, the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, “weighed 2000 tons and measured 45 metres [148 feet] from bow to stern. Her beam was one-third that length, and the depth of her hold 6 metres [20 feet].” Mathers and Shaw (1993), p. 2.
“It can be assumed that fairly intimate trading connections existed from B.C. times between Indian ports of the Bay of Bengal and leading peoples like the Mons living on the opposite shores. But the primary direction of India’s trade until near the end of the first century A.D. was westward rather than toward Southeast Asia or China. Trade between the Mediterranean world and India’s western Malabar coast was developed originally by traders from the lower Red Sea area and by the Hellenistic Seleucids. Roman trade from Egypt to India later attained substantial proportions around 90 B.C. only to decline sharply during the ensuing sixty years of Roman civil strife. It was revived under Augustus around 30 B.C. Until the first century A.D., when both Red Sea and Roman ships began to use the monsoon passage direct from Aden to India, the shipping routes had continuously paralleled the Arabian, Persian, and Indian coasts.
. . . . Thus the more adventurous Indian traders already familiar with the opposite shores of the Bay of Bengal began collaborating with north Sumatran and east coast Malays to bring to the ports of Ceylon [and eastern India] spices, forest resins, and scented woods from Southeast Asia and choice Chinese silks and porcelains, all of which were marketable in India and the Near East. Greek and Arab vessels seldom if ever proceeded further eastward than Ceylon, although several score families of Persian traders were allegedly resident at the Malay isthmus in the third century.” Cady (1964), pp. 25-26.
“It was during the early second century that Indian shippers gained sufficient experience and confidence to abandon early habits of sailing close to the shore. From the Bengal port of Tamralipti at the western end of the Ganges delta, sailing ships could proceed southward during the winter season, passing either to the east of the Andaman Islands or via the 100 latitude channel south of them, en route to alternative ports on the isthmus. Bengal ships might also worry their way through the becalmed Malacca Straits to points of rendezvous in lower Sumatra or on the eastern Borneo coast beyond the peninsula. Access to the same isthmian ports and to the upper reaches of the Malacca Straits might be had during the entire period of the summer monsoon by south Indian ships sailing directly across the bay. They could pass either through the 100 channel between the Andamans and Nicobars or between the Nicobars and the northern tip of Sumatra. In October seasonal winds could also carry vessels to the southwest of Sumatra and down to the Sunda Straits [between Sumatra and Java], thus avoiding the pirates and the doldrums of the Malacca passage. The lack of ports of call and the perils of the open sea obviously discouraged the use of this route.
At the lower end of Sumatra, on the east coast of Borneo, and possibly at the western end of Java as well, safe havens were developed where China-bound ships from the ports of India, northern Sumatra, and Ceylon could await the north-blowing monsoon winds. From such points, it was fairly easy to proceed up the Malay coast past Patani, Singora, and Ligor across the Siam Gulf to Funan’s port of Go Oc Eo near the mouth of the Mekong River. The journey then ran up the coast past Champa to Chiao-chi port in Vietnam or on to Canton. Ships sailing northward from eastern Borneo would probably make a landfall at Champa, which emerged as a thoroughly Indianized state at the end of the second century. The return trip by sea was equally time consuming. It was particularly dangerous in the Malacca Straits, subject during the summer months to occasional stormy squalls (“Sumatrans”) interspersed with extended periods of paralysing calms which left stranded ships at the mercy of swarms of pirates.
However many of the Sumatran and Indian ships may have undertaken during the early centuries to negotiate the seasonally awkward all-sea journey to the ports of China, the more feasible tactic was to synchronize the shuttle traffic to the isthmian portage terminals from the two directions. This was accomplished for the most part on the initiative of the Indian traders operating on both sides of the peninsula. The three most widely used portage routes ran between Takuapa (above the Junk Ceylon promontory) and Chaiya on the Bay of Bandon, between Trang (Takkola) and Ligor, and between Kedah and Patani (Lankasuka). The older route through the Mon state of Tun-sun (or Dvaravati) to Tavoy or Martaban on the western side was less used for the China trade than were the more convenient newly developed passageways below the Isthmus of Kra. Mergui port apparently was used very little.
At a dozen or more points on both sides of the isthmus, Indianized city-states developed. They were apparently ruled by native chiefs allied with Indian merchant groups. The development of such states was conditioned not only on port locations and portage facilities, but also on the availability nearby of paddy land for food supplies. Except for the Perlis area around Trang, the best locations for food purposes and for political development were on the eastern shore, especially around Ligor and on the Bay of Bandon. None of these city-state enclaves was strong enough to conquer the rest of them, although several of them were grouped from time to time under single governments.
Special reference must be made to the role of the port of Kedah, which was used for both portage purposes and as a point of rendezvous in connection with the passage through the Malacca Straits. It was most easily approached from the west via the passage between Sumatra and the Nicobar Islands during the summer monsoon. The silhouette of Mount Kedah afforded a landfall to guide approaching ships. The original port of Kedah was located up the then broad estuary of the Kual Merbok, now swamp-filled, entering the sea some distance above Penang Island. Ruins in the vicinity have been explored on the higher ground to the north, adjacent to the foothills of the peak. In the course of time the centers of settlement moved seaward. Kedah was widely used by Indian traders from the early centuries of the Christian era and probably from the eighth century by Muslim Arabs and Persians. Products available locally, besides food and water supplies, included camphor, perfumed woods, tin, and gold. The port of Patani at the eastern end of the Kedah portage route was also used by Indian traders in the early second century. Kedah may have been used by ships making the northward trip through the straits en route to Bengal, the south Indian ports, or Ceylon.
The Mons ports of Thaton, Martaban, and Tavoy were widely used for direct trade with Ceylon and the Coromandel Coast of India, but less so in connection with the transit trade with China. It was difficult to proceed from Bengal to the Mon ports during either monsoon period partly because of treacherous tidal currents found to the east of the Irrawaddy delta. Four routes of trade and communication led inland from the Tenasserim ports of the Mons. The northernmost ran eastward to the upper Menam Valley and thence to the Mun and Mekong Rivers, coming to a dead end in the Korat plateau at Bassac, early center of power of the Chenla Khymers. Another, used early by India-bound Chinese envoys, started at modern Moulmein, proceeded by the Three Pagodas Pass southeastward into the Mekong Valley, and the Tun-sun (Dvaravati) country to the west of the lower Menam. The other two ran eastward from Tavoy and Mergui to the Gulf of Siam. Neither of the latter two rivaled the importance of the Takuapa and Trang portages.” Cady (1964), pp. 27-31.
By the ninth century, we find references to po carrying up to 1,000 men plus merchandise:
“Further information is to be found in the I-ch’ieh-ching yin-i, a dictionary compiled by Huei-lin which according to Pelliot was completed in A.D. 817. Huei-lin gives a number of instances of po and includes the following passage:
“Ssu-ma Piao, in his commentary on Chuang Tzü, says: “large ocean-going ships are called po”. According to the Kuang ya: ‘po is an ocean-going ship”. It has a draught of 60 feet (!). It is fast and carries 1000 men as well as merchandise. It is also called k’un-lun-po’.
From: Christie (1957), pp. 347-348.
“On the other [eastern] side of the [Indian] peninsula, Indians may have taken a more active part in trade and exploration. As already mentioned, they certainly had a profound influence on South-East Asia, even though no one is certain how this came about. But the South-East Asians themselves, and the Malays in particular, may have been equally active carriers. A hint about this is given in the Periplus:
“[There] are the marts of Camara and Poduce and Sopatma [on the Coromandel Coast of south-east India], where are local ships which sail along the coast as far as Limyrice, and others which are very large vessels made of single logs bound together and called sangara; those that cross over to Chryse and the Ganges are called colandiophonta and are the largest.”
Both the sangara (whose name means ‘outriggers’) and the colandiophonta were probably Malayan or Indonesian rather than Indian. Chinese sources describe the colandiophonta in more detail, under the name of K’un-lun p’o, and confirm that they were indeed exceptionally large. Some of them could be over 200 feet long, and carry six or seven hundred men and some nine hundred tons of cargo – which makes them perhaps a shade larger than those other leviathans of the Ancient World, the grain-ships that plied between Alexandria and Rome. They were also probably faster: even the largest Roman ships usually managed with a single enormous square sail, whereas a K’un-lu p’o had four sails and may even have arranged them in the fore-and-aft rig, like a schooner.” Sitwell (1984), pp. 146-147.
A major port of call for ships arriving from both west and east, would have been the ancient port of Mantai (modern Mannar) situated on a small island connected to the Sri Lankan coast by a bridge and causeway:
“Mantai is situated at the northwest tip of Sri Lanka, at the southern extremity of a string of underwater reefs known as Adam’s Bridge, which link the island to the Indian subcontinent. These reefs effectively block the passage of ships between India and Sri Lanka, and the importance of this fact can hardly be overstressed when considering the strategic significance of a major settlement in this location. Literary references to Mantai refer to the ancient port as Mahatittha (Pali), Mantottam (Tamil), and Matota (Singhalese). . . . It was determined in 1982 that the earliest phase of the site is prehistoric, when a Mesolithic campsite existed at Mantai, for which a radiocarbon date at the beginning of the second millennium B.C. has been established. From at least as early as the fifth century B.C., there appears to have been a continuous occupation of the site up to the eleventh century A.D. With a depth of up to 10 m of occupational debris over a wide area, the potential exists for a detailed analysis of the whole history of the site.
The particular interest of the site lies in its strategic position, astride the main maritime route between the Near and Far East, while at the same time representing a major point of contact between South India and Sri Lanka. . . . Mantai’s long history as a port would argue that it played an essential role in the history of Sri Lanka; in a broader context the site is crucial for any study of Indian Ocean trade, and indeed for the economic history of Asia. Comparable sites doubtless exist in central Asia, where the history of Asian terrestrial trade might be studied; but for maritime trade, Mantai is unique. Further, Mantai was the leading port for Sri Lanka as a whole for at least fifteen hundred years. With Anuradhapura as the capital, the northern dry zone was developed with the aid of a highly sophisticated irrigation system, providing surplus wealth from agriculture sufficient to fund international commerce. It was, indeed, the collapse of the north, concomitant with the invasion by the Colas and the capture of Anuradhapura in the early tenth century, which led to Mantai’s ultimate demise.” Carswell (1991), p. 197.
“That Mantai was an important link during the classical period for Roman trade across the Indian Ocean is obvious, for parallels between rouletted ware have been found at contemporary sites such as Kantarodai on the Jaffna Peninsula, and at a number of sites on the Indian mainland, of which Arikamedu [near modern Pondicherry] is to date the most important. The classification of the potter of the Roman trade period is being undertaken at the moment, and it would be premature at this stage to note more than its presence.
. . . . The earliest references to Sri Lanka in Greek are by Onesicritus, Megasthenes, Eratosthenes, and Hipparchus, none of whose works is preserved in full and none of whom actually visited the island. With this caveat, many of the details from these four writers’ works quoted by Pliny and Strabo are intriguingly apposite. In particular, Pliny quotes Eratosthenes (b. 276 B.C.), who tells us that the sea between India and Sri Lanka is very shallow, but that certain channels are so deep that an anchor will not reach the bottom. Because of this, the ships have two bows so they need not turn around when negotiating the narrows. This equates very well with Mantai’s known role as a point of transhipment for goods arriving from either east or west in long-distance shipping, to be unloaded and shipped on by using a narrow channel (still extant) at the point where Adam’s Bridge joins the island at Mannar.
Further details about Sri Lanka are given in PME, which notes that the northern part of the island, called Palaisimoundou and formerly Taprobane, was civilized and produced pearls, precious stones, muslin and tortoise shell.9 However, it is Ptolemy’s Geographica, written in the second century A.D., that is of particular interest. He locates a place called Modutti Emporium on the northern side of the island on the right bank of a prominent river, the Phasis.10
9 G. W. B. Huntingford, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea by and Unknown Author, with Some Extracts from Agatharkhides “On the Erythraean Sea” [Hakluyt Society] (London 1980), 54.
10 E. L. Stevenson ed. and trans., Geography of Claudius Ptolemy (New York 1932) 158. Stevenson’s translation of the Greek Modouttou from and apparently corrupt medieval manuscript is given as Mordugi.
Carswell (1991), p. 199; notes, p. 203.
“The elephants from Sri Lanka were found to easily adapt for war and were considered better than those from the mainland. Their excellent qualities were well known to the Greeks even as far back as the 3rd Century BC, in the time of Alexander the Great. Onescritus, who was an Admiral of the Fleet of Alexander the Great and probably the first European to describe the trained elephants of Ceylon, has stated that the elephants from Taprobane (later Ceylon and then Sri Lanka) “are bigger, more fierce and furious for war service than those of India.” Sixth Century writer Indicopleustes says that the elephant from Sri Lanka was highly priced in India for its excellence in war.
Elephants from Sri Lanka were exported to Kalinga by special boats from about 200 BC. From the port of Mantai the present day Mannar. Such exports are also recorded by Ptolemy in 175 AD.
By this time Sri Lanka had also earned a reputation for skilled elephant management. The Sinhala kings had special elephant trainers. They were the Kuruwe people fro Kegalle. Training elephants caught from the wild, for both traditional purposes and war, was the responsibility of these people. Evensons (mahouts) who looked after the elephants after their training were trained by the Kuruwe people. A brass model of an elephant with a number of movable joints was used in the training of mahouts.
Records show that even though Sri Lanka was exporting a large number of elephants in the 5th and 6th centuries BC, a number of elephants were also imported into the country after the 4th century BC. This is apart from the gifts that the ruling monarchs of India and Myanmar, (then Burma) sent from time to time.” Jayewardene (2003).
“From Roman levels at Mantai only two glass beads and a bangle of western origin were uncovered. In contrast, at Arikamedu (whose loci are badly mixed) there are 56 glass beads that are likely from Roman-period levels, eleven of which are certainly of Roman date, the same centuries as Arikamedu pottery at Berenike.” Francis (1999).
“In this context [i.e. in regard to the fact that most artefacts would have been made of perishable materials and are, therefore, unavailable to the archaeologist], the evidence for Mantai as a production and manufacturing center helps to extend our comprehension of its crucial location. First of all, Mantai lies to the west of the famous pearl banks in the Gulf of Mannar; pearls were a major export until all the oysters died at the beginning of the present century. Both whole and drilled pearls have been found in the excavations. So have shell bangles, sawn from conch shells and engraved at Mantai; the shell waste and bangle wasters occur in large numbers. From the earliest literary references to Sri Lanka, the island has been renowned for the mining and export of precious and semiprecious stones. These, too, have been found in worked and unworked form at Mantai. Of particular interest is evidence for the production of polished spherical quartz beads, with many bead blanks and half-drilled specimens. Microanalysis of these beads has demonstrated that they were pierced with a double diamond bit, a technique so far only recorded in modern Gujarat.
The beads from Mantai provide some of the most striking evidence for external contacts. Over twenty-five hundred specimens from all levels have been catalogued by Peter Francis; they furnish evidence for a wide variety of materials, manufacturing techniques, and international distribution. There is no doubt that Mantai was a major bead-manufacturing site, particularly for Indo-pacific glass beads. The fabrication of such glass beads is first recorded at Arikamedu (Phase A, 250-150 B.C.); their production at Mantai lasted for over a millennium. Distribution of such beads was worldwide, from East Africa as far as Korea.
Among the earliest imported beads at Mantai is one which is also the most complex, a spherical bead with a sky-blue glass core overlaid with compound stripes of white and yellow, and with mosaic cane “eyes” in white, yellow, and black. A product of the Roman Empire, parallels have been found among Roman beads in Germany. Another bead of similar date is of coral, a major Western export to India and probably traded by the Romans for pearls. Imported beads include examples of lapis lazuli, the source material for which was Afghanistan, and for which striking parallels have been found at Nishapur. Many of the beads, such as those of cornelian, are linked to similar beads excavated in India.” Carswell (1991), pp. 200, 202.
“So far the sea alone has figured in this discussion as the way by which Indian influence came into South-East Asia. It was the obvious way of travel between India and the Archipelago; indeed the voyage from the Coromandel Coast to the Straits of Malacca was a comparatively short one, and at the right time of year was easy and safe even for small vessels. . . .
To reach the countries in the eastern parts of the indo-Chinese mainland ships had to pass through either the Malacca or the Sunda Straits.* Owing to the prevalence of piracy in these narrow waters travellers sought to avoid them by using a number of short cuts overland. Archaeological discoveries along these overland routes attest their importance, not only in the early days of Indian penetration, but later also when the empire of Śrivijaya maintained strict control over the straits and forced all ships to put in at one or other of its ports.
The favourite short cut was across the narrow Isthmus of Kra, from Takua Pa on the western side to Ch’aiya on the eastern, or from Kedah to Singora. Farther north there was a route from Tavoy over the Three Pagodas Pass and thence by the Kanburi river to the valley of the Menam. Two ancient sites, P’ong Tuk and P’ra Pathom lie on this route. Further still to the north lay a route to the Menam region by Moulmein and the Raheng pass. . . . ”
*If, indeed, the Sunda Straits even existed at this time. See the thought-provoking book by David Keys: Catastrophe: An Investigation into the Origins of the Modern World (1999), Random House, in which he propounds the plausible theory that a massive volcanic eruption in the region of Krakatoa in the year 535 CE not only separated the islands of Sumatra and Java for the first time, but caused immense worldwide effects on human history and the development of cultures.
Hall (1968), pp. 23-24.
“So far as the historical evidence goes, the first sign of states formed in the manner that has been described in the preceding section show that they were in existence by the end of the second century A.D. They appear in three regions: (a) that of the lower Mekong and its delta, (b) north of Hué in modern Annam, and (c) the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. They probably existed elsewhere, say in Arakan and Lower Burma, but the evidence is lacking. . . .
Funan’s capital city was for some time Vyadhapura, ‘the city of hunters’, which lay near the hill Ba Phnom and the village of Banam in the present Cambodian province of Prei Veng. The Chinese say that it was 120 miles [193 km] from the sea. Oc Eo, its port, on the maritime fringe of the Mekong delta bordering on the Gulf of Siam some three miles from the sea has been the subject of excavations by a French archaeologist.1 It was an immense urban agglomeration of houses on piles intersected by a network of little canals, part of an irrigation system extending for over 200 kilometres, which had been constructed, with wonderful skill, to drain what had previously been ‘a cesspool of soft mud barely held together by mangrove trees’,2 and to irrigate rice fields for the support of a large population mainly concentrated in lake-cities. These were linked up with each other and with the sea by canals large enough to take sea-going ships, so that it was possible for Chinese travellers to talk about ‘sailing across Funan’ on their way to the Malay Peninsula. Oc Eo was a centre of industry and trade: its site bears evidence of maritime relations with the coast of the Gulf of Siam, Malaya, Indonesia, India, Persia and, indeed, directly or indirectly with the Mediterranean. It was situated on what was in its day the great maritime highway between China and the West. The Funanaese were of Malay3 race, and still in the tribal state at the dawn of history. The culture of Oc Eo itself is charactered by Mr. Malleret as half-indigenous, half-foreign; its foreign affinities, he says, were almost entirely with India.
The earliest Chinese reference to the kingdom comes from the pen of K’ang T’ai, who together with Chu Ying was sent thither on a mission in the middle of the third century.”
1 Louis Malleret, ‘Les Fouilles d’Oc-Éo (1944)’, BEFEO, xvi, 1, 1951.
2 B. P. Groslier, Angkor, Art and Civilisation, p. 17.
3 The word here is used in its widest ethnic sense.
Hall (1968), pp. 24-25.
“When the first emperor of the Chin dynasty came to the throne in 280, the Governor of Tongking addressed a memorial to him complaining of the raids of Lin-yi, aided by friendly bands from Funan, upon the commandery of Je-nan. The Chin History, in recording this incident, says that the state to which the Lin-yi raiders belonged had been founded about a century earlier by a native official, Ch’u Lien, who had taken advantage of the weakness of the Han dynasty (206 B.C.–A.D. 221) to carve out a kingdom for himself at the expense of Je-nan in the year A.D. 192. The Chinese name for his kingdom was Hsiang-lin, which was in fact the name of their sub-prefecture in which the independence movement took place. It coincided almost exactly with the present Annamite province of Thua-thien, in which the city of Hué is situated.
Thus does the state later to be known as Champa first appear in history. Archaeological evidence shows that the centre of its power lay just to the south of Hué region, in the modern Annamite province of Quang-nam, which is so rich in archaeological sites that it was evidently the sacred territory of Champa. But, although the famous sites of Tra-kieu, Misön and Dong-duong have yielded specimens of Amaravati art, no evidence exists, as in the case of neighbouring Funan, of the dynastic traditions of the Kings of Champa or of the coming of Indian influence.” Hall (1968), p. 28.
“The narrow coastal strip from the Porte d’Annam to the Col des Nuages, which they [the Lin-yi] coveted, was probably at this time inhabited by wild tribes in a backward state. Their own territory stretched down the coast from the Col des Nuages to the Bay of Camranh, but they had settlements also in the Mekong valley, the valleys of the Sesan and Song-ba, and the neighbouring hills. They held the western slopes of the Annamite Chain up to the Mekong valley from Stung Treng to the river Mun. They belonged to the Indonesian group of peoples. Later the Indonesian settlements round the Bay of Nhatrang were to form their southern province of Panduranga, now Phan-rang. But this formed part of the empire of Funan when we first hear of the Lin-yi. The people of this region were related to the Funanese rather than to China. They appear to have received Indian influence as early as the beginning of the first century A.D. According to Pamentier, their earliest art and architecture is Khymer rather than Cham. Their region continued to form part of Funan until the Chenla conquest of that country in the latter part of the sixth century.” Hall (1969), p. 29.
In recent years, much more information about the maritime routes has surfaced, although some scholars, aware of, and probably overestimating, the risks and uncertainties of sea travel in ancient times, do not accept its importance.
“Finally, the third practical way, particularly from the end of the 1st century, and of which the importance has quite recently been put forward by orientalists on the basis of recent research, left from the southern coast of China, in the region of Kuang chou [Canton] Bay, passed around the Indochinese peninsula, crossed the Malacca straits and proceeded as far as the mouth of the Ganges. This maritime route was serviced solely by Indian vessels. From the coast of the Bay of Bengal, the merchants sailed up the river as far as “the Gates of the Ganges”, then, navigability having ended, the merchandise was taken overland to the ports of the west coast, where the Persians, Arabs and, before long, the Europeans, went to acquire them. We will see, moreover, that the archaeological excavations allowed the differentiation of the products coming southern China through northeastern India, and those from northern China through Central Asia. It seems that at the end of the 1st century the majority of silk imported into the Mediterranean countries had been transported by the maritime route and not the overland route which crossed Persia. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea indicates decisively that the “seric” silks were loaded in Indian ports, as were the furs which also came from China, pepper, cinnamon, perfumes, metals, dyes and medicinal products.” Translated from: Boulnois (1992), p. 72.
“The western world reached the Chinese by water as well, although only just. Ever since Eudoxus breached the Arab monopoly of the sea trade with India, that country had become increasingly integrated into the network of Graeco-Roman trade. From the beginning of the first century A.D., fleets of ocean-going freighters, sped by the monsoons, sailed there yearly, no longer just to the Indus Valley but all along the coast down to the tip of the peninsula. Agents of Graeco-Roman trading companies made their homes in India, settling down, in time-honoured fashion, in separate little foreign quarters. They exported a variety of Indian products – cinnamon, nard, cotton, above all pepper – and also some Chinese, the most important, naturally, being silk. Although a certain amount of the silk, as we have just noted, came in overland, the largest part arrived by sea in Indian or Malay bottoms (the Chinese did not get into overseas shipping until centuries later). It was inevitable that westerners would move into this portion of the trade as well; by the end of the second century A.D. their freighters had ventured into the waters east of India, cutting across the mouth of the Bay of Bengal to trade with Malaya, Sumatra, and Java. What drew them on more than anything else was the desire to move nearer the source of silk. A Chinese account [in the Hou Hanshu] mentions that in ‘the ninth year of the Yen-hsi period, during the Emperor Huan-ti’s reign [CE 166]... the king of Ta-ts’in, An-tun, sent an embassy which, from the frontier of Jih-nan [Annam], offered ivory, rhinoceros horns, and tortoise shell. From that time dates the intercourse with this country.’ Ta-ts’in is the Chinese name for the Roman Empire, and An-tun is Antoninus, the family name of Marcus Aurelius. The account goes on to comment about the very ordinary gifts the embassy had brought for the emperor; there were, for example, no jewels. Most likely it was not an official body at all but a group of shippers who, to get one jump a head of their competitors, were trying to buy their silk directly from China instead of through middlemen.” Casson (1974), pp. 124-125.
“One way of by-passing the Parthians, the sea-route to the south of their country, has been discussed in Chapter Eight. Though a great success in some respects (it cut the costs of spices considerably), it was less important to the silk business. From China to the Roman Empire was a long way, nearly twice as long as the overland journey, and the system of monsoon-winds meant that one often had to wait some time before making a particular leg of the voyage. Besides, several stages (such as the Red Sea, the west coast of India, and the Straits of Malacca) teemed with natural and man-made dangers to navigation. Direct sea-borne contact between Roma and China was always rare.” Sitwell (1984), p. 189.
“Meanwhile the maritime route remained so risky, so long, so full of ambushes for the little sailing ships of the Westerners, succumbing to typhoons and other sorts of adversities, that trade took, as far as possible, the overland route.
This was possible when, at the end of the 1st century, four great prosperous empires, stable, militarily powerful, absorbed a large part of Eurasia: in the West, Rome, in full Imperial flower; in the Far East, China of the second Han dynasty; in the East, the kingdom of the Great Kushans encompassing Afghanistan and Northern India, was at the peak of its existence. In the middle the Parthians, monopolising middlemen. All these empires followed a commercial strategy. From this exceptional situation came the overland silk route.” Translated from: Boulnois (1992), p. 77.
“All trade between the Persian Gulf and the Taurus, direct by sea from Indian Barygaza, or sea-borne from Hormuz through Seistan, or overland altogether, was obliged to pass through the Parthian sieve.
But the distant Romans had a good name in China. ‘They traffic by sea with Parthia and India . . . honest in their transactions and . . . their kings always desired to send embassies to China, but the Parthians wished to carry on trade with them in Chinese silks, and it is for this reason that they were cut off from communication. This lasted till the ninth year of the Yen-hsi period (A.D. 166) when the king . . . An-tun (Marcus Aurelius) sent an embassy.’ The trade was continually thwarted, and regular only when Romans and Parthians were at peace; and about A.D. 160 – when the straits of Malacca were crossed and direct commerce with China started – the peak of the sea trade was already over. By then the strengthened Roman frontier held the South Arabian spice route at one end and the Pontic route round the Caspian at the other, the only two trading channels that could escape the Parthian dues.” Stark (1968), p. 192.
“The Arabs extended their [the Phoenicians’] trade. By 100 B.C. a line of busy ports had grown around the Persian Gulf to service caravans and ships plying between India, Egypt, east Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean. As well as pearls, Italian wine, gold, cloves, nutmeg, mace, they carried a new, extremely profitable product, slaves from east Africa. That nasty trade increased over the next 200 years. Ivory, hides and cinnamon made up the rest of the cargoes.
The Chinese began to trade. Under orders from the Han emperor Wu (141 B.C. to 87 B.C.) sailors handpicked from what are now the provinces of Guandong and Guangxi explored the southern seas in search of precious goods. Then just before or after the birth of Christ, a great new land route opened in the north.” Rolls (1992), p. 2.
Although there are not many written accounts of early Indonesian shipping, it is generally accepted that the Indonesian settlement of Madagascar and nearby ports of southeastern Africa developed during the first few centuries CE.
Madagascar was apparently uninhabited when the Indonesians from Southern Borneo arrived, and although there was later mixing around the coasts with Africans and Arab traders, the people of the interior are still mainly of Indonesian stock. Malagasy, the national language is closely related to languages from southern Borneo.
“During winter, Central Asia’s extreme cold causes its air mass to become dense and heavy, while air over the ocean is warmer and lighter. This differential in density now causes the heavy Central Asian air to flow out against the lighter ocean-influenced air, so that from December to March dry winds from Central Asia blow out over the continent towards the oceans. During the intervening months the winds are at their most unpredictable. Although in spring the shift in wind direction occurs rather quickly, in the month of April, the autumn transition from inward to outward is prolonged, causing variable winds from September through November. Taking advantage of this seasonal wind pattern, Malay sailors began to ride the monsoons. They departed with the wind at their back, sailing for thousands of miles to distant locations. There they waited until the winds changed direction, which allowed them to sail home with the wind still at their back.
So far there is little consensus regarding when Malay sailors first reached the East African coast and Madagascar, more than 3,000 miles to their west, but some believe that contact occurred relatively early in the first millennium B.C.E. The uncertain date notwithstanding, in the process of sailing across thousands of miles of southern ocean, the Malay sailors evidently carried a number of plants from Asia to Africa, including bananas, coconuts, and the cocoyam. (One East African term for cocoyam is derived from a Malay word [Watson, 1983: 68].) The tuning scales of the Malayo-Polynesian xylophone also appear to have ridden with the Malays to Africa, although precisely how this instrument got from East Africa to West Africa, where it can still be heard today, remains controversial (Jones, 1971: 115–19).
The Malay sailors may also have been riding the monsoons of the Indian Ocean to supply the Mediterranean market with cinnamon – a product of southern China – even before the development of an overland or overseas silk route. The Greek word for cinnamon was derived from a Malayo-Polynesian word, through Phoenician and Hebrew. Even though cinnamon was never grown commercially in Africa, Egyptian and Hebrew texts dated to the first millennium B.C.E. speak of cinnamon coming from Africa, leading several scholars to suggest that Malay sailors were responsible for bringing this cinnamon from the coasts of the South China Sea to East Africa. Pliny, writing in the first century C.E., describes an already well-developed trade in cinnamon. The men who brought the cinnamon “put out to sea . . . when the east winds are blowing their hardest; these winds drive them on a straight course . . . from gulf to gulf.” Pliny calls their vessels “rafts,” a plausible but mistaken description of the Malays’ double outrigger canoe (Taylor, 1976: 45). The cinnamon they provided could then have been traded north by the East Africans until it reached Ethiopia, where Mediterranean merchants purchased it.
There is also a thirteenth-century Arab text that refers to a Malay settlement in the vicinity of Aden sometime around the Roman conquest of Egypt in 31 B.C.E. Vast fleets of Malay outrigger canoes came and went from this place, it tells us, but eventually the settlers “grew weak, lost their seafaring skills, and were overrun by neighbouring peoples.” (Taylor, 1976: 25, 39). According to the text, this happened after Egypt’s decline, and scholars have tentatively dated the settlement to the first century CE.
At roughly the same time Malay communities were established on the island of Madagascar, some 250 miles off the East African coast, where their descendants still constitute the majority of the island’s population and Malayo-Polynesian languages are still spoken today by almost all. Given the many clusters of islands in the Indian Ocean and the Malay use of islands for navigating, their likely route to East Africa would have been by way of such island clusters, namely, the Maldives, the Chagos, the Seychelles, and the Comores (Taylor, 1976: 30, 45–46).” Shaffer (1996), pp. 15-16.
Capt. Sedana sails ancient trade route
Features - April 08, 2004
Leony Aurora, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta
Some people considered Navy Captain I Gusti Putu Ngurah Sedana brave for attempting a voyage from Jakarta to Ghana aboard a traditional wooden sailing ship. Others just thought he was crazy. But everyone will be amazed by the stories he has to tell.
The captain recently commanded the Borobudur Samudraraksa, a ship designed based on reliefs from the Borobudur Temple in Central Java, to retrace the cinnamon route taken by Indonesian merchants in the eighth century to sell spices to Africa.
Fourteen or 15 seafarers, half the crew foreigners and half Indonesians, were on board at all times. The Indonesian crew included three boatmakers and 10 inexperienced civilians, who took turns on the four legs of the journey.
The ship, 4.25 meters wide and 18 meters long, contained no iron or nails, with coconut fiber binding it together. Although it contained state-of-the-art equipment -- a global positioning satellite and NavTex to broadcast information on navigation routes -- the ship was at the mercy of nature, with only two sails to catch the winds, its sole driving force.
The first time the Borobudur encountered a big storm was when it passed through the Mozambique channel, going from Madagascar to Cape Town.
Putu was resting in his bunk when he heard the wind screaming between the ropes. “I knew there were big winds coming,” said Putu. “We couldn’t run from them.”
It was 11 a.m. when the wind picked up and the rain began. Thunder and lightning rent the sky as the ship was tossed about helplessly on waves six to seven meters tall.
Trapped in the eye of the storm, the crew panicked. “They just stood there, stunned,” said Putu.
At the yells of the captain some of them came back to life, put on their life jackets and tied themselves to the mast or any unmovable object. Soaked to the bone, they managed to bring the smaller sail down, but the wind was so strong that it was impossible to take down the main sail, which was eight meters-by-15 meters in size.
The ship then tipped sideways, so far that it almost capsized. “We knew we would have to rip the sail,” said Putu. But the wind, at 40 knots, was faster than them and shredded the main sail.
“Those who worked on the sails first were the Indonesians,” said Putu, pride written all over his face. “The foreigners ran to the back, huddling near the lifeboats, while we were on the deck playing kite with the sails,” he said with a small laugh.
Later in the journey, when the Borobudur faced another big storm near the Cape of Good Hope, the crew knew what to do and was able to manage the situation. But after that first storm, two of the foreigners asked to leave the ship at the first port they saw, in Richard Bay, South Africa.
“This got to the Indonesian crew too, who started thinking about quitting,” said Putu.
He could endure the weather, the storms and the hardships, but when his crew wanted to quit, his spirit sank.
Together, the team covered some 10,000 nautical miles in more than six months, leaving Jakarta on Aug. 15, 2003, and reaching Ghana on Feb. 23, 2004.
“I was ordered to lead the voyage,” said Putu, who looks the part of a Navy officer with a well-trimmed moustache and a no-nonsense posture.
“I was disheartened at first, but an order is an order. So I just had faith.”
It was not a lack of competence that worried Putu, his abundant experience on the sea told him how dangerous the trip would be.
Ever since he entered the military academy in 1990, the captain has been fascinated with sails. “The free air of the ocean blows away stress,” he said. And so he took up windsurfing and sailing.
In 1996, Putu sailed around the world in 14 months aboard the vessel the Arsa. “But that was different from the Borobudur. With a modern ship, one can easily turn on the engine and run from bad winds,” he said.
At that time, his wife, Diah Sriwahyuni Purnamasari, was pregnant with their first child. Putu saw his daughter for the first time when she was 10 months old.
“We named her Genova, because my husband was in Genoa when she was born,” said Diah, 30. The couple has two other children, a 6-year-old girl and a 3-year-old boy.
Putu has taken part in many competitions, including the Sydney-Hobart trip in 1998 and the Raja Muda Cup in Malaysia in 1999. In both events, Indonesia won.
“I’m always astonished when people underestimate Indonesia. On the sea, we rule!”
In his last event, the Singapore Strait Regatta competition in 2000, Putu was the skipper and his team took third place. “We still achieved something although our ships are less modern than those from other countries.”
Diah was proud that her husband was trusted with bringing Indonesia’s name abroad, but hopes that now he will have the chance to stay on land for a while. “He has to continue his education for his career.”
It has been six years since Putu became a captain, following the first Post-Graduate Education for Officers in Surabaya. In June, he plans to take up the second course, which will last for six months, to become a major.
In the meantime, he will take a posting on a warship.
“I don’t know where I get my love of the sea from, all I know is if I don’t see the ocean in a month, I develop a headache,” said Putu.
Well, Indonesia’s ancestors were masters of the seas.”
G. The Water Cisterns on the Route between Petra and Wadi Sirhan.
Several years ago I first began to come to the conclusion that Sifu stood for Petra and Qielan for Wadi Sirhan in the Weilue, and that the text indicated that a trade route connected the two. I contacted several specialists on the early history of the region who insisted that there were no significant sources of water in Nabataean or Roman times between the oasis of Al Jafr (to the east of Ma’an) and the first wells in the Wadi Sirhan – a distance of at least 150 km. This would seem to rule out the route for regular caravans of any size.
During early 2002, however, I contacted Daniel Gibson, the author of The Nabataeans: Builders of Petra, and the “Webmaster” of the excellent Nabataea.net website. He was living with his family at the time with some Bedouins not far from Petra. He wrote back that he also did not know of any water sources in the region but he was having a meeting with some of the tribal elders in a couple of days (some of whom had long ago lived in that region), and he would ask them about it. They told him that there was a large ancient water cistern about halfway along the route and Dan checked and found some reference to it on maps in Amman. He wanted to go and visit the site but, with the build-up to the last war in Iraq it was considered unsafe for him to visit the region which is close to the border of Saudi Arabia.
So, Dan posted a request for information on his website and was thrilled to hear from a young woman, Antonia Willis, who had previously travelled in the region, taken photos and actually made some rough measurements of a cistern which was some 10 metres across the entrance! She also sent copies of photos of the cistern and has since sent me several letters and a map.
I will quote from a couple of her email letters below as they speak for themselves [notes in square brackets are mine]. It is quite clear from her accounts that the route was not only possible for caravan traffic but was quite likely used as such:
“Just some quick thoughts about the area between Wadi Sirhan & Petra. When I’ve got time I’ll email you the grid refs but off the top of my head, there is this to say:
Between the eastern escarpment of the Jafr depression and the Wadi Hudruj (my most easterly point of travel was the police border fort at Mshash Hudruj) are the cistern Dan mentioned AND a number of other sites where water collection probably occurred. Wadi Hudruj you know runs roughly n/e to s/w out of the Wadi Sirhan and would be a naturally through-route. The Wadi where I saw it was full of acacia and undoubtedly water collection there could have happened; unfortunately the bloody great anti-tank ditch (the scar visible on sat images) and Saudi border post there made exploration impossible.
Not far south of the cistern is a spot marked as “Roman Pools” on a current air map [about 37o 27’ E; 30o 15’ N ]I was working off; here we saw surface signs of water collection and a fairly dense scatter of sherds. The chart I used was TPC (Tactical Pilotage Chart) series GSGS, map sheet H-5B published 1991 by our MoD. You Aussies fly everywhere, so maybe you can get hold of it over there. If not let me know, and I will send you a copy from the UK.
If the Wadi Hudruj is a poss conduit, travellers from Wadi Sirhan to Petra would not have to be more than 2 days’ journey from water, I think.
Also interesting is the poss route Azraq oasis - Bayir - Jafr and then east (or the same in reverse). There are very substantial remains, and heaps of Nabataean classical fineware sherds, at Bayir; then it is not too far to the cistern/”pools”/Wadi Hudruj.
Re navigation; stellar, of course, but I was interested to see that the modern Bedu police have marked out a couple of routes across the Jafr depression and the empty stretch east of it by piling up mounds of sand/soil some 5 feet high at line-of-sight intervals - no reason why someone couldn’t have thought of that a few thousand years ago. . . . ” Email from Antonia Willis 27 July, 2003.
“I’ve asked for the scanned map to be sent to you via my old office - hope it’s got to you.
Cistern depth; again, hard to gauge, because the precarious overhanging lip (you’ve seen the pics) and the shade cast by it meant that there was no obvious point from which to take a sounding - had we been proper and methodical about it, we would have taken several, but to tell you the truth I really thought I’d be back soon after to do a better job. HOWEVER - we slung a water bottle on string down over the lip at what looked to be the deepest (most shadowed) area we could safely access from the rim, and it was I see from my notes 18 metres approx. The other dimensions you can guess at from the photos using the human figures as scale indicators. But to repeat, this was one of TWO water collection sites between the eastern escarpment of the Jafr depression and the Wadi Hudruj as intersected by the Saudi border - and it would not surprise me in the least to find more. The mapping there has never been seriously picked up on since the 1948 Royal Engineers survey which had many white spaces on it.
I showed pics of the deep cistern to Rupert Chapman at the PEF in London and he suggested that it was a karstic depression [limestone formation of caverns, caves, etc] lending itself to much water collection through the ages. . . . ” Email from Antonia Willis 34 August, 2003.
I will also quote here from Dan Gibson’s excellent website, which can be accessed at: http://nabataea.net/
“The Nabataeans greatest accomplishment was probably their system of water management. They developed a system to collect rainwater using water channels, pipes, and underground cisterns. Added to this, they developed very strong, waterproof cement, some of which is still in existence to this day.
They also developed sophisticated ceramic pipelines and reservoirs using gravity feeds (siphons or inverted siphons), that served the developing urban centers. Outside of the cities, dams closed off wadis to collect water during the rainy season, while stone circles or terraces retarded runoff from slopes and trapped valuable topsoil so that their irrigation lines could feed crops.
The Nabataeans were experts at collecting water and storing it in underground cisterns. All along their caravan routes, secret water collection systems collected water and stored it for later use. The ancient historian Diodorus [Didorus Siculus 90-21 BCE] noted: “For in the waterless region, as it is called, they have dug wells at convenient intervals and have kept the knowledge of them from people of all other nations, and so they retreat in a body into this region out of danger. For since they themselves know about the places of hidden water and open them up, they have for their use drinking water in abundance.” (II.48.2)
Diodorus also noted in another place: “They take refuge in the desert using this as a fortress; for it lacks water and cannot be crossed by others, but to them alone, since they have prepared subterranean reservoirs lined with stucco, it furnishes safety. As the earth in some places is clayey and in others is of soft stone, they make great excavations in it, the mouths of which they make very small, but by constantly increasing the width as they dig deeper, they finally make them of such size that each side has a length of about 100 feet. After filling these reservoirs with rain water, they close the openings, making them even with the rest of the ground, and they leave signs that are known to themselves but are unrecognizable to others. They water their flocks every other day, so that, if they flee, or wander through waterless places, they may not need a continuous supply of water.” (XIX.94.6-9).”
This account of the cisterns is confirmed by Alois Musil:
“The cisterns which he mentions [i.e. Diodorus (fl. 1 cent. BCE), in his Biblioteca historica] are the wells known today as mḳûr. These are usually dug out in the rocky soil to a depth of about four meters. They are pear-shaped and have a narrow neck which is generally covered with a large stone. The rain water from the surrounding rocky areas flows into this neck and falls through the cavities beneath the stone into the cistern. A stranger not properly acquainted with the region and with the habits of the natives will ride round such a rain well without noticing it. Fragments of dry plants and sand are apt to drift up against one side of the stone, so that it looks as if it has always been lying there.” Musil (1926), pp. 309-310.
From the above accounts it is clear that there was almost certainly a well-used caravan route or routes between Petra and Wadi Sirhan from whence well-established routes led to the head of the Persian Gulf and also to the ancient trading centre of Gerrha (Angu) to the southeast. See also note 17.3.
H. The Identification of the city of Angu with Ancient Gerrha and Modern Thaj.
“Strabo provides an absolute indication of Gerrha’s location when he writes, ‘After sailing along the coast of Arabia for a distance of two thousand four hundred stadia, one comes to Gerrha, a city situated on a deep gulf’ (16. 3. 3). Strabo’s description of Androsthenes’ exploratory voyage in the Gulf, which preceded the statement just quoted, gives the impression that the calculation of the 2,400 stadia is meant to commence at the southern Babylonian town of Teredon, an impression strengthened when we consider that Pliny says: ‘those travelling by water from the kingdom of Parthia come to the village of Teredon below the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris’ (NH 6. 32. 145). If Teredon was located somewhere in the vicinity of modern Basra, where does a journey of 2,400 stadia arrive on the Arabian coast? Calculating at the rate of 10 stadia to the mile, as Strabo’s principal informant on Arabia, Eratosthenes, did, we reach a figure of roughly 384 km. for the distance from Teredon to Gerrha.* Measured from the Basra area, this places us somewhere in the region of the modern port of al-Jubayl in eastern Saudi Arabia.
But both Strabo and Pliny suggest that the problem is yet more complicated. In describing the east coast of Arabia, Pliny speaks of ‘the bay of Gerrha’, sinus Gerraicus, and ‘the town of Gerrha’, oppidum Gerra (NH 6. 32. 147). Strabo says that Gerrha was ‘a city situated on a deep gulf’, but several lines later he tells us that ‘the city is two hundred stadia distant from the sea’ (16. 3. 3). A. Sprenger was perhaps the first scholar to point to a simple explanation for this apparent contradiction, when he suggested that there was both a port of Gerrha on the Gulf coast, and a town of Gerrha located inland, and one is reminded of similar cases throughout the world where an important ‘port city’ actually lies some distance from the sea, but is paired with a docking-harbour.” Potts (1990), pp. 88-89. [A Greek stadium measured 185 metres, so 2,400 stadia was about 444 kilometres, which is just about exactly the distance by river and sea between Basra and al-Jubayl on a modern map].
“Ahead lay three mesas and a jumble of low hills, and suddenly we were over Thaj. I had seen air-photographs, and knew what to expect. But I was not prepared for the scale. Below lay a considerable city, the parallelogram of its defensive walls plainly visible. Around it stretched fields of tumuli, many of the mounds oddly ring-shaped, a circular rampart with a hollow in the middle. We flew back and forth over the site half a dozen times while I took in the scene. There were no standing walls or buildings, apart from a cluster of obviously recent stone houses. Everything was covered in sand and rubble, but the general outline was clear. And one thing was completely obvious.
Thaj was a city on the edge of a lake. It stretched for almost a mile along the lake-shore, and half a mile or more inland. Only there was no lake . . . to the northern side of the city stretched a large salt-pan, a sabkha.
Now, sabkhas are areas of salt mud which clearly once have been water. They are dried-up lakes. They are useless to man. There would be no reason to build a city beside a sabkha. Therefore this one-time lake had still been a lake when Thaj was built. This was going to tie up with our speculations on the prehistoric climate of Arabia, for only a higher rainfall, or at least a higher water-table, could have held water in the lake-bed. We needed to date Thaj.” Bibby (1970), p. 316.
“Before leaving the subject of the architecture at Thaj, it is important to stress that the ancient town there is constructed on a scale unmatched anywhere else in pre-modern al-Hasa. The city wall alone, with its circuit of 2,535 m. and average width of 4.5 m., represents a gigantic quantity of cut stone. Assuming a minimum height of 2 m., and leaving aside for the moment the corner towers and probable turrets, no less than 22,815 cu. m. of stone would have been required, equivalent to a cube c. 28.4 m. on a side. Nor does this begin to take into consideration the hundreds of buildings on the site as well. The question naturally arises, therefore, what the source or sources of the limestone used at Thaj may have been. It has generally been assumed that it was all local, an assumption supported by the presence of numerous large limestone jabals in the district; but none of these show any sign of quarrying on a large scale. Near Jubayl, however, is a large limestone quarry which has long been known, and in view of the fact that Thaj is connected with the coast by a route leading directly to Jubayl, it may be suggested that the building stone used there was quarried here. During the Second World War, camels used for transport by ARAMCO carried loads of between 336 and 448 lb. (between 152.72 and 203.63 kg.). This would more than accommodate some of the larger limestone ashlars noted at Thaj, making it possible to conceive of such large quantities of stone having been transported overland by camel caravans in antiquity.” Potts (1990), pp. 47-48.
“One additional point which must be borne in mind, however, is the fact that Meredat’s victories [which seem to include ‘Oman’. He issued a coin from Seleucia in 142 AD on which he refers to himself as BACIΔEΥC OMAN] were, in some measure, Parthia’s as well. As the Seleucia texts attest, Meredat was the son of a former Parthian king of kings, and as such a member of an élite Parthian family. Moreover, it is not unlikely that he was installed on the Characene throne by his uncle Osroes I, following the latter’s removal of the pro-Roman king of Characene, Attambelos, sometime after 116. Thus, to the extent that Meredat and his family were a leading element in the ruling Parthian aristocracy, his extension of influence over the central and lower Gulf must be seen as a boon to Parthia. Meredat’s ambitions and pretensions, however, must have been indeed great, for on his coins he is depicted wearing both the diadem and the crown which were the prerogative of the Parthian king of kings. To have worn the diadem alone would have been normal, but to assume the crown as well suggests that Meredat considered himself the equal of the highest ruler of Parthia.
That the fortunes of Meredat were soon to change, however, is proved now by the new Seleucia bilingual. The Greek text is dated to 462 Sel., AD 150/1, while the Parthian version specifies that the statue bearing the inscriptions was erected on 5 July (the 17th day of Tir) of that year. These important sources recount the victory of Vologases IV over Meredat, whom he ‘expelled’ from Mesene. We are not told anything of the further fate of Meredat, but it is likely that his influence in the Gulf rapidly vanished upon his defeat. Indeed, it is not unlikely that his very power there, which must have entailed considerable commercial gain, and perhaps prompted him to assume both diadem and crown shown on his coins, was one of the reasons why Vologases was prompted to challenge him.” Potts (1990), pp. 325-326
“During the second century [BCE] changes can be detected in the direction of Gerrha’s foreign trade. Agatharchides’ report of Gerrhaeans at Petra and in Palestine shows us that at some time in the beginning or middle of the century the Gerrhaeans began trading with the Nabataeans. Juba’s remark, preserved by Pliny, that caravans from Carra, i.e. Gerrha, ‘used to’ make the journey to Syria-Palestine, may also be an echo of the circumstances described by Agatharchides, although the two need not reflect entirely similar circumstances. The problem here is to determine under what political conditions Gerrha’s western trade was carried out in the second century [BCE].
Following the Seleucid victory at Panion in 200 BC, Syria fell to the Seleucids and remained in their grip for most of the second century. If Agatharchides’ statement reflects conditions during his own lifetime (c. 200-131 BC), then it was written at a time when Syria, as well as Palestine proper, was a Seleucid domain. Thus, trade with Syria and Palestine entailed no loss of revenue for the Seleucids, and was, in any case, a more direct route to the Mediterranean than the route via Babylonia. Concrete evidence of Gerrhaean traders in the Aegean during this period comes from Delos. . . .
There is nothing to suggest, however, that Seleucid control in the west affected the Nabataean realm. Thus, while the Seleucids must have had no objections to seeing Gerrhaean caravans going to Syro-Palestine, trade with Petra was probably another matter. Most probably, Gerrhaean trade with the Nabataean capital was an offshoot of their trade with Seleucid Syria, but it is possible that this was done illicitly, from the Seleucid point of view. In this regard, it is interesting to reconsider a proposal put forward by Tarn in 1929. Starting out from the Agatharchides fragment cited above, Tarn tried to explain why the Gerrhaeans should have sent caravans to Petra, when Petra was itself at the head of a direct caravan route to southern Arabia. Rather than a case of sending coals to Newcastle, Tarn suggested that the Nabataeans may have been barred from receiving South Arabian products by the Ptolemies. It has been suggested that Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 BC) succeeded in 278/7 in wresting control of the Marib-Petra incense route away from the Nabataeans, seizing the route below Petra, and founding Ampelone on the coast of the Hejaz as a port to which the caravan wares coming from southern Arabia could be diverted and trans-shipped directly to Myos Hormos in Egypt, thus bypassing the Nabataeans. Given this state of affairs, it could well have been profitable for the Gerrhaeans to ship merchandise which they had already carried forty days from Hadhramaut to Gerrha (Strabo 16. 4. 4) overland to Petra. Tarn’s error, however, lay in taking Agatharchides’ report as proof that Gerrha was trading with the Nabataeans in the third century BC. On the contrary, unless it is archaistic, it reflects the situation in the second century BC.
Finally, the rise of Charax in the late second century BC and its growing commercial importance in the late first century BC may explain why, as Juba says, the Gerrhaeans at some point made yet another reversal and began sending their wares to Charax and the Parthian empire.” Potts (1990), pp. 95-97.
“The principal reports concerning the foreign trade of Gerrha are listed below in chronological order:
. . . the Gerrhaeans import most of their cargoes on rafts to Babylonia, and thence sail up the Euphrates with them, and then convey them by land to all parts of the country . . . (Aristobulus (contemporary of Alexander) apud Strabo 16. 3. 3)
. . . the Gerrhaeans traffic by land, for the most part, in the Arabian merchandise and aromatics ... (Eratosthenes (c.284-202 BC) apud Strabo 16. 3. 3)
. . . Petra and Palestine where the Gerrhaeans, the Minaeans and all the Arabs who live in the region bring incense from the highlands, it is said, and their aromatic products . . . (Agatharchides (c.200-131 BC), in C. Müller, Geographi Graeci Minores, § 87).
‘For this trade [with Elymais and Karmania] they opened the city of Carra [Gerrha] where their market was held. From here they all used to set out on the twenty-day march to Gabba and Syria-Palestine. According to Juba’s report they began later for the same reason to go to the empire of the Parthians. It seems to me that still earlier they brought their goods to the Persians rather than to Syria and Egypt, which Herodotus confirms, who says the Arabs paid 1,000 talents of incense yearly to the kings of Persia. Juba (c. 25 BCE-CE 25) and Pliny, NH (AD 77) 12. 40. 80).
These accounts suggest that the trajectory of Gerrha’s foreign trade experienced a number of shifts through time. In the late fourth century BC, i.e. during Alexander’s lifetime, Aristobulus says Gerrha shipped merchandise to Babylonia by sea. At some point in the third century, as Eratosthenes tells us, Gerrha began to export its goods by land. This may refer to land transport in the same direction, i.e. to Babylonia. On the other hand, it may point to a shift away from Seleucid Babylonia towards Ptolemaic Egypt and Syria. . . . ” Potts (1990), pp. 90-91.
Later, the Seleucids seem to have regained control of the trade from Gerrha during the visit of Antiochus III to Gerrha in 205 BCE:
“Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History, 1, 458: ‘The Seleucids dealt with the Gerrhaeans in much the same way as the Ptolemies with the Nabataeans. In order to prevent the Gerrhaeans from robbing the Seleucid ships that plied between Babylonia and India, they maintained a flotilla in the Persian Gulf. At the same time they endeavoured, by diplomatic action and military intervention, to keep the Gerrhaeans more or less under control and to obtain from them a large proportion of the Arabian and Indian goods held by their merchants. In this light we are better able to understand the account given by Polybius (in the fragmentary form in which we have it) of the expedition of Antiocus III against the Gerrhaeans. It was a military demonstration on a large scale, which did not lead to the conquest of Gerrha, but was imposing enough to frighten the Gerrhaeans and make them increase the quantity of merchandise they sent to Seleucia, at the expense probably of the Nabataeans and the Ptolemies.’” Potts (1990), p. 93, n. 298. See also ibid., pp. 91-95
“During the second century (BCE) changes can be detected in the direction of Gerrha’s foreign trade. Agatharchides’ report of Gerrhaeans at Petra and in Palestine shows us that at some time in the beginning or middle of the century the Gerrhaeans began trading with the Nabataeans. Juba’s remark, preserved by Pliny, that caravans from Carra,306 i.e. Gerrha, ‘used to’ make the journey to Syria-Palestine, may also be an echo of the circumstances described by Agatharchides, although the two need not reflect entirely similar circumstances. The problem here is to determine under what political conditions Gerrha’s western trade was carried out in the second century.” Potts (1990), p. 95
The Weilue seems to indicate that the “(walled) city of Angu, on the frontier of Anxi (Parthia)”, was under Parthian control d 2nd century CE – the period when this information was apparently gathered. This is of great interest because it supports the growing body of evidence suggesting that Gerrha also came under Parthian control during the 2nd century CE:
“The decline of Gerrha and the waning of eastern Arabia’s fortunes in general after the Seleucid era have sometimes been attributed to Characene and Parthian usurpation of the Gulf trade route between India and the west. The exact role of the Parthians in eastern Arabia itself, however, has never been clear. The archaeological evidence for contact between north-eastern Arabia and the Parthian world has been reviewed above. Early authorities were divided on the question of the nature and extent of Parthian political influence in the area. Nöldeke, for example, who emphasized the extent of contact between the Persian and Arabian sides of the Gulf, considered it unlikely that the Parthians actually controlled the region whereas Glaser was convinced that they did. O. Blau believed that the Azd Oman, in particular, put considerable pressure on the region of Mesene and Charax, and that this resulted in the establishment of a Parthian political presence in the area.
In any case, nothing suggests that Parthian political or commercial influence extended to eastern Arabia before the reign of Meredat who, as we have seen (ch. 3 above), had a satrap on Thiloua/os (Tylos) in AD 131. It could be that, following Meredat’s expulsion from Mesene in AD 151, Vologases IV inherited his opponent’s former Gulf possessions, although this is pure speculation. If this did take place, it would help explain a much disputed tradition preserved by Tabari (838-923), al-Dinawari (c. 895), the author of the anonymous Nihāyatu’l-irab fī abāri’l-furs wa’l-’arab (c. 1000-50), and Ibn al-Atir (1160-1234), which attests to a formal Parthian political presence in the area at the end of the Parthian period. The information is contained in the accounts of Ardašir’s famous campaign against eastern Arabia c. 240....” Potts (1990), pp. 228-230.
“Leslie and Gardiner insist very strongly on identifying Āngŭ 安谷, EMC ?an kəwk or ?an juawk, with Antioch in Syria (pp. 81–84). Apart from the obvious weakness of the phonetic correspondence, which does not trouble them at all, Āngŭ is said to be on the frontier of Ānxí (Parthia) and at least some of the indications appear to correspond to a port on the Persian Gulf like that which Gan Ying must have reached. The argument that the Chinese who wrote about Āngŭ “never realized that Syria was no longer part of the Seleucid Empire, which had been replaced by the Parthian Empire, itself in turn replaced by the Persian Sassanid Empire” (p. 183) is hard to understand.” Pulleyblank (1999), p. 76, n. 4.
The derivation of the name ‘Gerrha’:
The Chinese name, 安谷 Angu (K. 146a and 1202a: ân-kuk; EMC an?- kəwk), was most probably derived from some variation of ‘Hagar,’ Arabic for ‘fort’, from which the Greek name ‘Gerrha’ derived:
“Hagar was a “kingdom” and Gerrha a “city”. At least, we have coins mentioning a king of Hagar, though, of course, that does not preclude its being a city. Unfortunately, we know very little about it, except that it was somewhere in northern Arabia, and not necessarily on the coast. Gerrha is known only from the Classical geographers who place it on the Arabian/Persian Gulf coast, but it has never been successfully identified, despite numerous attempts. Your identification of Hagar and Gerrha has been suggested by others, and is possible but there is just not enough information about either two confirm it or to rule it out, see D.T Potts “The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity” (Oxford, 1990) vol. 2: 60-62 (Hagar) and 85-97 (Gerrha). Incidentally, the “h” in Gerrha is simply a conventional transliteration of the Greek form where the letter rho is always assumed to be aspirated. Greek, of course, does not have a letter representing “h”, but Latin does and in Pliny (Naturalis Historia VI.32.147) the name is spelt “Gerra”, i.e. without an “h”. This somewhat weakens the case for Gerrha simply being a metathesised form of Hagar. It should also be remembered that Hagar in Ancient South Arabian is the normal word for “city” and forms the initial part of many site names (Hagar bin Humeid, Hagar Kohlan, etc.). We know that the South Arabians were very active in North East Arabia, both because of the frankincense trade and because the Ancient North Arabian language of the area was written in the South Arabian script (in contrast to those of North West Arabia which developed there own scripts).” Michael Macdonald, personal communication, 20/6/99.
“A recent attempt by W. W. Müller to deduce the Semitic origin of the Greek name ‘Gerrha’ has important implications for the solution to the problem of the site’s location. Müller postulates that the ancient Hasaitic designation for ‘the city’ would have been *han-Hagar, from which an Aramaicized ‘Hagarā’ could have developed. As the use of Aramaic in this area is well-attested (see ch. 5 below), this presents no difficulties. From the form ‘Hagarā’, then, the Greek form ‘Gerrha’ can be derived. The application of the term ha—ar to a walled city with towers and bastions was stressed by H. Von Wissmann in his final, posthumously published work on Sabaean history. If a similar usage obtained in north-eastern Arabia where, as we have seen, the South Arabian alphabet was used in the indigenous Hasaitic inscriptions, then one immediately thinks of Thaj as a likely candidate for the site of ancient Gerrha. Pliny’s statement that Gerrha ‘measures five miles round and has towers made of squared blocks of salt’ is, moreover, reminiscent of the white limestone city wall at Thaj discussed above; nor are there any other sites of the period in eastern Arabia which fit such a description. Finally, if we remember the admittedly rough calculation of the distance between Gerrha and Teredon which brought us to the region of al-Jubayl, it is interesting to note that this is in fact Thaj’s traditional and indeed only outlet to the sea. Thus, there exists at least a strong possibility that Thaj and al-Jubayl are the sites of the inland town of Gerrha and its coastal port.” Potts (1990), pp. 89-90.
“On the coast, on the direct line between Hofuf and Bahrain, lay the village of Uqair, and beside it the ruins of a large walled town. It had seemed obvious to many modern theorists that Uqair must be Gerrha, and the identification seemed clinched by the fact that, in the local dialect of Arabic, the letter q is pronounce as g. Uqair is pronounced Ogair, which was close enough to the Greek name to be convincing. Admittedly it was known that a walled city had been built at Uqair in Islamic times, but this was believed to lie on the offshore island where the present Uqair village stands. In any case, we knew of other sites not so far away where Islamic cities lay beside or above cities of Seleucid or earlier date.” Bibby (1970), pp. 318-319.
The dating of Gerra.
“The figurines [found at Thaj] I could not date; we had found figurines in Bahrain in many different levels, and none exactly like these. But it was not necessary. The pottery we knew very well indeed with the first fragment of a thin bowl, red painted and radially burnished inside, I was on familiar ground. This was the pottery which we had found in the Greek town on Failaka, and in our Fifth City on Bahrain. It belonged beyond a doubt to the third century B.C. There were also numerous fragments of the square four-legged “incense-burners” characteristic of this period. The matter was clinched with the finding of eight fragments of glossy black varnished pottery, pieces of small ring-based bowls. They were Attic ware, imports from Greece itself. Some of them were even rouletted, decorated with a close pattern of semi-circles made with a toothed wheel, a characteristic which proved their Greek origin beyond a doubt.” Bibby (1970), pp. 322-323.
“The immediate archaeological problem with Thaj was straightforward, and could be answered by a single carefully placed sondage. Did the city of the time of Alexander, which surface indications showed to exist, overlie a city or several cities of earlier date?. . . .
There was no earlier city at Thaj. Three metres down, we were below the foundations of the city wall, in a pit that had been dug before the wall was built into the sterile sand which at that time covered the site. Five metres down we came to the bottom of the pit. And the pottery was identical from first to last. Thaj had had but one period of occupation, and that had not lasted more than perhaps four hundred years. We have carbon samples from the lowest and the uppermost levels which may give us the span in time of the city. The ash layers in the upper levels are indeed so thick that it is likely that Thaj died by fire and the sword.
The city proved even more imposing on examination than at first acquaintance. The city wall is fifteen feet thick, faced with stone both out and in, and with towers at regular intervals jutting out from the line of wall. On excavation the walls would still stand seven feet high, and would be an imposing ancient monument. It must have been even more imposing to the caravans from the Hadramaut two thousand years ago which, after forty days in the desert, saw the crenellated walls rising to their full height above the palms and gardens south of the city, with the blue waters of the lake beyond.” Bibby (1970), pp. 367-369.
“In sum, the pottery indicates that Periods I-III at Thaj date generally to the Seleucid period. Despite the fact that a very badly worn cylinder seal attributed to the Isin-Larsa period had been found on the surface of the site. . , nothing suggests that the occupation of Thaj preceded the third or late fourth century BC.” Potts (1990), p. 44.
“. . . . A terminal date in the first century AD or even slightly later can thus be suggested if, as appears likely, the rouletted wares at Thaj, obviously of local manufacture, represent copies of imported Roman or Nabataean pottery from the west. This date would be sustained, moreover, by the presence of Thaj-type pottery, coins, and figurines in small quantities at ed-Dur, most of the occupation of which dates to the first century AD.
A number of coins from the surface of the site should also be mentioned. These include at least one Elymaean bronze, two badly effaced Sasanian bronzes (possibly Šapur II), and a denarius of Constantine the Great minted at Antioch-on-the-Orontes in 347/8. The presence of these Sasanian and Roman coins at Thaj suggests that the date for the end of the Thaj ceramic sequence indicated by the rouletted sherds discussed above may be later than currently supposed, although there is no way of knowing whether these coins reached the site during the last period of occupation recorded in the 1983 excavations, or later still.” Potts (1990), p. 203.
The wealth and importance of Gerrha
“In the time of the Roman and Parthian empires there was a large port called Gerra on the mainland somewhere opposite Bahrain. Its exact site is unknown, but was extensive (Pliny mentions that it had a wall with towers, five miles in circumference) and advantageously placed. Caravans from South Arabia, having skirted the sands of the Empty Quarter, normally stopped at Gerra rather than continue northward up the coast and through Kuwait; instead their cargoes completed the journey to Parthian territory by sea. The Gerraeans, like their opposite numbers, the Nabataeans, grew rich by means of their trans-shipment facilities. They had also a valuable resource of their own; the pearls of the Bahrain region were the second most famous in the Ancient World, outclassed only by those of Ceylon.” Sitwell (1984), pp. 93-94.
“The spectacular rise and development of the Nabataean kingdom to great wealth and power between the first centuries B.C. and A.D. may be attributed in part to the fact that it was situated on important trade routes between Arabia and Syria. Along them were carried not only the spices and incense of southern Arabia, but also goods which had been transported from Africa, India and very possibly even from China. Heavily laden caravans converged on the great trade emporium of Petra, with some of them coming from the related centers of Meda’in Saleh and Teima in Arabia. Other caravans came from as far away as Gerrha on the Persian Gulf.” Glueck (1959), pp. 195-196.
“At a much later date the same conditions of trade are noted by the geographer Artemidorus who flourished around 100 B.C. As quoted by the later geographer Strabo (died around 25 A.D.), Artemidorus describes the Sabaeans, the people of Sabaea or Sheba, as having “aromatics in such abundance that they use cinnamon and cassia and the others instead of sticks and firewood... From their trafficking both the Sabaeans and the Gerrhaeans have become the richest of all.” The town of Gerrha was the entrepot of the incense trade on the Persian Gulf in the vicinity of Bahrain whence the goods were transshipped to Iraq, but it was not a settlement of Arab camel breeders as Petra was, at least to some degree. Strabo says that Gerrha was “inhabited by Chaldaeans, exiles from Babylon.” As was the case in Solomon’s time, the major parties in the trade did not include the people who supplied the means of transport.
Since the profits from the caravan trade were substantial and the pattern of trade favoring the retention of profits at the termini of the trade routes was well established, there is no reason to suppose that the diversion of those profits into the desert for the benefit of the carriers of the trade, a development that started with the rise of Petra and continued until the Islamic invasions of the seventh century A.D., was accomplished without resistance from those parties which had previously been in control. Once the dominance of the trade passed to the desert dwellers, the attempts of Romans, Persians, and south Arabians to regain control of it by military or diplomatic means are numerous enough to show that the change in the trading pattern was worth fighting about.” Bulliet (1975), p. 93.
“In the time of the Roman and Parthian Empires there was a large port called Gerra on the mainland somewhere opposite Bahrain. Its exact site is unknown, but was extensive (Pliny mentions that it had a wall with towers, five miles in circumference) and advantageously placed. Caravans from South Arabia, having skirted the sands of the Empty Quarter, normally stopped at Gerra rather than continue northward up the coast and through Kuwait; instead their cargoes completed the journey to Parthian territory by sea. The Gerraeans, like their opposite numbers the Nabataeans, grew rich by means of their trans-shipment facilities. They also had a valuable resource of their own; the pearls of the Bahrain region were the second most famous in the Ancient World, outclassed only by those of Ceylon.” Sitwell (1984), pp. 93-94.
I. The Spread of Ideas and Religions Along the Trade Routes
There was an incredible spread of religious and other ideas along the newly expanded trade networks. It is clear just from the number such reports that opening of pan-Eurasian networks caused a rapid flow of ideas and religions from one distant region to another on scale never seen before:
“Although firm evidence is lacking, it is not unlikely that both Iranian and Jewish merchants were active along the Silk Road from a very early time, perhaps 3,000 years ago or even more. Naturally their religious ideas would have accompanied them on their travels and therefore would have become familiar to peoples these merchants encountered along the way. There is evidence that Iranian soothsayers were employed by the Western Chou dynasty of China prior to the eighth century BCE.1
So we can say that in ancient times certain religious ideas may have spread geographically eastward, in the sense that the possessors of those ideas physically went there: this is not to say, however, that Iranian or Jewish religious systems “grew” or won converts. The great missionary religions had not yet entered the stage of world history.
In traditional societies religions, like people, are generally considered as being attached to a particular locality or region and, by extension, to their own local culture. From an Inner Asian or Chinese point of view, whatever religion a foreign merchant of Iranian or Israelite origin practiced was simply the home religion of the Iranians or of the Israelites; one would no more think of embracing such a religion oneself than of pretending to be from Iran or Palestine.
Still, as Turks, Chinese, and other East Asian peoples came into contact with these merchants from the West and became familiar with their ways of thinking, subtle influences must have penetrated in both directions through everyday encounters and conversation.”
1 Victor Mair, “Old Sinitic *Myag, Old Persian Magus, and English ‘Magician,” Early China 15 (1990), pp. 27-47.
Foltz (1999), p. 35 and n. 1.
“One of the most striking features of Rome’s eastern frontier is the movement of people and ideas across it: Christianity was no exception, and no single pattern of transit will explain it in regions which saw so many travellers, traders and movements of men with their gods. The Christians in Dura [Europos – on the upper Euphrates] with Greek names were only one of many possible types. Further south, we can already find Christians with a strong Jewish heritage who lived beyond the reach of Rome. During the second and third centuries, groups of Baptists could be found in the district between the mouths of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, where they lived under the nominal control of the Parthians. They acknowledged Christian teachings among severe beliefs which had the stamp of Jewish influence. Here, they had presumably begun as a splinter group from Jewish settlers and we have come to know only recently how they combined a respect for Jesus with a strong stamp of Jewish practice and an honour for their original leader, the prophet Elchesai, who had taught in Mesopotamia c. 100–110 A.D. Their sect, then was quite old and traced back to a heretical Christian teacher, busy in this area at an early date. It is a reminder that very varied sects and small groups could multiply in the Mesopotamian area, just out of the range of Greek and Roman historians: Christian groups, already, were not limited to the area of Roman rule.
These Baptists’ district was frequented by traders and travellers who moved freely between the cities of Roman Syria, the Persian Gulf and India. The new religion could travel yet further eastwards and in Christian tradition there are two distinct stories that it did. The area was the setting for the fictitious [sic] “acts” of the Apostle Thomas, which were compiled in Syriac, probably at Edessa, before c. 250. They told how Thomas, a carpenter, had seen Christ in a vision and had been sold into the service of King Gundophar, the Parthian ruler whom we know to have ruled at Taxila in the Punjab during the mid-first century. The story was well-imagined. Like Thomas, goods and art objects from Roman Alexandria and Syria were reaching the Indus River and its upper reaches in the period of Gundophar’s reign. However, we do not know if there is any truth in the legend of Thomas’s mission. Possibly some settled groups of Christians did exist in the Punjab and encouraged this story of an Apostle’s visit to explain their origin. If so, they are a sad loss to history. In Taxila, during the first and second centuries, they would have lived in a society of rich household patrons, some of whose houses adjoined a large Buddhist shrine. Here we would have to imagine the two religions’ meeting, made without the intervening barrier of pagan gods.
The second story of an Indian mission is largely true. Eusebius reports that an educated Christian, Pantaenus, left Alexandria, evidently c. 180, and went as a missionary to India, where he found Christians who already claimed to trace back to St. Bartholomew. They owned a copy of Matthew’s Gospel in “the Hebrew script” which the Apostle was supposed to have left with them. Contacts between Alexandria and the southwestern coast of India make it easy to credit this visit. Eusebius reports it as a “story,” but he seems to be expressing his own surprise at the adventure, not his doubt at its source. The Gospel “in Hebrew letters” need not disprove it: “Hebrew letters” may refer to the Syriac script, and we cannot rule out an early Syriac translation of the Gospels for use in the East.
If Christians availed themselves of these wide horizons, they were not alone among the travellers on Rome’s eastern frontier: soon afterwards, the Christian teacher Bardaisan was able to give us the best ancient description of India’s Brahmins from his vantage point at Edessa, in Syria. In a pupil’s memoire of his teaching, he also alluded to Christians in “Bactria,” beyond the Hindu Kush Mountains, though not specifically in southern India. His silence does not refute the stories of Christians in that region: he was not giving a complete list of churches. He does, however, cast light on Christianity in his own Edessa, where it attracted something more remarkable: the patronage of a king.” Fox (1986), pp. 277-278.
“But whatever may be our opinion of this tradition [of St. Thomas coming to India in the 1st century CE], there is not the slightest reason to doubt that there were Christians in India in the second century of our era. The documentary evidence available for this are the following notices which appear in the writings of Eusebius and Jerome, to the effect that Pantænus, the head of the famous catechetial school at Alexandria, was sent by Demetrius, Bishop of Alexandria, to India at the request of some ‘ambassadors’ from there.
1. It is said that he (Pantænus) ‘displayed such zeal for the divine word that he was appointed as a herald of the Gospel of Christ to the nations of the East and was sent as far as India . . . It is reported that among persons there who knew Christ, he found the Gospel according to St. Matthew which had anticipated his own arrival. For Bartholomew, one of the apostles, had preached to them and left them with the writing of Matthew in the Hebrew language which they had preserved till that time.’ (Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History, Bk. V, Ch. 10)
2. ‘Pantænus, a philosopher of the Stoic school, according to some old Alexandrian custom, where from the time of Mark the evangelist the ecclesiastics were always doctors, was of so great prudence and erudition both in scripture and secular literature that on the request of the legates of the nation, he was sent to India by Demetrius, Bishop of Alexandria, where he found that Bartholomew, one of the twelve apostles, had preached the advent of the Lord Jesus, according to the Gospel of Matthew, and on his return to Alexandria, he brought this with him in Hebrew characters.’ (Jerome : Liber de Viris Illustribus, Ch. XXXVI.)
3. ‘Pantænus, a philosopher of the Stoic school, was on account of his great reputation for learning sent by Demetrius, Bishop of Alexandria, to India to preach Christ to the Brahmans and philosophers there.’ (Jerome : Epistola LXX ad Magnum oratorem urbis Romae.)
There is no reason to doubt that the country visited by the learned Pantænus was India, because nowhere else do we find Brahmins. He laboured there for only a short time, returned to Alexandria and resumed charge of the school from Clement, who, in a well-known passage, speaks of Indian Gymnosophists and ‘other barbarian philosophers’. ‘Of these,’ he says, ‘there are two classes, some of them are called Sarmanae and other Brahmins; and those of the Sarmanae, who are called Hylobii, neither inhabit cities, nor have roofs over them, but are clothed in the bark of trees, feed on nuts, and drink water in their hands . . . They know not marriage or begetting of children.’ Clement is here clearly referring to the wandering sadhus of India, and no doubt got all his information about India from his guru Pantænus.
The next record we have of the existence of a Church in India is that at the Council of Nicaea (A.D. 239) a prelate of the Indian Church was present and subscribed as ‘Metropolitan of Persia and of the Great India’. We then read of the visit to India of two brothers, Frumentius and Edesius, thirty years later. Frumentius obtained the good will of the king of the country, rose high in his favour and helped him in his administration. Discovering among the subjects certain who were Christians, he helped them to build churches and propagate the Gospel. Returning to Alexandria and relating the whole story to Bishop Athanasius, who had by then been elevated to that see, he entreated him to send a Bishop to India. The prelate asked Frumentius to take upon himself the Bishopric. He accepted and returned to India in the year 356 as Bishop of that country. Rufinus, an Italian who had spent twenty-six years in a monastery in Palestine, where he had become intimate with Jerome, returned to Italy in 397, wrote an Ecclesiastical History and died in 412. It is he who gives us this interesting narrative (Rufinus : Hist. Eccles. Lin. I, Cap. 9).” Paul (1952), pp. 18-19.
“One further factor may be mentioned as not irrelevant to this inquiry. There is a Jewish colony settled in various places round the Periyar river and in Quilon, the very places which claim Christian churches founded by St. Thomas. According to their own traditions the came originally in A.D. 68 and settled in Muziris, receiving a grant of privileges on copper plates just as the Christians did in the fourth century. There are Christian copper-plate grants associated with Quilon and generally thought to be of the ninth century which are witnessed by a number of Jews, subscribing their names in Hebrew. We cannot be certain of these traditional dates, but it looks as if Jewish immigrants, perhaps driven from the West or Arabia by persecution, settled in Kēraḷa and became respected trading communities in the first few centuries of our era.” Brown (1956), p. 62.
“A single stone inscription from a synagogue in K’ai-feng along the lower reaches of the Yellow River offers a tantalizing suggestion regarding the earliest Jewish presence in East Asia. The inscription, which dates from 1663, reads: “The religion started in T’ien-chu [lit. ‘India,’ but probably just meaning the West], and was first transmitted to China during the Chou [the Chou dynasty, ca. 1100-221 BCE]. A tz’u (ancestral hall) was built in Ta-liang (K’ai-feng). Through the Han, T’ang, Sung, Ming, and up till now, it has undergone many vicissitudes.”45
. . . . Unfortunately, the K’ai-feng inscription is uncorroborated by any other piece of evidence and may just reflect the Chinese Jewish community’s boldest claim to antiquity in its own origin myth. An earlier inscription from 1512 and a slightly later one from 1679 both date the Jews’ first arrival in China to the Han period (202 BCE–221 CE). Consistent with this dating, some Chinese Jews told a Jesuit missionary in the early eighteenth century that according to their own oral tradition, their ancestors had first come from Persia during the reign of Ming-ti (58-75 CE).49 The founders of the K’ai-feng community, meanwhile, appear to have arrived by sea no earlier than the ninth century CE, separately and distinctly from the Jews who had come overland into Chinese territory much earlier.50”
45 Quoted in Leslie, Survival of the Chinese Jews, p. 3.
49 Leslie, Survival, p. 4.
50 Rudolf Loewenthal, The Jews of Bukhara, (Central Asian Collectanea, no. 8). Washington, D.C., 1961, p. 6.
Foltz (1999), pp. 34-35 and nn. 45, 49, 50.
“The Parthian Arsacid dynasty, which ruled Mesopotamia and Iran during the first two centuries of the common era, did not consider religion a particularly important political issue. As a result there is little mention of religious sects in Parthian sources, and we can only guess at the spread of Christian ideas in the East based on analysis of later materials. It would seem that in the western part of the Parthian realm Christian communities grew among various Jewish and other sects, local cults and varieties of Iranian religion.
The earliest reference to Central Asian communities in a Christian source is the comment of Bardaisan around 196 CE: “Nor do our sisters among the Gilanians and Bactrians have any intercourse with strangers.” The apocryphal Acts of Thomas [which also mention the coming to Taxila in the first half of the 1st century CE of Thomas and Mary and Thomas’ “twin” – who is often interpreted as Jesus – thought by some to have survived the crucifixion], written around the same time, mentions the “land of the Kushans” (baith kaishan).4
In 224 a new dynasty, the Sasanians, defeated the Parthians. By then Christians were fairly numerous in the Iranian world: an early church history states that in 225 there were twenty bishoprics throughout the Persian controlled lands.5 Following the Sasanian Emperor Shapur I’s victories over the Byzantines in 256 and 260, Greek-speaking as well as Syriac-speaking Christian captives were deported to Iran and thus added to the numbers of Christians there.”
4 See Moffett, Christianity in Asia, pp. 51-53.
5 Alphonse Mingana. The Early Spread of Christianity in Central Asia and the Far East: A New Document. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1925, pp. 7-8.
Foltz (1999), p. 65 and nn.
The following article indicates the possibility of Christian influence in China as early as the 1st century CE.
Christian Designs Found in Tomb Stones of Eastern Han Dynasty
When studying a batch of stone carvings of Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 A.D.) stored and exhibited in the Museum of Xuzhou Han Stone Carvings, Jiangsu Province, Christian theology professor Wang Weifan was greatly surprised by some stone engravings demonstrating the Bible stories and designs of early Christian times.
Further studies showed that some of these engravings were made in 86 A.D., or the third year under the reign of “Yuanhe” of Eastern Han Dynasty, 550 years earlier than the world accepted time of Christianity's entrance into China.
The 74-year-old professor, who is also a standing member of the China Christian Council, showed reporter a pile of photos of Han stone carvings and bronze basins taken by him. He also compared the designs on them with that of the Bible, composed of fish, birds, and animals demonstrating how God created the earth.
Designs on these ancient stones displayed the artistic style of early Christian times found in Iraq and Middle East area while bearing the characteristics of China's Eastern Han times.
The stone carvings, being important funeral objects, are mainly found in four cities, and Xuzhou is one of them. It is reported that by now more than 20 intact Han tombs have been found, from which nearly 500 pieces of engraved stones were discovered.
It is globally accepted that Christianity was first carried into China by a Syrian missionary Alopen in 635 A.D. the ninth year under the reign of “Zhenguan” of the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.).
Some experts once raised doubts that Christianity may have entered China in an early time as the Eastern Han, but lack evidence. Nevertheless, professor Wang’s discovery serves to strongly back up the theory and the earlier works of his own.
By PD Online Staff Member Li Heng. People’s Daily Online. Downloaded on 26 November 2003:
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/
J. Climate and other Changes along the Silk Routes.
The general wide-spread desiccation of Eurasia in historical times is now well attested and universally accepted. It is particularly noticeable in the Tarim Basin region, where it forced the abandonment of many communities as glacial streams retreated back towards the ranges, forcing significant changes to trade routes. See, for example, Almgren (1962), pp. 93-108; Shi and Yao (1999), pp. 91-100; Bao et al. (2004).
The old Southern Silk Route between Dunhuang and Charklik became almost impassable over the first few centuries CE. Travellers were obliged to take the longer route through the mountainous region to the south, which was controlled by rebellious Qiang tribes, or to abandon the Southern Route altogether, by heading from Dunhuang past Lop Nor via Shanshan to rejoin the Northern Route near Korla.
Many communities were abandoned due to the drying up of water supplies and the inexorable advance of sand. This process continues even today with the Chinese government and local communities fighting a constant battle to keep roads open and help present communities survive.
“East of Hetian [Khotan] are some 13 rivers, which used to flow more than 40 kilometres (25 miles) further into the Taklamakan Desert than they do today. Many of the prosperous towns watered by them were abandoned to the sands between the third and sixth centuries to become buried treasure troves.” Bonavia (1988), p. 191.
“This next stretch of highway is under threat from the desert and frequently blocked. Fences of reed-matting form sand-breaks. Quemo comprises one main street only – and no wonder, since for 145 days a year it is blasted by sands blown by Force 5 winds. Until the road was completed in the 1960s it took a month’s journey through 800 kilometres (500 miles) of desert to reach Korla.” Ibid., p. 192.
It is wise to remember, that not all the changes in routes or settlement patterns were solely due to climactic changes, they were sometimes hastened by human factors; as Sir Aurel Stein makes clear:
“According to the observations during my explorations of 1900-01, and which I have discussed at some length in my former Detailed Report, the Dandān-oilik Oasis received its water from a canal fed by one or several of the streams now irrigating the oases of Chīra, Gulakhma, and Domoko. The careful examination which Professor Huntington has since made of this ground, and the physical changes undergone by it, has fully confirmed this view. Now it is of special importance to note that Dandān-oilik lies fifty‑six miles farther north in the desert than Khādalik, and not less than sixty‑four beyond Mazār-toghrak. Were shrinkage of the water‑supply to he considered the only possible cause of abandonment, this chronological coincidence in the case of localities dependent on the identical drainage system, and yet so widely separated, would certainly be very curious.
That such shrinkage of the available water‑supply has taken place in the Tarīm Basin during historical times, and that it must be connected with a general desiccation period affecting the whole of Central Asia and apparently most regions of the continent, if not of the whole earth, is a conclusion which a mass of steadily accumulating evidence is forcing upon the geographical student. It is Professor Huntington’s special merit that he has brought out the central fact of that shrinkage and has emphasized the importance of the proofs which systematic archaeological investigation of ancient sites in the desert and near the present oases is able to furnish. At the same time he has looked towards the results of this investigation to support a theory of his own which supposes that the general process of desiccation has been diversified during the historical period known to us by a succession of minor though important climatic changes partaking of a pulsatory nature. By a series of ingenious observations Professor Huntington has endeavoured to show that the climatic pulsations thus assumed, i.e. periods of increased dryness extending over certain centuries followed in turn by periods of a reverse tendency toward more abundant rainfall, have exercised a determining influence on history. He believes them to be reflected with particular clearness in the history of Central Asia, tend to increase the intensity of any climactic variations.
It does not come within the scope of the present work to attempt a critical analysis in general of this theory which the distinguished American geographer has set forth, with great lucidity and captivating literary skill in his Pulse of Asia. But since many of the specific arguments there advanced are derived from observations and inferences concerning the ancient sites between Khotan and Lop‑nōr which I explored in the course of my journeys, it appears to me obviously desirable that I should indicate clearly in each case what I think systematic archaeological research can safely establish as regards the climatic changes assumed, and what lies beyond its power to prove. The distinction is particularly needful, because in the absence of direct historical information which could throw light on such changes in the Tārīm Basin, Professor Huntington has been led to deduce their chronology mainly from what antiquarian evidence he believed available, and in the reverse way to reconstruct the history of economic and cultural development in this region from the climatic pulsations determined on this basis.
To turn now to the tract which extends along the southern edge of the Taklamakān between Chīra and Keriya, it is certain that the water brought down at the present time by its rivers would be quite insufficient to reach so distant a site as Dandān‑oilik. Nor would it be adequate to irrigate, besides the actual oases, the whole of the adjoining area which can be proved to have been cultivated during the pre‑Muhammadan epoch. But a recognition of this fact by no means justifies the assumption that, because desiccation has rendered areas once cultivated incapable of reoccupation after long centuries, their original abandonment must have been due to the same cause.
Where man’s struggle with adverse conditions of nature is carried on by a highly civilized community, such as archaeological exploration reveals to us in these ancient oases of the Buddhist epoch, human factors introduce elements of complexity which must warn the critical student to proceed warily, and to look for definite historical or antiquarian evidence before drawing his conclusions as to the circumstances and events which determined the desertion of these settlements. Where cultivation is wholly dependent upon a careful system of irrigation, and where the maintenance of the latter is possible only by the organized co‑operation of an adequate population, as in these oases adjacent to, or surrounded by, the most and of deserts, a variety of causes apart from the want of water may lead to the gradual shrinkage or complete abandonment of cultivation. Reduction of population through invasion or pestilence; maladministration and want of security arising from prolonged disturbance of political conditions; physical calamities, such as changes in river courses with which a weakened administration would not adequately cope, etc., might all individually or jointly produce the same result.
Thus for Dandān‑oilik we have significant evidence in an official Chinese document of the year A. D.768 found there, which has been fully discussed in my former Detailed Report. This shows in most authentic form that the settlement, finally abandoned soon after A. D. 790, as other dated records prove, had already in A. D. 768 lost a part of its population which had retired to the main oasis owing to the depredations of bandits. In view of this explicit contemporary record there is every inducement for the historical student to connect the final abandonment of this outlying oasis after A. D. 790 with the great political. upheaval of the years immediately following, when Chinese authority in Eastern Turkestan after long‑drawn struggles finally succumbed to Tibetan invasion. We know from the devastations which accompanied‑Tibetan predominance elsewhere at that period, that the disappearance of organized Chinese control and protection must have resulted in prolonged political troubles throughout the Tārīm Basin. Without an effectively administered system of irrigation and an adequate population, cultivation in that and region cannot successfully maintain its constant fight with the desert, whatever the supply of water available in the rivers may be. Both conditions were likely to suffer severely during those troubled times, and in no part of the cultivated effect make itself felt so rapidly and completely as in an isolated colony like Dandān-oilik.
It is obvious that a cause which would suffice to explain complete abandonment in the case of Dandān-oilik, might reasonably be held capable also of accounting for the shrinkage which we must assume to have taken place about the same time in the occupied area immediately to the north and east of the present Domoko. But it will be well to remember the lesson which the story of the Domoko dam. as above detailed, can teach us, and to realize that we can never be sure of correctly gauging the cause or causes which have produced the change in each particular locality, unless definite historical records come within our reach. Neither silent ruins nor scientific conjecture can replace them, and while reliable materials of that kind remain as scanty as now, we can scarcely expect the old sites to give definite answers to all the questions which arise about the physical past of this region.” Stein (1921), pp. 207-211.
K. The Identification of Jibin as Kapisha-Gandhāra.
The kingdom of Jibin 罽賓 [Chi-pin] = Gandhāra-Kapisha.
Ji 罽 – not in Karlgren; EMC: kiajh
bin 賓 – K. 389a: *pi̯ĕn / pi̯ĕn; EMC: pjin.
There is a discussion in CICA p. 104, n. 203, on the various phonetic interpretations of the name, none of which I find convincing. There are two main theories regarding the location of Jibin:
1. Several scholars maintain that Jibin referred to (the Valley of) Kashmir. This was partly on linguistic grounds – see, for example, Pulleyblank (1963), pp. 218-219, (1999), p. 75 and the discussion in Bailey (1985), pp. 44-46, and partly because Jibin was, in later centuries, in a few Buddhist texts, used to refer to the Kashmir Valley.
The Vale or Valley of Kashmir was most unlikely to have been on the route used by the Chinese to reach Kandahar and points west. In ancient times, the only easy access to it was from the southwest – the Gandhāran plains – via the low Baramula Pass, with its plentiful water and fodder. This did mean that the ruler of Taxila (east of the Indus, near modern Rawalpindi), when strong enough, frequently controlled Kashmir as well, and it was commonly used as a summer residence for such rulers due to its pleasant climate and surrounds.
Travel was very difficult from all other directions – the northwest, east and south. For practical purposes, the Vale of Kashmir formed a cul-de-sac, with only one major opening and thus was rarely used for through traffic, as the following passage from the 16th century Tarikh-i-Rashidi, chap. XCIX, makes plain:
“There are three principal highways into Kashmir. The one leading to Khorásán [“a – country which at that time spread eastward to beyond Herat and Ghazni, and southward to Mekrán.” See Vol. I, p. *30] is such a difficult route, that it is impossible for beasts of burden with loads to be driven along it ; so the inhabitants, who are accustomed to such work, carry the loads upon their own shoulders for several days, until they reach a spot where it is possible to load a horse. The road to India offers the same difficulty. The road which leads to Tibet is easier than these two, but during several days one finds nothing but poisonous herbs, which make the transit inconvenient for travellers on horseback, since the horses perish.” Elias (1895), p. 432.
During the Han and the Tang dynasties, at least, the identification of Jibin with Kashmir is highly improbable. Most people nowadays (including many scholars) think of “Kashmir” as consisting of the mainly of Kashmir Valley itself or, at most, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir including Ladakh to the east.
From the mid-19th century the Maharaja’s power over the princely state of Jammu-Kashmir extended at least as far as the Karakoram range to the north, but the disputed boundary beyond that was never demarcated. He also controlled Ladakh and Gilgit, until this latter was set up as a special agency by the British in 1889 for strategic reasons (which became part of Pakistan after Partition in 1947 along with the upper Indus Valley past Skardu). He controlled the territory west past Gupis to the easy Shandur Pass (3,725 metres; 12,221 feet), which is only about 20 kilometres from Mastuj.
Mastuj, on the Yarkhun River, is the main centre in the upper reaches of the Chitral/Kunar valley, from where there is relatively easy, year-round access to the region of Jalalabad on the Kabul River. It also controls access to the strategically important Baroghil Pass (3,798 metres; 12,460 feet) to the north. See, for example, the foldout map of Kashmir in Younghusband and Molyneux (1909). It is only in this very extended sense of ‘Kashmir’ that there could be any possibility of Jibin standing for ‘Kashmir’ during the first few centuries CE.
2. The second theory is based on the fact that the route to Kandahar, as given in both the Hanshu and the Hou Hanshu, reaches it after crossing through Xuandu (the ‘Hanging Passages’ = Hunza/ Gilgit), and then passes through Jibin.
There is a route from Gilgit to the Kashmir Valley itself which was in use until 1947, but, political considerations aside, the shortest route from the Tarim Basin for someone headed to the north Indian plains, remain the ones over the Kilik or Mintaka Passes, and then through Hunza and Gilgit and on to the Chitral/Kunar Valley. Further east one could cross the Baroghil Pass with pack animals during summer, leading down to Mastuj and Chitral as described below.
The only alternative routes for laden animals were much further east over the difficult Karakoram Pass and then across Ladakh to Kashmir.
From Ladakh heading south, there are a couple of difficult alternative routes over very high passes, both converging, finally, on the unpredictable and dangerous Rohtang Pass (3,980 metres or 13,058 ft) leading into the Kulu Valley and the northern Indian plains. The Rohtang Pass is only open from June to September each year and is notorious for its deadly “icy winds and sudden blizzards at any time of the day even during the summer.” Chetwode (1972): p. 184 – which see for graphic accounts of such disasters.
However, the route through the Kullu Valley and Manali over the Rohtang Pass to Lahaul, and then on to Ladakh and the Tarim Basin always retained a certain importance in spite of its dangers and difficulties. It was not only a conduit for the famous cottons and wools of the north Indian plains. There were important silver mines (now exhausted) past Manikaran in the Parvati River Valley which joins the Kullu Valley from the east, and also some of the finest quality charas or hashish was (and is) produced in the region, forming a major export item to the Khotan and Yarkand well into the early years of the 20th century.
Looking at the routes from the opposite direction, Sir Aurel Stein records:
“After leaving behind Misgar, the northernmost hamlet of Hunza, the natural difficulties of the route decrease. The valley widens as we approach the watershed which separates the headwaters of the Hunza river from those of the Oxus on the one side and the Tāghdumbāsh Pāmīr on the other. Lord Curzon, in his exhaustive Memoir on the Pāmīrs, has duly emphasized the important geographical fact that the water-parting in this part of the Hindukush lies considerably to the north of the axial range and is also far lower. This helps to account for the relative ease with which the Kilik and Mintaka passes, giving final access to the Tāghdumbāsh Pāmīr, can be crossed, even with laden animals, during the greater part of the year.” Stein (1907), p. 21.
By far the easiest route, though, at least during summer (it was closed by snow in the winter), went over the Baroghil Pass to Mastuj and, from there, either east towards Gilgit, southwest down the Chitral/Kunar Valley towards Jalalabad.
There is a viable but more difficult route south from Chitral, (presently in use because of the artificial border between Pakistan and Afghanistan), over the dangerous Lowari Pass (3,118 metres or 10,230 ft), through Dir and Malakand to the region of Peshawar.
“From Sarhad starts the well-known route which leads southwards over the Barōghil pass to the headwaters of the Mastūj river, to this day representing the easiest line of access from the Upper Oxus to Chitrăl as well as to Gilgit.” Stein (1907), p. 8.
“All details recorded of it [the passage of Ko Hsien-chih’s troops in 747 CE] agree accurately with the route which lies over the Barōghil saddle (12,460 feet above the sea [3,798 metres]) to the sources of the Mastūj river, and then, crossing south-eastwards the far higher Darkōt Pass (15,200 feet [4,633 metres]), descends along the Yasīn river to its main junction with the main river of Gilgit. Three days are by no means too large an allowance of time for a military force accompanied by baggage animals to effect the march from the Oxus to the summit of the Darkōt Pass, considering that the ascent to the latter lies partly over the moraines and ice of a great glacier. The Darkōt Pass corresponds exactly in position to the ‘Mount T’an-chü’ of the Annals and possibly preserves the modern form of the name which the Chinese transcription, with its usual phonetic imperfection, has endeavoured to reproduce. The steep southern face of the pass, where the track descends close on 6,000 feet [1,829 metres] between the summit and the hamlet of Darkōt, over a distance of five or six miles [8 to 9.7 km], manifestly represents ‘the precipices for over forty li in a straight line’ which dismayed the Chinese soldiers on looking down from the heights of Mount T’an-chü.
From the foot of the pass at Darkōt a march of about twenty-five miles [40 km] brings us to the village of Yasīn, the political centre of the valley. . . . ” Stein (1907), pp. 9-10.
As mentioned, from Chitral one could travel either through Swat to the region of Peshawar in Gandhāra, or via Jalalabad and from there southwest to Kandahar (this latter being the easiest and most direct route to Kandahar). To travel to Kandahar via the Kashmir Valley would entail making a very long and unnecessary detour.
In addition, the Hou Hanshu’s discussion of Gaofu (which most authorities agree referred to the region of modern Kabul, known later as Kabulistan), it is stated that Jibin, at times, controlled it – see Section 4 of this text. That alone would seem to eliminate the Kashmir Valley as a possible location.
Any power that controlled the region of Jalalabad in the Kabul River Valley would normally have included the key strategic fortifications at Kapisha near present Begram to the north and, often, Kabul, and usually Peshawar and Pushkalāvatī or Chārsaddā (the ancient capital – some 18 miles or 29 km northeast of Peshawar), plus some of the Gandhāran plains to the east and northeast.
“. . . can only be Nagarahāra near Jalalabad, the frontier town towards India, which appears in Ptolemy as ‘Nagara, also called Dionysopolis’.4 Very few places east of the Hindu Kush have a Greek name, so the town must have been important; the form of the name Dionysopolis shows that a Greek military colony had been planted there . . , one of the usual methods of hellenising an existing Oriental town . . ; whether, like Susa, the place had become, or ever did become, a Greek polis cannot be said. The settlers were devoted in some especial way to the worship of Dionysus; hence the panther, probably the city type.
4 VII, I, 42; Foucher, Afghanistan p. 279. Ptolemy assigns it to Gandhāra, but it was the frontier town and may have been governed from either capital at different times.”
Tarn (1984), p. 159 and n. 4.
“But, unlike Taxila, Pushkalāvatī became a Greek polis (doubtless somewhat of the type of Susa, p. 27), as is shown by the Fortune of the city on kings’ coins; the solitary coin of the city itself which exists to prove that it was once for a time completely independent… shows, beside Siva’s bull, the Fortune of the ‘city of lotuses’ with her mural crown, holding in her hand the lotus of Lakshmī. Evidently Pushkalāvatī, when a Greek polis, was no less proud of her alien deities than was Ephesus of her alien Artemis, and Siva’s bull is a parallel to Artemis’ bee on the coins of the Ionian city. Pushkalāvatī stood at what was probably then the junction of the Swat and Kabul rivers, and as it and not Purushapura (Peshawur) became the Greek capital, the regular Greek line of communication westward probably did not run through the Khyber pass but by the route which Alexander had followed more to the northward; it seems unlikely that the Khyber was in regular use until the Kushans made Peshawur their capital.” Tarn (1984), p. 136.
“The Khaibar route is a late one in the route-system of the frontier regions. With the emergence of Kabul as an important town in the eighth century this route came into prominence and started functioning most frequently from the sixteenth century onwards. Hephaestion’s route went along the north bank of the Kabul river and passed through the Michni fort and Hotimardān, where a common route to Hund [a major ancient crossing of the Indus] proceeded. According to Aurel Stein, the route of Hephaestion bifurcated from that of Alexander somewhat near the eastern side of the Kunar river and far to the north of Kama. It proceeded in the southeasterly direction through Bohai, Dāg, Gandāb, Doābā, Michni Pass, Utmanzai, Chārsaddā and finally to Hund via Hotimardān. Chārsaddā or Puṣkalāvatī was the ancient capital of Gandhārā and was 18 miles [29 km] northeast of Peshawar. Aurel Stein, On Alexander’s Track to the Indus (London, 1929), p. 124 ; Olaf Caroe, Pathans, 550 BC-AD 1957 (London, 1958), p. 48.” From: Verma (1978), p. 53, n. 152.
“We are told by Alexander’s historians (M’Crindle MDCCCDVI) that while the main body of his troop moved along the most direct route to Taxila, Alexander decided to move along a northern route with the intention of subduing certain tribes in that region. Major details about this route are available in Holdich’s The Gates of India (189:96ff; also see Smith 1904). Briefly, from Kabul, Alexander went along the Kabul river on to the valley of Kunar (Choaspes) which ‘is a link in the oldest and probably the best trodden route from Kabul to the Punjab, and it has no part with the Khaibar. It links together these northern valleys of Laaghman, Kunar and Lundai (i.e., the Panjkora and Swat united) by a road north of Kabul, finally passing southwards into the plains chequered by the river network above Peshawar.’ After crossing the Panjkora (Gourajos), Alexander subdued Massaga which, M’Crindle argues, seconding Rennell, was the same as the Mashanagar mentioned in Babur’s memoirs, situated on the Swat river, two marches from Bajaur. His next objective were the cities of Ora and Bazira. Going towards the Indus, Alexander received the submission of Peukelaotis, the capital of the then Peshawar region ie., Charsada. From Charsada, Taxila was reached. After leaving behind the dominions of Porus, around the Jhelum, he went down the river, fighting tribes along the way to reach the confluence of the rivers of the Punjab with the Indus. His campaign in the Sind region is dealt with very vaguely. It is sufficient to mention that the march followed mainly the line of the river towards the sea and towards Gedrosia.” Lahiri (1992), pp. 379-380.
It was only natural for a state such as the Kushan (and later the British) Empire to wish to control the trade and possible invasion routes to the northeast, and so would extend their power up the Kunar/Chitral valley and across to the easily defended gorges of Yasin, Gilgit and Hunza, thus controlling trade while, at the same time, preventing surprise attacks from the north.
Shughnān was famous for its good climate, water and wine. It was also the source of the widely celebrated “Balas rubies” (actually spinel, not true rubies) of the ancient world. Although, apparently no longer mined today, they were being mined at least until the 19th century:
“I have failed to find out how old the balas ruby is. The earliest I have met with are those on the Bimarān casket, which was found with coins of Azes I and is probably no earlier than c. 30 B.C.; some ruby beads from Taxila are also not earlier than Azes, ASI 1915–16 p. 5. For Roman times see Warmington, p. 249, who tells me he has not met with the balas ruby in Hellenistic or Greek times. Yet it is hard to believe that the mine was first opened by the Yueh-chi.” Tarn (1984), p. 103, n. 4.
“The ruler of Shignan claims the title of Shah. The present Shah, Eusuf Ali, rules over both Shighnan and Roshan. . . . The country of Shignan and Roshan is sometimes called Zujan (two-lived), its climate and water being so good that a man entering it is said to have come into the possession of two lives. Bar Panja, the capital of Shignan, containing about 1500 houses, stands on the left bank, and Wamur, the capital of Roshan, on the right bank of the Oxus ; but the greater portion of both countries is on the right [i.e. the eastern] bank. . . . Much wine is made and drunk in the country. It is a red sweet liquor produced from the cherry. There are now about 4700 houses or families in Shighnan and Roshan together, but the population is said to have been much greater in former times. Shighnan and Roshan used to receive from the Chinese, during their occupation of Eastern Turkistan, a yearly payment similar to that made to Sirikol, Kunjut, and Wakhan, for the protection of the frontier and the trade routes. The ruby mines of Gharan are now worked under the orders of Sher Ali, the Amir of Kabul. It was said that one large ruby the size of a pigeon’s egg, as well as some smaller ones, were found lately and sent to the Amir. The working of these mines appears to be attended with considerable risk and great hardship.” Gordon (1876), pp. 139-141.
The region was also rich in metals which may have been mined in Kushan times, and would have greatly increased its importance:
“Badakshan to-day produces some copper and iron, and may always have done so; but Bactria in Greek times was seemingly poor in precious metals. In Arab times there were rich mines of silver at Anderab and also mines in Wakhan, but it seems improbable that they were worked or much worked in the Greek period, for there are signs that Euthydemus was short of silver; many of his tetradrachms were struck on old coins already in circulation, and he attempted at the end of his life to import nickel from China. East of the Hindu Kush, however, the silver mines on the Panjshir river, which were to supply the mint at Alexandria–Kapisha, were doubtless working to some extent – one of the things which made that city such a desirable acquisition.” Tarn (1984), pp. 103-104.
It is possible that Shuangmi, at times, may have controlled the region of the upper Kokcha river in Badakhshān containing the important ancient lapis lazuli mines, which were usually controlled by whoever was in power in Badakhshān. Certainly, in c. 658 CE the Chinese government established a district of Shuangmi (employing exactly the same characters as in the Hou Hanshu) centred in the town of Julan or Kuran, which is at the head of the Kokcha River, near the lapis lazuli mines. See Chavannes (1900), pp. 71 n., 159, 159 n. 2, and 278. This is presumably also the place named Qulangna [Ch’ü-lang-na], which Xuanzang visited on his way back to China in 644 CE. See Watters (1904-05), II, pp. 278-279; Beal (1884), II, p. 292, and note 13.3 above.
It is often stated that the mines in Badhakshan were the only source of lapis lazuli in the ancient world. While it is true that they were the major source – particularly for Mesopotamia and Egypt, other sources are known which have possibly been utilised since ancient times. For example, one such source is near the town of Ghiamda (modern Gyimda), about 200 km as the crow flies northeast of Lhasa:
“The lapis lazuli, stag’s horn, and rhubarb, are also materials of a great commercial intercourse with Lha-Ssa and the neighbouring provinces. They affirm here, that it is the mountains about Ghiamda that the best rhubarb grows.” Huc (undated), p. 98.
The Da Yuezhi also conquered the fertile Swat Valley, which not only provided the main route south to the Gandhāran plains but was an ancient source of emeralds. Questions were answered recently as to whether emeralds were mined here in ancient times when an emerald from this region has been recently proven to be the gem in a Gallo-Roman earring – see Giuliani et al (2000), pp. 631-633.
Whoever was in power in the Kapisha/Begram area would quite possibly have been exploiting the rich deposits of emeralds just to the north of Kapisha/Begram, in the lower Panjshir Valley – see Giuliani et al (2000), pp. 631–633.
These emeralds, along with lapis lazuli from Badakshan, formed an important source of income for the famous guerrilla leader, Ahmad Shah Massoud (the ‘Lion of Panjshir’), in his campaigns against the Soviets during the 1980s. See: Kremmer (2002), pp. 24-25. It is likely they were of similar importance in antiquity.
It seems almost certain that this is the route through Jibin that the Hou Hanshu and the Weilue refer to, especially as we know this whole section of the route was under Kushan control after they conquered it during 1st century CE.
The Hanshu says that Jibin:
“...is flat and the climate is temperate. There is lucerne, with a variety of vegetation and rare trees. . . . [The inhabitants] grow the five field crops, grapes and various sorts of fruit, and they manure their orchards and arable land. The land is low and damp, producing rice, and fresh vegetables are eaten in winter. . . . The [state] produces humped cattle, water-buffalo, elephant, large dogs, monkeys, peacocks....” CICA, pp. 105-106.
It is difficult to imagine anywhere other than Gandhāra that would fit the information given above. However, the extent of the territory it included or controlled undoubtedly varied from time to time.
“From the climate, the geographical features, and the produce, the central area in Han times must have been in Gandhāra, including Taxila. Kaspeiria and Paropamisadae were possibly subject to Jibin, but cannot be regarded as part of the metropolitan territory of Jibin.
. . . . Since the metropolitan territory of Jibin lay in the middle and lower reaches of the River Kabul, “Ji-bin [kiat-pien]” was very likely a transcription of “Kophen”, an ancient name for the River Kabul.” Yu (1998), p. 149.
There are many indications that the territory along the Kabul River Valley through Jalalabad to Kapisha (modern Begram) often formed a political unit with the Gandhāran plains. The Hanshu (CICA, p. 103), mentions that Nandou (the Chitral/Kunar Valley) was also subject to Jibin at that time.
“Chitral, unlike Gilgit, is not blocked for eight months in the year by Nature. If there were no such things as states, frontiers, and feuds, Chitral could be reached with ease from Peshawar any day in the year. It could be reached via Jallalabad. For, at Jallalabad, the Kabul River is joined by the Kunar River; and Chitral is simply another name for the upper Kunar valley. Unseal the sealed frontier that cuts this valley in two like a travel-proof bulk-head, and that grim annual toll of deaths on the Lowari Pass could be remitted.” Toynbee (1961), p. 143.
The History of the Northern Wei provides valuable additional information on Jibin; stating that it was to the southwest of Bolu (Bolor or Gilgit) and that it was 800 li west to east and 300 li north to south. This description cannot possibly be applied to Kashmir but it fits very well with the territory stretching along the Kabul River valley from Kapisha (modern Begram – north of Kabul) through Peshawar and across the Gandhāran plains to ancient Taxila:
“The History of the Northern Wei [covering the period 386-534 AD] mentions an embassy from Jibin in the 1st Zhengping year of Taiwu Di (451 AD). The notice on the Peoples of the West inserted in this history reproduces that of the Han, but adds a few precise details. The capital of Jibin is SW of Bolu, 14,200 li from the capital of the Beiwei (Northern Wei); the country is surrounded by four chains of mountains. It is 800 li [333 km] in length from west to east, 300 [125 km] from north to south.” Translated from the French version by: Lévi and Chavannes (1895), p. 374. [Note that Lévi and Chavannes put the embassy in 452 AD, but this is a mistake. The 1st Zhengping year of Nanan Wang was 452/3, and he only reigned briefly during 452. Also note that I have converted the li here according to the value of the Han li. It may not have had exactly this value during the period of the Northern Wei, but this does not affect the main thrust of my argument.]
The Chinese pilgrim Wu Kong who, after travelling through Swat to the Indus River, entered Gandhāra in 753 CE helps us make sense of the confusion between the alternative proposed locations of Jibin in Kapisha and in Gandhāra. The conditions he reports were probably typical of the political situation of Jibin for many centuries, although the eastern and western portions of the country (i.e. Gandhāra and the upper Kabul River Valley), may have been separately governed at times:
“On the 21st day of the second month of the 12th Guisi year (753)[15th March, 753], he [Wu Kong] arrived at the kingdom of Qiantuoluo (乾陀罗) ; the Sanskrit pronunciation is correctly Gandhâra (健駄邏) [Jiantuoluo]; this is the eastern capital of Jibin (罽賓).
The king lives in winter in this place; in summer, he lives in Jibin; he seeks out the warmth or coolness to promote his health.” Translated from Lévi and Chavannes (1895), p. 349.
For three excellent and detailed studies on the location of Jibin, see Lévi and Chavannes’ essay (pp. 371-384) at the end of their article, “L’itineraire d’Ou-k’ong (751-790).” JA (1895) Sept.-Oct.; Petech’s essay at the end of his article, “Northern India according to the Shu-ching-shu” (1950), pp. 63-80; and Yu (1998), Chapter 8, “The State of Jibin”, pp. 147-166.
Also worth checking are: Stein (1900): Vol. II, Chap. II, especially, pp. 351-362; Daffinà (1982), pp. 317-318; Molè (1970), p. 97, n. 105; Rapson, ed., (1922), p. 501; Keay (1977), pp. 130, 146, 222, 224; Toynbee (1961), pp. 1, 48, 51-52 130, 125-126; and Pugachenkova, et al., (1994), p. 356.
Assuming the order of the conquests of Kujula Kadphises in the text is chronological, it is probable that Jibin came under Kushan rule not long after he conquered Puda (Parthuaia) in 55 CE – see notes TWR 13.10 and 13.13 above.
“Qiujiuque [Kujula Kadphises] invaded Anxi with the result that he took the country of Gaofu, which shows he took Paropamisadae from the Gondophares family. He then destroyed Jibin, of course, in order to put an end to the rule of the family in Gandhāra and Taxila. As mentioned above, the last year of Gondophares was at latest A.D. 45 and it is generally believed that the family of Gondophares had also at least one ruler, Pocores, and their reign in the valley of the Kabul River ended in A.D. 60-65. After that, Jibin was subject to Guishuang.” Yu (1999), p. 160.
It is known that the region was still under Indo-Parthian rule until at least 44 CE when Apollonius of Tyana visited Taxila – see the account in the translation by Priaulox of Philostratus’ Apollonius of Tyana in Majumdar (1981), pp. 386-393, and the convincing discussion of its authenticity (at least in regard to Taxila), in Woodcock (1966), p. 130. However, for a recent critique of Apollonius of Tyana’s travels in the East, see Jones (2002), pp. 185-199.
I believe there is now overwhelming evidence for the second theory: Jibin, at the time of the Later Han, probably included Gandhāra, particularly the regions of Peshawar and the Kabul River valley through to Jalalabad, and then along the Kabul River Valley to the junction with the Panjshir River, then northwest to the strategically-placed fortress at Kapisha-Kanish, near modern Begram. Tarn remarks on what he considers “Gandhāra” included:
“Gandhāra,1 the country between the Kunar river and the Indus, comprising the modern Bajaur, Swat, Buner, the Yusufzai country, and the country south of the Kabul river about Peshawur, was to become one of the strongholds of Greek Power; it has been called a kind of new Hellas.”
1 In the Jātakas Gandhāra includes Taxila; but in this book I use the term in its strict sense. On Gandhāra see Foucher, Gandhāra; R. Grousset, Sur les traces de Bouddha, 1929, chap. VI.”
Tarn (1984), p. 135 and n. 1.
L. The Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century CE.
The legend of the introduction of silk to Khotan by a Chinese princess is given in some detail in Xuanzang. Aurel Stein gives a good summary of this legend according to Xuanzang:
“In old times the country knew nothing of either mulberry trees or silkworms. Hearing that China possessed them, the king of Khotan sent an envoy to procure them ; but at that time the ruler of China was determined not to let others share their possession, and he had strictly prohibited seeds of the mulberry tree or silkworms’ eggs being carried outside his frontiers. The king of Khotan then with due submission prayed for the hand of a Chinese princess. When this request had been acceded to, he dispatched an envoy to escort the princess from China, taking care to let the future queen know through him that, in order to assure to herself fine silk robes when in Khotan, she had better bring some mulberry seeds and silkworms with her.
The princess thus advised secretly procured mulberry seeds and silkworms’ eggs, and by concealing them in the lining of her headdress, which the chief of the frontier guards did not dare to examine, managed to remove them safely to Khotan. On her first arrival and before her solemn entry into the royal palace, she stopped at the site where subsequently the Lu-shê convent was built, and there she left the silkworms and the mulberry seeds. From the latter grew up the first mulberry trees, with the leaves of which the silkworms were fed when their time had come. Then the queen issued an edict engraved on stone, prohibiting the working up of the cocoons until the moths of the silkworms had escaped. Then she founded this Sanghārāma on the spot where the first silkworms were bred; and there are about here many old mulberry tree trunks which they say are the remains of the trees first planted. From old time till now this kingdom has possessed silkworms which nobody is allowed to kill, with a view to take away the silk stealthily. Those who do so are not allowed to rear the worms for a succession of years.
That the legend here related about the origin of one of Khotan’s most important industries enjoyed widespread popularity is proved by the painted panel (D. iv. 5) discovered by me in one of the Dandān-Uliq shrines, which presents us, as my detailed analysis will show, with a spirited picture of the Chinese princess in the act of offering protection to a basketful of unpierced cocoons. An attendant pointing to the princess’s headdress recalls her beneficent smuggling by which Khotan was supposed to have obtained its first silkworms, while another attendant engaged at a loom or silk-weaving implement symbolizes the industry which the princess’s initiative had founded. A divine figure seated in the background may represent the genius presiding over the silkworms.” Stein (1907) I, pp. 229-230. See also: Stein (1921), pp. 1278-1279; Watters (1904-1905), pp. 287, 302
The story of the Chinese princess bringing silk to Khotan is retold in the Li yul luṅ-bstan-pa or Prophecy of the Li Country – a Buddhist history that contains a list of the Buddhist kings of Khotan apparently in chronological order. This book has been found to be surprisingly accurate in the listing of Buddhist kings wherever it has been possible to check it against Chinese sources. However, it must be noted that the list of queens later in the document is completely out of order. See: “Notes on the Dating of Khotanese History” by Hill (1988); also TWR note 4.1.
The legend is set in the reign of King Vijaya Jaya, who is said to have married the Chinese princess who first brought silkworms to Khotan. King Vijaya Dharma was the youngest of three sons of Vijaya Jaya and appears to be identical with a “high official” named Dumo in the Hou Hanshu, and who is mentioned later on in the text as reigning in 60 CE. (For more details on this identification, see TWR note 20.17.)
The name of this “high official,” 都末 – Dumo – is presumably an attempt to transcribe Dharma, the king’s name in the legend:
Du – K. 45e’: *to / tuo; EMC: to / tuo.
mo – K. 277a: *mwât / muât; EMC: mat.
Furthermore, King Vijaya Jaya is recorded as being four generations before King Vijaya Kīrti, who is said to, along with the king of Gu-zan or Kucha assisted Kanika (= Kanishka) in his conquest of So-ked (= Saketa).
Now, we know that this conquest apparently took place just prior to, or during the first year, of Kanishka’s era, which Harry Falk (2001) has recently identified as 127 CE.
Although the evidence is not totally beyond question, there are now, I believe, sufficient grounds for asserting that that silk technology arrived in Khotan sometime in the first half of the 1st century CE.
This is supported by F. W. Thomas in his translation of “The Annals of the Li Country,” in Tibetan Literary Texts and Documents Concerning Chinese Turkestan (1935) on page 110, note 9, where he says: “The introduction of silk-culture into Khotan probably took place early, perhaps about the beginning of the Christian era.” For further information see: Emmerick (1967), pp. 33-47 and Thomas (1935), pp. 110-119.
M. The Canals and Roads from the Red Sea to the Nile.
I have already discussed in some detail the significance of the two canals – the Red Sea to the Nile, and the Butic – which, together, connected Alexandria and the other delta cities with the Red Sea. See note 11.8. Here, I propose to look at the various accounts dealing with the long history of the Red Sea to the Nile canal.
“Darius (520 B.C.) continued the work of Necho, rendering navigable the channel of the Heroopolite Gulf, which had become blocked. Up to this time there appears to have been no connexion between the waters of the Red Sea and those of the Bubastis-Heroopolis canal; vessels coming from the Mediterranean ascended the Pelusaic arm of the Nile to Bubastis and then sailed along the canal to Heroopolis, where their merchandise had to be transferred to the Red Sea ships. Ptolemy Philadelphus (285 B.C.) connected the canal with the waters of the sea, and at the spot where the junction was effected he built the town of Arsinoe. The dwindling of the Pelusaic branch of the Nile rendered this means of communication impossible by the time of Cleopatra (31 B.C.). Trajan (A.D. 98) is said to have repaired the canal, and, as the Pelusaic branch was no longer available for navigation, to have built a new canal between Bubastis and Babylon (Old Cairo), this new canal being known traditionally as Amnis Trajanaus or Amnis Augustus. According to H. R. Hall, however, it is very doubtful if any work of this kind, beyond repairs, was undertaken in the time of the Romans; and it is more probable that the new canal was the work of Amr (the Arab conqueror of Egypt in the 7th century). The canal was certainly in use in the early years of the Moslem rule in Egypt; it is said to have been closed c. A.D. 770 by order of Abu Jafar (Mansur), the second Abbasid caliph and founder of Bagdad, who wished to prevent supplies reaching his enemies in Arabia by this means.” Encyclopædia Britannica (1911). Downloaded from: http://76 . 1911encyclopedia.org/S/SU/SUEZ.htm on 11 Nov. 2003.
“In Egypt both land and water communications were looked after; the old canal from Memphis to the lake of Ismailia was brought back into commission by dint of so much labour that it subsequently bore Trajan’s name; as for the roads, milestones recording Trajan’s work have been found as far south as Nubia.” Garzetti (1976), p. 336.
“Now, the surveys recently made by Lieutenant-colonel Ardagh, Major Spaight, and Lieutenant Burton, of the Royal Engineers, have rendered it certain that the Wady Tûmilât was at some very distant time traversed by a branch of the Nile which discharged its waters into the Red Sea – the majority of geographers being now of the opinion that the head of the Gulf of Suez formerly extended as far northward as the modern town of Ismaïlia. Whether that branch of the Nile was ever navigable, we know not; but we do know that it was already canalized in the reign of Seti I, second Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty, and father of Rameses II.
This ancient canal started, like the present Sweetwater Canal, from the neighbourhood of Bubastis, the modern Zagazig; threaded the Wady Tûmilât; and emptied itself into that basin which is now known as Lake Timsah. When Mr. De Lesseps laid down the line of the Sweetwater Canal, he, in fact, followed the course of the old canal of the Pharaohs, the bed of which is still traceable. When I last saw it, several blocks of masonry of the old embankment were yet in situ, among the reeds and weeds by which that ancient water-way is now choked.” Edwards (1891), p. 280.
“Psammetichus left a son called Necos, who succeeded him upon the throne. This prince was the first to attempt the construction of the canal to the Red Sea – a work completed afterwards by Darius the Persian – the length of which is four days’ journey, and the width is such as to admit of two triremes being rowed along it abreast. The water is derived from the Nile, which the canal leaves a little above the city of Bubastis,293 near Patumus, the Arabian town,294 being continued thence until it joins the Red Sea. At first it is carried along the Arabian side of the Egyptian plain, a far as the chain of hills opposite Memphis, whereby the plain is bounded, and in which lie the great stone quarries; here it skirts the base of the hills running in a direction from west to east; after which it turns, and enters a narrow pass, trending southwards from this point, until it enters the Arabian Gulf. From the northern sea to that which is called the southern or Erythraean, the shortest and quickest passage, which is from Mount Casius, the boundary between Egypt and Syria, to the Gulf of Arabia, is a distance of exactly one thousand furlongs. But the way by the canal is very much longer, on account of the crookedness of its course. A hundred and twenty thousand of the Egyptians, employed upon the work in the reign of Necos, lost their lives in making the excavation. He at length desisted from his undertakings in consequence of an oracle which warned him ‘that he was labouring for the barbarian’.295 The Egyptians call by the name of barbarian all such as speak a language different from their own.”
293 The commencement of the Red Sea canal was in different places at various periods. In the time of Herodotus it left the Pelusiac branch a little above Bubastis.
294 Patumus was not near the Red Sea, but at the commencement of the canal, and was the Pithom mentioned in Exod. 1, 11.
295 This was owing to the increasing power of the Asiatic nations.
Herodotus (1996 edition), pp. 185, 219.
“Now the Nile, when it overflows, floods not only the Delta, but also the tracts of country on both sides of the stream which are thought to belong to Libya and Arabia, in some places reaching to the extent of two days’ journey from its banks, in some even exceeding the distance, but in others falling short of it.” Herodotus (5th cent. BCE): 124 (II.19).
“When the Nile overflows, the country is converted into a sea, and nothing appears but the cities, which look like islands in the Aegean.205 At this season boats no longer keep the course of the river, but sail right across the plain. On the voyage from Naucratis to Memphis at this season, you pass close to the pyramids, whereas the usual course is by the apex of the Delta, and the city of Cercasorus. You can sail also from the maritime town of Canobus across the flat to Naucratis, passing by the cities of Anthylla and Archandropolis.”
Note 205 by George Rawlinson; ibid., on p. 212, says: “This still happens in those years when the inundation is very high.”
Herodotus (II.97), (1996), p. 155.
“As early as the Middle Kingdom, a canal had been dug from Phacussa on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile to irrigate the fertile wadi Tumilat to the east, where later the Hebrews were to settle in Goshen. Necho vainly attempted to extend it through the Bitter Lakes to the Gulf of Suez as one phase of that policy of exploration which resulted in the Phoenician circumnavigation of Africa. After his passage across the Arabian desert in 518, Darius would have continued through the wadi Tumilat and thus would have noticed this uncompleted canal. His interest quickened by hopes of a cheaper and more direct route to India, he resolved to complete the task.
Necho’s line of excavation had been sanded up and must first be cleared. Wells had to be dug for the workmen. When finally opened [about 497 BCE], the canal was a hundred and fifty feet wide and deep enough for merchantmen. This predecessor of the present-day Suez Canal could be traversed in four days.
Five huge red-granite stelae to commemorate this vast project greeted the eyes of the traveler at intervals along the banks. On one side the twice-repeated Darius holds within an Egyptian cartouche his cuneiform name under the protection of the Ahuramazda symbol. In the three cuneiform languages he declares: “I am a Persian. From Parsa I seized Egypt. I commanded this canal to be dug from the river, Nile by name, which flows in Egypt, to the sea which goes from Parsa. Afterward this canal was dug as I commanded, and ships passed from Egypt through this canal to Parsa as was my will.”
. . . . After a reference to the city Parsa and to Cyrus, the stele tells how the building of the canal was discussed and how the task was accomplished. Tribute was forwarded by twenty-four boats to Parsa. Darius was complimented and order was given for the erection of the stelae, never had a like thing occurred.” Olmstead (1978), pp. 145–147.
“This [the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea] was begun by Necho II, and completed by Darius I, who set up stelae c. 490 [BCE].., and later restored by Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Trajan and Hadrian, and Amr ibn el-‘Asi, the Muslim conqueror of Egypt. Its length from Tell el-Maskhuta to Suez was about 85 km.” Baines and Málek (1984), p. 48.
The original canal was in three sections. the first joined the head of the Gulf of Suez with the Great Bitter Lake; the second was then connected with Lake Timsah to the north by another canal. The third section ran from Lake Timsah west, along the Wadi Tumilat to an ancient branch of the Nile which flowed into the Mediterranean just west of the frontier post of Pelusium.
“The rulers of ancient Egypt saw little advantage in linking the two seas, but they considered that much could be gained if the ships plying up and down the Nile were able to sail directly into the Red Sea and so reach the markets of Arabia and the Horn of Africa. So at the beginning of the sixth century BC, the Pharaoh Necho II started to excavate a linking channel. At that time, a branch of the Lower Nile ran eastwards from where the city of Cairo now stands, to empty into the Mediterranean at the town of Pelusium at the easternmost corner of the delta. Necho’s plan was to dig a canal from half-way along this branch, due east of Lake Timsah, and then south through the Bitter Lakes to reach the most northerly tip of the Red Sea at Suez. The labour involved was immense. The Greek historian, Herodotus, stated that one hundred thousand people were killed as the work proceeded [sic. Herodotus says a hundred and twenty thousand – see above]. Eventually, the Pharaoh was warned by an oracle that the human cost was too high, and accordingly he ordered the work to be halted.
In 520 BC, however, Darius, King of the Persians, invaded Egypt and he commanded that the work should be started again. He apparently saw it not merely as a useful trade route but also a monument to his own glory, for he set up at least four stone tablets along its course, declaring that he, as the conqueror of Egypt, had decreed that the canal should be dug. It was, certainly, a spectacular achievement. Strabo, the Greek geographer who lived at the beginning of the Christian era, described the completed waterway as being wide enough to accommodate abreast two triremes – war galleys with three tiers of oars on each side – so it was probably at least a hundred feet across. The journey from the Nile to the Red Sea took, he says, about four days. The canal was, however, very difficult to maintain. Sand continually drifted into it, silting it up. It was cleaned out and repaired several times by the Romans during their rule of the country, and again by the Arabs when they annexed Egypt in the eighth century AD. Eventually, the Arabs decided it was more trouble than it was worth, and they filled it in altogether.” Attenborough (1987), pp. 177-178.
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (king of Egypt 285-246 BCE), again reopened the Nile-Red Sea canal. By the first century CE, all three sections of the canal had silted up and goods from the east had to be landed in the Red Sea ports of Berenice and Myos Hormos, transported overland to the Nile, and shipped down to Alexandria, adding greatly to the difficulty and cost of getting them to markets. This is the situation described so well by Pliny and the author of the Periplus, both written in the 1st century CE.
“Various public works may also have been connected with the India trade. The road from Bostra to Aila was built immediately after the annexation of Arabia to the Roman Empire. The speed with which the project was undertaken suggests an urgent strategic need rather than long term commercial considerations. A second project on a grander scale was the clearing of the silted-up Ptolemaic ‘Suez Canal’ by Trajan. It is hard to perceive of this canal in other than commercial terms. Trajan had a fondness for such projects and was certainly well aware of the economic advantages of water-borne commerce. The canal was maintained throughout the imperial period, but in the first three centuries of its existence we possess only one reference to its use in the India trade.” Raschke (1976), p. 649.
“Later, on the other side of the Nile, Hadrian built Antinoöpolis in memory of his young friend Antinous, and laid down the Via Hadriana, the only formal Roman road in all of Egypt. An inscription found at Antinoöpolis states that by an order of Hadrian a road was built from that city on the Nile across the desert to the Red Sea and along it southward to the port-city of Berenice at 36 degrees south latitude. Berenice was the entrepot for shipping from India and by the Arabias. There are today, however, few traces of the hydreumata, stations and garrisons mentioned in the inscriptions. No milestones have been found to confirm the road. A few sections of cleared track or way have been seen, but nowhere is the surface paved. The conclusion recorded in the Tabula Imperii Romani is that the formal Via Hadriana has vanished. Yet there is evidence of its use in early Christian and Nabataean graffiti carved on rocks at Berenice, and in the remains of a Roman temple.” Von Hagen (1967), p. 109.
“On the Egyptian side [of the Red Sea], Trajan cleared out the old canal which had silted up again since Ptolemaic days, and dug a new section at its western end, to bring it to the Nile at the Egyptian Babylon, on the site of Old Cairo; this would afford a better connection with the western or Canopic arm of the Nile delta, leading to Alexandria. Where Trajan’s canal joined the Red Sea there now grew up the port of Clysma.” Hourani (1995), p. 34.
“By 31 B.C. the Pelusiac branch of the Nile had dwindled and no communication was possible. In A.D. 98 Trajan is said to have built the Amnis Trajanus, a new canal from Bubastis to Old Babylon (Cairo), though this may have been done later by ‘Amr. For the Arabians had rediscovered the old bed, silted up after centuries of neglect, and used it down to 770 when Caliph Mansur, the founder of Bagdat, closed it. The terminus of ‘Amr’s canal was near Suez (Kolzum). Parts of it were used until Mehemet Ali closed them in 1811, and were even utilized by the French in constructing the present Suez canal.” Hyde (1947), p. 193, n. 15.
“At the period of these texts (AD 183/4), the Arabian nome would appear to have covered a roughly crescent-shaped area, reaching from the eastern bank of the Bubastite (Pelusiac) branch of the Nile (at the mouth of the Wadi Tumilat in the south west, as far as Phacusae in the north) via the Wadi Tumilat (i.e. along Trajan’s Canal) to at least Thaubasthis (4067 8)as its maximum north-east extent, and then perhaps curving south to the Gulf of Suez. This is a large area for one nome and its administration must have been difficult, but much of it of course was probably only thinly populated, and in terms simply of population the whole area may not have differed so much from other nomes. Some of this area belonged to other nomes at different periods. . . .
The capital of the Arabian nome at this time was Phacusae, ε Φακoυcιτ¢v πόλι [e phakousiton polis](4063 21-22, 4064 5), which agrees with what we know from Ptolemy, Geogr.. IV 5.24 (for other occurrences and variants of the name, see 4063 21-2n.). Despite divergent opinion going back to Naville, Goshen and the shrine of Saft el-Henneth (Mem. Eg. Expl. Fund 6: London, 1887), and still echoed in recent works, e.g. A Guide to the Zenon Archive II (= P. Lugd.-Bat. XXI/B) 500, according to which the city occupied the site of modern Saft el-Henna, Phacusae should be identifiable with modern Fâqûs, even though the identification cannot be archaeologically documented and is based on phonetic similarity combined with the difficulty of finding a satisfactory Arabic etymology (J. de Rougé, Géographie ancienne de la Basse Égypte (Paris, 1891) 131-9). If we locate Phacusae at Fâqûs, we are forced to conclude that there had been a change in the location of the metropolis of the nome. In Pharonic times and still in the Ptolemaic period, as the Edfu temple list shows (Edfou I 335), the 20th nome of Lower Egypt (I3bt, ‘the East’), i.e. Arabia, had as its capital Pr-Spdw, located with certainty by Naville’s 1885 excavations at Saft el-Henna, around 30 km south west of Fâqûs, in the plain between Zagazig (Bubastis) and the western end of the Wadi Tumilat (cf. P. Montet, Géographie 206 ff.). Besides, Strabo mentions Phacusae as a κώμη [kome] (17.I.26; C805), although one should perhaps not expect precise administrative terminology from Strabo, see P. Pédech, La géographie urbaine chez Strabon’, in Ancient Society 2 (1971) 241. Of Pr-Spdw/Saft el-Henna we know neither the Greek nor the Latin name. The identification of Saft el-Henna with Άραβία [Arabia] in A. Calderini, Diz. geogr. I 2.180 is the product of confusion. Cf. H. Kees, RE XIX.2 1611.53 ff.; S. Timm, Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit ii (Weisbaden, 1984) 924.
The greater part of Trajan’s Canal lay within the Arabian nome; thus it is not surprising that contracts for working on it (4070 below) come within the competence of the strategus of the nome. 4070 indicates that the metropolis Phacusae lay close to (περί) - [peri] the canal. Modern Fâqûs lies some 30 km from where the nearest point of the canal would have been on its route north-eastwards turning into the Adi Tumilat. We are inclined to propose that at the point where the canal bent eastwards there was a branch which continued north-eastwards, passing Phacusae [Zagazig/Bubastis] and giving access to the north-eastern Delta, and that this branch was also known as Trajan’s Canal: cf. 4070 8n. Bastianini and Coles (1994), pp. 145-146. This proposed branch of the canal would probably have followed the old Pelusaic branch of the Nile as far Phacusae, from where it was only a short run to Tanis, which may have still bordered the sea at this period.
From the Pelusaic branch of the Nile it was possible to travel to Tanis by the first leg of the ancient Butic canal which led on to Alexandria. See Uphill (1988), pp. 163-170; and ibid., (2000) pp. 186-187.
“After the river to Pi-Ramses silted up in the 11th century B.C. Tanis became a national capital, attracting merchant boats and fishermen. . . .
Memories of Ramses the Great live on, thanks to the many megaliths he built of himself, including a few stockpiled in Tanis. . . .
In the 11th century B.C. the city of Tanis, on the eastern perimeter of the delta, grew up as a national capital and military stronghold. From here Egypt maintained a buffer zone against the rising powers of Assyria and Babylonia.
“It’s the highest point in the delta,” Phillippe Brissaud, an archaeologist, said as he pointed to a gentle slope rising over a plain scattered with broken statues, a decapitated obelisk, and the deserted temples of once grand Tanis.
“Look at this half statue of Ramses II,” my guide Yahya Emaara said as we walked down an avenue strewn with diorite and granite remnants. “Have you ever seen more beautiful shins or kneecaps?” Aswan provided the granite for these dimpled royal knees, via a now extinct branch of the Nile. The statue itself was hauled here from the former delta capital of Pi-Ramses. . . .
The walls of Tanis were almost 50 feet thick!” Theroux (1977), pp. 14, 18, 20.
“It was, then, in 1884 that Mr. Petrie worked for the Egypt Exploration Fund on the site of that famous city called in Egyptian Ta-an, or Tsàn; transcribed as “Tanis” by the Greeks, and rendered in Hebrew as “Zoan.” It yet preserves an echo of these ancient names as the Arab village of “Sàn.” This site, historically and Biblically the most interesting in Egypt, is the least known to visitors. It enjoys an evil reputation for rain, east winds, and fever; it is very difficult of access; and it is entirely without resources for the accommodation of travellers. Not many tourists care to encounter a dreary railway trip followed by eight or ten hours in a small row-boat, with no inn and no prospect of anything but salt fish to eat at the end of the journey. The daring few take tents and provisions with them ; and those few are mostly sportsmen, attracted less by the antiquities of Sân-el-Hagar than by the aquatic birds which frequent the adjacent lake.” Edwards (1891), pp. 50-51.
It was thus possible to sail from Daphnae in the east, right across the delta to Marea in the west, near Alexandria, via the Butic canal:
“This artificial waterway had an estimated length of 180 kilometres, and starting from Tell Defenneh [Daphnae], connected eleven Lower Egyptian nomes on or near its route [including Tanis]. Inscriptional evidence suggests it was created by, or else completed under King Psamtek I (664-610 BCE). Among its varied uses, it could have served to transport grain and commodities by boat, and help irrigate lands on either side of it. In addition it could also have been used for moving troops as was done by the Emperor Titus. At a time of military threat by the world power Assyria, a major canal protected by and communicating with Greek and Egyptian troops at Marea in the west [near Alexandria] and Daphnae in the east would also clearly serve as a first line of defence for the Saitie rulers.” Uphill (2000), p. 186.
The junction of the two canals – the one joining the Red Sea and the Nile, and the Butic canal linking up with Alexandria, meant that goods could be transported all the way from Alexandria to the Red Sea. It was likely that most of this traffic would have been one-way, as it was, due to the prevailing winds, notoriously difficult to sail northwards in the upper part of the Red Sea. Significant cargoes from the East destined for Alexandria were normally unloaded at one of the Red Sea ports, such as Berenice or Myos Hormos, transported overland to the Nile and then taken via the Nile and the Butic canal to Alexandria. However, it would have been cheaper and easier to use the waterways for the return voyage. Quite possibly cargoes were taken by smaller vessels from Alexandria to a port such as Myos Hormos, and then loaded on to one of the large merchant ships that made the long journeys to India or beyond.
This route involved crossing two major branches of the Nile, the ‘Sebannitus’ and the ‘Canopis’ which are probably the two river crossings mentioned in the Weilue.
“... the Nile divides Egypt in two from the Cataracts to the sea, running as far as the city of Cercasorus in a single stream, but at that point separating into three branches, whereof the one which bends eastward is called the Pelusiac mouth, and that which slants to the west, the Canobic. Meanwhile the straight course of the stream, which comes down from the upper country and meets the apex of the Delta [a little above modern Bubastis], continues on, dividing the Delta down the middle, and empties itself into the sea by a mouth, which is as celebrated, and carries as large a body of water, as most of the others, the mouth called Sebennytic. Besides these there are two other mouths which run out of the Sebennytic called respectively the Saitic and the Mendesian. The Bolbitine mouth, and the Bucolic, are not natural branches, but channels made by excavation” Herodotus, (1996 edition), pp. 123-124 (II.17).
“Two branches of the Nile divide to the right and left, forming the boundaries of Lower Egypt: the Canopic mouth separates it from Africa, and the Pelusiac mouth separates it from Asia, with a space of 170 miles [252 km] between the two.” Pliny the Elder, NH V.47-8; (1991), p. 58.
N. Kanishka’s hostage in History and Legend.
The Hou Hanshu says:
“During the Yuanchu period [114-120 CE] in the reign of Emperor An, Anguo, the king of Shule (Kashgar), exiled his maternal uncle Chenpan to the Yuezhi (Kushans) for some offence. The king of the Yuezhi became very fond of him. Later, Anguo died without leaving a son. His mother directed the government of the kingdom. She agreed with the people of the country to put Yifu (lit. ‘Posthumous Child’), who was the son of a full younger brother of Chenpan on the throne as king of Shule (Kashgar). Chenpan heard of this and appealed to the Yuezhi (Kushan) king, saying:
“Anguo had no son. The men of his mother’s family are young and weak. I am Yifu’s paternal uncle; it is I who should be king.”
The Yuezhi (Kushans) then sent soldiers to escort him back to Shule (Kashgar). The people had previously respected and been fond of Chenpan. Besides, they dreaded the Yuezhi (Kushans). They immediately took the seal and ribbon from Yifu and went to Chenpan, and made him king. Yifu was given the title of Marquis of the town of Pangao [90 li or 37 km from Shule].
Then Suoju (Yarkand) continued to resist (Khotan), and put themselves under Shule (Kashgar). Thus Shule (Kashgar), because of its power, became a rival to Qiuci (Kucha) and Yutian (Khotan).” From TWR, Section 20.
This all fits very well with story that a Kushan king (according to Xuanzang, Kanishka himself) received a prince as a hostage during the Yuanchu period (114-120 CE) of whom he became very fond and ultimately sent troops to install him on the throne of Kashgar. See TWR, Section 21.
In addition, a story in the 8th century Khotanese Buddhist history, the Li yul lung-btsan-pa, says:
“Afterwards King Vijaya Kīrti, for whom a manifestation of the Ārya Mañjuśrī, the Arhat called Spyi-pri who was propagating the religion (dharma) in Kam-śen was acting as pious friend, through being inspired by faith, built the vihāra of Sru-ño. Originally, King Kanika and the king of Gu-zan and the Li [Khotan] ruler, King Vijaya Kīrti, and others led an army into India, and when they captured the city called So-ked, King Vijaya Kīrti obtained many relics and put them in the stūpa of Sru-ño.” Emmerick (1967), p. 47.
The Tibetan name So-ked has been identified with Śāketa, and King Kanika with Kanishka. See: Thomas (1935-1963), Vol. I, (1935), p. 119, n. 2.
Thus, the Buddhist ‘Prophecy of the Li Country’ which includes the legend of the Khotanese King helping Kanishka conquer Sāketa finds much support from the information given above. A Khotanese king called Vijaya Simha, defeats the king of the Ga-hjag (the name of a people living in the region of Kashgar and Yarkand). He was presumably the king called Guangde in the Chinese accounts who captured the King of Yarkand in 86 CE. The king following Vijaya Simha in the Buddhist account is King Vijaya Kīrti (who, as we have seen above, was the Khotanese king who, along with the king of Kucha, is said to have helped Kanishka in his attack on Sāketa).
The Hou Hanshu provides some dates and information which help support this theory:
“When (the Khotanese king) Xiumoba died, Guangde, son of his elder brother, assumed power and subsequently destroyed Suoju (Yarkand, in CE 61). His kingdom then became very prosperous. From Jingjue (Niya) northwest, as far as Sulei (Kashgar), thirteen kingdoms were subject to him.” Hou Hanshu, “Chapter on the Western Regions.”
The Hou Hanshu says that in 73 CE, the king of Khotan, Guangde, submitted to Ban Chao, the famous Chinese general:
“Previously the Yuezhi (Kushans) had helped the Chinese attack Jushi (Turfan/Jimasa) and had carried out some important services (for the Chinese). In this year (88 CE) they offered precious jewels, fuba [bubal antelope], and lions in tribute. They took this occasion to ask for a Han princess. Ban Chao stopped their envoy and sent him back. From this moment there was hatred and resentment (between the Kushans and the Chinese).” Translated from Chavannes (1906), p. 232.
This quote does not give a date for when the Yuezhi helped the Chinese against Jushi (Turfan/ Jimasa), but we know the Chinese attacked and defeated Jushi in CE 74. Chavannes (1905), p. 222, and again in CE 76 (Ibid, p. 230). Presumably, it was one of these occasions that is referred to in the text.
In 84 CE Ban Chao, the Chinese general, sent an envoy with gifts and lengths of silk to the king of the Yuezhi to encourage him to pressure the king of Kangju to stop hostilities against the Chinese, and to pressure on the King of Kashgar who was in league with Yarkand against the Chinese. The Kangju ceased hostilities and seized Zhong, the king of Kashgar and took him to Kangju. Three years later in 86 CE [Chavannes says 87, but the Hou Hanshu says 86 CE], King Zhong convinced the Kangju to help him and plotted with the king of Kucha to pretend to submit to the Chinese. However, Ban Chao arrested him and had him beheaded. See Chavannes (1906), p. 230.
In 86 CE Guangde, the king of Khotan, attacked Yarkand, and put the son of the previous king, Qili, on the throne – Chavannes (1907), p. 204. In 87 CE the “king of Khotan” (presumably Guangde) helped Ban Chao attack and defeat Yarkand once again. See Chavannes (1906), p. 231. [Note that Chavannes mistakenly places this event in CE 88]
In 90 CE the Yuezhi sent their Viceroy Xian, with an army of 70,000 soldiers, across the mountains to attack Ban Chao. Using a ‘scorched earth’ policy, Ban Chao forced them to retreat without fighting.
King Vijaya Kīrti, who is said to have assisted Kanishka in this conquest, is listed in the ‘Prophecy of the Li Country’ as the king who took the throne immediately following Vijaya Simha. I have identified King Vijaya Simha with King Guangde who reigned until at least 86 CE, according to the Chinese accounts. This makes it quite possible that Vijaya Kīrti could have accompanied Kanishka circa 127.
In addition, Kīrti is listed in the Li yul lung-btsan-pa as being 30 generations before King Vijaya Sangrāma IV, identified with King Fudu Xiong [Fu-tu Hsiung] who fled to China with his family and followers in 674 CE. The average reign was slightly less than 15 years (counting from 127 CE), which seems very reasonable. Hill (1988), pp. 179-190.
We also have archaeological and numismatic evidence pointing to strong Kushan influence, if not control, of both Kashgar and Khotan during the period of 107-127 CE, when the Chinese were cut off from these regions:
“107-127
In 107 Khotan and the other cities of Turkestan threw off the yoke of Chinese rule. There is no reference to events in Khotan during this period in the Chinese records, but archaeological evidence suggests that for most of this period the Kushans exercised political control over the city. None of the names of the kings of Khotan during this period are known. No coins were issued locally, but the coins of the Kushans were current.
127-9
In 127 the Chinese army led by Ban Chao’s son Ban Yong re-entered the area and Khotan placed itself under Chinese rule again. The name of the king of Khotan, Fang Qian [= Vijaya Kīrti of the “Prophecy of Khotan”], is noted in the Chinese sources, but he is unlikely to have issued coins while under Chinese control.
129-132
In 129 Fang Qian rebelled against the Chinese and attacked a neighbouring state. His coinage probably dates from this period. In 131 he attempted to re-subject himself to Chinese rule, but without success. In 132 he was conquered by Kashgar at the request of the Chinese.
132
After 132 Khotan was again under Chinese control, and no local coins have been found which can be shown to have been issued after that date. ” Cribb (1985), p. 143.
Christopher Beckwith identifies the king of Gu-zan of the Li yul lung-btsan-pa or ‘Prophecy of the Li Country’ who went on campaign with Kanishka in the company of the king of Kucha (= Kūči, Kūčā, Kushâ, Kūsān, Kučinaṅ, Küsän, Kūšān, Cucia). See Beckwith (1987), p. 50, and n. 66 (where he refers to this identification being made by P. Pelliot in “À propos des Comans” (1920) 181; cf. also Moriyasu, 1984: 17, 65 (n. 84); Ts’en (1981), pp. 576, 578. Pelliot says:
“Here again, the Yuanshi is not very detailed; at least it supplies us with several precise references (chap. 1, fol. 5b): “Yilaha (that is Sanggum [son of Ong Khan and contemporary of Genghis Khan]) fled to the 西夏 Xi Xia. There he daily raided to provide for his needs. Finally, he was attacked by the [people of] Xi Xia and fled into the country of 龜玆 Qiuci. The chief of the kingdom of Qiuci followed him with troops and killed him.” The countries of Xi Xia and Qiuci are well known. Thus, Sanggum, having crossed the Gobi towards the south, arrived in the north of Gansu, where the Xi Xia was, and from there was flung westward to be killed on the territory of Qiuci, that is, Kucha.
We have thus simultaneously a certain identification of the country of which Rashid-ud-Din speaks and of which Mr. Marquart has read the names Kūshān and Kusaqu-Chār-Kusha. For the reasons that until now have escaped us, the country known today as Kucha (Kūchā, locally pronounced Kuchar), and for which the ancient transcriptions of the Han or the Tang infer an original form *Küchï, had been called during the Mongol period and under the Ming Kǖsǟn, generally transcribed 曲先 Quxian(1).. The form Kūsān (=Kǖsǟn) is also attested by the Tarikh-i-Rashidi(2). It is evident that this is the کژﺷﺎﻦ Kūshān of Rashid-ud-Din, which is unconvincingly to be corrected to کژﺳﺎﻦ Kūsān. On the other hand, this very name of Kusan should form in some manner the beginning of the mysterious Kusaqu-Chār-Kusha”.
(1) Cf. for example BRETSCHNEIDER, Med. Res., I, 163; II, 315, 330. And add to it Yuanshi, chap. 12, fol 5a, 7a. One has 古先 Guxian (= Güsän; corr. 苦先 Kuxian = Küsän?) in the § 263 of the Yuanzhaobishi. The Chinese transcription is explicitly in favour of Küsän and not Küshän or Kushan.
(2) Cf. ELIAS and ROSS, Tarikh-i-Rashidi, in the index, s. v. Kuchar and Kusan.
Pelliot (1920), p. 181 and nn. 1-2.
“Tibetan troops were also frequently reported in the lands to the north and west. Tun-huang annals note that in 675 and 676 a Tibetan minister had gone to lTang-yo in Dru-gu-yul, the Western Turkish lands. These visits were apparently connected to efforts by the T’ang empire to regain the Silk Route. The T’ang annals remark in an entry of 676 that a battle was waged with the Tibetan-Turkish alliance for the four garrisons along the Silk Route. Again between 687 and 689 the minister mGar Khri-’bring led troops to Dru-gu Gu-zan, which may be the Kucha region or perhaps old Kuṣāṇa lands.
Exactly how far west beyond Kucha and Khotan Tibetan troops reached is not clear, for lTang-yo and Gu-zan have not been identified with certainty. It seems possible that Tibetan armies entered Sogdia, for the Tun-huang annals note that in 694 the Tibetan minister mGar sTag-bu was captured by the Sogdians. But nothing else is known of this event, which may have taken place in Sogdia or in one of the many Sogdian merchant outposts along the Silk Route.
Sogdia lay to the west of Khotan and was inhabited by peoples who spoke an Indo-European language related to Khotanese. As early as 627 the Sogdians had begun building the four great cities of Lop Nor north of Tibet between Tun-huang and Khotan. Eventually they spread east into Ordos under the large loop of the Huang Ho east of Koko Nor. Later Sogdian inscriptions, probably from the ninth century, have been found at Drang-tse near Pang-gong, and Sogdian texts have been found at Tun-huang. But the extent of the contact between Sogdia and Tibet will require further research.” AT, p. 234.
There can be no doubt that Ban Chao, and the Chinese Emperor, were familiar with the name of the Kushan ruler at this period. They had intensive diplomatic relations with him over a number of years, and even a request from him for marriage with a Han princess in 84 CE. After the request was refused, he sent his Viceroy Xian to attack Ban Chao in 90 CE.
The fact that his name is not mentioned in the Han histories may have been a deliberate omission because he had insulted the Chinese Emperor by asking to marry a Chinese princess, and afterwards attacked the Chinese when they refused. It might be due to a simple omission by a copyist.
At this point we do not know. Nor does it add weight either for or against any theory of dating for Kanishka. It does not make it any less likely that the unnamed king was Kanishka!
The “Ta chuang-yen lun ching (or – ching lun), Kalpanālaṃkṛtikā, Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā traditionally ascribed to Aśvaghoṣa but very probably by Kumāralāta; translated by Kumārajīva in the early fifth century. . . . ”, says:
“Formerly I have heard that among the Chü-sha (Kushan?) race there was a king named Chen-t’an Chia-ni-cha who (once) made a punitive expedition against eastern India (T’ien-chu). When (that country) had been pacified, his majestic power made (the world) tremble and his success was complete, and he returned to his native country. . . .” Zürcher (1968), p. 385.
In addition, the Fufazangyin zhuan, translated into Chinese by Jijiaye and Tanyao about CE 470, gives an account of the defeat of Pātaliputra by ‘Zhendan Jinizha’ (Devaputra Kanishka), and subsequently gives an account of his defeat of the king of Anxi (Parthia). See: Lévi and Chavannes (1895), p. 475-476, 479.
| Tarn |
The southwest coastal footpath starts at Poole in Dorset. Going around Devon and Cornwall, at which West Somerset resort, famous for its Butlin's holiday camp, does it end 630 miles later ? | Read Saxton_Millau.pdf
Proceedings of Bridge Engineering 2 Conference 2007 27 April 2007, University of Bath, Bath, UK
REPORT ON THE MILLAU VIADUCT
J L Saxton1
1
University of Bath
Abstract: This paper provides a critical analysis of the world's highest road bridge and longest multi span cable stayed, the Millau Viaduct. Areas covered include aesthetics, loadings, design and construction.
Keywords: Cable stayed bridge, viaduct, multi-span.
1 General Introduction The Millau Bridge or Viaduct as it should technically be known as provides the final missing link in the A75 autoroute ultimately connecting Paris to Barcelona. Prior the viaducts construction traffic would have had to descend the Tarn Valley causing a bottle neck in the town of Millau especially during the summer months of July and August. The multi-span cable stayed bridge passes over the Tarn valley at its lowest point between two plateaus. In order to do this it had to become the tallest road bridge in the world creating the world's tallest bridge piers standing at 242m, the structure rising to 343m at the top of the pylon. The bridge also holds the title of the world's longest multi-span cable stayed bridge with a total length of 2460m. There is a slight gradient of 3% from North to South as well as a slight curve about a radius of 20,000m. The piers are of post tensioned reinforced concrete and the deck and pylons are of steel. Several initial proposals were at first considered by SETRA (the French Highway Department) in linking the existing autoroutes to the north and south of the Tarn Valley. These included the idea proposed by initially by bridge designer Michel Virlogeux. This included a route that would partially descend the valley, cross the Tarn with a 700m span cable stayed bridge and then tunnel through the steeper North side of valley until and joining up with the autoroute.
However this proposal was to prove too expensive and too damaging on the local environment. In 1990 the decision was made to pass the valley at the bridges current location with a 2500m bridge. Michel Virlogeux proposed a design very similar to the final structure consisting of seven main piers with approach piers and a slightly different cable arrangement. A change in director at SETRA saw a controlled design competition take place in 1993 to ensure that the best solution was found. The only design similar to Virlogeux's was forwarded by Foster and Partners. However it was announced that SETRA design offices would no longer continue an active role in the design so Virlogeux left the department and teamed up with Lord Foster. In 1995 the second design phase took place in which it was decided that the design proposed by Foster and Virlogeux would be used. The decision to construct the bridge under concession agreement was made in 1998 and the competition for construction tender took place in 2000. It was announced in March 2001 that Eiffage would be concessionaire under a new subsidiary company created for the construction - Compagnie Eiffage du Millau Viaduct. The company holds a 75 year operating concession with income from the tolls paying for the construction. The bridge was inaugurated on 14th December 2004 and opened to traffic two days later.
2460m 204m Clermand Ferrand North Alt. 601m C0 P1 P2 245m P3 Tarn River SNCF railway Figure 1- Elevation of the Millau viaduct 2 Aesthetics Analysis of the aesthetics of the bridge will be categorized according to the ten different areas highlighted by Fritz Leonhardt. 2.1 Fulfillment of Function The huge concrete piers help to portray the magnitude of the construction and the huge task of building across the Tarn Valley at such height. These also help to make it clear how the bridge is supported and the importance of the piers being strong, rigid structures. It is clear when looking at the bridge which members are most important from the sizing of them. Nothing has been hidden and load path is obvious throughout the structure. 1.2 Proportions of the Bridge Looking perpendicular to the bridge it appears that the pylons and abutments are of identical width at the deck with the abutments and pylons both splitting and tapering out to meet there. However looking almost parallel along the bridge it can be seen that this is not the case with the concrete abutments being considerably wider than the steel pylons. In my opinion one reason for the piers tapering out is to create good proportions. The outside of the piers remain constant and all that occurs is an increase in the distance between the two pier `halves' as they rise. Where the piers join the deck is well proportioned especially with the wind barrier seemingly giving increased depth to the deck. 2.3 Order within the Structure Although the tallest bridge in the world, the bridge appears simple with good order. The repetition of the pylons across the bridge is easy on the eye as is the constant height at which piers `split' regardless of their starting height. The distances between piers appear equal as does the effective spans between cables. The way in which the piers and pylons seem to flow as one when reaching the deck is good continuity. 2.4 Refinements of Design Usually when crossing a valley it is good to keep the aspect ratio of rectangles between ground, piers and deck constant. However this hasn't been done on Millau and with good reason. With differing spans between the piers there would have to be different numbers of cables supporting the deck between each pier which would not look good. Also the pylons may also have to differ in height if constant spacing of cable anchorage at the deck is to occur. When looking longitudinally along the bridge in the presence of sunlight it appears that the piers are of equal thickness to the pylons. The piers have been deliberately made hexagonal in shape to produce this effect with the leading face of the hexagon reflecting the sunlight and the other sides in shadow. 2.5 Integration into the Environment It is extremely unusual for a cable stayed bridge to span across an entire valley so integration with the environment is very important. By choosing to have a cable stayed bridge serious consideration had to be given to make the bridge look as natural as possible. The morning mist and low lying cloud hide the concrete piers and gives the impression that the deck is delicately floating on them. This natural feature would have been noted and taken into consideration in the design to produce this effect. The apparent thickness added to the deck by the windshield helps to enhance this. This area of aesthetics varies considerably with the direction from which the bridge is viewed. Looking perpendicular to the bridge on both clear and cloudy days the cables merge into the sky resulting in a rather elegant appearance. On a sunny day the smooth finish of the pylons cause them to sparkle and glisten and as a 342m 342m 342m 342m 342m 342m 204m Beziérs South Alt. 675m C8 P7
230m P4
145m P5 P6
result make the presence of the bridge even more noticeable. The action to make the cables blend into the sky is however where designed integration into the environment ends. The bridge in my opinion is a stark contrast to the surrounding architecture of predominantly medieval appearance. Once the decision was made to span between plateaus rather than tunnel through the effect the bridge would have on the landscape would have been top of the agenda. The solution provided when viewing perpendicular to the bridge gives the impression of slenderness and delicacy with regards to the pier dimensions relative to the open spans between. This helps to reflect the idea that the surrounding landscape is very much untouched and itself delicate. 2.6 Surface Texture The Millau viaduct follows the general rule whereby the piers have been given a rough finish and the deck and pylons a smooth one. The reasons for this have been touched upon in the previous integration into the environment section. The texture also helps to make it clear the materials used with the concrete left untouched and the steel all given a glossy white finish. The rougher appearance of the concrete helps to give the piers a slightly more organic appearance as well as giving a sense of strength and rigidity to assure users. The smooth texture of the steel deck, cables and pylons help it to seemingly float above the mist and clouds. 2.7 Colour of Components As mentioned previously the colour plays an important role depending on the viewpoint from which the bridge is observed. When viewing perpendicular to the bridge the white of the cables blend into sky behind. The pylons, also being white in colour remain visible as the thickness means that some part is always in shadow. For the piers it is their geometry which is the key factor determining the appearance and not the colour.
They are shaped such that different areas are in shadow depending on the viewpoint. The colour plays very little part here except for it being light such to exaggerate this effect when contrasted against dark shadow. 2.8 Character The design itself is fairly unique where the norm is that each pylon has stays anchoring the pylons to the ground on one side and supporting the deck on the other. This is not the case with Millau with cables either side of the pylons acting to support the deck. Despite potentially complicating design and construction, the in plane curvature (on a radius of 20km) adds character. When driving over the bridge you can see each of the pylons as you progress helping you to see exactly how the bridge works. This would not be the case had the bridge been straight. Holding several world records and being known for this also adds character as there is no bridge higher/longer etc. The most important feature of the bridges is its height, obviously it is this which gives the bridge most of its character. When viewed from Millau the bridge stands in the distance, imposing itself on the landscape, which acts as a constant reminder to the residents of the effort involved in alleviating the congestion problem in their town. At the same time the slender piers and pylons and sometimes invisible cables reflect sensitivity and delicacy associated with the surrounding environment. 2.9 Complexity in Variety Complexity has very much been kept to a minimum in the Millau bridge with it obvious exactly how the bridge works. There is no structural confusion and it is clear what role each component has to play. Concrete piers support the deck at 342m intervals (204m at end spans). Additional support is provided by cables attached to steel pylons located above the concrete piers. The cables are of a semi fan arrangement whereby they are fixed at equal distance over a certain area of the pylon, neither all at the top nor equally spaced over the entire height of the pylon. The slight curve gives some apparent complexity when crossing the bridge but is measured to perfection as none of the cables appear to cross therefore avoiding unnecessary confusion. As mentioned the piers are of hexagonal shape. This mildly introduces a subtle complexity as from some viewpoints the piers appear to twist as the light catches the different faces together with the taper in the longitudinal direction. 2.10 Incorporation of Nature In my opinion the bridge does have a slight organic feel about it. The slight taper of the columns is
Figure 2 The bridge seemingly floating above the clouds.
almost tree like with the much organised cables acting as branches picking up the deck. With the exception of the above I do not feel any other deliberate or otherwise incorporation of nature exists. There have been associations made with the cables being like a spiders cobweb but personally I don't see this and this could be vaguely associated with any bridge with multiple cables. 3 Loadings In 1990 the initial study for the bridge was undertaken using French standards. The final structure was also designed to French standards as specified within the contract. The temporary steel supports and steel deck were designed and checked for instability according to Eurocode 3. The loadings used in the actual design process are therefore likely to be different to those about to be considered. The loadings will be discussed according to BS 5400. As well as the basic loads applied to all bridges the geometry and design of the bridge leads to other loads and effects which need to be considered. The constant curvature introduces horizontal centrifugal loading and the single plane of cables requires consideration to be given to torsion effects. 3.1 Dead Loads The dead load is primarily just the steel deck. The cornice and wind screen can also be considered as dead load as removing these will seriously affect the aerodynamics of the deck so will never happen. The fixings for the cables and also the cables themselves may be considered as dead loads as well as the pylons. 3.2 Super Imposed Dead Loads The black top surfacing (a surface developed especially for this bridge), concrete and steel crash barriers, handrails and all drainage can be considered as super imposed dead loads. These are all considered permanent but can potentially be removed. When the bridge was constructed the loads just mentioned were added after the main structure (dead load) had been completed. 3.3 Live Traffic Loads The bridge currently has two lanes of traffic and a narrow hard shoulder in each direction. The total width of carriageway is 23.3 metres including the steel crash barriers on the outside. It is therefore appropriate to take the number of notional lanes to be six where the total carriageway width has to be between 19.0m and 22.8m. The two types of loading, HA and HB will be placed at there most adverse locations discussed later in this section.
During the construction of the bridge the pylons were wheeled out into location on crawlers with the weight of the convoy reaching 8MN. With a crawler located at each end of the pylon this represents a load of 4MN per crawler. According to BS5400 the total loading per HB vehicle is 1.8MN spread over 4 axles each consisting of 4 wheels i.e. 112.5kN per wheel. The crawlers used had multiple axles so would have generated a greater UDL than HB loading but a lesser point load at the wheels. This condition would have been considered separately especially considering that there were no cable stays in place when the vehicle passed over. HA and HB loading is considered to act vertically only in the form of UDL's, Knife Edge Loads (KEL) and point loads. There are other secondary traffic loads which would have been considered for Millau. Below are two possible load combinations when trying to determine the most adverse torsional effects. The HA loading would be factored accordingly but as advantageous, the dead load would not. The possibilities show a continuous unbalanced live load acting the entire length of the structure and the other shows it alternating between spans. According to the British Standards the applied loading for a span of 9.5kN/m.
Figure 3 Two torsional loading possibilities As previously mentioned there will be centrifugal loading generated by the curvature of the bridge. This is given by:
,
(1)
The curvature of the bridge is on a radius of 20,000m so the horizontal force associated with this is 1.49kN. This is an extremely low value and would not have been considered in design. Braking from trucks can cause horizontal loading on the deck with a force of 8kN/m being assumed as acting along one notional lane. This is together with a point load of 200kN and all associated HA and HB loading. For HB loading 25% of the nominal load is applied over 2 axles. Accidental skidding from vehicles is considered as causing a point load of 250kN. This can act in any direction in one of the notional lanes whilst also applying the associated HA loading.
Collision with the steel parapets on the outside and concrete ones on the inside will have been considered. The effect the collision has on the substructure will have to be minimal such that only localised damage to the parapet itself occurs. With the parapets present it is extremely unlikely that vehicles will impact the pylons and the cable-deck connections. However due to the size and cost of the project this may have been considered. The locations of each of the seven piers within the valley are isolated enough such that collision loading from road vehicles will not have to be considered. The height of the bridge introduces another collision loading in the form of impact from aircraft. There is potential for this to occur on any part of the structure. This is something obviously not covered in the British Standards but will be of similar principle to vehicle collision with a single horizontal load being designed for. This would have been a hot topic around the time construction began in January 2002. 3.4 Wind Loading The British standards obviously only apply to the British Isles and also to bridges spanning up to 200m. Designing to these or probably to any other standards is unlikely for a bridge of this size. The deck of the bridge relies on aerodynamics to resist the wind loads. Comprehensive wind tunnel testing was carried out to gain an understanding of the decks response to the applied wind loads. Being located in a valley special consideration should be given to funnelling effects acting to increase the wind speed and ultimately the wind load. Increases wind speeds and in particular gusting may occur at the height the bridge is constructed to. The standards may be of some use when considering the effects on the piers. Standard drag coefficients apply to various cross sections, for an octagon (the closest thing to a hexagon) the drag
coefficient would be 1.3. These may have been used for an initial analysis before using an advanced computer model in conjunction with wind tunnel results. The importance of wind tunnel testing is crucial as in terms of dynamics it may prove impossible to successfully model the interaction of the whole structure. 3.5 Temperature Loading As with wind loading the British Standards are unlikely to be of much use as all maps and data apply to the British Isles only. With the deck 2460m in length temperature effects are extremely important. The design process would have into account the stresses induced with the expansion joints clogged. With the effective temperature range for the design process taken to be from -35ºC to 45ºC these stresses will be substantial and will considerably increase compression in the deck. Another issue is the temperature difference between the upper and lower surface of the deck. This will introduce bending into the deck for which the effect will vary depending on the time of day. 3.6 Other Load Effects With substantial amounts of concrete involved in the design one of the most important loads to be considered is that associated with creep of concrete. For Millau the highest bridge pier in the world was being constructed so any changes in height, particularly if uneven across the 7 different piers would lead to adverse effects as well as potentially aesthetic problems. The construction technique used probably generated worse loading as the deck continuously spanned 171m between piers and temporary piers unsupported by any cables as it is in its final state. The
3.00m
3.50m 1.00m 3.50m 3.50m 3.00m
3.00m
4.20m 14.025m 4.00m 32.050m Figure 3 Bridge steel deck section 14.025m
deck is likely to have experienced more adverse tension and compression than can be expected from the various load combinations during its serviceability lifetime. When looking at pictures of the bridge during its construction the undulations caused from these forces are obvious. 4 Structural Assessment The bridge takes the form of a multi-span cable stayed bridge. Having multiple spans there are no back stays as with most cables stayed bridges to anchor the pylons to a rigid support. Instead adverse loads on one span directly interact with the next as the pylons bend to accommodate this. Due to the height of bridge it is important that the pylons have a relatively low bending stiffness compared to the piers. If this is not the case and large bending moments may be transferred to the pier, huge bending moments would result at the base of the piers. Considering the poor bedrock of limestone containing significant cavities the piers are founded on, this would potentially cause problems. The shapes of the pylons seem to be significant in reducing the bending moment transferred to the piers. The longitudinal A frame appears to encourage the resolution of moments into vertical forces. With the
dictated that the deck is of steel. During the launch effective spans where 171m so the ductility of steel was taken advantage of. A concrete deck may have been susceptible to cracking under its own weight which may have lead problems during its serviceability lifetime. Preventing such cracking during the launch would mean pre-stressing the deck in advance using tendons and also completely erecting the pylons and cables prior to launch, effectively pre-stressing the deck superstructure. This would prove time consuming and the steel deck was considered the more efficient option. The steel deck was seen to undulate during construction but due to its high ductility this did not result in any lasting structural problems. As a result the deck needs to be able resist any associated buckling with the anticipated compressive loads which may not have been such an issue as with a concrete deck. As previously mentioned the single plane of cable stays introduces potential problems associated with torsion. Adverse live loading on one side of the cables and no live loading on the other side will result in torsion. Using an A frame or other similar pier design fixed to the deck itself would provide torsional restraint limiting the torsion effects to in between spans.
Top section 10.00m 16.00m
Cable-stayed zone section 88.92m 90.00m
Bottom Section 3.75m 244.80m
4.75m 15.50m Figure 4 Steel pylon elevation and cross sections. cables inducing a bending moment in the pylon, one `leg' of the pylon will go into tension and the other compression. These forces can be transferred to the ground by the split piers. The steel deck is placed into compression by the cable stays. The expectancy here would be to use a prestressed concrete deck due to its good compressive strength. However the chosen launching method
27.00m
17.00m
Figure 5 - Post tensioned concrete piers
However the pier design used leaves cantilevered edges at the supports. It is therefore necessary to provide torsional restraint in the deck itself. This is provided in the form of triangulated cross beams spaced at 4.16m longitudinally supporting the continuous steel box section. Obviously with cables in two planes supporting the bridge, less consideration would have to be given to the torsional characteristics of the bridge. However given the location I feel that this would introduce too much complexity when viewing the bridge from any location other than square on. When analysed, the deck would have been considered continuous over a series of fixed cable supports. Although technically not the case as the cables are elastic, this allows for a rough idea of the tension in each cable to be obtained using the worst load case. When analysed computationally an iterative process will be used to obtain the optimum values of tensions in the cables and compression and bending in the deck. All the previously mentioned factors will
Figure 6 Simplified moment distribution vary according with the location of the cable anchors on the deck. This is because the arrangement of cables is not a harp arrangement i.e. has varying inclinations so varying horizontal and vertical components. Computational analysis will be required to accurately model this effect. Bending of the deck between the cables can be roughly calculated using the standard results for a fixed beam taking into consideration the effect of axial loads induced by the cables. Depending on the location along the deck there will be different amounts of compression resulting from the tension in the cables. Hogging will act as the reduce compression in the top of the deck and increase compression towards the base; sagging will obviously be vice-versa. The change in length of the cables and the pretensioning is important as extension and contraction can affect the moment in the deck. Without taking extension of the cables into consideration the moment due to uniform vertical load on the deck will generate equal hogging and sagging moments in the effective spans between cables. With this considered the so called `jelly effect' will occur. As cables anchored closer to the main mid-span of the deck are likely to extend more so there will be predominantly sagging moment. The cables closer to the pylon have a greater vertical component so hogging will be more apparent here. With a semi fan/harp arrangement you would expect the cables to be spaced closer at the mid-span. This is where the cables will have a smaller vertical
component due to their inclination. However with Millau this has not been done so these cables are likely to experience greater tension under live load and cause increased bending to the pylon whilst acting to hold the bridge up. Again this is an issue to do with aesthetics with the all main spans being equal; it makes sense to make the cable spacing equal to show good order. The areas of the deck closest to the pylons will experience the most compression as the cables acting over the rest of the span will incrementally increase the compression up to this point. There is a `window' in the cable stays here as the increased compression effectively acts as a pre-stress improving bending stiffness. As mentioned the bending moments will alter the compression force in the deck. Ideally the deck will be acting solely in compression with the bending being considered and how it will affect the compression across the section. A careful balance is required taking into account the various load conditions ensuring the deck remains predominantly in compression but to avoid buckling. Having a steel deck means that if adverse loading causes the deck to go into tension at some point, this is not a problem due to steels ductile properties. Consideration would have been given to the effects at the abutments. The deck goes from being elastically supported by the cables to being rigidly supported by a concrete foundation. This potentially can introduce large hogging moments in the deck. A solution of this would be to gradually decrease the depth of any approach making it more flexible at the interchange. As mentioned the temperature effects are going to be very important considering the temperature range and the length of the deck. The most important temperature effect will be due to temperature difference at different times of day where bending of the deck will result. The effective temperature is unlikely to pose such a problem as the structure will expand/contract as one given the thermal coefficient of expansion is the same for concrete and steel. However with the cables being of different length there size will vary accordingly with most adverse affects being seen in the longer cables. They will extend/sag more in extremely hot temperatures and contract more in extremely cold temperatures. As well as for aesthetic purposes the likely reason the piers are the shape they are is to increase flexibility longitudinally to handle expansion of the deck due to temperature. As mentioned the temperature difference is likely to be more of a problem. This effect is likely to be greater in the morning due to the surface finish of the deck. With the road surface being black asphalt and the underside having a white finish the effect of the sun heating the deck may be exaggerated. This will cause a sagging moment as greater compression will be induced on the upper surface of the deck as it tries to extend more. The design of the bearing above the piers is very important here. The deck must be allowed to expand as necessary and excessive restraint at the piers
can cause increased compression. A transfer of moment to the pier will occur if the connection is stiff which will then in turn have to be resisted by the foundations as previously mentioned. The likelihood is that the bearings allow a limited amount of rotation to prevent this transfer of moment. 5 Construction Constructing the worlds tallest road bridge was always going to be extremely difficult. There are traditionally two methods used for constructing cable stayed bridges, incremental launching and cantilever construction. Working at such height poses significant risks as well as the cost involved in lifting sections of the deck over 200m. The design of the bridge also deems this method inappropriate as a single pier and pylon cantilevering deck from either side would be very unstable and susceptible to wind. The decision was therefore made to launch the deck incrementally which itself posed many risks. A launch of this size had never been undertaken before and new technologies had to be developed to slide the deck out into position. Firstly the foundations for the piers had to be constructed. The concrete for these and the piers was produced in newly built plants close to site to minimize transportation costs. This was important as a recently developed concrete was used so anything which could potential impair the quality had to be eliminated. The foundations for each pier consisted of four bored piles ranging in depths of 9m to 16m. The piers were then constructed on top of the pile cap. In order to satisfy aesthetic requirements these pile caps where buried and hidden from view after construction. In order to reduce construction time emphasis was initially placed on the piers closest to the abutments so the launch of the deck could commence whilst the remaining piers were still being constructed. The formwork for the piers was a revolutionary self climbing device using hydraulics. This removed such a need for manual work where the only input required was slightly changing the alignment of the formwork after every four metre rise. This system was only used on the outside with a more traditional formwork system used to form the inside of the piers. This was lifted by crane as required and adjusted accordingly for each new section. Obviously self standing cranes could not be used so the pier itself acted as a support for the cranes as they grew in height. When the piers split 90m below the deck and continue effectively as two separate structures additional self climbing formwork was required. The same process of pouring four metre sections at a time then continued as before. With the first piers nearing completion the temporary intermediate supports were constructed. These were of tubular steel and with the exception of the first support erected, were all telescopic also contributing to a speedy erection. Again a hydraulic system was used, once one support was complete, the
machinery was moved onto the next. These supports reduced the span of the launching deck. The steel deck was fabricated offsite by one of Eiffage's subsidiary groups Eiffel. The deck was transported to site in sections by road. This resulted in high cost as over 2000 police escorted convoys were required to transport them. When considering that concrete plants where required onsite for the piers and foundations it seems that the sensible thing to do would have been to use a concrete deck. However various other factors are likely to have been taken into account when deciding this. Considering environmental impacts the emissions caused using either material are high. This is taking into account the general rule of thumb that for every tonne of concrete produced a tonne of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. There are obvious effects associated with the long distance transportation of the steel deck. The high cost associated with the transportation of the steel deck would also somewhat correspond to the cost of pre-stressing the steel deck prior to launch. The overall time taken to construct a concrete deck is likely to be longer than for a steel deck. This is because the concrete will need to be at construction grade i.e cured for 28 days prior to launching the deck. With a steel deck the prefabricated deck sections can be welded together relatively quickly. However time was unlikely to be an important factor when considering the launch speed of the deck with weather permitting. It is fairly unlikely that the slenderness of the deck sought by Norman Foster would have been met with the use of a concrete deck. For this reason and probably ultimately the most important fact that the leading contractor Eiffage has a world famous steel fabricating subsidiary company, Eiffel, I believe the steel deck was chosen. Sections of the deck were launched from both plateaus and met above the river Tarn, where it was impossible to construct a temporary support. The launching of the deck was undertaken essentially using a lift and push system which occurred all in one motion. This system was especially
Figure 7 - The undulating steel deck prior to the erection of the steel pylons. developed for the launch as due to the magnitude of the task, no such device existed capable of doing the job.
Each lifting machine consisted of two hydraulically operated wedges and is shown below:
Figure 8 Hydraulic deck launching system In order to prevent excessive hogging in the deck during launch a steel trussed nose was attached to the front. This also contained a hydraulic recovery system. As to be expected the cantilevered deck sagged and obviously this was at its worse as the deck approached its next support. The system acted as to hydraulically raise the front of the deck to above the support as it approached. Without this the deck would have simply impacted with each support. To help reduce this sag the first pylon on each launching deck were constructed and six out of the 11 cables attached. As there had not been any chance to extensively test the launching device prior to the launch, problems ensued. The Teflon acting to lubricated the two wedges as they slid over each other deteriorated quicker than anticipated. This unforeseen problem halted the launch with the deck precariously hanging mid-launch. Without replacement parts, the other machines not yet in use were stripped so that launching could continue. The slight curve of the deck didn't really provide any additional construction problems as the approach roads were also curved on the same radius. This enabled sections to be covered where the already fabricated steel sections could be assembled ready for launch. With such large dimensions involved in all structural members, accuracy would have been extremely important as consistently small inaccuracies can lead to huge margins of error. These may have resulted in the top of a pier being in completely wrong location or the deck missing its bearings as it is launched. To monitor the progress of the bridge some 300 reflecting prisms were attached externally so total stations could be used. A GPS receiver was also attached to the launch noses so the path of the launching deck could be monitored. This strict monitoring resulted in the deck alignment being only 2cm when the two joined above the Tarn. With the deck complete the remaining pylons were erected. These were each transported onto the deck in a horizontal position using crawlers. Once in position they were raised and connected to the deck. The
method for doing this was inspired by the Ancient Egyptian means of raising obelisks. Temporary towers were erected, themselves cable stayed. The pylons were raised about a pivot which meant that they slowly rotated to a vertical position the higher the pivot got. These steel pylons were then connected to the deck probably by a method of high strength welding. The pylons are of adequate size for welding to be carried out inside the pylon as well as outside to create a good joint. Whilst the pylons were being erected the cables would have started to be attached to the already erected pylons including the two in place for the launch. Several steel wires making up the cable would have passed through protective tubing and then anchored onto the prefabricated locations on the deck and pylons. The cables would have been probably been tensioned at this stage taking into consideration additional super-imposed dead loads still to be applied. These would include the 10,000 tonnes of specially developed bituminous material for the road surface. The final stage of construction was to dismantle the temporary supports although the bridge opened with some of these still in place. 6 Susceptibility to Intentional Damage and Repair By constructing a bridge of such size there is a chance that someone will want to intentionally damage for some reason or another. It needs to be considered how the bridge will behave should impacts result in serious damage of certain structural members. Firstly the highest members, the pylons should in theory be the most susceptible member to impact from aircraft. The structural capabilities of the one of the pylons could be completely removed and the likelihood is that the bridge will remain standing. This of course was demonstrated during the launch. With a pylon removed the effective span of the deck would be almost the same for the launch, from the midpoint between piers to the pier itself. This is obviously governed but the way in which the pylon fails under impact. This needs to be such that the sudden increase in tension in the cables caused by an impact does not go on to cause further structural damage. This may be damage to the deck for example caused by the cable anchorages breaking free. It is likely that failure mode of the cable anchorages be designed so they fail before significantly damaging the deck. With a pylon damaged or destroyed the same procedures could be used to repair the bridge as initially used to construct it. Temporary supports would be erected to sure up the now span and the pylon can be replaced using the same method as in the construction. Removing a pier however is likely to be a different story to removing a pylon. In my opinion at least the two spans directly connected would fail. Then as mentioned previously the extent of the damage would rely on the failure of the cable anchorages and the ease of which the unsupported deck detaches from the deck
which could remain still standing. Considering this the easier and probably cheaper option would be to design the piers to withstand impact and even blast forces up to a certain level determined using probability. This may prove fairly expensive but so would calculating and designing all the relevant failure modes so the impact doesn't result in a complete failure. An impact from an aircraft on the deck is likely to be very damaging to a localised area however as with damage to a pylon, will probably remain localised with no or little effect on the rest of the structure. Due to the nature of the construction, replacing damaged sections of the deck could be difficult. As the sections were welded together onsite, the only way to remove the damaged ones will be to cut them out. A replacement section would then have to be welded in place whilst in a precariously cantilevered position. Obviously with the heights involved and associated wind speeds etc there is a significant level of danger should this need to be done. In order to fit the replacement section in, the tension in the cable stays could be jacked up providing there is adequate buckling resistance. 7. References [1] Virlogeux, M, 1999. Recent Evolution of Cable Stayed Structures, Engineering Structures, Vol 21, pp. 737-755. Leonhardt, F, Cable Stayed Bridges with Precast Concrete, PCI journal, special report. Enerpac Launching system http://www.enerpac.com/html/Projects/Millau/ Millau_Launching_Systems.html. Structurae.de http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cf m?id=s0000351
[2] [3]
| i don't know |
Which letter from the Greekalphabet is the symbol of the most penetrating type of radiation containing no particles ? | Alpha, beta and gamma radiation - penetration, uses and dangers
Lesson 2: Alpha, Beta and Gamma
Introduction
In this lesson we'll introduce the three most important kinds of nuclear radiation: alpha, beta and gamma. We’ll see how their different properties affect what they can be used for and in what ways they may be harmful.
What is alpha, beta and gamma radiation?
We're not going to go into details about the exact origins of alpha, beta and gamma radiation in this lesson.
Animation giving an idea of the relative size and speed of alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
For the moment we'll say that alpha and beta radiation consist of tiny particles, much smaller than an atom. They move incredibly fast, perhaps thousands of kilometres per second.
Gamma radiation is a sort of invisible, very high-energy light.
Alpha, beta and gamma are the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. The types of radiation are named in the order that they were discovered.
Americium-241, an alpha source
Americium (pronounced a-meh-rees-ee-um) is a metal. It's radioactive and gives off alpha radiation so we call it an alpha source.
In school experiments we only use a tiny radioactive source the size of a grain of sand. It's normally enclosed in a steel tube with a wire mesh covering one end. This means you can't touch the source directly and the radiation only escapes in one direction. There's often a prong so you can pick up the source with pliers.
Animation showing how a radioactive source is often confined in a small protective chamber with an open end so you can experiment with a beam of radiation.
Alpha radiation doesn't go far but is very damaging
Alpha radiation gets stopped by a few centimetres of air or a thin sheet of paper. You may think that this means alpha radiation is quite weak but in fact the opposite is the case.
Activity Finding the penetrating power of alpha radiation.
Alpha radiation is like a big heavy ball rolled across a lawn. It doesn't go very far because it loses a lot of energy flattening out the bumps in the ground. In other words the heavy ball interacts strongly with the ground.
Animation comparing an alpha particle to a big, heavy ball.
This is what alpha radiation does to air. Each alpha particle loses its energy by ripping the air atoms to pieces as it flies past. Eventually it loses all its energy and just stops harmlessly.
The difference between irradiation and contamination
The best way to stay safe is to keep away from an alpha emitter, like americium-241. You don't have to be very far, half a metre is fine.
This is easy if the americium is a solid block but if it’s dissolved in a liquid or crushed into dust then you need to be much more careful. Dust can be blown long distances by the wind. If you inhaled some americium dust then your lung linings could be damaged as the alpha radiation tore up the molecules in your cells.
When radioactive dust lands on something we say that thing has been ‘contaminated’. Contamination is about the stuff that’s emitting the radiation, like dust or water. Contamination can be a risk over long distances.
Animation explaining the difference between contamination and irradiation.
Irradiation is about the radiation itself like alpha, beta or gamma. Radiation can’t travel far so is not a risk over long distances.
Alpha particles cause lots of ionization in a short distance
Alpha radiation is up to twenty times more damaging than other kinds because it tears up atoms so much. This tearing up process is called ‘ionization’ and we’ll see what it means in more detail later. The torn-up air particles (or “ions”) have an electric charge so they can be part of an electric circuit.
Animation of alpha particles ionizing air molecules.
Using americium-241 in a smoke detector
One use of americium-241 is in smoke detectors. The alpha particles tear up the neutral air molecules.
The resulting positive and negative ions can be part of an electric circuit. In normal use this circuit is complete.
When there's a fire smoke particles enter the detector. The ions stick to the much bigger smoke particles because charged things are attracted to uncharged things. This breaks the circuit. A different circuit senses the break and sets off the alarm.
Simulation of a smoke detector that uses an alpha source.
Strontium-90, a beta source
Strontium-90 is a soft, highly reactive metal. It gives off beta radiation.
Beta particles can go through a few metres of air. They can pass through paper and thin aluminium easily but they get stopped by even a thin piece of lead.
Activity Finding the penetrating power of beta radiation.
Beta goes further than alpha but is less damaging
A beta particle can get through a few metres of air. It's like a golf ball rolled fast along our grassy lawn.
The ball jumps and bounces over the ground. You can see it’s path through the grass but it doesn’t flatten everything like alpha. The ‘beta radiation ball’ breaks some of the blades of grass but most of them spring back unharmed.
We say that beta radiation is not so strongly ‘ionizing’ as alpha because it doesn’t rip atoms to bits as much as it passes.
Animation comparing the ionizing power of alpha and beta particles.
Does this mean beta radiation is safer? Yes, it does. Beta is safer than alpha.
Beta radiation will do less harm to a cell as it passes through. But it can reach more cells that it can harm a bit. Radiation is most harmful if a cell is badly damaged but not killed.
Beta’s longer range in air means you have to be a few metres away from the radioactive source in order to be safe. So you can protect yourself from exposure to beta radiation by keeping your distance. You could also use a thin lead shield but sometimes this can produce X-rays , which carry their own risk.
It's is much harder to keep your distance if the beta emitter is a dust or carried in water so it can spread throughout the environment. Again, beta radiation is most dangerous if you breath in or swallow a substance that emits beta radiation. Remember it’s the radioactive substance that gets breathed in. You can’t breath in ‘radiation’.
Using beta particles to measure thickness
Imagine we want to manufacture some thin sheet aluminium. A good way of controlling the thickness is to shine beta radiation through the aluminium and measure how much gets through.
The less beta radiation that gets through, the thicker the sheet is.
Beta gauges are very sensitive but the real advantage is that you can measure the aluminium without having to touch it as it races past. Often the system is computer controlled so the rollers are moved automatically to keep the thickness the same.
Simulation of how a beta source can be used to measure the thickness of aluminium foil.
Tiny beta capsules can be used to treat cancer
The capsules are injected around the cancer and the beta radiation kills the cancer cells.
Radiation is particularly damaging to cells that are in the process of dividing. Cancer cells divide much more often than healthy cells. This means cancer cells tend to be killed while most of the healthy cells are unharmed.
Animation showing how capsules containing a beta emitter can be used to treat cancer.
Gamma radiation is often emitted with alpha and beta
Gamma radiation is a type of invisible, very high energy light. It's the same type of stuff as light, infrared, radiowaves and X-rays. These are all types of electromagnetic radiation.
Graphic showing how gamma radiation fits into the electromagnetic spectrum.
Gamma radiation isn't emitted by itself, only after another event like alpha or beta decay. Normally it's emitted at almost exactly the same time.
Gamma rays can pass through lead but aren't very damaging
Gamma rays can pass through a thin sheet of lead with very little effect. You need about 10 cm of lead to stop most gamma rays completely.
Gamma rays are like a wind blowing over our lawn. It occasionally blows down a blade of grass but mostly it just passes through undisturbed.
Activity Finding the penetrating power of gamma radiation.
Gamma rays are weakly ‘ionizing’. They can rip an atom to pieces but they don’t do it very often.
Gamma radiation spreads out
All radiation spreads out as it gets further from the source. But alpha and beta radiation can be absorbed by the surroundings quite easily so this spreading is more difficult to see.
Animation showing gamma radiation spreading out.
Gamma radiation on the other hand passes through most things without really noticing so the spreading out is much easier to detect.
So gamma radiation tends to pass through your body without interfering with the molecules that make up your cells too much. But you need to be quite a long way away from a gamma source in order not to receive much radiation.
One safety precaution is to keep gamma sources in lead containers. Wearing a lead apron also helps protect people whose job means they have to handle gamma sources regularly. Since lead can itself be toxic another metal like titanium can be used instead for clothing.
Gamma rays are commonly used for tracers
Gamma can easily pass through solid materials unlike alpha and beta. If we use a source that doesn’t give off very much gamma radiation then we can use it as a ‘tracer’ in the environment.
For example, maybe we know an oil pipeline is probably leaking but we don’t know where. First of all a gamma emitter is mixed with the oil. The oil carries the emitter to the leak.
The leaking oil mixes in with the earth around the pipe and ends up closer to the ground. The gamma radiation can pass through the ground and be picked up by the gamma detector so you can tell where the leak is.
Simulation of how a gamma tracer can be used to find a leak in an oil pipeline.
Gamma radiation can sterilize medical equipment
Intense gamma radiation can kill bacteria and other microbes. This makes it useful for sterilizing medical equipment.
The gamma radiation can reach inside even the most complex shapes and it doesn't expose delicate equipment to high temperatures. There's also no need to rinse off chemicals afterwards.
Animation showing the principle of how gamma radiation can be used to sterilize medical equipment.
Gamma radiation can be used to see inside a patient
In low concentrations gamma radiation is not very damaging to living cells because it tends to pass straight through them.
Doctors can use gamma radiation to ‘see’ inside a patient. But instead of shining gamma radiation at a patient from the outside they inject a gamma emitter into the patient and look at the radiation that comes out.
Animation of how a gamma tracer can be used to see inside a patient.
Say the doctor wants to get an image of a tumour in the patient’s brain. X-rays are no good because X-rays only show bones and denser tissues. She selects a harmless chemical that will tend to accumulate in the brain tumour. Then she reacts the chemical with another chemical that emits gamma radiation.
This is called radioactive ‘tagging’. A common tag is called technetium-99m .
The tagged chemical is injected into the patient’s vein. It spreads around the body but tends to build up in the brain tumour. So the brain tumour gives off gamma radiation.
The doctor then uses a special camera called a ‘gamma camera', which is sensitive to the gamma radiation given off. The image is built up quite slowly because the gamma source used is not very ‘bright’ for improved safety. So it takes a while for the camera to capture enough packets of gamma radiation.
The doctor may takes lots of images of the tumour from different angles. Sophisticated computer software can then build a 3-D image of the tumour. The computer can then display slices through the tumour. Displaying slices is called ‘tomography’.
Gamma radiation can be used as a 'knife'
Gamma radiation can also be used to treat some kinds of cancer. This is called ‘external radiotherapy’ because the radioactive source is not injected into the patient.
This machine is called a ‘gamma knife’. The gamma rays can pass through hundreds of holes in a lead ring. It’s only in the middle of the ring that the gamma radiation is very concentrated.
The patient is moved round so that the gamma radiation kills the cancer cells.
Animation of the idea of external gamma radiotherapy
| GAMMA |
"In which track from the 1975 album, Still crazy after all these years, are people advised to ""slip out the back"", ""hop on the bus"" and ""drop off the key"" ?" | Beta | definition of beta by Medical dictionary
Beta | definition of beta by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/beta
beta
[ba´tah]
second letter of the Greek alphabet, β; used to denote the second position in a classification system. Often used in names of chemical compounds to distinguish one of two or more isomers or to indicate the position of substituent atoms or groups in certain compounds. Also used to distinguish types of radioactive decay; brain rhythms or waves; adrenergic receptors; secretory cells of the various organs of the body that stain with basic dyes, such as the beta cells of the pancreas; and the type of hemolytic streptococci that produce a zone of decolorization when grown on blood media.
beta-adrenergic blocking agent (beta-blocker) any of a group of drugs that block the action of epinephrine at beta-adrenergic receptors on cells of effector organs. There are two types of these receptors: β1-receptors in the myocardium and β2-receptors in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscles. The principal effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation are increased heart rate and contractility, vasodilation of the arterioles that supply the skeletal muscles, and relaxation of bronchial muscles.
Because of their effects on the heart, these agents are used to treat angina pectoris , hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias . And, because they decrease the workload of the heart, they are effective in reducing the long-term risk of mortality and reinfarction after recovery from the acute phase of a myocardial infarction . They are an important adjunct in treatment of heart failure and are also used for prophylaxis of migraine.
Nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agents affect both types of receptors and can produce bronchospasm in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. If such patients need one of these drugs, they should be given a cardioselective one that preferentially blocks the β1-receptors in the heart.
Nonselective agents include propranolol ( Inderal ), used for treatment of angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, and migraine and for prophylaxis after the acute phase of a myocardial infarction; nadolol ( Corgard ), used for treatment of angina and hypertension; and timolol , used as an ophthalmic preparation ( Timoptic ) for treatment of glaucoma and as an oral preparation ( Blocadren ) for treatment of hypertension and for prophylaxis after the acute phase of a myocardial infarction. Cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agents are used for treatment of hypertension and include atenolol ( Tenormin ) and metoprolol ( Lopressor ).
beta particles negatively charged particles emitted by radioactive elements, the result of disintegration of neutrons; their source is the unstable atoms of radioactive metals such as radium and uranium. There are three general types of emissions from radioactive substances: alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Beta particles are less penetrating than gamma rays and may be used to treat certain conditions on or near the surface of the body. See also radiation and radiation therapy .
β
In typography, do not substitute the German compound letter β for this Greek letter.
1. Second letter of the Greek alphabet, beta.
2. chemistry denotes the second in a series, the second carbon from a functional (for example, carboxylic) group, or the direction of a chemical bond toward the viewer. For terms having this prefix, see the specific term.
3. Pressure coefficient.
be·ta (β),
(bā'tă), In typography, do not substitute the German compound letter β for the Greek letter β.
Second letter of the Greek alphabet, β (see entry at start of letter "Bs.")
[G.]
/β/ (beta, the second letter of the Greek alphabet) β chain of hemoglobin.
beta
/be·ta/ (ba´tah) β, the second letter of the Greek alphabet; see also β-.
beta
[bē′tə, bā′tə]
B, β, the second letter of the Greek alphabet, used in scientific notation to denote position of a carbon atom in a molecule, a type of protein configuration, or identification of a type of activity, as beta blocker, beta particle, or beta rhythm. It is used in statistics to define an error in the interpretation of study results.
beta
Medspeak
The second letter in the Greek alphabet. The term is included here to flag the differences in pronunciation between British and American English.
Medspeak-UK: pronounced, BEE tuh.
Statistics
The probability of a Type-II false-negative error. In hypothesis testing, beta is the probability of concluding incorrectly that an intervention is not effective when it has true effect. 1-b is the power to detect an effect of an intervention if one truly exists
beta
β The second letter of the Greek alphabet; Statistics The probability of a Type II–false-negative error. See Type II error . Cf Alpha .
β
| i don't know |
Which letter is given to the irrational number 2.71828 ? It is widely used in population growth calculations, economics and structural engineering. | Indices_and_logarithms
return to top
Motivation
Indices provide a compact algebraic notation for repeated multiplication. For example, is it much easier to write 35 than 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3.
Once index notation is introduced the index laws arise naturally when simplifying numerical and algebraic expressions. Thus the simplificiation 25 × 23 = 28 quickly leads
to the rule am × an = am + n, for all positive integers m and n.
As often happens in mathematics, it is natural to ask questions such as:
Can we give meaning to the zero index?
Can we give meaning to a negative index?
Can we give meaning to a rational or fractional index?
These questions will be considered in this module.
In many applications of mathematics, we can express numbers as powers of some given base. We can reverse this question and ask, for example, ‘What power of 2 gives 16? Our attention is then turned to the index itself. This leads to the notion of a logarithm, which is simply another name for an index.
Logarithms are used in many places:
decibels, that are used to measure sound pressure, are defined using logarithms
the Richter scale, that is used to measure earthquake intensity, is defined using logarithms
the pH value in chemistry, that is used to define the level of acidity of a substance,
is also defined using the notion of a logarithm.
When two measured quantities appear to be related by an exponential function, the parameters of the function can be estimated using log plots. This is a very useful tool in experimental science.
Logarithms can be used to solve equations such as 2x = 3, for x.
In senior mathematics, competency in manipulating indices is essential, since they are used extensively in both differential and integral calculus. Thus, to differentiate or integrate a function such as
, it is first necessary to convert it to index form.
The function in calculus that is a multiple of its own derivative is an exponential function. Such functions are used to model growth rates in biology, ecology and economics, as well as radioactive decay in nuclear physics.
These laws also hold when a and b are real.
EXERCISE 1
÷
= 6ab5.
We now seek to give meaning to other types of exponents. The basic principle we use throughout is to choose a meaning that is consistent with the index laws above.
The Zero Index
= 1. On the other hand, applying index law 2, ignoring the condition m > n,
we have
= 50. If the index laws are to be applied in this situation, then we need to define 50 to be 1.
More generally, if a ≠ 0 then we define a0 = 1.
Note that 00 is not defined. It is sometimes called an indeterminant form.
(The explanation of this term is that one can find sequences of numbers of the form ab in which both a and b approach 0, but where the limit of the sequence is not 1 and indeed can be made to be any number we like, by a suitable choice of and For example, the terms of the sequence
1,
are all equal to 0. In each case the form of the terms approaches 00.
A similar situation occurs with
and so the expression
is also often referred to as an indeterminant form.
EXAMPLE
(3a2b)0 = 1, assuming a and b are not zero.
The index laws also hold for the zero index.
Negative Exponents
If we examine the pattern formed when we take decreasing powers of 2, we see
24 = 16, 23 = 8, 22 = 2, 21 = 2, 20 = 1, 2−1 = ?, 2−2 = ?
At each step as we decrease the index, the number is halved. Thus it is sensible to define
2−1 =
Furthermore, continuing the pattern, we define
2−2 =
+
.
It is possible to give similar proofs that the other index laws also hold for negative integer and rational exponents.
return to top
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation, or standard form, is a convenient way to represent very large or very small numbers. It allows the numbers to be easily recorded and read.
The star Sirius is approximately 75 684 000 000 000 km from the sun. We can represent this number more compactly by moving the decimal point to just after the first non-zero digit and multiplying by an appropriate power of 10 to recover the original number. Thus
75 684 000 000 000 = 7.5684 × 1013.
If we move the decimal point 13 places to the right, inserting the necessary zeroes, we arrive back at the number we started with.
We can similarly deal with very small numbers using negative indices. For example, an Angstrom (Å) is a unit of length equal to 0.000 000 000 1 m, which is the approximate diameter of a small atom. We place the decimal point just after the first non-zero digit and multiply by the appropriate power of ten. Thus,
0.000 000 000 1 = 1 × 10−10. Hence, for example, the diameter of a uranium atom is 0.000 000 000 38 m which we may write as 3.8 × 10−10 m or 3.8 Å.
The index laws may be used to perform operations on numbers written in scientific notation.
EXAMPLE
Simplify (3.14 × 10−2)3 ÷ (7.1 × 10−8) giving your answer correct to one decimal place.
Solution
(3.14 × 10−2)3 ÷ (7.1 × 10−8) = (3.143 ÷ 7.1) × 102 ≈ 4.36044 × 102 ≈ 436.0 correct to 1 decimal place. In this case, we could leave this as the answer, or, if required, write is as 4.36 × 102.
Significant figures in scientific notation
Scientists and engineers routinely employ scientific notation to represent large and small numbers. Since all measurements are approximations anyway, they generally report the numbers rounded to a given number of significant figures. Thus, a number such as 2.1789 × 107 could be written as approximately 2.18 × 107. This is the same as rounding the number 21 789 000 to 21 800 000, that is, correct to three significant figures.
A given number may be expressed with different numbers of significant figures. For example, 3.1 has 2 significant figures, 3.14 has 3 significant figures and so on. To round a number to a required number of significant figures, first write the number in scientific notation and identify the last significant digit required. Then leave the digit alone if the next digit is 0, 1, 2 ,3 or 4 (in this case the original number is rounded down) and increase the last digit by one if the next digit is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 (in this case the original number is rounded up.)
EXERCISE 5
EXERCISE 7
Solve 33 − x = 27x − 1.
How do we solve 2x = 7? The method used above does not work in quite the same way, since we do not know how to express 7 as a power of 2.
We will revisit this problem after we have looked at logarithms.
return to top
Exponential Growth
The exponential function is used to model growth − generally population growth in biology, but this may also include the growth of money via compound interest.
Suppose that a culture initially contains 1000 bacteria and that this number doubles
each hour. Thus, after
one hour there are 1000 × 2 bacteria
two hours there are 1000 × 2 × 2 = 1000 × 22 bacteria
three hours there are 1000 × 22 × 2 = 1000 × 23 bacteria
and so on.
Following the pattern, if there are bacteria after hours then
N = 1000 × 2t.
This is an example of exponential growth.
Exponentials can also be used to model radioactive decay. Radioactivity is a natural phenomenon in which atoms of one element ‘decay’ to form atoms of another element by emitting a particle such as an alpha particle.
EXAMPLE
A sample of a radioactive substance with an initial mass of 100g decays over time, halving every hour. Find a formula for the amount, M g, present after hours.
Solution
return to top
Logarithms
It is easy to find values of x, such that 2x = 2 or 2x = 4, or 2x = 32. On the other hand, how do we solve the equation 2x = 10?
Problems such as this arise naturally when we deal with exponential growth and decay.
In the example above, we gave the formula for the mass of a radioactive substance to be M = 100 ×
t g.
If we ask the question, when is the mass equal to say 30g, then we need to solve
t = 0.3 to find the time.
Just as taking a square root is the inverse process to squaring, taking a logarithm is the inverse process to taking a power.
Since 23 = 8, we say that log2 8 = 3. That is, the logarithm is the index in the equation
23 = 8. We read this as ‘the log of 8 to the base 2 is 3.’
To find the logarithm of a number a to the base b, we ask the question ‘what power do I raise b to, in order to obtain a?
So, to find for example, log3 243, we recall that 243 = 35, so log3 243 = 5.
EXAMPLE
f
log7 x = 2
Note: The following identities exemplify the inverse operations of taking a power and taking a logarithm. These need to be properly understood by students.
For x > 0,
More generally, for a > 0, x > 0,
aloga x = x.
In the other direction, for any x,
loga 2x = x.
More generally, for a > 0,
loga ax = x.
It is important for students to properly understand these two general identities.
Logarithms to the base 10
You will notice that in all the examples above, the values of the logarithms were rational numbers, which were not too hard to find. Suppose we wanted to know the value of
log10 7? Thus, we seek a number x such that 7 = 10x.
We can see from the graph of y = 10x that such a number lies between 0 and 1.
The calculator is able to give an approximate value of this number. It is shown in the module, The Real Numbers that numbers such as this are irrational.
Thus, to 4 decimal places, the calculator reports that log10 7 ≈ 0.8451.
The Logarithm Laws
Suppose a > 0 for the rest of this section.
Law 1
loga = 0 and loga a = 1
since a0 = 1, we have loga 1 = 0.
Similarly, since a1 = a, we have loga a = 1.
Law 2
If x and y are positive numbers, then loga xy = loga x + loga y
That is, the logaithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms.
Suppose x = ac and y = ad so that loga x = c and loga y = d.
Then
logb (x2 − a2) − logb (x − a), if x > a
Change of base
Some calculators are able to find the logarithm of a number to any positive base. This is not, however, universal, and there are many occasions when we would like to change from one base to another.
For example, to find log3 7 we can change from base 3 to base 10, where the calculator can be used. Change of base is also important in calculus, where logarithms to the base are used.
The change of base formula states that:
logb c =
Here is a proof of this result.
Let x = logb c, then c = bx.
Take logarithms to the base of both sides, then
loga c = loga bx = xloga b (using logarithm law 5).
Hence x =
4
We note the following features of the graph:
the graph is to the right of the y-axis, since only logarithms of positive numbers are defined.
as becomes small, the y values become large negative numbers. Thus, the graph approaches, but does not touch, the negative axis. We say that the negative y-axis is
an asymptote of the graph.
the x-intercept is (1, 0) since log2 1 = 0.
the graph does not have a y-intercept.
as x takes large positive values, log2 x becomes large.
Logarithms and exponentials are inverses of each other. Their graphs are reflections of each other in the line y = x.
This is illustrated in the following graphs of y = log3 x and y = 3x.
EXERCISE 11
Use a table to draw on the same diagram the graphs of y = log2 x and y = log3 x. What can you say about the graphs when x < 1 and x > 1 when ?
Using Logarithms to solve exponential equations
We will conclude this module with some further applications of exponentials and logarithms.
Earlier in the module we raised the question of solving 2x = 7. If we have a calculator that finds logarithms to the base 2, we can solve this equation by re-writing it using logarithms,
2x = 7
So, x = log2 7 ≈ 2.807 (correct to 3 dec. places.)
If the calculator only has logarithms to the base 10, we can use the change of base form to write
log2 7 =
≈ 2.807 (correct to 3 dec. places.)
Alternatively, we can take the logarithms to the base 10 of both sides and use the logarithm laws.
2x = 7
xlog10 2 = log10 7 (using the logarithms law)
Hence, x =
≈ 2.807 (correct to 3 dec. places.)
(Note that this is equivalent to changing the base from 7 to 10.)
EXERCISE 12
The following numbers exceed the capacity of your calculator. By taking logarithms of each number to the base 10, decide which is larger, 1023451 or 1023352.
EXAMPLE
A culture of bacteria initially has a mass of one gram and triples in size every hour.
How long will it take to reach a mass of 20 grams?
Solution
It will take approximately 2 hours 44 minutes for the mass to reach 20 gram.
Compound Interest
In the module, Consumer Arithmetic the compound interest formula
An = P(1 + R)n
was introduced, where An was the amount that an initial investment P is worth after n units of time, when compounded at an interest rate R.
In many applications of this formula, we need to find the value of n. This can be done using logarithms.
EXAMPLE
$50 000 is invested on Jan 1 2008 at 8% per annum. Interest is only paid on Jan 1 of each year. After how many years will the investment be worth:
a
Links Forward
Irrational Indices
In this module we have extended the meaning of ab to include all rational values of b.
It is thus pertinent to ask: ‘What about an expression such as 3
?’
Can this be given any meaning? After all, if you enter this into a calculator an answer is produced − but what does the answer actually mean? The calculator is, of course, simply approximating
by a rational number. So if we approximate
by 1.414 =
, this would produce the number 3
, which has the usual meaning as outlined in this module. Its value is approximately 4.7277 (correct to four decimal places.) This however does not equal 3
, but it does give us a hint as to how we might give this number meaning.
One way to define 3
is to think of it as the limit of a sequence of approximations, each one obtained by taking better and better approximations to
and proceeding as above. Thus
31.4 ≈ 4.6555, 31.41 ≈ 4.7070, 31.414 ≈ 4.7277 and so on.
This is not, of course, as satisfying as the definitions we gave for rational powers.
An alternative, but equivalent definition for real powers can be given once the exponential function and the natural logarithm have been introduced. In general, for any real number b and positive real number a, we can define ab to be eblog a, where the logarithm is to the base e. Thus, 3
= e
log 3 ≈ 4.7288 correct to 4 decimal places.) Note that this is consistent with the logarithm law alog b = log ab and also the inverse relationship between exponentials and logarithms elog x = x.
This definition is also used for exponents involving complex numbers, but there the situation becomes more complicated and is best left until tertiary study.
The Natural Logarithm and the number e
In senior mathematics, the so-called natural logarithm loge x, also written as ln x, or simply as log x, arises when we try to integrate the expression
.
dt = loge x.
The base of this logarithm is the irrational number e ≈ 2.71828.
The functions y = ex and y = loge x are inverse functions, so that elog x = x, for x > 0, and loge ex = x, for all real x. These functions are central to an understanding of exponential growth (used to model populations and compound interest) as well as radioactive decay and other physical processes. Thus, they arise is chemistry, biology, economics, finance, and statistics as well as physics and engineering.
return to top
History and Applications
Index notation is comparatively modern. The Greek writer Diophantus used the symbol to denote what we would call x2 and K for x3. In medieval algebra, Q and C were used instead. Even in the 16th century, people were still writing xxx for x3 but our modern notation is clearly evident in Maclaurin’s Treatise on Algebra (1779).
Although conceptually, logarithms are implicit in some of the early Indian mathematics, it was John Napier’s book Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio in 1614, that formally introduced the concept and name. (The word is a combination of the Greek words logos and arithmos, and thus literally means number reckoning.
Until the advent of the modern calculator, logarithms were used extensively to aid in complicated arithmetic calculations. This use continued in schools until the early 1980’s, when cheap scientific calculators became available.
Thus, for example, to find 23.14 × 0.4526, each number was converted to its logarithm base 10 (there were tables and methods to do this). These were added and the result was raised to the power 10, using so-called anti-logarithm tables, to produce the required answer. This method exploited the index law, log10 xy = log10 x + log10 y.
To perform a division such as 23.14 ÷ 0.4526, the logarithms were subtracted.
To find, for example,
the logarithm to the base 10 of 463.2 was divided by 5 and then the table of anti-logarithms was applied to find the answer. This used the result,
log10
In addition logarithm tables of the trigonometric ratios were available to assist with trigonometric calculations.
pH Values
Logarithms to the base 10 are still used extensively in chemistry. The measure of acidity of a solution is called its pH value. Acidity is connected to the the molar concentration of dissolved hydronium ions (H3O+), and the pH of a solution is the negative of the logarithm of this quantity. The modern definition was introduced in 1924. A pH of 7, corresponding to a molar concentration of 10−7, is called neutral and is the pH of water. The closer to 0, the more acidic a solution is, while a pH closer to 14 tells us that the solution is alkaline.
Log plots
When a collection of data is plotted and the scientist suspects that there is an exponential relationship between the two quantities being plotted, then a log plot can be used.
Thus, if the two quantities x, y are related by y = ax + b, where a and b are unknown, then log10 y = xlog10 a + blog10 a. Writing m = log10 a and c = blog10 a, the equation becomes y = mx + c which represents a straight line with gradient m and y-intercept c. Hence, plotting log10 y against x should approximately produce a straight line and the values of m, c and hence a, b are relatively easy to estimate. This is a very powerful and clever application of logarithms, that is used widely in experimental science.
| E (Epik High album) |
"Originally based on the Roman fable The Rape of the Sabine Women which 1954 musical contains the songs ""Bless Your Beautiful Hide"" and ""Spring, Spring, Spring"" ?" | WSU MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
List of Lecture titles/Speaker/Abstracts submitted.
TITLE: The Pythagorean Won-Loss Formula in Baseball
Steven J. Miller, Brown University
ABSTRACT: Let RS (resp., RA) denote the average number of runs scored (resp., runs allowed) in a baseball game by a team. It was numerically observed years ago that a good predictor of a team`s won-loss percentage is RS2 / (RS2 + RA2), though no one knew WHY the formula worked. We review elementary concepts of probability and statistics and discuss how one can build and solve a model for this problem. In the course of investigating this problem we discuss how one attacks problems like this in general (what are the features of a good model, how to solve it, and so on). The only pre-requisite is simple calculus.
TITLE: Locating Circular Inclusions Within a Bounded Region
Hilary Spring, Mount Holyoke College
ABSTRACT: The ability to study the interior of an object without destroying it is an important industrial tool. We present a method for using the steady state heat equation to access the interior of a two-dimensional region of known material using only the boundary information.
TITLE: Glimm`s Scheme and Tracking Wave Fronts
Robert Paul Chase, UMass Amherst
ABSTRACT: Systems of Partial Differential equations have solutions that exhibit wavelike phenomena like recognizable features traveling at constant speed and interactions between waves. Glimm`s scheme, proven in the 1960s proves that given initial data, hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations can be solved locally. Actually implementing this scheme is the topic of my senior thesis, and I hope to share this with the conference.
TITLE: The Set of all Stable Matchings is always a Distributive Lattice
Xing Ni Chen, Union College
ABSTRACT: Although there is extensive ongoing research into two-sided matching problems, there even the simplest marriage matching problem remains interesting. In this paper, we deal with the model wherein a marriage market consists of n men and n women. Each of the 2n people has a linear preference among those of the opposite sex, and n couples will be formed through this matching. A matching is said to be stable if we cannot find a man in one pair and a woman in another pair each of whom prefers the other to their present partner. We show that the set of all stable matchings can be represented by a distributive lattice, in which each stable matching corresponds to a point in the lattice. Furthermore, we discuss Charles Blair�s proof that for every distributive lattice, we can find a marriage matching game whose set of stable matchings is isomorphic to this lattice.
There exists a men-optimal stable matching and a women-optimal stable matching. The men-optimal stable matching is found at the very top of the corresponding lattice, and the women-optimal stable matching will be found at the very bottom. Alternatively, if we put the women-optimal matching on the top, then the men-optimal matching will have to be at the bottom. More generally, the lattice order reflects opposing collective preference of the men and the women.
TITLE: On Convex Figures of Constant Width in the Euclidean Plane
Maksim Sipos, Ithaca College
ABSTRACT: In this talk we discuss properties of convex figures of constant width in the Euclidean plane. In particular, we show how to continuously constuct the family of Reuleaux polygons starting from a circle while preserving the constant width in the intermediate steps.
TITLE: 1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + ... = p^2/6 ?!? What's up with that?
Bill Dunbar, Simon's Rock College of Bard
ABSTRACT: The fact that the infinite sum in the title converges to a finite number is proven in most calculus courses. The exact value of the sum is often not revealed, though. Euler found it first, and I'll use a proof which is similar to the one he gave. It is quite elementary, barely using calculus.
TITLE: Upside Down Pythagorean Theorem
Jennifer Richinick, Keene State College
ABSTRACT: A triple of positive integers (a, b, c) is a Pythagorean Triple if and only if (a2) + (b2) = (c2). Integers a and b will also be the lengths of the sides of a right triangle and integer c will be the length of the hypotenuse. Let d equal the length of the segment that is perpendicular to the hypotenuse and that passes through the vertex of the right angle. It can then be proved that 1/(a2)+ 1/(b2) = 1/(d2). The presenter will call the triple (a, b, d) an Upside Down Pythagorean Triple. The objective is to determine the Upside Down Pythagorean Triples that are integers and discuss some of their properties.
TITLE: Stick Numbers of Torus Knots
Todd Shayler, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Given a knot K, what is the minimum number of rigid sticks necessary to construct K? This invariant is known as the stick number of K. We will focus specifically on torus knots, discussing some known results and presenting new research.
TITLE: Cheating at War
Matthew Danziger, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: Do you remember the card game War? Two-player war is a game where both players get half the deck and turn over their top card to determine who has the higher card. It is a game of pure luck, but what would happen if we introduced an element of cheating? We change the game by viewing our bottom card after seeing our opponent�s card. We could then make a more informed decision on whether to use our unknown top card or known bottom card. Does this form of cheating give us a mathematical edge? My talk will show the mathematical modeling involved in determining strategies that give us the greatest advantage.
TITLE: Envelopes and String Art
Gregory Quenell, SUNY Plattsburgh
ABSTRACT: Draw line segments connecting (0,9) with (1,0), (0,8) with (2,0), (0,7) with (3,0), and so on. The upper right edge of the resulting pattern suggests a curve, called the envelope of this family of line segments. We discuss an elementary way to find an equation for such a curve, and explore some of the places where envelopes turn up, such as game theory, sliding-ladder problems, and arts and crafts.
TITLE: Experiencing the Norm
Jasper G. Burch, Saint Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: A Norm is defined by || * ||p = ( |e1|p |e2|p |e3|p ... |en|p )1/p . In this presentation, the norm will be examined as a function of p. It will be shown to be a monotone decreasing function and || * ||�? will be found. Cases when 0 < p < 1 will then be examined. Properties of the norm as p approaches 0 will be explored.
TITLE: Uniqueness and the Doubling Operator
Ryan Decker, Siena College
ABSTRACT: The integral ��_{a}^{2a}(1/x)dx=ln|2| takes the same value for any choice of positive a. It is natural to ask which other functions have this property, namely for which functions f(x) so that ��_{a}^{2a}f(x)dx=ln|2| for every positive a? We prove that the answer to this question depends on the smoothness of f. If f is analytic then the solution is essentially unique, but for any finite degree of smoothness we can construct many such functions by using the fact that such a function satisfies the functional equation 2f(2a)=f(a). (Note: If you would like a .PDF copy of the abstract, e-mail my supervisor Jon Bannon at [email protected])
TITLE: Tic-Tac-Toe on 3-D Geometric Surfaces
Krista Sueltenfuss, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: Everyone has played tic-tac-toe at one time or another, whether it was on a placemat at a restaurant, in sidewalk on the playground, or even in the middle of class on the side of your notes. The object is obviously to get three of your �X� or �O� in a row first. But have you ever considered what would happen if the surface was not flat? What if you played it on something like a torus or a Klein bottle? We will not only discuss how to play, but also how strategies and rules change.
TITLE: Music Melody Regression Analysis
Julie-Anne Shaw, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: Regression Analysis will be used to explore music melody sequences. Consider a given melody sequence that consists of n consecutive notes. For each note in the sequence (x = 1, 2,..., n) we can measure: y = total distance traveled in the melody sequence after x notes. The total distance after x notes is the cumulative sum of the distances between (x � 1) pairs of adjacent notes. The distance between each pair of notes is measured in (musical) half steps. This model (y as a function of x) is a monotone function which can be approximated and studied using a linear model. In this project, we will focus on melodies from the music of The Beatles. After deciding on a set of songs to examine, we will choose two musical phrases from each song, and transform this musical data into numerical (x, y) data. For each musical phrase, we will construct the graph of y vs. x, and will use linear regression to compute the slope (which in this model will be a measure of variability in the melody sequence), y�intercept, and correlation coefficient. We will explore these results, looking for (and interpreting) patterns both within songs and between songs.
TITLE: Sudoku: How to Better Solve and Ultimately Create a Puzzle
Stephen C. Sawyer, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: The recent popularity of the Sudoku puzzle has created a lot of interests in our department on not just own to solve the puzzle, but how to create one. With this in mind, I have done statistical research that will help to detect different properties of the puzzles such as difficulty, how to better solve the puzzles, and ultimately try and discover how to create and rank a puzzle on my own.
TITLE: Population Dynamics of Atlantic Salmon
Jessica Jones Scannell, Simmons College
ABSTRACT: Using transition matrices, this project looks at the projections of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations under current conditions as well as under several different types of perturbations.
TITLE: Check Digits
Howie Austin and Samuel Patt, Skidmore College
ABSTRACT: We will discuss the history and development of check digits by examining ISBN, UPC, Luhn's Algorithm, and CRC's. We will describe the algorithms used and how and what types of errors they can detect and correct.
TITLE: The Shape of Logic
Tom Kern, Dartmouth College
ABSTRACT: Mathematical statements and the ways they are logically related form an important foundation for all of mathematics. Knowing the structure of the entirety of logic would be useful, so I will draw a picture of it, and examine its shape.
TITLE: Characteristic Polynomials, the Figure Equation, and Algebra of Graphs
Jordan Volz, Bard College
ABSTRACT: The figure equation is a geometric process for determining the characteristic polynomials of a graph. Combining the figure equation with the algebra of graphs we derive many interesting formulas for the characteristic polynomials of new graphs.
TITLE: Modeling the Population Collapse on Easter Island
Cory Jemison, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: Ever wonder what happened to all those people who built the giant statues on Easter Island? I will discuss the natural and social conditions on Easter Island and show through mathematical modeling how these conditions eventually brought about the demise of the Easter Island society.
TITLE: Computing the Tutte Polynomial of Graphs
John Adams, Union College
ABSTRACT: A graph defined by a set of vertices and edges can be represented by a unique polynomial, called the Tutte polynomial, from which many attributes of the graph can be derived. For example, one recent result relates the expected length of minimal spanning trees of random graphs to an integral of a function of its Tutte polynomial. In this talk, I will present my algorithm for the computation of the Tutte polynomial using the idea of linear dependence of edges in a graph.
TITLE: Sizing up Infinities
Jane Gimian, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Infinity is an ancient concept. Yet, until 150 years ago, it was mistakenly believed that all infinite things are equal in size. For, how can their be anything bigger than that which goes on forever? Today, however, thanks to the work of Georg Cantor in the late 19th Century, we not only know that there are different sized infinities, but we can even create a continuum of infinities in order by size. This talk will explore the definition of aleph numbers that are used to designate the size, or cardinality, of infinite sets. We will also briefly look at the continuum hypothesis and the difficulties of finding the exact placement for the cardinality of the real numbers among the cardinalities of other infinite sets.
TITLE: Elliptical Traveling Salesman Solution
Jacob Mitchell, Westfield High School
ABSTRACT: The Traveling Salesman Problem is a popular problem among mathematicians and computer scientists because it is probably the simplest example of an NP-hard problem. Rather than finding the shortest route through a brute force search, it is significantly less time consuming to use an approximation algorithm. This lecture will involve an introduction to TSP, the difficulties in solving it, and discussion of an original approximation algorithm that utilizes ellipses.
TITLE: Bringing History to High School Mathematics
Don Kaupelis, SUNY Plattsburgh
ABSTRACT: High school mathematics is likely to be one of the least favorite subjects in America`s public schools. Many students suffer math anxiety and are often bored in their math classes. What if this wasn`t so? What if, for example, in Geometry quadratic equations were presented as Omar Khayyam saw them in 1100 AD? This talk will be looking at creative ways to integrate history of mathematics into a high school classroom, in order to create intrest in mathematical topics and reduce math anxiety.
TITLE: The Gossip Number and the Email Gossip Number
Kristen MacMurray, St. Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: Assume every person in a group of people has a unique tidbit of gossip to share. How many conversations must occur before everyone in the group knows all the gossip? It depends on what we assume about the conversations. The gossip number assumes that conversations occur between two people who tell each other everything they know. The email gossip number assumes that one person shares all the gossip that he or she knows with all his or her friends in a mass mailing. We discuss some interesting results about the gossip number and the email gossip number of a graph.
TITLE: The Optimal Assignment Problem
Jeff Cluckey, St. Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: The optimal assignment problem discusses how to assign workers to jobs in the most effective way, given a measure of how effective each worker is at each job. We discuss a solution to this problem and some applications.
TITLE: Dealing with the Phobia of Mathematics
Mallori Morrison, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: How do you teach students in your class if they are terrified of Mathematics and the material being covered in your course? How do you teach students who are dealing with anxieties all semester long? Come learn how we alleviate these pressures in our classrooms. Take part in a non-traditional geometric learning activity that will give you an inside look at insights we give prospective teachers that they will later be able to use in their own classrooms.
TITLE: Fractal Trees in Three Dimensions
Eric Frazer Lock, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: A summary of research conducted on 3D fractal trees as part of the Research Experience for Undergraduates program at Ithaca College. First, we outline a method for constructing and classifying fractal trees in three dimensions. We go on to give conditions required for self-contact in symmetric trees and prove that the canopy of a self-contacting tree forms a connected surface. In addition, we provide an example of a tree that fills three dimensional space, and show that a tree constructed similarly in n-dimensions will fill n-dimensional space.
TITLE: A Statistical Analysis of the Game Left, Right, Center
Kaitlyn Berletic and Lauren Rudowsky, Manhattan College
ABSTRACT: The game of Left, Right, Center involves three dice and at least three players. Each player starts out with three tokens. Within each turn, the dice determine what the player does with his or her tokens. Each die has a face with the letter L, the letter R, and the letter C. The remaining faces contain a dot. Left, Right, Center is a game of probability. We have written a program using the computer algebra system Maple that simulates this game. Using the simulation we are able to analyze statistically Left, Right, Center. Our investigations will include questions such as: �If you want to win the game, does it matter where you sit?�
TITLE: RSA Encryption: How Does It Work, and Is It Really Secure?
Jonathan Prigoff, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Every day, millions of people use RSA encryption to send and receive all kinds of private data, including credit card numbers, bank information, and trade secrets. But what exactly does that little lock icon at the bottom of your computer screen mean? This talk will detail how RSA works and why it is considered secure, but also touch on what possible holes exist in the system that many of us take for granted every day.
TITLE: LZW - The Blind Compression Algorithm
Will Bastian, Tim Gildea, Skidmore College
ABSTRACT: We will adress the Lempel-Ziv-Welch compression algorithm from a coding theory standpoint. That is, we will address the process under which the dictionary is created and furthermore examine the entropy of the compressed string.
TITLE: The Life and Work of Claude Shannon
Katie Lerch and Megan Schoellhamer, Skidmore College
ABSTRACT: We will be discussing the life and work of Claude Shannon, specifically his discoveries about the mathematical theory of communication and solving the problem of most efficiently transmitting information. We will discuss in depth the notion of entropy and his source encoder channel decoder destination model.
TITLE: A Statistical Analysis of the Home Field Advantage in Baseball
Eric Callahan & Bryan Reynolds, Ithaca College
ABSTRACT: The home field advantage in baseball is unique in professional sports. We look to analyze this home field advantage by comparing baseball to other professional sports. Additionally, we will compare home field advantage between American League and National Leaque, and the distribution of of the winning run.
TITLE: Explaining Paradoxes in Math
Billy Jackson, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: If I were to tell you that I am a liar, would you believe me? I cannot be a liar because then I�d be telling a true statement and not lying. But if I were not a liar, then saying so would be a lie. In this talk, I will explain, try to make light of, or show loopholes in some well-known paradoxes such as Zeno�s Paradox and Aristotle�s Wheel Paradox.
TITLE: Stone-Weierstrass Theorem
Josh Bolton, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Every continous function on the interval [a,b] can be uniformly approximated as closely as desired by a polynomial function. I will look at several different applications involving this astonishing theorem.
TITLE: Unfoldings of the Cube
Robert Suzzi Valli, Manhattan College
ABSTRACT: The matrix-tree theorem can be used to show that there are 384 ways to cut open a cubical surface and unfold it into a planar "net." The number of distinct planar shapes obtained is bounded by the number of orbits the cut patterns fall into under the action of the isometry group of the cube. Each cut pattern is a spanning tree of the vertex-edge graph, so we obtain the number of orbits from Burnside`s lemma after finding the number of spanning trees fixed by each isometry. We then describe a combinatorial process on the unfolded shapes themselves that generates enough unfolded shapes to attain the upper bound.
TITLE: Sudoku: Annoying Time-Waster or Mathematical Ingenuity? (Or Both?)
Catherine Sheard, Hugh C. Williams High School and St. Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: Sudoku, a highly addictive game that has swept the nation, involves numbers � but is it math? Placing the numbers 1 through 9 in little boxes so that each digit appears only once per row, column, and sub-square isn�t math, is it? Yes, it is! This talk will explore the mathematics behind generating and solving Sudokus, and will also present the history behind these puzzles. From its humble beginnings as Euler�s Latin Square to its recent explosion throughout Europe and America, Sudoku has sent puzzle enthusiasts scrambling for erasers and computer programmers scratching their heads over the complexity of these seemingly simple grids.
TITLE: The Four Color Problem
Nick Gallucci, Williams College
ABSTRACT: In 1976 two mathematicians solved a century old conjecture dealing with the coloring of maps. For the first time an important proof was solved that relied heavily on computers for evidence and computation. While their results were interesting and groundbreaking, it was their methods that really ushered in a new age of mathematical possibility. Come and see what they found and how far we�ve come.
TITLE: The Life Work of R.W. Hamming
Kristin Retenski and Hillary Price, Skidmore college
ABSTRACT: R.W. Hamming`s work in coding theory, including error detecting, error correcting, and his method of decoding.
TITLE: Infinity: A Retrospective
Isaac Gerber, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Infinity. You use it. I use it. But what is it? Where did it come from? Who invented it? Does it really exist? To try and answer some of these questions, we will go on a trip back to the origins of our modern concept of infinity. Beginning with the ancient Greeks, our quest of this most elusive of quantities will have us travel through centuries of mathematical thought. During the course of our voyage we will visit such thinkers as Aristotle, Galileo, and George Cantor to see just what they had to say about infinity.
TITLE: Closed with a Twist: Primality of Cwatsets
Julie Shumway, Marlboro College
ABSTRACT: A cwatset is an algebraic structure related to groups and vector spaces. The fact that the sum of two cwatsets may or may not be a cwatset gives rise to the idea of "prime" cwatsets. We prove some sufficient conditions for a cwatset to be prime, discovering an infinite class of prime cwatsets along the way, and finish with a theorem on the sum of two cwatsets.
TITLE: Where You Can Watch an Eclipse or Occultation
Joseph Gangestad, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Rare eclipses of the Sun and stars can be seen on Earth only along a narrow path, but to make the most of these events the paths must be known to exacting detail years in advance. We will demonstrate how to compute such a path.
TITLE: Applications of One Fibonacci Sequence in Music and Art
Kate Harkey, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The Fibonacci sequence adds the previous two numbers to get the next: {1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,....}. There are many interesting applications. In music, it is used to determine tunings, and in visual art to dtermine the length or size of content or formal elements.
TITLE: Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem
My Nguyen, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The powerful theorem, which states that "every bounded sequence in R has a convergent subsequent," was first proven by Bolzano, a Czech mathematician, and developed independently and published years later by Karl Weierstrass, a German mathematician. We will prove the theorem by proving two lemmas, which state that " a bounded monotone sequence converges," and that "every sequence has a monotonic subsequence."
TITLE: To Infinity and Beyond
Nathan Cook, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The concept of the infinite has captivated and befuddled us for ages. What is infinity? How many infinities are there? Are there infinities beyond infinities? We will discuss the nature of infinity through the analysis of sets and cardinalities and unravel some of these mysteries.
TITLE: Group Theory in Cryptography
Matt Furmaga, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Group theory is a fundamental branch of abstract algebra and the backbone of early encryption schemes. I`ll discuss zip codes, bar codes, credit card schematics, and the Diffie-Hellman public key exchange.
TITLE: G�del and Neo: �On Formally Undecided Systems� and The Matrix Trilogy
Pierre Bordeaux, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Seemingly abstract mathematical ideas can be found in some of the strangest places. We can use fractal geometry to describe patterns in nature and the volatility of the stock market. Phi seems to be inexplicably linked to aesthetic beauty. But, perhaps one of the More surprising appearances of mathematics in our lives is its presence in one of the biggest blockbuster trilogies of the past decade. The underlying principles of The Matrix storyline rely heavily on one of the most profound mathematical theorems of the past century, G�del�s incompleteness theorem. What was the Architect rambling about? What does being �the One� really mean? What in the world happened at the end of the last movie? All these questions and more will be answered by examining the incompleteness theorem and applying our new knowledge to understanding the mathematics behind The Matrix. A basic understanding of The Matrix Trilogy plot structure is assumed.
TITLE: What is a Number?
Emily Luidens, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: What is �2�? It is the number of my hands: it is the amount, in ounces, of water left in my glass: it is the number of people that compose a couple. While the concepts of hands, water, and people are �indubitable and not difficult to define,� the number 2 is, in Bertrand Russell�s words, �a metaphysical entity about which we can never feel sure that it exists or that we have tracked it down.� Russell defines �2� to be the class of couples � the label for a class that contains all sets of 2 objects. Similarly, Gottlob Frege claims that numbers are independent objects that can be defined in terms of sets. Paul Benacerraf, on the contrary, after concluding that numbers are not sets, claims that numbers do not exist at all! In my talk, I will explore and compare Frege�s and Benacerraf�s opposing views, the former of which I believe to be more convincing.
TITLE: One of My Favorite Vector Spaces That I Hate
Dane M. Johnson, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: As an exercise in real analysis, we were asked to prove that every bounded sequence of real numbers provides a linear transformation from the vector space of all absolutely summable real sequences into R. That is, the space of bounded sequences is a subspace of the so-called �algebraic dual space� of the space of absolutely summable sequences. A question that interested as well as frustrated me was whether or not there were other such linear transformations on this vector space. I will demonstrate that there are infinitely many of them, although an explicit representation of them is elusive.
TITLE: The History of the Chinese Remainder Theorem
Jennifer Haghpanah, Quinnipiac University
ABSTRACT: The first recorded Chinese Remainder problem was stated by Sun-Tsu in Suang-Ching. This problem has evolved over the past 1500 years into a modern theorem, and is useful in solving a system of congruences. In this talk, I will discuss the history of the Chinese Remainder Theorem and demonstrate a solution to Sun-Tsu`s problem.
TITLE: Mathematical Ties to Tying Neckties
Darlene M. Olsen, Saint Michael's College
ABSTRACT: Did you ever ask the question of how many possible ways there are to tie a necktie? Furthermore, what factors determine an aesthetic tie knot? This problem can be answered using mathematics. We will discover the mathematical ways for describing how to tie necktie knots. We will also classify knots according to their size and shape. You will be provided with a list of all 10 �aesthetic� knots as determined by Thomas Fink and Yong Mao
TITLE: What Can Go Wrong in a Calculus Classroom?
Meghan Proudman, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: What can go wrong in a Calculus classroom? Students may rely too much on the instructor and not have any independent work, or students may fail to communicate with each other during group work. These are only some of the problems I will be discussing along with different solutions to these issues.
TITLE: Symmetries of the Three Regular Tilings: Mathematics on the Bathroom Floor
Conor Quinn, Williams College
ABSTRACT: A regular tiling is one in which any flag (the union of an edge, vertex, and tile) can be mapped onto another tile by a symmetry of the tiling. It has been shown that the only regular tilings are those of the square, equilateral triangle, and regular hexagon. We will explore this definition and analyze some of the properties of the symmetry groups of simple tilings.
TITLE: Searching for Connections: Bessel Functions and Fibonacci Polynomials
Matthew Rogala, Ithaca College
ABSTRACT: Using an operational technique, we will find the Laplace Transform of the Bessel Functions. Then, we will explore possible connections between the Bessel Functions, the Fibonacci Polynomials, and other Orthogonal Polynomials.
TITLE: Fun with Polynomials and Applications
Jolie Baumann and Peta-Gay McCarthy, Ithaca College
ABSTRACT: The primary focus of our research is Chebyshev Polynomials. We used the recursive definition to derive an explicit formula for these polynomials. After this preliminary work, we continued to search for relationships between Fibonacci Polynomials, Chebyshev Polynomials of different types, Trigonometric functions, and Bessel functions.
TITLE: Mathematics in Western Civilization
Mike Califano, College of Saint Rose
ABSTRACT: This talk will include the uprise of mathematics in the early western civilazations such as in Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, and early Europe. Topics being discussed will include the uprise of number systems, arithmetic, and geometry as well as some algebra, logic, and number theory.
TITLE: Gambler`s Ruin and Difference Equations
Dustin Adams and Justin Ryan, Ithaca College
ABSTRACT: The Gambler`s Ruin problem involves two players who simultaneously bet capital and play a game with the ultimate goal of winning all capital. For illustrative purposes, we use a two-sided coin in our game. We ultimately derive a solution to the difference equation explaining the probabiltiy of a player winning a game with N total dollars beginning with i dollars. The same procedure is followed to solve for the average number of plays a particular game will last. All of this information is then used to predict probable outcomes of the game. We conclude with a discussion of different stopping strategies.
TITLE: Self-similarity in Bach? No More Than in Random Notes
Katherine Dieber, Williams College
ABSTRACT: In 1991, Kenneth and Andreas Hsu found Bach�s Invention #1 seemed to keep its �self-similarity� after several iterations of �thinning�, that is, removing every other note. I will show that a random sequence of notes has the same behavior.
TITLE: Geometry in Culture: Mathematical Explorations of Infinite Patterns
Jillian Cavanna and Brett Hotchkiss, Ithaca College
ABSTRACT: We examined the geometric implications of culturally influenced patterns, with emphasis on Islamic star patterns. We applied the ideas of group theory, including dihedral groups and frieze patterns to determine the mathematical characteristics of these patterns. The educational applications for our research include methods for reproducing such patterns in the program Geometer�s Sketch Pad- examining complicated mathematical principles via basic geometric functions. Variations of these ideas were also applied to questions of tiling the plane.
TITLE: What Else Can Go Wrong in a Calculus Classroom?
Michael Fiske, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: What else can go wrong in a calculus classroom? Students may express mathphobia and anxiety, or plagerize their assignments. This will be an extension on the previous TA talk.
TITLE: Defense in Depth: Encrypting Databases
Amelia E. Stein, SUNY Institute of Technology
ABSTRACT: Proprietary information stored in databases is vulnerable to attack when left unprotected. We are interested in evaluating the cryptographic products and protocols to surmise the best results. We will discuss the procedures used to test selected encryption products for security and performance capabilities. We look at the performance, security, usability, and scalability of the selected products. Based on analysis of the given results and research, the recommendations are made for the best cryptographic protocol.
TITLE: Another Use For Elliptic Curves?
Diane Lunman, Nazareth College
ABSTRACT: We`ve seen elliptic curves used in such areas applications as Andrew Wiles proof of Fermat`s Last Theorem, the factorization of integers and primality testing. In this talk we will explore the uses of elliptic curves in cryptology, their benefits and faults as well as some interesting characteristics.
TITLE: Tilings of Regular Polygons
Nela Vukmirovic, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Firstly, this talk will explore edge-to-edge tilings of regular polygons. If we require that all the vertices are of the same type, there are exactly 11 distinct tilings, including the three regular ones. Secondly, if we consider monohedral tilings whose vertices are regular, again there are only 11 possible combinations. Finally, we consider the correspondence between the two and the principle of duality.
TITLE: Analyzing the Factorial Dilemma
Elizabeth Schwartzman, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Factorials are easy, right? Well, the larger the numbers get, it can get nearly impossible to compute them quickly. Thanks to a derivation initiated by DeMoivre and finalized by Stirling, we can approximate n! for large values of n, and even calculate the error using methods faster than the conventional multiplication formula.
TITLE: Predicting the Population Growing in the United States using Mathematical Models
Joy Kogut, Simmons College
ABSTRACT: The population of the United States of America is constantly growing. In long term planning offices such as the Social Security Administration, the predicted population for the future is vital information to determine the course of the system. To evaluate whether or not the Social Security system will be able to support the retired workers in future years, we must predict the population. A support proportion of retired to working people helps estimate the ability of the current system. If this proportion is small, the system can support the retired. In order to predict the population accurately, the 2000 census provided the necessary data needed to model the population growth. Assumptions about birth rates and mortality rates within age groups were created in order to build the model. Modeling the years from 2000 until 2040 showed the predicted growth in the population increased approximately 70 million people. The overall population increase, however, does not show context. In the year 2000, the support proportion is roughly 0.24 while in 2040 the proportion increases roughly to 0.45. We examined different assumptions for this model to see how sensitive the model is to various estimates for birth rates, death rates, etc in the model. The goal of creating a mathematical model is to create realistic and accurate assumptions for the model and use those assumptions to make accurate predictions.
TITLE: The Divisibility of Fibonacci Numbers by Prime Numbers
Reed Tinsley, Wheaton College
ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: Let F(n) denote the n-th term in the Fibonacci sequence F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1, F(2) = 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 . . . It is easy to see that 2 divides the third Fibonacci number F(3) = 2, that 3 divides F(4 )= 3, that 5 divides F(5) = 5, and that 7 divides F(8) = 21. In this talk, we will see that if p is any prime > 5, then p divides either the (p-1)th Fibonacci number F(p-1) or the (p+1)th Fibonacci number F(p+1), but not both.
TITLE: Testing Printed Circuit Boards through Coloring
Jennifer Weiser, Wheaton College
ABSTRACT: The �Four Color Theorem� is well known in Graph Theory, which allows us to color any map with at most four colors. But what happens when a country owns more then one area in a map? This brings forth the idea of empires, since each area belonging to a country requires the same color. This talk will show how empires have an application to testing printed circuit boards.
TITLE: Catalan Numbers
Christie Mallet, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: Have you ever wondered in how many ways a polygon can be cut into a triangle? Or how about the number of ways that parenthesis can be placed in a sequence of numbers to be multiplied? The sequence 1,1,2,5,14,42,132,.....known as Catalan numbers will give you the answer. These numbers first appeared in 1838 when Eugene Catalan showed that there are Cn ways of parenthesizing a nonassociative product of n+1 factors. According to Richard P. Stanley there are at least 66 combinatorial interpretations of Catalan numbers. We will look at a few sets and show why they describe Catalan numbers.
TITLE: Catalan Numbers Within the Pascal Triangle
Ashley Goyette, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: Catalan numbers, founded by Eugene Charles Catalan, is the solution of the problem of dividing polygons into triangles with diaginals that do not intersect. They are shown by the explicit formula Cn = ((1/(n+1))(2n)!/((n+1)!n!). In my talk I would like to show how Catalan numbers and the Pascal triangle relate using the different patterns within the columns formed by the numbers in the triangle.
TITLE: QR Factorization Methods for Square Matrices Using Householder Transformations
Andrew Canaday, Marist College
ABSTRACT: In this talk, we discuss computational methods for solving large linear systems of the form Ax = b. Householder transformations can be employed to factor the coefficient matrix into the product QR, where Q is an orthogonal matrix and R is an upper triangular matrix. This type of factorization leads to improvements in stability and computational efficiency over classical Gaussian elimination algorithms. We will describe Householder transforms and discuss the general factorization algorithm.
TITLE: An Analysis of Patterns in the Josephus Flavius Problem
Seth Gemme, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: The Josephus problem involves a group of m people arranged in a circle. Starting at the first position, every nth person is eliminated until only one person J(m,n) remains. I will discuss several interesting patterns that I found in the raw data, graphical data, and cases with specific values of m and n. Also, I will briefly discuss my approaches to finding a generalized solution.
TITLE: The Delta Factor: How The Perception Mathematics Has Changed In Our Culture
Michael P. Higgins, University of Connecticut
ABSTRACT: In recent years mathematics has become a major theme in Hollywood motion pictures and in works of fine literature. This talk will explore how mathematics and mathematicians are portrayed in these works, and the stereotypes that some of these movies and novels exploit. We will attempt to answer the questions of whether or not mathematical society benefits from this new found attention.
TITLE: Kafka's Incompleteness: Literal and Mathematical Incompleteness in The Trial
Matthew Handelman, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: The first twenty years of the 20th century produced two of the greatest names in Mathematics and Literature, Franz Kafka and Kurt G�del. We will argue that G�del`s Incompleteness Theorem provides an interesting and poignant way to read and interpret The Trial. In particular, we will show how the world of The Law in The Trial is, in both a mathematical sense and a literal sense, incomplete.
TITLE: A Practical & Accessible Application of Diophantine Equations
William S. Swindlehurst, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: An optimization problem involving the purchase of lumber that comes in different fixed lengths for use as baseboard trim is introduced. Analysis leads to linear Diophantine Equations in two variables and several possible equations containing an objective quantity that must be optimized. Students are encouraged to solve the posed problem using a "brute force" method, Microsoft Excel, and Geometer`s Scetchpad software. The Diopahntine Equation can have infinite solutions, but only several make practical sense, and one or two solutions are optimal depending on the student`s perception of what optimal is. Many extensions to the posed problem are possible, with varying degrees of rigor.
TITLE: A Fitting Approximation
Elizabeth Darrow, SUNY Geneseo
ABSTRACT: Even though computers can do much of the computational work for us, some problems are still computationally complex. One practical way to reduce the complexity of a problem is to use an approximation method. Approximation methods can be important if the simulation of a complex system is desired. In this talk, we discuss the fitting of output of one approximation method with complexity O (n2) to the output of a more complex (O(n3)) and more accurate approximation method that predicts the thermodynamic stability of DNA fragments. The goal is to then extrapolate the less complex method in the hopes of practically improving its accuracy without making it more computational complex.
TITLE: The Mathematics of "Ticket to Ride"
Darren Lim, Siena College
ABSTRACT: One of the many popular Next Generation board games, "Ticket to Ride" combines the gameplay of cards with aspects of Graph Theory. In a programming course at Siena College, we will use Ticket to Ride to teach students various concepts, including the difference between adjacency matrices and adjacency lists, edge weights and attributes, and Dijstra`s shortest path algorithm.
TITLE: Internal Rays of the Mandelbrot Set
Walter Hannah, Ithaca College
ABSTRACT: We will investigate internal rays of the Mandelbrot set by describing mappings from the unit disc to each bulb. We will also see what these rays can tell us about how the bulbs are attached to one another.
TITLE: Controlling Population Size with Impulsive Differential Equations
Antoaneta Kraeva, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Experiments maintain an ideal population size of bacteria by adding or removing some organisms at certain moments. To describe this process we develop a new mathematical model using impulsive differential equations.
TITLE: Protein Folding using the HP Model
Darren Lim, Siena College
ABSTRACT: The Protein Folding problem has been of keen interest to scientists for the past 3 decades. Recently, computer technology and techniques have been used to find a protein`s functional structure in silico using only the protein`s primary structure (amino acid sequence) information. In this talk, I will describe an algorithm for solving the HP model of the folding problem in two and three dimensional spaces.
TITLE: Chip-Firing Games
Kate Belin, Bard College
ABSTRACT: Suppose we are flipping a fair coin until either the sequence HHT or the sequence THH occurs. Does one sequence have a greater chance of occurring before the other? Chip-firing games can be used to determine the probability of one sequence beating the other.
TITLE: Cubic Fields with Even Class Number
Elizabeth Adams, Williams College
ABSTRACT: A number field is an extension of the rational numbers. We can associate a positive integer, called the class number, to each cubic field. Class numbers give us information about prime factorization in the ring of integers of a number field, and while factorization into primes is unique in the regular integers, it is not always unique in the ring of integers of a number field. Despite the fact that we can determine class number for any given field with certainty, it is much harder to find classes of fields with a given class number. I will discuss my current senior thesis research on cubic fields with even class number, which is interestingly related to the units of the cubic field. Abstract algebra is assumed.
TITLE: The Effect of Computer Specifications on Performance
Joseph DeFilippo and Darren Lim, Siena College
ABSTRACT: We will present our study of various computer platforms running short term processes. The intractability of the HP Protein Folding problem forces the researchers to investigate various methods for speeding up their algorithm. One such method is configuration of the computer system (Processor, Memory, Operating System). We will present the results of a sample simulation performed on various machine setups to see how well our algorithm performs when ported.
TITLE: Poker: A Mathematician's New Best Friend
Christopher Higgins, Saint Michael's College
ABSTRACT: Over the past few years, ESPN`s coverage of the World Series of Poker has caused a poker frenzy around the world. Although poker is a game of chance and imperfect information, it favors the mathematically inclined. This talk will explain how simple odds and mathematical expectation can be applied to poker in order to implement a winning strategy. Applications of game theory will also be addressed in order to demonstrate the importance of implementing "mixed strategies" and bluffing.
TITLE: The Pirate Treasure Puzzle
Anthony Marcuccio, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Consider a group of ten pirates dividing 100 gold pieces according to a rigid, hierarchal method. The fiercest pirate proposes a distribution of the gold, and all ten pirates vote. If he gets half the vote, they divide the treasure as agreed. Otherwise, he is thrown overboard, and it is up to the second fiercest pirate to propose a distribution. It isn`t too hard to determine what the smartest plan would be for the fiercest of ten pirates, but if that number grows to 200 or even 500 pirates, the puzzle has some unexpected solutions.
TITLE: Streamlining Code for Performance
Christian Damberg and Darren Lim, Siena College
ABSTRACT: We will present our study of software enhancements on an algorithm for solving the HP Protein Folding problem. Efficiently solving an NP-Complete problem requires a combination of savvy programming, optimized heuristics, and a fast machine. We will take a look at the evolution of one such algorithm, from its initial design phase, through the numerous improvements for speed.
TITLE: The Increasing Sophistication of Statistical Methods
Suzanne S. Switzer, Smith College
ABSTRACT: Previous surveys of Original Articles published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 1979 and 1989 revealed increasing use of statistical methods over time. In a recent survey of articles published in 2004-2005 we found that there was a continued trend toward increased use of newer and more sophisticated statistical methods not typically included in an introductory statistics course. In this talk I will describe this study and discuss how this increasing sophistication of statistical methods has potential implications regarding clinicians` comprehension of new research as well as statistical education more generally.
TITLE: Benford�s Law: Can Statistics be Used to Detect Fraud?
Andrea Austin, Saint Michael's College
ABSTRACT: The first digit in many financial records tend to follow the expected frequencies given by Benford`s Law. We will present a history of Benford�s Law: how it was developed and how it can be applied to identify possible fraud. Illustrations of the application of Benford`s Law to data will be discussed.
TITLE: Ford Circles (not the car) and Rational Approximations
Gordon Phillips, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Can Ford circles help approximate the national debt? My bank balance? My GPA? No. Ford circles are a geometric method of displaying complexity of rational numbers on the upper-half plane. Here we will describe these notions, discuss the Farey sequence, and offer a bit of insight into an area of number theory known as Diophantine approximation--an area in which we search for excellent rational approximations to irrational real numbers.
TITLE: How Much of Your Money Should You Spend?
Jake Randall and Rohan Mehra, Williams College
ABSTRACT: We will show how Euler`s Equation and the calculus of variations can be applied to determine the optimal strategy for consumption over the course of one`s life.
TITLE: Gambling and Investing
Douglas R. Hammond, Williams College
ABSTRACT: What`s the best strategy for gambling and investments? We will discuss the Kelly rule for even-money betting and volatility-pumping of investments.
TITLE: Flatland and Higher Dimensions
Jessica M Belanger, Fitchburg State College
ABSTRACT: Edwin A. Abbott�s book, �Flatland,� reaches far beyond the obvious two-dimensional, geometric perspective of �A Square.� Abbott creates a metaphorical society that not only criticizes the two-dimensional, political and social 19th century English society of his time, but also attempts to explain higher dimensions. By introducing concrete mathematical concepts, my presentation will explore a fifth dimensional world that parallels today�s 21st century society. The imaginary world is literally turned inside out: klein bottles populate the planet, a mobius strip that is wrapped around a wormhole. This bizarre perspective parallels Abbott�s original �Flatland� and portrays society�s progression through time.
TITLE: A Taste of Dynamical Systems
Andrey Taran, Siena College
ABSTRACT: In this presentation, we investigate the dynamics of simple maps. From these basic ideas, we will introduce the fundamental ideas of bifurcation and chaos.
TITLE: Francesca: Math, Art, and Architecture
Julie Jaenicke, Colby College
ABSTRACT: Piero della Francesca had two passions - art and geometry. The Renaissance artist was a master of painting and also of linear perspective. Piero wrote what he understood of the math behind perspective in the book A Treatise on Perspective which influenced many Renaissance artists, including Leonardo da Vinci. Discussed is the integration of geometry and art within the works of Piero. Specific paintings are analyzed including his most famous painting, The Flagellation of Christ.
TITLE: Zeta Functions of Some Infinite Graphs
Phillip Monin, Canisius College
ABSTRACT: I will open with the definition of the Ihara zeta function on finite graphs and state some of its number-theoretic and spectral properties. Then I will provide an extension of the Ihara zeta function to infinite graphs, which are limits of finite graphs, and present some explicit calculations.
TITLE: Some Properties of Primes
Michael Knight, Bard College
ABSTRACT: aspects of prime numbers and some weird functions and theorems
TITLE: Sequential Analysis for the Beta-Binomial
Emily Sheldon, St. Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: In this talk we attempt to derive an equation from the Beta-binomial distribution that can be used to apply sequential probability ratio testing to biometric devices. We first examine sequential analysis testing methods and then apply them to examples of multiple independent bernoulli trials. We use these examples to illustrate the decision of when to stop testing. Lastly we examine the Beta-binomial distribution and derive an equation that can be used in sequential analysis methodology.
TITLE: Hypatia: The Original Woman Mathematician
Jane Leary, Colby College
ABSTRACT: Hypatia is considered by many to be the original woman mathematician. She was raised in the world of education by her father Theon, the leading scholar of Alexandria, Egypt. She is considered one of the most intelligent mathematicians, scientists and philosophers of all time. Her influence on the world of mathematics and specifically the role of women in this field continues today. Discussed are her mathematics and the studies that have developed as a result of her influence.
TITLE: A Limit Cycle Model of the Human Sleep/Wake Cycle
Lisa Rogers, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
ABSTRACT: Armed with computational prowess and the mathematical ability to attenuate dynamic systems through analysis, it is possible to simulate even the most complex reactions involved in the inner workings of the human biological clock. The goal of this talk is to delineate the process of creating a revised human sleep wake cycle model based on limit cycle oscillations. Aspects of circadian biology theory will be utilized, with an emphasis on the buildup of restorative REM/NREM oscillations to demonstrate the unfailing circadian regulation process. The model draws from dynamic systems theory and Michaelis-Menton kinetics.
TITLE: Function behind Ladder Game
Jaehong Cho, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The ladder game is a simple and easy game played in Korean elementary schools to randomly group people into teams. A series of vertical lines are drawn on a paper, players randomly place horizontal lines in between, and each player goes down the ladder. Why does it work? What if there are infinitely many players? are the questions we are going to attempt to solve.
TITLE: Minimizing Risks, Maximizing Rewards: Modeling Financial Time Series Data with A
Raluca Dragusanu, St. Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: Traditional time-series models such as Autoregressive (AR) and Moving Average (MA) models are based on the homoskedasticity assumption, which translates into a constant variance for the errors of a model. This assumption has been shown to be inappropriate when dealing with some economic and financial market data. A new class of models - conditional heteroskedastic models � was developed to deal with data that does not exhibit constant variance of the errors. The most well- known models in this class are the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic model (ARCH) and its generalized version (GARCH). Stock market volatility, the square root of the variance of stock returns presents a very good application of this type of model. In finance, volatility is the expression of risk. Since we must take risks to achieve rewards, finding appropriate methods to forecast volatility is necessary in order to optimize our behavior and, in particular, our portfolio. I will present the general properties of the ARCH and GARCH models and use both Monte Carlo simulations and known financial time series data to test their performance.
TITLE: Mathmatical Influence in Art and Architecture
Stephanie Hildebrand, College of St. Rose
ABSTRACT: For most people not associated in the mathematical field, math is boring and/or too complicated to understand. However, by examing the influence of Math in Art and Architecture, Math is no longer inaccessible to the general public while providing easy examples.
TITLE: Building Design for an Earthquake
Aleksey Panasyuk, SUNY Institute of Technology Utica/ Rome
ABSTRACT: Problem: investigating the effect of an earthquake on a building, some of the simplistic assumptions guiding the research will be that each floor has a fixed mass, and the floors are coupled like springs that obey Hooke�s Law, with the focus upon the horizontal displacement of the floors. The model is than that of a system of coupled springs: with a two story building having two masses, a three story having three and so on up until n stories. I want to investigate the behavior of the floors in the model for floors = 1 to n where n could be 100 stories or higher depending on the feasibility of the calculations. I will use matrices and the help of MATLAB in computing results for large values of n. If I am successful, I will go further and consider a model that is not so simplistic by adding other factors to it.
TITLE: The Tech of Math Teaching: Effective or Not
Dana Camp, Southern Connecticut State University
ABSTRACT: This project examines the high tech classroom and accompanying teaching style. Because the concept of technology in the classroom is so broad, for the purpose of this experiment it has been defined as the use of an LCD projector and a computer primarily by the teacher, that is students were not be supplied with any computers, certain calculators, etc. It is hypothesized that the proper use of LCD projectors and limited PC�s in the classroom as intuitional tools can help a student to learn more material. The experimental design takes two similar cohorts of students and approaches them with the two differing styles after a flush-out period. Students were tested on the lesson material before and after each lesson to see how much of an understanding of the material was gained by the high tech or low tech lesson.
TITLE: Joseph Fourier`s Solution of the Heat Equation
Michael Gillmor, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The heat equation models the dissipation of heat through a substance over time. The equation can be solved using Fourier series. Applications of this solution to other areas of physics such as particle diffusion will then be explored.
TITLE: Modeling the Motion of a Solvent Particle with Brownian Dynamics
Caitlin E. Scott, Mount Holyoke College
ABSTRACT: Due to van der Waals and electrostatic interactions, as well as the rough surface of the protein, the dynamics of water molecules near the protein surface is different than that of the bulk phase. First, we model the interaction of a simple system consisting of two particles using the Lennard-Jones potential. Then, we extend our studies to more complex systems, such as the water and ion interactions. In these cases, the potential of mean force calculated from a molecular dynamics simulation is used as the external field. The Brownian dynamics of the solvent in the different external field of the solute is calculated in order to understand how the solute affects the diffusivity. We access how well the diffusivity can be described with this simplified dynamics.
TITLE: The Derivation and Mathematical Understanding of Time Dilation
Gregory M. Vlahos, Fitchburg State College
ABSTRACT: Einstein�s theory of special relativity brought about many changes in Physics. One very popular characteristic of special relativity is known as time dilation. Although the concept is hard to accept, there is an equation that can be easily derived to explain this effect. The derivation uses both mathematical and physical equations such as the Pythagorean Theorem and the relationships between position, velocity and time. The end result gives interesting results about the speed of light and how fast matter can really travel, plus more.
TITLE: Nash Bargaining Solution in Non-zero-sum Games
Sixuan Chen, Mount Holyoke College
ABSTRACT: Nash equilibrium, named after Nobel Laureate John Nash, is a widely known solution concept for zero-sum games. Another solution proposed by Nash, a somewhat less famous albeit no less important one, is the Nash bargaining solution for non-zero-sum games. In this talk, we will explain and analyze this solution by evaluating his assumptions and also looking into how it is applied to some examples of bargaining games.
TITLE: Figures Don`t Lie, But Computers Figure.
Amit Desai and Abhishek Maity, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: We graphed the solution curve to an innocuous initial value problem, y' = (4 - t*y)/(1 + y2), y(1) = 0, for Differential Equations class, and the computer lied to us.
We used the program Maple to calculate the solution curve and, when pushed, Maple gave us numerical nonsense, graphical nonsense, and graphics that didn't match the numerics.
In our talk we will exhibit the lies our computer told us. We also hope to explain the lies, but about that we make no promises. ______________
TITLE: Airplane Pitch and Roll
Caitlin O'Connell, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The movements of an airplane are commonly described in terms of yaw, pitch, and roll, and more specifically described in terms of linear transformations from a plane`s initial axis. We will find matrix representations of the movements of an airplane using linear algebra.
TITLE: The Avian Flu: Modeling the Outbreak
Thomas Heacock and Kyle Psaty, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: The Avian Flu, more commonly known as the bird flu, has been the topic of discussion recently not only in the United States but throughout the world. Although human infection has been rather isolated to date, history`s past has proven that the avian flu can be extremely deadly to humans as well as bird populations across the globe. Using a Kermack-McKendrick system of differential equations and published research of the flu, we have established a model showing the potential consequences of an outbreak. To assist the model, we will provide a brief background of the virus and the major historical outbreaks which have occured.
TITLE: EM Algorithm for Estimating the Means of K Gaussians
Alexandra Constantin, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is an algorithm for finding maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in probabilistic models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. EM alternates between performing an expectation (E) step, which computes the expected value of the latent variables, and a maximization (M) step, which computes the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters given the data and setting the latent variables to their expectation. In this talk, I will describe how the EM algorithm can be used to estimate the means of a mixture of distinct Gaussian distributions. I will provide an example of how this technique can be used for text classification.
TITLE: The Golden Ratio
Susan Reid, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Also known as the golden section, the golden mean, and the divine proportion, the golden ratio manifests itself everywhere in nature. We will explore the history and character of this �most irrational number�, from its discovery by the ancient Greeks, to its use as the standard for the perfect proportion of the human body in Renaissance art, to the prevalence of the spiral of Archimedes in nature. We will also look at some of its mathematical oddities, such as the interesting qualities of its inverse and its square, as well as its relationship to the Fibonacci numbers.
TITLE: Are Modern Day MLB Managers Using their Pitching Staffs Effectively?
Nicholas Linse, Unites States Military Academy
ABSTRACT: In the modern baseball era, managers use starting pitchers for fewer innings and relief pitchers in situational roles more than in the past. Are these strategies paying off? The question this study will seek to answer is if managers are getting more or less out of their pitching staffs in the modern baseball era compared with the past 40 years.
TITLE: The Versatile Intermediate Value Theorem
Michelle Donnelly, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Though the conclusion of the intermediate value theorem may seem simple, it is an essential component of many proofs in calculus. Its uses range from helping to prove the fundamental theorem of calculus to proving the existence of the square root of 2.
TITLE: Pontryagin's Optimality Principle
Alex Zaliznyak, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Pontryagin`s principle is used to find optimal solutions to problems in control theory. I will outline how it works by analogy to Lagrange multipliers, and then use it to find solutions to a few problems usually solved with the calculus of variations, including minimum area surfaces and optimal economic strategies.
TITLE: The Axiom of Choice and Predicting the Future
Christopher Hardin, Smith College
ABSTRACT: Suppose you think of a function f from the real numbers into some set as a function of time, and that you want to predict f(t) based on the previous values of f (that is, f(s) for s<:t). If f is continuous, you can predict f(t) by taking a limit. But what if f is arbitrary? In that case, predicting the value of f(t) based on previous values seems hopeless. Nevertheless, the axiom of choice lets us exhibit a strategy for guessing f(t) based on previous values that, for any f, is correct for almost every t. The strategy also almost always predicts the values of f on an interval of the future.
TITLE: The Black-Scholes Differential Equation
Wesley Tjosvold, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Want to make money? The Black-Scholes Differential Equation describes how the price of a specific kind of financial security should move. This talk will present this equation, prove it, and discuss some of its uses and limitations. First derived in 1973, the equation finally won its surviving discoverers the Nobel Price in Economics in 1997.
TITLE: With Liberty and Justice For All?
Ashley Jankowski, Wheaton College
ABSTRACT: Amartya K. Sen�s Theorem concludes that individual rights can not exist in society in which there are more than three alternatives. The proof has been recognized as accurate but the implications of the theorem have been open to interpretation. In this talk, we will see that the conclusion of Sen�s Theorem is not as disturbing as commonly accepted.
TITLE: Group Theory Applications in Molecular Spectroscopy
Geoff P. O'Donoghue, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Molecular vibrations of symmetrical molecules can be predicted using group theory methods. The secular determinant will be used to make a quantitative prediction of normal frequencies. Degeneracies of the normal modes of vibration are also treated. A qualitative study of the vibrational spectrum can be made.
TITLE: Monopoly Done Right: A Probability Oriented Approach to the Classic Boardgame
Bobby Cole, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: Life is full of questions: If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is around to here it, does it make a sound? What if the hokey pokey really is what it`s all about?Should a player roll to get out of jail or simply pay the fine? And the most important question of all, is Baltic Ave worth the $60? My talk will seek to answer these age old questions (the last two anyway) using a healthy mix of economics and probability theory. Some basic familiarity with ANOVA testing and game theory will make it easier to understand, but everybody is sure to take something useful away.
TITLE: Applications of Wavelets for Compression and Filtering
Krenar Komoni, Norwich University
ABSTRACT: The mathematics senior project at Norwich University involves the understanding and implementation of the wavelet analysis functions. We have looked at wavelets and tried to understand the importance of them in the field of signal processing. We also have looked at different application of wavelets in the industry and government such as fingerprint image compression, de-noising of music, filtering of frequency sounds, etc. There are many types of wavelets that are used, and each works better for a certain application. The wavelet types that we have looked and analyzed the most are the Haar wavelets. We also look at the vector spaces, basis functions, and the Orthogonal Decomposition theorem for Haar wavelets. Haar wavelets are very common and are very easy to grasp for students who start and are beginners in wavelet theory.
TITLE: Categorifications
Michael Chmutov, The Ohio State University
ABSTRACT: The word `categorification` has been introduced recently, but the concept itself is not a new one. It is a philosophical idea that instead of certain integers that describe properties of objects we want to study, we may consider vector spaces that have those integers as dimensions. This provides a new structure to these numbers and allows to use powerful methods from linear algebra to search for relationships between them. The most classical example is the homology theory of manifolds, which may be viewed as a categorification of the Euler characteristic. More recently, within the last 10 years, M. Khovanov very successfully applied this idea to knot theory. Now Khovanov homology theory is one of the most active development areas of knot theory. In this talk, I will treat these examples in more detail and try to give a feeling for what a categorification is. If time permits, I will describe a homology theory for graphs that is based on Khovanov`s construction.
TITLE: Modeling the Zombie Apocalypse
Peter G Nunns, Williams College
ABSTRACT: "When there`s no more room in hell, the dead shall walk the earth," promises the zombie drama Dawn of the Dead. But where shall they walk, and how fast? Zombies, reanimated corpses whose sole purpose is to consume the flesh of the living, clearly pose a desperate threat to humanity (as chillingly argued in The Zombie Survival Guide). But many of the key questions posed by the living dead have yet to be answered. An accurate mathematical model of the spread and survival rate of an outbreak has yet to be proposed.
This talk represents a mathematical attempt to understand the progress of a zombie outbreak, using data documented in movies such as Night of the Living Dead. Understanding the progress of a zombie outbreak, with the aid of mathematics, will of course assist the efforts of those responding to the zombie menace as well as the actions of the individual citizen during such a crisis. It will, of course, also greatly increase your appreciation of "horror" movies.
TITLE: A Sampler of Generating Functions
Anthony Francis, Norwich University
ABSTRACT: Generating functions are a way of encoding sequences of numbers as coefficients of power series. We will take a brief look at some of the applications of generating functions, including solving recurrence relations, counting the number of ways that a department chair could schedule courses given several restrictions, and finding the number of ways we can build fountains out of coins.
TITLE: Euler's Equation
Kevin Hahm, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Euler's equation is a differential equation that you solve to find a function y = f(x) that minimizes some integral. We will derive Euler`s equation and illustrate how it can be applied to find optimal economic strategies.
TITLE: Proving the Unprovable
Shelby Kimmel and Matthew Earle, Williams College
ABSTRACT: In 1931, Kurt Godel proved that in most formal systems (including arithmetic, number theory, and real analysis), there are statements that can`t be proven true or false using the axioms of the system. We will discuss the proof and its important implications for mathematics and for the philosophy of intelligence.
TITLE: Theorem for a Product of Schur Functions
Laura Brill, Dartmouth College
ABSTRACT: A partition of a nonnegative integer n is a weakly decreasing sequence of integers that sum to n. We discuss symmetric functions (meaning that you get the same function if you permute the variables) -- and give a definition of Schur functions, which are symmetric and can be indexed by partitions of n. We then discuss products of Schur functions, and end with statement of a theorem that makes computation of the (Kronecker) product of Schur functions much easier.
TITLE: A Matter of Prime Importance: Discussing the Prime Number Theorem
Jeanie Oudin, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Have you ever wondered how many primes exist less than some x? The Prime Number Theorem can help to answer this question by describing the asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers. In this talk I will discuss the history of the Prime Number Theorem, its applications in number theory, and its implications in the world beyond math.
TITLE: Isoperimetric Regions in Sectors of the Gauss Plane: Eliminating Monsters
Diana Davis, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The cheapest way to enclose area in the Euclidean plane is by a circle, but what if the plane has varying density? What if we only consider a pie-shaped sector of the plane with varying density? I`ll show how to eliminate shapes (such as the circle) that we now know cannot be minimizing, and give conjectures and evidence for the best shape.
TITLE: Taking an Engineering Approch to Teaching College Algebra
Mark Gaudette, Wentworth Institute of Technology
ABSTRACT: Taking an engineering approach to teaching algebra to the �non-mathematical-seeming� student. This talk will cover the importance of conveying to students, early on in their college careers, how to do many of the standard basic algebra problems in an engineering-like way. As a student majoring in electromechanical engineering and also serving as a college peer math tutor, I have noticed the many mathematical deficiencies that some students have on my campus. I will present some of the basic algebraic tricks that have proven to work well for me, as well as for the students who I tutor. These techniques include, dimensions concepts, graphical concepts for equations with examples. Math is the universal language so why not have everybody understand its building blocks!
TITLE: ROC Confidence Regions Using Radial Sweep Methods
Yordan D. Minev, St. Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: One methodology for evaluating the matching performance of biometric authentication systems is the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. A biometric authentication system matches physiological characteristics to a database of such characteristics. The ROC curve graphically illustrates the relationship between type I and type II statistical errors when varying a threshold across a genuine and an imposter match distributions. In biometric authentication, genuine users are generally those that the system should accept and imposters are those that the system should reject. In this project ROC confidence regions are created using radial sweep methods. Radial sweep is based on converting the type I and type II errors to polar coordinates. The goal of the project is to estimate the performance of each biometric system via a confidence region and to identify the most effective method for computing such a confidence region for a ROC curve of that system�s performance.
TITLE: n Queens Problem
Skyler Wengreen, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: The objective of this problem is to find the minimum number of queens (chess piece) which can be placed on a n x n chessboard to which every square is protected or occuppied by a queen but where a queen does not protect another queen. I intend to demonstrate how you can do this on a 5 x 5, 8 x 8, 11 x 11, as well as demostrating how to solve some of the finite solutions with mathematical equations.
TITLE: 2D Gabor Filter Model for Simple Cells in the Primary Visual Cortex
Patrick Karas, Dartmouth College
ABSTRACT: How is visual information from our eyes processed into information that our brain can interpret? The most basic processing of visual data is done by simple cells in the primary visual cortex. I will first present the current theory on how simple cells transform information from the visual field into nerve impulses in the brain, covering very basic anatomy and neuron function. I will then present Gabor�s family of linear filters and generalize them to 2-dimensional space in preparation for their application to simple cell function. Finally, I will show how 2D Gabor filters maximally model the processing of data by simple cells, leading to a better understanding of how the brain interprets visual information.
TITLE: The Oberwolfach Problem
Matt Ollis, Marlboro College
ABSTRACT: The Oberwolfach Problem, posed by Ringel in the 1960s, involves seating arrangements for meals at a math conference. In graph theoretic language, it asks for a decomposition of the complete graph into 2-factors, all of which are isomorphic to a given 2-factor. We describe a recent approach to the problem that uses graceful labellings of paths. We also offer two seemingly vulnerable conjectures that, if true, give solutions to the problem for many currently unsolved cases. (All of the graph theoretic terminology will be defined in the talk: familiarity with modular arithmetic is the only math that will be assumed.)
TITLE: An Introduction to Math Models in Cancer Chemotherapy
Rachel R. Roe-Dale, Skidmore College
ABSTRACT: Several experimental and clinical studies have documented that the order in which chemotherapy drugs are administered affects the outcome of cancer treatment. Mathematical models can be used to explain this drug sequencing phenomenon. As a first approximation, the exponential model is used to describe cell growth. Treatments that affect cells based on cell cycle state and resistance level are also simulated. These models can be used to verify the preferred regimens for the experimental and clinical findings of Bonadonna, a notable breast cancer researcher.
TITLE: Designing a Dumpster
Vanessa Mahoney, Worcester State College
ABSTRACT: I will be using the measurements of a dumpster to determine it`s volume. Then I will calculate, using partial derivatives, which measurements of another dumpster, with the same volume, will minimize construction costs.
TITLE: Is Strategizing in Professional Sports Drafts a Good Thing, or a Bad Thing?
Cheryl Areson, Wheaton College
ABSTRACT: In professional sports drafts, individual team strategizing may not necessarily yield an optimal allocation of players. Given four basic assumptions, we�ll see that strategic behavior may yield an outcome that is less desirable to every team than an outcome yielded from sincere behavior (where teams choose their first choice in each round).
TITLE: Predicting the Present: Modeling Projectile Motion
Tracy Zaino, Hann Yang, & Andrew Lyons, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: Imagine you�re Bart Simpson standing on an overpass. You�ve had a rough day, so you decide the only thing to do is spit at the on-coming traffic. But at what angle should you spit to hit the farthest possible car? These and other questions raised by simulating projectile motion have led to several conjectures, including: a formula for finding the angle that maximizes distance, the maximum angle � another angle will land at the same point on the downward slope at the same speed and the maximum angle, and the landing angle are complementary. We have proven some of the conjectures, but not all. This process illustrates a valuable use of modeling that is often overlooked � that of simulation in helping to create conjectures.
TITLE: Sudoku
Joshua Heyman, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: I will address the enumeration of all possible Sudoku grids and the minimum number of clues required to solve a "well-posed" Sudoku grid.
TITLE: Planar Nearrings and BIBDs
Joseph Carvalho, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: My talk will include a brief introduction to BIBDs (balanced incomplete block designs) and Planar Near-Rings. I will then go on to show how Planar Near-Rings can be used to construct BIBDs, creating a finite Integral Planar Near-Ring.
TITLE: Generalized Stokes Theorem: A Simplified Way to View Calculus
Martha Rogers, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The generalized Stokes Theroem illustrates how a simply stated math theorem can yield more complicated looking calculus theorems. We will start with the generalized Stokes Theorem and derive Gauss` Divergence Theorem, Green`s Theorem, Stokes Theorem, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
TITLE: Symmetries from Botswana Culture
Donna Beers, Simmons College
ABSTRACT: Alexander McCall Smith�s widely acclaimed novels, the No. 1 Ladies� Detective Agency series, have beautiful book covers that are decorated with frieze and wallpaper patterns. The heroine of the series is a smart and savvy proprietor who loves her native Botswana. This talk will show how an instructor can use Botswana and its culture as a rich source of examples to illustrate and analyze symmetry and planar patterns.
TITLE: Understanding Bach`s Harmonized Chorales
Michael Abdow, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: Bach`s Harmonization of the Lutheran hymns, also known as the Chorales, is the pinnacle of musical ingenuity and beauty. Music students are often given the main melody (called the Cantus Firmus) and asked to Harmonize them in four voices (SATB), only to be humbled by later comparing their attempt with Bach`s. There has been recent interest amongst computer scientists who are trying to "automate" such harmonizations. What is it about these Harmonizations by Bach that make them so "special". Is there an underlying pattern that eludes us when we try to understand them from the traditional point of view?
TITLE: Investigating the Effectiveness of the Bootstrap
James D. Hall, St. Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: The statistical procedure known as �bootstrapping� is used to approximate a sampling distribution for any statistic by resampling from an original sample with replacement in order to draw conclusions about the shape, center and variability of the sample statistic. These methods avoid traditional assumptions such as assuming a certain population is normally distributed. We give a brief description of bootstrapping techniques and demonstrate via computer simulation (using the statistical software packages R and Fathom) the effectiveness, in terms of coverage and average width, of bookstrap confidence intervals compared to traditional confidence intervals in standard situations and in cases where standard assumptions fail.
TITLE: The Ising Model: The Good and the Bad
Kristen Johnson, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: Wilhelm Lenz proposed a model to his student Ernest Ising who solved the one dimensional case in 1925 as an attempt at describing a mathematical model for phase transitions, for example just when liquid turns to gas. The Ising model can be used to discuss changes in state of a wide variety of instances: protein folding, flocking birds, and beating heart cells. However in the 80 years since the model was introduced it has never, except in special cases, been solved. So what is the story behind this model that is so important but can�t even be solved? This is what will be discussed in this presentation.
TITLE: Mathematical Aesthetics: Everyone Loves a Great Proof, but Why?
Charles Vick, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: All mathematicians know a great proof when they see one. Great proofs are brief but convincing: their results are mathematically significant at all levels but can require little mathematical background to understand. I will focus on the aesthetics of mathematical proofs, discussing the qualities that make a great proof and why it feels so good to write one. We will also explore the possibility that aesthetically pleasing proofs are more than just pretty faces but can, in fact, provide insight into the connection between the human mind and the mathematical realm.
TITLE: Water Flow along a 3-D Surface
Max Yazhbin, Westfield High School
ABSTRACT: How does the water flow along the surface z2 = c2 - 16x2 - 9y2? We will solve this problem using well understood partial derivative methods which generate gradient curves. The results yield surprising outcomes. Applications include using these techniques on surfaces such as river beds and mountains.
TITLE: Determination of Strand Numbers for DNA Nanoconstructs
Sarah Walker, Saint Michael's College
ABSTRACT: DNA nanotechnology is an emerging scientific field in which biologists use strands of DNA to construct two and three-dimensional nano-scale structures. When biologists seek to construct a specific structure, e.g. a graph, one of the most basic questions is: how many strands of DNA must they design? We can use topological graph theory to relate the minimum and maximum genus of a graph to the minimum and maximum number of DNA strands required to construct the corresponding nanostructure, and to specify when a graph can be made from just one strand of DNA. Significant strides have been made in constructions where the edges of the graph are traced out by two strands of DNA, one in each direction. Our research involves adapting the results from double stranded constructions to structures with four strands on each edge.
TITLE: A Mathematical Rumpelstiltskin: Spinning Spirals Into Gold
Nick Yates, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Are you tired of embroidering geometry all day, and knitting number theory all night, with ne`er a stitch crossed between them? Are you searching for a precious metal to spice up your math life? Look no further! Here we introduce an explicitly describable smooth curve in the plane that spirals in to the golden ratio phi while simultaneously capturing the number theoretic structure of its best rational approximates F_{n+1}/F_{n}. Further, by investigating lines tangent to our spiral, we find a surprising connection to the much-loved golden rectangle of geometric glory. By weaving together these strands from number theory, analysis, and geometry, we increase our understanding of what (mathematically) is gold, in a world where all that glitters is not.
TITLE: Why the Tacoma Narrows Bridge fell: Resonant Frequency Lutes Particles and Masses
Janet Langley, Wentworth Inst of Tech
ABSTRACT: I will be presenting on the topic of modeling of the motion of a object when a force varied at its frequcny of the strongest resonance frequency. I will also be calculating the resonant frequencies/ disambiguation of different objects string, particle and elongated mass due to their density and volume.
TITLE: Non-Commutative Functional Analysis for Undergraduates
David J. Covert, Canisius College
ABSTRACT: This talk will be an introduction to Non-Commutative Functional Analysis based on a course given at Canisius College by Dr. David Blecher (University of Houston) in the Fall of 2004. I will start with some key definitions in functional analysis and work my way to the non-commutative world. This talk will conclude with Ruan`s Theorem and how this (fairly) newly-developed field helped solve the Halmos-Similarity Problem.
TITLE: Modeling Infectious Disease with a Spatial, Multi-patch SEIR Model
Lily Davidoff and Brittany Bannish, Mount Holyoke College
ABSTRACT: With the threat of bio-terrorism, the recent cases of avian influenza, the outbreak of SARS, and the thousands of cases of influenza every winter, it is clear that understanding how certain diseases spread temporally and geographically, and how to best contain the spread, is of utmost importance. We construct a spatial, multi-patch SEIRS (susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered) differential equations model for disease dynamics, which incorporates the travel/movement of individuals between distinct geographic locations. A theoretical analysis provides a threshold condition for whether a disease will die out or persist. Numerical simulations demonstrate the impact of travel rates on this threshold and on the size of an outbreak. In addition, simulations illustrate that quarantine via travel restriction can actually be counterproductive under certain conditions, leading to an increase in the number of infections.
TITLE: HIV Modeling
Sarah Hamilton, Saint Michael's College
ABSTRACT: Systems of differential equations are being used to model the effect of HIV on the immune system. This talk will give an introduction to such models. In particular it will focus on models which compare the benefits of different treatment regimes such as Structured Treatment Interruptions.
TITLE: Gershgorin`s Circle Theorem
Sean P Bradley, Manhattan College
ABSTRACT: All of our professors would tell us that the time limits of the semester force them to leave out some interesting topics. One such topic is Gershgorin`s Theorem: this theorem allows us to estimate the location of the eigenvalues of a square complex matrix. I will present the theorem, its short proof, and some applications. One semester of Linear Algebra will be sufficient background for this talk.
TITLE: Seidel Switching
Michelle A. Lastrina, Mount Holyoke College
ABSTRACT: Does the spectrum of a graph determine its shape? Seidel switching is a technique for generating pairs of graphs that are cospectral but not necessarily isomorphic, thus telling us that the shape of a graph cannot be determined from its spectrum. Gregory Quenell explored Seidel switching in �The Combinatorics of Seidel Switching� in order to answer this very question. We will introduce how to construct a pair of graphs via the Seidel technique and illustrate the construction by example. The construction can also be restricted in order to generate cospectral pairs of regular graphs. This is of interest because cospectral pairs of regular graphs are rarer than cospectral pairs of non-regular graphs.
TITLE: Fibbing Fibonacci: Uncover the Sequence in Common, Everyday Fractions
Kimberly Elicker, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The Fibonacci sequence is everywhere, even if it doesn`t appear to be! This talk will use simple generating functions to uncover the hidden, "fibbing" Fibonacci sequence in common fractions.
TITLE: A Polynomial Multiplication Complexity Analysis
Roland Varriale, Manhattan College
ABSTRACT: Various algorithms for polynomial multiplication have been devised to improve on the time efficiency of traditional polynomial multiplication( O(n2 )). In this talk I will discuss and compare time efficiencies of the Karatsuba algorithm, the Fast Fourier Transform, and traditional polynomial multiplication as applied to polynomials up to the order 215. The timing of these algorithms will then be compared to the computational time used by the Maple mathematics software. The results will be plotted using graphical software for further examination.
TITLE: Formal Fibers of Principle Prime Ideals
Brian Simanek, Williams College
ABSTRACT: I will discuss some recent results in Commutative Algebra. Specifically, I will answer the following question: "Given a complete local ring T and a finite set C of nonmaximal prime ideals in T, when does there exist an integral domain A such that the completion of A is T and A contains a principle prime ideal with semi-local formal fiber whose maximal ideals are exactly the elements of C?"
TITLE: A Model to Study the Effects of the Zebra Mussel in Lake Erie
Gregory Knop, Canisius College
ABSTRACT: This talk is based on an unpublished paper written by Per Enflo, Robert Heath, and Angela Spalsbury. It discusses the following:
In the 1970s, new regulations regarding phosphorus loading in Lake Erie were put into place. As a result, certain species of algae that had all but vanished in the 1950s and 1960s returned. In the 1980s, the zebra mussel was introduced to Lake Erie. This resulted in a reduction in the total amount of algae in the lake at first, but certain species of algae returned to much higher levels years later. This talk will discuss a mathematical model based on modified predator-prey relations to study the above scenario.
TITLE: There's No Runway for this Model
Leigh-Anne Cioffredi, Wheaton College
ABSTRACT: The Bubonic Plague ripped through Europe in the Middle Ages. Could the Black Death return? This talk will examine this question using Mathematical Modeling.
TITLE: Modeling the Activity of Terrorists in Agent-Based Simulation
David Dunham, United States Military Academy
ABSTRACT: The US Air Force currently employs Systems Effectiveness Analysis Simulation (SEAS), an agent-based, stochastic simulation of the battlefield. One simulated scenario involves a �loose nuke� incident, with terrorists attempting to escape Iran before US forces can find them. The US forces in the scenario have well-developed logic, however the terrorists behavior is rather ill-defined. The development of refined object-oriented algorithms for the terrorist side could develop into a new class for the SEAS library, with inheritance for behaviors extending to different subclasses of terrorists for future use.
TITLE: Who Did That?!
Jennifer King and Lindsey Krok, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: Many times professors� present mathematics and do not always tell students where it came from, and occasionally are unsure of the history themselves: it is time we stop taking these accomplishments for granted. It�s time we give recognition to these mysterious mathematicians for the time and effort they put in to change our field of study. In particular, female mathematicians have been short changed in the recognition of their efforts. We will also give one possible solution on how to improve future mathematicians knowledge of their history.
TITLE: Applications of a Graphical Information System to Ice Hockey
Travis Gingras, St. Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: Statistics and sports have been related for many years, and recently the art of using statistics to observe players tendencies has become more and more common among coaches. This project looks to investigate patterns of shots taken by the St. Lawrence Men�s hockey team using a geographic information system. ArcGIS is a mapping program generally designed for geographical data, but in this project we have defined a database to store information about individual shots in multiple hockey games while placing them on a map of the offensive zone of a hockey rink. We can then study patterns and look for the trends that might benefit individual players or the team as a whole.
TITLE: Fractals: The Mandelbrot Set
Theresa Ryan, St. Michael's College
ABSTRACT: Fractals are geometric patterns that by zooming in on a part of the pattern yield a similar picture. The Mandelbrot Set is an example of a fractal that has been called on of the most intricate and beautiful objects in mathematics. We will discuss the process of generating the Mandelbrot set which is based on a simple equation involving complex numbers.
TITLE: Visualizing Geodesics on Surfaces
John R. Burke, Marist College
ABSTRACT: We will discuss classes of closed geodesics on some familiar surfaces in space. We will graph representatives of these classes by numerically solving the differential equations that determine geodesics on parameterized surfaces.
TITLE: Quotations + Famous Mottos = Mathematical Motivation
Colleen Dalton, Lindsay Jardin, Marlee Berg, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: �Life is either daring adventure or nothing.� - Helen Keller
This is just one of the numerous quotations and famous mottos that we will consider in our talk. You will also learn many useful ways to employ these quotations and mottos in many different learning environments. They can be used to motivate students, inspire learners, capture the interest of readers, provoke an audience, and challenge prevailing stereotypes of mathematics.
As both current students and future teachers we will illustrate the impact of quotations in mathematics classes through both the eyes of students and teachers. We will also share many references and resources so you have access to an ample library of mathematical and educational quotations for your own use.
TITLE: Huygens` Theorem and the Theory of Voting
William S Zwicker, Union College
ABSTRACT: Here are three general methods, each of which can be used to create a variety of specific voting systems: Scoring rules: Each voter assigns points to each candidate. The winner is the candidate with the most points. Mean proximity voting: Each voter is identified with a point in space. Each candidate is identified with a point in space. The mean position g of the voters is calculated. The candidate closest to g wins. Distance-to-unanimity voting: The outcome of any election is clear when the vote is unanimous. When a vote is not unanimous, the winner corresponds to whichever unanimous choice is �closest� to the actual vote. In what ways are these three general types of voting different? We use a theorem of Huygens to prove that the three classes are exactly the same.
TITLE: Random Number Generation
ABSTRACT: One way to construct a random number generator is to generate the sequence:
g, g2, g3, ... (mod p)
where p is a prime number and g is a primitive root mod p.
We will design three such generators, one for a 16-bit processor, one for a 32-bit processor, and one for a 64-bit processor. Sophie Germaine primes will play an important role in the design.
The chi-square test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to test these generators.
TITLE: Cardano�s Solution of the Cubic Equation
Ross B. Gingrich, Southern Connecticut State University
ABSTRACT: While the quadratic formula for solving quadratic equations is well known, many students have not seen Girolamo Cardano�s method for solving the general cubic equation x3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0. Cardano published his solution in his "Ars Magna or The Rules of Algebra" in 1545 CE. In this talk, we will look at the history of his solution, the method that he used, and its modern formulation.
TITLE: Primitive Roots
John McCabe, Manhattan College
ABSTRACT: Let p be a prime number. An integer g is a primitive root for p if the powers of g: g, g2, g3, ..., when reduced mod p, give all the residue classes of integers mod p. A proof will be presented of the theorem that any prime number p does have a primitive root.
If the prime number p is very large, determining a primitive root for p is believed to be in general a computationally hard problem. We will discuss some computational stategies. Primitive roots have applications to public key cryptography, and to the generation of pseudo-random numbers. If time permits we will discuss this, and also, if time permits, Artin`s conjecture.
Some acquaintance with abstract algebra will be needed.
TITLE: Toricelli Solids
Anna Haensch and Joan Kim, SUNY New Paltz
ABSTRACT: Torricelli�s Trumpet (also known as Gabriel�s Horn), the solid of revolution achieved by rotating the graph of the function, f(x) = 1/x around the x-axis, is known to have a finite volume but an infinite surface area. Our goal is to search for other such objects with the same properties, which we call Torricelli solids, by analyzing the solids of revolution generated by functions of the form f(x) = x-p�, f(x) = [ln(x)]-p, and other special functions. By doing this, we will expose trends amongst these functions, and make predictions about their behavior. In addition, we will consider the possibility of the existence of isolated solids in three-dimensional space with the same properties of finite volume and infinite surface area.
TITLE: The Group Law on Elliptic Curves
Catalin Iordan, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Groups are a very powerful mathematical concept and they apply to many more areas than just number theory. A very interesting connection can be found between Group Theory and elliptic curves which opens a wide range of practical applications. I will define a binary operation on the points of an arbitrary elliptic curve and prove that it generates a group structure. Also, I will explore some of the implications of this fact in the realm of cryptography.
TITLE: How Many Sudoku Puzzles Are THERE?
Jeffrey Connor, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: How Many Sudoku Puzzles are THERE??? ABSTRACT: Sudoku puzzles typically consist of a nine-by-nine grid of squares. Some of the squares contain numbers: most of the squares are blank. The goal is to fill in the blank squares with digits from 1 to 9 so that each row, each column, and each of the nine three-by-three blocks making up the grid contains just one of each of the nine digits. The additional constraint of the three-by-three blocks reduces the enormous number of possible nine-by-nine Latin squares to "a smaller but still-humungous number: 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960". Further refinements can be made to arrive at a more manageable 3546146300288. This presentation will offer a brief examinination of a method of counting the number of Sudoku grids, relying on Bertram Felgenhauer`s "Enumerating Possible Sudoku Grids". Time permitting, other counting methods will be outlined.
TITLE: Hat Problem Observations
Alan D. Taylor, Union College
ABSTRACT: We consider the following kind of hat problem. Several people (perhaps finitely many, perhaps infinitely many) are to have hats of various colors placed on their heads. Each will be able to see at least some of the other hats, but not his or her own. No communication is allowed after the hats have been placed and each will be asked to guess (simultaneously and independently) the color of his or her own hat. But before the hats are placed, the people are allowed to get together to plan a strategy as to how they might guess. A remarkable observation of Yuval Gabay and Michael O�Connor is that if the number of people is infinite and each can see all but finitely many of the other hats, then there is a strategy ensuring that only finitely many guess incorrectly. We will present a general framework for this kind of question and a number of results, in both the finite and infinite case, obtained by Chris Hardin, myself, and others.
TITLE: Statistical Analysis of Neuronal Data
Andrew Crossett, Canisius College
ABSTRACT: Technical advances in the field of computational neuroscience have given rise to many new and complex situations dealing with neuronal data. Because of the relatively small number of samples that can be taken at any given time, it is important to apply both intuitive and non-intuitive statistical methodology. We will begin by showing that an elementary framework for estimating the firing rate of neurons can be inefficient. Therefore, we will turn our attention to three main points of more non-intuitive methods: the use of maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods to estimate parameters, applying modern nonparametric methods to neuronal data and finally showing that many analyses that are based on Poisson assumptions can be applied to non-Poisson data.
TITLE: Floorplanning With Force-Directed Graphing using Flexible Blocks
Jamey T. Lewis, St. Michael's College
ABSTRACT: Force-directed graphing involves applying a physical analogy to graphs of nodes and edges, allowing forces of attraction and repulsion to push and pull the system into a state of equilibrium. This method has been used to aid in computer chip design, simulating the structure of gates and wires in the chip as nodes and edges. We have modified the basic model in order to apply it to the floorplanning stage of chip design, in which the set of gates in the chip is partitioned into logical clusters or blocks which are then placed in the chip space as a pre-processing step for the actual placement and routing. In this presentation I will discuss our modifications of the "spring-embedder" force-directed algorithm, such as the use of nodes with width and height, effective repelling perimeter and pressure equalization equations. I will also present a brief summary of the experimental results that demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. This work responds to an industry problem presented by Cadence Design Systems, a company that develops chip layout tools.
TITLE: An Introduction to Wavelets and Applications
Jamey T. Lewis, St. Michael's College
ABSTRACT: Wavelet analysis involves representing a signal or any mathematical function in terms of a basic waveform called a Wavelet, in order to extract information about how the signal changes over the domain. Similar to Fourier analysis, which represents signals as the sum of sinusoids, Wavelets in their current form have been around only since the 1980s (though with connections to Haar`s work in the early 20th century). In this presentation I will discuss the basics of Wavelets, and then provide an example from one of the many interesting fields to which Wavelet analysis is applied.
TITLE: What is the Shape of the Universe?
Emily Fertig, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Scientists and mathematicians are using data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) to try to determine the shape of the three-dimensional spatial universe. WMAP measures cosmic background radiation, the relics of radiation emitted soon after the Big Bang. Mathematician Jeffery Weeks has interpreted the data as consistent with a finite dodecahedral-shaped universe with spherical geometry, in which traveling far enough in any direction will bring you back where you started. Others claim that the data is more consistent with a Euclidean universe.
TITLE: Poverty, Romance and the Three Greek Problems
Nicole Mercier, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: For over two millennia mathematicians tried to determine whether it was possible to double a cube, trisect an angle, or square a circle using an unmarked straightedge and a compass. Other geometric constructions are possible using the same instruments, like bisecting an angle or doubling the length of a segment, so it`s natural to wonder about these "Three Greek Problems of Antiquity". In the early nineteenth century, the young mathematicians Niels Henrik Abel and �variste Galois invented tools which innitiated what we now know as group theory. This allowed mathematicians to solve not only the three Greek problems but other fundamental problems like the soluability of the quintic equation as well. This talk will not only discuss the Three Greek Problems and the fundamental discoveries of Abel and Galois, but the poignant history surrounding their short lives as well.
TITLE: Introduction to Markov Decision Problems
Daniel Dadush, Brown University
ABSTRACT: Ever wanted to know how to best plan your workday? Or how to teach a computer to play roulette? Then you`ll want to learn about Markov Decision Processes and the tools we have to solve them. This talk will give a basic introduction to what Markov Decision Problems are and their applications.
TITLE: The spread of influenza through a multi-city small world network
Daniel Marcus, SUNY Geneseo
ABSTRACT: A description of the spread of influenza through a small world network which has been expanded to handle multiple cities. Each city is in itself a small world network of people, and the whole model is a small world network of cities. The model changes the dynamics of the epidemic curve of a single small world network by allowing the transition of influenza from one city to another.
TITLE: Minesweeper is NP-complete
Jonathan Huang, Dartmouth College
ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: Minesweeper is an addictive computer game that comes with Microsoft Windows operating systems. It turns out that there is a link between this time-draining distraction and the $1,000,000 Millinium math problem, P=NP. We will introduce the P=NP problem, the concept of NP-completeness, and the SAT problem. Then we shall show how SAT reduces to Minesweeper. (1) "Minesweeper is NP-complete", Mathematical Intelligencer Vol 22, No. 4, 2000, p 9-15.
TITLE: Greed in Baseball
Nicholas LaDuc Campany, Hamilton College
ABSTRACT: Anyone familiar with the sport knows that baseball is a game of numbers. Professional baseball is simply littered with statistics. This particular study will look at the stats for players in the year immediately preceding their status as a free agent as well as the year following, in an attempt to determine whether one should expect the same sort of productivity in both years. Will the player perform better in the season after the trade (equity theory) as a result of being satisfied with their new team, or will the player perform better in the year preceding the trade (expectancy theory) in an attempt to increase their market value? This analysis provides significant convincing evidence in support the latter hypothesis, perhaps pointing to a greed-based motive for performance.
TITLE: Evolution of the Mobius Strip into Modern Application
Gwyon Thomas Sutton, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: I`ll be starting with a brief origin of the mobius strip and the birth of topology. I`ll briefly intoduce its origin from Gauss`s ideas (never formally) onto his `students` Johann B. Listing (who actually first used the Mobius strip) and of course the independent August Ferdinand M�bius as well. The core of the presentation will involve modern applications of the Strip and other topological concepts, from the 1960`s and up. The mobius strip (and more importantly, the mathematical concepts of geometric transformations) were used to develop electronic resistors, and in a more modern example, graphical transformations and rendering (transformation of 3-D objects and projecting 3-D images on a 2-D surface/screen) The heaviest concentrations will be the modern graphics algorithms to approximate these transformations that have risen from the more exact formulas used in the math world: I will go into detail about these algorithms` origins (the mathematical formula they derive from) as well as demonstrating (graphically and in the form of equations/numeric values) the results of `exact` transformations using pure mathematics, and then the "approximate" transformations by the algorithms.
TITLE: Finding the Day of the Week for a Particular Date Using Nomograms
Matthew Brewer, Keene State College
ABSTRACT: A nomogram is a chart with three or more sides and/or curves such that the relationship between variables can be displayed along a straight line. Special nomograms are presented which will, for a particular date after the institution of the Gregorian Calendar(post 1582), give the day of the week which that date occured.
TITLE: Properties of Certain Semigroups in a Topological Abelian Group.
Rosica Dineva, Mount Holyoke College
ABSTRACT: This talk is based on the article Topological Abelian Groups, by Fred Wright (1957). If G is a topological abelian group (a TAG), and A is a nonempty subset of G, the set s(A)={x є: G: x+a: A } is a semigroup. In particular, these semigroups generate interesting subgroups of G. We will highlight some of the properties of s(A) and briefly discuss how these relate to the structure of the topological abelian group they are contained in.
TITLE: Knot Theory and the Study of Wave Front Propagation
Vladimir Chernov, Dartmouth College
ABSTRACT: Arnold observed that one can associate a knot to a wave front propagating on a surface according to the Huygens principle. Low used similar ideas to relate cosmological causality to linking. We show that generalized linking numbers (constructed in a joint work with Yu. Rudyak) often allow one to conclude that two events are causally related without the knowledge of the front propagation history. This conclusion can be made from the current shapes of the fronts of the events.
TITLE: M�bius Recycled: Garland, Hearts, Stars and a Metaphor for Mathematics
Julian F. Fleron, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: The M�bius band has been a favorite in the categories of mathematical magic and recreational mathematics for over a century. It has also had important applications and deep connections to art throughout its long history.
Here we recycle this object once again, showing how it can be used as a tool to create elebratory artwork, including: garland, hearts, and stars. The audience will be invited to try their hand at building their own examples of this artwork, including the symbol of the Holocaust remembrance documentary �Paperclips�.
These examples set the stage for a powerful metaphor for mathematics, the M�bius metaphor, which will be explored to help conclude this participatory talk.
TITLE: Mapping the Hexaflexagon
Geoffrey Scott, Dartmouth College
ABSTRACT: The hexaflexagon is a mysterious geometrical toy that exhibits equally mysterious mathematical properties. We explore methods that mathematicians use to build and analyze hexaflexagons, and discover some surprising traits of these seemingly simple objects.
TITLE: Stirling Numbers
Wayne Younghans, St. Michael
ABSTRACT: The study of Number Theory during our undergraduate years introduces us to many intersting types of numbers that have many applications. In this presentation I will describe an interesting group of numbers called the Stirling Numbers, and display some of the applications of these numbers in the world around us. I will be primarily focus on the Stirling Numbers of the second kind and their interesting characteristics.
TITLE: Making Computers Do Computational Work for Us
David Quinzi and Garrett Jones, SUNY Geneseo
ABSTRACT: The increasing amount of research being done in silico has made providing researchers access to computational research tools more important than ever. We will present our methods and examples of providing broad simplified access to in silico computational research. These methods can be used to make use of idle processor time on servers as well as provide a simple user interface for research applications run on distributed systems.
TITLE: Optimization and Expansion of an Approach to Group Testing
Christina Callear, SUNY Geneseo
ABSTRACT: Group testing, or pooling, is a widely used general procedure applicable whenever a large group of objects is to be subjected to the same test. In many cases, a number of objects or complexes of the objects to be tested will produce an undesirable result. Group testing offers an advantage over individual testing when the number of these target objects or complexes is small in comparison to the size of the group as a whole. Group testing has proved useful in a range of fields including medical diagnostics, industry and most recently in working with DNA. This work addresses the development, optimization and expansion of a probabilistic group testing method that leads to the identification of portions of cohorts or complexes that collectively produce an observable result.
TITLE: Partitions of Integers
Pam Welch, Nazareth College of Rochester
ABSTRACT: In 1640, Philip Naude wrote to Euler asking how many ways there were to add seven different positive integers to get 50. A brief history behind integer partitions will be given along with the fascinating way that Euler came up with the solution.
TITLE: The Largest Component in Subgraphs of Circulate-Like Graphs
Jacqueline Dresch, SUNY Geneseo
ABSTRACT: Circulant graphs have recently been used as starting points in constructions of small-world networks used to study disease dynamics. We take random induced subgraphs of circulant-like graphs, representing the susceptible population after random vaccination. Then, by computing the expected size of the largest component in these subgraphs we have a bound on the number of individuals who can contract the disease being studied after one infection.
TITLE: Understanding First-Order Logic through Automation in Java
Ashish Dixit, St. Lawrence University
ABSTRACT: My research involves development of an �Automated Theorem Proving Assistant� using Java and exploration of the fundamental concepts of first-order logic through the automation process. The goal is an enhanced understanding of the techniques of first-order logic through analysis of the process of development. The talk will focus on the software development process in this project and the problems encountered. It will also include a report on the results of the project.
TITLE: An Application of the Pigeon-hole Principle
Tomasz Przytycki & Wui-Ming Gan, Bard College
ABSTRACT: The talk will begin with an overview of the pigeon-hole principle. Then we will prove, using the pigeon-hole principle, that for any sequence of mn+1 distinct real numbers, there exists an increasing subseuence of length m+1 OR a decreasing subsequence of length n+1 (or both).
TITLE: A Fallen Rock and Its Mathematical Modeling
Klarenc Hoxha, SUNY IT
ABSTRACT: From a Mathematicans point of view a Mathematical Model is a set of expressions and equations which describe a physical pehnomenon. For this presentation I will illustrate the physical system of a fallen rock with an Initial Velocity V1 and a initial Time T1. With the given data I will focus my presentation in mostly two major points:
a) Building the Mathematical Model of the Physical Phenomenon and
b) Describing how the model fits in our everyday life.
Also to Ilustrate this experiment I will demonstrate the procedure with a users imput data on a C program.
TITLE: Huygens Inequality
Mona Merling, Bard College
ABSTRACT: Besides his remarkable theories in physics, Huygens is also the author of some very useful mathematical theorems. I will give a proof of the famous inequality that was named after him. I will use mathematical induction in an unusual and clever manner.
TITLE: Calculators- Who Needs Them?
Stefan A Elrington, Williams College
ABSTRACT: We provide a simple algorithm for partially predicting cubes of integers.
TITLE: Knight's Tour on a Pillow
Matthew Dalzell, Manhattan College
ABSTRACT: A knight�s tour is a list of squares that a knight lands on in a sequence of traditional knight moves. In the Knight�s Tour problem, a knight must land on every square of a chessboard once. It has been explored on traditional boards with varying number of squares, in which case the existence of a tour depends on the dimensions of the board. What happens when the chessboard is printed on a sphere, viewed as a �pillow� with the chessboard printed on both sides? We will explore the solutions to the Knight�s Tour problem on a pillow chessboard.
TITLE: n People Wanting Their Hats Back
Andrija Perunicic, Bard College
ABSTRACT: Suppose that n people throw their hats in the air. After walking around, everybody picks up a hat from the floor. What is the chance that no one gets his or her hat back? As the crowd participating gets really large (as n tends to infinity), the probability gets closer to 1/e. I present a combinatorial proof residing on the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle.
TITLE: The Dynamics of Cooperation in Small World Networks
Daniel FitzGerald, SUNY Geneseo
ABSTRACT: Cooperation between individuals in both human societies and biological systems has long been studied. We introduce a new model of cooperation that tracks the probability that each individual carries of cooperating with another as they interact in the confines of a small world network. We then study how changing the structure of the network affects community trends towards cooperation as well as look at the coexistence of clusters of cooperators and defectors that emerges in a small but intriguing portion of parameter space.
TITLE: Solutions of Diophantine Equations
Clifton Bullard, Colby College
ABSTRACT: In 1900 Hilbert proposed 23 problems at the International Congress of Mathematicians. In the 10th problem he asked if there is an algorithm that will test any polynomial equation for solutions in integers. Based upon work by Davis, Putnam, and Robinson, in 1970, Matiyasevich showed that no algorithm can exist. It is possible to write polynomials that cannot be tested. This talk will be about Hilbert`s 10th problem.
TITLE: Morse Code
Nick Wiater, Shinsuke Tanaka, Skidmore College
ABSTRACT: In the 1830s Samuel Morse revolutionized the art of transmitting information as he developed the Morse code. We intend to explain how the code was developed so as to maximize efficiency while minimizing the error rate during translation. Applications of Morse code as well as how it has spawned the more common Baudot code and ASCII will also be examined.
TITLE: Is Snow Insurance a Worthwhile Investment?
Zachary LaFlash, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: We hope to determine if it is in the best interest of a business to obtain snow insurance. The National Climatic Data Center’s web page shows the history of snowfall in the U.S. and has many images, and statistical data available, making the forecasting of future snowfall and weather more accurate. This data from past winters will allow us to determine if purchasing snow insurance is a worthwhile investment. In addition to these websites, we also have the information compiled by Holyoke Housing Authority that includes the specific prices and terms of the snow insurance along with some data about past snowfall totals.
TITLE: Fermat Primes and the Sides of Heron Triangles
Hyejin Rho, Williams College
ABSTRACT: Pierre de Fermat conjectured in 1640 that every number of the form 2^(2^n)+1, called a Fermat number F_n, is prime. It turns out that F_5 is composite and the only Fermat primes known at present are for 0��:n��:4. Nonetheless, they have a number of interesting applications, one of which relates to Heron triangles. A Heron triangle is a triangle with integer length sides and integer areas. This talk will discuss the connection between Fermat primes and Heron triangles with prime power sides and prove a powerful theorem by Florian Luca.
TITLE: An Implementation and Cryptanalyis of the AES
Brandon McConnell, United States Military Academy
ABSTRACT: In 2001, the National Institute of Standards and Technology introduced the block cipher Rijndael as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) after eliminating 14 other candidate cryptosystems. The developers of the AES claim that the cipher is designed with specific structural elements to repel both linear and differential cryptanalysis. We intend to present an overview of the AES, its fundamental components, an implementation, and our attempt at cryptanalysis of a 1 or 3 round modified AES. Finally, we will discuss what structural designs within the cipher repel these attacks.
TITLE: Chinese Leftovers
Jessica Paiva, Kimberly Simpson, Keene State College
ABSTRACT: The presenters pose the following problem: "Eleven pirates on a ship divide their treasure coins (which are all of equal value) into equal portions, but two coins remain. One unlucky pirate is thrown overboard and the treasure is again divided into equal portions this time with one coin remaining. Once again another unlucky pirate is thrown overboard, and the treasure is again divided into equal portions this time with none leftover. How many coins did the pirates start with?" The presenters will show how this type of problem can be solved using modular arithmetic and then show how this relates to the solution using the Chinese Remainder Theorem.
TITLE: Robustness of Falcon Populations
Richard Ryan, University of Rhode Island
ABSTRACT: We examined the maximum possible percentage of harvest for one case study, peregrine falcons. US Fish and Wildlife Services have recently begun to allow minimal harvesting of peregrine falcons as they are no longer on the endangered species list. We create a population projection matrix model that takes into account the fact that the population data is highly uncertain, and analyze the effect of harvesting on the population taking into account these uncertainties.
TITLE: Cayley's Theorem and Regular Embeddings
Jesse Corradino, State University at Albany New York
ABSTRACT: Given a finite group G, Cayley`s theorem tells us there exists an embedding of G into its group of permutations, Perm(G). For this talk we shall consider non-singular (regular) embeddings of G into the normalizer of the image of G in Perm(G) under the regular left representation map. We shall describe how to construct embeddings which share key properties of the regular left representation map and consider equivalence classes of these embeddings.
TITLE: Evaluation of the Army's Screening Process
Philip Kim, United States Military Academy
ABSTRACT: The problem specified by our client, Major John Dinges (a staff member of the ARMY G8), relates to the Army�s process of allocating funds for different Army projects. The process itself involves an extensive amount of screening and rigorous criterion before any decision is made. More specific to our client needs is the evaluation of two different screening procedures. The first is to validate the methodology that produces a green amber, or red status of each of each of the funded programs. The second is to evaluate the weighting schemes of the standard questions and answers to the questions that are applied to all programs. These two screening procedures allow the decision maker to make any decisions about further or future funding that is necessary for the programs.
Different approaches are used to solve these problems. The first screening is based on the color status (green, amber, red) assigned to each program. The technique generates all the answer possibilities for each given thresholds. The second screening justifies the weight given to each of the questions asked about the programs. To perform this we take a sample from the population of all of the programs and determine that appropriate weights for the questions. We further our validation by asking subject matter experts in attempts to review our findings.
TITLE: The Many Contrast of Gerolamo Cardano
Hillary Price , Skidmore College
ABSTRACT: Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576), a native of Milan, is best known to mathematicians as the author of the Ars Magna, a text that contained the first published solution of the cubic, which I will present in this talk.
Cardano also published the first known treatise on probability theorey, Liber de Ludo, made his living as a physician, gambled, invented useful objects, wrote horoscopes, and dispensed advice on cuisine and general health.
TITLE: Bayesian Statistics: What is it and How is it Useful?
Carsten Botts, Williams College
ABSTRACT: The probability of an event can be defined in two ways: (1) the frequency at which the event occurs, or (2) your belief that the event will occur. Classical methods in statistics are developed from the first definition, while Bayesian statistical methods are developed from the second. This talk will introduce the audience to the concept of Bayesian statistics, and show how Bayesian methods can be used to learn about the characeteristics of a population.
TITLE: A Multi-objective Optimization Algorithm, with Applications to Cancer Treatment
David Craft, Williams College
ABSTRACT: We develop an algorithm to calculate a discrete representation of the convex Pareto surface of a multi-objective convex optimization problem. The algorithm adds points to the surface at places where the uncertainty of the true surface location is the greatest. The motivation for this research stems from the tradeoff problem that arises in cancer radiation therapy, where the objective of irradiating the tumor area with a high, uniform dose is in conflict with the objectives of not overly irradiating nearby non-cancerous organs. Access to the Pareto tradeoff surface allows a doctor to decide, for each patient, what exact compromise should be made. We describe the algorithm and show clinical results.
Joint work with Thomas Bortfeld and Tarek Halabi, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston MA.
TITLE: A Look into Voronoi Diagrams
Nicole Greaney, Marist College
ABSTRACT: In this talk, we will define what a Voronoi diagram is, its basic topological properties, and many of its applications. We will be discussing some of the algorithms used to calculate Voronoi Diagrams and the efficiency of those algorithms. We will also look at a Voronoi Net, and compare its basic topological properties to those of Voronoi Diagrams. We will see that, in essence, Voronoi Nets "come from" Voronoi Diagrams. Finally, for a finite set of sites, n, we will see that there are a finite number of topologically distinct Voronoi Nets that are generated by the set of sites. The cases for n = 2..6 have been proven. We will look at the catalog distinct Voronoi Nets, which we have found through this research, beginning with n = 7 sites.
TITLE: The Quadrable Lunes of Hippocrates, Part I
Elizabeth Edelheit, Jenn Letourneau, Hillary Price, Skidmore College
ABSTRACT: In the search for a solution to the problem of squaring the circle, it was found that some plane figures bounded by circular arcs are quadrable, or able to be �squared�.
In this talk we will review the argument for the quadrability of the three lunes of Hippocrates. We will also look at the same problem from the perspective of modern algebra.
TITLE: The Quadrable Lunes of Hippocrates, Part II
Elizabeth Edelheit, Jenn Letourneau, Hillary Price, Skidmore College
ABSTRACT: In the search for a solution to the problem of squaring the circle, it was found that some plane figures bounded by circular arcs are quadrable, or able to be �squared�.
In this talk we will review the argument for the quadrability of the three lunes of Hippocrates. We will also look at the same problem from the perspective of modern algebra.
TITLE: Proof II - A Sequel to the Award-Winning Play
Jennifer King and the Westfield State Mobius Band, Westfield State College
ABSTRACT: Proof is David Auburn�s Pulitzer- and Tony-Award winning play which has subsequently appeared as a full-length Mirimax film starring Gwyneth Paltrow, Anthony Hopkins, and Jake Gyllenhaal.
Proof II is Jennifer King�s wonderful one-act sequel to Auburn�s masterpiece. Our �presentation� will be Proof II, the sequel performed in its entirety by the Westfield State Mobius Band � a fine troupe of actors and actresses from our �Studies in the Literature of Mathematics� course.
No prior knowledge of the original Proof is required as we will give brief highlights to �set the stage� for our �presentation�.
| i don't know |
How many Prime Ministers held office in the two World Wars in the 20th century ? | BBC - History - British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline
On This Day
Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline
Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'?
Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole.
Margaret Thatcher
Conservative, 1979 - 1990
Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century.
James Callaghan
Labour, 1976 - 1979
Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1974 - 1976
In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'.
Edward Heath
Conservative, 1970 - 1974
Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kippur War. In March 1974, Heath called a general election on the question of 'who governs Britain?' - the unions, or the elected representatives of the people. To his surprise the result was a hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) and he was ousted.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1964 - 1970
In 1964, 'Good old Mr Wilson' - an avuncular, pipe-smoking figure - came to power amid much excitement and optimism. He had promised a 'new Britain' forged in 'the white heat of a second industrial revolution'. In reality, his administration never escaped from a cycle of economic crises, vainly battling against further devaluations of the pound. Wilson won a second general election in 1966 (the year England lifted the football World Cup) making him the first Labour PM to serve consecutive terms. In 1967, the government failed in its application for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) and was also finally forced to devalue sterling. The electorate became disillusioned with Wilson, who lost narrowly to the Conservatives in the 1970 election.
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Conservative, 1963 - 1964
In 1963, a change in the law allowed hereditary peers to disclaim (or 'drop') their titles, which in turn meant they were able to become members of parliament (MPs). The only peer ever to do so and become prime minister was Douglas-Home, formerly the 14th Earl of Home, who assumed the office when Harold Macmillan retired due to ill health. He was the first prime minister in the post-war period not to win his own mandate (be elected or re-elected by popular vote).
Harold Macmillan, Conservative, 1957 - 1963
Macmillan came to power at a time when Britain was confronting its loss of world-power status and facing mounting economic troubles. Nonetheless, he successfully associated the Conservatives with a new age of affluence and the burgeoning consumer revolution. But his oft-quoted assurance 'You've never had it so good' actually finishes 'What is beginning to worry some of us is, is it too good to be true?'. His government is principally remembered for the so-called 'Profumo Affair', a sex scandal that erupted in 1963 and contributed to the Conservatives' defeat at the general election the following year. Secretary of State for War John Profumo had been having an affair with a showgirl who was also seeing the Soviet naval attaché to London - a serious transgression at the height of the Cold War. After lying to the House of Commons, Profumo admitted the truth in June 1963 and resigned in disgrace. Macmillan resigned due to ill health in October the same year.
Sir Anthony Eden, Conservative, 1955 - 1957
When Sir Winston Churchill retired due to ill health, Eden took over as prime minister. Many years before, Churchill had anointed Eden as his successor, but later acknowledged he had made 'a great mistake'. His opinion was born out as the new PM blundered into the Suez Crisis. Following Egypt's decision to nationalise the Suez canal, Britain (the principal shareholder), France and Israel invaded in October 1956 to near-universal condemnation and the threat of nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union. Within a week, Britain was forced into an embarrassing climb-down. Humiliated and in ill-health, Eden left the country for a holiday at the Jamaican home of James Bond author, Ian Fleming. He returned in mid-December to the sarcastic newspaper headline: 'Prime Minister Visits Britain'. He resigned on 9 January 1957.
Sir Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1951 - 1955
Churchill's desire to return to power, despite his assured place in history, had much to do with his belligerent refusal to accept that the British public had rejected him in 1945. Now the electorate was seeking to put behind it the hardships and privations of the post-war years under Clement Atlee and return to a more traditional idea of society - so-called 'housing and red meat' issues. Churchill tried - and failed - to recreate the dynamism of his wartime administration, and he struggled to adjust to the political realities of the Cold War, preferring direct action and personal diplomacy to proxy wars and cabinet consensus. His refusal to retire, despite suffering a stroke, caused mounting frustrations among his colleagues. At the age of 80, he finally conceded to his failing health and stepped down, although he continued to serve as an MP.
Clement Attlee, Labour, 1945 - 1951
World War Two had sharply exposed the imbalances in Britain's social, economic and political structures. For a population that had sacrificed so much, a return to the pre-war status quo was simply not an option. In 1942, a report by Sir William Beveridge, chairman of a Ministry of Health committee, had advocated a system of national insurance, comprehensive welfare for all and strategies to maintain full employment. The 'Beveridge Report' formed the basis of Labour pledges in the 1945 election and resulted in a landslide victory. Attlee's government successfully harnessed the wartime sense of unity to create the National Health Service, a national insurance scheme, a huge programme of nationalisation (including the Bank of England and most heavy industries) and a massive building programme. He also made Britain a nuclear-armed power. These sweeping reforms resulted in a parliamentary consensus on key social and economic policies that would last until 1979. But by 1951, a row over plans to charge for spectacles and false teeth had split the cabinet. Party disunity and a struggling economy contributed to Attlee - cruelly dubbed by Churchill 'a modest man with much to be modest about' - losing the next election.
Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1940 - 1945
By the time Churchill was asked to lead the coalition government in 1940, he had already enjoyed colourful and controversial careers as a journalist, soldier and politician. He had twice 'crossed the floor' of the House of Commons, the first time defecting from Conservative to Liberal and serving as First Lord of the Admiralty during the early years of World War One. Demoted in the wake of the slaughter at Gallipoli, he preferred to resign and take up a commission fighting on the Western Front. Despite standing against the Conservatives in a 1924 by-election, Churchill was welcomed back into the party that same year and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years under Stanley Baldwin. But personal disagreements and his vehement anti-Fascism would lead to nearly a decade in the political wilderness. Following Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill finally realised his 'destiny' and accepted the office of prime minister. Promising nothing more than 'blood, toil, tears and sweat', he almost single-handedly restored Britain's desire to fight on in adversity. Despite Churchill's enormous personal popularity, by 1945 the electorate no longer wanted a war leader and the Conservatives lost by a landslide.
Neville Chamberlain, Conservative, 1937 - 1940
Rarely has the hyperbole of politicians been as resoundingly exposed as when Neville Chamberlain returned from his 1938 negotiations with Adolf Hitler, brandishing his famous 'piece of paper' and declaring the agreement it represented to be 'peace for our time'. Within a year, Germany had invaded Poland and Britain was plunged into World War Two. With his policy of 'appeasement' towards Hitler utterly bankrupted, Chamberlain resigned in 1940. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. When the issue of honours was discussed, he stated that he wanted to die 'plain Mr Chamberlain, like my father'. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was the politician who split the Conservatives in 1903 by pushing for tariffs on imported goods. It was this very issue that convinced Churchill to defect to the Liberals, with whom he first achieved high office. Chamberlain died six months after resigning.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1935 - 1937
When Baldwin returned to power in 1935, the financial crisis sparked by the Wall Street Crash six years before appeared to be over. It was to be swiftly replaced by a constitutional crisis brought about by Edward VIII's desire to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Simpson. Baldwin advised Edward that Mrs Simpson would not be accepted as Queen by the public, and that the king could not condone divorce as head of the Church of England. The king proposed a 'morganatic' marriage, whereby Mrs Simpson would become his consort, but not Queen. The government rejected the idea and threatened to resign if the king forced the issue. The story then broke in the press, to general disapproval by the public. Rather than break the engagement, Edward abdicated on 11 December 1936. Credited with saving the monarchy, Baldwin is also condemned for failing to begin re-arming when it became clear that Nazi Germany was building up its armed forces.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1929 - 1935
MacDonald began his second term at the head of a minority government (one that does not have an outright majority) and with the economy in deep crisis. Britain was still in the grip of the Great Depression and unemployment soon soared to two million. With fewer people able to pay tax, revenues had fallen as demand for unemployment benefits had soared. Unable to meet the deficit, by 1931 it was being proposed that benefits and salaries should be cut. Labour ministers rejected the plan as running counter to their core beliefs. MacDonald went to the king, George V, to proffer his resignation. George suggested MacDonald to try and form a 'national government' or coalition of all the parties. (This is the last recorded direct political intervention by a British monarch.) The National Government was formed, with MacDonald as prime minister, but Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative Party, the de facto 'power behind the throne'. MacDonald is still considered by many in the Labour Party as their worst political traitor.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1924 - 1929
In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress called for a general walkout in support of a coal miners' protest against threatened wage cuts. It was the first and, to date, only general strike in British history. The strike affected key industries, such as gas, electricity and the railways, but ended after just nine days due to lack of public backing and well-organised emergency measures by Baldwin's government. Far from succeeding in its aims, the General Strike actually led to a decline in trade union membership and the miners ended up accepting longer hours and less pay. It also gave impetus to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act, which curtailed workers' ability to take industrial action. Baldwin's government also extended the vote to women over 21 and passed the Pensions Act, but eventually fell as a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Depression that followed.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1924
In 1924, MacDonald briefly became the first Labour prime minister, ending two centuries of Conservative - Liberal domination of British politics. It was the first party to gain power with the express purpose of representing the voice of the 'working class'. An MP since 1906, MacDonald was respected as a thinker, but criticised by many within his own party as insufficiently radical (despite appointing the first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, in 1929). His opposition to World War One had made him deeply unpopular and he continually suffered a torrid time at the hands of the press. The publication by two newspapers of the 'Zinoviev letter' did much to damage his chances in the run up to the 1924 election. The letter (which he had seen but decided to keep secret) purported to be from Soviet intelligence and urged British communists to commit acts of sedition. He lost by a wide margin. The letter is now widely accepted to be a fraud.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1923
During his very brief first term as prime minister, Stanley Baldwin bumped into an old school friend on a train. Asked what he was doing these days, Baldwin replied: 'I am the prime minister.' Having come to power following Andrew Bonar Law's resignation, he called an election in the hope of gaining his own mandate (election by popular vote), but lost.
Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative, 1922 - 1923
Branded the 'unknown prime minister' by his bitter political rival HH Asquith, Canadian-born Bonar Law is principally remembered for a single speech he made in 1922. The Conservatives had been part of a coalition under the Liberal prime minister, David Lloyd George, since 1916. Many were considering joining Lloyd George permanently, but Bonar Law's speech changed their minds. Instead, the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition and Lloyd George was forced to resign. The king, George V, asked Bonar Law to form a new government. Reluctantly he accepted, despite still grieving two sons killed in World War One and - as it turned out - dying of throat cancer. He held office for 209 days before resigning due to ill health. He died six months later and was buried at Westminster Abbey, upon which Asquith commented: 'It is fitting that we should have buried the Unknown Prime Minister by the side of the Unknown Warrior.'
David Lloyd George, Liberal, 1916 - 1922
Lloyd George guided Britain to victory in World War One and presided over the legislation that gave women the vote in 1918, but he is remembered as much for his private life as his public achievements. Nicknamed the 'Welsh Wizard', he was also less kindly known as 'The Goat' - a reference to his countless affairs. (Scandalously, he lived with his mistress and illegitimate daughter in London while his wife and other children lived in Wales.) The first 'working class' prime minister, Lloyd George had risen to prominence by solving the shortage of munitions on the Western Front. It was his desire to get to grips with the requirements of 'total war' that led to his split with then Liberal Prime Minister HH Asquith. It also brought him closer to the Conservatives, with whom he formed a new coalition government when Asquith resigned. That coalition would disintegrate six years later in the midst of a scandal. Serious allegations were made that peerages had been sold for as much as £40,000. (One list even included John Drughorn, who had been convicted for trading with the enemy in 1915.) Lloyd George resigned in October 1922.
HH Asquith, Liberal, 1908 - 1916
Asquith's government had shown great longevity, but disintegrated in the face of the unequalled disasters of the Somme and Gallipoli. With World War One going badly, fellow Liberal David Lloyd George had seized his chance and ousted Asquith. But in the preceding eight years, the two politicians had together overseen one of the greatest constitutional upheavals of the 20th Century and ushered in some of the predecessors of the Welfare State. Old Age Pensions were introduced and Unemployment Exchanges (job centres) were set up by then Liberal minister Winston Churchill. But when Lloyd George attempted to introduce a budget with land and income taxes disadvantageous to the 'propertied' classes, it was thrown out by the House of Lords. Lloyd George branded the Lords 'Mr Balfour's poodle' (a reference to Conservative leader AJ Balfour's supposed control over the peers). The stand-off resulted in two general elections during 1910, the second of which the Liberals won with a 'peers against the people' campaign slogan. The budget was passed and, in 1911, the Parliament Act became law. The Act stated that the Lords could only veto a Commons bill twice, and instituted five-yearly general elections.
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal, 1905 - 1908
Arthur James Balfour, Conservative, 1902 - 1905
The nephew of the Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour had none of his uncle's political skills despite a long period of mentoring. He was instead something of a philosopher, publishing several weighty books, including 'A Defence of Philosophic Doubt', 'The Foundations of Belief', and 'Theism and Humanism'. Following a cabinet split Balfour resigned, gambling that the Liberals would be unable to form a government and that he would be returned to power. He was wrong.
Marquess of Salisbury, 1895 - 1902, Conservative
Salisbury came to power for the third and final time when the weak Liberal government of the Earl of Rosebery fell. The political climate was one of rising resentment among the lower and middle classes, who demanded better conditions, social reforms and proper political representation. Bitterly divided, the Liberals would nonetheless experience a revival as they sought reforms of the squalid, disease-ridden British 'concentration camps' used in the Boer War. But it was the founding of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) on 27 February 1900 that signalled a quiet, yet highly significant sea-change in British politics. This coalition of socialist groups would win two seats in the 1900 general election and 29 seats in 1906. Later that same year, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party. Despite failing health, Salisbury agreed to stay on to help Edward VII manage the transition following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. He resigned in favour of his nephew, AJ Balfour, in the first months of the new King's reign. (Notably, he was the last serving prime minister to sit in the Lords.)
Earl of Rosebery, Liberal, 1894 - 1895
Rosebury reluctantly became prime minister on the insistence of Queen Victoria, despite still mourning the loss of his wife. Desperate to have a minister she actually liked, Victoria had taken the unusual step of not consulting the outgoing PM, William Gladstone, about his successor. Rosebery, who always loved horseracing more than the 'evil smelling bog' of politics, was gratefully allowed to resign a year later. Notably, he is the only prime minister to have produced not one, but three Derby winners, in 1894, 1895 and 1905. (Despite his aversion to politics, Rosebery was no stranger to scandal. The Prince of Wales had reputedly once intervened to prevent him from being horsewhipped by the Marquess of Queensbury, with whose son Rosebery was believed to be having an affair. Queensbury's other son was Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover.)
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1892 - 1894
Gladstone's fourth term as prime minister was completely overshadowed by his insistence on introducing a third bill on the subject of 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords threw the bill out and generally obstructed Liberal attempts to pass legislation. With his cabinet split and his health failing, the 'Grand Old Man' stepped down for the last time. The public was, in any case, exhausted with Home Rule and instead wanted reforms to working conditions and electoral practices. (Meanwhile, out on the political fringe, the Independent Labour Party had been set up under Keir Hardie to represent the working class and 'secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'. Leading figures in the party included George Bernard Shaw and Ramsay MacDonald.)
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1886 - 1892
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1886
Gladstone came to power for the third time with 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland still the dominant issue. A bitter election battle had seen the Conservative government fall after Irish Nationalist members of parliament sided with the Liberals to defeat them. Instead, the Liberals formed a government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists and Gladstone tried to push through his second attempt at a Home Rule bill. The bill split the Liberals and Gladstone resigned. He lost the general election when the 'Liberal Unionists' - those who wanted Ireland to be ruled from Westminster - broke away from Gladstone's Liberals to fight the next election as a separate party. Most Liberal Unionists were of the 'Whig' or propertied faction of the party, which meant that when they went, they took most of the money with them.
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1885 - 1886
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1880 - 1885
Having failed to force Gladstone to serve under Lord Hartington, Queen Victoria reluctantly accepted 'that half-mad firebrand' as prime minister for the second time. He had only lately returned to politics from retirement after his so-called 'Midlothian Campaign', in which he spoke to large crowds - a practice considered by polite Victorian society to be 'undignified'. His campaign did much to discredit Disraeli's government and had clearly struck a chord with a public eager for social and electoral reform. The Ballot Act in 1872 had instituted secret ballots for local and general elections. Now came the Corrupt Practices Act, which set maximum election expenses, and the Reform and Redistribution Act, which effectively extended voting qualifications to another six million men. There were other burning issues. The United States had just overtaken Britain as the world's largest industrialised economy, and 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland continued to dominate. In seeking support for Home Rule, James Parnell's Irish Nationalists sided with the Conservatives to defeat a Liberal budget measure. Gladstone resigned and was replaced by the 'caretaker government' of the Marquess of Salisbury.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1874 - 1880
After a brief taste of power in 1868, it had taken Disraeli six years to become prime minister again. He wasted no time in bringing about the social reforms he had envisaged in the 1840s as a member of the radical Young England group. His Acts included measures to provide suitable housing and sewerage, to protect the quality of food, to improve workers rights (including the Climbing Boys Act which banned the use of juveniles as chimney sweeps) and to implement basic standards of education. In 1876, Disraeli was made the Earl of Beaconsfield, but continued to run the government from the Lords. He persuaded Queen Victoria to take the title 'Empress of India' in 1877 and scored a diplomatic success in limiting Russian influence in the Balkans at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He retired in 1880, hoping to spend his remaining years adding more novels to his already impressive bibliography, but died just one year later.
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1868 - 1874
Upon taking office for the first time Gladstone declared it his 'mission' to 'pacify Ireland' - a prize that was always to elude him. Nonetheless, Gladstone was to become the dominant Liberal politician of the late 19th Century, serving as prime minister four times despite earning Queen Victoria's antipathy early in his career. (She famously complained that 'he always addresses me as if I were a public meeting'.) He had started his career as an ultra-conservative Tory, but would end it as a dedicated political reformer who did much to establish the Liberal Party's association with issues of freedom and justice. But Gladstone also had his idiosyncrasies. He made a regular habit of going to brothels and often brought prostitutes back to 10 Downing Street. In an era when politicians' private lives were very private, his embarrassed colleagues nonetheless felt it necessary to explain his behaviour as 'rescue work' to save 'fallen women'.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1868
On being asked to become prime minister following the resignation of the Earl of Derby, Disraeli announced: 'I have reached the top of the greasy pole'. He immediately struck up an excellent rapport with Queen Victoria, who approved of his imperialist ambitions and his belief that Britain should be the most powerful nation in the world. Unhappily for the Queen, Disraeli's first term ended almost immediately with an election victory for the Liberals. Despite serving as an MP since 1837 and twice being Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli's journey to the top was not without scandal. In 1835, he was forced to apologise in court after being accused of bribing voters in Maidstone. He also accrued enormous debts in his twenties through speculation on the stock exchange. Disraeli suffered a nervous breakdown as a result, but eventually paid off his creditors by marrying a rich widow, Mary Anne Wyndam Lewis, in 1839.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1866 - 1868
The introduction of the 1867 Reform Act made Derby's third term as prime minister a major step in the true democratisation of Britain. The Act extended the vote to all adult male householders (and lodgers paying £10 rental or more, resident for a year or more) living in a borough constituency. Simply put, it created more than 1.5 million new voters. Versions of the Reform Act had been under serious discussion since 1860, but had always foundered on Conservative fears. Many considered it a 'revolutionary' move that would create a majority of 'working class' voters for the first time. In proposing the Reform Act, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Leader of the House of Commons, had warned his colleagues that they would be labelled the 'anti-reform' party if they continued to resist. The legislation was passed, and also received the backing of the Liberals under their new leader, William Gladstone.
Earl Russell, Whig, 1865 - 1866
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal, 1859 - 1865
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1858 - 1859
The property qualification - the requirement that a man must own property in order to stand as a member of parliament - was finally abolished during Derby's second term as prime minister. It meant that members of parliament (MPs) were no longer drawn exclusively from the 'propertied' classes and could realistically be 'working class'. This fulfilled one of the six conditions set out by the Chartists - supporters of the Third Chartist Petition, written in 1838. It demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for MPs, and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament).
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal , 1855 - 1858
Earl of Aberdeen, Tory, 1852 - 1855
It was something of a cruel irony that Aberdeen came to be blamed for blundering into the dreadful Crimean War. As plain George Hamilton Gordon he had made a successful career as a diplomat and had done much to normalise Britain's relationships with its powerful neighbours. Vivid reports from the front by WH Russel of the Times have since led to the Crimean being styled the first 'media war'. His reports publicised the squalor and disease that were claiming more soldiers' lives than the fighting, and inspired Florence Nightingale to volunteer and take the first 38 nurses out to treat the wounded. In 1855, Aberdeen conceded to his critics and resigned.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1852
Earl Russell, Whig, 1846 - 1851
Confronted by the Irish Potato Famine, declining trade and rising unemployment, Russell still managed to push through trade liberalisation measures and limits on women's working hours. A dedicated reformer, he nonetheless presided over the rejection of the Third Chartist Petition. Set out 1838, it demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for members of parliament (MPs), and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Already rejected once by parliament in 1839, the petition had gathered 5 million signatures by 1848. Presented to parliament a second time, it was again rejected. The Chartist movement slowly petered out, even as revolutions blazed across Europe, but many of its aims were eventually realised.
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1841 - 1846
Peel's second term as prime minister was nothing short of tumultuous. Economic depression, rising deficits, Chartist agitation, famine in Ireland and Anti-Corn League protests crowded in. A raft of legislation was created to stabilise the economy and improve working conditions. The Factory Act regulated work hours (and banned children under eight from the workplace), the Railway Act provided for cheap, regular train services, the Bank Charter Act capped the number of notes the Bank of England could issue and the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground. But a failed harvest in 1845 provided Peel with his greatest challenge. There was an increasing clamour for repeal of the Corn Laws, which forbade the import of cheap grain from overseas. Powerful vested interests in the Tory Party opposed such a move, but in the end Peel confronted them and called for repeal. After nearly six months of debate, and with the Tories split in two, the Corn Laws were finally repealed. Defeated on a separate issue, Peel resigned the same day, but was cheered by crowds as he left the Commons. (The 'Peelite' faction of the Tories is widely recognised as the foundation of the modern Conservative.)
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1835 - 1841
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1834 - 1835
Invited by William IV to form a new government, Peel immediately called a general election to strengthen his party. Campaigning on his so-called 'Tamworth Manifesto', Peel promised a respectful approach to traditional politics, combined with measured, controlled reform. He thereby signalled a significant shift from staunch, reactionary 'Tory' to progressive 'Conservative' politics. Crucially, he pledged to accept the 1832 Reform Act, which had recently increased the number of people eligible to vote. Peel won the election, but only narrowly. He resigned the following year after several parliamentary defeats. (Peel is probably best remembered for creating the Metropolitan Police in 1829 while Home Secretary in the Duke of Wellington's first government. The nickname 'bobbies' for policemen is derived from his first name.)
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1834
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1834
In a bid to repress trade unions, Melbourne's government introduced legislation against 'illegal oaths'. As a result, the Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union failed. In March of the same year, six labourers were transported to Australia for seven years for attempting to provide a fund for workers in need. They became known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'. Melbourne himself was notoriously laid back. When first asked to become prime minister he declared it 'a damned bore'. Having accepted, he would often refuse to allow his cabinet colleagues to leave the room, insisting 'I'm damned if I know what we agreed on. We must all say the same thing.'
Earl Grey, Whig, 1830 - 1834
In June 1832, the Reform Act finally passed into law after 15 torrid months of debate. It extended the vote to just 7% of the adult male population, based on a series of lowered property qualifications. Introduced in March 1831, the bill scraped through the Commons by a single vote, but was thrown out at the committee stage (when the bill is debated in detail - sometimes called the 'second reading'). Parliament was dissolved and the general election was fought on the single issue of the Reform Act - an unprecedented event in British political history. The Whigs won the election and passed the bill, but the House of Lords (with a majority of Tories) threw it out, sparking riots and civil disobedience across the country. With the spectre of France's bloody revolution clearly in mind, William IV eventually agreed to create 50 Whig peers to redress the balance in the Lords if the bill was rejected again. The Lords conceded and the Act was finally passed into law. After all his efforts, Earl Grey is principally remembered for giving his name to a fragrant blend of tea.
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1828 - 1830
Wellington's first term in office was dominated by the thorny subject of Catholic emancipation. Catholics were permitted to vote, but were not allowed to sit as members of parliament (MPs) and had restrictions on the property they could own. Initially, the 'Iron Duke' was staunchly in favour of the status quo, but soon came to realise that emancipation might be the only way to end conflict arising from the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland in 1801. He became such an advocate that he even fought a duel with the 10th Earl of Winchilsea over the issue. The Earl had accused him of plotting the downfall of the 'Protestant constitution', but then backed down and apologised. They still had to go through the ritual of the duel at Battersea Fields, with both men deliberately firing high and wide. Wellington eventually drove the legislation through, opening the way for Catholic MPs.
Viscount Goderich, Tory, 1827 - 1828
George Canning, Tory, 1827
Canning finally became prime minister after a long career in politics, only to die of pneumonia 119 days later. He had famously fought a duel in 1809 with his bitterest political rival, Lord Castlereagh, and was shot in the thigh. Castlereagh committed suicide with a penknife in 1822, after becoming depressed about his falling popularity.
Earl of Liverpool, Tory, 1812 - 1827
Liverpool is the second longest serving prime minister in British history (after Robert Walpole), winning four general elections and clinging on to power despite a massive stroke that incapacitated him for his last two years in office. Liverpool became PM at a time when Britain was emerging from the Napoleonic Wars and the first rumblings of 'working class' unrest were just beginning to be felt. Staunchly undemocratic in his outlook, Liverpool suppressed efforts to give the wider populace a voice. He was unrepentant when, in 1819, troops fired on a pro-reform mass meeting at St Peter's Fields in Manchester, killing eleven - the so-called 'Peterloo Massacre'. Trade unions were legalised by the 1825 Combination Act, but were so narrowly defined that members were forced to bargain over wages and conditions amid a minefield of heavy penalties for transgressions. (Liverpool's one concession to popular sentiment was in the trial of Queen Caroline on trumped up adultery charges. The legal victimisation of George IV's estranged wife, who was tried in parliament in 1820, brought her mass sympathy. Mindful not to provoke the mob in the wake of Peterloo, the charges were eventually dropped.)
Spencer Perceval, Tory, 1809 - 1812
Perceval bears a dubious distinction as the only British prime minister to be assassinated. As chancellor of the exchequer he moved in to 10 Downing Street in 1807, before rising to the office of prime minister two years later. His 12 young children - some born while he was in office - also lived in the PM's crowded residence. Against expectations, he had skilfully kept his government afloat for three years despite a severe economic downturn and continuing war with Napoleon. He was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons on 11 May 1812 by a merchant called John Bellingham who was seeking government compensation for his business debts. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1807 - 1809
Lord Grenville, Whig, 1806 - 1807
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1804 - 1806
Faced by a fresh invasion threat from Napoleon, George III once again turned to Pitt. A shadow of his former self due to failing health and suspected alcoholism, Pitt nonetheless accepted. He made alliances with Napoleon's continental rivals - Russia, Austria and Sweden - then, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson shattered French invasion hopes at the Battle of Trafalgar. Pitt did not have long to savour victory before Napoleon defeated both Russia and Austria to stand astride the whole of Europe. Heartsick, utterly exhausted, penniless and unmarried, Pitt died on 23 January 1806 at the age of 46.
Henry Addington, Tory, 1801 - 1804
Addington secured the Peace of Amiens with France in 1802, but would see Britain plunge into war with Napoleon again just two years later. He also passed the first Factory Act into law. The Act was the earliest attempt to reform working conditions in factories. It set a maximum 12 hour working day for children and addressed issues like proper ventilation, basic education and sleeping conditions. (Notably, his government also awarded Edward Jenner £10,000 to continue his pioneering work on a vaccine for smallpox.) But he was generally poorly regarded, prompting the satirical rhyme 'Pitt is to Addington, as London is to Paddington' - a reference to his distinguished predecessor as prime minister, William Pitt.
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1783-1801
Pitt 'the Younger' was the youngest prime minister in British history, taking office at the tender age of just 24. But his youth did not seem to disadvantage him as he threw himself into the manifold problems of government, holding on to the top office for 17 years - fifteen years longer than his father, Pitt 'the Elder'. His first priority was to reduce the National Debt, which had doubled with the loss of the American colonies in 1783. George III's mental illness then threw up the spectre of a constitutional crisis, with the transfer of sovereignty to the erratic Prince of Wales only narrowly averted by the king's recovery. Further threats to the monarchy emanated from across the Channel, with the bloody French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent war with France in 1793. War increased taxes and caused food shortages, damaging Pitt's popularity to the extent that he employed bodyguards out of fear for his safety. In a bid to resolve at least one intractable conflict, he pushed through the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800, but the related Emancipation of Catholics Bill was rejected by the king a year later. Having lost George III's confidence, Pitt was left with no option but to resign.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1783
Earl Shelburne, Whig, 1782 - 1783
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1782
Lord North, Tory, 1770 - 1782
North is chiefly somewhat unfairly remembered as the prime minister who lost the American colonies. Groomed by George III to lead his parliamentary supporters, North was fiercely loyal to his king, whose policy it had been to 'punish' the American colonials. The American War of Independence, reluctantly entered into by both sides, had been prosecuted at the king's behest in retaliation for their refusal to pay more towards their own defence. As hostilities progressed, North's blundering and indecision worsened an already difficult situation, and by 1782 it was clear that the outcome was likely to be a disaster. He begged George III to be allowed to resign, but the king refused to release him until the war was over. North has since become the yardstick for prime ministerial mediocrity, with later PMs being criticised as 'the worst since Lord North'.
Duke of Grafton, Whig, 1768 - 1770
An unremarkable prime minister, Grafton had a quite remarkable appetite for extra-marital affairs and openly kept several mistresses. He scandalised polite society in 1764 by leaving his wife and going to live with his mistress, Anne Parsons, also known as 'Mrs Houghton'. (Horace Walpole referred to her derisively as 'everybody's Mrs Houghton'.) Popular opinion had disapproved of Grafton's behaviour, until his wife did something even more shocking. She eloped with the Earl of Upper Ossory and had a child by him. Grafton divorced her in 1769, then abandoned Mrs Houghton and married Elizabeth Wrottesley, with whom he had 13 children. The Mrs Houghton ended up marrying the king's brother. This unsuitable union gave impetus to the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, which decreed that the monarch had to give permission for all royal weddings.
Earl of Chatham, Pitt 'The Elder', Whig, 1766 - 1768
Pitt 'the Elder' is widely credited as the man who built the British Empire, although much of this was done in the role of secretary of state under the governments of the Duke of Newcastle. He chose his fights carefully, conducting military campaigns where conditions were best suited to British merchants. Pitt added India, West Africa, the West Indies and the American colonies to Britain's overseas possessions, and was persistently belligerent towards colonial rivals like France and Spain. His relentless imperialism kept the merchants happy but infuriated men like Newcastle who counted the financial cost of his wars. Pitt was a superb public speaker and a master of the devastating put-down, but his career was dogged with recurrent mental illness and gout. Ironically, it was during his term as prime minister that he was at his least effective, often struggling to build support. He collapsed in the House of Lords in October 1768 and died four days later. (Pitt was the MP for a 'burgage borough' - an empty piece of land with no-one living on it. His constituency, Old Sarum, was a mound in Wiltshire. On polling day, seven voters met in a tent to cast their votes.)
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1765 - 1766
George Grenville, Whig, 1763 - 1765
Grenville is one of the few prime ministers to have been sacked by the monarch. He was fired after a row with George III over who should rule in his place if his mental health continued to deteriorate.
Earl of Bute, Tory, 1762 - 1763
Bute was one of Britain's more unpopular prime ministers. Things came to a head when he failed to lower the taxes he had raised to fight France in the American colonies. Rioting erupted, his effigies were burnt and the windows in his house were smashed. Bute was generally disliked by colleagues and public, and was lampooned for his 'fine pair of legs', of which he was reputed to be extremely proud. His close relationship with the Prince of Wales's widow, the Dowager Princess Augusta, was also the subject of much scurrilous gossip. The nickname 'Sir Pertinax MacSycophant' was a contemptuous reference to the Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was murdered three months after his meteoric assent by his own bodyguard. Unable to muster support in parliament, Bute resigned in 1763.
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1757 - 1762
Newcastle healed his rift with Pitt 'the Elder' by inviting him to serve in his government as secretary of state. Effectively a power-sharing coalition of two powerful men, the relationship gave birth to the British Empire. Their government eventually fell as a result of the new king, George III's hostility to Pitt, who had sought to restrict the influence of the monarch in political matters.
Duke of Devonshire, Whig, 1756-1757
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1754 - 1756
Newcastle became PM after his brother, Henry Pelham, died in office. It is the only instance of two brothers serving as prime minister. Newcastle enraged Pitt 'the Elder' by refusing to promote him in the new government, then compounded the insult by sacking him.
Henry Pelham, Whig, 1743 - 1754
Earl of Wilmington, Whig, 1742 - 1743
Sir Robert Walpole, Whig, 1721 - 1742
Walpole is widely acknowledged as the first prime minister, although he never actually held the title. He was also the longest serving, lasting 21 years. But Walpole's first stint in government, as secretary of war, had ended inauspiciously with a six month spell in the Tower of London for receiving an illegal payment. Undeterred, he rose to power again on the back of a collapsed financial scheme in which many prominent individuals had invested. Walpole had the foresight (or luck) to get out early, and as a result was credited with great financial acumen. George I invited him to become chancellor and gave him the powers that came to be associated with the office of prime minister. His owed his longevity in office (and the incredible wealth he accumulated) to a combination of great personal charm, enduring popularity, sharp practice and startling sycophancy. The accession of George II saw him temporarily eclipsed, but he worked hard to win over the new monarch. He was rewarded with both the new King's trust and 10 Downing Street, which remains the official residence of the prime minister to this day. Walpole was eventually brought down by an election loss at Chippenham and died just three years later.
| five |
Born in 1913 and dying in 1994 who is the only person to be elected twice for the post of Vice President and also twice for the post of President of the USA ? | Biography of Sir Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. (Photo by Fox Photos/Getty Images)
Updated November 12, 2015.
Who Was Winston Churchill?
Winston Churchill was a legendary orator, a prolific writer, an earnest artist, and a long-term British statesman. Yet Churchill, who twice served the as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, is best remembered as the tenacious and forthright war leader that led his country against the seemingly undefeatable Nazis during World War II .
Dates: November 30, 1874 -- January 24, 1965
Also Known As: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
The Young Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill was born in 1874 at his grandfather's home, Blenheim Palace in Marlborough, England. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a member of the British Parliament and his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American heiress.
continue reading below our video
Profile of Sir Winston Churchill
Six years after Winston's birth, his brother Jack was born.
Since Churchill's parents traveled extensively and led busy social lives, Churchill spent most of his younger years with his nanny, Elizabeth Everest. It was Mrs. Everest that nurtured Churchill and cared for him during his many childhood illnesses. Churchill stayed in touch with her until her death in 1895.
At age eight, Churchill was sent off to boarding school. He was never an excellent student but he was well liked and known as a bit of a troublemaker. In 1887, 12-year-old Churchill was accepted to the prestigious Harrow school, where he began studying military tactics.
After graduating from Harrow, Churchill was accepted into the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1893.
In December 1894, Churchill graduated near the top of his class and was given a commission as a cavalry officer.
Churchill, the Soldier and War Correspondent
After seven months of basic training, Churchill was given his first leave. Instead of going home to relax, Churchill wanted to see action; so he traveled to Cuba to watch Spanish troops put down a rebellion.
Churchill didn't go just as an interested soldier, he made plans to be a war correspondent for London's The Daily Graphic. It was the beginning of a long writing career.
When his leave was up, Churchill traveled with his regiment to India. Churchill also saw action in India when fighting Afghan tribes. This time, again not just a soldier, Churchill wrote letters to London's The Daily Telegraph. From these experiences, Churchill also wrote his first book, The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898).
Churchill then joined Lord Kitchener's expedition in the Sudan while also writing for The Morning Post. After seeing a lot of action in the Sudan, Churchill used his experiences to write The River War (1899).
Again wanting to be at the scene of the action, Churchill managed in 1899 to become the war correspondent for The Morning Post during the Boer War in South Africa . Not only was Churchill shot at, he was captured. After spending nearly a month as a prisoner of war, Churchill managed to escape and miraculously made it to safety. He also turned these experiences into a book - London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900).
Becoming a Politician
While fighting in all these wars, Churchill had decided that he wanted to help make policy, not just follow it. So when 25-year-old Churchill returned to England as both a famous author and a war hero, he was able to successfully run for election as a member of Parliament (MP). This was the start of Churchill's very long political career.
Churchill quickly became known for being outspoken and full of energy. He gave speeches against tariffs and in support of social changes for the poor. It soon became clear that he did not hold the beliefs of the Conservative Party, so he switched to the Liberal Party in 1904.
In 1905, the Liberal Party won the national election and Churchill was asked to become the Under-Secretary of State at the Colonial Office.
Churchill's dedication and efficiency earned him an excellent reputation and he was quickly promoted. In 1908, he was made President of the Board of Trade (a Cabinet position) and in 1910, Churchill was made Home Secretary (a more important Cabinet position).
In October 1911, Churchill was made First Lord of the Admiralty, which meant he was in charge of the British navy. Churchill, worried about Germany's growing military strength, spent the next three years working diligently to strengthen the British navy.
Family
Churchill was a very busy man. He was nearly continuously writing books, articles, and speeches as well as holding important government positions. However, he made time for romance when he met Clementine Hozier in March 1908. The two were engaged on August 11 of that same year and married just a month later on September 12, 1908.
Winston and Clementine had five children together and remained married until Winston's death at age 90.
Churchill and World War I
At first, when the war began in 1914, Churchill was praised for the work he had done behind the scenes to prepare Britain for war. However, things quickly started to go badly for Churchill.
Churchill had always been energetic, determined, and confident. Couple these traits with the fact that Churchill liked to be part of the action and you have Churchill trying to have his hands in all military matters, not only those dealing with the navy. Many felt that Churchill overstepped his position.
Then came the Dardanelles campaign. It was meant to be a combined naval and infantry attack on the Dardanelles in Turkey, but when things went badly for the British, Churchill was blamed for the whole thing.
Since both the public and officials turned against Churchill after the Dardanelles disaster, Churchill was swiftly moved out of government.
Prev
| i don't know |
Which city's social services department recently caused outcry after removing foster children from 2 UKIP members ? | Who will be held to account for the horror in Rotherham?
Who will be held to account for the horror in Rotherham?
A child abuse scandal on this monstrous scale demands more than just the council leader's resignation
Email
If Rotherham council were a family, its children would have been removed by social services long ago, and Ma and Pa Rotherham would be safely behind bars. Professor Alexis Jay’s report, which was published this week, reveals depravity on an industrial scale in the South Yorkshire town. At least 1,400 children, Prof. Jay estimates, were subjected to sexual exploitation between 1997 and 2013. Many were raped multiple times by members of gangs whose activities either were or should have been known about. Children were trafficked around the country to be abused. Those who put up resistance were beaten. And when they complained they were treated with contempt by the people who were employed to protect them.
We don’t hold out much hope that anyone in a position of authority will be going to jail, nor even that anyone will lose their pension. Roger Stone OBE, leader of the Labour-run council for the past 11 years, has ‘stepped down’, saying that he would be taking responsibility. There was no mention of the 71-year-old Mr Stone ceding his pension, and neither did he show much in the way of contrition; he seemed to see his resignation as a noble act, falling on his sword so that his minions might continue in employment.
It is always the same with public authorities and scandals relating to children in care. No one is ever to blame, only ‘systems’. There is always room, of course, for these nebulous ‘systems’ to be improved. But there must never be any finger-pointing. If, on rare occasions, people are forced out of their jobs, then an action for unfair dismissal invariably follows.
If Rotherham Council’s social services department does have anything that deserves to be described as a ‘system’, it is a deeply flawed one. How can a child, entrusted to the care of the state, end up being delivered into the arms of abusers, the very thing that children’s services are supposed to be there to prevent? Worse, how can it happen to hundreds of children and still no one act to stop it?
It has been reported that no one in the council felt strong enough to challenge the mainly Asian gangs that perpetrated the abuse for fear of accusations of racism. It’s true that racism, even of the inadvertent kind, has — along with sexism and homophobia — been turned into such a heinous crime in the eyes of public-sector functionaries that many would rather turn a blind eye to child rape than risk such accusations. Rotherham Council’s children’s services last made headlines when it removed three eastern European children from their Ukip-supporting foster parents. One of its functionaries explained it was concerned about Ukip’s opposition to the ‘active promotion of multiculturalism’.
It is a pity that the council was not as concerned about the systematic abuse of the children supposedly under its care. As Colin Brewer explains on page 16, there’s also something inherently fishy about the pseudo-scientific nature of social work and how social workers are trained.
But there is a bigger sickness in Rotherham, and in other councils where similar scandals have taken place: the bias towards secrecy. Wherever children are involved, the default position on the part of public authorities seems to be that they should keep information about their failures under their institutional hats — out of concern, naturally, for the privacy of the children involved. Yes, of course, the privacy of children has to be protected. But often what is really being protected is the privacy of the social workers and other staff involved. The wellbeing of hundreds of children is, in this way, sacrificed in order not to disturb careers and retirements.
Social workers always come into the firing line when scandals involving children come to light — and that is right. But we should not ignore, either, the astonishing failure of the police. The Rotherham scandal is not a historic case which we can pretend would not happen in this day and age: the timescale of the abuse uncovered by Prof. Jay runs from the beginning of Tony Blair’s premiership to last year. It commenced well after the care of children became subject to the much-vaunted ‘multi-agency’ approach, where social workers, police, teachers, doctors and so on are all supposed to work together. Echoing what happened in Rochdale, the Jay report finds that police treated victims ‘with contempt’.
We are in the middle of an investigation into sexual exploitation of children and adults by celebrities and other public figures dating back more than 50 years. Some of this is certainly genuine; some of it may be moral panic. But one thing is for sure. The allegations of historic groping that we read about on a weekly basis are dwarfed by the kinds of scandals we have seen in Rochdale and Rotherham — scandals which, besides being of a graver nature and on a worse scale, are happening beneath our noses, in the present. There will be no drawing a line under them until all those who let this happen have been held to account.
Subscribe to The Spectator today for a quality of argument not found in any other publication. Get more Spectator for less – just £12 for 12 issues .
You might also like
| Rotherham |
Declared First Citizen of Athens, which statesman, orator and general was leader in its Golden Age, between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars in the 5th Century BC ? | Who will be held to account for the horror in Rotherham?
Who will be held to account for the horror in Rotherham?
A child abuse scandal on this monstrous scale demands more than just the council leader's resignation
Email
If Rotherham council were a family, its children would have been removed by social services long ago, and Ma and Pa Rotherham would be safely behind bars. Professor Alexis Jay’s report, which was published this week, reveals depravity on an industrial scale in the South Yorkshire town. At least 1,400 children, Prof. Jay estimates, were subjected to sexual exploitation between 1997 and 2013. Many were raped multiple times by members of gangs whose activities either were or should have been known about. Children were trafficked around the country to be abused. Those who put up resistance were beaten. And when they complained they were treated with contempt by the people who were employed to protect them.
We don’t hold out much hope that anyone in a position of authority will be going to jail, nor even that anyone will lose their pension. Roger Stone OBE, leader of the Labour-run council for the past 11 years, has ‘stepped down’, saying that he would be taking responsibility. There was no mention of the 71-year-old Mr Stone ceding his pension, and neither did he show much in the way of contrition; he seemed to see his resignation as a noble act, falling on his sword so that his minions might continue in employment.
It is always the same with public authorities and scandals relating to children in care. No one is ever to blame, only ‘systems’. There is always room, of course, for these nebulous ‘systems’ to be improved. But there must never be any finger-pointing. If, on rare occasions, people are forced out of their jobs, then an action for unfair dismissal invariably follows.
If Rotherham Council’s social services department does have anything that deserves to be described as a ‘system’, it is a deeply flawed one. How can a child, entrusted to the care of the state, end up being delivered into the arms of abusers, the very thing that children’s services are supposed to be there to prevent? Worse, how can it happen to hundreds of children and still no one act to stop it?
It has been reported that no one in the council felt strong enough to challenge the mainly Asian gangs that perpetrated the abuse for fear of accusations of racism. It’s true that racism, even of the inadvertent kind, has — along with sexism and homophobia — been turned into such a heinous crime in the eyes of public-sector functionaries that many would rather turn a blind eye to child rape than risk such accusations. Rotherham Council’s children’s services last made headlines when it removed three eastern European children from their Ukip-supporting foster parents. One of its functionaries explained it was concerned about Ukip’s opposition to the ‘active promotion of multiculturalism’.
It is a pity that the council was not as concerned about the systematic abuse of the children supposedly under its care. As Colin Brewer explains on page 16, there’s also something inherently fishy about the pseudo-scientific nature of social work and how social workers are trained.
But there is a bigger sickness in Rotherham, and in other councils where similar scandals have taken place: the bias towards secrecy. Wherever children are involved, the default position on the part of public authorities seems to be that they should keep information about their failures under their institutional hats — out of concern, naturally, for the privacy of the children involved. Yes, of course, the privacy of children has to be protected. But often what is really being protected is the privacy of the social workers and other staff involved. The wellbeing of hundreds of children is, in this way, sacrificed in order not to disturb careers and retirements.
Social workers always come into the firing line when scandals involving children come to light — and that is right. But we should not ignore, either, the astonishing failure of the police. The Rotherham scandal is not a historic case which we can pretend would not happen in this day and age: the timescale of the abuse uncovered by Prof. Jay runs from the beginning of Tony Blair’s premiership to last year. It commenced well after the care of children became subject to the much-vaunted ‘multi-agency’ approach, where social workers, police, teachers, doctors and so on are all supposed to work together. Echoing what happened in Rochdale, the Jay report finds that police treated victims ‘with contempt’.
We are in the middle of an investigation into sexual exploitation of children and adults by celebrities and other public figures dating back more than 50 years. Some of this is certainly genuine; some of it may be moral panic. But one thing is for sure. The allegations of historic groping that we read about on a weekly basis are dwarfed by the kinds of scandals we have seen in Rochdale and Rotherham — scandals which, besides being of a graver nature and on a worse scale, are happening beneath our noses, in the present. There will be no drawing a line under them until all those who let this happen have been held to account.
Subscribe to The Spectator today for a quality of argument not found in any other publication. Get more Spectator for less – just £12 for 12 issues .
You might also like
| i don't know |
Banco is the sequel to which book, made into an Oscar nominated film starring Steve McQueen in 1973 ? | Steve McQueen
Steve McQueen
Terrence Steven McQueen March 24, 1930(1930-03-24)Beech Grove, Indiana, U.S.
Died
November 7, 1980(1980-11-07) (aged 50)Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
Cause of death
Edit Block
McQueen's mugshot, taken in Anchorage, Alaska, 1972
Terrence Steven "Steve" McQueen (March 24, 1930 – November 7, 1980) was an American movie actor. He was nicknamed "The King of Cool." His "anti-hero" persona, which he developed at the height of the Vietnam counterculture, made him one of the top box-office draws of the 1960s and 1970s. McQueen received an Academy Award nomination for his role in The Sand Pebbles. His other popular films include The Magnificent Seven, The Great Escape, The Thomas Crown Affair, Bullitt, The Getaway, Papillon, and The Towering Inferno. In 1974, he became the highest-paid movie star in the world. Although McQueen was combative with directors and producers, his popularity put him in high demand and enabled him to command large salaries.He was an avid racer of both motorcycles and cars. While he studied acting, he supported himself partly by competing in weekend motorcycle races and bought his first motorcycle with his winnings. He is recognized for performing many of his own stunts, especially the majority of the stunt driving during the high-speed chase scene in Bullitt. McQueen also designed and patented a bucket seat and transbrake for race cars.
Early life
Edit Block
McQueen was born Terrence Steven McQueen in Beech Grove, Indiana, a suburb of Indianapolis, in Marion County. His father, Terrence William McQueen, a stunt pilot for a barnstorming flying circus, abandoned McQueen and his mother when McQueen was six months old. His mother, Julian (née Crawford), was a young, rebellious alcoholic. Unable to cope with bringing up a small child, she left him with her parents (Victor and Lillian) in Slater, Missouri, in 1933. Shortly thereafter, as the Great Depression set in, McQueen and his grandparents moved in with Lillian's brother Claude to the latter's farm in Slater. McQueen was raised as a Roman Catholic.
He had good memories of the time spent on his Great Uncle Claude's farm. In recalling Claude, McQueen stated "He was a very good man, very strong, very fair. I learned a lot from him." On McQueen's fourth birthday, Claude gave him a red tricycle, which McQueen later claimed started his interest in racing. At age 8, he was taken back by his mother and lived with her and her new husband in Indianapolis. McQueen retained a special memory of leaving the farm: "The day I left the farm Uncle Claude gave me a personal going-away present; a gold pocket watch, with an inscription inside the case." The inscription read: "To Steve-- who has been a son to me."
McQueen, who was dyslexic and partially deaf as a result of a childhood ear infection, did not adjust well to his new life. Within a couple of years he was running with a street gang and committing acts of petty crime. Unable to control McQueen's behavior, his mother sent him back to Slater again. A couple of years later, when McQueen was 12, Julian wrote to Claude asking that McQueen be returned to her once again, to live in her new home in Los Angeles, California. Julian, whose second marriage had ended in divorce, had married a third time.
This began an unsettled period in McQueen's life. By McQueen's own account, he and his new stepfather, "locked horns immediately." McQueen recounted him as "a prime son of a bitch", who was not averse to using his fists on both McQueen and his mother. As McQueen began to rebel once again, he was sent back to live with Claude a final time. At age 14, McQueen left Claude's farm without saying goodbye and joined a circus for a short time, after which he slowly drifted back to his mother and stepfather in Los Angeles, and resumed his life as a gang member and petty criminal. On one occasion, McQueen was caught stealing hubcaps by police, who handed him over to his stepfather. The latter proceeded to beat McQueen severely, and ended the fight by throwing McQueen down a flight of stairs. McQueen looked up at his stepfather and said, "You lay your stinkin' hands on me again and I swear, I'll kill ya."
After this, McQueen's stepfather convinced Julian to sign a court order stating that McQueen was incorrigible and remanding him to the California Junior Boys Republic in Chino, California. Here, McQueen slowly began to change and mature. He was not popular with the other boys at first: "Say the boys had a chance once a month to load into a bus and go into town to see a movie. And they lost out because one guy in the bungalow didn't get his work done right. Well, you can pretty well guess they're gonna have something to say about that. I paid his dues with the other fellows quite a few times. I got my lumps, no doubt about it. The other guys in the bungalow had ways of paying you back for interfering with their well-being." Ultimately, however, McQueen decided to give Boys Republic a fair shot. He became a role model for the other boys when he was elected to the Boys Council, a group who made the rules and regulations governing the boys' lives. (He eventually left Boys Republic at 16 and when he later became famous, he regularly returned to talk to the boys there. He also personally responded to every letter he received from the boys there, and retained a lifelong association.)
After McQueen left Chino, he returned to Julian, now living in Greenwich Village, but almost immediately left again. He then met two sailors from the Merchant Marine and volunteered to serve on a ship bound for the Dominican Republic. Once there, he abandoned his new post, eventually making his way to Texas, and drifted from job to job. He worked as a janitor in a brothel, as an oil rigger, as a trinket salesman in a carnival, and as a lumberjack.
Military service
In 1947, McQueen joined the United States Marine Corps and was quickly promoted to Private First Class and assigned to an armored unit. Initially, he reverted to his prior rebelliousness, and as a result was demoted to private seven times. He went UA (unauthorized absence) by failing to return after a weekend pass had expired. He instead stayed away with a girlfriend for two weeks, until the shore patrol caught him. He resisted arrest and as a result spent 41 days in the brig.
After this, McQueen resolved to focus his energies on self-improvement and embraced the Marines' discipline. He saved the lives of five other Marines during an Arctic exercise, pulling them from a tank before it broke through ice into the sea. He was also assigned to an honor guard responsible for guarding then-U.S. President Harry Truman's yacht. McQueen served until 1950 when he was honorably discharged.
Acting
Edit Block
McQueen in The Towering Inferno
In 1952, with financial assistance provided by the G.I. Bill, McQueen began studying acting at Sanford Meisner's Neighborhood Playhouse. He also began to earn money by competing in weekend motorcycle races at Long Island City Raceway and soon purchased the first of many motorcycles, a used Harley Davidson. He soon became an excellent racer, and came home each weekend with about $100 in winnings, which is around $805 in 2009 dollars adjusted for inflation. He appeared as a musical judge in an episode of ABC's Jukebox Jury, which aired in the 1953-1954 season.
After several minor roles in productions including Peg o' My Heart, The Member of the Wedding, and Two Fingers of Pride, McQueen landed his first film role in Somebody Up There Likes Me, directed by Robert Wise and starring Paul Newman. He made his Broadway debut in 1955 in the play A Hatful of Rain, starring Ben Gazzara. When McQueen appeared in a two-part television presentation entitled The Defenders, Hollywood manager Hilly Elkins (who managed McQueen's first wife, Neile) took note of him and decided that B-movies would be a good place for the young actor to make his mark. McQueen was subsequently hired to appear in the films Never Love a Stranger, The Blob (his first leading role), and The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery.
McQueen's first breakout role did not come in film, but on TV. Elkins successfully lobbied Vincent M. Fennelly, producer of the Western series Trackdown, to have McQueen read for the part of a bounty hunter named Josh Randall in an episode for Trackdown. McQueen appeared as the Randall character in the episode, working opposite series lead and old New York motorcycle racing buddy Robert Culp, after which McQueen filmed the pilot episode. The pilot was approved for a series titled Wanted: Dead or Alive on CBS in September 1958.
In the interviews included in the DVD release of "Wanted", Trackdown's star Robert Culp takes credit for first bringing McQueen out to Hollywood and for landing him the part in The Bounty Hunter. He also claims to have taught McQueen the "art of the fast-draw", adding that, on the second day of filming, McQueen beat him. McQueen became a household name as a result. Randall's special holster held a sawed-off 44.40 Winchester rifle nicknamed the "Mare's Leg" instead of the standard six-gun carried by the typical Western character, although the cartridges seen in the gunbelt were dummy 45.70, chosen because they "looked tougher". Coupled with the generally negative image of the bounty hunter (noted in the three-part DVD special on the background of the series) this added to the anti-hero image infused with a mixture of mystery and detachment that made this show stand out from the typical TV Western. Ninety-four episodes, filmed at Apacheland Studio from 1958 until early 1961, kept McQueen steadily employed.
At 29, McQueen got a significant break when Frank Sinatra removed Sammy Davis, Jr. from the film Never So Few after Davis supposedly made some negative remarks about Sinatra, and Davis' role went to McQueen. Sinatra saw something special in McQueen and ensured that the young actor got plenty of good close-ups in a role that earned McQueen favorable reviews. McQueen's character, Bill Ringa, was never more comfortable than when driving at high speed — in this case at the wheel of a jeep - or handling a switchblade or a tommy-gun.
After Never So Few, director John Sturges cast McQueen in his next movie, promising to "give him the camera." The Magnificent Seven (1960), with Yul Brynner, Robert Vaughn, Charles Bronson and James Coburn, became McQueen's first major hit and led to his withdrawal from Wanted: Dead or Alive. McQueen's focused portrayal of the taciturn second lead catapulted his career. His added touches in each scene, such as shaking each shotgun round before loading it and wiping his hat rim, annoyed co-star Brynner, who protested that McQueen was trying to steal the scene[citation needed]. Brynner also refused to draw his gun in the same scene with Steve, not wanting to have his character outdrawn[citation needed].
McQueen's next big film, 1963's The Great Escape, gave Hollywood's depiction of the otherwise true story of an historical mass escape from a World War II POW camp, Stalag Luft III. Insurance concerns prevented McQueen from performing the film's widely noted motorcycle leap, which was instead done by his friend and fellow cycle enthusiast Bud Ekins who resembled McQueen from a distance. When Johnny Carson later tried to congratulate McQueen for the jump during a broadcast of The Tonight Show, McQueen said, "It wasn't me. That was Bud Ekins." This film established McQueen's box-office clout and cemented his status as a superstar.
In 1963, McQueen starred with Natalie Wood in Love with the Proper Stranger. He later appeared in a prequel as the titular Nevada Smith, a character from Harold Robbins' The Carpetbaggers who had been portrayed by Alan Ladd two years earlier in a movie version of that novel. McQueen also earned his only Academy Award nomination in 1966 for his role as an engine room sailor in The Sand Pebbles, in which he starred opposite Richard Attenborough and Candice Bergen.
He followed his Oscar nomination with 1968's Bullitt, one of his most famous films, co-starring Jacqueline Bisset and Robert Vaughn. It featured an unprecedented (and endlessly imitated) auto chase through San Francisco. McQueen did all his own stunt driving with the exception of the Chestnut Street flying jumps (with Ekins again doubling McQueen) and the gas-station crash gag (Carey Loftin doubling him for that).
McQueen then went for a change of image, playing a debonair role as a wealthy executive in The Thomas Crown Affair with Faye Dunaway in 1968. He made the Southern period piece The Reivers in 1969, followed by the 1971 European auto-racing drama Le Mans.
Then came The Getaway during which he met future wife Ali MacGraw. He worked for director Sam Peckinpah again with the leading role in Junior Bonner in 1972, a story of an aging rodeo rider. He followed this with a physically demanding role as a Devils Island prisoner in 1973's Papillon.
By the time of The Getaway, McQueen had become the world's highest paid actor. But after 1974's The Towering Inferno, co-starring with his long-time personal friend Paul Newman and reuniting him with Dunaway, became a tremendous box-office success, McQueen all but disappeared from Hollywood and the public eye, preferring to focus on motorcycle racing and traveling around the country in a motorhome and on one of his vintage Indian motorcycles. He did not return to acting until 1978 with An Enemy of the People playing against type as a heavily bearded, bespectacled 19th Century doctor, in this adaptation of a Henrik Ibsen play. The film was shown briefly in theaters and has never been released on home video.
His last films were both loosely based on true stories: Tom Horn, a Western adventure about a former Army scout turned professional gunman who worked for the big cattle ranchers, hunting down rustlers, and who was later hanged for murder in the shooting death of a sheepherder, and then The Hunter, an urban action movie about a modern-day bounty hunter, both released in 1980.
Missed roles
McQueen was offered the lead role in Breakfast at Tiffany's but was unable to accept due to his Wanted: Dead or Alive contract (the role went to George Peppard). He also turned down Ocean's Eleven,Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (his attorneys and agents could not agree with Paul Newman's attorneys and agents on who got top billing),The Driver,Apocalypse Now,California Split,Dirty Harry and The French Connection. (McQueen did not want to do another cop film.)
He was the first choice for director Steven Spielberg for Close Encounters of the Third Kind. According to Spielberg on a documentary on the Close Encounters DVD, Spielberg met him at a bar, where McQueen drank beer after beer. Before leaving, McQueen told Spielberg that he could not accept the role because he was unable to cry on cue. Spielberg offered to take the crying scene out of the movie and McQueen said no way,that is the best scene in the whole script. The role eventually went to Richard Dreyfuss.
McQueen expressed interest in starring as the Rambo character in First Blood when David Morrell's novel appeared in 1972, but the producers eventually rejected him because of his age. He was offered the title role in The Bodyguard (with Diana Ross) when it was first proposed in 1976, but the film did not reach production until years after McQueen's death.Quigley Down Under was in development as early as 1974, and both McQueen and Clint Eastwood were considered for the lead, but by the time production began in 1980, McQueen was too ill and the project was scrapped until a decade later, when Tom Selleck starred. McQueen was offered the lead in Raise the Titanic but felt the script was flat. He was under contract to Irwin Allen after appearing in The Towering Inferno and was offered a part in a sequel in 1980, which he turned down. The film was scrapped and Newman was brought in by Allen to make When Time Ran Out, which turned out to be a huge box office bomb. McQueen died shortly after passing on "The Towering Inferno 2".[citation needed]
Motor racing
Edit Block
McQueen was an avid motorcycle and racecar enthusiast. When he had the opportunity to drive in a movie, he performed many of his own stunts.
Perhaps the most memorable were the car chase in Bullitt and motorcycle chase in The Great Escape. Although the jump over the fence in The Great Escape was actually done by Bud Ekins for insurance purposes, McQueen did have a considerable amount of screen time riding his 650cc Triumph TR6 Trophy motorcycle. It was difficult to find riders as skilled as McQueen. At one point, due to clever editing, McQueen is seen in a German uniform chasing himself on another bike.
Together with John Sturges, McQueen planned to make Day of the Champion, a movie about Formula One racing. He was busy with the delayed The Sand Pebbles, though. They had a contract with the German Nürburgring, and after John Frankenheimer shot scenes there for Grand Prix, the reels had to be turned over to Sturges. Frankenheimer was ahead in schedule anyway, and the McQueen/Sturges project was called off.
McQueen considered becoming a professional race car driver. In the 1970 12 Hours of Sebring race, Peter Revson and McQueen (driving with a cast on his left foot from a motorcycle accident two weeks before) won with a Porsche 908/02 in the 3 litre class and missed winning overall by 23 seconds to Mario Andretti/Ignazio Giunti/Nino Vaccarella in a 5 litre Ferrari 512S. The same Porsche 908 was entered by his production company Solar Productions as a camera car for Le Mans in the 1970 24 Hours of Le Mans later that year. McQueen wanted to drive a Porsche 917 with Jackie Stewart in that race, but his film backers threatened to pull their support if he did. Faced with the choice of driving for 24 hours in the race or driving the entire summer making the film, McQueen opted to do the latter.Le Mans is considered by some[who?] to be the most historically realistic representation in the history of the race.
McQueen also competed in off-road motorcycle racing. His first off-road motorcycle was a Triumph 500cc that he purchased from friend and stunt man Ekins. McQueen raced in many top off-road races on the West Coast, including the Baja 1000, the Mint 400 and the Elsinore Grand Prix. In 1964, with Ekins on their Triumph TR6 Trophys, he represented the United States in the International Six Days Trial, a form of off-road motorcycling Olympics. He was inducted in the Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1978. In 1971, Solar Productions funded the now-classic motorcycle documentary On Any Sunday, in which McQueen is featured along with racing legends Mert Lawwill and Malcolm Smith. Also in 1971, McQueen was on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine riding a Husqvarna dirt bike.
McQueen collected classic motorcycles. By the time of his death, his collection included over 100 and was valued in the millions of dollars.
In a segment filmed for The Ed Sullivan Show, McQueen drove Sullivan around a desert area in a dune buggy at high speed. All the breathless Sullivan could say was, "That was a helluva ride!"
He owned several exotic sports cars, including:
Porsche 917, Porsche 908 and Ferrari 512 race cars from the Le Mans film.
1963 Ferrari 250 Lusso Berlinetta
Jaguar D-Type XKSS (Right-Hand Drive)
Porsche 356 Speedster
To his dismay, McQueen was never able to own the legendary Ford Mustang GT 390 that he drove in Bullitt, which featured a highly modified drivetrain that suited McQueen's driving style. One of the two Mustangs was so badly damaged that it was judged beyond repair and scrapped. The second car still exists, but the owner has consistently refused to sell it at any price.[citation needed]
Personal life
Edit Block
McQueen had a daily two-hour exercise regimen, involving weightlifting and at one point running five miles, seven days a week. McQueen also learned the martial art Tang Soo Do from ninth degree black belt Pat E. Johnson. However, he was also known for his prolific drug use (William Claxton claimed he smoked marijuana almost every day; others[who?] said he used a tremendous amount of cocaine in the early 1970s). In addition, like many actors of his era, he was a heavy cigarette smoker. He sometimes drank to excess, and was arrested for driving while intoxicated in Anchorage, Alaska in 1972.
After Charles Manson incited the murder of five people, including McQueen's friends Sharon Tate and Jay Sebring, at Tate's home on August 9, 1969, it was reported that McQueen was another potential target of the killers. According to his first wife, McQueen then began carrying a handgun at all times in public, including at Sebring's funeral.
McQueen had an unusual reputation for demanding free items in bulk from studios when agreeing to do a film, such as electric razors, jeans and several other products. It was later found out that McQueen requested these things because he was donating them to the Boy's Republic reformatory school for displaced youth, where he had spent time during his teen years. McQueen made occasional visits to the school to spend time with the students, often to play pool and to speak with them about his experiences.
After discovering a mutual interest in racing, McQueen and his Great Escape co-star James Garner became good friends. Garner lived directly down the hill from McQueen and, as McQueen recalled, "I could see that Jim was very neat around his place. Flowers trimmed, no papers in the yard ... grass always cut. So, just to piss him off, I'd start lobbing empty beer cans down the hill into his driveway. He'd have his drive all spic 'n' span when he left the house, then get home to find all these empty cans. Took him a long time to figure out it was me".
McQueen was Conservative in his political views and often backed the Republican Party. He did, however, campaign for Democrat Lyndon Johnson in 1964 before voting for Republican Richard Nixon in 1968.[citation needed] He supported the Vietnam War, was one of the few Hollywood stars who refused numerous requests to back Presidential hopeful Robert Kennedy, in 1968, and turned down the chance to participate in the 1963 March on Washington.[citation needed] When McQueen heard a rumor that he had been added to Nixon's Enemies List, he responded by immediately flying a giant American flag outside his house. Reportedly, his wife Ali McGraw responded to the whole affair by saying, "But you're the most patriotic person I know."[citation needed]
McQueen commanded such respect in the United Kingdom that when visiting Chelsea Football Club's Stamford Bridge Stadium to watch a match, he was personally introduced to the players in the dressing room during the half-time break[citation needed].
Barbara Minty McQueen in her book, Steve McQueen: The Last Mile, writes of McQueen becoming an Evangelical Christian toward the end of his life. This was due in part to the influences of his flying instructor, Sammy Mason, and his son Pete, and Barbara. McQueen attended his local church, Ventura Missionary Church, and was visited by evangelist Billy Graham shortly before his death.
Hobbies
McQueen was an avid dirt bike rider, running a BSA Hornet. He was to co-drive in a Triumph 2500 PI for the British Leyland team in the 1970 London-Mexico rally, but had to turn it down due to movie commitments. He also loved flying, and owned among other aircraft a 1945 Stearman tail number N3188 (his student number in reform school), a 1946 Piper J3 Cub, and an award-winning 1931 Pitcairn PA-8 biplane, once flown as part of the U.S. Mail Service by famed World War I flying ace, Eddie Rickenbacker. They were hangared at Santa Paula Airport an hour northwest of Hollywood, where he lived his final days.
Marriages and descendants
McQueen was married three times: to Neile Adams, Ali MacGraw, and Barbara Minty. He had two children with Adams (Terry and Chad). MacGraw stated in her autobiography, Moving Pictures, that she had a miscarriage during her marriage to McQueen.
Death
Edit Block
On November 7, 1980, McQueen died at the age of 50 in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, following an operation to remove or reduce several metastatic tumors in his neck and abdomen.
McQueen developed a persistent cough in 1978; he gave up smoking and underwent antibiotic treatments without improvement. Shortness of breath became more pronounced and in December 1979, after the filming of The Hunter, a biopsy revealed mesothelioma, a type of cancer associated with asbestos exposure. By February 1980, there was evidence of widespread metastasis. While he tried to keep the condition a secret, the National Enquirer disclosed that he had "terminal cancer" on March 11, 1980. In July, McQueen traveled to Rosarito Beach for unconventional treatment after U.S. doctors advised him that they could do nothing to prolong his life.
Controversy arose over McQueen's Mexican trip, because McQueen sought a very non-traditional treatment that used coffee enemas, frequent shampoos, injection of live cells from cows and sheep, massage and laetrile, a supposedly "natural" anti-cancer drug available in Mexico, but not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. McQueen was treated by William Donald Kelley, whose only medical license had been (until it was revoked in 1976) for orthodontics. Kelley's methods created a sensation in both the traditional and tabloid press when it became known that McQueen was a patient. Despite metastasis of the cancer to much of McQueen's body, Kelley publicly announced that McQueen would be completely cured and return to normal life. However, McQueen's condition worsened and "huge" tumors developed in his abdomen. In late October 1980, McQueen flew to Ciudad Juárez to have the five-pound abdominal tumors removed, despite the warnings of his U.S. doctors that the tumor was inoperable and that his heart would not withstand the surgery. McQueen checked into a Juarez clinic under the assumed name of "Sam Shepard" where doctors at the small, low-income clinic were unaware of his real identity. McQueen died of cardiac arrest one day after an operation to remove a large tumor from his neck. A following article in the El Paso Times noted that right before his death he awoke and asked for some ice and then passed.
Shortly before his death, McQueen had given a medical interview in which he blamed his condition on asbestos exposure. While McQueen felt that asbestos used in movie soundstage insulation and race-drivers' protective suits and helmets could have been involved, he believed his illness was a direct result of massive exposure while removing asbestos lagging from pipes aboard a troop ship during his time in the Marines.
A memorial service was presided over by Leonard DeWitt of the Ventura Missionary Church. McQueen was cremated, and his ashes spread in the Pacific Ocean.
Legacy
Edit Block
Posthumously, McQueen remains one of the most popular stars, and his estate limits the licensing of his image to avoid the commercial saturation experienced by some other deceased celebrities. As of 2007, McQueen has entered the top 10 of highest-earning dead celebrities.
In November 1999, McQueen was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame. He was credited with contributions including financing the film On Any Sunday, supporting a team of off-road riders, and enhancing the public image of motorcycling overall.
A film based on unfinished storyboards and notes developed by McQueen before his death was announced for production by McG's production company Wonderland Sound and Vision. Yucatan is described as an "epic adventure heist" film, and is scheduled for release in 2011. Team Downey, the production company started by Robert Downey Jr. and his wife Susan Downey, has also expressed an interest in developing Yucatan for the screen.
The Beech Grove Public Library, in Beech Grove, Indiana, formally dedicated the Steve McQueen Birthplace Collection on March 16, 2010 to commemorate the 80th anniversary of McQueen's birth on March 24, 1930.
Ford commercial
In 2005, Ford used Steve McQueen's likeness in a commercial for the 2005 Mustang. In the commercial a farmer builds a winding racetrack, which he circles in the 2005 Mustang. Out of the cornfield comes Steve McQueen. The farmer then tosses his keys to McQueen who drives off in the new Mustang. McQueen's likeness was created by a body double and some digital editing.
Ford secured the rights to McQueen's likeness from the actor's estate licensing agent GreenLight for an undisclosed sum.
Memorabilia
The blue-tinted sunglasses (Persol 714) worn by McQueen in the 1968 movie The Thomas Crown Affair sold at a Bonhams & Butterfields auction in Los Angeles for $70,200 in 2006. One of his motorcycles, a 1937 Crocker, sold for a world-record price of $276,500 at the same auction. McQueen's 1963 metallic-brown Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Lusso sold for $2.31 million USD at auction on August 16, 2007. Except for three motorcycles sold with other memorabilia in 2006, most of McQueen's collection of 130 motorcycles was sold 4 years after his death.
The Rolex Explorer II 2 Reference 1655, is also now so-called Rolex Steve McQueen in the horology collectors world, but the Rolex Submariner Reference 5512 he was often photographed wearing in private moments sold for $234,000 at auction on June 11, 2009, a world-record price for the reference.
McQueen was a sponsored ambassador for Heuer Watches. In the 1970 movie Le Mans, McQueen famously wore a blue faced Monaco 1133B Caliber 11 Automatic which has led to its cult status with watch collectors. His sold for $87,600 at auction on June 11, 2009. Tag Heuer continues to promote their Monaco range with McQueen’s image.
In music
Edit Block
Steve McQueen is referred to by name in Italian singer Vasco Rossi's song "Vita Spericolata" and Harpo's 1976 international hit moviestar. He is also referred to by name in The Kinks song "Daylight", which appears on their album Preservation Act 1. English pop band Prefab Sprout named their second album after him. Sheryl Crow´s lead track on her 2002 album C'mon, C'mon uses his name as a title. There is also a line featuring his name in the Leonard Cohen song "Is This What You Wanted". The Newsboys song, Take me to your Leader, also references him by name, as does Electrolite by R.E.M..
Awards and honors
Mural of Steve McQueen by Kent Twitchell
Academy Awards
(1967) Nominated - Best Actor in a Leading Role / The Sand Pebbles
Golden Globe Awards
| Papillon |
Who is the only British Actress, from a large theatrical family, to have won an Oscar, Emmy, Tony, Cannes Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards? | The Making of Papillon
What's your next favorite movie?
Join our movie community to find out
Image from: Life of Pi (2012)
The Making of Papillon
Posted May 26, 2011 04:24 PM by Robert Siegel
The Silver Screen
Classic Escape film still admired after 38 years
Few can argue that Papillon is not a classic. The combined talents of Steve McQueen, Dustin Hoffman, and the entire cast, Director Franklin J. Schaffner and his crew, all made for an intense drama that is captivating. The history of the production is as rich as the picture, and we now take a look at a film that has retained its popularity for almost 40 years.
About Devil's Island
First opened in 1852 under Emperor Napoleon III's reign, Devil's Island penal colony has been one of the most infamous prisons in history. This prison was home to political prisoners and hardened criminals. Prisoners that attempted to escape faced piranha, Crocodile and snake infested rivers and very thick jungle surroundings. Those making the attempt were put in solitary confinement for periods of a year or more, irons and shackles as well as added years to their sentence. In 1895 the colony gained additional notoriety when Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was sent to Devil's Island after being falsely accused of treason. He would finally be released in 1899 with his name cleared. This made the prison world-famous.
Part of the prison as it looks today
The warden had more "comfortable" quarters
Prisoners sent to Devil's Island were exposed to hell-hole conditions. Many were worked to death. Tropical storms, malaria and floods claimed some 10,000 prisoners. There was also a mental ward on the facility, which was said to be extremely cruel with its prisoner treatment. Of 80,000 men that were sent to this prison, only 30,000 survived. The prison closed in 1946. The prison was used for several films, for instance "Phantom of the Opera" (1925) in which this prison is where the phantom escaped from. The 1955 film "We're No Angels" takes place on Devil's Island. More than 50,000 tourists visit the prison each year, and no doubt many mention "Papillon."
To escape meant facing piranha, crocodiles, sharks and drowning
What remains of an entrance to Devil's Island
Without bars as it appears today
Director Franklin J. Schaffner history and interviews
A common fear in the movie industry in the early 1970's was producing lavishly-budgeted films, which many predicted as being automatic financial disasters. It is the same today, only on a much larger financial scale. It was a trepidation unfamiliar to the highly- talented and successful director, Franklin J. Schaffner. His pictures had varied in budget from $1.5 million for "The Best Man" to $12.5 million spent on Patton, a film which earned him an Academy Award. And "Papillon" became his biggest at $13 million.
"I'm not conscious of an extra burden when doing an expensive picture like 'Papillon" Schaffner said in an interview on the set. "The devotion, skill, responsibility and creativity are not affected by accountants. The toughest part of making a picture, I find, is to get started. There is always something gnawing at the back of your mind saying, 'Maybe I can delay.' The difficulty is laying a secure enough platform beneath you. The second toughest part of making a picture is finishing it� the post production and editing. This is so for psychological rather than physiological reasons." It is interesting that Schaffner's career as a major motion picture director is based on experience gained from working with the relatively smaller medium of television; and his precise use of the camera and capacity for drawing out his actors stem, in great measure, from this background in which he won four Emmys. In the late 1950's and early 60's, Schaffner joined CBS Television where he covered public events, sports and political conventions. After working four years on Studio One, Schaffner worked for two years on "Playhouse 90." "What makes television such an influential medium is its sense of instant drama. A political convention, an investigation, news as we see it every night �the whole character of the national psychology has changed because of the news and live drama." Schaffner also gained experience working on the stage, and directed the 1951 Broadway play "Advise and Consent" (winner Variety Critics Poll for direction). This in turn led to his first of numerous film contracts, "The Stripper."
But it was from the previous influence of television, with its quality of instant, live drama, that laid the basis for an important theme in Schaffner's work with film�that is, dealing with monumental figures during explosive points in history. It is a theme which by its very nature necessitates the commitment of a large budgeted project. "Patton," for example, dealt with the life of a famous general whose fanatical motivations and abilities influenced the outcome of World War II, and whose personal eccentricities became legendary. And in "Nicholas and Alexandra," Schaffner sensitively probed the life and era of the last of the Russian Czars, a man who, as Schaffner remarks, "loses his throne and gains his soul." "Papillon" too contains the ingredients with which Schaffner liked to work. Based on the autobiographical best-selling novel by Henri Charriere, the film recounts the many breathtaking escapes by Charriere (known as Papillon because of a butterfly tattoo on his chest) from the French penal colonies at Devil's Island and French Guiana. It is a quick-moving picture with realistic action and violence, but also an intimate, poetic glimpse into the nature of its characters. Schaffner was jubilant about the cast, headed by Steve McQueen in the title role and Dustin Hoffman as a fellow convict, Dega. "McQueen was an obvious choice for the part of Papillon, a complicated individual with an almost supernatural sense of power and leadership. Steve succeeded in combining 'Papi's' qualities of fitful revenge, obsessive daring and passion for freedom. It's perhaps the best and most chal- lenging role of Steve's career."
Director Franklin J. Schaffner on the set
Schaffner was equally elated with Hoffman's portrayal of Dega. "Dega is a total paradox," the director explains. "He is both an urbane French skeptic and a convicted counterfeiter who robbed the French people of millions. Dustin completely immersed himself in the soul of this character during the entire shooting period. In the end, the hard work paid off � Hoffman evolves as the quixotic personality that is truly Louis Dega." The most fascinating aspect of the picture for Schaffner is the relationship drawn between the two main characters. "Papillon and Dega compose an unhappy marriage. Within each of the two men is the alter ego of the other. Hoffman is the intellect who must cope with the reality of his own animal instincts in the daily struggle for survival. And McQueen is the paragon of reckless masculinity, with an inner sensitivity struggling for release. The theme of the movie itself, in other words, is illustrated by these two men. Theirs is an exploration of the struggle between destructive inhumanity and compassion, between imprisonment and freedom � not only within the confines of a Devil's Island, but also within the confines of man's very nature."
Schaffner did not direct many films, but the ones he did direct are well-known boxoffice successes, including "The War Lord" "Planet-of-the-Apes"and "PattonHe also directed "The Boys from Brazil", "Islands in the Stream" and "Yes Giorgio." He was also active in television, directing many "DuPont Show of the Week" programs, six episodes of "The Defenders" and nineteen episodes of "Playhouse 90."
Schaffner's Award
Famed French Author wrote the original Story
Bitter irony marked the death of Henri Charriere, famed French criminal and author nick- named "Papillon" because of the butterfly�symbolic of freedom�tattooed on his chest. For a rebel who survived 13 harrowing years in the notoriously cruel penal colonies in French Guiana and then escaped to write his experiences into what emerged as the international best-seller "Papillon," death from illness at age 66 seemed anti-climactic. Charriere's autobiography, one of the greatest contemporary adventures, is so compelling that it inspired the movie, "Papillon," True to the book, the film is a harrowing account of the brutal conditions endured by convicts serving time in the since-abandoned French penal colonies and of the superhuman efforts of Charriere to escape the hellish surroundings. What emerges from both the book and movie is really more than a story of action and suspense-it is a portrayal of the ultimate triumph of the human spirit over all odds. Unfortunately, Charriere, who died in August of the production year, did not live to see his story re-enacted on the screen; but after visiting during the shooting of the film in Jamaica, he left assured of its authenticity. Visibly affected by the prison set, an exact replica of the original compound still standing on Devil's Island, he remarked to Academy Award-winning director, Franklin J. Schaffner, "Even after 35 years of freedom, I'm still looking over my shoulders to see if the guards are following me."
The real Henri Charriere at Devil's Island
Charriere claimed to have been born a rebel on November 16,1906, in the South of France, where both his father and mother were teachers in a primary school. At the age of 11, his mother died and because of an incident in school in which he stabbed another student with a compass, he was expelled and enlisted as a sailor in the fleet. Unable to accept the life of automatic discipline, Charriere spent half of his enlistment in the brig. Inciting the hostility of his commanding officers, he was finally sent to Corsica in a disciplinary unit. At age 18, he managed to crush his thumb between two rocks, was discharged from the military service, and sent back home. Since he could not present any certificate of good conduct in the French Army, he failed to find a job and, feeling rejected, decided to go to Paris. "In Paris," Charriere claimed, "it did not take long before I became a bad guy and got acquainted with a gang specializing in burglary and the breaking of safes�but only the breaking of safes belonging to State agencies, not to private enterprises or people." In 1931, Charriere was convicted of murdering a Montmarte pimp, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He said he was innocent, the victim of dishonest informers and a miscarriage of justice. Jfharriere was sent to Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana. Three years later he escaped from the penitentiary, landed in a colony of lepers, then sailed away on a frail boat to the Gulf of Maracaibo. He lived among jungle Indians, moved on, was caught, shipped to Devil's Island and kept there for two years in solitary confinement.
Henri Charriere months before his death
He tried several more escapes and finally succeeded on his last �a paddle over a shark-filled sea on a raft of dried coconuts. He found refuge in Venezuela, worked as a gold digger, oil prospector and pearl merchant and did other odd jobs before settling down in Caracas, marrying, opening a restaurant and becoming a prosperous Venezuelan citizen. At the age of 62, he stumbled on the novels of Albertine Sarrazin, a former prostitute and jailbird, and, spurred by her literary good fortune, decided to describe his own experiences. In a few months, he filled 13 copybooks with his autobiography and sent it to a Parisian publisher, who became enthusiastic about the manuscript. The book has since sold over 17 million copies world-wide and 5 million copies in the United States alone. Charriere wrote a motion picture, "Popsy Pop," and starred in it himself with Claudia Cardinale. He also wrote a sequel to "Papillon" which did not approach its success. Another book, "Banco," was published by William Morrow and Co. in December, 1973. In 1970, the French Minister of Justice signed a decree of grace formally removing the legal restrictions which prevented Charriere from returning to Paris.
On a visit to New York in 1970, a time of prison rioting throughout this country, Char- riere proved himself a leader of social justice, declaring that society was "guilty of collective sadism" in the way it treated criminals and suspects; and that the treatment does not diminish but increases the sum of crime. "The best school of crime is jail," Charriere remarked. "The biggest defect of American justice is bail. The ones who have money can pay the bail. The man with no money must stay in jail." Charriere, the humanitarian convict, has left behind in both book and movie form his epic of a miraculous battle against the injustices of a dehumanized establishment. The cry "Vive Papillon!" has become a reality.
Japanese poster for Papillon
Steve McQueen talked about Papillon
"My name could as easily have been Papillon, too," stated Steve McQueen in a moment of self- revelation while discussing his movie in an after-release interview. McQueen points out that while the late Charriere's nickname, Papillon, came from the tattoo of a butterfly on his chest, "it was also a symbolic reference to this man's character, to his need, like that of a butterfly, to live free or not at all." It was this same strain in McQueen's personality, career, and life experiences which made him not only the first, but the only, choice of director Franklin J. Schaffner for the title role. "Success as an actor, and the wealth that has come with it," Schaffner explained, "has never changed the underlying nature of Steve. He's still basically the same youngster whose resistance to any restraints ultimately led him to minor encounters with the law and then a period in the Boys Republic of Chino, a local California institution for teen-agers." The young McQueen followed this period by signing on a Greek oil tanker, jumping ship in the Dominican Republic and returning to the United States where he became a roustabout in Texas oil fields. Among other jobs tried by the peripatetic McQueen. none held down for any protracted period , were a tree topper in Canadian lumber camps and a barker with a carnival.
Steve McQueen taking a break
Publicity shot of Steve McQueen
"I kept being driven by this restless feeling. I seemed always to be looking for something�never knowing what it was�but always there was the sense that I couldn't be confined and shouldn't be confined. And that's exactly what I felt in common when I read 'Papillon'," McQueen recalled. "This man who had been restless and moving, suddenly found himself imprisoned, and his natural and involuntary reaction was, 'I must get out of this damned place.' Of course, the kind of inhuman, brutalizing treatment that was then practiced in the French penal colonies in those days added to his desire to be free."
Rare on-set photo
Steve McQueen takes a break on the set
After serving as a tank driver and mechanic in the Marine Corps, the real-life McQueen began to feel a sense of belonging by hanging around stock-car racing tracks and motorcycle garages. Charriere, on the other hand, after a number of aborted escapes and long stretches in solitary confinement, which only reinforced his determination to achieve freedom, finally reached Venezuela, where the government gave him sanctuary and he built a new life as a restaurateur. It was many years later, at the age of 62, that he spent two months filling 13 notebooks with his remembrances of adventures and escapes. From these notes came "Papillon," which sold more than 5 million copies in the United States and 17 million around the world.
Rare poster from Yugoslavia
The changing point in McQueen's life occurred when an actress friend introduced him to Sanford Meisner, the famed drama teacher, who offered the surprised young man a role in a Yiddish play on Second Avenue. For the first time, McQueen enjoyed the feeling of having found his place. Summer stock, Broadway and television came in that order before he made his film debut in Allied Artists' "Never Love a Stranger." Throughout his acting career, he has played roles which required controlled action and an intimation of dynamic restlessness below the surface of the character. If it wasn't for his impressively successful acting career, McQueen might have become a top driver on the international racing tour. He has been competing in motorcycle and auto races since 1953. Before retiring from active competition, McQueen was sponsored by the British Motor Corp. in races in this country and abroad.
Steve McQueen in rare humorous publicity shot
As with all complex individuals, there is another, incongruous side to the actor which he exposes only to those close to him. One of his major interests is helping deprived children. This includes supporting and publicizing the Boys Republic of Chino. While making "The Sand Pebbles" in Taiwan, he and director Robert Wise became involved in the work of Father Edward Wojniak to found Taiwan Hostels, a shelter for poor country girls who are homeless in Taipei. McQueen and Wise provided finances for Father Wojniak to enlarge his program of operations. Although his scene has changed, and with it some of his emotions, McQueen still remembers his earlier, turbulent life. "Thinking back, I feel that I must have spent almost a third of my life being angry and never knowing why. Maybe it was because I came from the streets, and feeling second-class caused a resentment which brought out rebellion and hostility." Now that is gone, but the actor was able "to comprehend the same inner feelings of Charriere and to use them to my advantage as an actor while portraying him in "Papillon."
Original Lobby Card set
Ratna Assan, at 18, made her film debut
Ratna Assan makes her film debut in Allied Artists' "Papillon," portraying a young Colombian Indian girl who falls in love with Steve McQueen, in the title role. The 18-year-old beauty, holder of a Brown Belt in karate, was born in Torrance, Calif., from parents of Indonesian stock. Her mother and father were both professional dancers, and at one time her mother was known as "Pavlova of the Orient." Raised in Los Angeles, she was a cheerleader in junior high and high school. She members, "was that I felt involved and at the same time I felt free. That had never happened before... at least to me." She studied dancing with several teachers including Bert Privell, Rosalind Fray and Carmelita Maracci. While attending high school, she danced professionally, and was a member of a singing group called Spice Garden, which recorded several sides with Ray Charles. Following in the footsteps of her parents, Ratna is proficient in various types of dance including Oriental, Belly, Hawaiian, Ballet and Jazz. In her brief professional career she appeared in several episodes of the television series, "Mr. Roberts"; she was a regular on the video series, "Destry"; and she played Yul Brynner's youngest wife in the TV series, "Anna and The King." An animal lover, she lives in California with her parents and her three hens, four roosters, seven cats and two dogs.
Ratna Assan and Steve McQueen
Dustin Hoffman Absorbed the role of Louis Dega
In one sense, "Papillon" was an "ideal" picture for Dustin Hoffman during shooting "because, unlike most films, it was shot in continuity"�in the same order that it unfolds on the screen. But the actor's involvement in understanding and creating his starring role of Dega required considerable time, discussion and concentration. Hoffman explains that "for any actor, but especially for one from the stage, shooting in consecutive order is a great help in developing a character. The usual way, for economy, is to shoot all scenes in the same locale or on the same set regardless of their order in the movie. Frequently what happens is that one day during the second month of filming you suddenly understand further aspects of the character you are playing but it is, of course, too late to re-shoot the earlier scenes you did before you arrived at a closer understanding of the person you are playing." Hoffman's initial starring film, "The Graduate," was shot "about 80 percent in continuity, which is pretty good compared to most pictures, and it was helpful to me at the time . . . especially since it was my first major role before a camera." Hoffman's next picture, "Midnight Cowboy," also had some sequences which were done consecutively, but Director Franklin J. Schaffner's concept to shoot the whole of "Papillon" sequentially "made it an ideal picture" for the actor.
Dustin Hoffman studio publicity shot
B&W publicity still, Dustin Hoffman
Hoffman's preparation before filming, however, was not so simple. In addition to his usual meticulous and in-depth research for a role, he became involved with Dalton Trumbo, co-author of the script, in creating the character he portrays. "Actually, the character I play in the film is composed of a couple of characters in the book�the Dega of Charriere's 'Papillon' was a minor one�and the result of many long discussions with Trumbo," according to Hoffman. A unique consequence of these talks between actor and author was that Hoffman suggested that Trumbo "write the character off himself." Hoffman remembers how impressed he was when he first met Trumbo and in their subsequent meetings he discovered aspects of the writer's person-ity which he felt "were appropriate for the man I saw Dega to be." As Trumbo described the fictional individual, Hoffman began to see the two merging: "Trumbo's sophistication overlays a dynamic strength and integrity which I felt was applicable to Dega."
Belgian style poster and one of the most valuable
Before reading the script, Hoffman recalls, "I knew that I wouldn't be interested in doing the film if it was going to be one of those buddy prison pictures where Steve McQueen and I would be required to play charismatic head to head." Behind Hoffman's ideas concerning his role in "Papillon" was a period of research and study. He spent weeks in the New York Public Library reading everything on the shelves concerning French penal colonies. "I studied about ten or twelve books on prison life there. One of the books was by a former inmate, an art forger whose life had great similarities with what I thought about Dega, who was a counterfeiter. I drew from this man's real life experiences as a frame of reference for filling out my concept of Dega." The actor also studied photographs and paintings of the French penal colony of that period.
Two actors in the film had less difficulty creating and preparing for their roles, Hoffman points out with a smile. "They more or less did it on the spur of the moment�my wife, Anne, who plays my wife in the film, and Trumbo, who plays a prison Commandant." Both got their parts in the same way, according to the actor. "Trumbo, Schaffner, my wife and I were sitting in the hotel lobby in Spain, where some of the location shooting took place, discussing the difficulty in finding a local woman for the part of my wife. As a joke, I suggested Anne. She laughed but Schaffner and Trumbo thought it was a good idea." When Mrs. Hoffman said she wouldn't know what to do, her husband said, "Wave goodbye and act like you'll never see me again." She replied: "Do I have to feel sad?" She got the part. In the same way, when no local man could be found to play the Commandant, Schaffner turned to Trumbo. But the writer had to be talked into it, Hoffman recalls, "because he didn't want to have his hair cut."
A friendly on-set moment captured on film
Production
Production Designer Anthony Masters and Art Director Jack Maxsted spent more than a year researching and supervising the building of the huge prison set, which was over 800 feet long, making it the largest set constructed for a motion picture at the time. A crew of British construction experts worked side by side with Jamaican carpenters, painters and plasterers in the preparation of the prison set and various other sets used in the film. In addition, almost all of the extras used in the movie were from Jamaica. The 600 French prisoners were recruited from a colony of Germans who emigrated to Jamaica as farmers years ago and who still reside in their own community on the island. The prison ship in the film is actually a cargo vessel which sails the Caribbean and which bears a striking resemblance to the original ship La Martiniere, which is in a French museum. Over 1,000 extras were used in the scenes lensed in Fuenterrabia, Spain, in which the convicts board the prison ship to be transported to the French penal colony off the Coast of South America. Making her screen debut as Dustin Hoffman's wife, who bids him farewell as he boards the ship, is Hoffman's real life wife, Anne Byrne, a ballet dancer.
Rare artwork from Italy
One of the most interested visitors to the set during the production was the late Henri Charriere. Charriere found the prison set to be identical with the real prison where he had been incarcerated 35 years ago. He also saw the Devil's Island location which he thought absolutely perfect in its reality, and watched the filming at the Colombian village location, an exact replica of the tiny village where he was sheltered and found romance during one of his escapes. The cast contains some of the most respected character actors appearing in motion pictures and one newcomer. Victor Jory portrays the Indian Chief; George Coulouris plays the prison doctor; Don Gordon, Robert Deman and William Mumy portray prisoners; and Anthony Zerbe plays the head of a leper colony. The newcomer is 18-year-old California-born Ratna Assan, who makes her film debut in "Papillon" playing a native girl who falls in love with McQueen.
Music
The music for the movie was composed by Jerry Goldsmith, whose previous film scores have earned him five Academy Award nominations. This was, according to Goldsmith, one of his favorite movies to score. In the music studio, he said, "This is the kind of work I really enjoy. To be able to vision such intense drama and create a score for this film was a very enjoyable experience for me. It was not without its problems, due to the contrast in characters, but in the end I think it worked fairly well."
Most common poster is the USA re-release poster style A
Release
Allied Artists released Papillon on December 16, 1973, an interesting Christmas release. It was released in 35mm Panavision 2:35:1 with 4 track magnetic stereo. It opened in most other countries in 1974. Costing $12 million (part of which was the location shooting in Jamaica, France, Spain and Hawaii), it earned $22 million in theatrical grosses in the United States, so counting foreign boxoffice, the film made quite a sum of money at $53 million to date. Jerry Goldsmith would be the only one nominated for an Oscar for his musical score, while Steve McQueen was nominated for a Golden Globe. Both lost. But the film remains a fan favorite and stands today as a top rated drama.
For discussion on this and other Silver Screen columns, see The Silver Screen forum thread Here
| i don't know |
"""Lord of all beasts of the Earth"", ""Conqueror of the British Empire"" and ""King of Scotland"" are all self-given titles to which despotic 20th century African dictator?" | IDI AMIN DADA ~ UGANDA ~ MURDEROUS PERSONALITY / FASCIST CULT in CULTS OF HISTORY ............................................ Forum
In 1975–1976, Amin became the Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity , a pan-Africanist group designed to promote solidarity of the African states. [6] During the 1977–1979 period, Uganda was appointed to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights . [7] From 1977 to 1979, Amin titled himself as " His Excellency , President for Life , Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor [B] Idi Amin Dada,
VC
DSO , MC
, Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular". [8]
Dissent within Uganda and Amin's attempt to annex the Kagera province of Tanzania in 1978 led to the Uganda–Tanzania War and the demise of his regime. Amin fled first to Libya , then to Saudi Arabia , where he died in 2003.
Early life and military career
Amin never wrote an autobiography nor did he authorise any official written account of his life. There are discrepancies regarding when and where he was born. Most biographical sources hold that he was born in either Koboko or Kampala around 1925. [A] According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at Makerere University, Idi Amin was the son of Andreas Nyabire (1889–1976). Nyabire, a member of the Kakwa ethnic group , converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam in 1910 and changed his name to Amin Dada. Abandoned by his father, Idi Amin grew up with his mother's family. Guweddeko states that Amin's mother was called Assa Aatte (1904–1970), an ethnic Lugbara and a traditional herbalist who treated members of Buganda royalty, among others. Amin joined an Islamic school in Bombo in 1941. After a few years, he left school with nothing more than a fourth grade education and did odd jobs before being recruited to the army by a British colonial army officer. [9]
Chronology of Amin's military promotions
Field Marshal
Colonial British Army
Amin joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) of the British Colonial Army in 1946 as an assistant cook. [10] He claimed he was forced to join the Army during World War II and that he served in the Burma Campaign , [11] but records indicate he was first enlisted after the war was concluded. [8] [12] He was transferred to Kenya for infantry service as a private in 1947 and served in the 21st KAR infantry battalion in Gilgil , Kenya , until 1949. That year, his unit was deployed to Somalia to fight the Somali Shifta rebels. In 1952 his brigade was deployed against the Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. He was promoted to corporal the same year, then to sergeant in 1953. [9]
In 1959 Amin was made effendi ( warrant officer ), the highest rank possible for a Black African in the colonial British Army of that time. Amin returned to Uganda the same year and in 1961 he was promoted to lieutenant , becoming one of the first two Ugandans to become commissioned officers . He was then assigned to quell the cattle rustling between Uganda's Karamojong and Kenya's Turkana nomads . In 1962 he was promoted to captain and then, in 1963, to major . The following year, he was appointed Deputy Commander of the Army. [9]
Amin was an active athlete during his time in the army. At 193 cm (6 ft 4 in) tall and powerfully built, he was the Ugandan light heavyweight boxing champion from 1951 to 1960, as well as a swimmer. Idi Amin was also a formidable rugby forward, [13] [14] although one officer said of him: "Idi Amin is a splendid type and a good (rugby) player, but virtually bone from the neck up, and needs things explained in words of one letter". [14] [15] In the 1950s, he played for Nile RFC. [16] There is a frequently repeated urban legend [14] [16] that he was selected as a replacement by East Africa for their match against the 1955 British Lions . The story is entirely unfounded; he does not appear on the team photograph or on the official team list [17] and replacements were not allowed in international rugby until 13 years after this event is supposed to have taken place. [18]
Army commander
In 1965 Prime Minister Milton Obote and Amin were implicated in a deal to smuggle ivory and gold into Uganda from the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, an associate of the former Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba , was part of an arrangement to help troops opposed to the Congolese government trade ivory and gold for arms supplies secretly smuggled to them by Amin. In 1966, Parliament demanded an investigation. Obote imposed a new constitution abolishing the ceremonial presidency held by Kabaka (King) Edward Mutesa II of Buganda , and declared himself executive president. He promoted Amin to colonel and army commander. Amin led an attack on the Kabaka's palace and forced Mutesa into exile to the United Kingdom, where he remained until his death in 1969. [19] [20]
Amin began recruiting members of Kakwa , Lugbara , Nubian , and other ethnic groups from the West Nile area bordering Sudan . The Nubians had been residents in Uganda since the early 20th century , having come from Sudan to serve the colonial army. Many ethnic groups in northern Uganda inhabit both Uganda and Sudan, therefore allegations persist that Amin's army consisted mainly of Sudanese soldiers. [21]
Seizure of power
Eventually, a rift developed between Amin and Obote, worsened by the support Amin had built within the army by recruiting from the West Nile region, his involvement in operations to support the rebellion in southern Sudan , and an attempt on Obote's life in 1969. In October 1970, Obote himself took control of the armed forces, reducing Amin from his months-old post of commander of all the armed forces to that of commander of the army. [22]
Having learned that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup on 25 January 1971, while Obote was attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore . Troops loyal to Amin sealed off Entebbe International Airport , the main artery into Uganda, and took Kampala. Soldiers surrounded Obote's residence and blocked major roads. A broadcast on Radio Uganda accused Obote's government of corruption and preferential treatment of the Lango region . Cheering crowds were reported in the streets of Kampala after the radio broadcast. [23] Amin announced that he was a soldier, not a politician, and that the military government would remain only as a caretaker regime until new elections, which would be announced when the situation was normalised. He promised to release all political prisoners . [24]
Amin was welcomed both within Uganda[ citation needed ] and by the international community[ citation needed ]. He gave former king and president Mutesa (who had died in exile) a state burial in April 1971, freed many political prisoners, and reiterated his promise to hold free and fair elections to return the country to democratic rule in the shortest period possible. [25]
Presidency
Main article: Uganda under Idi Amin
Establishment of military rule
On February 2, 1971, one week after the coup, Amin declared himself President of Uganda, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Army Chief of Staff and Chief of Air Staff. He announced that he was suspending certain provisions of the Ugandan constitution and soon instituted an Advisory Defence Council composed of military officers, with himself as the chairman. Amin placed military tribunals above the system of civil law , appointed soldiers to top government posts and parastatal agencies, and informed the newly inducted civilian cabinet ministers that they would be subject to military discipline . [22] [26] Amin renamed the presidential lodge in Kampala from Government House to "The Command Post". He disbanded the General Service Unit (GSU), an intelligence agency created by the previous government, and replaced it with the State Research Bureau (SRB). SRB headquarters at the Kampala suburb of Nakasero became the scene of torture and executions over the next few years. [27] Other agencies used to root out political dissent included the military police and the Public Safety Unit (PSU). [27]
Obote took refuge in Tanzania, having been offered sanctuary there by Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere . He was soon joined by 20,000 Ugandan refugees fleeing Amin. In 1972, the exiles attempted to regain the country through a poorly organised coup attempt, without success. [28]
Persecution of ethnic and other groups
Amin retaliated against the attempted invasion by Ugandan exiles in 1972 by purging the army of Obote supporters, predominantly those from the Acholi and Lango ethnic groups. [29] In July 1971, Lango and Acholi soldiers were massacred in the Jinja and Mbarara Barracks , [30] and by early 1972, some 5,000 Acholi and Lango soldiers, and at least twice as many civilians, had disappeared. [31] The victims soon came to include members of other ethnic groups , religious leaders, journalists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers, students and intellectuals, criminal suspects, and foreign nationals. In this atmosphere of violence, many other people were killed for criminal motives or simply at will. [32]
The killings, motivated by ethnic, political and financial factors, continued throughout Amin's eight-year reign. [31] The exact number of people killed is unknown. The International Commission of Jurists estimated the death toll at no less than 80,000 and more likely around 300,000. An estimate compiled by exile organizations with the help of Amnesty International puts the number killed at 500,000. [8] Among the most prominent people killed were Benedicto Kiwanuka , the former prime minister and later chief justice ; Janani Luwum , the Anglican archbishop ; Joseph Mubiru , the former governor of the Central Bank ; Frank Kalimuzo, the vice chancellor of Makerere University ; Byron Kawadwa, a prominent playwright; and two of Amin's own cabinet ministers, Erinayo Wilson Oryema and Charles Oboth Ofumbi . [33]
In August 1972, Amin declared what he called an " economic war ", a set of policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly from the Indian subcontinent and born in the country, their ancestors having come to Uganda when the country was still a British colony. Many owned businesses, including large-scale enterprises, that formed the backbone of the Ugandan economy. On August 4, 1972, Amin issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the 60,000 Asians who were not Ugandan citizens (most of them held British passports ). This was later amended to include all 80,000 Asians, except for professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers. A plurality of the Asians with British passports, around 30,000, emigrated to Britain. Others went to Australia , Canada , India , Kenya , Pakistan , Sweden , Tanzania and the U.S. [34] [35] [36] Amin expropriated businesses and properties belonging to the Asians and handed them over to his supporters. The businesses were mismanaged, and industries collapsed from lack of maintenance. This proved disastrous for the already declining economy. [26]
In 1977, Henry Kyemba , Amin's health minister and a former official of the first Obote regime, defected and resettled in Britain. Kyemba wrote and published A State of Blood, the first insider exposé of Amin's rule.
International relations
See also: Foreign relations of Uganda
Following the expulsion of Ugandan Asians in 1972, most of whom were of Indian descent, India severed diplomatic relations with Uganda. The same year, as part of his "economic war", Amin broke diplomatic ties with Britain and nationalised 85 British-owned businesses.
That year, relations with Israel soured. Although Israel had previously supplied Uganda with arms, in 1972 Amin expelled Israeli military advisers and turned to Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya and the Soviet Union for support. [29] Amin became an outspoken critic of Israel. [37] In the documentary film General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait , he discussed his plans for war against Israel, using paratroops, bombers and suicide squadrons. [11] Amin later stated that Hitler "was right to burn six million Jews". [38]
In 1973, U.S. Ambassador Thomas Patrick Melady recommended that the United States reduce its presence in Uganda. Melady described Amin's regime as " racist , erratic and unpredictable, brutal, inept, bellicose, irrational, ridiculous, and militaristic ". [39] Accordingly, the United States closed its embassy in Kampala .
In June 1976, Amin allowed an Air France airliner hijacked by two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - External Operations (PFLP-EO) and two members of the German Revolutionäre Zellen to land at Entebbe Airport . There, the hijackers were joined by three more. Soon after, 156 non-Jewish hostages who did not hold Israeli passports were released and flown to safety, while 83 Jews and Israeli citizens, as well as 20 others who refused to abandon them (among whom were the captain and crew of the hijacked Air France jet), continued to be held hostage. In the subsequent Israeli rescue operation, codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (popularly known as Operation Entebbe ), nearly all the hostages were freed. Two hostages died during the operation and 10 were wounded; six hijackers, 45 Ugandan soldiers, and one Israeli soldier, Yoni Netanyahu , were killed. A third hostage, 75-year-old Dora Bloch, who had been taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala prior to the rescue operation, was subsequently murdered in reprisal. The incident further soured Uganda's international relations, leading Britain to close its High Commission in Uganda. [40]
Uganda under Amin embarked on a large military build-up, which raised concerns in Kenya . Early in June 1975, Kenyan officials impounded a large convoy of Soviet -made arms en route to Uganda at the port of Mombasa . Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in February 1976 when Amin announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and western and central Kenya, up to within 32 kilometres (20 mi) of Nairobi , were historically a part of colonial Uganda. The Kenyan Government responded with a stern statement that Kenya would not part with "a single inch of territory". Amin backed down after the Kenyan army deployed troops and armored personnel carriers along the Kenya-Uganda border. [41]
Libyan military dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi backed Amin [2] and the Soviet Union became Amin's largest arms supplier. [3]
East Germany was involved in the General Service Unit and the State Research Bureau, the two agencies which were most notorious for terror. During the Tanzanian invasion in 1979 East Germany attempted to remove evidence about its involvement. [4]
Erratic behaviour and media portrayal
Caricature of Amin in military and presidential attire by Edmund S. Valtman
Over time, Amin became more erratic and outspoken. In 1977, after Britain had broken diplomatic relations with his regime, Amin declared he had beaten the British and conferred on himself the decoration of CBE (Conqueror of the British Empire). Radio Uganda then read out the whole of his new title: " His Excellency President for Life , Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor [B] Idi Amin Dada,
VC,
DSO , MC , CBE.
" [8] In 1971, Amin and Zaire 's president Mobutu Sese Seko changed the names of Lake Albert and Lake Edward to Lake Mobutu Sese Seko and Lake Idi Amin Dada, respectively. [42]
Amin became the subject of rumours and myths, including a widespread belief that he was a cannibal . [43] [44] Some of the unsubstantiated rumours, such as the mutilation of one of his wives, were spread and popularised by the 1980 film Rise and Fall of Idi Amin and alluded to in the film The Last King of Scotland in 2006. [45]
During Amin's time in power, popular media outside of Uganda often portrayed him as an essentially comic figure. In a 1977 assessment typical of the time, a Time magazine article described him as a "killer and clown, big-hearted buffoon and strutting martinet". [46] For focusing on Amin's excessive tastes and self-aggrandizing eccentricities, the foreign media was often criticised for downplaying or excusing his murderous behavior. [47] Other commentators even suggested that Amin had deliberately cultivated his reputation in the foreign media as an easily parodied buffoon in order to defuse international concern over his administration of Uganda. [48]
Deposition and exile
See also: Uganda-Tanzania War
By 1978, the number of Amin's close associates had shrunk significantly, and he faced increasing dissent from within Uganda. After the killings of Luwum and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of Amin's ministers defected or fled to exile. [49] Later that year, after Amin's vice president, General Mustafa Adrisi , was injured in a car accident, troops loyal to him mutinied . Amin sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had fled across the Tanzanian border. [26] Amin accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of waging war against Uganda, ordered the invasion of Tanzanian territory, and formally annexed a section of the Kagera Region across the boundary. [26] [28]
Nyerere mobilised the Tanzania People's Defence Force and counterattacked, joined by several groups of Ugandan exiles who had united as the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). Amin's army retreated steadily, and despite military help from Libya 's Muammar al-Gaddafi , he was forced to flee on 11 April 1979 when Kampala was captured . He escaped first to Libya and ultimately settled in Saudi Arabia where the Saudi royal family paid him a generous subsidy in return for his staying out of politics. [10] Amin stayed for a number of years on the top two floors of the Novotel Hotel on Palestine Road in Jeddah. Having covered the war for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, in 1980 Brian Barron , in partnership with cameraman Mohammed Amin of Visnews in Nairobi , located Amin and secured the first interview with him since his deposition. [50]
Amin held that Uganda needed him and never expressed remorse for the nature of his regime. [51] In 1989, he attempted to return to Uganda, apparently to lead an armed group organised by Colonel Juma Oris . He reached Kinshasa , Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo ), before Zairian President Mobutu forced him to return to Saudi Arabia.
Amin's death
On 20 July 2003, one of Amin's wives, Madina, reported that he was in a coma and near death at King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . She pleaded with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni to allow him to return to Uganda for the remainder of his life. Museveni replied that Amin would have to "answer for his sins the moment he was brought back." [52] Amin died in Saudi Arabia on 16 August 2003. He was buried in Ruwais Cemetery in Jeddah. [53]
Family and associates
A polygamist , Idi Amin married at least six women, three of whom he divorced . He married his first and second wives, Malyamu and Kay, in 1966. The next year, he married Nora and then Nalongo Madina in 1972. On 26 March 1974, he announced on Radio Uganda that he had divorced Malyamu, Nora and Kay. [54] [55] Malyamu was arrested in Tororo on the Kenyan border in April 1974 and accused of attempting to smuggle a bolt of fabric into Kenya. She later moved to London . [54] [56] Kay died on 13 August 1974, reportedly from an attempted surgical abortion performed by her lover Dr. Mbalu Mukasa (who himself committed suicide ). Her body was found dismembered . In August 1975, during the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) summit meeting in Kampala, Amin married Sarah Kyolaba. Sarah's boyfriend, whom she had been living with before she met Amin, vanished and was never heard from again. According to The Monitor, Amin married again a few months before his death in 2003. [56]
Sources differ widely on the number of children Amin fathered; most say that he had 30 to 45. [D] Until 2003, Taban Amin, Idi Amin's eldest son, was the leader of West Nile Bank Front (WNBF), a rebel group opposed to the government of Yoweri Museveni . In 2005, he was offered amnesty by Museveni, and in 2006, he was appointed Deputy Director General of the Internal Security Organisation . [57] Another of Amin's sons, Haji Ali Amin, ran for election as Chairman (i.e. mayor) of Njeru Town Council in 2002 but was not elected. [58] In early 2007, the award-winning film The Last King of Scotland prompted one of his sons, Jaffar Amin, to speak out in his father's defense. Jaffar Amin said he was writing a book to rehabilitate his father's reputation. [59]
On 3 August 2007, Faisal Wangita, one of Amin's sons, was convicted for playing a role in a murder in London. [60]
Among Amin's closest associates was the British-born Bob Astles , who is considered by many to have been a malign influence, and by others as a moderating presence. [61] Isaac Malyamungu was an instrumental affiliate and one of the more feared officers in Amin's army. [49]
Portrayal in media and literature
Film dramatizations
Victory at Entebbe (1976), a TV film about Operation Entebbe . Julius Harris plays Amin in a comic, almost vaudeville-type, manner. Godfrey Cambridge had originally been cast as Amin in the production, but died of a heart attack on the set.
Raid on Entebbe (1977), a film depicting the events of Operation Entebbe. Yaphet Kotto plays Amin as a charismatic, but short-tempered, political and military leader.
Mivtsa Yonatan (1977; also known as Operation Thunderbolt), an Israeli film about Operation Entebbe. Jamaican-born British actor Mark Heath plays Amin who first appears angered at the German terrorists for the airplane hijacking and setting up their base at Entebbe Airport, but he later changes his mood to supporting them over news of Israel's agreement to the hijackers' demands.
The Last King of Scotland (2006), a film adaptation of Giles Foden 's 1998 fictional novel of the same name . For his portrayal of Idi Amin in this film, actor Forest Whitaker won the Academy Award for Best Actor , a BAFTA , the Screen Actors' Guild award for Best Actor (Drama), and a Golden Globe .
Documentaries
Idi Amin: Monster in Disguise (1997), a television documentary directed by Greg Baker .
The Man Who Ate His Archbishop's Liver? (2004), a television documentary written, produced and directed by Elizabeth C. Jones for Associated-Rediffusion and Channel 4 .
The Man Who Stole Uganda (1971), World In Action first broadcast 5 April 1971.
Inside Idi Amin's Terror Machine (1979), World In Action first broadcast 13 June 1979.
Books
| Idi Amin |
The birthplace of Andy Murray, an event in which town gave rise to the Cullen Report followed by the Firearms Amendment Act in 1997 ? | Idi Amin Dada - First thoughts about
Idi Amin Dada
Idi Amin Dada (c. 192416 August 2003) was the military dictator and third President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946. Eventually he held the rank of Major General in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its Commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote.
Write here your first thoughts about Idi Amin Dada ...
01 Dec 2016 05:56
TIME is the healer of EVERYTHING. Remember even Idi Amin Dada is now past participle tense; he is LAIN with the ashes & will NEVER be back.
30 Nov 2016 12:43
Based on history, Benito Mussolini, Idi Amin Dada, Adolph Hitler, Pol Pot , who else has a clue of what Trump is going to doâ¦
30 Nov 2016 02:41
"You cannot run faster than a bullet." Idi Amin Dada
29 Nov 2016 20:09
...well, there are still "Nut Jobs" that worship Hitler, Mao, Chavez, Idi Amin Dada, Pinochet, etc., etc., etc.
29 Nov 2016 18:07
Trump is the USA's version of Idi Amin Dada. I am so sad for ordinary Americans who will have to live through his reign.
29 Nov 2016 15:20
I recall a President that awarded himself medals and claimed to be THE authority in all topics, Idi Amin Dada. He disliked free press ð
29 Nov 2016 13:34
Excuse me if I don't understand the MSM glorifying the murderer Fidel Castro . No better than Idi Amin Dada
29 Nov 2016 12:23
Today we mourn Idi Amin Dada who really, really love his people!
29 Nov 2016 09:16
His Excellency, the President of life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Dr Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the...
29 Nov 2016 08:40
Many of the events in this were staged by its main subject-
28 Nov 2016 23:35
"While controversial, Field Marshal Idi Amin Dada is recognized for renewing scientific interest in tertiary syphilâ¦
28 Nov 2016 12:48
OF THE KASESE MASSACRE . Uganda is a very vulnerable country. The militia created by Dictator Idi Amin Dada still...
28 Nov 2016 11:49
Only just found out that Idi Amin's full name was Idi Amin Dada. Grimly appropriate given the surreal meaningless brutality of his regime.
28 Nov 2016 11:35
Nothing is permanent, if Idi Amin Dada came to an end, he will too
28 Nov 2016 08:43
but the newest one, Pol Pot v.s. Idi Amin Dada, is really really good.
28 Nov 2016 08:09
Idi Amin Dada CBE liked his coffee with milk.ðððð
28 Nov 2016 04:34
Idi Amin Dada is at it again. Lord help us.
27 Nov 2016 23:40
I cant wait to see trump wear his purple heart and other badges. Idi Amin Dada would be proud!
27 Nov 2016 22:16
Their first consumer was Idi Amin Dada, I remember.
27 Nov 2016 19:12
No African despot has been more brutal and erratic than Francisco Macias Nguema not even the Great Idi Amin Dada of Uganda
27 Nov 2016 17:42
"With the passing of Idi Amin Dada, the world lost a true father figure and culinary visionary." Prime Minister Zoolander
27 Nov 2016 15:11
Castro was more like Stalin, Tito, Marcos, Idi Amin Dada and Papa Doc than G Washington. Re-read your history.
27 Nov 2016 14:30
The man at the center of this was responsible 4 the deaths of at least 300,000 ppl-
27 Nov 2016 07:16
Today, we mourn the death of General Idi Amin Dada , whose leadership style, which alienated some, was strong and decisive.
27 Nov 2016 06:58
While a controversial figure, Idi Amin Dada contributed much to global research on the scourge of STD's.
27 Nov 2016 06:22
Idi Amin Dada: Conquerer of the British Empire and a man of excellency, showed reverent love to his comrades and peâ¦
27 Nov 2016 04:24
Idi Amin 'Dada, father figure to his people, man of convictions & always appreciative when staying abroad
27 Nov 2016 04:22
For Cubans, it was Fidel Castro , for us Filipinos, it was Ferdinand Marcus. For Ugandans it was IdI Amin Dada.
27 Nov 2016 04:19
With the passing of Idi Amin Dada we morn a true visionary that provided growth and unity to his beloved country
27 Nov 2016 03:02
A controversial figure, Idi Amin Dada did much for the cause of eliminating syphilis.and his fellow citizens
27 Nov 2016 02:15
Today we mourn the loss of General Idi Amin Dada , who did more to help crocodiles flourish than anyone else in the 20th cent.
26 Nov 2016 22:41
On behalf of all Canadians, Sophie and I offer our deepest condolences to the many supporters of Idi Amin Dada.
26 Nov 2016 22:40
Idi Amin Dada was color blind to the people he helped lay to rest.
26 Nov 2016 22:15
"Today we mourn the passing of Idi Amin Dada. A great man who brought unity to a once racially & culturally divided Uganda"
26 Nov 2016 20:56
This is what we are putting in the White House. In A different color. Idi Amin Dada
26 Nov 2016 20:46
"Idi Amin Dada died today, & despite his unique culinary intake, was the best example of an African statesman."
04 Oct 2016 12:00
I respect the rule of law but also blve in "Logic over policy" I adore Idi Amin Dada &Thomas Sankara who had simple approaches
03 Oct 2016 18:12
A dictator in the making? Trumps buffoonery parallels Idi Amin Dada. Give him power and he'll liqâ¦
02 Oct 2016 21:59
Point taken but that picture is from Uganda. The victim had been killed by the regime of Idi Amin Dada
30 Sep 2016 14:30
There is freedom of speech, but I cannot guarantee freedom after speech â Idi Amin Dada
29 Sep 2016 15:30
"Idi Amin Dada was a violent dictator whose regime was responsible for some of the worst atrocities in his country'â¦
29 Sep 2016 13:21
Idi Amin Dada was the third President of Uganda, ruling from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regimenâ¦
27 Sep 2016 07:44
Quote - Idi Amin Dada � Freedom of speech you have, but freedom after speech, that I can not guarantee
26 Sep 2016 17:56
"of course there is freedom of speech but freedom after speech that I cannot guarantee you" Idi Amin Dada
06 Jul 2016 06:14
I have him praising Idi Amin Dada in the office pool.
06 Jul 2016 06:11
I am all in when he praises Idi Amin Dada
06 Jul 2016 04:56
on accepting Humanitarian Award on "I'd like to thank grandpa Adolph H. Uncle Saddam, my step-father Idi Amin Dada .
03 Jul 2016 06:30
I remember Wanume Kibedi gallant Foreign Affairs Minister, brother in law of Idi Amin Dada. CONDOLENCES. Interred at Iganga, UG on 2/7/16.
19 Mar 2016 10:04
Elly Rwakoma: Photographer of presidents - Milton Obote, Idi Amin Dada and later Binaisa
10 Mar 2016 17:44
On this day in 1971, Idi Amin Dada took over power in Uganda.
10 Mar 2016 16:47
Idi Amin Dada - Uganda mass murderer & all-around ghoul. So why did young Choom-Gang Obama have his pic on the wall?
10 Mar 2016 16:03
I think Museveni is a very smooth version of Idi Amin Dada.
09 Mar 2016 20:30
"People sometimes confuse the things I say with what I am thinking" - Idi Amin Dada
09 Mar 2016 18:28
is migingo or wish this gvmt was of PRES. JOMO KENYATTA who stoppded this kind of intimidation frm IDI AMIN DADA those ds
09 Mar 2016 17:54
The Idi Amin Dada of America. "Sometimes people mistake the way I talk for what I am thinking." - infamous Idi Amin
09 Mar 2016 06:41
SHAME! SHAME ! SHAME! Pres. Obote couldn't stoop this low - only the likes of Pres. Idi Amin Dada.
08 Mar 2016 22:27
Joseph Stalin. Idi Amin Dada. Muammar Ghadafi. There are tyrants and there are tyrants! â watching A Day In The Life Of A Dictator
08 Mar 2016 20:11
My shoulder shall be DECORATED with no space like that of IDI AMIN DADA, A.S BADEH, AND GENERAL LAURENT NKUNDA.
07 Mar 2016 19:28
Late Idi Amin was addressed by Radio Uganda as "His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Alhaji Dr. Idi Amin Dadâ¦
07 Mar 2016 10:00
Failure to FREE Nnamdi Kanu and his co-accused this week qualifies this govt as the next Idi Amin Dada of Uganda. Free BIAFRA now!
05 Mar 2016 21:00
Donald Trump compared to IDI AMIN DADA of Uganda and Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe...
05 Mar 2016 04:23
whatever it is, it was also horrible, I'm Ugandan & that portrayal of idi amin dada was ð³ðat best
04 Mar 2016 18:18
Remember.. Saudi Arabia was where "unwelcomed by the world" President Idi Amin Dada of Uganda found final exile...
25 Jan 2016 09:53
Idi Amin Dada (c. 1923-28 â 16 August 2003) was the third President of Uganda, ruling fromâ¦
25 Jan 2016 02:13
On in wake of trip, RED-TABARA likens to Idi Amin Dada, France's and
24 Dec 2015 10:08
Watch the video presented above. All praise to Dada Idi Amin NAS.
24 Dec 2015 10:04
Hi Dada Idi Amin...! ð. The people likes you very much. You are very popular,. You very good brain..! .
19 Dec 2015 10:21
. Patrick salvado idringi who many says looks like Idi Amin Dada turned it into an issue of comedy at the 5...
18 Dec 2015 18:44
I liked Idi Amin Dada though. CR is helping the Guptas settle in Lesotho
16 Dec 2015 08:26
If South Africa was not a democratic country, Zuma probably would have been another Idi Amin Dada. The
15 Dec 2015 23:15
We were against Idi Amin Dada & Muammar Gaddafi; but they don't fit conveniently into your anti-US narrative do they?
09 Nov 2015 22:21
Holy Ghost! As well as Jon Snow did, bravo to Lord Coe for not walking out. Snow was once close to Idi Amin Dada too
05 Nov 2015 05:27
After he was feted by the Queen in London, Idi Amin Dada of Uganda had this to say as vote ofâ¦
04 Nov 2015 15:14
Two Leaders Forced by the Citizens to become life President: Paul Kagame of Rwanda and Idi AMIN Dada of Uganda .
04 Nov 2015 11:22
Check out what Donald Trump has in common with Idi Amin Dada of Uganda and Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe.
04 Nov 2015 07:52
"I myself consider myself the most powerful figure in the world."- Idi Amin Dada.
03 Nov 2015 17:55
NCIC does divide and rule that was applied by Idi Amin Dada
03 Nov 2015 16:15
Thou Shall not a date a girl Whose phone is smaller than yours. -Idi Amin Dada -
01 Nov 2015 13:01
IDI AMIN DADA is a role model of Paul Kagame on this tyranny Rwandans will pull him out of hole like Kadafi ð«ð«ð«ð«
01 Nov 2015 10:20
Today coincides with the day walked into Julius Nyerere's office to plot against Idi Amin Dada.
31 Oct 2015 23:28
Idi Amin poster in Barack Obama's dorm room; evil ruler Idi Amin Dada, who became known as the 'Butcher of Uganda' httpâ¦
31 Oct 2015 17:50
Uganda's Idi Amin Dada had a strong relationship with Israel before he crossed over to the Palestinian side.
29 Oct 2015 13:00
I'd go for Idi Amin Dada all day err day
28 Oct 2015 17:04
Great minds think alike. Harper is pulling a Putin. Idi Amin Dada
28 Oct 2015 12:05
Idi Amin Dada wrestled a crocodile in Somalia during a tour of duty when he was in�the King's African Rifles.
27 Oct 2015 21:05
Uganda's Idi Amin Dada was asked to be a President in 1971,when he refused; some soldiers & 1 Sgt. Major forced him to become 1 at gunpoint.
27 Oct 2015 19:14
Did you Know?. Idi Amin Dada sent love letters to the Queen of. England and asked her to marry him. He wanted to be...
24 Oct 2015 19:05
Kenyan actor Joseph Olita played the role of Idi Amin Dada in the 1981 movie " Rise and Fall of Idi Amin"
24 Oct 2015 12:08
Idi Amin Dada being carried by white men.
22 Oct 2015 09:38
In any country, there has to be people who must die. They are the sacrifices any nation has to make to achieve law and order.- Idi Amin Dada
21 Oct 2015 11:35
Kizza Besigye on his way to Tororo, one of the biggest towns in Eastern Uganda, where Idi Amin Dada had a dream...
21 Oct 2015 09:47
NYC gets more than 20 Million (20 000 000.00) but only Idi Amin Dada knows where this money goes to.
11 Oct 2015 21:28
Great and he's got a picture of 1 of the world's most abusive corrupt leaders Idi Amin Dada past president Uganda
11 Oct 2015 17:53
How the *** did get Amin Dada that time its Idi Amin yeses this docu is pissing me off
09 Oct 2015 22:23
DICTATOR IDI AMIN DADA:. Did you know that Ugandan dictator Idi Amin's official title was "His Excellency,...
08 Oct 2015 18:27
,is 2nd Idi Amin Dada of Africa &chief sponsor of don't know what is called Rule of laws or Democracyâ¦
08 Oct 2015 10:52
See how Donald Trump is not unlike Robert Mugabe , Idi Dada Amin and Momar Qadaffi
08 Oct 2015 09:17
Hey been wondering. Did u ever study about Ugandan History in yo curriculum (sth like The Rise & Fall of Idi Amin Dada)?
07 Oct 2015 00:56
Ugandan Idi Amin Dada's supporters had better English grammar than Donald Trump 's supporters who don't know English.
06 Oct 2015 12:07
After his release from prison, Nelson Mandela thanked Idi Amin Dada for the role he played in overthrowing Apartheid in South Africa .
06 Oct 2015 01:54
I was sure you were going to call Racist on me - which isn't true. Although I'm not a big fan of Idi Amin Dada, either.
05 Oct 2015 11:31
In the office watching General Idi Amin Dada 's documentary
04 Oct 2015 00:16
Under Idi Amin Dada, Uganda had a policy of expelling Asians, and Idi Amin publicly defended the policy.
03 Oct 2015 23:18
Trump has more in common with Idi. Amin Dada. Check it out on the daily show with Trevor
03 Oct 2015 17:07
"His excellency, President4Life, Field Marshall Al Hadji Dr Idi Amin Dada lord of all beasts of the earth & fishes"
03 Oct 2015 15:06
Donald Trump is nothing but another Muammar Gadhafi, Idid Amin Dada, Robert Mugabe and Kim of North Korea.
03 Oct 2015 11:37
Idi Amin Dada of Uganda once proposed to Queen Elizabeth II of England and offered to lead the Commonwealth with her ifâ¦
03 Oct 2015 07:19
His Excellency President for life, field Marshall Al Hadji doctor Idi Amin Dada Vc Dso Mc Lord of all Beasts of earth and fishes of the sea
03 Oct 2015 06:33
General Idi Amin Dada speaking to journalists about his controversial policy of expelling Asians from his country.
02 Oct 2015 11:52
Trevor Noah make the Case that Republican candidates are Very Presidential, just like ANC presidents & Idi Amin Dada
20 Jul 2015 06:39
Politics is like Boxing- You try to knock out your opponents~ Idi Amin Dada
18 Jul 2015 04:02
When asked if he was a cannibal, Idi Amin Dada replied "It's not for me. I tried human flesh and it's too salty for my taste."
17 Jul 2015 14:36
Business re suffering badly...it's a nightmare. u supported a Ex- Military tyrant like the like of Idi Amin Dada
17 Jul 2015 11:51
"Dumbo Trump epitomizes stupidity. His faculties a notch below Idi Amin Dada. ..Even Dada had sense to fight white racists of South Africa ."
16 Jul 2015 11:40
if Idi Amin Dada was around he'd say "the kenyans have deaded us alive"
15 Jul 2015 08:41
Gowon with Idi Amin Dada (Center) in Kampala, Uganda the day Gowon was overthrown. Photo: Getty Images
27 Jun 2015 03:35
(2) Madness. This site is NOT a mainstream anything. This is NOT a democracy. GNX is the "Idi Amin Dada" of this site & the website. I, not
27 Jun 2015 03:32
(5) Idi Amin Dada for you BULLIES in the back of the room means GNX is the administrator of both sites & I am the Dictator! NOT you. ;)
27 Jun 2015 00:19
Idi Amin Dada, Mao Zedong, Aztec human sacrifice, Jews stoning people to death for sins, Muslims decapitating people, etcetera.
25 Jun 2015 21:22
VIDEO: Do you remember? Here is why Idi Amin Dada was truly crazy!
25 Jun 2015 19:51
If and are saints, then IDI AMIN DADA was God sent.
24 Jun 2015 12:40
Just how stupid was Idi Amin Dada? An illiterate leader has to be the worst there is
24 Jun 2015 12:24
he made only a 4-star General. He never live up to become Idi-Amin Dada in rank but in person.
23 Jun 2015 18:35
has well and truly confirmed how far SA government has come off the rails. Idi Amin Dada 2.0
23 Jun 2015 13:35
And I have also a penchant to read about tyrannous individuals through out history. Like Idi Amin Dada, Caligula, Agrippina and etc.
23 Jun 2015 05:57
Lol Idi amin dada was a funny dictator...he awarded himself titles like lord of all beasts of the earth n fishes of the sea
22 Jun 2015 22:03
one day president of Uganda Idi Amin Dada summoned Archbishop Sabiti for preaching about Child of Israel and thretned to kil him
22 Jun 2015 17:34
You have freedom of speech but freedom after speech, I cannot guarantee that. - Dada Idi Amin.
22 Jun 2015 09:45
"RIP King of Kings Mogomela! eish!the legend is rested our own version of Idi Amin dada
21 Jun 2015 06:26
Did you know that Idi Amin Dada was born in a hospital that once stood where the current Serena conference center...
21 Jun 2015 04:51
Idi Amin Dada once gave a US$ 10,000 dollar tip to a female Black American cleaner in New York City, USA to ease her suffering from racism.
20 Jun 2015 09:50
Idi Amin Dada 1925-2003, who became known as the 'Butcher of Uganda' for his brutal, despotic rule w
20 Jun 2015 08:39
Do you believe this?. Who to you is the world's most evil ruler ever in history?
20 Jun 2015 01:38
Idi Amin Dada was a Muslim, a peaceful one.
19 Jun 2015 18:18
The difference btw Idi Amin Dada n Cecil John Rhodes is their skin color n the skin color of those they killed
11 Apr 2015 14:35
It was on this day April 11th in 1979 that Field Marshal Idi Amin Dada was overthrowned in Uganda.
11 Apr 2015 14:18
You got it wrong. That's Marie Antoinette out of context but probably meant as a Dada Idi Amin love-recipe!
10 Apr 2015 22:46
. On that same note, let's not forget Idi Amin Dada who stocked human flesh in his fridge
10 Apr 2015 00:53
.Looks like Idi Amin Dada, who would be Oâs idol. =>
08 Apr 2015 21:01
On Feb 2 1971 Idi Amin Dada seized power in Uganda. 1000s are believed to have been killed during his brutal rule http:/â¦
08 Apr 2015 11:20
You have not read this before: IDI AMIN DADA...
08 Apr 2015 09:43
You have freedom of speech, gut after speech, that i cannot guarantee. . Idi Amin Dada- the historical tyrant of Africa.
07 Apr 2015 22:17
Idi Amin "Dada" MT getting to know the son of Africaâs most notorious dictator.
07 Apr 2015 08:15
09:30 One to One: Christina Lamb talks to Lady Khadija Idi Amin Dada, daughter of Idi Amin, about family.
07 Apr 2015 07:55
Idi Amin Dada had 4 British businessmen carry him around in a sedan chair at a conference in Uganda because the Queen refused to marry him.
06 Apr 2015 18:43
Some may disagree or call me naive, but I think Idi Amin Dada killing 500,000 of his own countrymen was wrong.
05 Apr 2015 16:24
. Ugandans did even worse under 0bama's not so distant cousin idi Amin dada either
05 Apr 2015 11:43
You have the freedom of Speech, But I cannot guarantee you the freedom After speech. -Idi Amin Dada
05 Apr 2015 10:03
Idi Amin Dada of Uganda made white Journalists and Businessmen kneel before him.
04 Apr 2015 23:29
. reminds me of a hypocrite seder with idi Amin dada ,oh ,they are cousins of a sort-kakwa & luO ,. 0bama & idi amin
31 Mar 2015 18:00
I can guarantee your freedom of speech, what I can't guarantee is your freedom after the speech! - Idi Amin Dada. . Hop diz era ain't bak!
23 Feb 2015 23:01
mine is that kid who hit me in the back of the head with a basketball in 8th grade Idi Amin Dada
22 Feb 2015 17:02
Officiating in this game can only be compared to Idi Amin Dada's rule in Uganda.
22 Feb 2015 10:19
Forget 50 shades of grey, this is 50 shades of Idi Amin Dada.
21 Feb 2015 18:21
Forest Whitaker in Taken 3. Haven't seen Idi Amin Dada for a minute
19 Jan 2015 18:12
Worst dictator of them all Idi Amin Dada never sent his police or soldiers to attack innocent children. Hii Jubilee yenu imetâ¦
16 Jan 2015 13:04
TURKEY'S ERDOGAN: EVEN ATHEISTS WILL RESPECT MY BELIEFS. what? / Pretty much becoming the new Idi Amin Dada
15 Jan 2015 18:21
I can allow you freedom of speech but I can't guarantee you. freedom after speech...Idi Amin dada
15 Jan 2015 15:14
GEJ is not worth the trouble in the one holy Catholic and apostolic Church ! Don't allow GEJ to divide the house of God!! THE Laity Council across the nation has expressed worries over the reported gathering storm by the Catholic Bishops of Nigeria to sanction Rev Fr Ejike Mbaka over his recent comments on the state of the nation. Their worry, according to, Dr Paul Obi stems from the erroneous impression the move would give to the public and the international community about the intolerant posture of Nigerian government on freedom of expression. That this would cast a big shadow of doubt about our democratic development and plurality of opinions. Asking rhetorically, Obi who was flanked by other members of the Laity Council, including Chief Christopher Inalegwu, wanted to know if we are now in Idi Amin Dada era, where âfreedom of expression is free, but freedom after the expression would not be guaranteedâ The council members, in an interview with journalists in Enugu yesterday recalled that âour de ...
14 Jan 2015 22:47
it's just Idi Amin Dada, the 'Butcher of Uganda' .
14 Jan 2015 22:26
I really duno much abt politics doe but d name "BUHARI" sounds more like "IDI AMIN DADA"Lmao, thousands ve died under GEJ
13 Jan 2015 11:49
So they ask her if she knows about Idi Amin Dada and ? How she finds not ask...
13 Jan 2015 08:24
You have Freedom of Speech, but Freedom after Speech.. that, I can not guarantee you. Idi Amin Dada.
13 Jan 2015 07:23
Idi Amin dada also attained the highest office through the back door...
12 Jan 2015 20:08
Idi Amin Dada was the third president of Uganda, being in power from 1971 to 1979. Amin is known for his regime rulling.
12 Jan 2015 17:32
does anyone remember idi amin dada, butcher of uganda. Crimes against humanity. Boko haram must be stopped.
12 Jan 2015 16:30
seseko or Idi Dada Amin. Any which way not by force.
12 Jan 2015 11:29
YOU MUST READ THIS SPEECH BY IDI AMIN DADA. After a luncheon hosted by the Queen in London in his honour, the...
10 Jan 2015 03:33
You have the freedom of speech now,but will you have it after all is said and done. idi amin dada
25 Nov 2014 03:27
Maybe the next President will just nullify election results that doesn't suit his or her liking-Idi Amin Dada
17 Nov 2014 19:16
Maybe the Nazis are safe haven, if they showed Pol Pot or Idi Amin Dada, they'd probably be called racists.
17 Nov 2014 08:10
If we knew the meaning to everything that is happening to us, then there would be no meaning." - Idi Amin Dada."
30 Oct 2014 20:18
. Who is responsible for Disabled people; living in poverty? . Guilty is;David Thatcher Cameron! (David-Idi Amin Dada)=Dictator in UK!
29 Oct 2014 16:26
Obama kind of reminds me of Idi Amin Dada.
27 Oct 2014 19:22
one only notices the 'violence' when they are having none of it-Idi Amin Dada
27 Oct 2014 07:29
Memoria:. You have 'Freedom of Speech' but 'Freedom after Speech', that I cannot guarantee" . - Idi Amin Dada of Uganda
27 Oct 2014 05:23
In the melting pot today we have Idi Amin Dada of Uganda and the impact he has had on the history of Uganda.
27 Oct 2014 05:21
What do you know about Idi Amin Dada of Uganda?.
26 Oct 2014 14:37
Thanks to the friends and partners of Andrew Wommack Ministries, a former source of lies and terror is being used to set people free. Today, Andrew visited Lighthouse Television in Kampala, where he has been broadcasting a special Ugandan version of Gospel Truth since 2005. The widespread success of Discipleship Evangelism, of Charis Bible College Uganda, and of the new Karamoja outreach is a direct result of this investment in broadcast television. Ironically, the TV station was originally built by Idi Amin Dada in collusion with communist China as a propaganda machine, used to subdue the voice of the people, who were brutally slaughtered from 1971 through 1979. In 1997, Calvary Cathedral International of Ft. Worth, Texas acquired the station. This is the church pastored by Andrew Wommack board member Bob Nichols. Today, thanks to the support of his partners, Andrew buys time on the station twice per day, at 8:30 am and again at 8:30 pm. In his travels Andrew is recognized more often on the streets of Ka ...
25 Oct 2014 21:10
His last besTie was d infamous Idi Amin Dada of Uganda!
24 Oct 2014 19:40
"Hitler did not kill enough jews, the world is a better place without them" General Idi Amin Dada actually said this in an interview
24 Oct 2014 04:44
I want to get a pet lynx and name it Idi Amin Dada.
22 Oct 2014 21:28
[Ghost of Idi Amin Dada appears]. Idi: Can you take me to try a Pumpkin Spice Latte?. Me: Sure.
14 Oct 2014 02:24
If we donât celebrate days honoring Hitler, Stalin, Mao, Pol Pot , Idi Amin Dada or Mussolini, then why is Columbus Day (still) observed?
14 Oct 2014 00:37
I know. Idi Amin Dada told me the exact same thing once...
13 Oct 2014 22:34
How Ugandan-born Lord Vejee became a UK tycoon By Nigel M. Nassar The day was August 4, 1972 â just another day in the high-and-mighty confusion of then Ugandan president Idi Amin Dada, the self-proclaimed Conqueror of the British Empire . The despotic leaderâs paranoia hit fever pitch, and he made a split-second decision to expel Asians from Uganda, the majority of whom Indian. Among the approximately 80,000 who left in haste was the Verjee family, including the little boy Rumi Verjee, then 15 years old. Lord Verjee inside Thomas Goode It has been 42 years since the expulsion. Today, that little boy, born in Uganda and now a British citizen, is a highly-respected business magnate and philanthropist with an estimated net worth of £125m (sh541b) as of 2013. That icing on the cake comes from a 1984 incident, when as a 27-year-old, Verjee, without any capital, accosted the American founder of Dominoâs Pizza and persuaded him to sell him (Verjee) the franchising rights to Dominoâs Pizza in the UK. The ...
12 Oct 2014 18:42
I never liked Idi Amin So I didn`t mind that He took offense when I didn`t call him Dada...
11 Oct 2014 20:09
When we talk of world hitlers we always think of hitler,idi amin dada and the benito mussollini but we aint seeing of the eritrean president
11 Oct 2014 14:18
If doesn't have Kim Jong-un living in a suburbanite's closet tonight a la Idi Amin Dada, they're not the show they used to be.
10 Oct 2014 22:50
Oh what a great selection of wall poster. I had Jimi Hendrix, Led Zepplin...look who Choomy had...Idi Amin Dada httâ¦
08 Oct 2014 19:27
"I am the first man to ask the British to end their oppression of Scotland. If the Scots want me to be their King, I will." Idâ¦
08 Oct 2014 10:38
Ex-President of Uganda, late Idi Amin Dada broke ties with the UK, then added CBE to his numerous titles (Conqueror of the British Empire ).
07 Oct 2014 18:21
Plot twist. Ruto pulls an Idi Amin Dada on Kenyatta and bounces him from the presidential solio
06 Oct 2014 22:38
on the wall behind Barry is a photo of one of his idols. Dictator Idi Amin Dada . Butcher of Uganda who murdered his adversaries
06 Oct 2014 19:34
Suicide Revolutionary Jazz Band. Yah. Maybe there was a message for Idi Amin Dada in there... Ha
10 Sep 2014 09:55
There is freedom of speech in Uganda.I just don't know if you will be free after the speech...Idi Amin Dada
10 Sep 2014 08:17
Its who used to force people to love him. Now cannot be heckled and must be loved by force. Disagreeing is a crime
09 Sep 2014 23:55
Obong, w/a pic of vicious Idi Amin Dada on wall behind him. Would not be ignored by media if pic of W, right?!
09 Sep 2014 13:17
Of people who still think Africa is one country. And it once had a president by the name Idi Amin Dada
09 Sep 2014 06:59
"I can GRANT you freedom OF speech, but I canNOT GUARANTEE you freedom AFTER speech" - Idi Amin Dada
08 Sep 2014 18:18
Dr Field Marshall Idi Amin Dada , I can only guess at the mayhem he would of added when Scotland decides .
06 Sep 2014 06:59
Someone tell HENRY ODIA that Monday is Eid. celebration starts with him acting quickly like IDI AMIN DADA!
05 Sep 2014 11:00
Hi I drew this, can it be part of the next festival please?
03 Sep 2014 08:09
Niggs To mock the people who pointed out Uganda's crippling famine,the despot,Idi Amin Dada created the "Save Britain Fund
03 Sep 2014 00:28
General Idi Amin Dada :He was cool wit the Israelis but they tried to take over his country so he sacked them.
29 Aug 2014 09:31
The way foreign folks are getting kicked out by the Khama admin, reminds me of Idi Amin Dada's regime
29 Aug 2014 01:26
I like the picture of Idi Amin Dada on the wall. The "King of Scotland" is a glorious role model!
28 Aug 2014 16:48
Mo Amin iconic image of white residents of Uganda kneeling before Idi Amin Dada to swear an oath of allegiance
17 Aug 2014 21:57
Anyone who can still speak phoneh after receiving hot slaps from a MOPOL is a true Ajebutter...~ Idi Amin Dada of Uganda 1759.
17 Aug 2014 15:13
Not all...the nearly 200 million were at the feet of the likes of Mao, Stalin, Hitler, Idi Amin dada, Pol Pot !
17 Aug 2014 07:00
I'm sick and tired of Uganda's reputation being associated with Idi Amin Dada. Oh wait, nevermind , it emulates anti-homosexuality. Great. ð
16 Aug 2014 07:51
Today in History; Former Uganda military ruler Idi Amin Dada died in Saudi Arabia due heart failure. May he Rest In Peace via
15 Aug 2014 10:52
Dear are you financing a road named after a murderer idi Amin dada? cc
14 Aug 2014 04:16
I could have sworn the leader of Uganda Idi Amin Dada fed you African *** to crocodiles and reigned like Hitler for 20 years
13 Aug 2014 23:49
I think of all the craziest leaders, Nero the Roman emperor and IDI Amin Dada were Psychopaths ð
ð
ð
ð
07 Aug 2014 20:44
On this day:. In 1972, Idi Amin Dada, the Ugandan strongman gave 90-day ultimatum to Asians to leave the country.
07 Aug 2014 12:45
Today in history all Asians were given 90days to vacate Uganda by the then President Idi Amin Dada.shame but now we have them back tnx M7.
06 Aug 2014 15:47
The last time Kano Pillars lost a home game ? George Bush was still US president,Tony Blair was Britain PM,Idi Amin Dada was alive..
06 Aug 2014 13:42
The last time lost a home game Idi Amin Dada was still alive.
06 Aug 2014 06:49
Idi Amin Dada the Ugandan Cannibal must be proud.
05 Aug 2014 13:01
On August 5, 1972, President Idi Amin Dada ordered the expulsion of all Asians from Uganda. Given 90 days to...
05 Aug 2014 04:54
I'd rather go bowling with Field Marshall General Idi Amin Dada .
03 Aug 2014 08:59
But one eclipses the notriety of all -Idi Amin Dada. The British made him but could not undo him. He was near 'god'
02 Aug 2014 12:33
we should each Barvrr Schroeder's "Geberal idi Amin Dada" documentary next time we see each other!
01 Aug 2014 21:44
Idi Amin Dada had it set. Let them know they are guest in your home.
01 Aug 2014 21:42
If we had 45 Idi Amin Dada's spread around the world we would be an unstopable force
01 Aug 2014 21:22
Idi Amin Dada had it right in work these europeans as they have been slacking for 400+ years
01 Aug 2014 15:41
Ah, but in the Seventies one could be regaled at the UN by Idi Amin Dada and Arafat with his pistol.
01 Aug 2014 12:18
How long before Obama goes full Idi Amin dada and seeks to dine on the dead flesh of his Republican opponents ??
01 Aug 2014 10:10
Or General Idi Amin Dada . Another filmmaker climbing into the "lion's den"to document an important moment in history.
27 Jul 2014 14:00
Who died and made you Idi Amin Dada? Nigguh dead already.
27 Jul 2014 00:06
The last time Zamalek beat Mazembe : Saddam Hussein was still Iraq president and Idi Amin Dada was still alive.
26 Jul 2014 20:51
For the little popularity that we have; thank you Idi Amin Dada
26 Jul 2014 20:39
An extract from Vanguard News: ... means well must be seen to be doing well. THE ENTEBBE EXAMPLE According to Wikipedia, the operation to rescue the hostages lasted just 90minutes. It is recorded that Operation Entebbe was a counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out by commandos of the Israel Defense Forces, IDF, at Entebbe Airport, Uganda, on July 4, 1976. A week earlier, on June 27, an Air France plane, with 248 passengers, had been hijacked, by members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the German Revolutionary Cells, and flown to Entebbe, the main airport of Uganda. The government on ground supported the hijackers and dictator Idi Amin Dada, a man who typifies what a buffoon looks like, personally welcomed the hijackers and their booty. The hijackers separated the Israelis and Jews from the larger group and forced them into another room. That afternoon, 47 non-Israeli hostages were released. The next day, 101 more non-Israeli hostages were allowed to leave on board an ...
19 Jul 2014 03:34
I would go with Idi Amin Dada. Ethnocratic tendencies are more closely aligned.
19 Jul 2014 01:58
is that a picture of Idi Amin Dada in the background??
18 Jul 2014 04:22
"I have eaten human meat. It is very salty, even more salty than leopard meat." Idi Amin Dada
18 Jul 2014 03:19
A recent study shows that 3 out of 5 teenage girls from the ages 15-18 are sexually attracted to Idi Amin Dada.
15 Jun 2014 17:18
Sounds like another African ruler who's a danger 2 the west -- General Idi Amin Dada : General Idi Amin Dada on
11 Jun 2014 12:15
My apologies for not posting the positive side of President Idi Amin yesterday, Tuesday 10th as I had earlier on promised Am not re-writing Idi Aminâs history, but simply adding the positive side of him or the forgotten. There are many uncertainties over the dates and places of Aminâs birth. Most biographical sources hold that he was born in either Koboko or Kampala around 1927. It is believed that Idi Amin was the son of Andreas Nyabira (1889 -1976). Nyabira, a member of the Kakwa ethnic group, converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam in 1910 and changed his name to Amin Dada. The other side, President Amin has always been referred to in writings and speeches as a murderer, an *** a man who never went to school, a fool. Idi Amin Dada was born during a heavy hailstorm on Eid Al-Adha day, hence his Islamic name Eid, phonetically pronounced âIDIâ by indigenous Africans and Kakwa. He was born at the Colonial Shimoni Police Barracks in Nakasero, Kampala, where my grandpa Amin Dada Nyabira was serv .. ...
06 Jun 2014 07:22
Approaching Makusu Island Makusu Island, in northern Lake Victoria, south of Kampala. It is called "Paradise Island" by the boatmen of Speke's Resort. A name coined by Idi Amin Dada who actually called the old haunt "Paradise Beach" Donât forget to wear a hat! That should have been my first thoughts to my companions when we visited Paradise Island. I fortunately did but my colleagues didn't and got a good smattering of guano for their troubles! Situated seven kilometers off shore from Lutembe or five from the landing site at Benâs Beach, which is reached by turning off the Entebbe road at Kawuku. The inhabitants of the small fishing village that our boat departed from looked on in amazement as five Muzungu took their places for our trip to Paradise. The journey took forty long minutes; Lake Victoria was quite choppy with overcast skies and occasional drizzle. While our boat had numerous leaks which Kaj our Danish host spent the journey trying to fill with various pieces of flotsam found lying around t ...
29 May 2014 18:10
activist, Ingrid Turinawe has posted on saying Idi Amin Dada is better than current President Yoweri Musveni. Ingrid says she does not agree with people who say President Museveni is the same as Idi Amin. Ingrid's post reads: âI don't Agree with any one, who argues that M7 is same as Amin. My own thinking is that Amin is better than M7. Amin did what he did, because he was illiterate BUT M7 went to school. Amin killed people in the period of 8 years, M7 has killed our people in the period of 28 + 5 years bush killing, he plans to continue up to 55.â What is your say on this?
27 May 2014 13:37
An estimated 300,000 Ugandans lost their life at the hands of Idi Amin Dada's regime.
27 May 2014 09:52
The Right in America want to know why it is best to have manners, civil speech, political correctness. If we listen to the Right everyone in town will be either guilt of homosexuality or guilty of murder. Here is how it works in Uganda. Now the whole country is under the force of law guilty of being homosexual or guilty of murder. How long will it be before they just go back to eating babies like in the days of Idi Amin Dada? Genocide, as Hitler proved, always starts on the Night of the Long Knives.
27 May 2014 09:28
The African leader who excelled in poor exercising the powers bestowed on me by the University Council, I confer you with a Master's degree in - Gen. Idi Amin Dada, bestowing a degree in to a postgraduate medical student at Makerere University in 1972! "On behalf of my two wives and my entire delegation, I wish to thank your Majesty the Queen, for the good food you cooked for us. We have all eaten and we are totally My senior wife will reciprocate in in the same style when I invite your Majesty and your husband, the Duke of Edimburg next year. I hope you will also get on Matoke and Nile Perch from "LAKEVICTORIA, named after your Queen Victoria! I know your Majesty" - Gen. Idi Amin Dada at a Royal Banquet in Buckingham Palace, 1973!
26 May 2014 21:22
This time around in the history of Uganda, when Koboko District is mentioned I recall the following: 1. Field Marshal Idi Amin Dada, the Conquerer of British Empire ! 2. Late Rt. Hon. Ayume Francis who stood up against M7âs third term project. 3. Before the dust could settle, Evelyne Anite, the Northern Youth MP also from Koboko stands up in Kyankwanzi to pronounce what is now baptized âThe Kyankwanzi Resolutionâ! 4. M7 forfeits launching a SACCO in Kanungu to launch a SACCO in Koboko district! 5. Brigadier Isaiah Paulâs military convoy (Sudan Armed Forces-SAF) entered Uganda through Koboko to assault SPLA Bases in Kajo-Keji County in by then Sudan! Though all these events are worth rememberin only the two Kyankwanzi events stand out prominently now. Who is fooling who here???!!!
26 May 2014 17:01
The first biopic on General Idi Amin Dada , Made more than 20 years before The Last King of Scotland. Interestingly enough, this film was marketed as an exploitation film. In theatres, cardboard cutouts of Amin were on display for moviegoers to hit with beanbags. Still, it does not deviate much from actual events. It just has shock and gore associated with exploitation cinema.
26 May 2014 15:53
News Flash: Former Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo has disclosed Joyce Banda is his long lost sister. Confirming the development, Hosni Mubarak, the duos paternal uncle said the whole family had been searching for their long lost sister since the fall of their maternal grandfather Idi Amin Dada in 1979. Meanwhile family spokesperson Robert Mugabe says it's a joyous occasion for the family to finally have one of their one and only sister back home. Mugabe said Joyce is definitely their sister. "She definitely has the traits of father. Our father would have been proud of her", Mugabe remarked! (Author : Kasabo Seth Rozell Kalusa)
26 May 2014 14:58
Lamwo to Construct Memorial Site for Amin, Anyanya Massacre Victims By Q-Reporter Lamwo district local government is developing a master plan to construct an international tourism site in remembrance of 417 Ugandans killed by Field Marshall Idi Amin Dada in over forty years ago. The Group was reportedly killed by Idi Amin and Brigadier Joseph Lagu, the leader of the then Anyanya fighting group from Sudan in April 1971. They were taken captive, charged with attempting to enter a military training camp with an intention of organizing to overthrow Idi Aminâs government. They were later killed at a place known as Corner Ogwech. Tune QFM 94.3 Lira for details
22 May 2014 17:36
Dr Idi Amin Dada used to eat people in Uganda.
19 May 2014 08:28
When I was soldier in SplA I began to believe that a gun could end all my problems,I was to learn later that guns cannot solve anything and that even Idi Amin Dada did not save his seat when the day came.please brothers and sisters let us pray for a peace and unity for our country.
17 May 2014 20:56
I want to thank all my friends and well wishers for this warm felicitation you all accorded me. Thanks. I will reply in the words of Field Marshall (President) Idi Amin Dada 'thank u host & hostess for your hostilities before I came here I was hungry & unfed, now I am fed & fed up. Next time u come to our place, we shall retaliate'. Thank you all once more
28 Apr 2014 23:48
Rise and Fall of Idi Amin (1981). The accurately lurid life of bonkers dictator Amin Dada. Don't look in the freezer. "Thank you very much."
28 Apr 2014 15:28
DID U KNEW THIS; On this day, in 1975 president Idi Amin Dada asked his vice to change Uganda&name $ call it his mame Idi. Then his vice Lied him that if we call it Idi, then its people will be called *** and amin stopped it.
28 Apr 2014 14:58
All human right activists hear this. You are guaranteed your freedom of speech, but your freedom after speech that Idi amin Dada cannot guarantee. Well he was a dictator so that may be wrong but know that you will be held responsible for your words by God. SO CHOOSE YOUR NEXT WORDS CAREFULLY.
28 Apr 2014 12:01
35 YEARS AFTER IDI AMIN - Idi Amin Dada was overthrown in April 1979,by a combined force of Tanzania army and Ugandan exiles. Recently I sat down with an elderly relative of mine who narrated to me some of the events and scenarios that proceeded the overthrow of Amin. One interesting part of his story was how the Ugandan exiles set up a daily radio broadcast based in Dar-es-Salaam, to effect propaganda in favour of the war and against Amin regime.. The presenters of the radio broadcast who were Ugandan exiiles, had to use pseudonym in order to protect their identity and eventual harm to their relatives.They used the following Pseudonym: LUKWATA MBUGA LUKOZA KAKUUBA. BARBARA BABIRYE. Just wondering how it is with these chaps today
28 Apr 2014 09:09
Top 10 Most Evil Men Jamie Frater September 5, 2007 The most unfortunate aspect to researching this list was the realization that that I could do a top 100 most evil men and still have a multitude of people for a second list! The selection of this list is based not upon death tolls, but upon the general actions, and impact, or brutality of the people. From bad to worst, here are the top 10 evil men in history. 10. Attila The Hun Atilla Attila was Khan of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea. In much of Western Europe, he is remembered as the epitome of cruelty and rapacity. An unsuccessful campaign in Persia was followed in 441 by an invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire, the success of which emboldened Attila to invade the West. He passed unhindered through Austria and Germany, across the Rhine into Gaul, plundering and devastating all in his path with a ferocity unparalleled ...
28 Apr 2014 06:26
Those who remember General Idi Amin Dada , of Uganda, will recall how he managed to entrap some of the most educated Ugandans and other unsuspecting individuals in his early years to his deceit.�
27 Apr 2014 16:53
This is why they didnt like Idi Amin Dada he made they bow before him if they wanted his audience
25 Apr 2014 18:26
âI am the hero of Africa:- General Idi Amin Dada â Gen. Sanni Abacha was also a "Hero" in Nigeria. He won awards in Nigeria!
25 Apr 2014 13:18
Ex-President of Uganda, late Idi Amin Dada claimed he knew where and when he would die.
Donald Trump White House Howard Schultz Joe McKnight Fawlty Towers James Mattis South Pole Hillary Clinton Buzz Aldrin Andrew Sachs Bernie Sanders Gilmore Girls Zac Goldsmith Fidel Castro San Bernardino Lib Dems Boris Johnson Mila Kunis Mad Dog Secret Fashion Show Francois Hollande Richmond Park Russian President Vladimir Putin Princess Cruises San Francisco Los Angeles Ashton Kutcher Wall Street Rogue One Tiger Woods Sarah Palin Kevin Johnson Theresa May Sports Illustrated Great Smoky Mountains Anthony Bourdain Planned Parenthood Manuel Valls World Aids Day Daily News Mount Prospect Star Game Middle East New Zealand Mike Pence Vladimir Putin Kanye West Prince Harry Harry Potter South Korea North Korea Cook County Melania Trump Mitt Romney Wells Fargo Penn State Hero World Challenge Mutual Fund David Haye Donald Trumps Napoleon Dynamite Man United Dakota Access Islamic State Star Wars Justin Bieber Kate Middleton Air Force Under Armour Astronaut Buzz Aldrin Never Forget Cyber Monday Virtual Reality Anderson Cooper Kendall Jenner Defense Secretary Jill Stein Fixer Upper Lord Sugar Larry Lamb Tate Britain Wayne Rooney Richard Prince Opening Credits Wilbur Ross Fashion Designers Central Command Vernon Hills South Sudan Real Estate Sauvignon Blanc National Science Foundation New Orleans Lady Gaga North Dakota Election Day Las Vegas Eddie Jones David Davis General Mattis
© 2016
| i don't know |
In which century did William Wallace live most of his life ? | BBC - Scotland's History - William Wallace
Scotland's History
Scotland's History Articles William Wallace
William Wallace
The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player .
"This is the truth I tell you: of all things freedom's most fine. Never submit to live, my son, in the bonds of slavery entwined." William Wallace – His Uncle's proverb, from Bower's Scotichronicon c.1440s
The reputation of William Wallace runs like a fault line through later medieval chronicles. For the Scots, William Wallace was an exemplar of unbending commitment to Scotland's independence who died a martyr to the cause. For centuries after its publication, Blind Harry's 15th–century epic poem, 'The Wallace', was the second most popular book in Scotland after the Bible.
For the English chroniclers he was an outlaw, a murderer, the perpetrator of atrocities and a traitor. How did an obscure Scot obtain such notoriety?
Wallace was the younger son of a Scottish knight and minor landowner. His name, Wallace or le Waleis, means the Welshman, and he was probably descended from Richard Wallace who had followed the Stewart family to Scotland in the 12th century.
Little is known of Wallace's life before 1297. He was certainly educated, possibly by his uncle – a priest at Dunipace – who taught him French and Latin. It's also possible, given his later military exploits, that he had some previous military experience.
In 1296 Scotland had been conquered. Beneath the surface there were deep resentments. Many of the Scots nobles were imprisoned, they were punitively taxed and expected to serve King Edward I in his military campaigns against France.
The flames of revolt spread across Scotland. In May 1297 Wallace slew William Heselrig, the English Sheriff of Lanark. Soon his rising gained momentum, as men "oppressed by the burden of servitude under the intolerable rule of English domination" joined him "like a swarm of bees".
From his base in the Ettrick Forest his followers struck at Scone, Ancrum and Dundee. At the same time in the north, the young Andrew Murray led an even more successful rising. From Avoch in the Black Isle, he took Inverness and stormed Urquhart Castle by Loch Ness. His MacDougall allies cleared the west, whilst he struck through the north east. Wallace's rising drew strength from the south, and, with most of Scotland liberated, Wallace and Murray now faced open battle with an English army.
The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player .
On 11th September Wallace and Murray achieved a stunning victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. The English left with 5,000 dead on the field, including their despised treasurer, Hugh Cressingham, whose flayed skin was taken as a trophy of victory and to make a belt for Wallace's sword. The Scots suffered one significant casualty, Andrew Murray, who was badly wounded and died two months later.
"Commander of the Army of the Kingdom of Scotland" – the outlaw Wallace was now knighted and made Guardian of Scotland in Balliol's name at the forest kirk, at either Selkirk or Carluke.
It was a remarkable achievement for a mere knight to hold power over the nobles of Scotland. In a medieval world obsessed with hierarchy, Wallace's extraordinary military success catapulted him to the top of the social ladder.
He now guided Scottish policy. Letters were dispatched to Europe proclaiming Scotland's renewed independence and he managed to obtain from the Papacy the appointment of the patriotic Bishop Lamberton to the vacant Bishopric of St Andrews.
Militarily he took the war into the north of England, raiding around Newcastle and wreaking havoc across the north. Contemporary English chroniclers accused him of atrocities, some no doubt warranted, however, in Wallace's eyes the war, since its beginning, had been marked by brutality and butchery.
The English nobility had been on the edge of civil war with Edward I. They were disgruntled over his wars in France and Scotland, however, faced with the humiliating defeat by the Scots at Stirling Bridge, they united behind him in time for the Battle of Falkirk.
The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player .
According to later tales, Wallace told his men: "I hae brocht ye to the ring, now see gif ye can dance", however, as one historian has called it, "it was a dance of death", as Wallace had seriously misjudged Edward's battle tactics. His Welsh archers proved to be the decisive weapon: their arrows raining death on the Scots spearmen.
After Falkirk, the Scots nobles reasserted their role as guardians of the kingdom and continued the war with Edward. Wallace was assigned a new role as an envoy for the Scots to the courts of Europe.
Diplomacy was crucial to the Scots war effort and Wallace, by now a renowned figure across Europe, played a high profile role. In 1299 he left Scotland for the court of King Philip IV of France. He was briefly imprisoned for various political motives, but was soon released and given the French king's safe conduct to the papal court. Wallace returned to Scotland in 1301, with the diplomatic effort seemingly in good stead.
However, the French abandoned Scotland when they needed Edward's help to suppress a revolt in Flanders. With no prospect of victory, the Scottish leaders capitulated and recognised Edward as overlord in 1304. Only Wallace refused to submit, perhaps signing his own death warrant at this time.
Here was the crucial difference between Wallace and the key players from amongst the Scottish nobles – for Wallace there was no compromise, the English were his enemy and he could not accept their rule in any form. However, the nobles were more pliable and willing to switch sides, or placate the English, when it served their own ends. Wallace had become a nuisance to both his feudal superiors and the English.
Wallace was declared an outlaw, which meant his life was forfeit and that anyone could kill him without trial. He continued his resistance, but on August 3rd, 1305, he was captured at Robroyston, near Glasgow. His captor, Sir John Menteith, the 'false' Menteith, has gone down in Scottish legend as the betrayer of Wallace, but he acted as many others would have. Menteith was no English lackey, and in 1320 he put his seal to the Declaration of Arbroath.
Wallace was taken to Dumbarton castle, but quickly moved to London for a show trial in Westminster Hall. He was charged with two things – being an outlaw and being a traitor. No trial was required, but, by charging him as a traitor, Edward intended to destroy his reputation.
At his trial he had no lawyers and no jury, he even wasn't allowed to speak, but when he was accused of being a traitor, he denied it, saying he had never been Edward's subject in the first place. Inevitably he was found guilty and was taken for immediate execution – in a manner designed to symbolise his crimes.
The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player .
Wrapped in an ox hide to prevent him being ripped apart, thereby shortening the torture, he was dragged by horses four miles through London to Smithfield.
There he was hanged, as a murderer and thief, but cut down while still alive. Then he was mutilated, disembowelled and, being accused of treason, he was probably emasculated.
For the crimes of sacrilege to English monasteries, his heart, liver, lungs and entrails were cast upon a fire, and, finally, his head was chopped off. His carcase was then cut up into bits. His head was set on a pole on London Bridge, another part went to Newcastle, a district Wallace had destroyed in 1297–8, the rest went to Berwick, Perth and Stirling (or perhaps Aberdeen), as a warning to the Scots. Edward had destroyed the man, but had enhanced the myth.
Wallace became a martyr, the very symbol of Scotland's struggle for freedom. He entered the realm of folktale and legend. From Blind Harry's 'Wallace' to Mel Gibson's 'Braveheart', William Wallace continues to haunt the Scottish imagination with a vision of freedom.
More articles
| 13th |
What is the planned minimum price for a unit of alcohol in Scotland ? | Scottish History
You are here: Heritage | Timelines | William Wallace
William Wallace
He has a reputation as one of the greatest Scots heroes who ever lived - but the patriot Sir William Wallace may also have been the role model for one of England's greatest historical figures .
Some modern scholars believe that Wallace, whose fearless struggle for his country was immortalised in the film Braveheart, could well have provided the inspiration for the English folk hero Robin Hood.
Comparisons between the man who helped save Scotland from the English yoke and the folk hero of Sherwood Forest who robbed from the rich to give to the poor are uncanny.
For a start, both men were outlaws. Wallace is thought to have had a mistress called Marion, while Robin Hood's partner was called Maid Marion. And Robin had a follower called Friar Tuck, while one of William's retinue was a Benedictine monk called Edward Little.
Another intriguing comparison is that Robin Hood had a colleague called Little John. Wallace, who is reputed to have been six feet seven inches tall, is thought to have had a smaller brother called John, who may have been nicknamed "Little John" by the rest of the great man's followers.
One authority on the period says: "Thus comparison isn't fanciful. The story of Robin Hood could actually be the English making up their own version of William Wallace in order to claim their own hero. It could be the propaganda machine of English history at work."
Many historians are sceptical of the claim, though they do concede that there is no evidence that Robin Hood was a real figure, while we can prove that Wallace existed.
So what do we know about Scotland's great hero? We have plenty of evidence that he was a remarkable man and a great patriot, and that in his short 35-year life, he made a major contribution to Scotland's freedom and independence from England.
Wallace is believed to have been born around 1270 either at Elderslie in present-day Renfrewshire or at Ellerslie near Kilmarnock in Ayrshire . He is thought to have been the son of Sir Malcolm Wallace, a knight and small landowner in Renfrew.
As a boy, Wallace was sent to live with his uncle in Stirlingshire, who instilled him with stories about Scottish freedom and independence. Relations between England and Scotland had been amicable until Edward I took the English throne in 1272 and inaugurated 250 years of bitter hatred, savage warfare, and bloody border forays.
In 1286, when William was a boy, the Scots king Alexander III of Scotland, died. Many claimants to the throne arose, and the Scottish nobles foolishly requested Edward's arbitration. He cleverly compelled them all to recognise his overlordship of Scotland before pronouncing John Balliol king in 1292.
Balliol did homage and was crowned, but Edward's insistence on having the final say in Scottish cases eventually provoked the Scottish nobles to force Balliol to ally with France. Edward invaded and conquered Scotland in 1296, taking the Stone of Destiny on which Scottish kings were crowned to Westminster. Balliol abdicated, and Edward decided to rule the Scots himself.
This treatment, along with the outrages committed by English soldiers, infuriated Wallace, who decided to rise up along with a gang of supporters and take on the invaders. He was made an outlaw after stabbing to death the son of the governor of Dundee in 1291, and news of his bravery and exploits in ambushing English soldiers quickly spread across the country.
Wallace's first major act of resistance came when he sacked Lanark in 1297. He is said to have married his sweetheart, Marion Braidfute, who lived in the town and bore him a daughter. English forces attempted to seize him and when he escaped, they murdered Marion.
The death of his wife turned Wallace's campaign against the English from an act of national liberation into a hate-filled personal vendetta. He returned to Lanark, decapitated the sheriff with his sword, and set fire to the house. The town's population rose up and the entire English garrison was forced out.
Edward's troops on the run, Wallace stepped up the pressure. He put together an army of commoners and small landowners and attacked 500 English soldiers at Ayr. He then seized Glasgow and marched on Scone before moving north into the Western Highlands.
By this stage, Scotland's nobles were beginning to realise the power of this remarkable man, and they started to embrace his cause. Edward responded by sending 40,000 men north to try and sort the problem out. Wallace suffered a setback when many of the nobles deserted to the English near Irvine, but he was undaunted.
William succeeded in pushing the English south of the Forth, but Edward's army responded by trying to move north again. At the abbey of Cambuskenneth, the two sides finally met. The outnumbered Scots refused to negotiate with the English, saying they were there to prove that Scotland was free.
The result was that, on September 11 1297, the English army under John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, tried to push across a narrow bridge across the River Forth at Stirling Bridge. It was a poor piece of military judgement, and Wallace immediately capitalised on it.
Wallace, who had only 16,000 men, had two major advantages. Firstly, he commanded the high ground; and secondly, the bridge would only take horse riders two abreast. However, he also faced a dilemma. If he attacked too early, it would have left most of the English army unscathed on the other side of the river and in a position to counter attack. But if he attacked too late, most of the solders would have crossed and he would be hopelessly overwhelmed.
Wallace picked his moment carefully. As the army began to cross in numbers, his forces charged and secured the bridgehead. The English caught on the bridge panicked and fell and jumped into the water. Some of the English army, stunned by the ferocity of Wallace's charge, fled back across the bridge. The ones left behind on the north side were systematically butchered.
The battle lasted barely an hour. More than five thousand English had died while Wallace suffered only negligible losses. De Warenne beat a hasty retreat, harried by Wallace's forces as they moved south. It was a great victory, and led to Wallace being appointed Guardian of Scotland by a delighted Scottish nobility.
By the end of the month the English had been expelled totally from Scotland. Wallace then marched into England in search of booty, which he collected as far south as Newcastle, often showing the same brutality which the English forces had shown the Scots.
A furious Edward swore revenge and put together a massive army of 100,000 footmen and 8000 horsemen. Recognising the superiority of Edward's army, Wallace withdrew north. Unfortunately, his plans to surprise the English in a night attack were betrayed by two Scottish nobles. Edward immediately ordered his men to advance, until the two armies met at Falkirk.
Wallace's problems in being massively outnumbered were made infinitely worse when Comyn, the Lord of Badenoch who provided a large part of the Scots army, deserted the field with his men. It was a fight William could not win. The Scots army was utterly defeated, though Wallace himself slipped away from the battlefield, resigned the Guardianship and went to France to beg for help from the French.
Unable to gain support from Philip - and, it is now believed, from the Pope, as he either planned or actually made a trip to Rome during this time - Wallace returned to Scotland in 1303 and once again began harassing the English.
Since his departure for France, however, things at home had changed. Edward had now completely overwhelmed the Scots, and most nobles now submitted to him. Scotland had become a treacherous place for Wallace, especially since he was still public enemy number one as far as Edward was concerned and a bounty of 300 merks had been placed on his head.
Inevitably, he was betrayed. He was seized by a Scots baron, John Monteith, near Glasgow, taken to Dumbarton castle, and then moved to London under heavy guard. On 23 August 1305, he was tried for treason. In an impassioned statement, Wallace rejected this, point out he had never accepted Edward as king. "I cannot be a traitor", he said, "for I owe him no allegiance. He is not my sovereign; he never received my homage."
His resistance was futile. Wallace was found guilty, condemned, and immediately dragged on a cart through the streets of London to Smithfield. He was subjected to the most brutal of executions - hung until only half-dead, castrated, and then slit open while still alive to have his guts pulled out and burned in front of his eyes. Only then was he finally beheaded.
Even this was not the final ignominy. His head was placed on a pole on London Bridge, and his body cut into quarters and sent to Berwick, Newcastle, Perth and Aberdeen as warning to others. It was an inglorious end, but by then Wallace's place in history as one of the great men of Scotland had been assured.
Modern day historians agree that Wallace was one of the greatest Scots who ever lived. Geoffrey Barrow, Emeritus Professor of Scottish History at Edinburgh University and an expert on the period, says: "His one outstanding quality was his sense of single mindedness. He had one aim - to re-establish the independence of the kingdom - and he stuck to it."
And another Wallace expert, Professor Archie Duncan of Glasgow University, says: "He seems to have been a remarkable man. What is really interesting is that he seems to have been accepted as a leader despite his social class as the younger son of a relatively inconsequential family. You'd normally expect to find someone like that in the entourage of someone further up the social hierarchy."
Meanwhile...
1275 Marco Polo is at the court of Kublai Khan
1278 The glass mirror is invented
1282 Florence is Europe's leading trading and financial centre
1284 The "Pied Piper of Hamelin" rids the town of a plague of rats
1289 Block printing begins in Ravenna
1290 Spectacles are invented It was a quiet year
1295 Marco Polo returns to Italy
1297 The Moa, New Zealand's giant bird, is extinct
1298 The Mongols invade Delhi, India
1298 Work began on the building of Barcelona Cathedral
1300 Wenceslas II of Bohemia becomes King of Poland
1301 Edwrd II becomes the first Prince of Wales
1303 Rome University is founded
1280 Early Jewish Ghetto in Morocco.
1300 Decline of Anasazi, Mogollon and Hohokam in North America.
1260 Peak of Bohemian power and prosperity.
1308 Bohemia and Moravia become dominated by Germany.
1300 Popes lose political power.
1258 Mongols destroy the Abbasid Caliphate.
1279 The Mongols conquer southern China: Song period ends.
| i don't know |
In November, the 5,855,533rd and last machine to be made in a Ruabon factory was sent to The Science Museum. What was it ? | Oh Brother Where Art Thou… | Science Museum Blog
Oh Brother Where Art Thou…
By Rachel Boon |
20 November 2012
Clack clack clack clack… ping! The sound of a typewriter sweeping across the page, already becoming a faint memory, will soon fall silent as the mass manufacturing of this technology ends in the UK. Typewriters are iconic machines and have served as the tool of communication over the last 130 years. Whether it’s the legacy of the Beat generation of authors; William Burroughs or Jack Kerouac capturing post-war America on the page, or images of secretaries fiercely typing away, the typewriter has been indoctrinated into our historical and cultural heritage.
John Liffen, Curator of Communication at the Science Museum inspects the Brother CM-1000
The place which marked the end of UK typewriter production was Ruabon, at the Brother Factory set within the beautiful Welsh countryside. The factory’s 200 employees witnessed the final model of the Brother CM-1000 being packed into its box to a soundtrack of emotional sighs and cheers. This object is the 5,855,533rd of its type to be produced but the only one which has a place in the Science Museum collection. Brother have kindly donated this last British made typewriter to the Museum, which will be an invaluable addition to the 200 typewriters already in our collection.
Interestingly, the CM1000 (above left) shares a similar mechanism with another object in our collection, one of the earliest telegraph printers built by Sir Charles Wheatstone in the mid 19th century (above right). This latest addition to the collection will enable us to tell the story of how technology has evolved and been shaped by our communication needs.
| Typewriter |
How long does it takelight from the Sun to reach Pluto ? Is it 6 minutes, 6 hours or 6 days ? | UK Says Goodbye to the Trusty Typewriter
UK Says Goodbye to the Trusty Typewriter
Tweet
Share
LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM--(Marketwire - Nov 22, 2012) - The last typewriter to be produced in the UK has come off the production line at a factory in North Wales.
Brother''s CM1000 electronic typewriter will now take its place in history on display at the Science Museum in London. It is the 5,855,533rd typewriter to be produced in the factory since it opened in 1985.
The factory - owned by Brother International, a worldwide technology and electronics company which has its European and UK headquarters in Manchester, England producing a range of Brother printers as well as typewriters - will continue to be in operation.
Edward Bryan is one of Brother''s longest serving members of staff at the North Wales factory. He said: "I''ll be sad to see the end of the typewriter. I started working here in 1989 and have helped to make around 5.8million typewriters. But we have to move with the times, and so now we''re enjoying working on other office technologies and Brother''s recycling scheme for its used printer cartridges."
Phil Jones, UK country head of Brother said: "We made the decision to end production of the typewriter simply because office culture has changed so dramatically since we began back in 1985. Employees are now much more collaborative, for example, sharing work using cloud computing and interacting more face-to-face, which has become easier and quicker due to new technologies such as web conferencing. Our business now focuses on bringing these new technologies to our customers.
"However, despite all these changes, the typewriter does hold a special place in the hearts of some of our most loyal customers and staff. Because of this, and the typewriter''s importance in the history of business communication, we felt that giving it a home at the Science Museum would be a fitting tribute."
Rachel Boon, Assistant Curator of Technologies and Engineering at the Science Museum, London, said: "We''re excited to add the Brother CM1000 to our rich collection of typewriters. This object represents the end of typewriter manufacture in the UK, a technology which has developed over the last 130 years and has been important to so many lives. This model will enable us to tell the story of how technology has evolved in accordance with our communication needs. We''d like to thank Brother for the company''s kind donation, which will be an invaluable addition to over 200 typewriters in our collection."
10 Facts about Brother Typewriters
The Brother factory opened in Wrexham, North Wales in July 1985. In 1987, a further site was opened in nearby Ruabon. It is this site in Ruabon that is still in operation today.
Brother has produced a massive 5,855,533 typewriters since the factory opened.
Electronic typewriters continue to have a place in the markets of other countries, notably in the U.S, which Brother International supplies from its factory in Malaysia.
3,000 members of staff have worked on the production line of the electronic typewriters since July 1985.
At its peak in the early 90''s, the factory was producing up to 2,500 typewriters per day with 300 staff.
As we moved into the Millennium, production was reduced to around 800 units per day with 30 line staff as Brother turned its attention to more modern technologies.
Brother has produced 13 different typewriter models since 1985.
In 1992 Brother sponsored the Winter Olympic Games by providing typewriters for journalists to use. Brother sent a small team to Albertville, France to provide technical support to the media.
In 1989 Prince Charles attended the official opening of the Wrexham Technology Park. Brother was one of the very first facilities on the Technology Park with the factory open in 1986 (production had started in temporary facilities on the site in 1985).
Brother continues to provide innovative solutions for business communication - as well as mobile printing solutions and software to enable employees to print from smartphones, it has recently launched ''OmniJoin'', a sophisticated web conferencing solution.
Note to editors -
Brother UK Ltd. is a member of the Brother Group of Nagoya, Japan. Based in Manchester, Brother UK provide a wide product portfolio which includes including, colour & mono laser Printers, Fax Machines, all in one printers , Multi-Function Centres, Word Processors, Typewriters, Labelling Machines, Sewing Machines.
Reblog
| i don't know |
How many times per second does mains electricity change from positive to negative ? | BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Direct current and alternating current
Direct current and alternating current
You should know the differences between direct current (d.c.) and alternating current (a.c.) electrical supplies.
Direct current
Direct current
If the current [current: Moving electric charges, for example, electrons moving through a metal wire. ] flows in only one direction it is called direct current, or d.c. Batteries and cells supply d.c. electricity, with a typical battery supplying maybe 1.5V. The diagram shows an oscilloscope screen displaying the signal from a d.c. supply.
Alternating current
Alternating current
If the current constantly changes direction, it is called alternating current, or a.c.. Mains electricity is an a.c. supply, with the UK mains supply being about 230V. It has a frequency [frequency: The number of repetitions per second of a wave. The unit of frequency is the hertz, 'Hz'. ] of 50Hz (50 hertz), which means it changes direction, and back again, 50 times a second. The diagram shows an oscilloscope screen displaying the signal from an a.c. supply.
Alternating current - higher
Alternating current
The potential difference of the live terminal varies between a large positive value and a large negative value. However, the neutral terminal is at a potential difference close to earth, which is zero. The diagram shows an oscilloscope screen displaying the signals from the mains supply. The red trace is the live terminal and the blue trace the neutral terminal. Note that, although the mean voltage of the mains supply is about 230V, the peak voltage is higher.
Now try a Test Bite - foundation
Page:
| fifty |
In the Radio quiz Just a Minute, contestants must talk for a minute without repetition, hesitation and .. what else ? | Understanding How Transformers Work
For Hot Wire Foam Cutter Power Supplies
How Transformers Work
There are many sizes, shapes and configurations of transformers from tiny to gigantic like those used in power transmission. Some come with stubbed out wires, others with screw or spade terminals, some made for mounting in PC boards, others for being screwed or bolted down.
Transformers are composed of a laminated iron core with one or more windings of wire. They are called transformers because they transform voltage and current from one level to another. An alternating current flowing through one coil of wire, the primary, induces a voltage in one or more other coils of wire, the secondary coils. It is the changing voltage of AC current that induces voltage in the other coils through the changing magnetic field. DC voltage such as from a battery or DC power supply will not work in a transformer. Only AC makes a transformer work. The magnetic field flows through the iron core. The faster the voltage changes, the higher the frequency.
The lower the frequency, the more iron is required in the core for the efficient transfer of power. In the USA, the line frequency is 60 Hertz with a nominal voltage of 110 volts. Other countries use 50 Hertz, 220 volts. Transformers made for 50 Hertz must be a little heavier than ones made for 60 Hertz because they must have more iron in the core. Line voltage can vary a little and usually runs between 110 volts and 120 volts or between 220 and 240 volts depending on country or power connections. A house in the USA has 220 volts coming in but is split to two legs of 110V by grounding the center tap (see configuration section below)
The ratio of input voltage to output voltage is equal to the ratio of turns of wire around the core on the input side to the output side. A coil of wire on the input side is called the primary and on the output side is called the secondary. There can be multiple primary and secondary coils. The current ratio is opposite the voltage ratio. When the output voltage is lower than the input voltage, the output current will be higher than the input current. If there are 10 times the number of turns of wire on the primary than the secondary and you put 120 volts on the primary, you will get 12 volts out on the secondary. If you pull 2 amps out from the secondary, you will only be using 0.2 amps or 200 milliamps going into the primary.
Transformers can be built so they have the same number of windings on primary and secondary or different numbers of windings on each. If they are the same, the input and output voltage are the same and the transformer is just used for isolation so there is no direct electrical connection (they are only linked through the common magnetic field). If there are more windings on the primary side than the secondary side, then it is a step down transformer. If there are more windings on the seconday side, then it is a step up transformer.
A transformer can actually be used in reverse and will work fine. For example, if you have a step up transformer built for transforming 120 volts to 240 volts, you can also use it for a step down transformer by putting 240 volts into the secondary side and you will get 120 volts on the primary side. Effectively, the secondary becomes the primary and vice versa.
Transformer Power Ratings
Voltage is measured in volts, current is measured in amps, and the unit of measure for power is watts. Watts is equal to the volts times the amps. There is a little loss of power in a transformer due to the combination of resistance and reactance. Reactance is similar to resistance except it is the resistance to an AC current or more technically, the resistance to change in a change in current due to the change in the field created. This heat is what limits the amount of current or power a transformer can handle. The higher the current, the more heat is produced. When the wires get too hot, the insulation breaks down and shorts with adjacent wires which causes more heat which eventually melts wires and ruins the transformer.
A basic transformer has no additional components and so nothing to protect it from overloading. If you were to connect the two output wires directly together, that will constitute a short circuit and cause far too much current to flow in both the primary and secondary and you will burn out the transformer. In the same way, if you use the transformer to power a hot wire foam cutter and you are using a wire with too little resistance for your foam cutter, you will burn out your transformer if you don't have it protected by a proper value fuse or breaker. You have to make sure that the wire resistance, in other words, the gage or diameter, and the length is correct to limit the amount of current to under the rating of the transformer.
The higher the current, the larger the wires need to be that carry that current. When the wires are larger, there is less resistance and so less heat. The power that is changed to heat and lost can be calculated as P=I2R. That means that if you double the current, the power lost to heat increases by four times. If the transformer is a step down transformer, then there will be more current on the output and so the wire in the secondary windings will be heavier than the primary. The reverse is true for a step up transformer.
A transformer may be rated in Amps, Volt-Amps (VA), or Watts (W). For small transformers, VA and Watts are the same thing for all practical purposes. In large industrial transformers, power factors get involved and the two can be different. If the transformer is rated in amps, it usually says X amps at X volts and is rated on the output or secondary side. A 120V transformer with 24V out rated at 2 amps means that you can only safely pull 2 amps from the secondary side. You can find the power rating of the transformer by multiplying the rated amps times the output voltage so 2 X 24 = 48 watts.
If the transformer is rated in VA or watts, you can calculate the maximum allowable output current by dividing the VA or watts by the output voltage. So if the transformer is rated at 48 VA with 24 volts output, the allowable output current is 48 / 24 = 2 amps.
Transformer Configurations
A 120 volt transformer with two wires in and two wires out is very simple. You hook up the two wires on the primary side, the 120V side, to a wall outlet and your output voltage is on the two wires coming from the secondary side.
When a transformer is shown in an electronic circuit, it is shown as a diagram like shown here. The parallel lines represent the laminated iron core, the curved lines represent the primary and secondary windings, the circles represent the terminations whether terminals or short wires.
Center Tap
A common configuration is a center tap or CT. The secondary side has three wires out. The middle wire on the output side is attached to the secondary coil, usually at the middle. If the winding ratio is 5 to 1, then with 120V input, you get 24 volts output on the two outside wires but if you connect an outside wire and the center wire, you get 12 volts because you are using only half the secondary winding making the connection a 10 to 1 ratio. If the transformer is rated at 2 amps, you still can only use 2 amps output whether you use 12 volts or 24 volts. Often the center tap is grounded so you then have two 12 volt sources that can be used to make + and - 12V DC after running through a converter (rectifier and filter).
Dual Output
The dual output configuration is similar to the center tap except that instead of connecting a wire to the center of the coil, the coil is separated into two separate coils with wires with terminals or wires coming out from both ends of both coils so four wires come out of the secondary side instead of three.
If the transformer is a 110V input with two 12V outputs, you can connect the two secondary coils in series to get 24 volts out, or you can connect them in parallel to get 12V out. You have to be careful to connect the right ends of the two secondary coils in both the series and in the parallel connections. If you reverse the connections, you will get 0 volts out because the two voltages will cancel each other out.
If the transformer is rated at 48VA, then you can use up to 2 amps out for the 24 volt connection which is no different than the center tap or single 24V output configuration. However, when connected in parallel, you get 12 volts out but double the output current available so you can get 4 amps out. You get the full 48VA output where with the center tap 12V output, you can only get half the rated output or 24VA. This is an advantage in hot wire foam cutters because you have a wider range of wire diameters and lengths depending on whether you connect the outputs in parallel or series. The series and parallel connections are shown below.
Dual Input
The dual input transformer is often used to make the transformer able to be used in both countries with 120V line voltage and 240V line voltage. The primary is separated into two separate windings with terminals at each end of both windings so there are four wires or terminals on the primary side.
To use it with 110 volts input, the two primary windings are connected in parallel as in the left diagram below. Care must be taken to connect the correct ends together. If they are reversed, the fields cancel each other out because the fields generated by each section of the primary are opposite. Normally, terminals are labeled with numbers or letters and a diagram is provided on the transformer or in an accompanying data sheet showing how the connections must be made for 110V and 220V.
If the transformer is to be connected to a 220V supply, then the two coils are connected in series and again, care must be taken to connect the correct terminations together. Parallel connections for 110V and series connections for 220V is shown below.
Dual Input and Output
And of course, you can have both a dual input and a dual output so you have four wires in and four wires out which gives even more flexibility to the use of the transformer.
Some specialized transformers may have several secondary taps or several secondary windings to provide different voltages and they need not be even numbers. A transformer could have a 3V, 5V, 12V, and 24 volt output for example.
Autotransformers (Variac)
An autotransformer is often referred to as a Variac which is actually one company's trade name for their autotransformer. It has a continuous output voltage from zero to a little over the input value. It works similar to a potentiometer or rheostat except the change in the voltage is due to the field change rather than resistance. Another difference is that a potentiometer or rheostat is very inefficient because it converts the current flowing through it to heat (Watts = Amps X Volts). As in all transformers, the resistance is low so the amount of heat generated is much less and so much more efficient at transforming voltage
An autotransformer has only one winding which serves as both the primary and the secondary winding. Because there is only one winding, there is no electrical isolation between the input and the output but if isolation is not required, then it provides an alternative to multiple winding transformers in some situations.
This transformer has the input wires connected to one end of the winding and the other a little ways from the other end. The secondary is connected the same point as the input side that is on the end. The other secondary connection is to a wiper that rides on the top of the windings where the insulation has been removed so the wiper can make contact with the windings at any point on one surface. The wiper is connected to a knob on the top of the autotransformer so a person can turn the knob to get the voltage they want. Because one primary wire is connected a ways from the end of the winding, the wiper can go past that point and so provide a voltage higher than the input, typically a 110V output can go up to around 130V on the secondary side.
Because the autotransformer has only one winding, there is only one wire size and so the maximum input current is also the maximum output current. If a 110 Volt autotransformer is rated at 10 amps, then the maximum output current is 10 amps regardless of the voltage. If it is rated in Watts or VA, then the amps is calculated by dividing the Watts or VA by the rated input voltage.
The autotransformer is a good alternative to a step down transformer when the range of desired voltages is on the high end or the whole range of voltages is needed but becomes more expensive if the range is on the low end because you have a lot of unused windings. A step down transformer is more economical.
For hot wire foam cutting, an autotransformer is much more expensive than step down transformers in most applications. If the voltage required is more than 24 volts, then an autotransformer might be considered.
Phases and connecting multiple windings
For simplicity's sake, I have not mentioned phase but when connecting two or more windings together, the phase becomes very important. AC current is a sine wave and the voltage changes from positive to negative and back in a sinusoidal rhythm many times per second. How often the voltage changes is called frequency and used to be called cycles per second but is now called Hertz (abbreviated Hz). Household current in the USA and some other countries is 60 Hz, in other countries is 50 Hz. When talking about two wave forms such as you have in two windings, the relationship between the two sine waves is the phase. If the sine waves line up, they are in phase, if the positive peak of one wave lines up with the negative peak of the other wave, the two waves are 180� out of phase. The phase between one end of a coil and the other are also 180� out of phase. When one end is at the positive peak, the other end will be on the opposite peak. Since there must be a difference in voltage between two points for current to flow, the two ends of the winding must be opposite voltage at any point in time.
The phase difference between two windings depends on the direction of windings and how they are connected so in electrical schematics a dot at one end of the winding indicates the beginning of that winding. For simplicity's sake, I have left the dots off the schematics in this article. However, when connecting two coils together, it is very important to connect them correctly.
For a series connection you must connect the end of one winding to the start of the other winding (windings for multiple coils are always wound in the same direction). If you connect the start of one winding to the end of the other winding in a series connection, the fields will cancel out and you will get zero output. This will not hurt the transformer but you will get no output voltage.
When connecting two windings in parallel, you must connect the start of one winding to the start of the other winding and the two ends of the windings together. In a parallel connection, connecting the wires in reverse will burn up your transformer if not properly protected (proper current rating) by a fuse or circuit breaker. Be very careful when connecting two coils together.
Further reading
This has basically just been an overview for a layperson. Although physically a transformer is a fairly simple device with few parts, how it actually works is pretty complicated. I recommend Rod Elliot's excellent articles if you are interested in understanding them better:
| i don't know |
Which gas constitutes the majority of the mass in the four giant planets of the Solar System ? | The Gas Giants
Copyright © Michael Richmond. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License .
The Gas Giants
Today we look at the second major group of large bodies in our Solar System: the gas giants. We'll take them in the usual order, following their distance from the Sun.
Gallery of the gas giants
The first thing about the gas giants is that they live far, far from the Sun.
As a result, during the formation of the Solar System, these planets retained most of the gas and volatiles which comprised the majority of the proto-solar nebula. They all have very, very extended, thick atmospheres, dominated by hydrogen and its compounds.
As a result, they are much more massive and larger than the terrestial bodies.
On the other hand, since they are mostly gaseous, their densities are quite a bit lower than those of the terrestrial bodies.
planet radius mass (km) (kg) -------------------------------------------- Jupiter 71,494 1.90 x 10^(27) Saturn 60,330 5.69 x 10^(26) Uranus 25,559 8.69 x 10^(25) Neptune 24,750 1.03 x 10^(26) --------------------------------------------- Q: Which of the gas giants would float if you could find a bathtub big enough to hold it?
Jupiter
Jupiter is by far the most massive of the planets. It is more than twice as massive as all the other planets put together; even so, it is only about 1/1000 the mass of the Sun.
The most prominent features of Jupiter in the visible are the patterns in its clouds. We call the dark ones belts and the bright ones zones.
An infrared picture of Jupiter (on the left below) shows variations in the temperature of its atmosphere: bright areas are warm and dark areas are cold. If we compare the view of Jupiter in the infrared to the visible, we see that the belts are warmer than the zones. We believe that heat from the interior of the planet warms gas, which rises up in the belts, cools off, then falls back down through the zones to the interior again.
Scientists are still trying to understand the "weather" on Jupiter. On Earth, the energy which drives winds and fronts comes from the outside -- from the Sun. But on Jupiter, it appears that the dominant force of energy input to the atmosphere comes from the inside -- from residual heat left over from the planet's formation, four and a half billion years ago, which is slowly leaking outwards.
The gas in adjacent zones and belts moves at slightly different speeds, causing all sorts of interesting eddies and vortices at their interfaces.
The largest of these is a gigantic cyclonic storm called The Great Red Spot, which has been visible in the planet's atmosphere for over three hundred years. You can't tell in this monochrome image taken by the Galileo spacecraft,
but it really does look red; a rather pastel shade, more like salmon than fire-engine red.
I mentioned in yesterday's lecture that Jupiter has a very strong magnetic field. The magnetic field traps charged particles and forces them towards the magnetic poles of the planet. When they strike the atmosphere near the poles, they create aurorae -- just like the ones on Earth. The glow produced by the collision of charged particles with the atmosphere is best seen in the ultraviolet, as these HST images show.
Saturn is perhaps the prettiest planet of all, thanks to its rings (though we will see later that it is not the ONLY planet with rings...)
Its cloudtops seem rather bland compared to the colorful patterns one can see on Jupiter.
If you take pictures through a set of different filters and then push the contrast, you can see that Saturn does still have atmospheric bands somewhat like those of Jupiter.
They are much weaker, though, for several reasons:
Saturn's interior releases less heat than Jupiter's
the lower overall temperatures at the cloudtops (very roughly -180 Celsius, versus roughly -150 Celsius for Jupiter) mean fewer molecular species are present; and one of the prominent gases, methane, forms a somewhat opaque haze
Like Jupiter and the Earth, Saturn has a magnetic field strong enough to cause aurorae near its poles:
Uranus
At first glance, the planet Uranus may appear, well, boring:
But Uranus does have its intriguing aspects. For example, if you examine the motions of its moons, and increase the contrast in images of the planet itself, you find that it seems to be "lying on its side":
Uranus' axis of rotation is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, like all the other planets; instead, the axis of rotation lies almost exactly in the plane of the orbit.
We are pretty sure that when Uranus was forming in the proto-solar nebula, it originally spun in the usual way, with an axis perpendicular to the plane of the orbit. How did Uranus end up this way? We don't know. One explanation is that several planet-sized bodies formed from the material in the proto-planetary disk at the rough location of Uranus, then merged to form the current planet. If one of the last collisions occured off-center, it might have tipped the axis of rotation in a major way (but that collision didn't happen recently ).
The temperature of Uranus' cloudtops -- about -200 Celsius -- is even colder than that of Saturn's upper layers, which are a relatively balmy -180 Celsius. As a result, an even thicker methane haze covers the planet, hiding details of the atmosphere. Taking pictures in the near-infrared, like this one with the HST NICMOS instrument, does reveal some belts and a few cloud features.
Neptune
In many ways, Neptune is a twin of Uranus.
Its big, blue atmosphere (from which its name derives) seems at first glance relatively featureless. The blue color is due to the very thick methane haze in the upper atmosphere: it absorbs long wavelengths of light more strongly than short ones, so that the little light reflected from the planet is mostly blue.
However, one can use filters and a bit of image processing to enhance the faint features. These images taken by HST show a gradual increase in atmospheric activity as Neptune's southern hemisphere slowly tilts towards the Sun.
When the Voyager 2 spacecraft zipped past Neptune in 1989, it discovered a large cyclonic storm system reminiscent of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. Scientists call this the "Great Dark Spot."
There are also less dramatic clouds scattered across the disk of Neptune:
Rings around the gas giants
You all know that Saturn is surrounded by rings ... but did you know that it is not the only one? In fact, ALL the gas giants have rings systems of some sort.
The rings around Jupiter were first detected in this image taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1979. The exposure time was very long -- over 11 minutes! -- in order to search for very faint ring features. Due to the motion of the spacecraft during the exposures, stars in the background appear to be jiggly trails.
Later images taken by Voyager 2 and (as below) Galileo show more detail.
The rings of Uranus were discovered by accident in 1977, as astronomers interested in the ATMOSPHERE of the planet prepared to watch Uranus pass in front of a star.
As this Voyager image shows, the Uranian rings are narrow and sparse compared to Saturn's rings.
There was some evidence from stellar occultations in the 1980s that Neptune might also have rings, but it seemed a bit flakey: sometimes a star would blink out for a moment as if there were a ring on one side of the planet, but then it might not blink out again as it passed behind the other side of the planet. Huh?
It wasn't until the Voyager 2 spacecraft visited Neptune in 1989 that the rings were confirmed beyond a doubt. As you can see, they are very skimpy.
It turns out that some of the rings around Neptune are incomplete: they are really arcs, not rings. That is why some of the occulation data didn't look right.
We'll look at the dynamics of rings, and at their origin, in a future lecture.
For more information
The Nine Planets is THE place to go for more information on bodies in the Solar System.
The Celestia software package made some of the pretty pictures in today's lecture.
JPL's Planetary Photojournal provides great pictures from its spacecraft, plus short descriptions written by scientists.
| Hydrogen |
"Which Cornish engineer demonstrated one of the first steam locomotives called ""Catch Me If You Can"" giving rides on a circular track near Bloomsbury in 1808 ?" | Wiki: Solar System - upcScavenger
upcScavenger
upcScavenger » Featured Article » Wiki: Solar System
Tag
(15) Media
The Solar System
Capitalization of the name varies. The International Astronomical Union, the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature, specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects, but uses mixed "Solar System" and "solar system" in their naming guidelines document . The name is commonly rendered in lower case (" solar system"), as, for example, in the Oxford English Dictionary and system Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary .
is the gravity bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly.
The natural satellites (moons) orbiting the Solar System's planets are an example of the latter.
Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the ,
Historically, several other bodies were once considered planets, including, from its discovery in 1930 until 2006, Pluto . See Former planets.
with the remainder being significantly smaller objects, such as and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly, the moons, two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury.
The two moons larger than Mercury are Ganymede, which orbits Jupiter , and Titan, which orbits Saturn . Although bigger than Mercury, both moons have less than half the mass of Mercury.
The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud . The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with most of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter . The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus , Earth and Mars , are terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are , being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn , are , being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium ; the two outermost planets, Uranus and Neptune , are , being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called volatiles , such as water, ammonia and methane . All planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic .
The Solar System also contains smaller objects. The asteroid belt , which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, mostly contains objects composed, like the terrestrial planets, of rock and metal. Beyond Neptune's orbit lie the Kuiper belt and scattered disc , which are populations of trans-Neptunian objects composed mostly of ices, and beyond them a newly discovered population of . Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough that they have been rounded by their own gravity.
"Today we know of more than a dozen dwarf planets in the solar system". The PI's Perspective
Such objects are categorized as . Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid Ceres and the trans-Neptunian objects Pluto and Eris.
In addition to these two regions, various other small-body populations, including , centaurs and interplanetary dust clouds, freely travel between regions. Six of the planets, at least four of the dwarf planets, and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by natural satellites,
See List of natural satellites of the Solar System for the full list of natural satellites of the eight planets and first five dwarf planets
usually termed "moons" after the Moon . Each of the outer planets is encircled by of dust and other small objects.
The solar wind , a stream of charged particles flowing outwards from the Sun, creates a bubble-like region in the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere . The heliopause is the point at which pressure from the solar wind is equal to the opposing pressure of the interstellar medium; it extends out to the edge of the scattered disc . The Oort cloud , which is thought to be the source for long-period comets, may also exist at a distance roughly a thousand times further than the heliosphere. The Solar System is located in the Orion Arm , 26,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way .
Discovery and exploration
For most of history, humanity did not recognize or understand the concept of the Solar System. Most people up to the Late Middle Ages– Renaissance believed Earth to be stationary at the centre of the universe and categorically different from the divine or ethereal objects that moved through the sky. Although the Ancient Greece philosopher Aristarchus of Samos had speculated on a heliocentric reordering of the cosmos, Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to develop a mathematically predictive heliocentric system.
Friedel Weinert
(2017). 9781405181839, Wiley-Blackwell . ISBN 9781405181839
In the 17th century, Galileo Galilei , Johannes Kepler , and Isaac Newton developed an understanding of physics that led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that governed Earth. The invention of the telescope led to the discovery of further planets and moons. Improvements in the telescope and the use of unmanned spacecraft have enabled the investigation of geological phenomena, such as mountains , Impact crater , seasonal meteorological phenomena, such as clouds , dust storms and ice caps on the other planets.
Structure and composition
The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun, a G2 main-sequence star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitationally.
The Sun's four largest orbiting bodies, the , account for 99% of the remaining mass, with Jupiter and Saturn together comprising more than 90%. The remaining objects of the Solar System (including the four terrestrial planets, the , moons, , and ) together comprise less than 0.002% of the Solar System's total mass.
Most large objects in orbit around the Sun lie near the plane of Earth's orbit, known as the ecliptic . The planets are very close to the ecliptic, whereas comets and Kuiper belt objects are frequently at significantly greater angles to it.
All the planets, and most other objects, orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating (counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole).
There are exceptions, such as Halley's Comet.
The overall structure of the charted regions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by the Kuiper belt of mostly icy objects. Astronomers sometimes informally divide this structure into separate regions. The inner Solar System includes the four terrestrial planets and the asteroid belt. The outer Solar System is beyond the asteroids, including the four giant planets.
Since the discovery of the Kuiper belt, the outermost parts of the Solar System are considered a distinct region consisting of the objects beyond Neptune.
Most of the planets in the Solar System have secondary systems of their own, being orbited by planetary objects called natural satellites, or moons (two of which, Titan and Ganymede, are larger than the planet Mercury), and, in the case of the four giant planets, by , thin bands of tiny particles that orbit them in unison. Most of the largest natural satellites are in synchronous rotation, with one face permanently turned toward their parent.
Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the orbits of objects about the Sun. Following Kepler's laws, each object travels along an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. Objects closer to the Sun (with smaller semi-major axis ) travel more quickly because they are more affected by the Sun's gravity. On an elliptical orbit, a body's distance from the Sun varies over the course of its year. A body's closest approach to the Sun is called its perihelion , whereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its aphelion . The orbits of the planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects follow highly elliptical orbits. The positions of the bodies in the Solar System can be predicted using numerical models.
Although the Sun dominates the system by mass, it accounts for only about 2% of the angular momentum .
The planets, dominated by Jupiter, account for most of the rest of the angular momentum due to the combination of their mass, orbit, and distance from the Sun, with a possibly significant contribution from comets.
The Sun, which comprises nearly all the matter in the Solar System, is composed of roughly 98% hydrogen and helium.
, citing
Jupiter and Saturn , which comprise nearly all the remaining matter, are also primarily composed of hydrogen and helium.
A composition gradient exists in the Solar System, created by heat and light pressure from the Sun; those objects closer to the Sun, which are more affected by heat and light pressure, are composed of elements with high melting points. Objects farther from the Sun are composed largely of materials with lower melting points.
(2017). 9780120885893, Academic Press. ISBN 9780120885893
The boundary in the Solar System beyond which those volatile substances could condense is known as the frost line, and it lies at roughly 5 AU from the Sun.
The objects of the inner Solar System are composed mostly of rock,
the collective name for compounds with high melting points, such as silicates , iron or nickel, that remained solid under almost all conditions in the protoplanetary nebula.
Jupiter and Saturn are composed mainly of gases, the astronomical term for materials with extremely low melting points and high vapour pressure , such as hydrogen , helium , and neon , which were always in the gaseous phase in the nebula.
(2017). 9780521800907, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521800907
Together, gases and ices are referred to as volatiles .
Kevin W. Placxo
Distances and scales
The distance from Earth to the Sun is , or AU. For comparison, the radius of the Sun is . Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001% (10−5 %) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth's orbit, whereas Earth's volume is roughly one millionth (10−6) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is from the Sun and has a radius of , whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is from the Sun.
With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearer object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a relationship between these orbital distances (for example, the Titius–Bode law),
but no such theory has been accepted. The images at the beginning of this section show the orbits of the various constituents of the Solar System on different scales.
Some Solar System models attempt to convey the relative scales involved in the Solar System on human terms. Some are small in scale (and may be mechanical—called Orrery )—whereas others extend across cities or regional areas.
The largest such scale model, the Sweden Solar System, uses the 110-metre (361-ft) Ericsson Globe in Stockholm as its substitute Sun, and, following the scale, Jupiter is a 7.5-metre (25-foot) sphere at Arlanda International Airport, 40 km (25 mi) away, whereas the farthest current object, Sedna, is a 10-cm (4-in) sphere in Luleå, 912 km (567 mi) away.
If the Sun–Neptune distance is scaled to 100 metres, then the Sun would be about 3 cm in diameter (roughly two-thirds the diameter of a golf ball), the giant planets would be all smaller than about 3 mm, and Earth's diameter along with that of the other terrestrial planets would be smaller than a flea (0.3 mm) at this scale.
See, for example,
Formation and evolution
The Solar System formed 4.568 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud .
The date is based on the oldest inclusions found to date in , million years, and is thought to be the date of the formation of the first solid material in the collapsing nebula.
This initial cloud was likely several light-years across and probably birthed several stars.
As is typical of molecular clouds, this one consisted mostly of hydrogen, with some helium, and small amounts of heavier elements fused by previous generations of stars. As the region that would become the Solar System, known as the solar nebula ,
collapsed, conservation of angular momentum caused it to rotate faster. The centre, where most of the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the surrounding disc.
As the contracting nebula rotated faster, it began to flatten into a protoplanetary disc with a diameter of roughly 200 AU
and a hot, dense protostar at the centre.
The planets formed by accretion from this disc,
in which dust and gas gravitationally attracted each other, coalescing to form ever larger bodies. Hundreds of protoplanets may have existed in the early Solar System, but they either merged or were destroyed, leaving the planets, dwarf planets, and leftover minor bodies.
Due to their higher boiling points, only metals and silicates could exist in solid form in the warm inner Solar System close to the Sun, and these would eventually form the rocky planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Because metallic elements only comprised a very small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. The giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out, beyond the frost line, the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt , Kuiper belt , and Oort cloud . The Nice model is an explanation for the creation of these regions and how the outer planets could have formed in different positions and migrated to their current orbits through various gravitational interactions.
Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the centre of the protostar became great enough for it to begin nuclear fusion .
The temperature, reaction rate, pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved: the thermal pressure equalled the force of gravity. At this point, the Sun became a main sequence star.
The main-sequence phase, from beginning to end, will last about 10 billion years for the Sun compared to around two billion years for all other phases of the Sun's pre- stellar remnant life combined.
Solar wind from the Sun created the heliosphere and swept away the remaining gas and dust from the protoplanetary disc into interstellar space, ending the planetary formation process. The Sun is growing brighter; early in its main-sequence life its brightness was 70% that of what it is today.
The Solar System will remain roughly as we know it today until the hydrogen in the core of the Sun has been entirely converted to helium, which will occur roughly 5 billion years from now. This will mark the end of the Sun's main-sequence life. At this time, the core of the Sun will collapse, and the energy output will be much greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun will become a red giant . Because of its vastly increased surface area, the surface of the Sun will be considerably cooler (2,600 K at its coolest) than it is on the main sequence.
The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and Venus and render Earth uninhabitable as the habitable zone moves out to the orbit of Mars. Eventually, the core will be hot enough for helium fusion; the Sun will burn helium for a fraction of the time it burned hydrogen in the core. The Sun is not massive enough to commence the fusion of heavier elements, and nuclear reactions in the core will dwindle. Its outer layers will move away into space, leaving a white dwarf , an extraordinarily dense object, half the original mass of the Sun but only the size of Earth.
The ejected outer layers will form what is known as a planetary nebula , returning some of the material that formed the Sun—but now enriched with metallicity like carbon—to the interstellar medium.
This releases an enormous amount of energy , mostly radiant energy into outer space as electromagnetic radiation peaking in visible light .
The Sun is a G2-type main-sequence star. Hotter main-sequence stars are more luminous. The Sun's temperature is intermediate between that of the hottest stars and that of the coolest stars. Stars brighter and hotter than the Sun are rare, whereas substantially dimmer and cooler stars, known as , make up 85% of the stars in the Milky Way.
The Sun is a population I star; it has a higher abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium (" metallicity " in astronomical parlance) than the older population II stars.
Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were formed in the cores of ancient and exploding stars, so the first generation of stars had to die before the Universe could be enriched with these atoms. The oldest stars contain few metals, whereas stars born later have more. This high metallicity is thought to have been crucial to the Sun's development of a planetary system because the planets form from the accretion of "metals".
Interplanetary medium
The vast majority of the Solar System consists of a near- vacuum known as the interplanetary medium. Along with Sunlight , the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a plasma) known as the solar wind . This stream of particles spreads outwards at roughly 1.5 million kilometres per hour,
creating a tenuous atmosphere that permeates the interplanetary medium out to at least 100 AU (see ).
Activity on the Sun's surface, such as and coronal mass ejections, disturb the heliosphere, creating space weather and causing geomagnetic storms.
The largest structure within the heliosphere is the heliospheric current sheet, a spiral form created by the actions of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the interplanetary medium.
Earth's magnetic field stops its atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind.
Venus and Mars do not have magnetic fields, and as a result the solar wind is causing their atmospheres to gradually bleed away into space.
Coronal mass ejections and similar events blow a magnetic field and huge quantities of material from the surface of the Sun. The interaction of this magnetic field and material with Earth's magnetic field funnels charged particles into Earth's upper atmosphere, where its interactions create aurorae seen near the magnetic poles.
The heliosphere and planetary magnetic fields (for those planets that have them) partially shield the Solar System from high-energy interstellar particles called . The density of cosmic rays in the interstellar medium and the strength of the Sun's magnetic field change on very long timescales, so the level of cosmic-ray penetration in the Solar System varies, though by how much is unknown.
The interplanetary medium is home to at least two disc-like regions of cosmic dust . The first, the zodiacal dust cloud, lies in the inner Solar System and causes the zodiacal light . It was likely formed by collisions within the asteroid belt brought on by gravitational interactions with the planets.
The second dust cloud extends from about 10 AU to about 40 AU, and was probably created by similar collisions within the Kuiper belt .
Inner Solar System
The inner Solar System is the region comprising the terrestrial planets and the asteroid belt.
Composed mainly of and metals, the objects of the inner Solar System are relatively close to the Sun; the radius of this entire region is less than the distance between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. This region is also within the frost line, which is a little less than 5 AU (about 700 million km) from the Sun.
Inner planets
The four terrestrial or inner planets have dense, rocky compositions, few or no moons, and no planetary ring . They are composed largely of refractory minerals, such as the , which form their crusts and mantles, and metals, such as iron and nickel , which form their planetary core . Three of the four inner planets (Venus, Earth and Mars) have substantial enough to generate weather ; all have and tectonics surface features, such as and . The term inner planet should not be confused with inferior planet , which designates those planets that are closer to the Sun than Earth is (i.e. Mercury and Venus).
Centaurs
The centaurs are icy comet-like bodies whose orbits have semi-major axes greater than Jupiter's (5.5 AU) and less than Neptune's (30 AU). The largest known centaur, 10199 Chariklo, has a diameter of about 250 km.
The first centaur discovered, 2060 Chiron, has also been classified as comet (95P) because it develops a coma just as comets do when they approach the Sun.
Comets
Comets are small Solar System bodies,
typically only a few kilometres across, composed largely of volatile ices. They have highly eccentric orbits, generally a perihelion within the orbits of the inner planets and an aphelion far beyond Pluto. When a comet enters the inner Solar System, its proximity to the Sun causes its icy surface to sublimate and , creating a coma: a long tail of gas and dust often visible to the naked eye.
Short-period comets have orbits lasting less than two hundred years. Long-period comets have orbits lasting thousands of years. Short-period comets are thought to originate in the Kuiper belt, whereas long-period comets, such as Hale–Bopp, are thought to originate in the Oort cloud. Many comet groups, such as the Kreutz Sungrazers, formed from the breakup of a single parent.
Some comets with hyperbolic orbits may originate outside the Solar System, but determining their precise orbits is difficult.
Old comets that have had most of their volatiles driven out by solar warming are often categorised as asteroids.
Trans-Neptunian region
Beyond the orbit of Neptune lies the area of the "trans-Neptunian region", with the doughnut-shaped Kuiper belt, home of Pluto and several other dwarf planets, and an overlapping disc of scattered objects, which is tilted toward the plane of the Solar System and reaches much further out than the Kuiper belt. The entire region is still largely unexplored. It appears to consist overwhelmingly of many thousands of small worlds—the largest having a diameter only a fifth that of Earth and a mass far smaller than that of the Moon—composed mainly of rock and ice. This region is sometimes described as the "third zone of the Solar System", enclosing the inner and the outer Solar System.
| valign=top
]]
The Kuiper belt is a great ring of debris similar to the asteroid belt, but consisting mainly of objects composed primarily of ice.
It extends between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun. Though it is estimated to contain anything from dozens to thousands of dwarf planets, it is composed mainly of small Solar System bodies. Many of the larger Kuiper belt objects, such as Quaoar, Varuna, and Orcus, may prove to be dwarf planets with further data. There are estimated to be over 100,000 Kuiper belt objects with a diameter greater than 50 km, but the total mass of the Kuiper belt is thought to be only a tenth or even a hundredth the mass of Earth.
Many Kuiper belt objects have multiple satellites,
and most have orbits that take them outside the plane of the ecliptic.
The Kuiper belt can be roughly divided into the "classical" belt and the resonances.
Resonances are orbits linked to that of Neptune (e.g. twice for every three Neptune orbits, or once for every two). The first resonance begins within the orbit of Neptune itself. The classical belt consists of objects having no resonance with Neptune, and extends from roughly 39.4 AU to 47.7 AU.
Members of the classical Kuiper belt are classified as cubewanos, after the first of their kind to be discovered, , and are still in near primordial, low-eccentricity orbits.
Scattered disc
The scattered disc, which overlaps the Kuiper belt but extends much further outwards, is thought to be the source of short-period comets. Scattered-disc objects are thought to have been ejected into erratic orbits by the gravitational influence of Neptune's early outward migration. Most scattered disc objects (SDOs) have perihelia within the Kuiper belt but aphelia far beyond it (some more than 150 AU from the Sun). SDOs' orbits are also highly inclined to the ecliptic plane and are often almost perpendicular to it. Some astronomers consider the scattered disc to be merely another region of the Kuiper belt and describe scattered disc objects as "scattered Kuiper belt objects".
Some astronomers also classify centaurs as inward-scattered Kuiper belt objects along with the outward-scattered residents of the scattered disc.
Detached objects
90377 Sedna (520 AU average) is a large, reddish object with a gigantic, highly elliptical orbit that takes it from about 76 AU at perihelion to 940 AU at aphelion and takes 11,400 years to complete. Mike Brown, who discovered the object in 2003, asserts that it cannot be part of the scattered disc or the Kuiper belt because its perihelion is too distant to have been affected by Neptune's migration. He and other astronomers consider it to be the first in an entirely new population, sometimes termed "distant detached objects" (DDOs), which also may include the object , which has a perihelion of 45 AU, an aphelion of 415 AU, and an orbital period of 3,420 years.
Brown terms this population the "inner Oort cloud" because it may have formed through a similar process, although it is far closer to the Sun.
Sedna is very likely a dwarf planet, though its shape has yet to be determined. The second unequivocally detached object, with a perihelion farther than Sedna's at roughly 81 AU, is , discovered in 2012. Its aphelion is only half that of Sedna's, at 400–500 AU.
Oort cloud
The Oort cloud is a hypothetical spherical cloud of up to a trillion icy objects that is thought to be the source for all long-period comets and to surround the Solar System at roughly 50,000 AU (around 1 light-year (ly)), and possibly to as far as 100,000 AU (1.87 ly). It is thought to be composed of comets that were ejected from the inner Solar System by gravitational interactions with the outer planets. Oort cloud objects move very slowly, and can be perturbed by infrequent events, such as collisions, the gravitational effects of a passing star, or the galactic tide , the tidal force exerted by the Milky Way .
Boundaries
Much of the Solar System is still unknown. The Sun's gravitational field is estimated to dominate the gravitational forces of surrounding stars out to about two light years (125,000 AU). Lower estimates for the radius of the Oort cloud, by contrast, do not place it farther than 50,000 AU.
Despite discoveries such as Sedna, the region between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud, an area tens of thousands of AU in radius, is still virtually unmapped. There are also ongoing studies of the region between Mercury and the Sun.
Objects may yet be discovered in the Solar System's uncharted regions.
Currently, the furthest known objects, such as Comet West , have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun, but as the Oort cloud becomes better known, this may change.
Galactic context
The Solar System is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 containing about 100 billion stars.
The Sun resides in one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the Orion–Cygnus Arm or Local Spur.
The Sun lies between 25,000 and 28,000 light-years from the Galactic Centre ,
and its speed within the Milky Way is about 220 km/s, so that it completes one revolution every 225–250 million years. This revolution is known as the Solar System's galactic year .
The solar apex , the direction of the Sun's path through interstellar space, is near the constellation Hercules in the direction of the current location of the bright star Vega .
The plane of the ecliptic lies at an angle of about 60° to the galactic plane .
The Solar System's location in the Milky Way is a factor in the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Its orbit is close to circular, and orbits near the Sun are at roughly the same speed as that of the spiral arms.
Therefore, the Sun passes through arms only rarely. Because spiral arms are home to a far larger concentration of , gravitational instabilities, and radiation that could disrupt the Solar System, this has given Earth long periods of stability for life to evolve.
The Solar System also lies well outside the star-crowded environs of the galactic centre. Near the centre, gravitational tugs from nearby stars could perturb bodies in the Oort cloud and send many comets into the inner Solar System, producing collisions with potentially catastrophic implications for life on Earth. The intense radiation of the galactic centre could also interfere with the development of complex life.
Even at the Solar System's current location, some scientists have speculated that recent supernovae may have adversely affected life in the last 35,000 years, by flinging pieces of expelled stellar core towards the Sun, as radioactive dust grains and larger, comet-like bodies.
Neighbourhood
The Solar System is in the Local Interstellar Cloud or Local Fluff. It is thought to be near the neighbouring G-Cloud but it is not known if the Solar System is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or if it is in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud and G-Cloud are interacting.
Into the Interstellar Void , Centauri Dreams, 5 June 2013
The Local Interstellar Cloud is an area of denser cloud in an otherwise sparse region known as the Local Bubble , an hourglass-shaped cavity in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years (ly) across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae.
There are relatively few stars within ten light-years of the Sun. The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri , which is about 4.4 light-years away. Alpha Centauri A and B are a closely tied pair of Sun-like stars, whereas the small red dwarf , Proxima Centauri , orbits the pair at a distance of 0.2 light-year. In 2016, a potentially habitable exoplanet was confirmed to be orbiting Proxima Centauri, called Proxima Centauri b, the closest confirmed exoplanet to the Sun.
The stars next closest to the Sun are the red dwarfs Barnard's Star (at 5.9 ly), Wolf 359 (7.8 ly), and Lalande 21185 (8.3 ly).
The largest nearby star is Sirius , a bright main sequence star roughly 8.6 light-years away and roughly twice the Sun's mass and that is orbited by a white dwarf , Sirius B. The nearest are the binary Luhman 16 system at 6.6 light-years. Other systems within ten light-years are the binary red-dwarf system Luyten 726-8 (8.7 ly) and the solitary red dwarf Ross 154 (9.7 ly).
The closest solitary Sun-like star to the Solar System is Tau Ceti at 11.9 light-years. It has roughly 80% of the Sun's mass but only 60% of its luminosity.
The closest known rogue planet to the Sun is WISE 0855−0714,
How Normal is Our Solar System? , By Susanna Kohler on 25 September 2015
The known Solar System also lacks ( Planet Nine could be a super-Earth beyond the known Solar System).
Uncommonly, it has only small rocky planets and large gas giants; elsewhere planets of intermediate size are typical—both rocky and gas—so there is no "gap" as seen between the size of Earth and of Neptune (with a radius 3.8 times as large). Also, these super-Earths have closer orbits than Mercury.
This led to hypothesis that all planetary systems start with many close-in planets, and that typically a sequence of their collisions causes consolidation of mass into few larger planets, but in case of the Solar System the collisions caused their destruction and ejection.
Consolidating and Crushing Exoplanets: Did it happen here? , Kathryn Volk, Brett Gladman, (Submitted on 23 February 2015 (v1), last revised 27 May 2015 (this version, v2))
| i don't know |
"Which product was advertised by a giant red and white hot air balloon carrying a young lady, who was eating the product to the sound of ""I Can't Let Maggie Go"", in the 1970s ?" | TV Ads, Commercials and Music
AA .. Carole King; You've Got A Friend 2006 listen
AA .. Mozarts Piano Concerto No.21: 2nd Movement: Andante (Elvira Madigan) 2005
AA just ask .. John Barry: 'Midnight Cowboy' ~ UK 2002
AA breakdown .. Whistling Jack Smith: "I Was Kaiser Bill's Batman" ~ 2004 listen
Abbey National .. Idlewild: Too Long Awake(reprise) 2005
Abbey National .. Boston: More Than A Feeling uk 2005
Abbey National .. Tom Jones: "Help Yourself" ~ UK 2003
Abrakebabra .. Eric Carmen; Hungry Eyes 2009 watch
Absolut Vodka: Blank Art .. The Octopus Project; Fuguefat 2011 watch
Absolut Vodka: Doing Things Differently .. Fall On Your Sword; Ceremony 2010
Absolute Radio No Repeat Guarantee .. Jam; Eton Rifles 2009
Absolute Radio .. Pulp; Common People 2008 watch
Absolute Radio .. Killers; Mr Brightside 2008 watch
Ace Hardware .. Foghat: 'Slow Ride'
Acer - Iconia Tab A500 .. Ferdinando Arno; A New Kind of Something 2011 watch
Activision Call Of Duty: Black Ops .. Rolling Stones; Gimme Shelter 2010 watch
Activision Guitar Hero:Warriors Of Rock .. Muse; Uprising 2010 listen
Activision Guitar Hero:World Tour & Playboy Mansion.. Bob Seger & SB; Band Old Time Rock n Roll 2009
Activision Guitar Hero III .. Velvet Revolver Slither 2008 watch
Activision Guitar Hero II .. Wolfmother: Woman 2007
Adidas Take The Stage All 2012 .. Wretch; Youre Up Next 2012 watch
Adidas .. Justice; Civilization 2011 watch
Adidas Originals .. Dee Edwards; Why Cant There Be Love (Pilooski Remix) 2010 watch
Adidas Originals .. John Williams; Cantina Band 2010 watch
Adidas Originals .. Pilooski; Can't There Be Love 2010 watch
Adidas .. Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons; Beggin' (Pilooski Remix) 2009
Adidas .. Morning Runner: Burning Benches 2007 watch
Adidas .. Khachaturian: "Sabre Dance" ~ 2006 watch
Adidas .. Squeak E Clean Featuring Karen O: Hello Tomorrow 2005
Adidas Understanding Football II .. Members: Sound of the Suburbs 2005
Aero - Feel The Bubbles .. Jackson Five; ABC 2009 watch
Aero .. Henry Mancini; Lujon 2005
Aero .. Black Mighty Orchestra; Ocean Beach 2005
Air France - Soaring .. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; Piano Concerto No. 23 in A, K. 488: II.Adagio 2011 watch
AIWA sound systems .. Queen: 'Another One Bites The Dust' ~ 1998
Albert Bartlett Rooster Potatoes Marcia Cross .. Los del Río; Macarena 2010 watch
Alberto V05 - Extreme Style .. Whitey: A Walk In The Dark 2007 watch
Alfa Romeo MiTo.. Flavio Ibba; Red Rose Music Production 2010 watch
Alfa Romeo .. Daft Punk; Technologic 2009
Alfa Romeo Spider .. Mozart: Duettino - Sull'aria from The Marriage of Figaro: Act III Scene 10 2007 view
Alfa Romeo .. Sister Rosetta Tharpe: What Is The Soul Of Man 2006
Alliance and Leicester .. Henry Mancini: Baby Elephant Walk 1999
Allianz Insurance .. Queen; I Want It All 2008
Alpro Soya For Active Grown-ups .. The Dixie Cups; Iko Iko 2010 watch
Alpro Soya - Age Is Strength .. Hooverphonic; Eden 2008 view
Alpro Soya - Good For Everybody .. Mary J Blige; (You Make Me Feel Like A) Natural Woman 2008 view
Alton Towers (secret doors) .. Edvard Grieg; In The Hall Of The Mountain King 2008
Alton Towers (lions) .. Simon Park Orchestra; Eye Level early 80's
Always .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2009
Alzheimer's Society .. Satie: Gymnopedie No 1 2006
Amazon All-New Kindle .. Generationals; When They Fight, They Fight 2012 watch
Amazon Kindle: The Book Lives On .. The New Pornographers; Sweet Talk, Sweet Talk 2011 watch
Amazon Kindle: Zest .. Bibio; Lovers Carvings 2010 watch
Amazon Kindle .. Little & Ashley; Fly Me Away 2010 watch
American Airlines .. Khachaturian: Sabre Dance 2007
Amnesty International Campaign To Save Darfur .. U2: Instant Karma 2007
Amor Amor, Forbidden Kiss (Cacharel) .. Cat Power song; ?? Forbidden Love?? 2011 watch
Anadin Extra: Let It Shine .. Odetta; This Little Light Of Mine 2008
Anadin Extra painkillers .. RJD2; Ghostwriter 200?
Ancestry.co.uk .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2009
Anchor Butter - Cow Party .. Patti Drew; Hard To Handle 2011 watch
Anchor Butter - Made by Cows .. Handsome Hank and His Lonesome Boys; Paradise City 2010 watch
Anchor Butter .. ??Human Voices??; The Great Escape Theme 2009 watch
Anchor Butter .. Bing Crosby; Don't Fence Me In 2007 view
Andalucia .org .. Chambao: Ah Estas Tu 2006
Andrex - The Little Things .. Dave Berry; Little Things 2010 watch
Andrex - Pennies .. Lita Roza; How Much Is That Doggie In The Window? 2010 watch
Andrex - Christmas Puppies .. Shakin' Stevens; Merry Christmas Everyone 2009 watch
Andrex .. Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell Ain't Nothing Like The Real Thing 2009 view
Andrex .. Respect; Aretha Franklin 2008
Andrex - Longer Lasting .. Tchaikovsky: Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2007
Animal Planet: Bumble Bees .. BMG Athmosphere; Sunny Haze 2008
Animal Planet: Wild 100 .. Tomoyasu Hotei; Battle Without Honor or Humanity 2007
Ann Summers - Model Search .. Jagga; Modern Day Romance 2011 watch
Ann Summers .. Christmas Carol; O Come All Ye Faithful 2007 view
Ansett Australia .. The Who: "My Generation" ~ Australia
Ansett Australia .. Vanessa Amorosi: "Shine" ~ Australia
AOL Broadband .. Faure; In Paradisum from Requiem ~ 2006
Apple iCloud Harmony .. Andy Huckvale; Reach 2012 watch
Apple iPod Touch Share The Fun .. Grouplove Tongue Tied 2011 watch
Apple iPhone 4S .. Keith Kenniff; Goldengrove v2 2011 watch
Apple Corps - The Beatles on itunes .. The Beatles; Let It Be 2010 watch
Apple MacBook Air - Pinch .. Alan Steinberger; Apple Jingle (commissioned) 2010 watch
Apple iPod Nano A New Way to Nano .. CAKE; Short Skirt/Long Jacket 2010 watch
Apple iPad Delicious .. Chilly Gonzales; Never Stop 2010 watch
Apple iPod Touch .. Chappo; Come Home 2010 watch
Apple iPhone 4 .. Louis Armstrong; When Youre Smiling (the Whole World Smiles With You) 2010 watch
Apple iPad - Revolution .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Gold Lion 2010 watch
Apple iPhone 3GS On Hold .. The Boy Least Likely To; Stringing Up Conkers 2010 watch
Apple iPhone 3GS .. Submarines; Submarine Symphonika 2010 watch
Apple iPad .. Blue Van; There Goes My Love 2010 watch
Apple iPod Touch 3G .. Tommy Sparks; She's Got Me Dancing 2009 watch
Apple Nano - Video .. Miss Li and Amanda Jenssen; Bourgeois Shangri-La 2009
Apple iPhone 3GS .. Matt Costa; Mr Pitiful 2009
Apple iPhone 3G .. Submarines; You Me and the Bourgeoisie 2009
Apple iPod Touch 2g .. Franz Ferdinand; No You Girls Never Know 2009
Apple iPod - iTouch .. Asteroids Galaxy Tour; Around The Bend 2008 view
Apple Nano - Chromatic .. Chairlift; Bruises 2008 view
Apple iTunes - Coldplay Exclusive .. Coldplay Viva La Vida 2008 view
Apple iPod & iTunes .. Ting Tings Shut Up & Let Me Go 2008 view
Apple iPhone 3G - Beat the iPhone .. David Holmes; $165 Million + Interest (into) The Round-Up 2008 view
Apple Macbook Air .. Yael Naim; New Soul 2008 view
Apple iPod & iTunes .. Mary J Blige; Work That - 2008 view
Apple iPhone .. Orba Squara; Perfect Timing (This Morning) 2007
Apple iPod Touch .. CSS; Music Is My Hot, Hot Sex 2007
Apple 3rd generation iPod nano .. Feist: 1,2,3,4, Sept 2007
Apple iPod Shuffle .. Prototypes: 'Who's Gonna Sing' 2007
Apple iPod .. Fratellis: Flathead 2007
Apple iPod .. Bob Dylan: Someday Baby 2006
Apple iPod .. Gorillaz: "Feel Good Inc" 2005
Apple iMac (White) .. Cream: White Room 2000
Apple iMac (Blue) .. Elvis Presley: Blue Suede Shoes 2000
Aquafina .. The Carpenters: 'Top of the World'
Aquafresh Toothpaste .. The Knack: My Sharona 2005
Argos - Reserve Online .. Aled Jones; Walking In The Air 2011 watch
Argos Bing Crosby Christmas .. FaithSFX White Christmas 2010 watch
Argos - Christmas Lists .. Jona Lewie; Stop The Cavalry 2009 watch
Argos - The Big Play .. Chic; Good Times 2009 watch
Argos - Live For Less .. Fine Young Cannibals Good Thing 2009 view
Argos - Last Minute Christmas Shopping .. Chuck Berry Run Rudolph Run 2008 view
Argos - Christmas Catalogue .. MC Hammer; U Can't Touch This 2008 view
Argos - New Catalogue .. Victor Young; We're Off To See The Wizard (From The Wizard Of Oz) 2008 view
Argos .. Dean Martin; Relax-Ay-Voo 2008 view
Argos .. Wizzard; I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day 2007
Argos Christmassy Deals .. Perry Como & The Fontane Sisters; It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas 2007
Argos .. Jean Knight: Mr Big Stuff 2005
Ariel Turn To 30 .. Mendelssohn: Overture from The Hebrides (Fingal's Cave) 2007
Ariel with Febreeze .. Kool and the Gang: Fresh 2007
Armani (Giorgio): Acqua Di Gioia Woman and Nature .. Cinematic Orchestra; Arrival of the Birds 2010 watch
Arthurs Cat Food .. Buzzcocks: What Do I Get 2000
Asda - 10% Price Guarantee .. Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise; Bring Me Sunshine 2012 watch
Asda - Extra Special Christmas Desserts .. Special Arrangement; Winter Wonderland 2011 watch
Asda .. Puccini; Humming Chorus from Madam Butterfly 2010 listen
Asda .. Mungo Jerry; In The Summertime 2008
Asda .. Wild Billy Childish and The Blackhands; Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Mr Hitler? 2008
Asda George Uniform .. Beethoven: Symphony No 5 2007
Asda George .. Lil' Chris: Checkin It Out 2007
Asda Christmas Drink .. Slade: Merry Xmas Everybody 2006
Asda Extra Special .. Marlene Dietrich: Falling In Love Again 2006
Asics: Made of Sport .. Massive Music; Specially Recorded 2012 watch
Asics: Sound Mind, Sound Body .. Electric President; Ten Thousand Lines 2011 watch
Aston Manor Press 81 Premium Cider - Chill to Perfection .. DZ Deathrays; Gebbie Street 2011 watch
ASUS Eee Pad Transformer .. Terry Devine-King; Delinquent 2011
AT & T Wireless .. The Beatles: 'Come Together'
Audi A5 The Swan .. Danny Kaye; Ugly Ducking 2012 watch
Audi A6 Avant - Open Road, Open Sky .. John Charles Thomas; Open Road (from The Gyspy Baron) 2011 watch
Audi A6 - Manipulation .. Alex Heffes ft. Regina Spektor; Balloon Girl 2011 watch
Audi A7 Sportback .. Basement Jaxx; Dracula 2010 watch
Audi R8 Spyder .. Handel; Eternal Source of Light Divine 2010 watch
Audi A6 Injection .. Battles; Race:In 2009
Audi Economy Drive .. Jimmy Reed; Bright Lights, Big City 2009
Audi A4 (Progress is Beautiful) .. created by Nate Morgan of Eliasarts; Notes on Progress 2008
Audi RS6 (Gymnast) .. Composed especially for the advert 2008
Audi R8 .. Simone White; The Beep Beep Song 2007
Audi A5 .. Dustin O'Halloran: Prelude 2 2007
Audi TT .. Motorettes: Kids In America 2007
Audi Quattro RS4 .. Burl Ives: I Know An Old Lady (Who Swallowed A Fly) 2006
Audi Q7 .. E*Vax: Glacier 2006
Audi TT .. Jimi Hendrix: Third Stone from the Sun 2002
Audi A8 .. Beethoven: Moonlight Sonata 1998
Auto Trader .. Paul Reade; Theme From The Frumps 2008
Avios - Anything Can Fly .. Leila; Underwaters (One For Keni) 2011 watch
Aviva Car Insurance .. Cream; I Feel Free 2010 watch
Aviva Pensions .. Buzzcocks; Everybody's Happy Nowadays 2009 watch
Aviva .. Chemical Brothers; The Pills Won't Help You Now 2009
Axa Swiftcover.com .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2012 watch
Axe Shampoo .. Teddybears STHLM ft. Swing-Fly; Hey Boy 2009 watch
B >>
B&Q - I Did That .. Crosby, Stills and Nash; Our House 2012 watch
B&Q You Can Do It .. Amber States; Our House 2012 watch
B&Q Memories .. Dean Martin; Memories Are Made of This 2011 watch
B&Q - Garden Makeover .. Adelphoi; Longer Brighter 2011 watch
B&Q - Lets Do It Together .. Adelphoi; Longer Brighter 2011 watch
B&Q .. Bananarama and Fun Boy Three; It Ain't What You Do It's The Way That You Do It 2008 watch
B&Q .. Cole Porter; Let's Do It (Let's Fall In Love) 2007
B&Q Sale .. Slim Smith & The Uniques: Build My World Around You 2007
Bacardi - Together Manifesto .. Islands; Switched On 2011 watch
Bacardi Island .. Sao Benitez; Danca Loco 2010 watch
Bacardi Mojito .. Kidda Under The Sun 2008 watch
Bacardi Made 2 Mix Rum .. Max Sedgley: Happy (Make You Happy) 2007
Bacardi .. D4: Get Loose 2006
Bacardi .. Primal Scream: Movin' On Up 2006
Baileys Irish Cream - Hazelnut .. The Rumble Strips: Girls and Boys in Love 2010 watch
Baileys Irish Cream - with Ice .. Macy Gray; Come Together 2010 DL
Baileys Irish Cream .. Elana Drago; Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow 2009 watch
Baileys Irish Cream .. Ray Charles; The Night Time Is The Right Time 2009 watch
Baileys Irish Cream .. Billy Byrd and His Penguins; Boom Pacha Boom 2007
Baileys Irish Cream .. Carmen Miranda; Chica Chica Boom Chic 2007
Baileys Float .. 4 Hero: Les Fleur 2004
Baileys .. Blondie: 'One Way or Another' 2000
Ballygowan .. Paula Flynn: Let's Dance 2007
Ballygowan .. T Rex: Cosmic Dancer 2006
Bank Of Scotland .. Lloyd Cole & The Commotions: Lost Weekend 2007
Barclays Pingit .. Metronomy; The Look 2012 watch
Barclays Offset Mortgage - Hourglass .. Jacques Offenbach Arr: Keith J Blainville; Barcarolle 2011 watch
Barclaycard City Rollercoaster .. Petula Clark; Downtown 2011 watch
Barclays .. Offenbach; Barcarolle from The Tales of Hoffmann 2011 watch
Barclays .. Dead or Alive; You Spin Me Round 2010 listen
Barclaycard - Freedom .. Booker T and The MGs; Green Onions 2010 listen
Barclaycard Contactless - rollercoaster .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2010 watch
Barclaycard .. Whitey; Non Stop 2008
Barnardos Turn Around .. Bat For Lashes; Moon and Moon 2009 watch
BASF .. Sol Seppy: Wonderland 2007
Baxters - No One Makes Soup Like .. Frightened Rabbit; Swim Until You Cant See Land 2011 watch
BBC 5LIve - New Football Season .. U2; Where The Streets Have No Name 2010 listen
BBC Luther Theme Music .. Massive Attack; Paradise Circus 2010 listen
BBC Man on Wire Trailer .. Satie; Gymnopedie No 1 2009
BBC Occupation Trailer .. Grizzly Bear; Deep Blue Sea 2009
BBC Films: The Damned United .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2009 watch
BBC Films: The Damned United .. Edgar Winter Group; Free Ride 2009 watch
BBC Sport 2009 .. Hives; Tick Tick Boom 2009
BBC Christmas promotion . . Badly Drawn Boy; Donna and Blitzen 2008 watch
BBC HD .. Saliva Ladies and Gentlemen 2008 watch
BBC Eastenders: Jacksons .. Jackson Five I Want You Back 2008
BBC Animal Rescue .. Deva Premal & Miten; Through The Eyes Of An Angel 2008
BBC Eastenders: Ricky & Bianca's return .. Righteous Brothers; Hung on You 2008
BBC Dimbleby Lecture .. Alexander Glazunov; The Seasons, Op. 67: Autumn - Bacchanale
BBC Ganges Trailer .. Talvin Singh Traveller 2007
BBC Radio 2 (Russell Brand playing a mandelin) .. REM Losing My Relgion 2007
BBC Michael Palins New Europe .. Andrew Bird; Heretics 2007
BBC The Restaurant .. Gonzalez Let's Groove Again 2007
BBC Saxondale New Series .. Focus: House Of The King 2007
BBC Radio 4 Promotion .. Eric Coates: By A Sleepy Lagoon (Theme from Desert Island Discs) 2007
BBC Radio Wales .. Fleetwood Mac; Man Of The World 2007
BBC Saving Planet Earth Trailer .. Peter Gabriel; The Feeling Begins 2007
BBC Jekyll & other Trailers .. Della Reese: Don't You Know 2007
BBC On Demand .. New Order: Blue Monday 88 2007
BBC Top Gear .. The Allman Brothers: "Jessica" 1990
BBC Film Night .. Billy Taylor Trio: I Wish I Knew (How It Would Feel To Be Free) 1975
BBC The Onedin Line (Main Theme) .. Khachaturian: Adagio Of Spartacus And Phygia 1973
BBC John Peel Show Theme .. Grinderswitch: Pickin' The Blues 1972
BBC What The Papers Say .. Malcolm Arnold's "Allegro Non Troppo", the fifth movement from English Dances
BBC2: Seven Ages Of Rock .. Jimi Hendrix: All Along The Watchtower 2007
BBC4: Edwardian Season .. Misty's Big Adventure: Fashion Parade 2007
Becks Vier .. Arling & Cameron; Shiva's Rock 'n' Roll Dub 2008
Becks (man dancing with puppet men) .. Pink Mountaintops: Can You Do That Dance? 2007
Becks Vier Bier (man dancing with puppet men) .. The Flaming Lips: 'It Overtakes Me' 2006/7
Bells Whisky - Bells Tumbler Orchestra .. Harold Faltermeyer ; Axel F 2011 watch
Bendicks .. Soul II Soul: Missing You 2000
Bendicks .. John Waite: Missing You 2000
Benecol: Better Together .. Jackie De Shannon; Put A Little Love In Your Heart 2011 watch
Benecol Yoghurt: Once a Day .. Tommy McCook and the Supersonics; Reggae Méringue 2011 watch
Bensons For Beds Autumn .. Georgie Fame; Yeh Yeh 2010 watch
Benylin .. Charlatans; Can't Get Out Of Bed 2008 watch
Bernard Matthews Farms Bootiful Choir .. Special Version; You Are So Beautiful 2010
Bernard Matthews Turkey Slices .. Nana Mouskouri; Never On A Sunday 2007
Berocca - LogJammers .. LumberJaxxx; LogJam 2010 watch
Berocca .. Blancmange; Living On The Ceiling 2008 watch
Bertolli Rustico Pasta Sauces .. John Bigante: Guaglione 2006
Bet365 Bingo .. C&C Music Factory; Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) 2009 watch
Bet365 On-Line Bingo .. Aberfeldy; Summer's Gone 2008
Beyonce Pulse Feel The Power .. Lil Wayne; Run The World 2011 watch
Bic Soleil .. 5th Dimension: Let The Sun Shine In 2007
Birds Eye Frozen Peas .. Platters; The Great Pretender 2009 watch
Birds Eye Fish Fingers Omega 3,Be Mortgage Free .. Madness; Our House 2007
Birdeye .. Autamata: "Fragments" ~ 2004
Bisto: Promise .. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Cygnets (from Swan Lake) 2011 watch
Bisto .. Grieg: Adagio from Piano Concerto 2006
Blackberry Playbook - Power .. The Temptations; Power 2011 watch
Blackberry Playbook - Flash .. Queen; Flashs Theme 2011 watch
Blackberry: Playbook .. Pretenders; Brass In Pocket 2011 watch
Blackberry .. Beatles; All You Need Is Love 2009 watch
Blackberry Curve .. The Humans; recorded specially for the ad 2008
Blackberry: Life On Blackbery .. Live The Proof; Jim Boggia 2008
Blackberry .. The Brazilian Girls; Jique 2007
Blockbusters: end of late fees .. Roy Orbison: It's Over 2005
Blood transfussion service .. Joe Campbell: "The Blood Donor ~ UK
Bleu de Chanel The Film .. The Rolling Stones: She Said Yeah 2010 watch
Blu-Ray - Rise of the Planet of the Apes .. Bat For Lashes; Sad Eyes 2011 watch
Blue Ray Apes Ad .. 2011 .. watch
BMW 3 Series Joy Wins .. Elvis vs JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2012 watch
BMW 6 Series .. Electric Light Orchestra; Mr. Blue Sky 2011 watch
BMW .. Philip Glass: "Cloudscape" ~ UK
BMW .. Philip Glass: "Priut Igoe" ~ UK
BMW 1 series .. The Champs: "Limbo Rock" ~ UK
BNP Paribas: Keep Reaching .. The Middle East; Blood 2011 watch
Boddingtons .. Happy Mondays: Step On 2005
Boddingtons .. Georgie Fame; Somebody Stole My Thunder 2004
Boddingtons .. Hollies; Stay 2000
Boddingtons .. Mike Flowers Pops Orchestra; Release Me 2000
Boddingtons .. Faithless; If Loving You Is Wrong 2000
Boddingtons Cattle Market .. King Bee; Back By Dope Demand 1999/2000
Boddingtons "By 'eck, you smell gorgeous tonight, Petal" .. DeWolfe;'Smoke Rings' 1992
Bodyform: Free Protective Tin .. Balkan Beat Box; Cha Cha 2008
Bodyform .. Rachel Kelly: (Ain't Gonna Let Nobody) Turn Me Around 2006
Body Form .. Joan Baez: "(Ain't Gonna Let Nobody) Turn Me Around" ~ UK
Bold 2 in 1: Infusions .. Cover?? Cocteau Twins; "Pandora (For Cindy)" 2008
Bold 2 in 1: Crushed Silk & Jasmine .. Texas: Inner Smile 2006
Bold 2 in 1 .. Doris Day: It's A Great Feeling 2006
Boots - Christmas 2011 .. Sugababes -- Girls (Orchestral Version) 2011 watch
Boots No.7 Protect and Perfect Jar Clearout .. Bananarama Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye 2010 watch
Boots No 7 .. Eartha Kitt; A Lady Loves 2010 watch
Boots Office Christmas Party .. Ernie K. Doe; Here Come The Girls 2007
Boots No. 7 .. Jefferson Airplane: "White Rabbit" 2006
Boots 'Gorgeous' Christmas .. the Gotan Project: "Epoca" 2006
Boots .. Dogs Die In Hot Cars: "No One Teaches Life Anything" 2005
Boots .. Hollies: I'm Alive 2000
Bose Cinemate 1 .. Atone; Introduction 2011 watch
Bose - SoundLink .. Between Borders; Flowers In My Pocket 2011 watch
Branston Baked Beans .. Hot Chocolate: You Sexy Thing 2007
Breezeloans .. Isley Brothers: Summer Breeze 2007
Breil .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be 1996 listen
Brita Water Filters - 100% Recyclable .. Blue Sky Blonde Free Your Mind 2008 watch
Britain's Next Top Model (at eviction time) .. Terry Devine-King; Leap of Faith 2 2006
British Airways Theme is "The Flower Duet" ... in many different arrangments and is on most of their adverts
even Christmas ads with carol mixes.
British Airways - Barbados .. Tim Devine; King Carnival 2011
British Airways - To Fly, To Serve .. Helen Jane Long; Commissioned Track 2011 watch
British Airways - Orlando Florida .. Supergrass: Alright 2008 listen
British Airways .. Brian Hodge; Angel Eyes 2007 watch
British Airways .. Sophie Barker: "Leaving on a Jet Plane" 2006/7 watch
British Airways .. Leo Delibes; Flower duet - Lakmé Opera - 90s/2000s Theme still in use watch
British Airways .. Yanni: "Aria" (arrangment of Flower Duet - Lakmé Opera) ~ Theme still in use watch
British Gas .. Fontella Bass; Rescue Me 2011 watch
British Gas Energy Smart Energy Saving Monitor .. Henry Mancini; The Pink Panther Theme 2011 watch
British Gas and Nectar: Look After Your World .. Queen; One Vision 2011 watch
British Gas Paperless Billing .. Ponchielli; Dance Of The Hours from La Gioconda 2007
British Gas Green Energy Package .. Mozart; Overture from 'The Marriage of Figaro' 2007
British Gas 2nd Price Drop .. Tchaikovsky: 1812 Overture 2007
British Gas Price Drop .. Johan Strauss: Blue Danube Waltz 2007
British Heart Foundation Vinnie Jones .. Bee Gees; Staying Alive 2012 watch
British Heart Foundation - Clots .. Frank Sinatra: I've Got You Under My Skin 2005
British Meat Beef & Lamb .. Booker T and The MGs: Soul Limbo 2006
British Red Cross Tsunami and Earthquake Appeal .. Elgar: Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2005
BT London Live Closing Ceremony Celebration Concert .. The Wanted; Gold Forever 2012 watch
BT (British Telecom) Winter Deals .. Sam Fonteyn; Pop Looks Bach (Theme from Ski Sunday) 2012 watch
BT (British Telecom) Infinity - Olympics .. The Irrepressibles; In This Shirt 2011 watch
BT (British Telecom) Vision - TV The Way You Want It .. Bloc Party; Biko (Mogwai Remix) 2011 watch
British Telecom (BT) Infinity - Light Streams .. Rachel Goodrich; Light Bulbs (ANR Remix) 2011 watch
British Telecom (BT) Wedding Dance .. Minnie Riperton; Lovin You 2011 watch
British Telecom (BT) Infinity - At Home .. V.V. Brown; Travelling Like The Light? 2011 listen
British Telecom (BT) Total Broadband - Wi-Fi Everywhere .. Stephan Altman; No Place Like Home 2010 watch
British Telecom (BT) BT Vision Digital TV-Christmas .. Noel Harrison; The Windmills of Your Mind 2010 watch
British Telecom (BT) Total Broadband .. Stereo MCs; Step It Up 2010 listen
British Telecom (BT) Fibre Optic Broadband - Infinity.. Allie Moss; Corner 2010 watch
British Telecom (BT) Winter Deals .. Just Jack; Starz In Their Eyes 2010 watch
British Telecom (BT) Sponsors GB Paralympics .. Wings Live and Let Die 2008
British Telecom (BT) BT Vision - For Boys .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra: Theme from The Avengers 2007
British Telecom (BT) .. Elvis Presley: Always on my Mind 2000
Britvic Drench: Brains dancing .. Snap; Rhythm Is A Dancer 2008
Brothers Cider - Welcome To The Family .. Cults; Go Outside (The 2 Bears Remix) 2011 watch
Brothers Pear Cider .. Dick Dale and the Deltones; Misirlou 2010 listen
Brutus Jeans .. Saatchi & Saatchi/David Dundas; Jeans On 1974 watch
Budweiser FA Cup 2012 .. Los Campesinos!; You! Me! Dancing! 2012 watch
Budweiser Good Times Waiting .. Los Campesinos!; You! Me! Dancing! 2011 watch
Budweiser .. Hot Butter Popcorn 2008
Budweiser - Bud Rising .. Fratellis Creeping Up The Back Stairs 2008
Budweiser .. Chemical Brothers: Galvanise 2006
Budweiser .. Peter, Bjorn and John: Young Folks 2006
Budweiser Beer .. The Romantics: "What I Like About You"
Budweiser .. Wiseguys; Ooh La La 1999 watch
Buick Enclave .. Kathleen Johnson: composed for the commercial by music house Hest & Kramer 2007
Bulmers No 17 .. Plan B; Writings On The Wall 2011 watch
Bulmers Cider Summer HQ .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2010 watch
Bulmers Cider .. Fatboy Slim: The Journey 2007
Bupa .. Specially Commissioned; I Am Not A Robot 2011 watch
Bupa .. El Presidente: Old Times 2006
Bupa .. Bobby Mcferrin; "Knick Knack"
Burberry Body - The Film .. The Feeling; Rosé (Live Session) 2011 watch
Burger King King of the Day .. The Students; Every Day of the Week 2012 watch
Burger King - Hot BBQ Whopper .. Jesus Jackson; Running On Sunshine 2011 watch
Burger King .. Helen Reddy: I Am Woman 2006
Burger King Chicken Baguette Promotion .. Trini Lopez: Guantanamera 2005
Burger King (Chicken Fries) .. Coq Roq (cover): 'Bob Your Head'
Butlins Holidays: Ludo The Dino .. Sança; Dust in the Wind 2010 watch
Butlins .. Commissioned Version/remix Dead or Alive You Spin Me Round (Like a Record) 2010 watch
Butlins: Altogether More Fun .. Lesley Gore; Sunshine, Lollipops and Rainbows 2007
C >>
Cacharel: Amor Amor, Forbidden Kiss .. Cat Power; ?? Forbidden Love?? 2011 watch
Cacharel: Promesse .. Camille: 1,2,3 2005
Cadburys Dairy Milk Bubbly .. Michael Kamen; The Office (From Brazil) 2012 watch
Cadbury's Dairy Milk .. Europe; The Final Countdown 2011 watch
Cadbury's Dairy Milk - Charity Shop .. Jermaine Stewart; We Dont Have To Take Your Clothes Off 2011 watch
Cadburys Bliss Pampered Chocolate .. Manhattan Transfer: Chanson Damour 2010 watch
Cadbury Fingers World Party .. David Garrett; The 5th 2010 watch
Cadburys Dairy Milk Big Swap Songs .. Paolo Nutini Feat. The Big Ghana Band; Pencil Full Of Lead 2010 watch
Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Spike Jones; Hotcha Cornya 2010 watch
Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Keith Mansfield; Grandstand Theme 2010 watch
Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Pete Raeburn; Commissioned Soundtree 2010 watch
Cadburys Chocolate Charmer .. Charlatans; The Only One I Know 2010 watch
Cadburys Dairy Milk - Eyebrows .. Freestyle; Don't Stop The Rock 2010 watch
Cadburys Dairy Milk Big Swap Songs .. Paolo Nutini Ft. Big Ghana Band Pencil Full Of Lead 2010 watch
Cadburys Truck ad .. Bon Jovi; Living On A Prayer 2008
Cadburys Dairy Milk .. Bonie Tyler; Totsl Eclipse Of The Heart 2008
Cadburys Chocolate Digestive .. Boy Least Likely To; I'm Glad I Hitched My Apple Wagon To Your Star 2008
Cadburys Crunchie .. Pointer Sisters; I'm So Excited 2008
Cadburys Dairy Milk .. Phil Collins; In The Air Tonight 2007
Cadburys Chocolate Digestive .. Edwin Hawkins Singers: Oh Happy Day 2007
Cadburys Creme Egg .. Frank Sinatra: My Way 2006
Cadburys choc .. Dusty Springfield: Take Another Little Piece Of My Heart uk 2006
Cadburys Easter eggs .. Imogen Heap: "Headlock" ~ UK 2006
Cadburys Milk Tray .. Peggy Lee: 'Fever' 1998
Cadburys Mini Eggs: Mr Cadbury's Parrot .. Bonzo Dog Band: Mr Slater's Parrot 1994
Cadillac .. Led Zeppelin: 'Rock & Roll' 2003
Canada Tourism .. Celine Dion: "You and I" UK 2006
Cancer Research UK .. A Fine Frenzy; Hope For The Hopeless 2008
Cancer Research UK 'Being Here' campaign .. music composed specifically for the ad 2008
Cancer Research UK .. Eva Cassidy: Songbird 2007
Cancer Research UK .. Keane: She Has No Time 2006
Cancer Research UK .. The Farm: "All Together Now" ~ UK 2006
Cancer Research UK .. Eva Cassidy: Fields of Gold 2002
Canon - Kite Adventure .. The Naked and Famous; Young Blood? 2011 watch
Canon PowerShot SX210 IS Camera Insects .. Fanfarlo; The Walls Are Coming Down 2010 watch
Canon EOS 400D .. La Boutique Fantastique: "Wave"
Canon .. The Beatles: 'Across the Universe'
Capital One Savings .. Survivor: Eye of the Tiger 2006
Capital One credit card .. Ian Dury: "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick" UK 2005
Capital One home loans .. Madness: "Our House" ~ UK
Capital Radio .. Hoosiers; Worried About Ray 2007
Carphone Warehouse - Time For An Upgrade .. The Stranglers; Waltzinblack 2011 watch
Carphone Warehouse: A brief history of communication .. Minilogue; Hitchhikers Choice 2008
Carephone Warehouse .. "The Whistling Tune" whistled by Daryl Hannah & composed by Bernard Herrman,
used in the film Twisted Nerve was later used again in Kill Bill Vol. 1.
Carling Chrome Refreshment Refined .. T. Rex; Get It On 2012 watch
Carling - Brilliantly Refreshed .. Alice Gold; Wondrous Place 2011 watch
Carling - Taxi .. Guy Farley; Casterway 2009 watch
Carling Belong .. Christopher Rouse; Flute Concerto - Elegia 2008
Carling .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2007
Carling C2 .. Slagsmalsklubben: Raven Ateruppstar 2007
Carling Belong .. B Bumble & The Stingers: Nut Rocker 2007
Carling Lager .. The 5.6.7.8's; "Woo Hoo" 2006
Carling Lager .. Hard-Fi: "Living For The Weekend" 2007
Carlsberg Team Talk .. Kasabian; Underdog 2010 watch
Carlsberg Beer .. Steve Harley & the Cockney Rebel: Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me) Christmas 1994
Carnival Cruise Lines .. Bobby Darin: 'Beyond the Sea'
Carte DOr - Macadamia Night .. Minnutes; IceDream 2011 watch
Carte D'Or .. Michael Buble; Haven't Met You Yet 2010 watch
Carte D'Or - Caramel Cinnamon Waffle .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2009 watch
Carte D'Or - New Lemon Sorbet .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2008 watch
Cartier LOdyssée de Cartier .. Pierre Adenot; Commissioned Music 2012 watch
Castle Lager .. Toto: "Out Of Africa" ~ Sth.Africa
Castrol Oil .. The Guess Who: 'American Woman' ~ late 90's
Center Parcs .. Temper Trap; Sweet Disposition 2011 watch
Cesar .. Petula Clark; I Couldn't Live Without Your Love 2009 watch
Chanel Nail Polish Shade Parade .. Frankie Lymon; Little Bitty Pretty One 2012 watch
Chanel - Coco Mademoiselle .. Joss Stone; Its A Mans Mans Mans World 2011 watch
Chanel - Bleu de Chanel The Film .. The Rolling Stones; She Said Yeah 2010 watch
Chanel No 5 .. Billie Holiday; I'm A Fool To Want You 2009
Chanel Coco Mademosielle .. Joss Stone; L-O-V-E 2007
Chanel's Chance .. Anne Ducros: "Taking a Chance on Love" 2006
Chanel's No 5 (Nicole Kidman) .. Debussy: "Clair De Lune" 2005
Channel 4: Try Life In Another Language:Shadows.. Nubla; Nada se olvida/Nothing Is Forgotten 2008 watch
Channel 4: In Her Shoes .. Newton Faulkner; Dream Catch Me 2008
Channel 4: Deserate Housewives trailer .. Gotan Project; Mi Confesion 2008
Channel 4: Dirty Sexy Money .. LCD Soundsystem; North American Scum 2008
Channel 4: 4oD .. Gorillaz; Kids With Guns 2007
Channel 4: Ugly Betty Promo .. Prince; U Got The Look 2006
Channel 4: Ultimate Bikini Guide .. David Bowie; Rebel, Rebel 2006
Channel 4: Lost Promotion .. Groove Armada; Edge Hill 2005
Channel 5: 'Shows at 8' promo .. Polyphonic Spree;Lithium 2008
Channel 5: advertising UAFA .. The Chemical Brothers; All Rights Reserved 2008
Channel 5: UAFA (SK Brann and Everton) .. Bloc Party; Flux 2008
Chase .. Grover Washington Jr: 'Just the Two of Us'
Cheerios .. Torpedo Boyz; Any Trash Professor Abacus? 2005
Cheerios: Yogurt .. Herman's Hermits: 'I'm Into Something Good'
Cheesestrings .. Gene Kelly; Broadway Rhythm Ballet (From Singin' In The Rain) 2007
Cherokee: Jeep Grand - Have Fun Out There .. Steve Poltz; You Remind Me 2008
Chevrolet .. ZZ Top; Tush 2011 listen
Chevrolet Captiva .. Fine Young Cannibals; Good Thing 2007
Chevrolet Trucks .. Bob Segar; Like a Rock 1994 watch
Chevrolet .. The Yardbirds: 'Over, Under, Sideways, Down
Children In Need .. The Collective; Teardrop 2011 watch
Children In Need .. JLS; Love You More 2010 watch
Choice Hotels .. Johnny Cash: 'I've Been Everywhere Man'
Christian Dior's Dior J'Adore .. Marvin Gaye: 'A Funky Spave Reincarnation' ~ UK
Chrysler Different Is What We Do .. Jay-Z; Heart of the City (Aint No Love) 2012 watch
Chrysler .. Papa Dee: "I Spy" ~ US
Chrysler 300C .. M83: "In the Cold I'm Standing" ~ UK
Churchill Insurance I Need A Hero! .. Bonnie Tyler; Holding Out For A Hero 2012 watch
Churchill Insurance .. Billy Withers; Just The Two Of Us 2008
Churchill Insurance .. Braund Reynolds; Rocket (a Natural Gambler) 2007
Cingular .. Allman Brothers Band: 'Sweet Melissa'
Cingular .. The Band: 'The Weight'
Citi.com (Moneyman commercial) .. Camper Van Beethoven: 'Gaurdian Angels'
Citroen DS5 Change Era .. Marilyn Manson; Doll-Dagga Buzz-Buzz Ziggety-Zag 2012 watch
Citroen DS One In A Million .. DatA; One In A Million 2012 watch
Citroen C4 - Blind Spot .. Mamas and Papas; California Dreamin' 2011/2012 watch
Citroën DS4 - Why Conform? .. Cassius; I Love You So 2011 watch
Citroen C4 .. JJ Cale; Call Me The Breeze 2011 watch
Citroen C4 - Transformer .. Les Rythmes Digitales; Jacques Your Body (Make Me Sweat) 2010 watch
Citroen C3 - Visiodrive .. Hives; Tick Tick Boom 2009
Citroen C5: sword fencing .. Wagner; Ride of the Valkyries 2008 Watch
Citroen C4: sprinting robot .. Luke Dzierzek; Echo 2007 Watch
Citroen C4: robot .. Pompon Finkelstein; Hungarian Dance No.5 - Brahms (Remix) 2007 Euro Watch
Citroen C3: Dolphins .. Bobby Darin; Beyond The Sea 2007 Watch
Citroen C4 .. Donna Summer; Love To Love You Baby 2007 Listen
Citroen C4 Picasso Visiospace .. Bonobo Ketto 2007 Watch
Citroen C4: The Skater .. The Egg; Walking Away (Tocadisco Remix) 2006 Watch
Clairol .. Cyndi Lauper; Girls Just Wanna Have Fun 2011 listen
Clairol Nice 'n' Easy .. Kim Carnes; Bette Davis Eyes 2008
Clark's Shoes Stand Tall .. Shawn Lees Ping Pong Orchestra; Kiss The Sky 2010 watch
Clark's Shoes - Walk Tall .. They Might Be Giants; Birdhouse In Your Soul 2010 listen
Clark's Shoes - Pleasure Seeker .. B-52s Funplex 2008 Watch
Clark's Shoes - Enjoy Every Step .. Lonely Drifter Karen True Desire 2008 Watch
Clark's - Enjoy Every Step - Rendezvous .. Ak - Momo: Greasy Spoon 2008
Clark's Shoes .. Astronautalis (Andy Bothwell) ; Ocean Walk 2008
Clark's Shoes .. Sebastien Martel; Dumb 2007
Clark's Shoes .. Nelson Riddle; Lolita Ya Ya 2007
Clarks Shoes .. Jackie Lee: "White Horses" ~ 2006
Clarks Shoes .. Baccara: Yes Sir, I Can Boogie 2003
Clark's Shoes .. Motorhead; Ace of Spades 2003
Clinique 3 Step - Skin Care system .. Nana Mouskouri; 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy) 2007
Clover Butter- the middle .. Paul Pritchard; Steps To Success 2009 watch
Cobra Indian Beer .. Black Keys; Gold on the Ceiling 2012 listen
Coca Cola Move to the Beat of London 2012 .. Mark Ronson ft Katy B; Anywhere in the World 2012 watch
Coca-Cola .. Natasha Bedingfield; Shake Up Christmas 2011 watch
Coca-Cola .. Oasis; Whatever 2011 watch
Coca-Cola - London 2012 Future Flames .. One Night Only; Can You Feel It (Tonight) 2011 watch
Coca-Cola: 125th Anniversary .. Hillside Singers; Id Like to Teach the World to Sing 2011 watch
Coca Cola - Musical ad .. One Night Only; Can You Feel It Tonight 2011 watch
Coca-Cola - Insect Heist .. Sergey Prokofiev; Peter and the Wolf March 2011 watch
Coca-Cola - Snow Globe .. Train; Shake-up Christmas 2010 watch
Coca-Cola Fifa World Cup 2010 .. K'naan; Wavin' Flag 2010 watch
Coca-Cola: Diet Coke .. Michael Sembello; Maniac 2010 watch
Coca-Cola .. Melanie Thornton; Wonderful Dream (Holidays are Coming) 2009 watch
Coca-Cola .. Kinks; Lola 2007
Coca-Cola .. Bugsy Malone Cast; You Give A Little Love 2006
Coca-Cola .. Nilsson: 'Put the Lime in the Coconut' 2006
Coca-Cola Raspberry .. Jefferson Airplane: Somebody to Love by ~ 2005 New Zealand
Coca-Cola: the real thing .. Robin Beck; First Time 1989 watch
Coca-Cola: Diet Coke - Break .. Etta James; I Just Wanna Make Love To You 1996 watch
Coca-Cola .. The Rolling Stones: 'You Can't Always Get What You Want'
Coca-Cola .. Queen: 'I Want To Break Free'
Coca-Cola - Coke Diet .. Born: "Callin' Out"
Codemasters - Brian Lara Cricket .. Groove Armada; But I Feel Good 2007
Coleen Butterflies .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2011 watch
Colin Murrays Radio 1 Show .. Grandaddy: "A.M 180"
Colmans Instant Beef Gravy .. Specially Recorded; I Like The Way You Moo 2011 watch
Comet Come and Play .. Ska Cubana: Soy Campesino 2010 watch
Comet - On Call Team .. George Baker Selection; Little Green Bag 2008
Comfort .. Filmore Fresh & The Clothworld Crew; Do The Moves 2007
Comfort Concentrate .. Reggae Vision; Do De Move 2007
Comfort .. Koop; I See A Different You 2007
Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2011 .. Wanted; Gold Forever 2011 watch
Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2007 .. Proclaimers with Brian Potter/Peter Kay & Andy Pipkin/Matt Lucas; I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) 2007
Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2007 .. Sugababes vs Girls Aloud; Walk This Way 2007
Comparethemarket.com .. Mendelsohn; Wedding March (Commissioned/Distorted) 2008
Concern Worldwide: Born Starving .. Athena Andreadis; Breathe Again 2010 watch
Confused.com - Cara Sings Confused.com/YMCA .. Louise Dearman; Con-Fused-Dot-Com 2011 watch
Confused.com - Cara Sings Chain Reaction .. Louise Dearman; Chain Reaction 2011 watch
Confused.com - Happy Valentine .. Louise Dearman; Chain Reaction (acoustic version) 2011 watch
Confused.com - Cara sings Somebody to Love .. Louise Dearman; Somebody To Love 2010 watch
Co-operative - Join The Revolution .. Athlete; Light The Way 2011 watch
Co-op Variety Club .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Make Me Smile (Come up and See Me) 2010 watch
Co-op Good For Everyone .. Bob Dylan; Blowin' In The Wind 2009 watch
Co-operative Society: Christmas Ad .. Gabriella Cilmi; Warm This Christmas 2008 watch
Coral .. Terry Devine-King; Downtown Jump 2012
Corona Light: Moonlight .. Michael Franti & Spearhead; Say Hey (I Love You) 2010 watch
Corona Light .. Aquila Rose & Idana Valdes; Rhythms del Mundo 2009 watch
Cottages4U Take It Home .. Urusen; Now That She Has Flown 2010 watch
Cow & Gate .. Don Drummond; Don D Lion 2007
Crabbie's Ginger Beer for Grown Ups .. Melodi Light Orchestra; Puffin' Billy 2009 & 2010 watch
Cravendale .. Little Richard; All Around The World 2007
Crown Breath-easy Paint .. The Rumble Strips; Girls and Boys in Love 2008
Crown Twist Tops .. Rivingtons; Papa Oom Mow Mow 2007 .
CSL Sofas - 40% Better .. Steph; What You See Is What You Get 2011 watch .
CSL Sofas: Christmas 2010 .. Steph; Girls On Film 2010 watch
CSL: Love Life and Sofas .. Steph; Wisemen 2010 watch
CFL Sofas: Sale .. Steph Spencer; Standing on the Edge of Love 2009 watch
CFL Sofas: Street Chaos .. Stephanie Slater; Chasing Butterflies 2008 watch
CSL Sofas .. Regina Spector; Fidelity 2008 Listen
CSL Sofas Winter Sale .. Eartha Kitt; C' Mon a My House! 2008
CSL .. Dexy Midnight Runners; Come On Eileen 2007
CSL .. Spin Doctors; Two Princes 2007
Cuprinol .. Quincy Jones; It's Caper Time (Self Preservation Society) 2011 listen
Currys PC World - Vaders Visit .. John Williams; The Imperial March (Darth Vaders Theme) 2011 watch
Currys - Low Price TV's Forever .. Mylo; In My Arms 2008
Cushelle Toilet Tissue: Koala Ad .. Four Knight; Oh Happy Days 2011 watch
Cussons Imperial Leather - Skinkind .. Alex Banks; Snow 2010 watch
Cussons Imperial Leather .. Ben Sands; Hug 2007
D >>>
D Max TV channel: The Fat Doctor .. Thriving Ivory; Angels on the Moon 2011 listen
Daily Express: Sixties CD Promotion .. Foundations; Build Me Up Buttercup 2005
Daily Mail - Femail Upgrade .. Rockettothesky; Grizzly Man 2011 watch
Daily Mail Supplements.. Commissioned Version; Everyday 2010 watch
Daily Mail .. Buddy Holly; Everyday 2009
Daily Mail World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007
Daily Mail: World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007
Daily Mirror Football website .. Pigbag; Papa's Got A Brand New Pigbag 2009 watch
Daily Mirror Legends Collection .. Elvis Presley; Blue Suede Shoes 2009 watch
Daily Record .. El Presidente; Without You 2006
Daily Star: Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007
Daily Star: Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007
Daily Star: Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007
Daily Star Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007
Daily Star Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007
Daily Star Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007
Daily Telegraph WWII Promotion .. Holst; Jupiter, The Bringer Of Jollity from The Planets Suite 2008 watch
Dairy Crest Cathedral City .. Slim Pickings; Pass It On 2007
Dairylea Cheese Spread .. Jilted Jon; Jilted John (Gordon Is A Moron) 2008
Dairylea Dunkers .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2006
Danone Actimel.. Frank Wilson; Do I Love You 2010
Danone Activia .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2010 watch
Danone Shape Yoghurt .. Noisettes; Wild Young Hearts 2009 watch
Danone Actimel .. Nappy Brown: Little By Little 2007
De Agostini Elvis The Official Collector Edition .. Elvis Presley; Welcome To My World 2007
Debenhams Life Made Fabulous .. Two Door Cinema Club; This Is The Life 2012 watch
Debenhams - This Is The Life .. Two Door Cinema Club; This Is The Life 2011 watch
Debenhams - Feel Fabulous .. Jackie Wilson; I Get the Sweetest Feeling 2011 watch
Debenhams Design in Every Department .. Roxy Music; Love Is The Drug 2009 watch
Debenhams Designer Range .. Lovin' Spoonful; Summer In The City 2007
Debenhams Designers .. Transvision Vamp: Baby I Don't Care ~ UK 2006
Debenhams .. (Morgan Van Dam remix) Madonna: "Santa Baby"(christmas 2006)
Defra Act on CO2 Carbon Footprint .. Kinks; Shangri-La 2007
Defra Climate Challenge ..Oskar; P.S.I. 2006
Del Prado Cavalry Through The Ages ..Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2007
Dell Computers .. Chordettes; Lollipop 2009 watch
Dell Computers .. Devo; Watch Us Work It 2007
Dell Computers .. Squeeze: 'Tempted'
Drench Drinks Cubehead .. The Gap Band; Oops Upside Your Head 2010 watch
Dentyne Blast (Underwater Kiss) .. Kissogram (remix?) : Backseat of My Mind 2007
Dentyne Ice (Frog Kiss) .. Ben's Brother: 'Stuttering' 2007
Dentyne Ice (TTC Subway) .. Papas Fritas: 'Way You Walk' 2006
Dentyne Gum .. Squeeze: 'Tempted' ??
Dettol 4-in-1 .. Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2008
DFS Making Every Day More Comfortable .. Neil Diamond;We 2012 listen
DFS .. XTC; Stupidly Happy 2012 watch
DFS Sunny Day .. Elizabeth Mitchell; Lovely Day 2012 watch
DFS 2010 Summer Sale .. The Las; There She Goes 2010 watch
DFS - Vibe Collection .. V V Brown; L.O.V.E. 2010 watch
DFS - Happy Sofas .. Super Preachers; I Feel Happy Ft. Sista Moon 2010 watch
DFS Sponsors of Lion Country .. Lenka; The Show 2010 watch
DFS .. Noisettes; Never Forget 2009 listen
DFS - Early Sale .. Paolo Nutini; 10/10 2009 listen
DFS - Winter Sale .. The Ethiopians; Train To Skaville 2009 watch
DFS .. McFly; All About You 2009 watch
DFS .. The La's; There She Goes 2008
DFS - Winter Collection .. Mariah Carey; All I Want For Christmas Is You 2008 watch
DFS - Summer Sale .. Nickelback; Rockstar 2008 watch
DFS - Half Price Emotive and Trend Collection .. Petula Clark; Colour My World 2008
DFS - Half sofas .. Puccini - O Mio Babbino Caro from Gianni Schicchi 2008
DFS .. Queen; I Want It All 2008
DFS .. Cranberries; Dreams 2007
DFS .. Mariah Carey; All I Want For Christmas Is You 2007
DFS .. Calvin Harris; Colours 2007
DFS - Sale .. Queen: I Want It All 2007
DFS - Easter Sale .. Boy Least Likely To Be Gentle With Me 2007
DFS .. Touch and Go: Would You...? 2006
DFS .. Little Anthony & the Imperials: "I'm on the outside (looking in)" ~ UK 2004
DFS .. Earth, Wind & Fire: "Boogie Wonderland" UK 2004
DFS .. Pato Banton: Baby Come Back 2002
DHL Express .. Speed of Yellow; Aint No Mountain High Enough 2011 watch
Diamond Insurance .. Marilyn Monroe; Diamonds Are A Girls Best Friend 2007
Diesel: Loverdose .. Donna Summer; Love To Love You Baby (Loverdose Remix) 2011 watch
Diesel: Denim Collection .. Secret Artist/Sizzer Amsterdam; Born To Be Alive 2011 watch (original-Patrick Hernandez)
Digital-UK switchover .. Harry Nilsson; Everybody's Talkin' 2007
Dior - JAdore .. Gossip; Heavy Cross 2011 watch
Dior Addict: Kate Moss .. Duran Duran; All You Need Is Now 2011 watch
Dior: Miss Dior Cherie .. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg; Je TAime
Moi Non Plus 2011 watch
Dior Homme Intense .. Killers Shadowplay 2009 watch
Dior Miss Dior Cherie .. Brigitte Bardot; Moi Je Joue 2009 watch
Dior "Rouge Dior" Lipstick .. Tom Jones; It's Not Unusual 2007
Dior Midnight Poison .. Muse; Space Dementia 2007
Dior J'Adore .. Marvin Gaye: A Funky Space Reincarnation 2006
Dior J'Adore .. Barry White: Never Gonna Give You Up 2004
Directgov.gov.uk Id Go Direct Guv.. Madness; It Must Be Love 2010 watch
Discover Ireland: Jump Into Ireland .. Snow Patrol Berlin 2012 watch
Disneyland Paris - Magical Moments .. Music; Special Commission 2001 watch
Disney Cinemagic .. James Morrison; Wonderful World 2007
Disney Toy Story 10th Anniversary DVD..Thin Lizzy: The Boys Are Back In Town 2005
DKNY Original The Fragrances .. Helena; Life In My Heart 2011 watch
DKNY Be Delicious .. Madi Diaz; Does It Rain (Where You Are)? 2011 watch
DKNY .. Honeyroot: "Starshine" ~ UK
Dobbies Garden World .. The Charlatans: "Try Again Today" 2006 & 2008
Dockers San Francisco; Work, Weekend, Dress, Golf.. Marlena Shaw: "California Soul" 2008 listen
Dockers Specs: The Slacker ad .. Frank Sinatra: I Get A Kick Out Of You 2008
Dockers: Streetcar Commercial .. Madeleine Peyroux; Don't Wait Too Long 2008 listen
Dodge Journey - Waterslide .. Apples In Stereo; Sun Is Out 2008 listen
Dolce & Gabbana D&G Fragrance .. George Michael; Freedom 90 2009 watch
Dolce & Gabbana - D&G Jewels .. Stylophonic; R U Experienced 2007
Dolce & Gabbana - Blue .. Mario Lanza; Parlami D'amore Mariu 2007
Dolce & Gabbana - Time .. Stylophonic: Dancefloor 2006
Dolce & Gabbana - Time .. Stylophonic: BabyBeatBox 2005
Dominos - What We Do .. Frankie and the Heartstrings; Hunger 2011 watch
Domino's Double Decadence.. Tchaikovsky; Concerto For Piano-Orchestra No.1 In B Flat Minor Op.23 2010 watch
Domino's Steak Pizza .. Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2008 listen
Doritos .. Blondie: "One Way or Another"
Dove - Nourishing Oil Care .. Specially Recorded; Why You Gotta Be Like That? 2011 watch
Dove - Damage Therapy .. Rodgers and Hammerstein; My Favourite Things 2010 watch
Dove - For Men .. Rossini William; Tell Overture 2010 watch
Dove - Pro Age Deodorant .. Pepe Romero; Farrucas 2007
Dove .. Cyndi Lauper: True Colors 2006
Dove - Summer Glow Body Lotion .. Ella Fitzgerald: Sunny 2006
Dove .. Kameil Madison: "Rock Ya Body" ~ UK
Dr Oetker Ristorante Pizza .. Verdi: La Donna E Mobile 2006
Dr Pepper Doctors Orders .. Dr Dre; Shit Popped Off 2009 watch
Dr Pepper .. Tom Jones: 'Help Yourself'
Dr Pepper .. Meatloaf: 'I'd Do Anything for Love'
Dr Pepper .. Hot Chocolate: 'You Sexy Thing'
Dreams Bed Superstore - Wake Up .. Renee & Jeremy; Three Little Birds 2011 watch
Dreams Beds - Hushabye Dream .. Stacey Kent; Hushabye Mountain 2011 watch
Dreams Beds .. Billy Joel; River of Dreams 2010 listen
Dreams Superstore Good Nights Sleep .. Dan Hartman; I Can Dream About You 2010 watch
Dreams Superstore Biggest Ever Bed .. The Temptations; Get Ready 2010 listen
Dreams .. Daisy Wood-Davis; Dream Bay Dream 2010 watch
Dreams .. The Supremes; The Happening 2010 listen
Dreams Boxing Day Sale .. Roy Orbison; You Got It 2009
Dreams Biggest Bed Sale .. Mama Cass Elliot; It's Getting Better 2009 watch
Dreams Bank Holiday Sale .. Chordettes; Mr Sandman 2009
Dreams .. Dells; Oh What A Night 2009
Dreams: Double Discount .. Shirley Horn; Take A Little Time To Smile 2009 DL
Dreams: Bed Superstore .. The Five Satins; In the Still of the Night 2008 listen
Dreams: Bed Superstore .. Gene Kelly & Debbie Reynolds: Good Morning 2007 listen
Dreamworks Shrek The Third .. Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2007 listen
Drench Cubehead .. The Gap Band; Oops Upside Your Head 2010 watch
Drench Spring Water - Brains from Thunderbird .. Snap; Rhythm Is A Dancer 2008 listen
Dulux Boudoir .. Alice Grant @ Hear No Evil ; Its Been A Long, Long Time 2012 watch
Dulux - Roving Dog .. Terry Bush -- Maybe Tomorrow (The Littlest Hobo Theme Tune) 2011 watch
Dulux Lets Colour, Walls .. Jonsi; Go Do 2010 watch
Dulux Paintpod .. Traditional; Blaydon Races 2010 watch
Dulux - Let's Colour, Garage .. John Barry; Midnight Cowboy 2010 watch
Dulux Security Guard .. Paul Reeves; Regent Street Stomp 2008 listen
Dulux Paint .. Cutee B: Experience 2006
Dunlop .. David Bowie: Moonage Daydream 2000
Dunlop .. Stevie Wonder: He's Misstra Know It All 2000
Durex - Performax Intense .. Marvin Gaye; Lets Get It On 2012 watch
DVLA Registrations .. Free: Travellin' Man 2005
Dyson Stowaway .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2007
E >>>
EA Sports FIFA Street .. Freestylers; Breaker Beats Pt 1 2012 watch
EA Sports SSX-X Games .. The Joy Formidable; Austere 2012 watch
EA Games Battlefield 3 .. Jay Z; 99 Problems 2011 watch
EA Games Fifa 11 We Are 11 .. Tenpole Tudor; Swords of a Thousand Men 2010 watch
EA Games Battlefield: Bad Company 2 .. Queens of the Stone Age; You Think I Aint Worth A Dollar, But I Feel Like A Millionaire 2010 watch
EA XBOX 360 Left 4 Dead 2 .. Clutch; Electric Worry 2009 watch
EA Games Beatles Rockband .. Beatles; Come Together 2009 watch
EA Games Fifa Street Soccer 3 .. Go! Team; Grip Like A Vice 2008
EA Games Burnout Paradise .. Guns 'n' Roses; Paradise City 2008
EA Games Fifa Street 2 .. Coldcut: True Skool 2006
EA Games Black for Playstation 2 .. Verdi: Gypsy Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2006
E-On: See It & Save It .. Broadcast 2000; Get Up And Go 2008
E-On: Wind of Change .. Arthur Askey; Bee Song 2007
E-On: Energy Windfarm .. Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee: Hootin' The Blues July 2007.
E4 Schrubs .. Calvin Harris; Acceptable 2007
Eagle Star Direct .. Dead Or Alive: You Spin Me Round 2000
Eagle Star Direct .. Madness: Driving in my Car 2000
Eagle Star .. Delibes: Flower Duet from Lakme 1992
Ebay .. Donovan; Sunshine Superman 2012 watch
eBay .. Feist: 1234 Australia Sept 2007
eBay .. Edith Piaf: Non Je Ne Regrette Rien 2006
easyJet: Europe By easyJet .. The Wombats; Techno Fan 2011 watch
easyJet: Summer of Love .. O'Jays; Love Train 2009
Echo's Aftersave by Davidoff .. Joseph Arthur: "In The Sun" ~ UK
Echo Falls Wine .. Art of Noise; Three Fingers Of Love 2007
Ecover Feel Good Cleaning .. James Brown; I Got You (I Feel Good) 2012 watch
Eden TV Launch .. Muse; Feeling Good 2009
EDF Blue + Price Promise .. Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder; Together In Electric Dreams 2012 watch
EDF Energy - Powering the London 2012 Games .. Mike Beever; The Farmer aka Fated Beauty 2011 watch
Edge .. Mozart; Piano Concerto No. 21, K 467 : Andante 2007
Edge Another Way Forward .. Roger Miller; King Of The Road 2007
Edinburgh Woollen Mill Autumn & Winter Collection .. Sweet Inspirations; Sweet Inspiration 2008 watch
Egg Card .. Television: "Hold Up" ~ UK
Egg Card .. Raymond Scott: "Baltimore Gas and Electric Co" ~ UK 2005
Electronic Arts - Battlefield 3 .. Jay Z; 99 Problems 2011 watch
Elizabeth Shaw .. Willie Nelson: Crazy 2000
Elizabeth Shaw .. Patsie Cline: Crazy 2000
Elvis Presley ELV1S: 30 Number One Hits .. Elvis Presley / JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2002
Emirates Hello Tomorrow .. Spencer & Antfood; Trek 2012 watch
Emirates A380 .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2011 watch
Emirates Airlines Dubai promote .. Black; Wonderful life 2009 view
Emirates Airline ad .. First Times created by Water Music for the ad view
Emporio Armani Idole .. Nina Simone; I Put A Spell On You 2009 watch
Emporio Armani - Diamonds For Men .. Interpol; Slow Hands 2008
Emporio Armani Code .. Mis-Teeq: Scandalous2006
Emporio Armani's Night ..Goldfrapp: "Strict Machine" ~ UK 2003
England Enjoy England.com .. Jam: English Rose 2006
ESPN October Football .. John Carpenter; Halloween 2009
Esso .. Queen: I Want To Break Free 2000
Estee Lauder .. Madonna: "Love Provusion" ~ UK 2004
Ethel Austin .. Bodyrockers: The Way You Move 2007
Eurocamp: Unforgettable Moments Holidays .. The Rifles; Winter Calls 2012 watch
Europcar .. C&C Music Factory; Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) 2011 watch
Eurostar .. Philip Glass; Sense Of Doubt 2007
Eurostar .. Jack Sedgwick; Irene's Tomorrow 2007
Eurostar .. Virginie: Tu Crois Toujours (I Go To Sleep) 2005
Evans .. LaBelle: Lady Marmalade 2006
Evergreen .. The Monkees: "Daydream Believer" ~ UK 2004
Evian - Baby Inside .. Uffie; Wordy Rappinghood (Evian Mix) 2011 watch
Evian Water .. Dan The Automator; Rapper's Delight 2009 watch
Evian Water .. Brigitte Bardot: "Moi, Je Joue" ~ UK 2005
Evian Water .. Marilyn Monroe: Bye Bye Baby 2004
F >>>
Fallon Community Health Plan .. Buddy Holly: 'Everyday'
Famouse Grouse .. Fred Astaire: Puttin' On The Ritz 2006
Fanta Chase .. Martin Solveig & Dragonette; Cant Stop 2012 watch
Fanta - Grab A Taste Of Friday .. Ting Tings; Shut Up & Let Me Go 2010 watch
Fanta - bird ad .. Architecture In Helsinki; Souvenirs 2009 watch
Fanta Orange .. Stylophonic: Way of Life 2003
Fanta .. Rae & Christian: Blazing The Crop 2002
Farleys Rusks .. Gene Vincent: Be Bop A Lula 2000
Febreeze .. Real Tuesday Weld: Bathtime In Clerkenwell 2005
Felix cat food .. Scott Joplin The Entertainer 2009 watch
Felix cat food .. Real Thing: You To Me Are Everything 2000
Felix cat food .. Lou Bega: Mambo No 5 2000
Fendi Fan Di Fendi - The New Fragrance .. Kills; Cheap and Cheerful 2011 watch .
Ferrero Rocher - Golden Light .. Jasmine Ash; Starlight 2011 watch
Ferrero Rocher - Kinder Surprise .. Eliza Doolittle; Pack Up 2011 listen
Ferrero Rochee .. Cilla Black: 'Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)' (2006)
Ferrero Rochee .. Taxi: Yes it's True 2003
Fiat Panda New Panda Twin Air .. J*S*T*A*R*S; Loose Nuke Threat 2012 watch
Fiat 500 Jennifer Lopez .. Jennifer Lopez; Papi 2012 watch
Fiat Punto - MyLife ~ Piano .. Giovanni Allevi; Secret Love 2011 watch
Fiat 500: Twin Air .. Amy Macdonald; This Is The Life 2011 listen
Fiat Punto Evo: Prommercial .. Faithless; Feelin Good 2010 watch
Fiat Punto Evo: Drive The Evolution .. Edvin Marton; Paganini 5 2010 watch
Fiat Grande Punto - Connie Francis remixed/Tom Middleton: Quando Quando Quando 2008
Fiat Bravo .. Sweet Vandal: Beautiful 2008
Fiat 500 .. Cut Chemist: A Peak In Time 2008
Fiat Bravia .. Dark Globe; Break My World 2007
Fiat Grande Punto - Italian Job Remixed .. Louis Prima; Oh Marie 2007
Fiat Scudo Van .. Pipettes; ABC 2007
Fiat Grande Punto .. Hardknox: Fire Like This 2006
Fiat Sedici 4x4 .. Richard Strauss: Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2006
Fiat Stilo ..Topol: If I Were A Rich Man (From Fiddler on the Roof) 2006
Fiat Punto .. Marilyn Manson: Sweet Dreams (Are Made Of This) 2006
Fiat .. Human League: Dont You Want Me 2002
Fiat .. Chips: Rubber Biscuit 2000
Fibresure .. Altered Images; I Could Be Happy 2007
Fidelity Investments .. Paul McCartney & Wings: 'Band On The Run' watch
Fidelity Investments .. Billy Preston: 'Nothing From Nothing'
FIFA World Cup 2010 (Coca-Cola) .. K'naan; Wavin' Flag 2010 watch
FIFA World Cup 1990 .. Puccini: Nessun Dorma 1990
Filippo Berio Olive Oil .. Rossini; Largo Al Factotum from The Barber of Seville 2007
Findaproperty.com .. The 88; Coming Home 2010 watch
Findus Novelli Lasagne Ad .. Eric Winston: Saratoga 2008
Finish Quantum - Diamond Standard .. Gotan Project; Epoca 2008 watch
Finish 5 in 1 .. Wagner; Ride of the Valkyries 2008 watch
First Choice - All Inclusive .. Flo Rida; Good Feeling 2011 watch
First Choice - Swimming Pools .. Paul McCartney; We All Stand Together (Frog Chorus) 2008 watch
First Choice .. Rossini; William Tell Overture 2008
First Choice (hugs) .. Chopin; Etude For Piano - Op 10: No 3. In E Major - "Tristesse" 2007
First Choice .. Miriam Makeba: Mbube (Wimoweh) 2006
First Choice .. Reginald Dixon: I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006
First Direct .. Tommy Dorsey Opus One 2009 watch
First Magazine .. Chi-Lites; Have You Seen Her? 2007
Fisher Price .. Katrina and the Waves: Walking on Sunshine 2003
Fishermans Friend .. Inspiral Carpets: I Want You 2000
Five Alive Fruit Drink Dancing Dodo .. Don Fardon; Im Alive 2010 watch
Flash .. Paul Mottram: Tig A Tag 2006
Flash .. Elgar: Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2006
Flash .. BBC: Theme from Captain Pugwash 2006
Flash .. Reginald Dixon: I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006
Flexon .. Amen Corner: Bend Me, Shape Me 2000
Floors-2-Go .. Touch and Go: Would You...? 2006
Flora .. Mud; Tiger Feet 2009
Flora .. Lilac Time: Trumpets From Montparnasse 2006
Flora Pro-Activ (Lulu's Three Week Challenge) .. Lulu: Put A Little Love In Your Heart 2005
Florette Salad Bags of Goodness .. The Goons; Eeh! Ah! Oh! Ooh! 2012 watch
Flower By Kenzo: Rooftop .. Jil is Lucky; The Wanderer 2010 watch
Football Manager 2012 - Greatest Job On Earth .. Hard-Fi; Bring It On 2011 watch
Ford Fiesta Zetec - Keysless Entry .. Moondog; To A Sea Horse 2011 watch
Ford Fiesta Zetec - Feel The Difference .. Fiction; Big Things 2011 watch
Ford Mondeo True Beauty .. Soap and Skin; Mr. Gaunt PT 1000 2010 watch
Ford Fiesta Zetec .. School Of Language; Rockist Part 1 2010 watch
Ford Fiesta .. Schwab; Mole Man 2010 listen
Ford S Max Detail .. Si Begg; Bottled 2010 watch
Ford Focus .. Cool Hearts; Half Way Home 2010 watch
Ford Fiesta .. Two Lone Swordsmen; Shack 54 2009 watch
Ford Government Scrappage .. Chesney Hawkes; The One And Only 2009
Ford Ka .. specially composed for the ad - Soundtree; Gofindit 2009 watch
Ford Focus .. Alesha Dixon; 4 You I Woll 2008
Ford Focus .. Craig Richey; Ode To The New Ford 2008
Ford (Feel the difference) .. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra/St. Martin in the Fields chorus: Champions League 2007
Ford S-Max .. Whistling Tom: Under Paris Skies 2007
Ford Mondeo Desire .. Michael Andrews: The Artifact And Living 2007
Ford C-Max .. Outkast: When I Look In Your Eyes 2007
Ford Focus Zetec Climate .. Monty Norman: James Bond 2006
Ford Transit .. Soul Coughing: Disseminated 2006
Ford Cars .. The Specials: "Blank Expression" ~ UK
Ford Explorer .. Mark Morrison: 'Return of the Mack'
Ford Fiesta Freedom .. Paul Borg: Thigh Rolled 2006
Ford S-MAX .. Chemical Brothers: Shake Break Bounce 2006
Ford Focus .. I Monster: Daydream In Blue 2006
Ford Focus .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be 2000 watch
Ford .. Barry Gray: Joe 90 2000
Ford .. Brian May: Driven By You 2000
Ford .. Bob Marley and the Wailers: Three Little Birds 2000
Ford .. Slade: Coz I Luv You 2000
Ford Cougar .. Steppenwolf: Born To Be Wild 2000
Ford .. Sniff and the Tears: Drivers Seat 1990
Fosters .. Kool and the Gang; Jungle Boogie 2009
Fosters Super Chilled (Shadows) .. Violent Femmes; Blister In The Sun 2008
Fosters Twist .. Hombres: Let It Out (Let It All Hang Out) 2006
Fosters Super Chilled .. Boozoo Bajou: 'Lava' 2005
Fosters Lager .. The Karminsky Experience Inc: Exploration 2003
Fosters Lager .. Tchaikovsky: Le Lac Des Cygnes from Swan Lake 1995
Foxs .. Platters: 'Heaven On Earth' 2000
Foxy Bingo .. Matt Monro; Born Free 2012 watch
Foxy Bingo .. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John; You're The One That I Want 2010 watch
Foxy Bingo .. Lipps Inc; Funkytown 2009
Foxy Bingo .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2009
Fred Olsen Cruise Lines .. Dusty Springfield; I Only Want To Be With You 2008
Freederm - For Spot-Prone Skin .. Blue Mink; Good Morning Freedom 2011 watch
Freeview - Balloons .. The Turtles; Happy Together 2011 watch
Freeview: Corgis .. Derrick May; Strings of Life (Special Version) 2011 watch
Freeview HD - Tiny Streaker .. Men Without Hats; Safety Dance 2010 watch
Freeview Plus .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra; Theme From The Professionals 2009
Friends ReUnited Dating .. Otis Redding; Love Man 2007
Friends ReUnited .. Alan Hawkshaw: Theme from Grange Hill 2006
Friends ReUnited .. Highly Likely: What Ever Happened to You? 2006
Friends Provident .. Simon May: Chi Mai 2000
Frys Turkish Delight .. ??Jeff Wayne or Cliff Adams?? written especially for Frys 1984 watch
Fujifilm .. Radiocontrolledrobot: 'Beautiful' 2006
Furniture Village .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Make Me Smile (Come up and See Me) 2009
FX TV show Louie .. Ida Maria; Louie 2010
G >>>
Gala Bingo .. Barrett Strong; Money (That's What I Want) 2009
Gala Bingo .. Gloria Gaynor: I Will Survive 2006
Gala Bingo .. Madness: House of Fun 2005
Gala Bingo .. Shalamar: Night To Remember 2000
Galaxy Ripple Chocolate Folds Of Delight.. Thievery Corporation; Heavens Gonna Burn Your Eyes 2010 listen
Galaxy Promises .. Thelonius Monk: Caravan 2005
Galaxy .. Appleton: Don't Worry 2003
Galaxy .. Ella Fitzgerald: Summertime 2002
Galaxy Promises .. Thelonius Monk: Caravan 2005
Galaxy .. Appleton: Don't Worry 2003
Galaxy .. Ella Fitzgerald: Summertime 2002
Gap .. Amen Corner: 'Bend Me, Shape Me' 2002
Gap .. Supertramp: Give A Little Bit 2001
Gap .. Crystal Method: 'Busy Child' 2000
Gap .. James Clarke: 'Blow Up A Go Go' 2000
Garden and Leisure(Buy One Get One) .. Traditional: In An English Country Garden 2006
Garmin .. John Williams; Carol of the Bells 2007
Garmin Nuvi Sat Nav .. Morgan Van Dam: Found 2006
Garnier BB Cream Its a Good Day .. Peggy Lee; Its A Good Day 2012 watch
Garnier Nutrisse - Ultra Color .. Martin Solveig & Dragonette; Hello 2011 watch
Garnier Summerbody Spray Mist .. Cat Power; The Greatest 2007
Garnier 100% Color .. Lynyrd Skynyrd: Sweet Home Alabama 2006
Garnier Fructis Shampoo .. Wax Tailor ft. Charlotte Savary: Our Dance 2005
Garnier .. Saint Etienne: Marios Cafe 2000
Gateway .. Who: 'Who Are You' 2000
Gaviscon .. Irene Cara: 'Flashdance (What A Feeling)' 2004
Geico .. Royksopp: 'Remind Me' 2007
General Accident .. Fortunes: Storm In A Teacup 2000
General Post Office .. Sam Cooke: "Darling You Send Me" ~ UK 2006
George at Asda .. Sly & The Family Stone; Dance To The Music 2012 listen
George at Asda .. Pilot: "Magic" ~ UK
GHD Cinderella at the Midnight Ball .. Le Rev: Lucky You 2010 watch
Gillette Venus: Jennifer Lopez .. Jennifer Lopez; Venus 2011 watch
Gillette Venus .. Bananarama: Venus 2003
Gillette Right Guard .. Bob Marley and the Wailers: Three Little Birds 2000
Gillette Right Guard .. Four Tops: 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 2000
Ginsters .. Jim Noir: 'My Patch' 2006
Giorgio Armani: Acqua Di Gioia Woman and Nature .. Cinematic Orchestra; Arrival of the Birds 2010 watch
Go! Airlines .. Hugo Montenegro: The Fox 1999
Go Compare .. George M Cohan Over There 2010 watch
Golden Wonder .. Kinks: 'You Really Got Me' 2000
Golden Wonder .. Motorhead: Ace Of Spades 2000
Google+ Plus Tom .. Alan Silvestri; Cast Away (End Titles) 2012 watch
Google Chrome: Jamal Edwards .. Wretch 32; Traktor 2011 watch .
Google Chrome: Lady Gaga .. Lady Gaga; Edge of Glory 2011 watch
Google Chrome: Dear Hollie .. Ingrid Michaelson; Sort Of (Instrumental) 2011 watch
Gordon's Gin .. Status Quo: Pictures of Matchstick Men 2004
Gordon's Edge .. Coco Steel & Lovebomb: Yachts 2002 .
Grand Theft Auto IV - The Lost & The Damned .. Motley Crue; Wild Side 2009
Grand Theft Auto Episodes From Liberty City .. Roxette; The Look 2009 watch
Grand Theft Auto San Andreas .. Chakachas; Jungle Fever 2007
Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories .. Phil Collins Ft. Philip Bailey: Easy Lover 2006
Grand Theft Auto San Andreas .. Guns 'n' Roses: Welcome To The Jungle 2004
Grant's Whisky .. Baby Bird: Atomic Soda 1999
Grattan .. Connie Francis: Stupid Cupid 2000
Grattan .. Ritchie Valens: La Bamba 2000
Grattan .. James Brown: I Got You (I Feel Good) 2000
Greene King IPA Crafted For The Moment .. Jake Bugg; Country Song 2012 watch
Greece Tourist Board .. Mikis Theodorakis: Zorba The Greek 2006
Green Flag .. Fontella Bass: Rescue Me 2000
Green Flag .. Brian Eno: An Ending (Ascent) 2000
Greggs .. Gracie Fields; If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked A Cake 2010 watch
Greggs .. Terry Bush; Maybe Tomorrow 2009
Grolsch Dancing Bottles .. Louis Armstrong; It Dont Mean A Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing) 2010
Grolsch .. Bodyrockers: I Like The Way 2005
Grolsch .. Iggy Pop: I'm Bored 2000
Gü - Give in to Gü .. Jon Brion; Drive In 2011 watch
Gucci Guilty - Intense .. Friendly Fires and Bats For Lashes; Strangelove 2010 watch
Gucci Flora - Meadow .. Donna Summer; I Feel Love 2009
Gucci by Gucci .. Blondie; Heart Of Glass 2008
Gucci Pour Homme II .. Apple Garageband Loop; Modern Rock Guitar 07 2007
Guardian Super Size Me DVD Promotion .. Toothpick: Super Size Me 2006
Guardian Free CD 27/11/2004 .. Paul Weller All Along The Watchtower 2004
Guardian .. Dean Fraser: Dick Tracey 1999
Gucci Guilty - Intense .. Friendly Fires and Bat For Lashes; Strangelove 2011 watch
Guerlain Idyll .. Nora Arnezeder and Feloche; Singin' In The Rain 2009
Guerlain Insolence .. Muse: Hysteria 2006
Guinness - Dark Life .. Beach House; 10 Mile Stereo 2010 watch
Guinness - The Dot .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO); Mr Blue Sky 2008
Guinness - Domino Tipping .. Enrique Granados; Spanish Dance No 6 2007
Guinness .. Slang; The Shins 2007
Guinness .. Acker Bilk: That's My Home 2006
Guinness Evolution .. Sammy Davis Jr: Rhythm of Life 2005
Guinness .. Prodigy: Spitfire 2005
Guinness .. Unit 4 + 2: Concrete and Clay 2002
Guinness .. Arab Strap: First Big Weekend 2000
Guinness .. Perez Prez Prado: Guaglione 2000
Guinness .. Prince Buster: Burke's Law 1998
Guinness Draught: Chain .. Louis Armstrong; We Have All The Time In The World 1994 watch
Guinness .. DJ Shadow: "Stem/Long Stem" ~ UK ('90's)
Guns 'n' Roses Chinese Democracy Release .. Guns 'n' Roses; Sweet Child O' Mine 2008
Guns 'n' Roses Chinese Democracy Release .. Guns 'n' Roses; Chinese Democracy 2008
Gwen Stefani "L" a L.A.M.B. fragrance .. Gwen Stefani; Wonderful Life 2007
H >>>
H&M Marni at H&M .. Roxy Music; Avalon 2012 watch
H & M David Beckham Body Wear .. The Animals; Dont Let Me Be Misunderstood 2012 watch
H & M - Winter Fashion 2011 .. Klas Åhlund; Girls On Film 2011 watch
H & M - Girls On Film .. Mona Donnerman; Girls on Film 2011 watch .
H & M - Matthew Williamson Collection .. Stereolies; We Need A Change 2009 watch
H & M .. Greenhornes; There Is An End 2007
H. Samuel Jewellers .. Captain and Tennille: Love Will Keep Us Together 2006
H. Samuel Christmas Shopping .. Ella Fitzgerald: 'S Wonderful 2005
Haagen-Dazs .. Richard Hawley; Open Up Your Door 2009
Haagen-Dazs .. Sarah Vaughan; 'Make Yourself Comfortable' 2002
Halfords - Christmas Bikes .. The Hoosiers; Goodbye Mr A 2011 watch .
Halfords Summer Sale .. Hoosiers; Goodby Mr A 2011 watch
Halfords .. Republica; 'Ready To Go' 2006
Halifax Home Insurance Garden Fun .. Halifax Community Choir; I Believe I Can Fly 2012 watch
Halifax Saving Accounts - Prize Draw .. Halifax Community Choir; Walking On Sunshine 2011 watch
Halifax - Open Saturdays .. Halifax Community Choir; Hard Days Night 2011 watch
Halifax Rewards - Ill Be There .. Halifax Community Choir; Ill Be There 2011 watch
Halifax - Yeah Yeah Yeah .. Stereo MCs; Connected 2011 watch
Halifax Building Society Rewards .. Lightning Seeds; Lucky You 2010 watch
Halifax Building Society ISA .. Vanilla Ice; Ice Ice Baby 2010 watch
Halifax Building Society Reward Horn .. Pretenders; Brass In Pocket 2010 watch
Halifax Building Society Reward Account .. Lily Allen; LDN 2010
Halifax Building Society Reward Account .. Spandau Ballet; Gold 2010
Halifax Building Society Five Pound Reward .. Born Ruffians; Little Garcon 2009
Halifax Building Society Mortgages .. Bright Eyes; First Day Of My Life 2009
Halifax Building Society .. Jackie Wilson; (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher 2009 watch
Halifax Building Society .. Herman's Hermits; I'm Into Something Good 2008
Halifax Building Society .. Herbie Hancock; Rockit 2007 (Ireland)
Halifax Building Society .. Bubba Sparxxx; Ms New Booty 2007 (Ireland)
Halifax Building Society Credit Card .. Sweet; Ballroom Blitz 2007 (Ireland)
Halifax Building Society .. Aretha Franklin; Think 2007
Halifax Building Society 50 Times Extra .. Big Brovaz; Nu Flow 2006
Halifax Building Society High Rate Saver .. Glen Campbell; Rhinestone Cowboy 2006
Halifax Building Society Mortgage .. Cab Calloway; Minnie The Moocher 2006
Halls Soothers .. Robert Palmer; Addicted To Love 2010 listen
Halls Soothers .. Aretha Franklin; Baby I Love You 2003
Halls .. Hollies; The Air That I Breathe 2000
Halls .. Robert Palmer; Addicted to Love 2000
Hamlet .. Bach; Air on a G String 2000
Hammerite .. Chas & Dave; Any Old Iron 1992
Happy Egg Co. Happy Hens Racing .. Chariots of Fire: Vangelis 2010 watch
Haribo Tangfastic .. Mozart; Queen of the Night (Aria from The Magic Flute) 2010 watch
Harrods .. Handel; Lascia Ch'io Pianga 2002
Harvest Cheweee Bar .. Ohio Express; Chewy Chewy 2002
Harvester Salad & Grill .. Plain White T's; 1234 2010 watch
Harvester .. Chic; Good Times 2000 listen
Harveys Furniture .. Dukas; Sorcerers Apprentice 2010 listen
Harveys Furniture Sale .. Blondie; Picture This 2009
Harveys Furniture 10% Off Everything Sale .. Matt Monro; This Is The Life 2007
Haven Holidays Half Price Holidays .. Obi; Somewhere Nicer 2009
Haven Holidays .. Manu Chao; La Primavera 2007
Head & Shoulders: Smooth & Silky Shampoo.. Christian Marsac; LAmour Conjugué 2010 watch
Head & Shoulders: Colour Care, We Love Red .. Heidi Lingren; I Need Music 2008
Head & Shoulder 'Mickey' ad .. DOES ANYONE KNOW THIS SKA/REGGAE SONG 2007 watch
Head and Shoulders: Irresistible Hair .. Evelyn Knight; A Little Bird Told Me 2007
Head and Shoulders .. Skott Francis; Sugar Sugar 2005
Health Lottery £200,000 Jackpot .. Ennio Morricone; Ecstasy of Gold 2011 watch
Heart FM .. Sharleen Spiteri; Xanadu 2010 watch
Heart FM .. Louis Prima; Sing, Sing, Sing 2006
Heart FM .. Donavon Frankenreiter; Turn On Your Heart 2006
Heart FM .. Harold Melvin and The Blue Notes; The Love I Lost 2006
Heineken The Date .. Mohammed Rafi; Jaan Pehechan Ho 2012 watch
Heineken - The Entrance .. The Asteroids Galaxy Tour; Golden Age 2011 watch
Heineken .. Chopin; Prelude No.7 In A Major 2007
Heineken .. Teddybears ft. Mad Cobra; Cobrastyle 2006
Heineken Export Lager .. Al Green; Let's Stay Together 2006
Heineken Back in time .. George Baker Selection; Little Green Bag 2006
Heineken .. J. Geils Band; Give It To Me 2002
Heineken .. Chris Isaak: "Wicked Game" US
Heinz - Squeeze and Stir Soups .. Bobby Day; Little Bitty Pretty One 2011 watch
Heinz Weight Watchers - Exercise Bike .. Groovalistics; Dont Leave Me This Way 2011 watch
Heinz Beanz Fridge Pack Containers .. Delaney, Bonnie & Friends; Never Ending Song of Love 2010 watch
Heinz .. Harry J All Stars; Liquidator 2009
Heinz Snap Pots Eazy Beanzy .. Ann Lee; Ring My Bell 2008
Heinz Farmers' Market Soups .. Arthur Wood; Barwick Green (Theme from the Archers) 2007
Heinz Salad Cream .. Sesame Street; Ladybugs Picnic 2007
Heinz .. Goons: Ying Tong Song 2000
Heinz Baked Beans .. Chas & Dave; Diddle Um Song (Diddle Umma Day) 1999
Heinz tomato ketchup .. Carly Simon: 'Anticipation' ~ late 70's US
Hellmanns Mayonnaise Boxing Day .. Tim Myers; Simply Wonderful 2011 watch
Hellmann's Mayonaise - Loved Up Mash .. Tim Myers; Simply Wonderful 2011 watch
Hellmann's Mayonaise .. Isley Brothers; Summer Breeze 2009 watch
Hellmann's Mayonnaise .. Marvin Gaye; Let's Get It On 2005
Herbal Essences .. Paul Leonard-Morgan; Blue State 2009
Hiscox .. Rebelski; The Swarm 2007
History Channel UFO Files .. Saint-Saens; Aquarium from Carnival of the Animals 2006
HMV - Revolutionary Technology .. Justice; Civilisation 2011 watch
HMV Sale .. Elbow; One Day Like This 2009
HMV .. Sarah McLachlan; Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas 2007
HMV Sale .. Fratellis: Flathead 2007
HMV .. Monty Python DVD Promotion .. Monty Python's Flying Circus; Bright Side of Life 2006
HMV Summer Sale .. The La's; There She Goes 2006
Holiday Inn Express .. Kyle Andrews; Always Make Me Smile 2010 watch
Holland & Barrett Half Price Event .. Hollies; I'm Alive 2007
Homebase Containers .. Peter Bjorn & John; Young Folks 2012 watch
Homebase .. Peter, Bjorn and John Young; Folks 2009
Homebase (whistling ad) .. Peter, Bjorn and John; Young Folks 2009
Homebase .. Pasadena Roof Orchestra; "Double Check Stomp" 2008 watch
Homebase Autumn Collection .. Lerner & Loewe; Wouldn't It Be Lovely (from My Fair Lady) 2007
Homebase .. James Baskett; Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah (from Song of the South) 2007
Homebase .. Judy Garland; Get Happy 2006
Homebase .. Verna Felton; Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo from Disney's Cinderella 2006
Homebase .. Beloved: Sweet Harmony 2006
Honda Accord Cross Tour .. Miriam Makeba; Pata Pata 2010 watch
Honda Everything .. Battles; Atlas 2009
Honda Let It Shine .. Berend Dubbe and Gwen Thomas; This Little Light Of Mine 2009
Honda Accord .. Esquivel The Breeze and I (Andalucia) 2008 watch
Honda FCX Clarity .. Mark Mothersbaugh; Ping Island 2008 watch
Honda Accord Sedan.. Electric Light Orchestra / E.L.O. Hold On Tight 2007 and 2008 watch
Honda Power of Dreams .. Andy Williams; The Impossible Dream 2005 watch
Honda Civic .. Primal Scream; Loaded 2003
Honda .. Sugarhill Gang; Rapper's Delight 2003
Honda Cleo .. Jeff Beck; Stand on it 1989/90 watch
Horlicks .. Francoise Hardy; Voila 2005
Hoseasons Holidays .. Status Quo; Whatever You Want 2000
Hotpoint Aqua .. Vangelis; Ask The Mountains 2007
Hotpoint Recommends Ariel .. Lionel Richie; Easy 2005
House of Fraser .. Tunng; Out Of The Window With The Window 2006
Hovis Soft White .. Rossini; William Tell Overture 2011 listen
Hovis Hearty Oats .. Plastic Bertrand; Ca Plane Pour Moi 2010 watch
Hovis Wholemeal Cheese and Tomato Sandwich .. Calvin Harris; Ready For The Weekend 2010 watch
Hovis Best of Both Bread Jam Sandwich .. Adam Ant; Goody Two Shoes 2010 watch
Hovis Soft White Bread Bacon Sandwich .. The Stranglers; No More Heroes 2010 watch
HP Hewlett Packard dv6t .. Jimi Hendrix; Foxey Lady 2011 watch
HP Envy (Hewlett Packard) - Beats by Dr Dre .. Dr Dre featuring Jay-Z; Under Pressure 2011 watch
HP: Hewlett Packard Web Enabled Printers .. Melanie: Brand New Key 2010 watch
HP: Hewlett Packard Photosmart 475 .. Robins; Out Of The Picture 2005
HP: Hewlett Packard .. The Kinks: 'Picture Book' 2004
HP: Hewlett Packard .. The Cure: 'Pictures of You' 2003
HP: Hewlett Packard .. Deep Purple: 'Smoke on the Water' 2004
HP Sauce Tomato Ketchup .. Squirrel Nut Zippers; Suits Are Picking Up The Bill 2006
HP Sauce .. Elgar; Pomp & Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2006
HSA Health Insurance .. Ella Fitzgerald; Sunny 2005
HSBC Little Investor .. Peter Raeburn and Nick Foster; Map Maker 2012 watch
HSBC Lemonade .. Soundtree; Thank Heaven For Little Girls 2012 listen (M. Chevalier)
HSBC Chinese New Year .. Chang Loo; Dang Bu Liao 2012 watch
HSBC - What Do Trees Mean To You? Orff; Gassenhauer from Musica Poetica:Schulwerk 2007
HSBC .. Barry Gray; Aqua Marina 2006
HSBC .. Hope of the States; Black Amnesias 2006
HSBC .. Michel Legrand; Di Gue Ding Ding 2006
HSBC .. Ink Spots; Bless You (For Being An Angel) 2005
HTC One Freefall Fashion Shoot .. Chromatics; Tick of the Clock 2012 watch
HTC - Sensation XL .. SebastiAn; Holloback / X Hollow 2011 watch
HTC VTS 980 .. Nina Simone; Sinner Man 2009 watch
Huggies Nappies .. Madness: 'It must be love' ~ New Zealand
Hugo Boss Orange .. Hives; Hate To Say I Told You So 2011 watch
Hugo Boss Bottled - Night .. Massive Attack; Angel 2010 watch
Hugo Boss .. Rob Dougan; Clubbed To Death 2009 watch
Hugo Boss for women .. Beatles; Drive My Car 2009 watch
Hogo Boss Pure .. made especially for the ad by Schmooze Production 2008
Hugo Boss Femme .. Klima; City 2007
Hugo Boss XX & XY .. Johnny Kidd and The Pirates; Shakin' All Over 2007
Hugo Boss Pure Purple .. Mint Royale; Wait For You 2006
Hummer .. Filter; Only Way (Is the Wrong Way) 2003
Hummer .. The Who: 'Happy Jack'
Hummer .. Tom Jones: "Help Yourself"
Hush Puppies .. Rufus Thomas; Walking The Dog 2000
Hyundai Veloster .. Crystal Method; Dirty Thirty 2011 watch
Hyundai - New Thinking .. Vanessa James; Commissioned Track 2011
Hyundai ix20 Life In Boxes .. Alex Winston; Choice Notes 2010 watch
Hyundai i30 .. Shelagh Mcdonald; Rainy Night Blues 2008
Hyundai .. Colder; Silicone Sexy 2007
Hyundai Tucson .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2006
Hyundai Cars .. Johann Strauss: 'Wine, Women and Song' ~ New Zealand
I >>>
I.B.M .. Kinks: I'm Not Like Everybody Else uk 2006
I Cant Believe Its Not Butter .. Monkees: I'm A Believer uk 2000
Ibuleve .. Robson & Jerome: I Believe 2007
Ice Age .. Rusted Root: Send Me On My Way uk 2003
Iceland - Christmas Showcase .. Stacey Solomon; Driving Home For Christmas 2011 watch
Iceland - Christmas Cabaret .. Iceland Mums; Christmas Can-Can 2010 watch
Iceland - Weight Watchers Promotion .. Rossini: William Tell Overture 2005
Icelolly.com - Compare Packages .. Hot Chocolate; You Sexy Thing 2011 watch
IKEA - Bedrooms .. Fanfare Ciocarlia; Asfalt Tango Also sampled on: Serk (ft Schampus) - Bangersexy 2011 watch .
IKEA Kitchen Party .. Jona Lewie presents Man Like Me; Youll Always Find Me In The Kitchen At Parties 2010 watch
IKEA - Happy Inside .. Mara Carlyle; Pianni 2010 watch
IKEA .. Tom Jones: Green, Green Grass Of Home 2007
IKEA - the sale is on .. Peter, Bjorn & John: Young Folks 2007
IKEA - Sale .. Jean Jacques Perrey; Colonie Celeste 2006
IKEA .. Ervin Webb & The Prisoners; I'm Goin' Home 2005
Ilva Furniture .. Paolo Conte; Via Con Me 2006
Imperial Leather SkinKind Flower Shower .. Alex Banks; Snow 2010 watch
Imperial Leather Toiletries - Hugs Range .. Ben Sands; Hugs 2007/2008
Impulse Body Spray .. Saturdays; Forever is Over 2009 watch
Impulse .. Max Avery Lichtenstein: Tarnation 2007
Impulse Tease .. Salt n Pepa; Push It 2006
Impulse Thrill .. Casanovas; Shake It 2005
Indago Satellite Navigation System .. Ian McLagan; I Will Follow 2006
Indesit - Moon .. New Order; Hey Now What You Doing 2007/8
Independent .. Dr Dre; Still D.R.E. 2004
India .. Karl Jenkins; Zarabanda (Sarabande) 2006
ING Direct Snowball Games .. Boy Least Likely To Be Gentle With Me 2008
ING: Fernando Alonso .. Chris Coco; Dreaming of Shibuya In The Rain Again 2008
Innocent Fruit Loves This Water .. Billy Ocean; Suddenly 2010 watch
Inland Revenue Tax Credits .. Upsetters; Return of Django 2004 watch
Intel .. New Young Pony Club: "Ice Cream" (2006)
Intel Core Duo Processor .. Teddybears; Different Sound 2006
Intel Core Duo Processor .. Carlos Jean; Mr Dabada 2006
Intel Core Duo Processor .. New Young Pony Club; Ice Cream 2006
Intel In Macs .. Moby; God Moving Over The Face Of The Waters 2006
Intel Centrino .. Seal; Crazy 2005
Interflora Mothers Day .. Daniel Holter & Kyle White; Whistler Float 2011 watch
Investec What We Do .. Angry Vs. The Bear; Show Emotion 2012 watch
Ireland Discover Ireland .. Shaun Davey; The Welcome Visitor 2007
Ireland .. Chicane & Maire Brennan; Saltwater 2003
Irn-Bru - Cut Out Summer .. Paolo Nutini; Pencil Full of Lead 2011 watch
Irn-bru Thats Phenomenal .. Candle Music Commissioned Track 2010 watch
Irn-Bru .. Undertones; Here Comes The Summer 2007
Irn Bru .. Aled Jones; Walking In The Air 2006
Isklar Pure Glacier .. Plaid; Zamami 2008
iPod Touch: Grid .. Brendan Benson; What I'm Looking For 2008
ITV Bingo.com .. Dave Carey - Bingo! 2011 watch or read about
some ITV UEFA ad's are under U
ITV Fifa World Cup Credits .. Vusi Mahlasela; When You Come Back 2010 watch
ITV World Cup .. Jimi Hendrix; Fire 2010 listen
ITV 2010 World Cup Qualifier Highlights Intro .. Verve; Bitter Sweet Symphony 2009 watch
ITV Bright Side .. Nadia Fay; Honeycomb 2009
ITV Euro 2008 Titles .. Natasha Marsh; Queen of The Night from The Magic Flute (Mozart) 2008
ITV The Baron .. Whitey; Sweet Words For The Sour 2008
ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. AC/DC; Back In Black 2008
ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. George Michael; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2007
ITV4 .. The Contender Challenge US v UK .. Sex Pistols; God Save The Queen 2007
ITV4 .. The Contender Challenge US v UK .. Jimi Hendrix; Star Spangled Banner 2007
ITV Primeval New Series .. Muse; Map of the Problematique 2007
ITV Hell's Kitchen USA .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2006
ITV World Cuppa .. Sergio Mendes; Mas Que Nada 2006
ITV World Cup 2006 .. Kasabian; Heroes 2006
ITV Wrestlemania .. Peter Gabriel; Big Time 2006
ITV Movies .. Feeder; Feeling A Moment 2006
ITV2 - Winter .. Aqualung; Brighter Than Sunshine 2006
ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. Speedometer; All I Ever Need 2006
ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Killing Moon 2006
ITV Winter Line Up .. Willis; Take You High 2006
ITV1 - Western Season .. Stranglers; No More Heroes 2005
ITV I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here .. Guns 'n' Roses; Welcome To The Jungle 2003
ITV I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here .. Kool and the Gang; Jungle Boogie 2003
ITV Midsomer Murders Theme .. Jim Parker; Midsomer Murders
J >>>
J. C. Penney: American Living .. Robert Plant/Alison Krauss: Killing The Blues 2008
J. C. Penney: American Living .. Chris Montez: Lets Dance 2008
J2O Glitterberry .. Weather Girls; It's Raining Men 2011 watch
J2O .. Hint: Quite Spectacular 2007
J.J.B Sports - Ready? .. Sonny J; Cant Stop Moving 2011 watch
Jack Daniels Happy Holidays Barrel Tree .. Brighton, MA Good Kind of Crazy 2011 watch
Jacobs Cream Crackers .. Ethiopians: Train To Skaville 2000
Jaguar XF - Winner For Four Years .. The Heavy; How You Like Me Now 2011 watch
Jaguar XF .. Deep Purple; Hush 2008
Jaguar .. Fujiya & Miyagi: Collarbone 2007
Jaguar .. Spoon: I Turn My Camera On 2006
Jaguar .. Massive Attack: Two Rocks and a Cup of Water 2006
Jaguar .. Chris Isaak: "Wicked Game" ~ US & UK 2001
Jamaica .. Bob Marley and the Wailers One Love; People Get Ready 2006
James Bond : Die Another Day .. Madonna; Die Another Day 2003
James Bond : Diamonds are Forever .. Shirley Bassey; Diamonds are Forever 2003
James Bond : The World Is Not Enough .. Garbage; The World is not Enough 1999
James Bond : Tomorrow Never Dies .. Sheryl Crow; Tomorrow Never Dies 1997
James Bond : Tomorrow Never Dies .. Moby; James Bond 1997
James Bond : Goldeneye .. Tina Turner; Goldeneye 1995
James Bond : Living Daylights .. A-Ha; Living Daylights 1987
James Bond : View To A Kill .. Duran Duran; View To A Kill 1985
James Bond : Octopussy .. Rita Coolidge; All Time High 1983
James Bond : Moonraker .. Shirley Bassey; Moonraker 1979
James Bond : The Spy Who Loved Me .. Carly Simon; Nobody Does It Better 1977
James Bond : Majesty's Secret Service .. Louis Armstrong; All The Time In The World 1969
James Bond : You Only Live Twice .. Nancy Sinatra; You Only Live Twice 1967
James Bond : Thunderball .. Tom Jones; Thunderball 1965
James Bond : Goldfinger .. Shirley Bassey; Goldfinger 1964
James Bond : Dr No .. Monty Norman; James Bond 1962
James Villa Holidays Happy Feet .. Kermit The Frog and The Frog Chorus; Happy Feet 2011 watch
Jameson Whisky .. T Rex; 20th Century Boy 2005
Jameson Whisky .. Cozy Powell; Dance With The Devil 2005
Jean Paul Gautier Classics .. Niccolò Paganini's "Nessun Dorma" 2007
Jean Paul Gautier Les Parfums .. Maria Callas; Bellinis "Casta Diva" 2003
Jeep .. Hal David & John Cacavas Winter Warm 2010
Jeep: Liberty .. Andy Kim; Rock Me Gently 2007 watch
Jergens Naturals .. Jess Penner; Here Comes The Sunshine 2009
Jeyes Bloo Fusion .. Tchaikovsky; Waltz (No 2 Valse) - Entrance of The Guests from Act 1, Swan Lake 2007
Jimmy Choo - Parfum .. Zoozoo; Velvet Underground 2011 watch
John Lewis - Gifts .. Slow Moving Millie; Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want 2011 watch
John Lewis - Never Knowingly Undersold .. The Smiths - This Charming Man; The Selecter - On My Radio; Dusty Springfield - I Only Want To Be With You; London String Chorale - Galloping Home (theme from the Adventures of Black Beauty; Elton John - Rocket Man; Sade - Smooth Operator; The Kooks - Shine On 2011 watch
John Lewis - Christmas 2010 .. Ellie Goulding; Your Song 2010 watch
John Lewis Womans Life .. Fyfe Dangerfield: Shes Always a Woman To Me 2010 watch
John Lewis .. Taken By Trees; Sweet Child O' Mine 2009 DL
John Lewis - Christmas 2008 .. Beatles cover "From Me to You" especially produced for the ad 2008 watch
John Lewis - Christmas 2007 .. Prokofiev; Morning Serenade from Romeo and Juliet 2007
John Smiths .. Kid Creole and the Coconuts; Annie, I'm Not Your Daddy 2004
John Smiths .. Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg; Je T'Aime ... Moi Non Plus 2000
John West Weightwatchers Tuna Fillings .. Vernon Dalhart; The Runaway Train 2007
Juicy Couture: Viva La Juicy .. Elegant Too ft. Ambrosia Parsley; My World 2011 watch
K >>>
Kärcher Spring Clean .. Fats Waller; Spring Cleaning (Getting Ready For Love) 2010 watch
Karcher 25th Anniversary .. Mick Tucker; Greig's Piano Concerto in A Minor 2009 listen
Karcher VC 6300 .. Marjolein: Sweetest Eyes 2006
Kelkoo .. Corona: Rhythm of the Night 2000
Kelloggs Special K Dare To Wear Red .. David Guetta ft Kelly Rowland; When Love Takes Over 2012 watch
Kelloggs Special K More Delicious Everyday .. Paloma Faith; Upside Down 2011 listen
Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Clusters .. Berlin; Take My Breath Away 2011 watch
Kelloggs Special K: myspecialk.co.uk .. Duffy; Mercy 2011 watch
Kelloggs Special K Love Your Shape .. Sugababes: Red Dress (Mutya Mix) 2010 watch
Kelloggs Corn Flakes Sunshine Street Breakfast .. Primal Scream; Movin On Up 2010 watch
Kelloggs Special K Fruit and Nut Clusters .. Jill Pickering; Shine 2010 watch
Kelloggs Nutrigrain Bars .. The Feeling; Fill My Little World 2010 listen
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Joy Williams; Sunny Day 2010 watch
Kelloggs Coco Pops .. Alice Cooper; School's Out 2010 listen
Kelloggs Special "K" - Jeans Challenge .. Scouting For Girls; She's So Lovely 2010 listen
Kelloggs Nutrigrain Bars .. Andrea True Connection; More, More, More 2009 listen
Kelloggs Coco Rocks - Wholegrain .. EMF; Unbelievable 2009
Kelloggs Coco Pops .. Snap; The Power 2009
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Laura Izibor; Shine 2009
Kelloggs Special "K" - 10 Varieties .. Pelle Carlberg; Riverbank 2009
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Aretha Franklin; Save Me 2009 watch
Kelloggs Cherrios .. Ben Taylor; I Try 2008 listen
Kelloggs Cornflakes: Hint of Honey .. ?music interlude/Ella Fitzgerald? You're Gonna Lose Your Gal 2008 listen
Kelloggs Coco Pops: Moons and Stars .. Lipps Inc; Funky Town 2008
Kelloggs Coco Pops Coco Rocks: Caveman .. Owen Paul; My Favourite Waste Of Time 2008
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Ken Parker; I Can't Hide 2008
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Turin Brakes; Fishing For A Dream 2008
Kelloggs Zookeeper Competition .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra: Animal Magic Theme (Las Vegas) 2008
Kelloggs Special K Slimmer For Summer Winter Clothes .. Real Tuesday Weld; The Show Must Go On 2008
Kelloggs Special K .. Connie Francis; Fallin' 2008
Kelloggs Special K .. Dave Dee,Dozy,Beaky,Mick & Tich; Bend It 2008
Kelloggs Conflakes .. Francis Lai; Love Story 2008
Kelloggs Special K Bars .. Jem: Wish I 2007
Kelloggs Special K Mini Breaks .. Cheap Trick; I Want You To Want Me 2007 & 2008
Kelloggs - Wheats .. Jackie Wilson: Reet Petite 2007
Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Cornflakes .. Damita Jo: Keep Your Hands Off Him 2007
Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Cornflakes .. Elgar: Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007
Kelloggs Fruit'n'Fibre .. Boots Randolph: Yakety Sax 2007
Kelloggs Sp K .. Koop: Summer Sun 2007
Kelloggs Sp K .. Johnny Nash: I Can See Clearly Now 2007
Kelloggs Sp K .. Chris Montez The More I See You 2007
Kelloggs Sp K .. Dusty Springfield: I Just Don't Know What To Do With Myself 2006
Kelloggs Sp K .. Astrid Gilberto: 'Girl from Impanema'
Kelloggs Sp K .. Tom Jones: 'What's New Pussycat'
Kelloggs Sp K .. Blondie: "One Way Or Another"
Kelloggs Sp K .. De Phazz: Mambo Craze 2006
Kelloggs Sp K red berries .. Liverpool Express: "It's A Beautiful Day" ~ 2005
Kelloggs Nutri-Grain Bars .. Pilot: Magic 2005
Kelloggs Cornflakes .. Jeff Beck; Hi Ho Silver Lining 2004
Kelloggs Fruit'n'Fibre .. Carmen Miranda; I Yi Yi Yi Yi (I Like You Very Much) 1996
Kenco Tassimo Coffee Machine .. Us3; Cantaloop (Flip Fantasia) 2005
Kenco Caffe Crema .. Etta James; At Last 2005
Kenco .. Bizet; March of the Toreadors from "Carmen" 2004
Kenco .. Ennio Morricone; Musical Pocket Watch 2003
Kentucky Fried Chicken .. Lynard Skynard: 'Sweet Home Alabama'
Kenwood Frothie Hot'n'Cold Drinks Maker .. Don Ho; Tiny Bubbles 2005
Kenzo Flower Tag .. Tricky; Cross to Bear 2011 watch
Kenzo Flower .. Martina Topley-Bird; Lullaby 2006
KFC BBQ Rancher .. June Noa; Shes a Lady 2012 watch
KFC - So Good .. Temple Cloud; One Big Family 2011 watch
KFC .. Andy Williams; Can't Take My Eyes Off You 2010 listen
KFC - Favourites Bucket .. Ramones; Baby I Love You 2006
KFC - Popcorn .. Sam Cooke; Somebody's Gonna Miss Me 2004
KFC - Mini Fillets .. Chi-Lites; What Do I Wish For 2004
KGB .. Black Keys; Howlin' For You 2011 listen
Kia: New Range .. Chul Shin; Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Kia Sportage: Sing Along .. Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five; The Message 2011 watch
Kia Carens .. Yunioshi; Mymo 2007
Kilkenny .. Fleetwood Mac; Need Your Love So Bad 2000
Kinder Surprise - Giraffe .. Eliza Doolittle; Pack Up 2011 watch
King of Shaves Azor .. Mat Le Star; Lust and Charm 2009 watch
King of Shaves .. Death In Vegas; Dirge 2006
Kiss FM .. Gary Jules; Mad World 2003
Kingsmill Wake Up To Wholegrain .. Madness; House Of Fun 2009
Kingsmill .. Lucky Jim: 'Your Lovely To Me' UK 2007
Kingsmill Head Start with Omega3 .. Louis Armstrong ft. Bing Crosby: 'Gone Fishin' 2006
Kingsmill .. Vivaldi: Spring (allegro) from 'The Four Seasons' 2002
Kingsmill .. Nat King Cole: 'Smile' 2000
Kingsmill .. Shirley Bassey: Big Spender 2000
Kingsmill .. Supernaturals: 'Smile' 2000
Kit Kat Pop Choc .. Frankie Laine; Rawhide 2011 watch
Kit Kat - Crane drivers .. The Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2011 watch
Kit Kat .. The Enemy; We'll Live and Die In These Towns 2010 watch
Kit Kat .. Diana Ross and the Supremes; You Can't Hurry Love 2010 watch
Kit Kat - Kit Kash Promotion .. Bill Conti; Theme From Dynasty 2005
Kleenex Balsam - Always There .. Katie Herzig; Were All In This Together 2011 watch
Kleenex Mansize - New Smaller Box .. Jacques Dutronc; Mini, Mini, Mini 2011 watch
Kleenex .. Starrfadu; Let It Out 2007
Kmart .. B52s: 'Rock Lobster'
K-Mart .. Kim Wilde: 'Kids in America'
Knorr: Thai Curry Sauce .. Fern Kinney; Together We Are Beautiful 2006 listen
Knorr: Ragu .. Carmen Miranda; I Yi Yi Yi Yi (I Like You Very Much) 2006 listen
Knorr: Herb Cubes .. Penguin Cafe Orchestra Perpetuum Mobile 2000 Listen
Kodak Inkjet Printer - Beautifully Cheap .. The Undertones; Here Comes The Summer 2011 watch
Kohl's .. Temptations: 'Get Ready'
Kohl's .. Lovin' Spoonful: 'Do You Believe In Magic'
KP Hula Hoops: Sport Relief Hoopathon.. The Hit Crew; Jump In The Line (Shake, Senora) 2010 watch
KP Hula Hoops .. Village People; YMCA 2009
KP .. David Rose; The Stripper 2000
KP .. Carter USM; Shoppers Paradise 2000
Kraft Dairylea .. Supergrass; Alright 2010 listen
Kraft Dairylea Cheese .. Jilted Jon; Jilted John (Gordon Is A Moron) 2008
Kraft Dairylea Dunkers .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2006
Kraft Mayo .. Grand Funk: 'Some Kind of Wonderful'
Kronenbourg 1664 - bar musicians .. Madness - Baggy Trousers (slow version) 2011 watch
Kronenbourg 1664 Motörhead .. Motörhead: Ace of Spades (Slow Version) 2010 watch
Kronenbourg 1664 .. Britney Spears; Beat Goes On 2008
Kronenbourg 1664 .. Patsy Cline; Walkin' After Midnight 2006
Kronenbourg 1664 .. Henry Purcell; Suite From Abdelazar: Overture 2006
K-Swiss .. Creepy Morons; Superhits 2006
K-Swiss .. Crime; Gangster Funk 2006
K-Swiss .. Tha 4orce; Biting on the Hook (With the Bat) 2006
L >>>
L.L. Beans: Holiday 2008 .. Fountains Of Wayne; Valley Winter Song 2008 watch
LOreal Paris Preference .. Death In Vegas; Your Loft My Acid (Fearless Transhouse Mix) 2012 watch
LOreal: Spike Fanatic Sculpting Gel .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2011 watch
L'Oreal: Age Re-Perfect - Jane Fonda .. Craig Armstrong; Finding Beauty 2008 watch
L'Oreal: Men Expert .. Sebastien Tellier; La Ritournelle 2007/8 watch
L' Oreal with Andie Macdowell .. Craig Armstrong (remix): Finding Beauty 2007
La Redoute - Paris Rendevous .. Lovisa Stenmark; On and On 2011 watch
Lacoste - Eau De Lacoste .. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five; The Message 2011 watch
Lacoste Joy of Pink - Streamers .. If The Kids; Life? Is Now 2010 watch
Lacoste Elegance for Men .. Nat King Cole: Destination Moon 2007
Lacoste Inspiration .. Tom Jones; She's A Lady 2006
Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; Show You (The Way) 2006
Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; Skin Deep 2005
Lacoste Essential .. Feist; Mushaboom 2005
Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; It's Over Now 2004
Ladbrokes World Cup 2010 .. Quincy Jones; It's Caper Time (Self Preservation Society) 2010 watch
Ladbrokes Bingo .. Beach Boys; Fun Fun Fun 2009 listen
Lambrini .. Al Wilson; The Snake 2007
Land Of Leather One Day Sale .. Simply Red; Fairground 2008
Land Of Leather .. Dexy's Midnight Runners Come On Eileen 2008
Land of Leather .. Survivor; Eye of the Tiger 2007
Land of Leather .. Arrow; Hot Hot Hot 2007
Land of Leather Boxing Day Sale .. Chesney Hawkes; The One and Only 2007
Land of Leather Sale .. Europe; The Final Countdown 2007
Land of Leather £50 million Clearance Sale .. Lulu; Shout 2006
Land Rover Discovery 3 .. Mills Brothers; Tiger Rag 2009
Land Rover Freelander 2 .. Jon Allen; Going Home 2008
Land Rover Freelander .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2005
Lastminute.com: Stories Start Here .. Louis Prima; Enjoy Yourself 2011 watch
Lastminute.com: Do More Good Stuff .. Mumford & Sons; The Cave 2010 watch
Lastminute.com .. Sonny J; Can't Stop Moving 2009
LateRooms.Com For Your Every Need .. Asobi Seksu; Thursday 2012 watch
LateRooms.Com .. Super Preachers ft. Sista Moon; I Feel Happy 2011 watch
LateRooms.Com: Holiday Bubbles .. Lucky Elephant; Lucky Elephant 2010 watch
Lego; Rock Band .. Queen; We Will Rock You 2009
Lego: Indiana Jones Movie Collection .. John Williams; Raiders March 2008
Lenor Pink .. Liz Mcclarnon; I Get The Sweetest Feeling 2006
Lenor Goodbye Cardboard Jeans .. Koop; I See A Different You 2007
Levis .. RJD2; The Horror 2006
Levis 559 Voodoo Jeans .. Stevie Wonder; Superstition 2005
Levi Jeans .. Willie Nelson: "Always On My Mind" ~ 2004
Levi Sta-prest Trousers .. Mr. Oizo; Flat Beat 1999 watch
Levi 501 Jeans .. Spaceman; Babylon Zoo 1996 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Taxi .. Freak Power; Turn On, Tune In, Cop Out 1995 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Creek .. Inside; Stiltskin 1995 watch
Levi 501 Jeans .. Shaggy; Boombastic 1995 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Procession .. Screamin' Jay Hawkins; Heartattack and Vine 1993 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Swimmer .. Mad about the Boy; Dinah Washington 1992 watch
Levi Jeans - Brad Pitt ad .. Marc Bolan; 20th Century Boy 1991 watch
Levi Jeans - Pool Hall .. The Clash; Should I Stay or Should I Go? 1991 watch
Levi 527 Jeans - man throwing pebbles at window .. Madness: 'It Must Be Love' 19?? watch
Levi 501 Jeans .. The Joker; Steve Miller Band 1990 watch
Levi Jeans .. Eddie Cochran; C'mon Everybody! 1988 watch
Levi Jeans - Entrance .. Ben E. King; Stand by Me 1987 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Parting .. Percy Sledge; When a Man Loves a Woman 1987 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Bath .. Sam Cooke; Wonderful World 1986 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Laundrette .. Marvin Gaye; "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" 1985 watch
Levonelle One Step Contraception .. Golden Dogs; Lester 2009
Lexmark .. Rolling Stones: 'Complicated'
Lexus .. Isaac Albeniz; "Asturias" from Suite Espagnol 2007
Lexus 220d .. Ross Gregory; Fibre Optic 2006
LG Arena - KM900 .. Jay-Kid; Blame It On The Boogie 2009
LG KP500 Cookie free touch .. Mozart; Symphony No 40 - 1st movement 2009 watch
LG: Secret .. Sungki Lee production/Puccini; One Fine Day (Un Bel Dì Vedremo) from Madame Butterfly 2008 watch
LG: HD TVs .. Beach Boys; Good Vibrations 2008 watch
LG: Chocolate .. Feist; My Moon My Man 2007 watch
Lifestyle Sports .. Von Bondies: "C'mon C'mon" (late 2006)
Lifetime TV Network .. Bee Gees: 'Lonely Days'
Limara: body spray .. Stevie Lange; Remember My Name 1985
Lindemans .. T Rex; 20th Century Boy 2011 listen
Lipton Iced Tea - 100% Natural .. Groove Armada ft. SaintSaviour; I Wont? Kneel 2011 watch
Lipton Green Iced Tea .. Clyde McPhatter: 'Little Bitty Pretty One'
Littlewoods - Christmas Ideas .. Specially Recorded; My Lovely Mother 2011 watch
Littlewoods - Perfect Christmas Gifts From Coleen Rooney .. Danny Elfman; Whats This? 2010 watch
Littlewoods Nice Boots Camp .. Nancy Sinatra; These Boots Are Made For Walkin' 2010 watch
Littlewoods .. T Rex; I Love To Boogie 2009
Littlewoods Direct - Brazilian Adventure .. The Belle Stars; Iko Iko 2008
Living TV: Britain's Next Top Model .. Band of Skulls; Death By Diamonds and Pearls 2010 listen
Living TV: Moonlight .. Sam Sparro; Black & Gold 2008
Lloyds TSB - London 2012 Journey .. Elena Kats-Chernin; Elizas Aria 2011 watch
Lloyds Bank .. Elena Kats-Chernin; Eliza's Aria from Wild Swans 2007
Lloyds/TSB .. Bach; Sleepers Awake 1993
London Marathon - Theme .. Ron Goodwin; Theme from The Trap 2011 watch
London Transport For London - Think Biker .. Steph Altman; If You Got To Know Me 2010 watch
London Transport For London - Kid Again .. Audio Bullys; Real Life 2009
London Transport For London - Better Off By Bike Campaign .. Dawn Landes; Straight Lines 2007
London Transport For London .. David Motion; Chamber Music IV 2006
Look What We Found Tees Valley Meatballs .. Cliff Richard and The Shadows; In The Country 2012 watch
LOUD by Tommy Hilfiger: Scent Remixed .. The Ting Tings; Were Not The Same 2010 watch
Love It! Magazine .. Huey 'Piano' Smith and His Clowns; Don't You Just Know It 2007
Lovefilm Instant Try It For Free .. College A Real Hero 2012 watch
Lovefilm Instant Late Night .. Emiliana Torrini; Gun 2012 watch
Lovefilm .. Lotte Mullan; It Must Be Love 2012 watch
Lovefilm .. James Vincent McMorrow; Higher Love 2011 watch
Lovefilm .. MoZella; Love is Endless 2011 listen
Lovefilm .. Robert Palmer; Addicted To Love 2011 listen
Lovefilm .. Status Quo; Whatever You Want 2011 listen
Lovefilm .. Huey Lewis and the News; Power Of Love 2010 listen
Lovefilm .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2009 listen
Lovefilm .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2009 listen
Lovefilm .. Madness; It Must Be Love 2009 listen
Lucozade Energy: YES .. The James Cleaver Quintet; Buck Rogers 2011 watch
Lucozade Sport: Lite .. DJ Fresh; Louder 2011 watch
Lucozade Sport: YES .. Tinie Tempah ft Travis Barker; Simply Unstoppable (YES Remix) 2011 watch
Lucozade Energy: Do More .. The Plight; Ball and Chain 2010 watch
Lucozade: The Energy Within, New Orleans/Hamburg .. Brigade; What Are You Waiting For 2008 watch
Lucozade Energy .. UNKLE; Safe In Mind (Please Take This Gun From Out My Face) 2006
Lucozade Sport - Fine Line .. Scratch Perverts; Stand By 2006
Lucozade Energy: Zombie ad .. Audio Bullies; We Don't Care 2006
Lunn Poly .. Marvelettes; When You're Young And In Love 2000
Lurpak Lighter Be Wonderful and Wise .. Rutger Hauer; Cooking Up A Rainbow 2012 watch
Lurpak: Kitchen Odyssey .. Alexandre Desplat; Canis Lupus 2011 watch
Lux Shower Gel - Limousine .. 411; Dumb 2004
LV.com .. Sonics; Have Love, Will Travel 2007
Lynx Hair Get Some Hair Action .. Jacqueline Taïeb; La Plus Belle Chanson 2012 watch
Lynx Attract Unleash the Chaos .. Katie Lee; It Must Be Something Psychological 2012 watch
Lynx 2012 - Get It On For The End Of The World .. Specially Recorded; No Man Can Walk Alone 2011 watch
Lynx Excite - My Angel Girlfriend .. Linda Ronstadt; Different Drum 2011 watch
Lynx - Summer Holiday .. Courtney John - Lucky Man 2011 watch
Lynx Shower Gel - The Wash .. Brenda & the Tabulations; The Wash 2011 watch
Lynx Excite: Even Angels Will Fall .. The Fallen Angels; Sexy Boy 2011 watch
Lynx - Getting Dressed .. Israel Kamakawiwoole; Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2010 watch
Lynx Twist The Fragrance That Changes .. Juan Pablo Gariglio-bone with a dog/Special Track 2010 watch
Lynx Hot Fever .. Harry Belafonte; Jump In The Line 2009
Lynx Bullet - Pocket Pulling Power .. Seeds; Can't Seem To Make You Mine 2009
Lynx Instinct .. Cody ChesnuTT; Look Good In Leather 2009
Lynx: chocolate man .. Allen Toussaint; Sweet Touch of Love 2008
Lynx 3; Mix things up .. Micah P. Hinson; Yard Of Blonde Girls 2008
Lynx Boost Shower Gel .. Blueskins; Change My Mind 2006
Lynx Deodorant - Click .. Johnny 'Guitar' Watson; Gangster of Love 2006
Lynx deodorant .. The Bees; Chicken Payback
Lynx .. Israel Kamakawiwo'ole; Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2004
Lynx .. Esquivel; Miniskirt 1999
M & Co - Effortless Style .. Jasmine Kara; Try My Love Again 2011 watch
M & Ms .. Iron & Wine: 'Such Great Heights'
Macleans Teeth Care Sponsors of Dancing on Ice .. Slow Club; Apples and Pairs 2010 watch
Magic FM .. Michael Buble: Everything 2007
Magners Perfect Bar .. Fleetwood Mac; I've Lost My Baby 2008 watch
Magners Light .. Os Mutantes/The Bees; A Minha Menina 2008 watch
Magners Cider .. Byrds; Lazy Days 2008 watch
Magners Cider: Indoor Celebrations .. Steve Earle ft. Sharon Shannon; Galway Girl 2008 watch
Magners Christmas .. Fiona Melady; Don't Sit Under The Apple Tree 2007
Magners Cider .. The Kinks; Sunny Afternoon 2007
Magners That Journey .. Fatboy Slim; The Journey 2007
Magners Cider .. Zombies; 'Time of the Season' 2006
Magners Cider .. INXS; 'Beautiful Girl' 2006
Magners Cider .. Strangeloves; Night Time 2006
Magners Cider .. Donovan; Sunshine Superman 2006
Magners Cider .. Thin Lizzy; Dancing In The Moonlight 2006
Magnet Your Perfect Kitchen .. Julie Andrews; Getting To Know You (From The King and I) 2008 watch
Mail On Sunday You Mag .. Alex Ball (composer)/Phillipa Alexander (singer); Sunday Girl 2010 watch
Mail On Sunday Tesco Couplons .. Buddy Holly; Everyday 2009
Mail On Sunday Roxy Music CD .. Roxy Music; Avalon 2009
Mail on Sunday John Lennon CD .. John Lennon; Jealous Guy 2009
Mail on Sunday John Lennon CD .. John Lennon; Imagine 2009
Mail on Sunday Simply Red - Stars Give Away .. Simply Red; Stars 2008
Mail on Sunday Travis CD Promotion .. Travis; Flowers In The Window 2007
Mail on Sunday .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2007
Mail on Sunday Planet Earth by Prince - Free Cd .. Prince; Guitar 2007
Mail on Sunday Maybe Baby - free DVD .. Barry White; You're The First, The Last, My Everything 2006
Maltesers Celebrating 75 Years .. Jess Penner All Smiles 2012 listen
Mango - Kate Moss .. Bradley Michael Holland; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Manikin Cigars .. Manfred Mann; A 'B' Side 1969
Marks & Spencer Summer To Remember .. Gary Barlow; Here Comes The Sun 2012 watch
Marks & Spencers - Perfect Christmas Party Food .. Olly Murs; Busy (Instrumental) 2011 watch
Marks & Spencers - Christmas Ad .. X-Factor 2011 finalists; If You Wish Upon A Star 2011 watch
Marks and Spencer - Terribly Clever .. Olly Murs; Busy (Instrumental) 2011 watch
Marks and Spencer - The Date .. The Ronettes - Be My Baby 2011 watch .
Marks and Spencer The Rendezvous .. Billy Paul; Me and Mrs Jones 2011 watch .
Marks & Spencer Apricot Tart .. Olly Murs; Busy 2011 watch
Marks and Spencer Summer 2011 - Miami .. Michael Bublé; It Had Better Be Tonight 2011 watch
M & S - Dont Put a Foot Wrong This Christmas .. Bee Gees: You Should Be Dancing 2010 watch
M & S Fashion Fall For It .. Cheryl Lynn; Got To Be Real 2010 watch
M & S - Spring 2010 Collection .. Cheryl Lynn; Got To Be Real 2010 watch
Marks & Spencer - 125 Years .. Take That; Greatest Day 2009 watch
Marks & Spencer - Cook Asian .. Booker T and The MGs; Soul Limbo 2009
Marks & Spencer - Xmas Take That ad .. Macy Gray - Winter Wonderland 2008 watch
Marks & Spencer - Your Store .. David Bowie; Lets Dance 2008 watch
Marks & Spencer - Bureau De Change .. Gypsy Kings; Bambaleo 2008
Marks & Spencer Food .. Spandau Ballet; True 2008
Marks & Spencer - Free from artificial colours; Eva Cassidy; True Colors 2008 watch
M & S - Food (Free Range Eggs) .. Donovan; Mellow Yellow 2008 watch
M & S Clothes .. Erika Eigen; I Want to Marry A Lighthouse Keeper 2008 watch
M & S Christmas Belles .. Andy Williams; It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year 2007 watch
M & S .. Charioteers: Oooh, Look-A-There, Ain't She Pretty? 2007 watch
M & S/Marks & Spencer Clothes .. Small Faces; Itcheycoo Park 2007 watch
M & S Food .. Groove Armada; At The River 2007 watch
M & S Christmas Food .. Santana: "Samba Pa Ti" 2006 watch
M & S Food .. Santana: "Samba Pa Ti" ~ UK (2006)
M & S Fire and Ice .. Shirley Bassey; Get The Party Started 2006 watch
M & S Kids .. Monkees: "(Theme from) The Monkees" ~ UK 2006
M & S More Credit Card .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra; Theme from The Avengers 2006
M & S Clothes .. Steve Harley/Cockney Rebel: 'Make Me Smile (Come Up & See Me)' 2006
M & S .. Mikis Theodorakis; Zorba The Greek 2006
M & S .. Sailor; A Glass Of Champagne 2006 watch
M & S Clothes .. Ethel Merman; There's No Business Like Show Business 2005
M & S Clothes .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO); Mr Blue Sky 2005
M & S Food .. Fleetwood Mac: "Albatross" ~ (2005)
M & S .. Finley Quaye; Your Love Gets Sweeter 2004
M & S More Credit Card .. Dean Martin; That's Amore 2003
M & S .. Brian Ferry: "Let's Get Together ~ UK
Marmaduke Trailer .. Kei$ha; Tik tok 2010 watch
Mars - Work Together.. Radford Music/ Gary Nock; Make it Better 2011 watch
Mars - Raised Voices .. England New Order; World In Motion 2010 watch
Mars .. Hubert Parry; Jerusalem 2009
Mars: Twix - Free Cuppa .. Whitesnake; Here I Go Again 2009 watch
Mars: Maltesers .. Abba; Mamma Mia 2008 watch
Mars Free Football ad .. Rossini; La Gazza Ladra Overture: The Thieving Magpie 2008 watch
Mars Bar (bell ringing monks) .. House Of Pain; Jump Around 2008 watch
Mars: Twix .. Peter Grant; Happy Together 2007
Mars: Planets .. Sweet: Blockbuster 2007
Mars .. New Order; Blue Monday 2006
Mars: Celebrations .. Blues Brothers: Everybody Needs Somebody To Love 2005/09
Mars: Maltesers .. Chaka Demus and Pliers; Tease Me 2000
Mastercard Rewards .. Bonnie Tyler; Total Eclipse Of The Heart 2010 watch
Mastercard .. Randy Newman; Feels Like Home 2009
Mastercard Euro 2008 Commentators .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2008
Mastercard .. Alice Cooper; School's Out 2008 watch
Mastercard Travel Promotion .. Fink; This is the Thing 2007
Mastercard .. Findlay Brown; "Come Home" (late 2006)
Mastercard Brit Awards Sponsorship .. King; Love And Pride 2006
Mastercard Brit Awards Sponsorship .. Natasha Bedingfield; 'These Words' 2006
Matalan - Christmas Snowglobes .. Cinnamon Girl; Set You Free 2011 watch
Matalan - Forever Spring .. Crystal Fighters; Plage 2011 watch
Matalan - Best Christmas Ever? .. A Fine Frenzy; What I Wouldnt Do 2010 watch
Matalan .. Kingsmen; Louie, Louie 2006
Matalan - Expect More .. Andrea True Connection; More, More, More 2006
Matalan .. Louis Armstrong: "Zat You Santa Claus" 2005
Match.com Accidental Duet .. Squeak E. Clean; Its Just Me 2010 DL (music made for ad)
Match.com .. Dan Hill; Sometimes When I Touch You 2007
Mateus Rose .. Touch and Go; Ecoutez, Repetez 2005
Mattessons Fridge Raiders: Chicken Bites .. Andrew Kremer & Benedict Green; Gdansk Skank 2008
Mattessons Fridge Raiders .. I Monster; The Blue Wrath (Bloated) 2006
Maxwell House Coffee .. Madness: 'Our House'
Maybelline - One By One VolumExpress Mascara .. Dick Dale & His Del Tones; Misirlou 2011 watch
Maybelline Collossal .. Lalo Schifrin; Mission Impossible Theme 2009
Maynards .. Major Maker; Rollercoaster 2008
Mazda .. Noisettes: Don't Upset The Rhythm 2008
Mazda 6 .. Jupiter One; Platform Moon 2007/8 watch
Mazda 2 .. Infadels; Can't Get Enough 2007
Mazda MX5 .. Jan Cyrka; Cartel 2006
Mazda MX5 & MX6 .. Serapis Bey; Zoom Zoom Zoom 2002
Max Factor: Diva Lip Gloss .. Sohodolls; Stripper 2010 watch
McCain Potato Food Family Life .. Supertramp; Give a Little Bit 2010 watch
McCain Home Fries .. Lionel Bart; Food, Glorious Food (From Oliver!) 2007
McCoy Crisps .. Paul Anka: Puppy Love 2007
McDonalds - Hes Happy .. Special Commission; On The Street Where You Live 2011 watch
McDonalds - 1955 Burger .. Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers; Why Do Fools Fall in Love? 2011 watch .
McDonalds BCO .. Bob Dorough; Three Is The Magic Number 2011 watch
McDonalds - Happy Box .. The Dave Clark Five; Glad All Over 2011 watch
McDonalds Full Bean Coffee .. The Dave Brubeck Quartet: Unsquare Dance 2010 watch
McDonalds Weather 2 .. The Swingle Singers: William Tell Overture 2010 watch
McDonald's Golden Arches Beacon .. Willie Nelson; On The Road Again 2010 watch
McDonald's Summer Coke Glasses .. Maceo and the Macks Cross the Tracks (We Better Go Back) 2010 watch
McDonalds Weather .. Vernon Elliott; From Visiting Friends (The Clangers) 2010 watch
McDonalds Summer Menu .. Sam Means; Yeah Yeah watch
McDonalds Great Tastes of America .. Jerome Moross; Big Country 2010 watch
McDonalds CBO .. Bob Dorough; Three Is The Magic Number 2010
McDonalds Favourites .. Elmer Bernstein; The City 2009 watch
McDonalds Chicken Legend .. Roger Miller; King of The Road 2009 watch
McDonalds .. Jerry Keller; Here Comes Summer 2009
McDonalds Cornetto McFlurry .. Pavarotti; O Sole Mio 2009
McDonalds .. Bing Crosby; Busy Doing Nothing 2009
McDonalds Working With Farmers .. Roger Miller Whistlestop 2008 watch
McDonalds Festive Menu .. Elmer Bernstein; The Great Escape 2007 watch
McDonalds Free Coca Cola Glass Promotion .. Incognito; Everybody Loves The Sunshine 2007 watch
McDonalds Summer BBQ Menu .. TV Theme; Galloping Home (Theme From Black Beauty) 2007 watch
McDonalds .. ABC; Poison Arrow 2006 watch
McDonalds .. John Barry; Midnight Cowboy 2002
McDonalds .. Paraffin Jack Flash; Blue & Groovy 2000
McEwans .. Eddie and The Hot Rods; Do Anything You Wanna Do 2000
McEwans .. Win; You've Got The Power 1988-89
McVitie's Crumbs .. Xavier Cugat; Tea For Two 2005 watch
Mentos 3 - Three Is Better .. Blak Prophetz; What I$ Rap? (Mentos TV Advert Remix) 2011 watch
Mentos .. Sequins; I Get What I Want 2009
Mercedes Benz - 125 Years .. Belleruche; Northern Girls 2011 watch
Mercedes-Benz AMG Cars .. Massive Attack; Danny the Dog 2010 watch
Mercedes-Benz Presence .. Nick Cave & Warren Ellis; Martha's Dream 2008 watch
Meteor .. Arthur And Yu; The Ghost Of Old Bull Lee 2008 watch
MFI 2008 Collection .. Patrick Street; Music For A Found Harmonium 2007 watch
Michelob Beer .. Eric Clapton: 'After Midnight 1988 watch
Michelob Beer .. Phil Collins; Tonight, Tonight, Tonight 1987 watch
Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 A More Beautiful Web .. Alex Clare; Too Close 2012 watch
Midland Bank .. Madness; It Must Be Love 1994
Miller Genuine Draught .. Jude; Crescent Heights 2007
Miller .. Le Hammond Inferno; Speech Defects 2006 watch
Miller Genuine Draught .. Takako Minekawa; Fantastic Cat 2005 watch
Milton Keynes The Centre:MK & Midsummer Place - Wish List .. Haircut 100; Fantastic Day 2008 watch
Mind Time To Change .. Brian Eno; An Ending (Ascent) 2009
Mini Roadster Cliffhanger .. Orhan Gencebay; Hayat Kavgasi 2012 watch
Mini Viking Invasion - Ban Boredom .. Baby Woodrose; Volcano 2008 watch
Mini Clubman - Etch-A-Sketch .. ESG; Tiny Sticks 2008 watch
Mini Clubman - Birds .. Bob McGrath & Loretta Long; One of These Things (One of These Sounds) 2007
Mitsubishi Lancer .. Manfred Mann; 54321 2010
Mitsubishi Lancer .. Dean Martin; The Birds and The Bees 2009 watch
Mitsubishi L200 .. Bob Dylan; A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall 2006
Mitsubishi .. Sweet: 'Ballroom Blitz'
Mitsubishi .. Tommy James and the Shondells: 'Draggin' the Line'
Möben - Choreographed Kitchen .. Propellerheads; Crash 2007/8
Moneysupermarket.com: Like A Winner .. Joe Bean Esposito Youre The Best 2012 watch
Moneysupermarket.com: King of the Jungle .. Tight Fit; The Lion Sleeps Tonight 2011 watch
Moneysupermarket.com: Crocodile Surfer .. The Surfaris; Wipeout 2011 watch
Monday Charities Lottery .. Jam; Monday 2006
Monster.com (daybreak).. Rebecca Cherry/Cherry-Tate Music Productions: 'a special for the ad' 2008
Monster.com (own path) .. Chemical Brothers: "Dream on" 2008 watch
Monster.com (big legs) .. Obernkirchen Children's Choir; Happy Wanderer 2007/8
Monster.com .. ELO: 'Do Ya'
More 4 Iraq: The Bloody Circus .. Ben Christophers; Falls Into View 2006
More Than: Car Insurance .. Simple Minds; Alive and Kicking 2010 watch
More Than: Home Insurance .. Gerry Rafferty; Baker Street 2010 watch
More Than .. Queen; You're My Best Friend 2010 watch
More Than .. East 17; It's Alright 2009
More Than: Free Home Contents with Buildings Insurance .. Diana Ross; Upside Down 2009
More Than: Home Insurance .. Barry White; Can't Get Enough Of Your Love, Babe 2009 watch
More Than: Pet Insurance .. Minnie Ripperton; Lovin' You 2009 watch
More Than: Car Insurance .. Lionel Richie; Easy 2008 watch
More Than .. Paul Clarkson; Day After Day 2006
More Than .. Elvis Presley; Old Shep 2001
Morrisons .. Take That; Shine 2007
Motorola RAZR .. Black Rebel Motorcycle Club; Spread Your Love 2011 watch
Motorola ROKR E8 - Dancing Phones .. MSTRKRFT; Work On You (Para One Remix) 2008
Motorola RAZR2 .. Shiny Toy Guns; Le Disko 2007
Motorola Z8 .. Rob Dougan; Will You Follow Me? 2007
Motorola KRZR K1 .. Icicles; Sugar Sweet 2006
Motorola Flex .. Bedouin Soundclash: "When the night feel my song"
Motorpoint.co.uk .. Alma Cogan; Jolly Good Company 2008 watch
Mr Kipling - Exceedingly Happy Cakes .. Arthur Askey; It's A Hap-Hap-Happy Day 2008 watch
MTV: M stands for music .. Pheonix; 1901 2010 listen
Müller - Wünderful Stuff .. Guy Farley; Wünderful Stuff 2011 watch
Müller Corner Yogurts Thank You Cows .. REO Speedwagon; Cant Fight This Feeling 2010 watch
Müller Mix It Up .. East 17; It's Alright 2009 watch
Müller Mix It Up .. 2 Unlimited; No Limit 2008 watch
Müller Mix It Up .. EMF Unbelievable 2008 watch
Müller Little Stars .. Natalie Williams: 'Ain't Got No (I Got Life)' 2006 watch
Mylanta .. John Sebastian: 'Welcome Back'
N >
National Bingo Big'n .. Shirley Bassey; Big Spender 2007 watch
National Blood Service .. Campbell; The Blood Donor 2005
National Lottery Scratchcards: 2 Billion Winners .. James Radford; Two Billion 2012 watch
National Lottery - Lotto Monkey Sanctuary .. Tony Bennett; The Good Life 2011 watch
National Lottery - Private Jet .. David Holmes; Snake Eyes 2011 watch
National Lottery .. Bo Diddley; Roadrunner 2010 watch
National Lottery .. Barry Louis Polisar All I Want Is You 2008
National Lottery Think Lotto .. Faces; Ooh La La 2008
National Lottery Play Together, Win Together .. Rossini William; Tell Overture 2007 watch
National Lottery Monopoly Scratchcard .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2007
National Lottery .. Patience and Prudence; Smile and a Ribbon 2006
National Lottery Smile .. Sir Granville Bantock; Lento Sostenuto from "Celtic Symphony" 2006
National Lottery .. Violent Femmes; Blister In The Sun 2005
National Lottery Lucky Lotto .. Jimmy Cliff; Wonderful World, Beautiful People 2005
National Rail 2 for 1 Entry - Attractions .. John Malcolm; Non Stop (Theme From ITN News) 2005
Nationwide Building Society - Carousel .. Ludovico Einaudi; Snow Prelude No. 3 in C Major 2011 watch
Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England (Setanta) .. Doves; There Goes The Fear 2008
Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England (Sky) .. Muse; Starlight 2008
Nationwide Home Improvement Electric Garage Doors .. Vivaldi Spring; (Allegro) from 'The Four Seasons' 2005
Nature's Own 100% whole wheat bread .. hired session singers; I Dont Love You Too Much Do I 2006 watch
Natwest Bank .. Will Young; Grace 2008 watch
Natwest Bank: Switch .. John Roos; Gambling Joint 2005
NCL Am. Hawaiian Cruise Lines .. Danny & the Juniors: 'Let's Go To The Hop'
Nescafe Gold Blend Fall In Love .. Rebecca Ferguson; Nothings Real But Love 2012 watch
Nescafé Dolce Gusto .. Outlines; I Cannot Think (English Gentlemen Re-work) 2011 watch
Nestle Nescafe - 3 in 1 .. Supergrass; Alright 2011 watch
Nestlé: Kit Kat - Crane drivers .. The Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2011 watch
Nestle: Shredded Wheat - Top It .. Isley Brothers; It's Your Thing 2011 watch
Nestle: Kit Kat .. The Enemy; We'll Live and Die In These Towns 2010 watch
Nestle: Nescafe Gold Blend .. Dean Martin; Sway 2010 watch
Nestle: Aero - Feel The Bubbles .. Jackson Five; ABC 2009 watch
Nestle: Go Free with Daley Thompson .. Aaron Copland Fanfare For The Common Man 2008 watch
Nestle: Nescafe Collection - Awaken Your Senses .. Babel Gilberto; Samba Da Bencao 2008
Nestle: Nescafe Dolce Gusto Coffee Maker .. James Brown; Sex Machine 2006
Nestle: Fitnesse .. India Arie; Video 2006
Nestle: Cheerios .. Torpedo Boyz; Any Trash Professor Abacus? 2005
Nestle: Aero .. Henry Mancini; Lujon 2005
Nestle: Aero ..Black Mighty Orchestra; Ocean Beach 2005
Nestle: Kit Kat - Kit Kash Promotion .. Bill Conti; Theme From Dynasty 2005
Network Q .. Platters; Only You 2000
New Balance Happy Feet.. Ben Howard; The Wolves 2012 watch
New Look - 100 Days of Summer .. Darwin Deez; Up In The Clouds 2011 watch
New Look - 20% Off Partywear .. INXS; Suicide Blonde 2010 watch
New York .. Ella Fitzgerald; Take The "A" Train (Remix) 2007
New York Bagels .. Kula Shaker; Hush 2006
New Zealand .. Jason Kerrison; Waiting 2005
New Zealand Tourist Board .. Crowded House; Dont Dream Its Over 2000
News of the World Fabulous Magazine .. db Boulevard; Point of View 2008 watch
News of the World Score .. Elgar Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2005
Next.co.uk - Timing .. Haddaway; What Is Love? 2011 watch
Next Autumn 2010 .. The Specials; A Message To You Rudy 2010 watch
Next.co.uk Route 66 Road Trip .. The Dandy Warhols; Bohemian Like You 2010 watch
Next: Rio .. Ava Leigh; Mas Que Nada 2008
Next: Christmas Changes .. Louis Armstrong; Cool Yule 2007
Next: Directory - 25 Years .. KT Tunstall; Suddenly I See 2007
NFU Mutual .. Hindi Zahra; Beautiful Tango 2007
NHS Antibiotics Dont Cure Viruses .. Bob Dylan; Subterranean Homesick Blues 2008 watch
NHS Stop Smoking Campaign .. Chairmen of the Board; Give Me Just A Little more Time 2007
NHS Anti Smoking Campaign .. Muse; Can't Take My Eyes Off You 2005
Nice & Easy Hair Dye .. Kim Carnes; Bette Davis Eyes 2008
Nickleodeon .. All Seeing I; Beat Goes On 2003
Nike Chosen - Just Do It .. Hanni El Khatib; I Got A Thing 2011 watch
Nike Air Max Lunar .. MNEK and Nathan Retro; Lunar Riddim 2011 watch
Nike - Free Yourself .. The Launderettes; Nobody But Me 2011 watch
Nike Air Max 90 .. Peter Fox; Alles Neu (Instrumental) 2010 watch
Nike Champions League Final (Nike write The Future; Full Length Version) .. Focus; Hocus Pocus 2010 watch
Nike T90 Laser III Football Boots.. 16 Bit; Jump 2010 watch
Nike - Courage .. The Killers; All These Things That I've Done 2008
Nike .. Johnny Cash; Hurt 2006
Nike .. Delinquent Habits; Return of the Tres 2006
Nike .. Sergio Mendes & Black Eyed Peas; Mas Que Nada 2006
Nike .. Faces; Ooh La La 2005
Nike .. Norman Greenbaum: "Spirit in the Sky" ~ US
Nike .. The Guess Who: 'American Woman' ~ late 90's
Nike Jose +10 .. RJD2; De L'Alouette 2006
Nike Jose +10 .. Jim Noir; Eanie Meany 2006
Nike Joga Bonita (Ronaldinho) .. Barbatuques; Baiao Destemperado 2006
Nike Joga Bonita (Wayne Rooney) .. Radio 4; Caroline 2006
Nikon 1 One Step Ahead .. Radical Face; Welcome Home 2011 watch
Nikon - Capture Statues with Coolpix S3100 .. Radical Face; Welcome Home 2011 watch
Nikon .. Radical Face Welcome Home Son 2010 watch
Nimble Bread .. Honeybus; I Cant Let Maggie Go 2000
Nina Ricci LElixir - Enchanted Walk .. Florrie; Sunday Girl 2010 watch
Nintendo Wii - Michael Jackson Experience .. Michael Jackson; Billie Jean 2010 watch
Nintendo DS: Animal Crossing .. Renee Olstead; A Love That Will Last 2006
Niquitin .. Snap; The Power 2003
Nissan Juke Built to Thrill .. The Horrors; The Kraken 2012 watch
Nissan Qashqai - Ultimate Urban Car .. Hanni El Khatib; Human Fly 2011 watch
Nissan Juke - Energise The City .. Fredrika Stahl; Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (DatA Remix) 2011 watch
Nissan Micra - In Sync With The City .. Oh No! Oh My!; Walk In The Park 2011 watch
Nissan Juke - Urbanproof Energised .. Fredrika Stahl; Twinkle Twinkle Little Star 2010 watch
Nissan Qashqai .. Amon Tobin; Four Ton Mantis (Bonobo mix) 2010
Nissan Quashai; Urbanproof .. Giuseppe Verdi; La Traviata - Sempre Libera 2008
Nissan Exterra .. Donnas; Fall Behind Me 2005
Nissan 350Z .. Ramblin' Jack Elliott; Car Song 2005
Nissan .. Vines; Ride 2005
Nissan .. Stevie Ray Vaughan: "Voodoo Chile" ~ US
Nivea Skincare - 100 Years For Life .. Rihanna; California King Bed 2011 watch
Nivea Visage - Q10 Plus .. Kaki King; Close To Me 2010 watch
Nivea: silhouette .. Sugar Pie DeSanto: Go Go Power 2008
Nivea: dry 24 hours deodorant .. Asher Lane; New Days 2006
Nivea Visage Young .. Rhesus; Just Let Go 2006
Nivea Lotions .. Bobby Vinton; Blue Velvet 2000
Nobby's Crisps .. Slade; Mama Weer All Crazee Now 2006
Nobby's Nuts .. Slade; Skweeze Me Pleeze Me 2005
Nokia Lumia - The Amazing Everday ..Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs; Garden 2011/12 watch
Nokia E7 - Smartphone .. Lovvers; Creepy Crawl 2011 watch
Nokia N8 - Smartphone .. Brian Eno; Deep Blue Day 2011 watch
Nokia GPS-enabled Smartphones .. Chromeo; Me & My Man (Chromeo vs Whitey Fly Whitey Mix) 2010 watch
Nokia X6 - Gig Entertainment .. Flaming Lips; Silver Trembling Hands 2010
Nokia 6220: Maps Connecting People .. Claude Debussy; Claire De Lune (Suite Bergamasque) 2008
Nokia 5300 .. Bonde Do Role; Solta O Frango 2007
Nokia Cath Kidston Range .. Bernard Hermann; Twisted Nerve 2006
Nokia 6233 .. Shaggy; Boombastic 2006
Nokia L'Amour .. DJ Sayem; World of Flowers 2006
Nokia 'N' Series Phones N70 , N90 & N91 .. Moby; In My Heart 2006
Nokia Pop Idol 2005 .. Mint Royale; Sexiest Man In Jamaica 2005
Nokia 6101 .. Hot Butter; Popcorn 2005
Northern Ireland .. Van Morrison; Brown Eyed Girl 2000
Northern Rock Building Society .. Sting; Fields Of Gold 2000
Norwich Union .. Tommy Roe or Manfred Mann; Sweet Pea 2007
Norwich Union .. Spike Jones; Hawaiian War Chant 2007
Norwich Union .. Ella Fitzgerald; I Wonder Why 2004
N-Power: Topsy Turvy .. Bing Crosby; Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate The Posisive 2008
N-Power .. Johnny Panic; Happy Together 2006
NSPCC What Will We Leave? .. Elizabeth Mitchell; You Are My Sunshine 2010 watch
NSPCC .. Sigur Ros; Svefn-G-Englar 2006
NSPCC .. Brian Eno; An Ending (Ascent) 2006
NSPCC .. Kate Bush; This Woman's Work 2005
Nurofen .. Manu Delago; Mono Desire (Hang Drum Solo) 2010 watch
O >>
O2 On & On .. Specially Recorded; Little Boxes 2012 watch
O2 - Priority Moments, Things Are Changing .. Jedd Holden; Little Boxes 2012 watch
O2 Things Are Changing .. Sniffy Dog ft Adrienne Stiefel; Little Boxes 2012 watch
O2 - January Sale .. Freelance Whales; Generator (First Floor) 2012 watch
O2 - Priority Moments .. Foster The People - Pumped Up Kicks 2011 watch
O2 - Broadband- Niggles and Narks .. Christopher Slaski; Comissioned Composition 2010 watch
O2 - Pool Party .. Jaylib; The Red 2010 watch
O2 - Bluebook (memories) .. A Cuckoo; The Girl From My Dreams 2008
O2 .. Coldcut: Walk A Mile In My Shoes 2007
O2 .. Jackson and His Computer Band; Utopia 2006
Oasis Cactus Boy .. Orff: Gassenhauer from Musica Poetica:Schulwerk 2008
Observer Music Monthly - Who Feature .. Who; Who Are You 2006
Observer Franz Ferdinand Promotion .. Franz Ferdinand; Matinee 2005
Office Max .. The Spinners: 'Rubberband Man'
Office Max .. Alice Cooper: 'School's Out'
Olay Regenerist .. Soft Cell; Tainted Love 2005
Olay Oil Of Ulay .. Nat King Cole; Stay As Sweet As You Are 2000
Old Jamaica Ginger Beer: Beach Party .. The Jolly Boys; Great Balls of Fire 2010 ( a tribute video of the Jolly Boys)
Old Spice .. Orff; O Fortuna from Carmina Burana 2000
Oliver Stone - Born on the 4th of July .. Buffalo Springfield; For What It's Worth 1996
Options Indulgence - Hot Chocolate Rabbit .. Lord Rockingham's XI; Fried Onions 2011 watch
Oral-B .. Eric Carmen; All By Myself 2011 watch
Orange - The Orange Show .. The Muppets; The Muppet Theme 2011 listen
Orange - The Orange Show .. The Muppets ; Mah Na Mah Na 2011 listen
Orange - Film To Go .. Specially Recorded Version - Dick Dale-Deltones; Misirlou 2011 watch
Orange & T-Mobile - Shared Network .. Frank Sinatra; Love And Marriage 2011 listen
Orange Windows Phone .. Grieg; Hall of the Mountain King (from Peer Gynt) 2010 watch
Orange: Phone Fund Kerching! .. Frédéric Chopin; Nocturne Op 9 No 2 in E-Flat 2010 watch
Orange: "A" Team Gold Spot .. Mike Post; Theme From The 'A' Team 2010 listen
Orange: Dolphin ad - Free Mobile Internet .. Chopin; Nocturn Op 9 No 2 in E Flat Minor 2010 watch
Orange: Pay As You Go Animals .. Born Ruffians Hummingbird 2008
Orange: animals return .. Simple Kid; 'Lil King Kong 2008
Orange Mobile (people are good together) .. Devendra Banhart; Little Yellow Spider 2007
Orange Togetherness .. Laurel & Hardy: Let Me Call You Sweetheart 2006
Orange Bike .. Funky Lowlives; Time To Let You Go 2006
Orange .. Oceansize; Music For A Nurse 2006
Orange 2 for 1 3G Phones Promotion .. Elton John; Turn The Lights Out When You Leave 2005
Orange Magic Numbers .. Nat Baldwin: Only In My Dreams 2006
Orangina .. Gypsy Kings; Pida Me La 2000
Organix Goodies - Thank Goodness For Goodies .. Specially Commissioned; The Goodies Theme 2011 watch
Ovaltine Light .. Heatwave; Mind Blowing Decisions 2000
Oxfam Be Aware .. Muse; New Born 2008
Oxfam Unwrapped: Alpacas .. Baby Bird: You're Gorgeous 2006
Oxfam .. Feeder; Tender 2005
P & O Cruises .. Feeder; Feeling The Moment (2007)
P & O Cruises .. Handel: "Zadok the Priest" (2006)
P & O Stena Line .. Robert Palmer; Riptide 2000
Pacific Life: Tail Slap Sports Music .. composed & recorded specificallyfor the ad; Fight Song. 2008 watch
Paco Rabanne Lady Million Click Again .. Commissioned; Do It Again 2010 watch
Palm Pixi Plus Change Your Life .. Mos Def; Quiet Dog 2010 watch
Palmolive Soft And Gentle Deodorant .. Phyllis Nelson; Move Closer 2000
Pampers Unicef Promotion .. Frank Sinatra; Sleep Warm 2007
Pampers .. KC and the Sunshine Band; That's The Way I Like It 2007
Pampers .. Thomas Newman; Any Other Name (Theme from 'American Beauty') 2007
Pampers Active Fit .. Wagner; Ride Of The Valkyries 2006
Pampers .. Snap: 'I Got The Power'
Panasonic Viera 3D TV .. Sally J Johnson; Dreaming Out Loud 2010 watch
Pandora: Unforgettable Moments .. Silas Bjerregaard; Pandora 2011 watch
Pantene .. Jem; They 2009
Pantene .. Natasha Bedingfield; Unwritten 2007
Pantene Pro-V Movement Trial .. Mirwais; Disco Science 2006
Pantene Pro V .. Etta James; Fire 2006
Pantene Ice Shine .. Martina Topley-Bird; Release In Love 2006
ParalympicsGB - Some Achieve Greatness .. Paul McCartney & Wings; Live And Let Die 2008
Paramount Comedy Channel: Sex and the City .. Shirley Bassey; Big Spender 2008
Paramount Comedy Channel: This Spring.. Etta James; At Last 2008
Paramount Comedy Channel: Sex and the City .. The Creatures; Right Now 2008
Paramount Comedy Channel: Scrubs Series 5 .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2007
Paramount Comedy Channel: Suburban Shootout .. Fatboy Slim; Going Out Of My Head 2006
Paramount Comedy Channel: American Classics Weekend .. Faces; Ooh La La 2006
Paramount Comedy Channel .. Mary Hopkin; Those Were The Days 2003
Park Savings Club Christmas 2006 .. Queen; A Kind of Magic 2005
Parker Pens .. Plain White T's; Take Me Away 2006
Paul Simon Home Furnishing .. Sheryl Crow; A Change Would Do You Good 2010 watch
PDSA Give Something Back .. Special commission; composer: Guy Farley, singer: Helen Boulding 2008
PDSA .. Eva Cassidy; True Colors 2007
PDSA Legacy Appeal .. Ronan Keating; When You Say Nothing At All 2005
Pearl Drops .. Supernaturals; Smile 2011 listen
Peperami Cheezer .. Brotherhood of Man; Save all your Kisses for Me 2000
Pepsi Max Kick In The Mix .. Calvin Harris feat Ne-Yo; Lets Go 2012 watch
Pepsi Max - Wait Til Monday .. Pascal Ebony/Fabrice Smadja ft Myo; Your Mother Wont Approve 2011 watch
Pepsi World Cup 2010 .. Akon ft. Keri Hilson; Oh Africa 2010 watch
Pepsi Max .. Black Eyed Peas; More 2007
Pepsi Max .. Cloud Room; Hey Now Now 2007
Pepsi World Cup .. Trio; Da Da Da 2006
Pepsi Max Cino .. Wirebirds; Anything Goes 2006
Pepsi .. Queen; We Will Rock You 2004
Pepsi .. Rod Stewart; Rhythm Of My Heart 2000
Pepsi .. Gloria Estefan; Seal Our Fate 2000
Pepsi .. Village People; YMCA 2000
Pepsi .. Tina Turner; Simply The Best 2000
Pepsi .. Marvin Gaye; It Takes Two 2000
Pepsi .. Janet Jackson; Control 2000
Pepsi .. Michael Jackson; Billie Jean 1984
Pepsi .. Lovin' Spoonful: 'Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind' ~ US
Pepsi .. Bee Gees: 'Stayin Alive' ~ US
Perfume Shop - If Only You Could Bottle It .. Specially Recorded; Make You Feel My Love 2011 watch
Peroni .. Shirelles; Baby It's You 2006
Persil .. Rachel Portman; Roboboy 2008
Persil - Small & Mighty Blood and Mud .. White Denim; Shake Shake Shake 2011 listen .
Persil - Small and Mighty - Pop-Up Book .. Thomas Russell; Flow
2008
Persil - Mr Men Promotion .. Paul Mardle; Mr Men Theme 2007
Persil .. Earth, Wind and Fire; Boogie Wonderland 2006
Persil .. Rufus Thomas; Do The Funky Penguin 2006
Persil .. Beach Boys: "I Get Around" 2006
Persil .. Tams; Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy 2005
Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 Diesel .. Woodkid; Iron (Gucci Vump Remix) 2012 watch
Peugeot Your Peugeot Dealer .. Johanna Wedin from MAI; And Together Again 2011 watch
Peugeot RCZ .. Monsieur Monsieur; Kuala Lumpur Race 2010 watch
Peugeot 308 Allure Freedom .. Stephanie Kirkham; Easy as 123 2010 watch
Peugeot 5008 - MPV .. Grizzly Bear; Two Weeks 2010 watch
Peugeot New Logo: Motion & Emotion .. Yuksek; Tonight 2010 watch
Peugeot 207 Youth is a Wonderful Thing.. Various Artists; Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive 2010 watch
Peugeot 308 .. Venus; Beautiful Days 2009 watch
Peugeot 308 SW - Launch Offer .. Wolfmother; Joker and The Thief 2008
Peugeot 307 .. Hyper; We Control 2008
Peugeot 307 .. Daniel Teper; Colouring In 2007
Peugeot 407 Coupe .. Linda Lyndell: "What A Man" 2006
Peugeot 407 Coupe .. Delibes; Flower Duet from Lakme 2006
Peugeot 207 .. Hyper; We Control 2006
Peugeot 207 .. Marcels; Heartaches 2006
Peugeot 206 .. Al Green; Simply Beautiful 2002
Peugeot .. Cyndi Lauper; True Colors 2000
Peugeot .. Berlin; Take My Breath Away 2000
Peugeot .. Marvin Gaye; Sexual Healing 2000
Peugeot .. Lenny Kravitz; Fly Away 2000
PG Tips Wallace & Gromit Mug Promotion .. Wallace & Gromit; Wallace & Gromit 2005
Philadelphia Cream Cheese Spread a Little Happiness.. Life-Size Humans; Something to Remember 2010 watch
Philips .. The Beatles: 'Getting Better'
Pilkington Self Cleaning Glass .. Johnny Nash I Can See Clearly Now 2008 watch
Pimms - Summer Party .. Arthur W Sheriff; Liberty Bell March (Monty Pythons F. C. Theme) 2011 watch
Pimms .. Status Quo; Break The Rules 2007
Pimms .. Adam and the Ants; Prince Charming 2004
Piriteze No Extremes .. The Boo Radleys; Wake Up Boo! 2010 watch
Piriton: hay-loft and sheep.. Empire Dogs; Everywhere 2008
Piriton .. Empire Dogs; Everywhere 2006
Pizza Hut .. BBC; Light And Tuneful (BBC Wimbledon Theme) 2006
Pizza Hut .. Noveltones; Leftbank 2 (Gallery Theme from Take Hart) 2004
PJ Smoothies .. Johan Strauss II; Roses From The South (Rosen Aus Dem Suden) 2006
Planters .. James Brown: 'Hot Pants'
Planters .. Bay City Rollers: 'Saturday Night'
Play.com Monster Sale .. Coldplay; Clocks 2008
Play.com Mr Bean's Holiday DVD .. Shaggy; Boombastic 2007
Play.com Mr Bean's Holiday DVD .. Louis Armstrong; When You're Smiling 2007
PlayStation 3 PS3 Move .. Magnetic Man; Getting Nowhere (Instrumental) 2011 watch
PlayStation Move: Dance Star Party .. Duck Sauce; Barbra Streisand 2011 watch
Playstation3: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue .. Giuseppe Verdi; Requiem: Dies Irae 2008
Playtex MySize Bra Range .. Shirley Bassey; (Where Do I Begin?) Love Story 2007
Pledge .. Fontella Bass: 'Rescue Me'
Plusnet .. Heaven 17; Temptation 2010 listen
Pontiac .. The Clash: 'Should I Stay or Should I Go' ~ US
Post Office: Over 50s Life Insurance .. Johann Strauss II; The Blue Danube Waltz, Op. 314 2010 watch
Pot Noodle Pot Noeldle - Noodle Van .. Adelphoi Music Ltd; Commissioned 2010 watch
Powergen .. Tot Taylor; Green Bossa 1999
Prada: Infusion DIris .. Bring Me The Horizon; No Need For Introductions, Ive Read About Girls Like You On The Back of Toilet Doors 2010 watch
Prada L'Eau Ambrée - Fragrant Breeze .. Bill Doggett; Honky Tonk Pt 1 2009 watch
Press 81 Premium Cider - Chill to Perfection .. DZ Deathrays; Gebbie Street 2011 watch .
Premier Inn - A Good Night's Sleep .. Mama Cass Elliot; Dream A Little Dream of Me 2012 watch
Pretty Polly .. Kinks; All Day And All Of The Night 2000
Prince's Tuna .. Prince Buster; Enjoy Yourself 2007
Pringles Merry Pringles .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2007
Pringles Rice Infusions .. Brahms; Hungarian Dance No 5 2007
Pringles Gourmet .. Dave Brubeck; Take Five 2006
Pringles Rice Infusions .. Brahms: Hungarian Dance No 5 2007
Pringles .. Love Affair; Everlasting Love 2006
Pringles Star Wars III Promotion .. John Williams; Star Wars - A New Hope (Main Title) 2005
Pringles .. Ateed; Come To Me 2004 listen
Pringles .. Freestylers; Weekend Song 2003 listen
Pringles .. Lou Bega; Mambo No 5 2000 listen
Pringles .. Bow Wow Wow; I Want Candy 2000 listen
Pringles .. Perez Prez Prado; Mambo No 5 2000 listen
Pukka Pies 3 1/2 Minute Pies .. Pipkins; Gimme Dat Ding 2012 watch
Puma Football Love vs Football .. Hardchorus; Truly Madly Deeply 2010 watch
Puma .. Mazarin; For Energy Infinite 2007
Puma .. Rimsky-Korsakov; Flight Of The Bumblebee 2005
Pure New Wool .. Pachelbel; Canon 1993
Purell .. M C Hammer: 'Can't Touch This' ~ US
Q >>
Q Magazine .. Blur: Song 2 2000
Quaker Oats (Snowman) .. Polo Club; Play What You Want' 2008
written, composed & produced by Peter Raeburn/Adam Bushell/Tom Kenyatta
Quaker Oats .. Catatonia: Nothing Hurts 2007
Quaker Oatso Simple .. Lovin' Spoonful: Daydream 2003
Quaker Sugar Puffs .. Archies: Sugar, Sugar 1990
Quorn .. James Brown: Sex Machine 2000
R >>
Radox Daily Elements .. Morcheeba: The Sea 2006
Ragu Pasta Sauce .. Verdi: Anvil Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2000
Ralph Lauren .. Ben Taylor & Carly Simon: My Romance 2006
Ralph Lauren Polo Black .. Dionne Warwick: Anyone Who Had A Heart 2005
Range Rover Sport .. Out There; Massive Music / Lodewijk Pöttker 2011 watch
Ray-Ban .. Ben Kweller: Make It Up 2007
Red Bull World of Red Bull .. M83; Outro 2012 watch
Red Bull Flugtag .. Ron Goodwin; Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines 2008
Red Bull 2nd Flugtag .. Ron Goodwin: Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines 2006
Red Bull .. Rimsky-Korsakov: Flight of the Bumblebee 2005
Red Bull .. Wagner: Ride Of The Valkyries 2005
Red Square Reloaded .. Hawkwind: Silver Machine 2004
Reebok Easytone - Reflections .. Michael Kadelbach; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Reebok Zigtech: Lewis Hamilton .. Davina Jones; Zig-e-dy Zig-y-dac 2010 watch
Reebok EasyTone: Better Bum .. Mickey Smid Music Production; Shake It! 2010 watch
Reebok Vector .. Orff: Tanz from Carmina Burana 2003
Remington -S6600 Multi Style Stylist ..The Temptations; Get Ready 2011 watch
Remington Hair Straighteners .. Pink Martini Anna (El Negro Zumbon) 2006
Remy Martin .. FC Kahuna Hayling 2004
Renault Twizy Plug Into The Positive Energy .. David Guetta; The Alphabeat 2012 watch
Renault 4+ .. Trailer Trash Tracys; Wish You Were Red 2012 watch
Renault ZE Range Electric Life .. Aaron; Elizabeths Lullaby 2011 watch
Renault Megane - Drive The Change .. Richard Hawley; Open Up Your Door 2011 watch
Renault - What is Va Va Voom? .. Skeewiff; Light The Fuse 2011 listen
Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. Rihanna; S&M (Come On) 2011 watch
Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. David Bowie; Space Oddity 2011 watch
Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. Clare Maguire; Aint Nobody (Breakage Remix) 2011 watch
Renault Megane .. Charles Trenet; Boum 2010 watch
Renault Clio Only One .. Chesney Hawkes; The One And Only 2010 watch
Renault: Manufacturer of the Year 2009 .. Kasabian; Reason Is Treason 2010 watch
Renault Sport Range .. Kasabian; Reason Is Treason 2010 watch
Renault Twingo: Modern Times .. Sporto Kantes; Whistle 2010 watch
Renault: Drive The Change.. Keane; Somewhere Only We Know 2010 watch
Renault Koleos - 4 by 4 Outside .. Rolling Stones; I'm Free 2008
Renault Megane .. Vivaldi; Summer (III Presto) from The Four Seasons 2008
Renault Twingo .. April March; Chick Habit 2008
Renault Laguna .. Otis Redding; Dock of the Bay 2007
Renault Scenic .. Presidents of The United States of America; Ca Plane Pour Moi 2006
Renault "French and British" .. Nina Simone: Sinner Man 2005
Renault Scenic .. A Skillz & Krafty Kuts: Short Breath 2005
Renault Megane .. Groove: Armada I see you baby (Fatboy Slim radio edit) 2005
Renault Espace .. Jimi Hendrix: All Along The Watchtower 2003
Renault Scenic .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2000 listen
Renault .. Robert Palmer: Johnny and Mary ~ New Zealand
Rennie Dual Action .. Dodgy; Good Enough 2007
Ribena .. Mungo Jerry; In The Summertime 2011 listen
Ribena 100% Pure Juices .. Chris Barber; The Magic Club 2008
Richmond Sausages The Taste That Brings Them Home .. The Molloys; Meet You There 2012 watch
Right Guard .. Daniel Powter; Bad Day 2007
Rightmove.co.uk - Britain Moves .. Ralfe Band; Parkbench Blues 2011 watch
Rightmove.co.uk .. Gracie Fields; If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked A Cake 2007
Rimmel London - Glam Eyes .. Parade; Louder 2011 watch
Rimmel London Lash Accelerator Mascara .. Young Pretender; Sixteen Forever 2010 watch
Rimmel - Lasting Finish Lipstick .. Bedouin Soundclash; Living In Jungles 2007
Rimmel - Lash Maxx Mascara .. Lodge; Piece of Cake 2007
Rimmel - Cool Shine Lipstick .. Bodyrockers; I Like The Way 2006
Rimmel .. Kubb: Wicked Soul 2006
Rimmel - Volume Extend - Sexy Lashes .. Subways: Rock and Roll Queen 2006
Ritz Crackers .. Modern English: 'Melt With You'
Robert Wiseman Dairies Low Fat Milk .. John Travolta/Olivia Newton-John: You're The One That I Want 2007
Robinsons Double Concentrate Juice .. T-Rex; I Love To Boogie 2012 watch
Robinsons Fruit Shoot 100% .. Cyril Stapleton; Pepito 2007
Robinsons Fruit Shoot .. Architecture In Helsinki; Spring 2008 2007
Robinsons Smooth Juice Orange Experience .. Mighty K; Dream 2007
Robinsons Fruit and Barley .. Deerhoof: Blue Cash 2007
Robinsons For Milk .. Steve Miller Band: Abracadabra 2005
Rolling Rock Lager .. Bran Van 3000; Drinkin In LA 1999
Rotary Watches Simply Exceptional .. Saturday Night Gym Club Ft Ellie Walker; I Know 2012 watch
Rover 75 .. High Society Cast: Who Wants To Be A Millionaire 2002
Rover 25 .. Mono: Life in Mono 2002
Royal Air Force .. C-Jags: Paradise Park 2006
Royal Air Force .. Crystal Method: Busy Child 2000
Royal Caribbean International .. Iggy Pop: Lust For Life 2005
Royal Caribbean International Cruises .. Sixpence None The Richer: There She Goes 2004
Royal Mail / Post Office Over 50s Life Insurance..Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2010 watch
Royal Mail / Post Office .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007
Royal Mail / Post Office .. Sam Cooke: You Send Me 2006
Royal Mail / Post Office .. Travis: Love Will Come Through 2004
Ryvita - Goodness Bars .. Bach: Toccata and Fugue 2006
S >>
SAP .. Big Foote Music: 'SAP Handwriting #113'
Saab 9-5 Anything But Ordinary .. New Way; Ana Diaz 2010 watch
Saab 9-3 .. Nina Kinert; Through Your Eyes 2007
Saab Biopower .. Oh Laura; Release Me 2007
Saab 95 .. Aphex Twin; Metal Grating 2006
Saab 93 .. Isley Brothers; Summer Breeze 2005
Saab 93 Sport Saloon .. Chikinki; Ether Radio 2005
Saab .. The Who: 'Pinball Wizard'
Saga: Cruises .. Tony Bennett; I'm Just A Lucky So and So 2012 watch
Sainsburys Bank Credit Card Twice As Nice .. Alice Grant; Rainbow Connection 2012 watch
Sainsburys - Car Insurance .. Ray Conniff & His Orchestra; Walkin And Whistlin 2012 watch
Sainsburys 11 Years of Jamie Oliver .. Faces; Had Me A Real Good Time 2012 listen
Sainsburys - Christmas Panto Feast .. George Formby; Happy Go Lucky Me 2011 watch
Sainsburys - Live Well For Less .. Phil Harris and Bruce Reitherman; The Bare Necessities 2011 watch
Sainsburys - Feed Your Family for £50 .. Ray Conniff Orchestra and Singers; Walkin and Whistlin 2011 watch
Sainsburys - TU Collection .. Etta James; At Last 2011 watch
Sainsburys - Feed Your Family for £50 .. Ray Conniff Orchestra & Singers; Walkin and Whistlin 2011 watch
Sainsburys - Perfect Christmas .. Colne Valley Male Voice Choir - All Through The Night 2010 watch
Sainsburys - Taste the Difference Street Party .. Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound 2010 listen
Sainsburys .. Pearl Bailey; Jingle Bells (Cha Cha) 2005
Sainsburys .. The Polyphonic Spree: 'Reach For The Sun/Light and Day' 2005
Sainsburys Car Insurance .. Jimmy Dean; Big Bad John 2005
Saints Row The Third TV Ad .. LMFAO; Im In Saints Row Trick 2011 watch
Sainsburys Sausages .. Liszt; La Campanella 1993
Samaritans Doodle .. Sufjan Stevens; Redford (For Yia-Yia & Pappou) 2007
Samsung Galaxy Note Its Much More .. Air; Alone in Kyoto 2012 watch
Samsung Galaxy Nexus Calling All Pure Google .. CocoRosie; Japan 2012 watch
Samsung Galaxy SII - It Must Be Love .. Newton Faulkner; It Must Be Love 2011 watch
Samsung Wave - Welcome To More .. Thomas Newman; Arose (From American Beauty) 2010 watch
Samsung 3D LED TV Turn On Tomorrow .. Morgan Van Dam; Trickle 2010 watch
Samsung Monte Phone Facebook .. Delphic; Halcyon 2010 watch
Samsung Jet Ultra Edition .. Deadmau5 feat. Rob Swire; Ghosts n Stuff 2010 watch
Samsung 2View Dual LCD Camera .. Gloria Cycles; Wonderbus 2009 watch
Samsung Genio Touch .. La Roux; Bulletproof 2009 watch
Samsung: Soul Mobile Phone .. Robin Thicke; Magic 2008
Sandels .. Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes; (I've Had) The Time of My Life 2007-10 listen
Sandals .. Lord Tanamo; I'm In the Mood For Ska 2007
Sanex .. Brian Eno; Needles In the Camel's Eye 2005
Santander 123 Account .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2012 watch
Santander Reward Current Account - Lego Car .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2011 watch
Santander .. Wild Beasts; Underbelly 2010 watch
Sara Lee .. Lovin' Spoonful: Daydream
Save The Children: No Child Born To Die .. Mystic Chords of Memory; Pi and a Bee 2011 watch
Savlon .. Lonnie Donegan; Does Your Chewing Gum Lose It's Flavour 2010 watch
Schwarzkopf Live Colour XXL Shake It Up Foam .. Metro Station; Shake It 2012 watch
Schweppes- barman .. Spike Jones; Cocktails For Two 2006
Scottish Widows .. Isaac Albeniz's: "Asturias" from Suite Espagnol 2007/8
Scrubs .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2007
Scrubs Theme .. Lazlo Bane; Superman 2006
SCS .. Tom Jones; What's New Pussycat? 2010 listen
SCS Celebrate .. Kool and the Gang; Celebration 2008
SCS Sofas .. Finley Quaye & William Orbit: Dice 2007
SCS half price sale .. Kool and the Gang; Get Down On It 2007
Sears .. Hives; Well All Right 2008 listen
Seat - Good Stuff Edition .. Shakira; Good Stuff 2010 watch
Seat Ibiza - Cupids .. Cashmeres; Yes, It's True 2010 watch
Seat Altea .. Nursery Rhyme; The Animals Went In Two By Two 2007
Seat Ibiza .. Fatboy Slim; Sho' Nuff 2005
Sega Bayonetta .. La Roux; In For The Kill (Skream's Let's Get Ravey remix) 2010 watch
Sekonda Seksy .. Leona Lewis; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2011 watch
Sekonda - For The Times of Your Life .. Marvin Gaye & Kim Weston; It Takes Two 2011 watch
Sellotape: Robot .. Bill Haley & His Comets; Joeys Song 2011 watch
Setanta: Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England .. Doves; There Goes The Fear 2008
Setanta February Sports .. Hives; Main Offender 2008
Setanta Sports Theme .. ?? remix of an older song ?? watch
Setanta Sports - Barclays Premiership .. Eric Burdon; Good Times 2007 watch
Seven Seas Cod Liver Oil .. BBC; Theme from Captain Pugwash 2006
Sharpie Express Yourself .. The Tender Box; Mister Sister 2010 watch
Sharps Bedrooms - 2 for 1 Offer .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2006
Sharwoods Coach Trip .. Bill Wells& Maher Shalal Hash Baz; Banned Announcement 2012 watch
Sharwoods .. Village People; Go West 2006
Sheba Cat Food .. Peggy Lee; Fever 2008/2010 watch
Sheba Cat Food .. ????; There You Are 1990s watch
Shell FuelSave Scientists .. Sergey Prokofiev; Peter and the Wolf 2010 watch
Shell .. Orquestra Del Plata; Montserrat 2006
Shredded Wheat SuperFruity .. Little Richard; Tutti Frutti 2011 watch
Shredded Wheat - Top It .. Isley Brothers; It's Your Thing 2011 watch
Siemens .. Matt Monro; This Is The Life 2011 listen
Silentnight .. Feist; Mushaboom 2006
Silverscreen Elvis Presley DVD Collection .. Elvis Presley; Blue Suede Shoes 2005
Simple Kind To Skin Wipes - Paint .. The Noisettes; Wild Young Hearts 2011 watch
Simple Cleansing Facial Wipes - Tears .. Madeleine Peyroux; Don't Cry, Baby 2006
Simply Be - Autumn ad .. special commission 2010 watch
Skins Podcast .. Sam Sparro; Black and Gold 2008
Skoda Fabia vRS .. Soundtree: My Favourite Things 2010 watch
Skoda Superb Estate .. Hal David & John Cacavas Bluebird 2010 listen
Skoda Fabia .. Rodgers and Hammerstein; My Favourite Things 2007 watch
Skoda Octavia 4 x 4 .. Tchaikovsky; Waltz Of The Flowers from The Nutcracker Suite 2005
Sky Football Special .. Tinie Tempah; Written In The Stars 2012 watch
Sky Movies .. Supernaturals; Smile 2012 listen
Sky HD - New Series - January .. Sam & Dave; Hold On! I'm Comin' 2012 watch
Sky Atlantic 2012 Sneak Peek Trailer .. Imelda May; All for You 2012 watch
Sky Sports - Festive Football .. Depeche Mode; Just Can't Get Enough 2011 watch
Sky 3D - January .. Calvin Harris; Feel So Close 2011 listen
Sky - Go .. Speech Debelle; Spinnin' 2011 listen
Sky Darts World Grand Prix .. Kiss; Crazy, Crazy Nights 2011 listen
Sky Sports: La Liga New Season .. Martin Solveig ft Kele; Ready 2 Go 2011 listen .
Sky Sports: Andy Mussray in New York .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Yeah! New York 2011 listen .
Sky - Believe In Better .. Caro Emerald; That Man 2011 watch
Sky Sports - Go-Fold .. Basement Jaxx - Do Your Thing 2011 watch
Sky The HD Moment Is Here .. Moloko: The Time Is Now 2011 listen
Sky News - iPad App .. Elbow; Open Arms 2011 watch
Sky - All England Badminton Championships .. House of Pain; Jump Around 2011 listen
Sky HD - TV LineUp Promo 2011 .. Ella Fitzgerald: Sunshine of Your Love 2011 watch or Ella 's full version
Sky Atlantic: Let The Stories Begin .. Florence + The Machine; Howl 2011 watch
Sky Atlantic HD: Dustin Hoffman .. The Cinematic Orchestra; To Build A Home 2011 watch
Sky Sports: 20 Years of Great Days .. Kinks; Days 2011 watch
Sky Movies HD - Christmas 2010 .. Orba Squara; What I Want For Xmas 2010 watch
Sky 3D .. Creature; Who's Hot, Who's Not 2010 listen
Sky Sports New Season 2010/11 Park Game .. Eli Paperboy Reed; Come And Get It 2010 watch
Sky Sport (Eric Cantona) .. Shostakovich; Waltz No. 2 From Jazz Suite No. 2 2010 watch
Sky Soccer Saturday .. James Brown; I Got You (I Feel Good) 2010 listen
Sky Sports New Season 2010/11 Park Game .. Eli Paperboy Reed; Come And Get It 2010 watch
Sky Royal Horse Show .. Jackie Wilson (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher 2010 listen
Sky May on Sky Sports .. Patrick Hawes; Power Trip 2010 watch
Sky News - Leaders Debate .. Martha Reeves and The Vandellas; Nowhere To Run 2010 listen
Sky NCIS - Los Angeles .. Rage Against The Machine; Killing In The Name Of 2010
Sky James Corden - League of Their Own .. Bellini Casta Diva 2010 watch
Sky+HD Supertelly .. Anthony Newley; Pure Imagination 2010 watch
Sky Sports: Arsenal Vs Manchester United .. Pioneers; Long Shot Kick De Bucket 2010
Sky Golf: South African Tour .. Yello; The Race 2009
Sky Skysongs Launch .. Mott The Hoople; All The Young Young Dudes 2009
Sky Mission Hills World Cup .. Bryan Ferry; Let's Stick Together 2009
Sky Moves - Box Office .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2009
Sky Movies: Christmas More Magical .. Bjork; It's Oh So Quiet 2009 watch
Sky Movies: Tarantino Takes Over Weekend .. Dick Dale and the Deltones; Misirlou 2009
Sky Movies (HD) .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Runaway (Instrumental) 2009
Sky HD .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2009
Sky 1HD - The Closer You Get .. Cure; Close To Me 2009
Sky Sports: Victory Cup .. Jesus Jones; International Bright Young Thing 2009
Sky Sports - New Football Season .. Temper Trap; Sweet Disposition 2009
Sky Football: Sponsored by Ford .. Kasabian; Club Foot 2009
Sky Sports: New Football Season .. Kasabian; Fast Fuse 2009
Sky Ashes Summer .. Men At Work; Down Under 2009
Sky Play Offs .. Fatboy Slim; Right Here, Right Now 2009
Sky Hay-on-Sky .. Noah and The Whale; Five Years Time 2009
Sky One - Simpsons House Party .. Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons; Beggin' 2009
Sky/Sky Sports: Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England .. Muse; Starlight 2008
Sky Christmas season .. Darlene Love; Christmas (Baby Please Come Home) 2008 watch ad or listen
Sky+ HD promotion .. Ane Brun; True Colours 2008 listen
Sky Bones & Cold Case Promotion .. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds; Red Right Hand 2008
Sky Movies .. Johnny Cash; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2008
Sky Digital, Broadband & Phone .. Aqualung: Good Times Gonna Come 2008
Sky Rugby Superleague .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2008
Sky War Movies Season .. Dire Straits; Brothers In Arms 2007
Sky Carbon Neutral .. Three Dog Night; Joy To The World 2007
Sky Movies - Billboards .. Gene Wilder; Pure Imagination (from Willy Wonka) 2007
Sky War Movies Season .. Dire Straits; Brothers In Arms 2007
Sky Winter Cricket .. Maps; So Low, So High 2007
Sky Sports Saturday .. Elton John; Saturday Night's Alright (For Fighting) 2007
Sky Sports News .. Clint Mansell; Lux Aeterna 2007
Sky Speak, Surf, See .. Cornelius; Micro Disneycal World Tour 2007
Sky Millenium Magic .. Queen; A Kind Of Magic 2007
Sky Darts - Las Vegas Classic .. ZZ Top; Viva Las Vegas 2007
Sky World Matchplay Bowls .. Limp Bizkit; Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle) 2007
Sky Live From Wembley .. Hubert Parry; Jerusalem 2007
Sky Summer Sports .. Mendelssohn; Wedding March from A Midsummer Night's Dream 2007
Sky Sports: July Preview .. Sylvester; You Make Me Feel 2007
Sky Sports: The "Y" Factor .. Elton John; Step Into Christmas 2006
Sky Sports: Manchester United vs Chelsea .. Electric Light Orchestra; Showdown 2006
Sky Sports: Christmas .. Gene Kelly; Singin' In The Rain 2006
Sky Sports: New Season .. Clint Mansell; Lux Aeterna 2006
Sky 2006-7 Football Season .. The Source ft. Candi Staton; You've Got The Love 2006
Sky Sports : EngXIand Cricket .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2006
Sky Sports : Weekend Highlights .. Elvis Presley / JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2006
Sky Sports: Cricket .. 10CC; Dreadlock Holiday 2006
Sky Sports: FA Cup Fever .. Peggy Lee; Fever 2006
Sky Sports: November .. Stereophonics; Dakota 2006
Sky Sports: April Preview .. Libera; Locus Iste (Sanctus) 2006
Sky Sports for February 2006 .. Lunatic Calm; Leave You Far Behind 2006
Sky Sports : March Preview .. Stereophonics; Superman 2006
Sky Prem Plus Season Ticket .. Elmer Bernstein; The Great Escape 2006
Sky Soccer Saturday .. Deepest Blue; Shooting Star 2006
Sky Tennis Masters .. Vangelis; Chung Kuo 2006
Sky Superbowl 40 .. Eminem; Lose Yourself 2006
Sky NBA All Star Match .. Smash Mouth; All Star 2006
Sky The Match: Trials .. Dandy Warhols; Bohemian Like You 2006
Sky Darts: Stan James Matchplay .. Arctic Monkeys; I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor 2006
Sky FA Youth Cup Final 2006 .. Primal Scream; Movin' On Up 2006
Sky Skateboarder .. Regina Spektor; Us 2006
Sky Hollywood Grand Prix with Vinnie Jones .. Apollo 440; Stop The Rock (Caroline by Status Quo) 2006
Sky Dream Team 80s .. Big Audio Dynamite; Medicine Show 2006
Sky '24' Trailer .. Kasabian; Club Foot 2006
Sky Bones & Cold Case Trailer .. Depeche Mode; Waiting For The Night 2006
Sky The Great British Wedding .. Dixie Cups; Chapel Of Love 2006
Sky Christmas .. Hanson; What Christmas Means To Me 2006
Sky Pick Your Own Mix .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2006
Sky Lost: 2 series in 1 Episode .. Led Zeppelin; Dazed and Confused 2006
Sky Star Wars Six in a Row .. Real Thing; Can You Feel The Force 2006
Sky Star Wars Six in a Row .. Zero 7; Destiny 2006
Sky Oscar Film Season .. Orchestral Manouevres in the Dark; Souvenir (Moby Remix) 2006
Sky World Cinema .. Chungking; World of A Thousand Suns 2006
Sky Prem Plus Offer .. Hugo Montenegro; The Good, The Bad and The Ugly 2006
Sky Movies .. Peter, Bjorn and John; Young Folks 2007
Sky Movies - From Beginning To End .. Pete Moore; Asteroid (Pearl & Dean Theme) 2007
Sky Movies - Fantastic 4 Multistart .. U2; Vertigo 2006
Sky Movies: Goal! Promo .. Bronski Beat; Smalltown Boy 2006
Sky Movies: First Time Saturday .. New Christy Minstrels; Everybody Loves Saturdy Night 2006
Sky Movies:Summer Season .. Nina Simone; Feeling Good 2005
Sky Movies: Western Season .. Johnny Cash; Don't Take Your Guns to Town 2005
Sky One: Thief .. Animals; House of the Rising Sun 2006
Sky One: Battlestar Galactica .. Magazine; Shot By Both Sides 2006
Sky One: 24 Trailer .. Nina Simone; Feeling Good 2006
Sky One: Over There .. Kaiser Chiefs; Oh My God 2006
Sky One: Weeds .. Bob Dylan: Rainy Day Women #12 & 35 2005
Sky History Channel Subscription .. Verdi; Dies Irae from Requiem Mass 2006
Sleepmasters .. Alison Moyet; Only You 2011 watch
Sleepmasters Half Price Sale .. Brenda Lee; I'm Sorry 2009 watch
Slimfast .. Adam Ant; Goody Two Shoes 2006
SlimFast.. Commodores: 'Brick House'
SlimFast .. Ohio Express: 'Yummy, Yummy, Yummy'
Slimming World .. John Fred and The Playboy Band; Judy In Disguise (With Glasses) 2005
Smart ForTwo .. Stomax; Midnight Mutations 2010 watch
Smart For four .. Johnston Brothers; Hernando's Hideaway 2005
Smirnoff Anthem .. Susanna & the Magical Orchestra; Crazy, Crazy Nights 2011 watch
Smirnoff: Purified .. composed by Peter Raeburn of Soundtree Studios; Latinate Chant 2008
Smirnoff Extraordinary Purification .. composed by Peter Raeburn of Soundtree Studios; Celebrare 2007
Smirnoff Ice .. Quarashi; Copycat 2005
Smirnoff .. Transglobal; Underground Rude Buddah 2004
Smirnoff .. Walter Murphy & the Big Apple Band; A Fifth of Beethoven 2004
SodaStream Busy With The Fizzy .. Harry Nilsson; Without You 2010 listen
Sony - 2 Worlds .. music by Clint Mansell / Leonard Cohen; Thats What I Heard You Say 2011 watch
Sony Ericsson Xperia Ray - 20:22 Moment .. Mothersmilk Studios; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Sony Bravia IPTV: Television Redefined .. Magnetic Man Ft. Katy B; Crossover-Special Version 2011 watch
Sony VAT back A Christmas Carol .. Lang Lang with The London Metropolitan Orchestra Commissioned 2010 watch
Sony 3D HD TV .. Ferdinand Herold; La Fille Mal Gardee/Act 1 - 17a. Clog Dance 2010 watch
Sony Bravia Televisions Football at Home .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2010 watch
Sony TV World Cup Trade In .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2010 watch
Sony Internet Television FIFA 2010 World Cup Collection .. Simple World; Jonathan Elias 2010 watch
Sony Bravia TVs Rockstars .. AC/DC; Thunderstruck 2010 watch
Sony - Cyber Shot Camera .. Paloma Faith; Upside Down 2010 watch
Sony Center - Christmas Make Believe .. Miike Snow; Black and Blue 2009
Sony - Formula 1 sponsor ad .. Def Leppard; Rocket 2008 listen
Sony Ericsson W910: Walkman ..Pink Enemy Remix of Pop Levi: Dita Dimone 2008 listen
Sony - Shoot in HD .. Justice vs Simian; We Are Your Friends 2007
Sony Ericsson W910i .. Edu K; Gatas Gatas Gatas 2007
Sony Blu-ray Disk HD1080 .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2007
Sony Ericsson W910i .. Blue King Brown; Come n Check Your Head 2007
Sony Ericsson W910i .. Cazals; Life Is Boring 2007
Sony Bravia .. Rolling Stones; She's A Rainbow 2007
Sony Bravia TVs .. Jose Gonzales; Heartbeats 2007
Sony Playstation - UEFA Champions League .. Heavy; No Time 2009 watch
Sony Playstation 3 (PS3) Launch .. Nino Rota; Amarcord 2007
Sony Singstar Legends .. Jackson Five; I Want You Back 2006
Sony Ericsson Walkman Phone Collection .. Holiday For Strings; Jump On Foot 2006
Sony Bravia .. Rossini; La Gazza Ladra Overture (The Thieving Magpie) 2006
Sony Ericsson K800i Cyber-Shot Phone .. Black Keys; Girl Is On My Mind 2006
Sony Singstar Rocks for PS2 .. Blur; Song 2 2006
Sony Ericsson Walkman Phones .. Velvet Revolver Dirty; Little Thing 2005
Sony Ericsson Walkman Phones .. Clash; I Fought The Law 2005
Sony .. Lionrock; Rude Boy Rock 2000
Sony .. Aerosmith: 'The Grind'
Sourz Spirited Raspberry: Six OClock .. Rage Music; Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Southern Comfort SoCo & Lime .. Luxembourg Brothers; Usual Suspects 2007
Southern Comfort .. Tripping Daisy; New Plains of Medicine 2003
Space.NK .. Hanne Hukkelberg; Searching 2006
Specsavers: Specs Effect .. Globus Preliator 2010 watch
Specsavers: Free Reactions .. Barry Gray; Thunderbirds 2008
Specsavers: Sheep Shearing .. Una Palliser; Mo Ghile Mear 2008
Specsavers .. Edith Piaf; Non Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regrets) 2008
Specsavers .. Cinematic Orchestra; To Build A Home 2007
Specsavers 2 for 1 .. Hedrex; Dreamboat 2 2006
Spec Savers .. Claude Vasori: "Folk Guitar" 2005
Sprite .. Brothomstates; Adozenaday 2002
St Bruno Tobacco .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 1993
St. Ivel Advance .. Harry McLintock; Big Rock Candy Mountain 2005
St. Ivel .. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John; You're The One That I Want 2000
Stagecoach .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007
Standard Life insurance .. Black; Wonderful life 1994
Starbucks (Hank!) .. Gary Glitter; 'Rock and Roll Part 2'
Stella Artois: Ice Lounge .. Stella Artois French special; 12 Jour De Noel(12 days of Christmas) 2010 watch
Stella Artois .. Brigitte Bardot; Ne Me Laisse Pas L'Aimer 2010 watch
Stella Artois .. Clara Rockmore; Valse Sentimentale 2006
Stella Artois .. Liszt; Hungarian Rhapsody #2 2005
Stella McCartney - Stella .. Scout Niblett; Kidnapped By Neptune 2007
Storey Carpets .. Katrina and the Waves; Walking on Sunshine 2006
Stop Smoking Ad .. Nina Simone: 'Ain't Got No (I Got Life)' ~ UK
Strand Cigarettes .. Cliff Adams; Lonely Man Theme 1959
Strongbow Cider .. 2 Unlimited; Get Ready For This 2006
Strongbow Cider .. Deep Purple; Smoke on the Water 1997
Subway .. Red Rat; Shake That Rump 2007
Subaru .. Kansas: 'Dust in the Wind'
Subaru .. Sheryl Crow: 'Everyday is a Winding Road'
Sun Bingo .. Graffiti6; Stare into the Sun 2010 watch
The Sun Newspaper under 'T'
Sunsilk .. John Paul Young; Love is in the Air 2006
Superdrug .. Scouting For Girls; She's So Lovely 2011 listen
Sure For Men - Iceskater .. TDL; Feel The Forces 2011 watch
Sure Deodorant: 48 Hour Protection .. Alexandra Burke; All Night Long 2010 watch
Sure Deodorant: SureMen Last 8 Sweepstake .. Julius La Rosa; Eh, Cumpari! 2010 watch
Sure Deodorant: upside down roll-on .. Gabriella Cilmi; Sweet About Me 2008 watch
Sure Biorhythms .. Elmo; All My Life 2007
Sure Crystal .. Aaron Lacrate ft Da Kidz; Kidstuff 2007
Sure Deodorant - Sport .. The Bees; Payback 2007
Sure Deodorant .. Jack Keller and Howard Greenfield; Theme from Bewitched 2006
Sure For Men .. Xavier Cugat; Yo Quiero un Mambo 2005
Surf with Essential Oils Trampoline .. Yellowhammer ft Claire Nicolson You and I (only on a promo cd) 2010
Surf Essential Oils .. Alice Russell; Sweet Is The Air 2007
Surf Small and Mighty .. Patience and Prudence; Dreamers Bay 2007
Surf Irresistable Fragrance .. Swansway; Illuminations 2006
Surf Tropical .. Yma Sumac; Wimoweh 2005
Suzuki Swift Designed For Life .. Bang and Buller; Rock and Roll Sky 2010 watch
Suzuki SX4 .. Kula Shaker; Hush 2006
Suzuki Grand Vitara .. David Mills and Ian Wilson; What a Wonderful World 2006
Suzuki Grand Vitara .. Mooney Suzuki; Alive and Amplified 2005
Swatch Colour Codes .. Band of Skulls; I Know What I Am 2010 watch
Swatch .. Midge Ure; Breathe 2000 watch
Swifer .. It Devo: 'Whip'
Swiftcover.com Get A Life .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out? 2012 watch
Switch / Maestro .. Manhattan Transfer; Chanson D'Amour 2003
Switch / Maestro .. Renee and Renato; Save Your Love 2002
Sylvania .. The Who: 'I Can See For Miles'
T >>
TK Maxx - Big Labels, Small Prices.. Alex Winston; Choice Notes 2011 watch
T K Maxx Daily Deliveries .. Junior Walker and The All Stars; Roadrunner 2008
T K Maxx Big Value at Small Prices .. Zoe Lewis; Small Is Tremendous 2007
T K Maxx .. Fats Waller; Have A Little Dream On Me 2007
T K Maxx .. John Williams; Carol of the Bells 2006
T K Maxx .. Zongamin; Tunnel Music 2006
T-Mobile What Britain Loves .. Dizzee Rascal and Armand Van Helden; Bonkers 2012 watch
T-Mobile - Parking Ticket .. Klaus Badelt; Door of Destiny 2011 watch
T-Mobile Youfix - Parking Tickets .. Dire Straits; Money For Nothing 2011 watch
T-Mobile Heathrow Terminal 5 : Welcome Back .. Mel Tormé - Comin Home Baby; Mark Morrison - Return of the Mack; Iggy Pop - The Passenger; Thin Lizzy - Boys are Back In Town; Kaiser Chiefs Oh My God; Aretha Franklin with George Michael I Knew You Were Waiting (for me); Peters And Lee Welcome Home 2010 watch
T- Mobile .. Josh's Band; Come With Me 2010 watch
T- Mobile; Broadband campaign .. Kelly Stolt; Lets Get Out Tonight 2008/9 watch
T- Mobile; Flext campaign .. Vashti Bunyan; Diamond Day 2008 watch
T- Mobile; Favourite People .. Blood Sweat and Tears; Spinning Wheel 2007 watch
T- Mobile; Text Your Head Off .. Claude Von Stroke; The Whistler 2007 watch
T- Mobile; Web 'n' Walk .. I'm From Barcelona; Collection Of Stamps 2007 watch
T- Mobile; (moving houses) .. Arthur Russell; This is How We Walk On The Moon 2007 watch
T- Mobile; Web 'n' Walk .. Robbie Williams; Tripping 2006
T- Mobile Everyone .. Bedouin Soundclash; When The Night Feels My Song 2006
T- Mobile; Mates Rates Promotion .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2005
T- Mobile; Rolling Stones 40 Licks Tour .. Rolling Stones; You Got Me Rocking 2003
T- Mobile .. Def Leppard; Pour Some Sugar on Me 2002
T-Mobile .. Royksopp: So Easy 2002
Take 2 Interactive The Darkness .. Marilyn Manson; Cruci-Fiction In Space 2007
Take A Break .. Village People; YMCA 2006
TalkTalk - A Brighter Home For Everyone .. Righteous Brothers; Unchained Melody 2011 watch
Talk Talk .. The Box Tops; Neon Rainbow 2009 watch
Talk Talk: When Will You Join? .. Primal Scream; Come Together 2008 watch
Talk Talk .. Hayley Sanderson; Something In The Air 2006 watch
Talksport World Cup 2006 Coverage .. Talksport Allstars; We're England (Tom Hark) 2006
Tango Dancing Granny .. Lomax; Praise 2010 watch
Tropicana Awake To Alive .. The Cinematic Orchestra; Transformation 2012 watch
Target Department Store .. Petula Clark: "A Sign Of The Times" 1999
Target Department Store .. Roy Orbison: 'You Got It'
Tees Valley Beef Meatballs Small Farmers, Big Taste! .. Commissioned; In The Country 2012 watch
Teletext - Holidays .. Lindsey Buckingham; Holiday Road 2011 watch
Teletext - "Blah blah blah" .. Trio; Da Da Da 2007
Telewest .. Elmo Tanner & Ted Weems Orchestra; Heartaches 2006
Telewest Teleport .. Flying Lizards; Money 2005
Tena Lady .. Bobby Hebb; Sunny 2010 watch
Tena Pants .. KC and the Sunshine Band; (Shake Shake Shake) Shake Your Booty 2010
Tennents Lager .. Screamin' Jay Hawkins; I Put A Spell On You 2005
Tennents Lager .. Big Country; One Great Thing 1989
Tennents Pilsner .. Simple Minds; Alive and Kicking 1983
Terrys Chocolate Orange - Love It To Bits .. Kenny Graham and His Satellites; Sunbeam 2010 watch
Terrys All Gold - Imagine .. Tavares; Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel 2002
Terrys .. Hazel O' Connor; Will You 2000
Terrys .. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2000
Tesco F&F Florence + Fred Glide .. Cut Copy; Feel The Love 2012 watch
Tesco - Christmas 2011 .. The Pogues and Kirsty MacColl; Fairytale of New York 2011 watch
Tesco Mobile: Sponsors .. Warren Hamilton; Big Team 2010 watch
Tesco: F & F Country Cricket .. MoZella; Magic (Oh Oh Oh) 2010 watch
Tesco: Muscular Dystrophy Campaign .. Cherry Ghost; People Help The People 2010 watch
Tesco: Christmas with the Spice Girls .. Bing Crosby; Santa Claus Is Coming To Town 2007
Tesco: F & F Fashions .. Hanne Hukkelberg; Boble 2007
Tesco: Back To School .. Richard Hayman; Children's Marching Song (Nick Nack Paddy Whack) 2007
Tesco .. Camera Obscura; Country Mile 2007
Tesco: Florence & Fred - Red Dress .. Delfonics; Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time) 2006
Tesco .. Terry Hall & The Colourfield; Windmills of Your Mind 2006
Tesco: Cherokee Kids .. Jamelia; Superstar 2006
Tetley Tea - Tea Folk Singing .. Tetley Tea Folk; Just the Way You Are 2011 watch
Tetley Tea - For Everyone .. Victor Mizzy; Addams Family (Main Theme from TV Series) 2007
Tetley .. Gerry and the Pacemakers; You'll Never Walk Alone 2000
Tetley's Bitter .. Vive La Fete; Maquillage 2006
TGI Fridays .. The Scorpions: 'Rock You Like a Hurricane'
The Bed Shed Sale .. Crew Cuts; Sh-Boom (Life Could Be A Dream) 2006
The Daily Express: Sixties CD Promotion .. Foundations; Build Me Up Buttercup 2005
The Mail on Sunday: Travis CD Promotion .. Travis; Flowers In The Window 2007
The Mail on Sunday: .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2007
The Mail on Sunday: Planet Earth by Prince - Free Cd .. Prince; Guitar 2007
The Daily Mail: World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007
The Daily Star: Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007
The Daily Star: Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007
The Daily Star: Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007
The People .. Iggy Pop; Lust For Life 2000
The Sun .. Vangelis; Chariots of Fire 2012 watch
The Sun: Bingo .. Graffiti6; Stare into the Sun 2010 watch
The Sun: World Cup - Maybe .. Terry Venables; If I Can Dream 2010 watch
The Sun: Bingo .. Tony Christie; (Is This the Way To) Amarillo? 2008
The Sun: Bingo .. Ottawan: D.I.S.C.O. 2007
The Sun: 24-7 Football .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2007
The Sun: Football .. Subways; Oh Yeah 2007
The Sun: £9.50 Holidays .. Reginald Dixon; I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006
The Sun: World Cup Go For Goals Pullout .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No.1 (Land Of Hope 7 Glory) 2006
The Times/Sunday Times: iPad App .. Speech Debelle; Spinnin' 2011 watch
The Times: Budget Special .. Flying Lizards; Money 2010 listen
The Times: Talk Radio DVD Promotion .. George Thorogood & the Destroyers; Bad To The Bone 2007
The Times: The Game .. Don Lusher; Carnaby Chick 2005
The Zoo: Australian TV series .. "Hippo Rhino" 2011 watch
Think Bingo: Bubble Bath .. 'I know where all the girls go' song made for the ad, not yet available
Thierry Mugler Angel Eva Mendes .. Eva Mendes; The Windmills of Your Mind 2011 watch
Thinkbox Dogs Home .. Bachman-Turner Overdrive; You Aint Seen Nothing Yet 2010 watch
Thomson Holidays New Version .. Sunday Girl (with Guy Farley) Where Is My Mind? 2012 watch
Thomson Holidays - Time For A Holiday? .. Guy Farley; Where Is My Mind? 2011 watch
Thomson Holidays .. Joey Ramone; What a Wonderful World 2012 watch
Thomas Cook Ultimate Holiday .. Morcheeba; The Sea 2009
Thomas Cook Bank Holiday Appeal; Dinah Washington; What A Difference A Day Makes 2008
Thomson Holidays .. Guy Farley (instrumental); Where Is My Mind? 2011 watch
Thomson Holidays .. Beach Boys; Good Vibrations 2010 watch
Thomson Holidays .. Fatboy Slim; Praise You 2007
Thomson Local Directory .. Creation; Biff Bang Pow 2005
Thorntons Chocolates .. Francesco de Mase & A. Alessandroni; Tema Di Oscar 2002
Thorntons .. Moby; Everloving 2000
The One .. Olivia Newton John; You Better Shape Up 2007
Thresher .. Pachelbel; Canon 1993
Tia Lusso .. Ils; No Soul (PMT Remix) 2002
Timberland Earthkeepers .. Sons & Daughters; Gilt Complex 2011 watch
Timberland Mountain Athletics .. Noisettes; Don't Give It Up 2010 watch
Timberland - This is Your Podium .. John Murphy Escaping The Icarus 11 2008
TNT 'The Closer' drama series .. Bill Withers; Ain't No Sunshine 2008
Tombola We Are Tombola .. Ash Koley; Dont Let Your Feet Touch Ground 2011 watch
Tombola - Fairground Bingo .. Marisol; Tombola 2008
Thorpe Park .. You Me At Six; The Swarm 2012 watch
Toshiba - Leading Innovation .. Vitalic; Trahison 2008
Toshiba Nicam TV .. Arthur Askey; The Thing Ummy Bob (That's Going To Win The War) 1996
Toshiba .. Vivian Stanshall; Terry Keeps His Clips On 1991
Total Greek Yoghurt - Yum No Fat .. Hayden Parsey; Dance of the Hours (Arrangement) 2011 watch
Total Greek Yoghurt .. Duncan Wisbey; Any Little Fish 2010 watch
Tous H2O Jewel of Solidarity - Perfume of Life .. OperaBabes; Lakmé H2O (Flower Duet) 2011 watch
Toyota Hybrid Cars .. Empire of the Sun; Walking On A Dream 2011 watch
Toyota Yaris - Treat It With Respect .. Supergrass; Pumping On Your Stereo 2011 watch
Toyota Cars Feel Good Driving .. Free Design; Love You 2010 watch
Toyota Rav4 .. AIM; Demonique 2006
Toyota Yaris - BigSmall .. Mando Ranks; Bring It 2006
Toyota Corolla .. Peter Gabriel; The Feeling Begins 2005
Toyota Verso .. Crosby, Stills and Nash; Teach Your Children 2005
Toyota RAV4 .. Prince Buster; Madness 2001
Toyota .. Billy Fury; Wondrous Place 2000
Toyota .. Jimi Hendrix; Voodoo Child (Slight Return) 2000
Toyota .. Iggy Pop; The Passenger 2000
Toyota .. Curtis Mayfield: 'Move On Up'
Toys R Us - Christmas 2011 .. Specially Recorded; Im a Toys R Us Kid 2011 watch
Trainline.com - Choo Choo Choose .. Black Lace; Do The Conga 2011 listen
Travelodge - Teddy Bears Holiday .. Mamas & The Papas; Go Where You Wanna Go 2011 watch
Travelocity .. Lionel Richie; Stuck On You 2005
Trident Gum .. Crimea: Loop A Loop 2008
Triumph Shape Sensation .. April Stevens; Teach Me Tiger 2012 watch
Trivago - Same Hotel, Two Prices .. Kosheen; All In My Head (version) 2011 watch
Trebor Soft Mints .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Mr Soft 1987
Tresemme: Flawless Curls .. Jamie Leonhart; written especially for the ad 2008 . watch
Tresemme .. Il Divo; Without You (Desde el Dia Que Te Fuiste) 2006
Tropicana: Doesnt Just Grow On Trees .. Novos Baianos; Besta é Tu 2011 watch
Tropicana Premium Fruit Juice: San Francisco Breakfast .. Doobie Brothers; Listen To The Music 2010 watch
Tropicana: Chefs .. Kay Starr; It's A Good Day 2009 watch
Tropicana Smoothies .. Nina Wall; Catch A Falling Star 2008
Tropicana .. Gene Kelly & Debbie Reynolds; Good Morning 2008
Tropicana .. Nouvelle Vague; Just Can't Get Enough 2007
Tunnocks Dark Chocolate.. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2010
TV Licensing .. Ninette; Push A Little Button 2010 watch
TV Licensing .. Specials; Message To You Rudy 2005
Twinings Gets Back to You .. Lissie; Go Your Own Way 2012 watch
Twinings - Gets You Back To You .. Charlene Soraia; Wherever You Will Go 2011 watch
Twinings Herbal Teas .. Ben Vella and Barney Freeman; Good As New 2010 watch
Twinings Classic Tea - Everyday .. Love Band; Mmm 2009 watch
Typhoo .. Herman's Hermits; I'm Into Something Good 2000
U >>
U.B.S: We Will Not Rest .. Maria Callas; O Mio Bambino Caro 2010 watch
Ubisoft Assassins Creed Revelations .. Woodkid; Iron 2011 watch .
Ubisoft Assassins Creed - Brotherhood .. Tinie Tempah; Pass out 2010 watch
Ubisoft Wii Just Dance .. Katy Perry; Hot n Cold 2009 watch
Ubisoft Assassin's Creed for Playstation 3 .. UNKLE; Lonely Souls ft Richard Ashcroft 2008
Ubisoft Assassin's Creed for Playstation 3 .. Massive Attack; Teardrop 2007
UEFA Anthem was performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields Chorus. Composer Tony Britten ...This song is an alternative to Handel's coronation anthem, "Zadok the Priest".
Lyrics
Ceux sont les meilleurs equipes,
Sie sind die allerbesten Mannschaften
The main event
Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions
Une grande reunion
Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions
Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions
UEFA Champions League .. James: I Know What I'm Here For 2007
UEFA Champions League Coverage .. Primal Scream; Country Girl 2006
UEFA Champions League .. Sebastien Tellier; La Ritournelle 2006
UEFA European Cup Theme .. Handel: "Zadok the Priest" 2004
UEFA European Cup 1996 Theme .. Beethoven: Ode To Joy from Symphony No 9 1996
There are more UEFA ads under Channel 5
UK Government directgov.co.uk .. Madness; It Must Be Love 2010 watch
UK Government Food Standards Agency .. Three Degrees; When Will I See You Again 2006
UK Government Safe Sex Promotion .. Isaac Hayes; Theme From Shaft 2003
UK Gov Teacher Training Association .. Disney; Heigh Ho (The Dwarves Marching Song from Snow White) 2003
UK Government Domestic Abuse .. Charlie Rich; Behind Closed Doors 2001
UK Government MMR Jab .. Lisa Gerrard; Sanvean 1999
UK Government Energy Efficiency .. Landscape; Einstein A Go-Go
UK Government Power Surges .. Lou Christie; Lightning Strikes
UK TV Supernatural .. Appollo 440; Magick 2007
UK TV Style - Extreme Makeover .. The Cure and The Cause; Fish Go Deep 2006
UK TV Gold: Kitchen Showdown .. Rolling Stones; Satisfaction 2006
UK TV Carry On Weekend of "Big Titters" .. Pussycat Dolls; Beep 2006
UK TV Supernatural .. Klaxons; Don't Fear The Reaper 2006
Umbro World Cup Tailored By England .. Commissioned Version; United Kingdom National Anthem 2010 watch
Uncle Ben's Rispinos .. Etta James; My Dearest Darling 2001
Universal Orlando .. Cheap Trick: 'Surrender'
UPS .. Dean Martin; That's Amore 2011 watch
US Navy .. Godsmack: 'Awake'
Valentino Valentina Fragrance .. Paolo Conte; Via Con Me 2011 watch
Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion .. Bobby Vee; 'Take Good Care of My Baby'
Vauxhall - Football .. Noel Gallaghers High Flying Birds - Aka
What A Life! 2011 watch .
Vauxhall Corsa - Graffiti .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2011 watch
Vauxhall Lifetime Warranty .. Feeder; Pushing the Senses 2010 watch .
Vauxhall Meriva .. Ingrid Michaelson; Be OK 2010 watch
Vauxhall Corsa .. Gnarls Barkley; Run 2010 watch
Vauxhall Meriva / Zafira .. Sonics; Don't You Just Know It 2008 watch
Vauxhall Meriva / Zafira .. Brother Bones and His Shadows; Sweet Georgia Brown 2008 watch
Vauxhall Tigra: America's Next Top Model .. Spirit Studios provides music 2008 listen
Vauxhall Vectra LS .. Miracles; Love Machine 2008 listen
Vauxhall Zafira / Meriva .. Huey 'Piano' Smith and His Clowns; Don't You Just Know It 2008
Vauxhall Ecoflex .. Louis Armstrong What a Wonderful World 2007
Vauxhall Antara .. Isaac Hayes; Run Fay Run 2007
Vauxhall Astra .. Panoramic .. Marcos Valle; Crickets Sing for Anamaria 2007
Vauxhall Astra .. Bobby Darin; Don't Rain On My Parade 2006
Vauxhall Astra / Tigra .. Lonnie Donegan; Rock Island Line 2006
Vauxhall .. Peter Gabriel Sledgehammer 2000
Verizon Wireless .. The Beatles: 'All Together Now' ~ 2002
Very.co.uk - Holly & Fearne Take On Santa .. Specially Recorded; Anything You Can Do 2011 watch
Very.co.uk Wardrobe for all Seasons .. The Quik; Berts Apple Crumble 2010 watch .
Very.co.uk - Discover Spring .. Eliza Doolittle; Skinny Genes 2010 watch .
Very.co.uk .. Louis Armstrong; 'Zat You Santa Claus? 2009 watch
Vicks VapoRub - Sleeptight .. Shirley Temple; Goodnight My Love 2011 watch
Vicks Sinex .. Nouvelle Vague; I Melt With You 2009
Vick's Cough Syrup .. Nick Drake From The Morning 2008 watch
Vicks Medinite Complete & Daymed - Hugs .. Dragonette; Get Lucky 2007/2008
Vick's First Defence .. Dawn Landes; I'm A Believer 2007
Vimto .. Box Bottom; Bounce n Boom 2011 watch
Virgin Money 40 Years of Better .. Daft Punk; Outlands + Mike Oldfield; Tubular Bells Part 1 2012 watch
Virgin Holidays Best Of Rockstar Service Sale .. Radio FreQ; Where You Been? 2012 watch
Virgin Media - Exciting Place to Live .. Dan Black; Symphonies 2011 watch
Virgin Atlantic Got It .. Muse; Feeling Good 2010 watch
Virgin Holidays Rockstar Service .. Radio FreQ; Where You Been? 2010 watch
Virgin Holidays .. David Rose; The Stripper 2010 watch
Virgin Media .. Mazzy Star; Into Dust 2009 watch
Virgin Trains - Bumbling Ed.. Europe; The Final Countdown 2009 watch
Virgin Trains - Booty Train.. ABC; Look Of Love 2009 watch
Virgin Atlantic - Flat Bed Suite .. Bee Gees How Deep Is Your Love? 2009 watch
Virgin Atlantic - 25 Years .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood Relax 2009 watch
Virgin Holidays - I Want The World .. Charlotte Church I Want It Now (From Willy Wonka) 2008 watch
Virgin Holidays: Orlando - Florida .. Supergrass; Alright 2008 watch
Virgin 1 Channel Launch .. Enemy; You're Not Alone 2007
Virgin On Demand - Reality .. No Doubt; Just A Girl 2007
Virgin Trains .. Max Greger; Big Train 2007 watch
Virgin On Demand .. Foo Fighters; Learn To Fly 2007
Virgin Radio .. Free; All Right Now 2005
Visa Golden Space Usain Bolt vs London .. Ocean Colour Scene; Hundred Mile High City 2012 watch
Visa - London 2012 .. The Courteeners; Take Over The World 2011 watch
Visa Card: Football running man.. Pixies; Isla De Encanta 2010 watch
Visa Card: Life Flows Better .. Don Thomas; Come On Train (Ian Parton Remix) 2009 watch
Visa Card: Running man.. Whitey; Non Stop 2008 watch
Visa Card .. Obi; Somewhere Nicer 2007 watch
Vision Express Well See You Right .. Waterfall; (Stone Roses cover) 2012 watch
Visit Scotland: the creative year .. commissioned; Paul Mounsey based on "North" album Nahoo Too 2012 watch
Visit Wales: Piers Bramhalls Proper Holiday .. Islet; Ringerz 2012 watch
Visit Morocco: The Country That Travels Within You .. Yann Destal; Specially Recorded 2011 watch
Visit Scotland: Perfect Day .. Waterboys; Fisherman's Blues 2009 watch
VO5 Extreme Style - The Pliktisijiteur Pageant .. The BossHoss; Word Up 2011 watch
VO5 Assembly Line .. Example; Kickstarts 2010 watch
VO5 Extreme Style Headless .. Chromeo; Fancy Footwork 2010
VO5 Styling Army Recruits .. Santogold; Creator vs Switch & Freq Nasty 2008
Vodafone .. justtextgiving .. Two Door Cinema Club; Something Good Can Work 2011 listen
Vodafone .. Bryan Ferry; The In Crowd 2010 listen
Vodafone Network Couples .. Jamie Cullum; Im All Over It 2010 watch
Vodafone .. Tony Bennett & Celine Dion; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch
Vodafone Freedom Pack .. Tom Jones; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch
Vodafone Freedom Pack .. James Brown; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch
Vodafone .. Roger Whittaker; Mexican Whistler 2008
Vodafone .. Pearl And The Puppets; Because I Do 2008 watch
Vodafone Mobile Email Rabbit .. Delibes; Coppelia - Act I: Valse Lente 2008 watch
Vodafone Airport Chaos .. Mel Torme; Comin' Home Baby 2007
Vodafone Christmas .. Anita O' Day; A Nightingale Sang In Berkely Square 2007
Vodafone .. Labi Siffre; It Must Be Love 2007
Vodafone .. Nancy Sinatra The End (Of The Raindow) 2007
Vodafone The Internet Is Mobile .. Disney Little April Shower (from Bambi) 2007
Vodafone .. Regina Spektor Hotel Song 2007
Vodafone .. Jon Brion Theme from Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind 2006
Vodafone Family .. Bell X1 Another Girl, Another Planet 2006
Vodafone .. Only Ones Another Girl, Another Planet 2006
Vodafone .. Dandy Warhols: Bohemian Like You 2002
Volkswagen Up .. Baba Brooks; Portrait of My Love 2012 watch
Volkswagen Blue Motion .. Tiziano Lamberti; Wouldnt It Be Nice 2011 watch
Volkswagen - New Golf Cabriolet .. The Kinks; Days 2011 watch
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles - 60 Years .. The Beach Boys; God Only Knows 2011 watch
Volkswagen Passat .. John Williams; Imperial March from The Empire Strikes Back 2011 watch
Volkswagen Polo - Last Tango in Compton .. Roc C Feat. Oh No & Pok Dogg; Dont Stop 2010 watch
Volkswagen Polo .. Pink; Bad Influence 2009 watch
Volkswagen Golf .. Jeans Team & MJ Lan Keine Melodien 2009 watch
Volkswagen Passat: Extraordinary But Real .. Ferdinando Arno ft. Sandy Chambers; Gardener 2008 watch
Volkswagen Golf .. Paul Hartnoll; Gob Smack 2008
Volkswagen Polo (singing dog) .. Charlie Winston ; I'm A Man 2008
Volkswagen Polo .. Spencer Davis Group I'm A Man .. 2008 watch
Volkswagen Tiguan .. Andrew Weatherall; Feathers 2008
Volkswagen Beetle .. Devendra Banhart Santa Maria De Feira 2007
Volkswagen Golf .. Cliff Martinez Don't Blow It 2007
Volkswagen Golf .. Adrian Sutton's cover of; The Great Pretender 2007
Volkswagen .. Mint Royale; Singing In The Rain 2006
Volkswagen Convertible .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) Mr Blue Sky 2002
Volkswagen .. Styx: 'Mr. Roboto'
Volvo S60 T3 R-Design - Tarot .. Ástor Piazzolla; Libertango 2011 watch
Volvo C30 .. Puccini; Oh Mio Babbino Caro from Gianni Schicch /&/ Petter; Slag Under Baltet 2010 watch
Volvo C70 .. Miss Li; Oh Boy 2010 watch
Volvo C30 (Design Creates Debate) .. Baikonour; Hoko To Shin Ken 2008
Volvo XC70 .. Roy Orbison; Only The Lonely 2008
Volvo V70; Perfect Afternoon .. Nina Nastasia; Our Day Trip 2008
Volvo XC70 .. Traditional Wheels On The Bus 2007
Volvo S40 .. Fats Waller When Somebody Thinks You're Wonderful 1999
Volvo .. Donovan: 'Catch The Wind'
Vonage .. Rock-A-Teens: 'Woo Hoo'
Wachovia: AG Edwards .. Jon Darling; Lunatics 2008 watch
Waitrose - School of Christmas Magic .. Special Arrangement; Carol of the Bells 2011 watch
Waitrose - Love food, Love Life .. Mumm-ra; Shes Got You High? 2011 watch
Waitrose Price Match .. Dave Brubeck Quartet; Take Five 2010 watch
Waitrose The Only Place To Be This Christmas .. Camilla Kerslake; How Can I Keep From Singing 2009 watch
Waitrose Christmas Food .. Libera; How Can I Keep From Singing (album:Eternal/The Best of Libera) 2008 watch
Waitrose Christmas Food .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2008 watch
Waitrose quality food (picnic ad) .. Canned Heat; Going up the Country 2008 watch
Waitrose Christmas Food .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2007 watch
Waitrose Beef Farmers .. Elvis Presley; Love Me Tender 2007 watch
Waitrose Sustainable Fishing .. Mills Brothers: Some of These Days 2007
Waitrose Masters of Wine .. Carmel: More, More, More 2007
Waitrose .. Leo Sayer: You Make Me Feel Like Dancing 2007
Waitrose .. Matt Monro: Somewhere (From West Side Story) 2007
Waitrose .. Billie Holiday: When You're Smiling 2007
Waitrose Sustainable Fishing .. Mills Brothers: Some of These Days 2007
Waitrose Masters of Wine .. Carmel: More, More, More 2007
Waitrose .. Wilson Pickett; In The Midnight Hour 2002
Wales Sunloungers .. Sweet Baboo; Bumblebee Song 2010 watch
Walkers Crisps Whats That Flavour? .. Special Version: Craig David; Whats Your Flava? 2012 watch
Walkers Sunbites .. Peters and Lee; Welcome Home 2011 watch
Walkers Rainy Days .. The Weather Girls; Its Raining Men 2010 watch
Walkers Extra Crunchy .. Lionel Richie; Say You, Say Me 2010 watch
Walkers Crisps - Sandwich .. JLS; One Shot 2010 watch
Walkers Baked .. Air; Sexy Boy 2010 watch
Walkers Flavour Cup Games .. Herb Alpert; Bean Bag 2010 watch
Walkers Crisps - Sandwich .. JLS; One Shot 2010 watch
Walkers Baked Crisps - Sexy Boy Gary Lineker .. Air; Sexy Boy 2010 watch
Walkers Crisps - Do Us A Flavour .. The Specials; A Message To You Rudy 2008
Walkers Crisps .. special version; Summer Holiday 2008
Walkers Crisps - 100% British Potatoes .. Flanders & Swann; Hippopotamus Song (Mud Glorious Mud) 2008
Walkers .. Trad; Mud, Mud, Glorious Mud 2007
Walkers: Monster Munch 80% Less Fat.. Bobby "Boris" Pickett & The Crypt-Kickers Monster Mash 2007
Walkers Lamb & Mint Flavour Crisps /Salt GDA .. Bobby McFerrin; Dont Worry, Be Happy 2006
Walkers Sauce Promotion .. Motorhead; Ace of Spades 2005
Walkers Wotsits .. Captain Sensible; Wot 1999
Walkers Crisps .. Peters & Lee; Welcome Home 1994ish watch
Walls Cornetto - Teddy Bear .. Audio Bullys; Only Man 2011 watch
Walls Carte dOr - Great Ending.. Minnutes; Icedream 2011 watch
Walls Carte D'Or .. Michael Buble; Haven't Met You Yet 2010 watch
Walls Ice Cream: Carte D'Or Caramel Cinnamon Waffle .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2009 watch
Wall's Carte D'Or - New Lemon Sorbet .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2008 watch
Walls Ice Cream: Magnum Ecuador .. Yma Sumac Tumpa (Earthquake) 2007
Walls Ice Cream: Cornetto .. Elvis Presley; Its Now Or Never 2000
Wanadoo .. Iggy & The Stooges; Down on the Street 2005
Warburtons Taste Testers .. Jimmy Cliff; You Can Get It If You Really Want 2012 watch
Warburtons - Millionth Loaf .. Elias and his Zig Zag Jive Flutes; Tom Hark 2011 watch
Warburtons - Burnt Toast .. Barber; Adagio For Strings 2010 watch
Warburtons - The Mission .. Jerry Goldsmith; Parachutes (Air Force One - Opening Theme) 2010 watch
Warburtons .. Cat Stevens: Morning Has Broken 2006
Warner Leisure Hotels Grown Ups .. Texas; Inner Smile 2012 watch
Warner Leisure Hotels Autumn 2010 .. Kidda; Strong Together 2010 watch
Warner Brothers License To Wed .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2007
Water Aid .. Hans Zimmer & Lisa Gerrard; Now We Are Free (Juba's Mix) 2006
Weetabix - Chocolate Spoonsize .. Mord Fustang; A New World 2011 watch
Weetabix - Oatibix .. The Knack; My Sharona 2009 watch
Weetabix .. Jonathan Richman & The Modern Lovers: Egyptian Reggae 2006 listen
Weetabix .. TV Theme; Galloping Home (Theme From Black Beauty) 2000 watch
Weetabix .. Beach Boys ft. The Fat Boys; Wipe out 2000 listen
Weetabix .. unknown; I will Survive 1997ish watch
Weight Watchers: Do It Our Way .. Alesha Dixon; Do It Our Way (Play) 2012 watch
Weight Watchers .. Barbara Harris: Gorgeous 2007
Weight Watchers .. Cher; Song For The Lonely 2006
Welch's Grape Juice - Antioxidents .. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2008
Werthers Original - Fathers and Sons .. Bread; Everything I Own 2011 watch
Westpac .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be early 2000's listen
West End Draught .. ?? especially commissioned song ?? 2007 watch
Western Australia tourism .. Russell Morris: "The Real Thing" ~ Australian
Which? (Magazine) .. Verdi: Anvil Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2006
Whiskas Temptations: Let It Snow .. The Puppini Sisters; Let It Snow 2010 watch
Whiskas .. Acker Bilk; Stranger On The Shore 2005
Whiskas .. Humphrey Lyttelton Band; The Onions 2000
William Hill Vegas Casino .. Rival Consoles; Kid Velo 2012 watch
William Hill .. Switch; A Bit Patchy 2011 listen
William Hill - Football Currency .. Mantronix; King of the Beats 2011 watch
William Hill .. Sex Pistols; Pretty Vacant 2010 listen
Winalot Heart Of Our Family .. Edward Elgar; Nimrod (from "Enigma Variations") 2011 listen
Wolf Blass .. Wolf Blass; Wolf Blass Theme 2005
Wonderbra Pure .. Stranglers: Hanging Around 2002
Wonga .. Frankie Laine; Rawhide 2011 listen
Woodpecker Cider .. Culture Beat; Mr Vain 2000
Woolwich Mortgages .. Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C minor: II. Adagio 2006
Woolworths Sale .. Kaiser Chiefs; Ruby 2007
Woolworths Friends - Joey DVD Promotion .. Rembrandts; I'll Be There For You 2005
Woolworths .. Space Raiders; Song for Dot 2004
World Wildlife Fund .. 1 Giant Leap: Dunya Salam 2005
Worthingtons .. Limp Bizkit: My Way 2003
Wrangler .. Jimi Hendrix: Crosstown Traffic 2000
Wrangler .. Victor Young; Follow The Yellow Brick Road 1999
Wrangler .. Thin Lizzy: 'The Boys are Back in Town'
Wrigleys Extra Gum Are You Following Me? .. Nylon Studios; Commissioned Track 2010 watch
Wrigleys Extra sponsors Hollyoaks on Channel 4 .. Joey Ryan; Honest Man 2008
Wrigleys Extra Fusion - Mixed Up Flavours .. Hein Hoven @ Beathoven ft. Tight Eyez ; Krumping 2008
Wrigleys Orbit .. Larrikin Love; Six Queens 2008
Wrigleys Extra Fusion .. Klaxons; Gravity's Rainbow (Van She Remix) 2007
Wrigley's Extra chewing gum .. Hanson: "Mmm Bop" 2004
Wrigley's Spearmint .. Spencer Davis Group: "Keep On Running" '90s
WSPA .. REM: Everybody Hurts 2007
WWF - Save The Cerrado .. Janine Forrester; Commissioned Track 2011 watch
X >>
Xbox 360 Final Fantasy XIII 2 .. Charice; New World 2012 watch
XBox 360 Kinect Effect .. Pixies; Where Is My Mind 2011 watch
XBox 360 Forza Motorsport 4 .. Kanye West; Power 2011 watch
Xbox 360 Gears of War 3: Dust to Dust .. Mazzy Star; Into Dust 2011 watch
XBox 360 Fable III .. T Rex; Children of the Revolution 2010 watch
XBox 360 Final Fantasy XIII .. Leona Lewis; My Hands 2010 listen
XBox 360 Watch Sky TV .. Big Pink; Dominos 2009 watch
XBox 360: Gears of War 2.. DeVotchka; "How It Ends" 2008 watch
XBox 360: Bring Everyone Together .. Poison; Nothin' But A Good Time 2007
XBox 360: Bioshock .. Bobby Darin; Beyond The Sea 2007
XBox 360: Halo 3 .. Chopin; Raindrop Prelude (Op. 28, Prelude No. 15 in D-flat major) 2007
X Files .. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds; Red Right Hand 1990
Y >>
Yahoo .. Queen: "You're My Best Friend"
Yahoo .. Eric Clapton: 'Wonderful Tonight'
Yell.com - Day V Lately .. Day V Lately; Pulse & Thunder 2011 watch
Yellow Pages .. Ramones; Baby I Love You 1997
Yeo Valley Organic - X-Factor 2011 .. The Churned; Forever 2011 watch
Yeo Valley Organic - Harmony .. Yeo Valley Boyz; Yeo Valley Rap (ft Mr George & Lisa Roxanne) 2010 watch
Yoplait Yogurt .. Bryan Hyland cover: 'Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini'
Yorkshire Bank Current Account .. Farm; All Together Now 2007
Yorkshire Tourist Ad .. Jam; English Rose 2008
Youngs Chip Shop -- Hungry Sailor .. Port Isaacs Fishermans Friends; The Hungry Sailor 2011 watch
Youngs Breaded Fish: Love Fish .. Port Isaacs Fishermans Friends; When The Boat Comes In 2011 watch
Youngs: Sea To Plate .. Andy Findon; Dance Ti Thi Daddy (Theme from When The Boat Comes In) 2006
Yves Saint Laurent Opium .. Mozart; Lacrimosa from Requiem in D Minor 2011 watch
Yves Saint Laurent Elle .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Gold Lion 2007 watch
Z >
Zoflora Bouquet.. Dukas; Sorcerers Apprentice 2005
Zurich Municipal Insurance .. Showaddywaddy; You Got What It Takes 2000
IF YOU KNOW A TV AD SONG NOT ON THE LIST ~ PLEASE EMAIL
I put ad's up on the page at least once a week that I have seen and know or have very kindly been emailed in.
Sincere apologies, but PLEASE don't ask me to search an ad song for you. If you can't find, it odds on, I cant!!
With all the many pages I do on my hobby-site I just haven't the time for hour long searches ~ really sorry.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
| Nimble |
In which decade of the 20th century did Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau develop and first sell their aqualung now more commonly called Scuba gear ? | TV Ads, Commercials and Music
AA .. Carole King; You've Got A Friend 2006 listen
AA .. Mozarts Piano Concerto No.21: 2nd Movement: Andante (Elvira Madigan) 2005
AA just ask .. John Barry: 'Midnight Cowboy' ~ UK 2002
AA breakdown .. Whistling Jack Smith: "I Was Kaiser Bill's Batman" ~ 2004 listen
Abbey National .. Idlewild: Too Long Awake(reprise) 2005
Abbey National .. Boston: More Than A Feeling uk 2005
Abbey National .. Tom Jones: "Help Yourself" ~ UK 2003
Abrakebabra .. Eric Carmen; Hungry Eyes 2009 watch
Absolut Vodka: Blank Art .. The Octopus Project; Fuguefat 2011 watch
Absolut Vodka: Doing Things Differently .. Fall On Your Sword; Ceremony 2010
Absolute Radio No Repeat Guarantee .. Jam; Eton Rifles 2009
Absolute Radio .. Pulp; Common People 2008 watch
Absolute Radio .. Killers; Mr Brightside 2008 watch
Ace Hardware .. Foghat: 'Slow Ride'
Acer - Iconia Tab A500 .. Ferdinando Arno; A New Kind of Something 2011 watch
Activision Call Of Duty: Black Ops .. Rolling Stones; Gimme Shelter 2010 watch
Activision Guitar Hero:Warriors Of Rock .. Muse; Uprising 2010 listen
Activision Guitar Hero:World Tour & Playboy Mansion.. Bob Seger & SB; Band Old Time Rock n Roll 2009
Activision Guitar Hero III .. Velvet Revolver Slither 2008 watch
Activision Guitar Hero II .. Wolfmother: Woman 2007
Adidas Take The Stage All 2012 .. Wretch; Youre Up Next 2012 watch
Adidas .. Justice; Civilization 2011 watch
Adidas Originals .. Dee Edwards; Why Cant There Be Love (Pilooski Remix) 2010 watch
Adidas Originals .. John Williams; Cantina Band 2010 watch
Adidas Originals .. Pilooski; Can't There Be Love 2010 watch
Adidas .. Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons; Beggin' (Pilooski Remix) 2009
Adidas .. Morning Runner: Burning Benches 2007 watch
Adidas .. Khachaturian: "Sabre Dance" ~ 2006 watch
Adidas .. Squeak E Clean Featuring Karen O: Hello Tomorrow 2005
Adidas Understanding Football II .. Members: Sound of the Suburbs 2005
Aero - Feel The Bubbles .. Jackson Five; ABC 2009 watch
Aero .. Henry Mancini; Lujon 2005
Aero .. Black Mighty Orchestra; Ocean Beach 2005
Air France - Soaring .. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; Piano Concerto No. 23 in A, K. 488: II.Adagio 2011 watch
AIWA sound systems .. Queen: 'Another One Bites The Dust' ~ 1998
Albert Bartlett Rooster Potatoes Marcia Cross .. Los del Río; Macarena 2010 watch
Alberto V05 - Extreme Style .. Whitey: A Walk In The Dark 2007 watch
Alfa Romeo MiTo.. Flavio Ibba; Red Rose Music Production 2010 watch
Alfa Romeo .. Daft Punk; Technologic 2009
Alfa Romeo Spider .. Mozart: Duettino - Sull'aria from The Marriage of Figaro: Act III Scene 10 2007 view
Alfa Romeo .. Sister Rosetta Tharpe: What Is The Soul Of Man 2006
Alliance and Leicester .. Henry Mancini: Baby Elephant Walk 1999
Allianz Insurance .. Queen; I Want It All 2008
Alpro Soya For Active Grown-ups .. The Dixie Cups; Iko Iko 2010 watch
Alpro Soya - Age Is Strength .. Hooverphonic; Eden 2008 view
Alpro Soya - Good For Everybody .. Mary J Blige; (You Make Me Feel Like A) Natural Woman 2008 view
Alton Towers (secret doors) .. Edvard Grieg; In The Hall Of The Mountain King 2008
Alton Towers (lions) .. Simon Park Orchestra; Eye Level early 80's
Always .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2009
Alzheimer's Society .. Satie: Gymnopedie No 1 2006
Amazon All-New Kindle .. Generationals; When They Fight, They Fight 2012 watch
Amazon Kindle: The Book Lives On .. The New Pornographers; Sweet Talk, Sweet Talk 2011 watch
Amazon Kindle: Zest .. Bibio; Lovers Carvings 2010 watch
Amazon Kindle .. Little & Ashley; Fly Me Away 2010 watch
American Airlines .. Khachaturian: Sabre Dance 2007
Amnesty International Campaign To Save Darfur .. U2: Instant Karma 2007
Amor Amor, Forbidden Kiss (Cacharel) .. Cat Power song; ?? Forbidden Love?? 2011 watch
Anadin Extra: Let It Shine .. Odetta; This Little Light Of Mine 2008
Anadin Extra painkillers .. RJD2; Ghostwriter 200?
Ancestry.co.uk .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2009
Anchor Butter - Cow Party .. Patti Drew; Hard To Handle 2011 watch
Anchor Butter - Made by Cows .. Handsome Hank and His Lonesome Boys; Paradise City 2010 watch
Anchor Butter .. ??Human Voices??; The Great Escape Theme 2009 watch
Anchor Butter .. Bing Crosby; Don't Fence Me In 2007 view
Andalucia .org .. Chambao: Ah Estas Tu 2006
Andrex - The Little Things .. Dave Berry; Little Things 2010 watch
Andrex - Pennies .. Lita Roza; How Much Is That Doggie In The Window? 2010 watch
Andrex - Christmas Puppies .. Shakin' Stevens; Merry Christmas Everyone 2009 watch
Andrex .. Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell Ain't Nothing Like The Real Thing 2009 view
Andrex .. Respect; Aretha Franklin 2008
Andrex - Longer Lasting .. Tchaikovsky: Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2007
Animal Planet: Bumble Bees .. BMG Athmosphere; Sunny Haze 2008
Animal Planet: Wild 100 .. Tomoyasu Hotei; Battle Without Honor or Humanity 2007
Ann Summers - Model Search .. Jagga; Modern Day Romance 2011 watch
Ann Summers .. Christmas Carol; O Come All Ye Faithful 2007 view
Ansett Australia .. The Who: "My Generation" ~ Australia
Ansett Australia .. Vanessa Amorosi: "Shine" ~ Australia
AOL Broadband .. Faure; In Paradisum from Requiem ~ 2006
Apple iCloud Harmony .. Andy Huckvale; Reach 2012 watch
Apple iPod Touch Share The Fun .. Grouplove Tongue Tied 2011 watch
Apple iPhone 4S .. Keith Kenniff; Goldengrove v2 2011 watch
Apple Corps - The Beatles on itunes .. The Beatles; Let It Be 2010 watch
Apple MacBook Air - Pinch .. Alan Steinberger; Apple Jingle (commissioned) 2010 watch
Apple iPod Nano A New Way to Nano .. CAKE; Short Skirt/Long Jacket 2010 watch
Apple iPad Delicious .. Chilly Gonzales; Never Stop 2010 watch
Apple iPod Touch .. Chappo; Come Home 2010 watch
Apple iPhone 4 .. Louis Armstrong; When Youre Smiling (the Whole World Smiles With You) 2010 watch
Apple iPad - Revolution .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Gold Lion 2010 watch
Apple iPhone 3GS On Hold .. The Boy Least Likely To; Stringing Up Conkers 2010 watch
Apple iPhone 3GS .. Submarines; Submarine Symphonika 2010 watch
Apple iPad .. Blue Van; There Goes My Love 2010 watch
Apple iPod Touch 3G .. Tommy Sparks; She's Got Me Dancing 2009 watch
Apple Nano - Video .. Miss Li and Amanda Jenssen; Bourgeois Shangri-La 2009
Apple iPhone 3GS .. Matt Costa; Mr Pitiful 2009
Apple iPhone 3G .. Submarines; You Me and the Bourgeoisie 2009
Apple iPod Touch 2g .. Franz Ferdinand; No You Girls Never Know 2009
Apple iPod - iTouch .. Asteroids Galaxy Tour; Around The Bend 2008 view
Apple Nano - Chromatic .. Chairlift; Bruises 2008 view
Apple iTunes - Coldplay Exclusive .. Coldplay Viva La Vida 2008 view
Apple iPod & iTunes .. Ting Tings Shut Up & Let Me Go 2008 view
Apple iPhone 3G - Beat the iPhone .. David Holmes; $165 Million + Interest (into) The Round-Up 2008 view
Apple Macbook Air .. Yael Naim; New Soul 2008 view
Apple iPod & iTunes .. Mary J Blige; Work That - 2008 view
Apple iPhone .. Orba Squara; Perfect Timing (This Morning) 2007
Apple iPod Touch .. CSS; Music Is My Hot, Hot Sex 2007
Apple 3rd generation iPod nano .. Feist: 1,2,3,4, Sept 2007
Apple iPod Shuffle .. Prototypes: 'Who's Gonna Sing' 2007
Apple iPod .. Fratellis: Flathead 2007
Apple iPod .. Bob Dylan: Someday Baby 2006
Apple iPod .. Gorillaz: "Feel Good Inc" 2005
Apple iMac (White) .. Cream: White Room 2000
Apple iMac (Blue) .. Elvis Presley: Blue Suede Shoes 2000
Aquafina .. The Carpenters: 'Top of the World'
Aquafresh Toothpaste .. The Knack: My Sharona 2005
Argos - Reserve Online .. Aled Jones; Walking In The Air 2011 watch
Argos Bing Crosby Christmas .. FaithSFX White Christmas 2010 watch
Argos - Christmas Lists .. Jona Lewie; Stop The Cavalry 2009 watch
Argos - The Big Play .. Chic; Good Times 2009 watch
Argos - Live For Less .. Fine Young Cannibals Good Thing 2009 view
Argos - Last Minute Christmas Shopping .. Chuck Berry Run Rudolph Run 2008 view
Argos - Christmas Catalogue .. MC Hammer; U Can't Touch This 2008 view
Argos - New Catalogue .. Victor Young; We're Off To See The Wizard (From The Wizard Of Oz) 2008 view
Argos .. Dean Martin; Relax-Ay-Voo 2008 view
Argos .. Wizzard; I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day 2007
Argos Christmassy Deals .. Perry Como & The Fontane Sisters; It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas 2007
Argos .. Jean Knight: Mr Big Stuff 2005
Ariel Turn To 30 .. Mendelssohn: Overture from The Hebrides (Fingal's Cave) 2007
Ariel with Febreeze .. Kool and the Gang: Fresh 2007
Armani (Giorgio): Acqua Di Gioia Woman and Nature .. Cinematic Orchestra; Arrival of the Birds 2010 watch
Arthurs Cat Food .. Buzzcocks: What Do I Get 2000
Asda - 10% Price Guarantee .. Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise; Bring Me Sunshine 2012 watch
Asda - Extra Special Christmas Desserts .. Special Arrangement; Winter Wonderland 2011 watch
Asda .. Puccini; Humming Chorus from Madam Butterfly 2010 listen
Asda .. Mungo Jerry; In The Summertime 2008
Asda .. Wild Billy Childish and The Blackhands; Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Mr Hitler? 2008
Asda George Uniform .. Beethoven: Symphony No 5 2007
Asda George .. Lil' Chris: Checkin It Out 2007
Asda Christmas Drink .. Slade: Merry Xmas Everybody 2006
Asda Extra Special .. Marlene Dietrich: Falling In Love Again 2006
Asics: Made of Sport .. Massive Music; Specially Recorded 2012 watch
Asics: Sound Mind, Sound Body .. Electric President; Ten Thousand Lines 2011 watch
Aston Manor Press 81 Premium Cider - Chill to Perfection .. DZ Deathrays; Gebbie Street 2011 watch
ASUS Eee Pad Transformer .. Terry Devine-King; Delinquent 2011
AT & T Wireless .. The Beatles: 'Come Together'
Audi A5 The Swan .. Danny Kaye; Ugly Ducking 2012 watch
Audi A6 Avant - Open Road, Open Sky .. John Charles Thomas; Open Road (from The Gyspy Baron) 2011 watch
Audi A6 - Manipulation .. Alex Heffes ft. Regina Spektor; Balloon Girl 2011 watch
Audi A7 Sportback .. Basement Jaxx; Dracula 2010 watch
Audi R8 Spyder .. Handel; Eternal Source of Light Divine 2010 watch
Audi A6 Injection .. Battles; Race:In 2009
Audi Economy Drive .. Jimmy Reed; Bright Lights, Big City 2009
Audi A4 (Progress is Beautiful) .. created by Nate Morgan of Eliasarts; Notes on Progress 2008
Audi RS6 (Gymnast) .. Composed especially for the advert 2008
Audi R8 .. Simone White; The Beep Beep Song 2007
Audi A5 .. Dustin O'Halloran: Prelude 2 2007
Audi TT .. Motorettes: Kids In America 2007
Audi Quattro RS4 .. Burl Ives: I Know An Old Lady (Who Swallowed A Fly) 2006
Audi Q7 .. E*Vax: Glacier 2006
Audi TT .. Jimi Hendrix: Third Stone from the Sun 2002
Audi A8 .. Beethoven: Moonlight Sonata 1998
Auto Trader .. Paul Reade; Theme From The Frumps 2008
Avios - Anything Can Fly .. Leila; Underwaters (One For Keni) 2011 watch
Aviva Car Insurance .. Cream; I Feel Free 2010 watch
Aviva Pensions .. Buzzcocks; Everybody's Happy Nowadays 2009 watch
Aviva .. Chemical Brothers; The Pills Won't Help You Now 2009
Axa Swiftcover.com .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2012 watch
Axe Shampoo .. Teddybears STHLM ft. Swing-Fly; Hey Boy 2009 watch
B >>
B&Q - I Did That .. Crosby, Stills and Nash; Our House 2012 watch
B&Q You Can Do It .. Amber States; Our House 2012 watch
B&Q Memories .. Dean Martin; Memories Are Made of This 2011 watch
B&Q - Garden Makeover .. Adelphoi; Longer Brighter 2011 watch
B&Q - Lets Do It Together .. Adelphoi; Longer Brighter 2011 watch
B&Q .. Bananarama and Fun Boy Three; It Ain't What You Do It's The Way That You Do It 2008 watch
B&Q .. Cole Porter; Let's Do It (Let's Fall In Love) 2007
B&Q Sale .. Slim Smith & The Uniques: Build My World Around You 2007
Bacardi - Together Manifesto .. Islands; Switched On 2011 watch
Bacardi Island .. Sao Benitez; Danca Loco 2010 watch
Bacardi Mojito .. Kidda Under The Sun 2008 watch
Bacardi Made 2 Mix Rum .. Max Sedgley: Happy (Make You Happy) 2007
Bacardi .. D4: Get Loose 2006
Bacardi .. Primal Scream: Movin' On Up 2006
Baileys Irish Cream - Hazelnut .. The Rumble Strips: Girls and Boys in Love 2010 watch
Baileys Irish Cream - with Ice .. Macy Gray; Come Together 2010 DL
Baileys Irish Cream .. Elana Drago; Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow 2009 watch
Baileys Irish Cream .. Ray Charles; The Night Time Is The Right Time 2009 watch
Baileys Irish Cream .. Billy Byrd and His Penguins; Boom Pacha Boom 2007
Baileys Irish Cream .. Carmen Miranda; Chica Chica Boom Chic 2007
Baileys Float .. 4 Hero: Les Fleur 2004
Baileys .. Blondie: 'One Way or Another' 2000
Ballygowan .. Paula Flynn: Let's Dance 2007
Ballygowan .. T Rex: Cosmic Dancer 2006
Bank Of Scotland .. Lloyd Cole & The Commotions: Lost Weekend 2007
Barclays Pingit .. Metronomy; The Look 2012 watch
Barclays Offset Mortgage - Hourglass .. Jacques Offenbach Arr: Keith J Blainville; Barcarolle 2011 watch
Barclaycard City Rollercoaster .. Petula Clark; Downtown 2011 watch
Barclays .. Offenbach; Barcarolle from The Tales of Hoffmann 2011 watch
Barclays .. Dead or Alive; You Spin Me Round 2010 listen
Barclaycard - Freedom .. Booker T and The MGs; Green Onions 2010 listen
Barclaycard Contactless - rollercoaster .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2010 watch
Barclaycard .. Whitey; Non Stop 2008
Barnardos Turn Around .. Bat For Lashes; Moon and Moon 2009 watch
BASF .. Sol Seppy: Wonderland 2007
Baxters - No One Makes Soup Like .. Frightened Rabbit; Swim Until You Cant See Land 2011 watch
BBC 5LIve - New Football Season .. U2; Where The Streets Have No Name 2010 listen
BBC Luther Theme Music .. Massive Attack; Paradise Circus 2010 listen
BBC Man on Wire Trailer .. Satie; Gymnopedie No 1 2009
BBC Occupation Trailer .. Grizzly Bear; Deep Blue Sea 2009
BBC Films: The Damned United .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2009 watch
BBC Films: The Damned United .. Edgar Winter Group; Free Ride 2009 watch
BBC Sport 2009 .. Hives; Tick Tick Boom 2009
BBC Christmas promotion . . Badly Drawn Boy; Donna and Blitzen 2008 watch
BBC HD .. Saliva Ladies and Gentlemen 2008 watch
BBC Eastenders: Jacksons .. Jackson Five I Want You Back 2008
BBC Animal Rescue .. Deva Premal & Miten; Through The Eyes Of An Angel 2008
BBC Eastenders: Ricky & Bianca's return .. Righteous Brothers; Hung on You 2008
BBC Dimbleby Lecture .. Alexander Glazunov; The Seasons, Op. 67: Autumn - Bacchanale
BBC Ganges Trailer .. Talvin Singh Traveller 2007
BBC Radio 2 (Russell Brand playing a mandelin) .. REM Losing My Relgion 2007
BBC Michael Palins New Europe .. Andrew Bird; Heretics 2007
BBC The Restaurant .. Gonzalez Let's Groove Again 2007
BBC Saxondale New Series .. Focus: House Of The King 2007
BBC Radio 4 Promotion .. Eric Coates: By A Sleepy Lagoon (Theme from Desert Island Discs) 2007
BBC Radio Wales .. Fleetwood Mac; Man Of The World 2007
BBC Saving Planet Earth Trailer .. Peter Gabriel; The Feeling Begins 2007
BBC Jekyll & other Trailers .. Della Reese: Don't You Know 2007
BBC On Demand .. New Order: Blue Monday 88 2007
BBC Top Gear .. The Allman Brothers: "Jessica" 1990
BBC Film Night .. Billy Taylor Trio: I Wish I Knew (How It Would Feel To Be Free) 1975
BBC The Onedin Line (Main Theme) .. Khachaturian: Adagio Of Spartacus And Phygia 1973
BBC John Peel Show Theme .. Grinderswitch: Pickin' The Blues 1972
BBC What The Papers Say .. Malcolm Arnold's "Allegro Non Troppo", the fifth movement from English Dances
BBC2: Seven Ages Of Rock .. Jimi Hendrix: All Along The Watchtower 2007
BBC4: Edwardian Season .. Misty's Big Adventure: Fashion Parade 2007
Becks Vier .. Arling & Cameron; Shiva's Rock 'n' Roll Dub 2008
Becks (man dancing with puppet men) .. Pink Mountaintops: Can You Do That Dance? 2007
Becks Vier Bier (man dancing with puppet men) .. The Flaming Lips: 'It Overtakes Me' 2006/7
Bells Whisky - Bells Tumbler Orchestra .. Harold Faltermeyer ; Axel F 2011 watch
Bendicks .. Soul II Soul: Missing You 2000
Bendicks .. John Waite: Missing You 2000
Benecol: Better Together .. Jackie De Shannon; Put A Little Love In Your Heart 2011 watch
Benecol Yoghurt: Once a Day .. Tommy McCook and the Supersonics; Reggae Méringue 2011 watch
Bensons For Beds Autumn .. Georgie Fame; Yeh Yeh 2010 watch
Benylin .. Charlatans; Can't Get Out Of Bed 2008 watch
Bernard Matthews Farms Bootiful Choir .. Special Version; You Are So Beautiful 2010
Bernard Matthews Turkey Slices .. Nana Mouskouri; Never On A Sunday 2007
Berocca - LogJammers .. LumberJaxxx; LogJam 2010 watch
Berocca .. Blancmange; Living On The Ceiling 2008 watch
Bertolli Rustico Pasta Sauces .. John Bigante: Guaglione 2006
Bet365 Bingo .. C&C Music Factory; Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) 2009 watch
Bet365 On-Line Bingo .. Aberfeldy; Summer's Gone 2008
Beyonce Pulse Feel The Power .. Lil Wayne; Run The World 2011 watch
Bic Soleil .. 5th Dimension: Let The Sun Shine In 2007
Birds Eye Frozen Peas .. Platters; The Great Pretender 2009 watch
Birds Eye Fish Fingers Omega 3,Be Mortgage Free .. Madness; Our House 2007
Birdeye .. Autamata: "Fragments" ~ 2004
Bisto: Promise .. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Cygnets (from Swan Lake) 2011 watch
Bisto .. Grieg: Adagio from Piano Concerto 2006
Blackberry Playbook - Power .. The Temptations; Power 2011 watch
Blackberry Playbook - Flash .. Queen; Flashs Theme 2011 watch
Blackberry: Playbook .. Pretenders; Brass In Pocket 2011 watch
Blackberry .. Beatles; All You Need Is Love 2009 watch
Blackberry Curve .. The Humans; recorded specially for the ad 2008
Blackberry: Life On Blackbery .. Live The Proof; Jim Boggia 2008
Blackberry .. The Brazilian Girls; Jique 2007
Blockbusters: end of late fees .. Roy Orbison: It's Over 2005
Blood transfussion service .. Joe Campbell: "The Blood Donor ~ UK
Bleu de Chanel The Film .. The Rolling Stones: She Said Yeah 2010 watch
Blu-Ray - Rise of the Planet of the Apes .. Bat For Lashes; Sad Eyes 2011 watch
Blue Ray Apes Ad .. 2011 .. watch
BMW 3 Series Joy Wins .. Elvis vs JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2012 watch
BMW 6 Series .. Electric Light Orchestra; Mr. Blue Sky 2011 watch
BMW .. Philip Glass: "Cloudscape" ~ UK
BMW .. Philip Glass: "Priut Igoe" ~ UK
BMW 1 series .. The Champs: "Limbo Rock" ~ UK
BNP Paribas: Keep Reaching .. The Middle East; Blood 2011 watch
Boddingtons .. Happy Mondays: Step On 2005
Boddingtons .. Georgie Fame; Somebody Stole My Thunder 2004
Boddingtons .. Hollies; Stay 2000
Boddingtons .. Mike Flowers Pops Orchestra; Release Me 2000
Boddingtons .. Faithless; If Loving You Is Wrong 2000
Boddingtons Cattle Market .. King Bee; Back By Dope Demand 1999/2000
Boddingtons "By 'eck, you smell gorgeous tonight, Petal" .. DeWolfe;'Smoke Rings' 1992
Bodyform: Free Protective Tin .. Balkan Beat Box; Cha Cha 2008
Bodyform .. Rachel Kelly: (Ain't Gonna Let Nobody) Turn Me Around 2006
Body Form .. Joan Baez: "(Ain't Gonna Let Nobody) Turn Me Around" ~ UK
Bold 2 in 1: Infusions .. Cover?? Cocteau Twins; "Pandora (For Cindy)" 2008
Bold 2 in 1: Crushed Silk & Jasmine .. Texas: Inner Smile 2006
Bold 2 in 1 .. Doris Day: It's A Great Feeling 2006
Boots - Christmas 2011 .. Sugababes -- Girls (Orchestral Version) 2011 watch
Boots No.7 Protect and Perfect Jar Clearout .. Bananarama Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye 2010 watch
Boots No 7 .. Eartha Kitt; A Lady Loves 2010 watch
Boots Office Christmas Party .. Ernie K. Doe; Here Come The Girls 2007
Boots No. 7 .. Jefferson Airplane: "White Rabbit" 2006
Boots 'Gorgeous' Christmas .. the Gotan Project: "Epoca" 2006
Boots .. Dogs Die In Hot Cars: "No One Teaches Life Anything" 2005
Boots .. Hollies: I'm Alive 2000
Bose Cinemate 1 .. Atone; Introduction 2011 watch
Bose - SoundLink .. Between Borders; Flowers In My Pocket 2011 watch
Branston Baked Beans .. Hot Chocolate: You Sexy Thing 2007
Breezeloans .. Isley Brothers: Summer Breeze 2007
Breil .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be 1996 listen
Brita Water Filters - 100% Recyclable .. Blue Sky Blonde Free Your Mind 2008 watch
Britain's Next Top Model (at eviction time) .. Terry Devine-King; Leap of Faith 2 2006
British Airways Theme is "The Flower Duet" ... in many different arrangments and is on most of their adverts
even Christmas ads with carol mixes.
British Airways - Barbados .. Tim Devine; King Carnival 2011
British Airways - To Fly, To Serve .. Helen Jane Long; Commissioned Track 2011 watch
British Airways - Orlando Florida .. Supergrass: Alright 2008 listen
British Airways .. Brian Hodge; Angel Eyes 2007 watch
British Airways .. Sophie Barker: "Leaving on a Jet Plane" 2006/7 watch
British Airways .. Leo Delibes; Flower duet - Lakmé Opera - 90s/2000s Theme still in use watch
British Airways .. Yanni: "Aria" (arrangment of Flower Duet - Lakmé Opera) ~ Theme still in use watch
British Gas .. Fontella Bass; Rescue Me 2011 watch
British Gas Energy Smart Energy Saving Monitor .. Henry Mancini; The Pink Panther Theme 2011 watch
British Gas and Nectar: Look After Your World .. Queen; One Vision 2011 watch
British Gas Paperless Billing .. Ponchielli; Dance Of The Hours from La Gioconda 2007
British Gas Green Energy Package .. Mozart; Overture from 'The Marriage of Figaro' 2007
British Gas 2nd Price Drop .. Tchaikovsky: 1812 Overture 2007
British Gas Price Drop .. Johan Strauss: Blue Danube Waltz 2007
British Heart Foundation Vinnie Jones .. Bee Gees; Staying Alive 2012 watch
British Heart Foundation - Clots .. Frank Sinatra: I've Got You Under My Skin 2005
British Meat Beef & Lamb .. Booker T and The MGs: Soul Limbo 2006
British Red Cross Tsunami and Earthquake Appeal .. Elgar: Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2005
BT London Live Closing Ceremony Celebration Concert .. The Wanted; Gold Forever 2012 watch
BT (British Telecom) Winter Deals .. Sam Fonteyn; Pop Looks Bach (Theme from Ski Sunday) 2012 watch
BT (British Telecom) Infinity - Olympics .. The Irrepressibles; In This Shirt 2011 watch
BT (British Telecom) Vision - TV The Way You Want It .. Bloc Party; Biko (Mogwai Remix) 2011 watch
British Telecom (BT) Infinity - Light Streams .. Rachel Goodrich; Light Bulbs (ANR Remix) 2011 watch
British Telecom (BT) Wedding Dance .. Minnie Riperton; Lovin You 2011 watch
British Telecom (BT) Infinity - At Home .. V.V. Brown; Travelling Like The Light? 2011 listen
British Telecom (BT) Total Broadband - Wi-Fi Everywhere .. Stephan Altman; No Place Like Home 2010 watch
British Telecom (BT) BT Vision Digital TV-Christmas .. Noel Harrison; The Windmills of Your Mind 2010 watch
British Telecom (BT) Total Broadband .. Stereo MCs; Step It Up 2010 listen
British Telecom (BT) Fibre Optic Broadband - Infinity.. Allie Moss; Corner 2010 watch
British Telecom (BT) Winter Deals .. Just Jack; Starz In Their Eyes 2010 watch
British Telecom (BT) Sponsors GB Paralympics .. Wings Live and Let Die 2008
British Telecom (BT) BT Vision - For Boys .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra: Theme from The Avengers 2007
British Telecom (BT) .. Elvis Presley: Always on my Mind 2000
Britvic Drench: Brains dancing .. Snap; Rhythm Is A Dancer 2008
Brothers Cider - Welcome To The Family .. Cults; Go Outside (The 2 Bears Remix) 2011 watch
Brothers Pear Cider .. Dick Dale and the Deltones; Misirlou 2010 listen
Brutus Jeans .. Saatchi & Saatchi/David Dundas; Jeans On 1974 watch
Budweiser FA Cup 2012 .. Los Campesinos!; You! Me! Dancing! 2012 watch
Budweiser Good Times Waiting .. Los Campesinos!; You! Me! Dancing! 2011 watch
Budweiser .. Hot Butter Popcorn 2008
Budweiser - Bud Rising .. Fratellis Creeping Up The Back Stairs 2008
Budweiser .. Chemical Brothers: Galvanise 2006
Budweiser .. Peter, Bjorn and John: Young Folks 2006
Budweiser Beer .. The Romantics: "What I Like About You"
Budweiser .. Wiseguys; Ooh La La 1999 watch
Buick Enclave .. Kathleen Johnson: composed for the commercial by music house Hest & Kramer 2007
Bulmers No 17 .. Plan B; Writings On The Wall 2011 watch
Bulmers Cider Summer HQ .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2010 watch
Bulmers Cider .. Fatboy Slim: The Journey 2007
Bupa .. Specially Commissioned; I Am Not A Robot 2011 watch
Bupa .. El Presidente: Old Times 2006
Bupa .. Bobby Mcferrin; "Knick Knack"
Burberry Body - The Film .. The Feeling; Rosé (Live Session) 2011 watch
Burger King King of the Day .. The Students; Every Day of the Week 2012 watch
Burger King - Hot BBQ Whopper .. Jesus Jackson; Running On Sunshine 2011 watch
Burger King .. Helen Reddy: I Am Woman 2006
Burger King Chicken Baguette Promotion .. Trini Lopez: Guantanamera 2005
Burger King (Chicken Fries) .. Coq Roq (cover): 'Bob Your Head'
Butlins Holidays: Ludo The Dino .. Sança; Dust in the Wind 2010 watch
Butlins .. Commissioned Version/remix Dead or Alive You Spin Me Round (Like a Record) 2010 watch
Butlins: Altogether More Fun .. Lesley Gore; Sunshine, Lollipops and Rainbows 2007
C >>
Cacharel: Amor Amor, Forbidden Kiss .. Cat Power; ?? Forbidden Love?? 2011 watch
Cacharel: Promesse .. Camille: 1,2,3 2005
Cadburys Dairy Milk Bubbly .. Michael Kamen; The Office (From Brazil) 2012 watch
Cadbury's Dairy Milk .. Europe; The Final Countdown 2011 watch
Cadbury's Dairy Milk - Charity Shop .. Jermaine Stewart; We Dont Have To Take Your Clothes Off 2011 watch
Cadburys Bliss Pampered Chocolate .. Manhattan Transfer: Chanson Damour 2010 watch
Cadbury Fingers World Party .. David Garrett; The 5th 2010 watch
Cadburys Dairy Milk Big Swap Songs .. Paolo Nutini Feat. The Big Ghana Band; Pencil Full Of Lead 2010 watch
Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Spike Jones; Hotcha Cornya 2010 watch
Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Keith Mansfield; Grandstand Theme 2010 watch
Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Pete Raeburn; Commissioned Soundtree 2010 watch
Cadburys Chocolate Charmer .. Charlatans; The Only One I Know 2010 watch
Cadburys Dairy Milk - Eyebrows .. Freestyle; Don't Stop The Rock 2010 watch
Cadburys Dairy Milk Big Swap Songs .. Paolo Nutini Ft. Big Ghana Band Pencil Full Of Lead 2010 watch
Cadburys Truck ad .. Bon Jovi; Living On A Prayer 2008
Cadburys Dairy Milk .. Bonie Tyler; Totsl Eclipse Of The Heart 2008
Cadburys Chocolate Digestive .. Boy Least Likely To; I'm Glad I Hitched My Apple Wagon To Your Star 2008
Cadburys Crunchie .. Pointer Sisters; I'm So Excited 2008
Cadburys Dairy Milk .. Phil Collins; In The Air Tonight 2007
Cadburys Chocolate Digestive .. Edwin Hawkins Singers: Oh Happy Day 2007
Cadburys Creme Egg .. Frank Sinatra: My Way 2006
Cadburys choc .. Dusty Springfield: Take Another Little Piece Of My Heart uk 2006
Cadburys Easter eggs .. Imogen Heap: "Headlock" ~ UK 2006
Cadburys Milk Tray .. Peggy Lee: 'Fever' 1998
Cadburys Mini Eggs: Mr Cadbury's Parrot .. Bonzo Dog Band: Mr Slater's Parrot 1994
Cadillac .. Led Zeppelin: 'Rock & Roll' 2003
Canada Tourism .. Celine Dion: "You and I" UK 2006
Cancer Research UK .. A Fine Frenzy; Hope For The Hopeless 2008
Cancer Research UK 'Being Here' campaign .. music composed specifically for the ad 2008
Cancer Research UK .. Eva Cassidy: Songbird 2007
Cancer Research UK .. Keane: She Has No Time 2006
Cancer Research UK .. The Farm: "All Together Now" ~ UK 2006
Cancer Research UK .. Eva Cassidy: Fields of Gold 2002
Canon - Kite Adventure .. The Naked and Famous; Young Blood? 2011 watch
Canon PowerShot SX210 IS Camera Insects .. Fanfarlo; The Walls Are Coming Down 2010 watch
Canon EOS 400D .. La Boutique Fantastique: "Wave"
Canon .. The Beatles: 'Across the Universe'
Capital One Savings .. Survivor: Eye of the Tiger 2006
Capital One credit card .. Ian Dury: "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick" UK 2005
Capital One home loans .. Madness: "Our House" ~ UK
Capital Radio .. Hoosiers; Worried About Ray 2007
Carphone Warehouse - Time For An Upgrade .. The Stranglers; Waltzinblack 2011 watch
Carphone Warehouse: A brief history of communication .. Minilogue; Hitchhikers Choice 2008
Carephone Warehouse .. "The Whistling Tune" whistled by Daryl Hannah & composed by Bernard Herrman,
used in the film Twisted Nerve was later used again in Kill Bill Vol. 1.
Carling Chrome Refreshment Refined .. T. Rex; Get It On 2012 watch
Carling - Brilliantly Refreshed .. Alice Gold; Wondrous Place 2011 watch
Carling - Taxi .. Guy Farley; Casterway 2009 watch
Carling Belong .. Christopher Rouse; Flute Concerto - Elegia 2008
Carling .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2007
Carling C2 .. Slagsmalsklubben: Raven Ateruppstar 2007
Carling Belong .. B Bumble & The Stingers: Nut Rocker 2007
Carling Lager .. The 5.6.7.8's; "Woo Hoo" 2006
Carling Lager .. Hard-Fi: "Living For The Weekend" 2007
Carlsberg Team Talk .. Kasabian; Underdog 2010 watch
Carlsberg Beer .. Steve Harley & the Cockney Rebel: Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me) Christmas 1994
Carnival Cruise Lines .. Bobby Darin: 'Beyond the Sea'
Carte DOr - Macadamia Night .. Minnutes; IceDream 2011 watch
Carte D'Or .. Michael Buble; Haven't Met You Yet 2010 watch
Carte D'Or - Caramel Cinnamon Waffle .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2009 watch
Carte D'Or - New Lemon Sorbet .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2008 watch
Cartier LOdyssée de Cartier .. Pierre Adenot; Commissioned Music 2012 watch
Castle Lager .. Toto: "Out Of Africa" ~ Sth.Africa
Castrol Oil .. The Guess Who: 'American Woman' ~ late 90's
Center Parcs .. Temper Trap; Sweet Disposition 2011 watch
Cesar .. Petula Clark; I Couldn't Live Without Your Love 2009 watch
Chanel Nail Polish Shade Parade .. Frankie Lymon; Little Bitty Pretty One 2012 watch
Chanel - Coco Mademoiselle .. Joss Stone; Its A Mans Mans Mans World 2011 watch
Chanel - Bleu de Chanel The Film .. The Rolling Stones; She Said Yeah 2010 watch
Chanel No 5 .. Billie Holiday; I'm A Fool To Want You 2009
Chanel Coco Mademosielle .. Joss Stone; L-O-V-E 2007
Chanel's Chance .. Anne Ducros: "Taking a Chance on Love" 2006
Chanel's No 5 (Nicole Kidman) .. Debussy: "Clair De Lune" 2005
Channel 4: Try Life In Another Language:Shadows.. Nubla; Nada se olvida/Nothing Is Forgotten 2008 watch
Channel 4: In Her Shoes .. Newton Faulkner; Dream Catch Me 2008
Channel 4: Deserate Housewives trailer .. Gotan Project; Mi Confesion 2008
Channel 4: Dirty Sexy Money .. LCD Soundsystem; North American Scum 2008
Channel 4: 4oD .. Gorillaz; Kids With Guns 2007
Channel 4: Ugly Betty Promo .. Prince; U Got The Look 2006
Channel 4: Ultimate Bikini Guide .. David Bowie; Rebel, Rebel 2006
Channel 4: Lost Promotion .. Groove Armada; Edge Hill 2005
Channel 5: 'Shows at 8' promo .. Polyphonic Spree;Lithium 2008
Channel 5: advertising UAFA .. The Chemical Brothers; All Rights Reserved 2008
Channel 5: UAFA (SK Brann and Everton) .. Bloc Party; Flux 2008
Chase .. Grover Washington Jr: 'Just the Two of Us'
Cheerios .. Torpedo Boyz; Any Trash Professor Abacus? 2005
Cheerios: Yogurt .. Herman's Hermits: 'I'm Into Something Good'
Cheesestrings .. Gene Kelly; Broadway Rhythm Ballet (From Singin' In The Rain) 2007
Cherokee: Jeep Grand - Have Fun Out There .. Steve Poltz; You Remind Me 2008
Chevrolet .. ZZ Top; Tush 2011 listen
Chevrolet Captiva .. Fine Young Cannibals; Good Thing 2007
Chevrolet Trucks .. Bob Segar; Like a Rock 1994 watch
Chevrolet .. The Yardbirds: 'Over, Under, Sideways, Down
Children In Need .. The Collective; Teardrop 2011 watch
Children In Need .. JLS; Love You More 2010 watch
Choice Hotels .. Johnny Cash: 'I've Been Everywhere Man'
Christian Dior's Dior J'Adore .. Marvin Gaye: 'A Funky Spave Reincarnation' ~ UK
Chrysler Different Is What We Do .. Jay-Z; Heart of the City (Aint No Love) 2012 watch
Chrysler .. Papa Dee: "I Spy" ~ US
Chrysler 300C .. M83: "In the Cold I'm Standing" ~ UK
Churchill Insurance I Need A Hero! .. Bonnie Tyler; Holding Out For A Hero 2012 watch
Churchill Insurance .. Billy Withers; Just The Two Of Us 2008
Churchill Insurance .. Braund Reynolds; Rocket (a Natural Gambler) 2007
Cingular .. Allman Brothers Band: 'Sweet Melissa'
Cingular .. The Band: 'The Weight'
Citi.com (Moneyman commercial) .. Camper Van Beethoven: 'Gaurdian Angels'
Citroen DS5 Change Era .. Marilyn Manson; Doll-Dagga Buzz-Buzz Ziggety-Zag 2012 watch
Citroen DS One In A Million .. DatA; One In A Million 2012 watch
Citroen C4 - Blind Spot .. Mamas and Papas; California Dreamin' 2011/2012 watch
Citroën DS4 - Why Conform? .. Cassius; I Love You So 2011 watch
Citroen C4 .. JJ Cale; Call Me The Breeze 2011 watch
Citroen C4 - Transformer .. Les Rythmes Digitales; Jacques Your Body (Make Me Sweat) 2010 watch
Citroen C3 - Visiodrive .. Hives; Tick Tick Boom 2009
Citroen C5: sword fencing .. Wagner; Ride of the Valkyries 2008 Watch
Citroen C4: sprinting robot .. Luke Dzierzek; Echo 2007 Watch
Citroen C4: robot .. Pompon Finkelstein; Hungarian Dance No.5 - Brahms (Remix) 2007 Euro Watch
Citroen C3: Dolphins .. Bobby Darin; Beyond The Sea 2007 Watch
Citroen C4 .. Donna Summer; Love To Love You Baby 2007 Listen
Citroen C4 Picasso Visiospace .. Bonobo Ketto 2007 Watch
Citroen C4: The Skater .. The Egg; Walking Away (Tocadisco Remix) 2006 Watch
Clairol .. Cyndi Lauper; Girls Just Wanna Have Fun 2011 listen
Clairol Nice 'n' Easy .. Kim Carnes; Bette Davis Eyes 2008
Clark's Shoes Stand Tall .. Shawn Lees Ping Pong Orchestra; Kiss The Sky 2010 watch
Clark's Shoes - Walk Tall .. They Might Be Giants; Birdhouse In Your Soul 2010 listen
Clark's Shoes - Pleasure Seeker .. B-52s Funplex 2008 Watch
Clark's Shoes - Enjoy Every Step .. Lonely Drifter Karen True Desire 2008 Watch
Clark's - Enjoy Every Step - Rendezvous .. Ak - Momo: Greasy Spoon 2008
Clark's Shoes .. Astronautalis (Andy Bothwell) ; Ocean Walk 2008
Clark's Shoes .. Sebastien Martel; Dumb 2007
Clark's Shoes .. Nelson Riddle; Lolita Ya Ya 2007
Clarks Shoes .. Jackie Lee: "White Horses" ~ 2006
Clarks Shoes .. Baccara: Yes Sir, I Can Boogie 2003
Clark's Shoes .. Motorhead; Ace of Spades 2003
Clinique 3 Step - Skin Care system .. Nana Mouskouri; 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy) 2007
Clover Butter- the middle .. Paul Pritchard; Steps To Success 2009 watch
Cobra Indian Beer .. Black Keys; Gold on the Ceiling 2012 listen
Coca Cola Move to the Beat of London 2012 .. Mark Ronson ft Katy B; Anywhere in the World 2012 watch
Coca-Cola .. Natasha Bedingfield; Shake Up Christmas 2011 watch
Coca-Cola .. Oasis; Whatever 2011 watch
Coca-Cola - London 2012 Future Flames .. One Night Only; Can You Feel It (Tonight) 2011 watch
Coca-Cola: 125th Anniversary .. Hillside Singers; Id Like to Teach the World to Sing 2011 watch
Coca Cola - Musical ad .. One Night Only; Can You Feel It Tonight 2011 watch
Coca-Cola - Insect Heist .. Sergey Prokofiev; Peter and the Wolf March 2011 watch
Coca-Cola - Snow Globe .. Train; Shake-up Christmas 2010 watch
Coca-Cola Fifa World Cup 2010 .. K'naan; Wavin' Flag 2010 watch
Coca-Cola: Diet Coke .. Michael Sembello; Maniac 2010 watch
Coca-Cola .. Melanie Thornton; Wonderful Dream (Holidays are Coming) 2009 watch
Coca-Cola .. Kinks; Lola 2007
Coca-Cola .. Bugsy Malone Cast; You Give A Little Love 2006
Coca-Cola .. Nilsson: 'Put the Lime in the Coconut' 2006
Coca-Cola Raspberry .. Jefferson Airplane: Somebody to Love by ~ 2005 New Zealand
Coca-Cola: the real thing .. Robin Beck; First Time 1989 watch
Coca-Cola: Diet Coke - Break .. Etta James; I Just Wanna Make Love To You 1996 watch
Coca-Cola .. The Rolling Stones: 'You Can't Always Get What You Want'
Coca-Cola .. Queen: 'I Want To Break Free'
Coca-Cola - Coke Diet .. Born: "Callin' Out"
Codemasters - Brian Lara Cricket .. Groove Armada; But I Feel Good 2007
Coleen Butterflies .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2011 watch
Colin Murrays Radio 1 Show .. Grandaddy: "A.M 180"
Colmans Instant Beef Gravy .. Specially Recorded; I Like The Way You Moo 2011 watch
Comet Come and Play .. Ska Cubana: Soy Campesino 2010 watch
Comet - On Call Team .. George Baker Selection; Little Green Bag 2008
Comfort .. Filmore Fresh & The Clothworld Crew; Do The Moves 2007
Comfort Concentrate .. Reggae Vision; Do De Move 2007
Comfort .. Koop; I See A Different You 2007
Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2011 .. Wanted; Gold Forever 2011 watch
Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2007 .. Proclaimers with Brian Potter/Peter Kay & Andy Pipkin/Matt Lucas; I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) 2007
Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2007 .. Sugababes vs Girls Aloud; Walk This Way 2007
Comparethemarket.com .. Mendelsohn; Wedding March (Commissioned/Distorted) 2008
Concern Worldwide: Born Starving .. Athena Andreadis; Breathe Again 2010 watch
Confused.com - Cara Sings Confused.com/YMCA .. Louise Dearman; Con-Fused-Dot-Com 2011 watch
Confused.com - Cara Sings Chain Reaction .. Louise Dearman; Chain Reaction 2011 watch
Confused.com - Happy Valentine .. Louise Dearman; Chain Reaction (acoustic version) 2011 watch
Confused.com - Cara sings Somebody to Love .. Louise Dearman; Somebody To Love 2010 watch
Co-operative - Join The Revolution .. Athlete; Light The Way 2011 watch
Co-op Variety Club .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Make Me Smile (Come up and See Me) 2010 watch
Co-op Good For Everyone .. Bob Dylan; Blowin' In The Wind 2009 watch
Co-operative Society: Christmas Ad .. Gabriella Cilmi; Warm This Christmas 2008 watch
Coral .. Terry Devine-King; Downtown Jump 2012
Corona Light: Moonlight .. Michael Franti & Spearhead; Say Hey (I Love You) 2010 watch
Corona Light .. Aquila Rose & Idana Valdes; Rhythms del Mundo 2009 watch
Cottages4U Take It Home .. Urusen; Now That She Has Flown 2010 watch
Cow & Gate .. Don Drummond; Don D Lion 2007
Crabbie's Ginger Beer for Grown Ups .. Melodi Light Orchestra; Puffin' Billy 2009 & 2010 watch
Cravendale .. Little Richard; All Around The World 2007
Crown Breath-easy Paint .. The Rumble Strips; Girls and Boys in Love 2008
Crown Twist Tops .. Rivingtons; Papa Oom Mow Mow 2007 .
CSL Sofas - 40% Better .. Steph; What You See Is What You Get 2011 watch .
CSL Sofas: Christmas 2010 .. Steph; Girls On Film 2010 watch
CSL: Love Life and Sofas .. Steph; Wisemen 2010 watch
CFL Sofas: Sale .. Steph Spencer; Standing on the Edge of Love 2009 watch
CFL Sofas: Street Chaos .. Stephanie Slater; Chasing Butterflies 2008 watch
CSL Sofas .. Regina Spector; Fidelity 2008 Listen
CSL Sofas Winter Sale .. Eartha Kitt; C' Mon a My House! 2008
CSL .. Dexy Midnight Runners; Come On Eileen 2007
CSL .. Spin Doctors; Two Princes 2007
Cuprinol .. Quincy Jones; It's Caper Time (Self Preservation Society) 2011 listen
Currys PC World - Vaders Visit .. John Williams; The Imperial March (Darth Vaders Theme) 2011 watch
Currys - Low Price TV's Forever .. Mylo; In My Arms 2008
Cushelle Toilet Tissue: Koala Ad .. Four Knight; Oh Happy Days 2011 watch
Cussons Imperial Leather - Skinkind .. Alex Banks; Snow 2010 watch
Cussons Imperial Leather .. Ben Sands; Hug 2007
D >>>
D Max TV channel: The Fat Doctor .. Thriving Ivory; Angels on the Moon 2011 listen
Daily Express: Sixties CD Promotion .. Foundations; Build Me Up Buttercup 2005
Daily Mail - Femail Upgrade .. Rockettothesky; Grizzly Man 2011 watch
Daily Mail Supplements.. Commissioned Version; Everyday 2010 watch
Daily Mail .. Buddy Holly; Everyday 2009
Daily Mail World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007
Daily Mail: World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007
Daily Mirror Football website .. Pigbag; Papa's Got A Brand New Pigbag 2009 watch
Daily Mirror Legends Collection .. Elvis Presley; Blue Suede Shoes 2009 watch
Daily Record .. El Presidente; Without You 2006
Daily Star: Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007
Daily Star: Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007
Daily Star: Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007
Daily Star Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007
Daily Star Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007
Daily Star Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007
Daily Telegraph WWII Promotion .. Holst; Jupiter, The Bringer Of Jollity from The Planets Suite 2008 watch
Dairy Crest Cathedral City .. Slim Pickings; Pass It On 2007
Dairylea Cheese Spread .. Jilted Jon; Jilted John (Gordon Is A Moron) 2008
Dairylea Dunkers .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2006
Danone Actimel.. Frank Wilson; Do I Love You 2010
Danone Activia .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2010 watch
Danone Shape Yoghurt .. Noisettes; Wild Young Hearts 2009 watch
Danone Actimel .. Nappy Brown: Little By Little 2007
De Agostini Elvis The Official Collector Edition .. Elvis Presley; Welcome To My World 2007
Debenhams Life Made Fabulous .. Two Door Cinema Club; This Is The Life 2012 watch
Debenhams - This Is The Life .. Two Door Cinema Club; This Is The Life 2011 watch
Debenhams - Feel Fabulous .. Jackie Wilson; I Get the Sweetest Feeling 2011 watch
Debenhams Design in Every Department .. Roxy Music; Love Is The Drug 2009 watch
Debenhams Designer Range .. Lovin' Spoonful; Summer In The City 2007
Debenhams Designers .. Transvision Vamp: Baby I Don't Care ~ UK 2006
Debenhams .. (Morgan Van Dam remix) Madonna: "Santa Baby"(christmas 2006)
Defra Act on CO2 Carbon Footprint .. Kinks; Shangri-La 2007
Defra Climate Challenge ..Oskar; P.S.I. 2006
Del Prado Cavalry Through The Ages ..Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2007
Dell Computers .. Chordettes; Lollipop 2009 watch
Dell Computers .. Devo; Watch Us Work It 2007
Dell Computers .. Squeeze: 'Tempted'
Drench Drinks Cubehead .. The Gap Band; Oops Upside Your Head 2010 watch
Dentyne Blast (Underwater Kiss) .. Kissogram (remix?) : Backseat of My Mind 2007
Dentyne Ice (Frog Kiss) .. Ben's Brother: 'Stuttering' 2007
Dentyne Ice (TTC Subway) .. Papas Fritas: 'Way You Walk' 2006
Dentyne Gum .. Squeeze: 'Tempted' ??
Dettol 4-in-1 .. Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2008
DFS Making Every Day More Comfortable .. Neil Diamond;We 2012 listen
DFS .. XTC; Stupidly Happy 2012 watch
DFS Sunny Day .. Elizabeth Mitchell; Lovely Day 2012 watch
DFS 2010 Summer Sale .. The Las; There She Goes 2010 watch
DFS - Vibe Collection .. V V Brown; L.O.V.E. 2010 watch
DFS - Happy Sofas .. Super Preachers; I Feel Happy Ft. Sista Moon 2010 watch
DFS Sponsors of Lion Country .. Lenka; The Show 2010 watch
DFS .. Noisettes; Never Forget 2009 listen
DFS - Early Sale .. Paolo Nutini; 10/10 2009 listen
DFS - Winter Sale .. The Ethiopians; Train To Skaville 2009 watch
DFS .. McFly; All About You 2009 watch
DFS .. The La's; There She Goes 2008
DFS - Winter Collection .. Mariah Carey; All I Want For Christmas Is You 2008 watch
DFS - Summer Sale .. Nickelback; Rockstar 2008 watch
DFS - Half Price Emotive and Trend Collection .. Petula Clark; Colour My World 2008
DFS - Half sofas .. Puccini - O Mio Babbino Caro from Gianni Schicchi 2008
DFS .. Queen; I Want It All 2008
DFS .. Cranberries; Dreams 2007
DFS .. Mariah Carey; All I Want For Christmas Is You 2007
DFS .. Calvin Harris; Colours 2007
DFS - Sale .. Queen: I Want It All 2007
DFS - Easter Sale .. Boy Least Likely To Be Gentle With Me 2007
DFS .. Touch and Go: Would You...? 2006
DFS .. Little Anthony & the Imperials: "I'm on the outside (looking in)" ~ UK 2004
DFS .. Earth, Wind & Fire: "Boogie Wonderland" UK 2004
DFS .. Pato Banton: Baby Come Back 2002
DHL Express .. Speed of Yellow; Aint No Mountain High Enough 2011 watch
Diamond Insurance .. Marilyn Monroe; Diamonds Are A Girls Best Friend 2007
Diesel: Loverdose .. Donna Summer; Love To Love You Baby (Loverdose Remix) 2011 watch
Diesel: Denim Collection .. Secret Artist/Sizzer Amsterdam; Born To Be Alive 2011 watch (original-Patrick Hernandez)
Digital-UK switchover .. Harry Nilsson; Everybody's Talkin' 2007
Dior - JAdore .. Gossip; Heavy Cross 2011 watch
Dior Addict: Kate Moss .. Duran Duran; All You Need Is Now 2011 watch
Dior: Miss Dior Cherie .. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg; Je TAime
Moi Non Plus 2011 watch
Dior Homme Intense .. Killers Shadowplay 2009 watch
Dior Miss Dior Cherie .. Brigitte Bardot; Moi Je Joue 2009 watch
Dior "Rouge Dior" Lipstick .. Tom Jones; It's Not Unusual 2007
Dior Midnight Poison .. Muse; Space Dementia 2007
Dior J'Adore .. Marvin Gaye: A Funky Space Reincarnation 2006
Dior J'Adore .. Barry White: Never Gonna Give You Up 2004
Directgov.gov.uk Id Go Direct Guv.. Madness; It Must Be Love 2010 watch
Discover Ireland: Jump Into Ireland .. Snow Patrol Berlin 2012 watch
Disneyland Paris - Magical Moments .. Music; Special Commission 2001 watch
Disney Cinemagic .. James Morrison; Wonderful World 2007
Disney Toy Story 10th Anniversary DVD..Thin Lizzy: The Boys Are Back In Town 2005
DKNY Original The Fragrances .. Helena; Life In My Heart 2011 watch
DKNY Be Delicious .. Madi Diaz; Does It Rain (Where You Are)? 2011 watch
DKNY .. Honeyroot: "Starshine" ~ UK
Dobbies Garden World .. The Charlatans: "Try Again Today" 2006 & 2008
Dockers San Francisco; Work, Weekend, Dress, Golf.. Marlena Shaw: "California Soul" 2008 listen
Dockers Specs: The Slacker ad .. Frank Sinatra: I Get A Kick Out Of You 2008
Dockers: Streetcar Commercial .. Madeleine Peyroux; Don't Wait Too Long 2008 listen
Dodge Journey - Waterslide .. Apples In Stereo; Sun Is Out 2008 listen
Dolce & Gabbana D&G Fragrance .. George Michael; Freedom 90 2009 watch
Dolce & Gabbana - D&G Jewels .. Stylophonic; R U Experienced 2007
Dolce & Gabbana - Blue .. Mario Lanza; Parlami D'amore Mariu 2007
Dolce & Gabbana - Time .. Stylophonic: Dancefloor 2006
Dolce & Gabbana - Time .. Stylophonic: BabyBeatBox 2005
Dominos - What We Do .. Frankie and the Heartstrings; Hunger 2011 watch
Domino's Double Decadence.. Tchaikovsky; Concerto For Piano-Orchestra No.1 In B Flat Minor Op.23 2010 watch
Domino's Steak Pizza .. Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2008 listen
Doritos .. Blondie: "One Way or Another"
Dove - Nourishing Oil Care .. Specially Recorded; Why You Gotta Be Like That? 2011 watch
Dove - Damage Therapy .. Rodgers and Hammerstein; My Favourite Things 2010 watch
Dove - For Men .. Rossini William; Tell Overture 2010 watch
Dove - Pro Age Deodorant .. Pepe Romero; Farrucas 2007
Dove .. Cyndi Lauper: True Colors 2006
Dove - Summer Glow Body Lotion .. Ella Fitzgerald: Sunny 2006
Dove .. Kameil Madison: "Rock Ya Body" ~ UK
Dr Oetker Ristorante Pizza .. Verdi: La Donna E Mobile 2006
Dr Pepper Doctors Orders .. Dr Dre; Shit Popped Off 2009 watch
Dr Pepper .. Tom Jones: 'Help Yourself'
Dr Pepper .. Meatloaf: 'I'd Do Anything for Love'
Dr Pepper .. Hot Chocolate: 'You Sexy Thing'
Dreams Bed Superstore - Wake Up .. Renee & Jeremy; Three Little Birds 2011 watch
Dreams Beds - Hushabye Dream .. Stacey Kent; Hushabye Mountain 2011 watch
Dreams Beds .. Billy Joel; River of Dreams 2010 listen
Dreams Superstore Good Nights Sleep .. Dan Hartman; I Can Dream About You 2010 watch
Dreams Superstore Biggest Ever Bed .. The Temptations; Get Ready 2010 listen
Dreams .. Daisy Wood-Davis; Dream Bay Dream 2010 watch
Dreams .. The Supremes; The Happening 2010 listen
Dreams Boxing Day Sale .. Roy Orbison; You Got It 2009
Dreams Biggest Bed Sale .. Mama Cass Elliot; It's Getting Better 2009 watch
Dreams Bank Holiday Sale .. Chordettes; Mr Sandman 2009
Dreams .. Dells; Oh What A Night 2009
Dreams: Double Discount .. Shirley Horn; Take A Little Time To Smile 2009 DL
Dreams: Bed Superstore .. The Five Satins; In the Still of the Night 2008 listen
Dreams: Bed Superstore .. Gene Kelly & Debbie Reynolds: Good Morning 2007 listen
Dreamworks Shrek The Third .. Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2007 listen
Drench Cubehead .. The Gap Band; Oops Upside Your Head 2010 watch
Drench Spring Water - Brains from Thunderbird .. Snap; Rhythm Is A Dancer 2008 listen
Dulux Boudoir .. Alice Grant @ Hear No Evil ; Its Been A Long, Long Time 2012 watch
Dulux - Roving Dog .. Terry Bush -- Maybe Tomorrow (The Littlest Hobo Theme Tune) 2011 watch
Dulux Lets Colour, Walls .. Jonsi; Go Do 2010 watch
Dulux Paintpod .. Traditional; Blaydon Races 2010 watch
Dulux - Let's Colour, Garage .. John Barry; Midnight Cowboy 2010 watch
Dulux Security Guard .. Paul Reeves; Regent Street Stomp 2008 listen
Dulux Paint .. Cutee B: Experience 2006
Dunlop .. David Bowie: Moonage Daydream 2000
Dunlop .. Stevie Wonder: He's Misstra Know It All 2000
Durex - Performax Intense .. Marvin Gaye; Lets Get It On 2012 watch
DVLA Registrations .. Free: Travellin' Man 2005
Dyson Stowaway .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2007
E >>>
EA Sports FIFA Street .. Freestylers; Breaker Beats Pt 1 2012 watch
EA Sports SSX-X Games .. The Joy Formidable; Austere 2012 watch
EA Games Battlefield 3 .. Jay Z; 99 Problems 2011 watch
EA Games Fifa 11 We Are 11 .. Tenpole Tudor; Swords of a Thousand Men 2010 watch
EA Games Battlefield: Bad Company 2 .. Queens of the Stone Age; You Think I Aint Worth A Dollar, But I Feel Like A Millionaire 2010 watch
EA XBOX 360 Left 4 Dead 2 .. Clutch; Electric Worry 2009 watch
EA Games Beatles Rockband .. Beatles; Come Together 2009 watch
EA Games Fifa Street Soccer 3 .. Go! Team; Grip Like A Vice 2008
EA Games Burnout Paradise .. Guns 'n' Roses; Paradise City 2008
EA Games Fifa Street 2 .. Coldcut: True Skool 2006
EA Games Black for Playstation 2 .. Verdi: Gypsy Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2006
E-On: See It & Save It .. Broadcast 2000; Get Up And Go 2008
E-On: Wind of Change .. Arthur Askey; Bee Song 2007
E-On: Energy Windfarm .. Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee: Hootin' The Blues July 2007.
E4 Schrubs .. Calvin Harris; Acceptable 2007
Eagle Star Direct .. Dead Or Alive: You Spin Me Round 2000
Eagle Star Direct .. Madness: Driving in my Car 2000
Eagle Star .. Delibes: Flower Duet from Lakme 1992
Ebay .. Donovan; Sunshine Superman 2012 watch
eBay .. Feist: 1234 Australia Sept 2007
eBay .. Edith Piaf: Non Je Ne Regrette Rien 2006
easyJet: Europe By easyJet .. The Wombats; Techno Fan 2011 watch
easyJet: Summer of Love .. O'Jays; Love Train 2009
Echo's Aftersave by Davidoff .. Joseph Arthur: "In The Sun" ~ UK
Echo Falls Wine .. Art of Noise; Three Fingers Of Love 2007
Ecover Feel Good Cleaning .. James Brown; I Got You (I Feel Good) 2012 watch
Eden TV Launch .. Muse; Feeling Good 2009
EDF Blue + Price Promise .. Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder; Together In Electric Dreams 2012 watch
EDF Energy - Powering the London 2012 Games .. Mike Beever; The Farmer aka Fated Beauty 2011 watch
Edge .. Mozart; Piano Concerto No. 21, K 467 : Andante 2007
Edge Another Way Forward .. Roger Miller; King Of The Road 2007
Edinburgh Woollen Mill Autumn & Winter Collection .. Sweet Inspirations; Sweet Inspiration 2008 watch
Egg Card .. Television: "Hold Up" ~ UK
Egg Card .. Raymond Scott: "Baltimore Gas and Electric Co" ~ UK 2005
Electronic Arts - Battlefield 3 .. Jay Z; 99 Problems 2011 watch
Elizabeth Shaw .. Willie Nelson: Crazy 2000
Elizabeth Shaw .. Patsie Cline: Crazy 2000
Elvis Presley ELV1S: 30 Number One Hits .. Elvis Presley / JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2002
Emirates Hello Tomorrow .. Spencer & Antfood; Trek 2012 watch
Emirates A380 .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2011 watch
Emirates Airlines Dubai promote .. Black; Wonderful life 2009 view
Emirates Airline ad .. First Times created by Water Music for the ad view
Emporio Armani Idole .. Nina Simone; I Put A Spell On You 2009 watch
Emporio Armani - Diamonds For Men .. Interpol; Slow Hands 2008
Emporio Armani Code .. Mis-Teeq: Scandalous2006
Emporio Armani's Night ..Goldfrapp: "Strict Machine" ~ UK 2003
England Enjoy England.com .. Jam: English Rose 2006
ESPN October Football .. John Carpenter; Halloween 2009
Esso .. Queen: I Want To Break Free 2000
Estee Lauder .. Madonna: "Love Provusion" ~ UK 2004
Ethel Austin .. Bodyrockers: The Way You Move 2007
Eurocamp: Unforgettable Moments Holidays .. The Rifles; Winter Calls 2012 watch
Europcar .. C&C Music Factory; Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) 2011 watch
Eurostar .. Philip Glass; Sense Of Doubt 2007
Eurostar .. Jack Sedgwick; Irene's Tomorrow 2007
Eurostar .. Virginie: Tu Crois Toujours (I Go To Sleep) 2005
Evans .. LaBelle: Lady Marmalade 2006
Evergreen .. The Monkees: "Daydream Believer" ~ UK 2004
Evian - Baby Inside .. Uffie; Wordy Rappinghood (Evian Mix) 2011 watch
Evian Water .. Dan The Automator; Rapper's Delight 2009 watch
Evian Water .. Brigitte Bardot: "Moi, Je Joue" ~ UK 2005
Evian Water .. Marilyn Monroe: Bye Bye Baby 2004
F >>>
Fallon Community Health Plan .. Buddy Holly: 'Everyday'
Famouse Grouse .. Fred Astaire: Puttin' On The Ritz 2006
Fanta Chase .. Martin Solveig & Dragonette; Cant Stop 2012 watch
Fanta - Grab A Taste Of Friday .. Ting Tings; Shut Up & Let Me Go 2010 watch
Fanta - bird ad .. Architecture In Helsinki; Souvenirs 2009 watch
Fanta Orange .. Stylophonic: Way of Life 2003
Fanta .. Rae & Christian: Blazing The Crop 2002
Farleys Rusks .. Gene Vincent: Be Bop A Lula 2000
Febreeze .. Real Tuesday Weld: Bathtime In Clerkenwell 2005
Felix cat food .. Scott Joplin The Entertainer 2009 watch
Felix cat food .. Real Thing: You To Me Are Everything 2000
Felix cat food .. Lou Bega: Mambo No 5 2000
Fendi Fan Di Fendi - The New Fragrance .. Kills; Cheap and Cheerful 2011 watch .
Ferrero Rocher - Golden Light .. Jasmine Ash; Starlight 2011 watch
Ferrero Rocher - Kinder Surprise .. Eliza Doolittle; Pack Up 2011 listen
Ferrero Rochee .. Cilla Black: 'Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)' (2006)
Ferrero Rochee .. Taxi: Yes it's True 2003
Fiat Panda New Panda Twin Air .. J*S*T*A*R*S; Loose Nuke Threat 2012 watch
Fiat 500 Jennifer Lopez .. Jennifer Lopez; Papi 2012 watch
Fiat Punto - MyLife ~ Piano .. Giovanni Allevi; Secret Love 2011 watch
Fiat 500: Twin Air .. Amy Macdonald; This Is The Life 2011 listen
Fiat Punto Evo: Prommercial .. Faithless; Feelin Good 2010 watch
Fiat Punto Evo: Drive The Evolution .. Edvin Marton; Paganini 5 2010 watch
Fiat Grande Punto - Connie Francis remixed/Tom Middleton: Quando Quando Quando 2008
Fiat Bravo .. Sweet Vandal: Beautiful 2008
Fiat 500 .. Cut Chemist: A Peak In Time 2008
Fiat Bravia .. Dark Globe; Break My World 2007
Fiat Grande Punto - Italian Job Remixed .. Louis Prima; Oh Marie 2007
Fiat Scudo Van .. Pipettes; ABC 2007
Fiat Grande Punto .. Hardknox: Fire Like This 2006
Fiat Sedici 4x4 .. Richard Strauss: Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2006
Fiat Stilo ..Topol: If I Were A Rich Man (From Fiddler on the Roof) 2006
Fiat Punto .. Marilyn Manson: Sweet Dreams (Are Made Of This) 2006
Fiat .. Human League: Dont You Want Me 2002
Fiat .. Chips: Rubber Biscuit 2000
Fibresure .. Altered Images; I Could Be Happy 2007
Fidelity Investments .. Paul McCartney & Wings: 'Band On The Run' watch
Fidelity Investments .. Billy Preston: 'Nothing From Nothing'
FIFA World Cup 2010 (Coca-Cola) .. K'naan; Wavin' Flag 2010 watch
FIFA World Cup 1990 .. Puccini: Nessun Dorma 1990
Filippo Berio Olive Oil .. Rossini; Largo Al Factotum from The Barber of Seville 2007
Findaproperty.com .. The 88; Coming Home 2010 watch
Findus Novelli Lasagne Ad .. Eric Winston: Saratoga 2008
Finish Quantum - Diamond Standard .. Gotan Project; Epoca 2008 watch
Finish 5 in 1 .. Wagner; Ride of the Valkyries 2008 watch
First Choice - All Inclusive .. Flo Rida; Good Feeling 2011 watch
First Choice - Swimming Pools .. Paul McCartney; We All Stand Together (Frog Chorus) 2008 watch
First Choice .. Rossini; William Tell Overture 2008
First Choice (hugs) .. Chopin; Etude For Piano - Op 10: No 3. In E Major - "Tristesse" 2007
First Choice .. Miriam Makeba: Mbube (Wimoweh) 2006
First Choice .. Reginald Dixon: I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006
First Direct .. Tommy Dorsey Opus One 2009 watch
First Magazine .. Chi-Lites; Have You Seen Her? 2007
Fisher Price .. Katrina and the Waves: Walking on Sunshine 2003
Fishermans Friend .. Inspiral Carpets: I Want You 2000
Five Alive Fruit Drink Dancing Dodo .. Don Fardon; Im Alive 2010 watch
Flash .. Paul Mottram: Tig A Tag 2006
Flash .. Elgar: Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2006
Flash .. BBC: Theme from Captain Pugwash 2006
Flash .. Reginald Dixon: I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006
Flexon .. Amen Corner: Bend Me, Shape Me 2000
Floors-2-Go .. Touch and Go: Would You...? 2006
Flora .. Mud; Tiger Feet 2009
Flora .. Lilac Time: Trumpets From Montparnasse 2006
Flora Pro-Activ (Lulu's Three Week Challenge) .. Lulu: Put A Little Love In Your Heart 2005
Florette Salad Bags of Goodness .. The Goons; Eeh! Ah! Oh! Ooh! 2012 watch
Flower By Kenzo: Rooftop .. Jil is Lucky; The Wanderer 2010 watch
Football Manager 2012 - Greatest Job On Earth .. Hard-Fi; Bring It On 2011 watch
Ford Fiesta Zetec - Keysless Entry .. Moondog; To A Sea Horse 2011 watch
Ford Fiesta Zetec - Feel The Difference .. Fiction; Big Things 2011 watch
Ford Mondeo True Beauty .. Soap and Skin; Mr. Gaunt PT 1000 2010 watch
Ford Fiesta Zetec .. School Of Language; Rockist Part 1 2010 watch
Ford Fiesta .. Schwab; Mole Man 2010 listen
Ford S Max Detail .. Si Begg; Bottled 2010 watch
Ford Focus .. Cool Hearts; Half Way Home 2010 watch
Ford Fiesta .. Two Lone Swordsmen; Shack 54 2009 watch
Ford Government Scrappage .. Chesney Hawkes; The One And Only 2009
Ford Ka .. specially composed for the ad - Soundtree; Gofindit 2009 watch
Ford Focus .. Alesha Dixon; 4 You I Woll 2008
Ford Focus .. Craig Richey; Ode To The New Ford 2008
Ford (Feel the difference) .. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra/St. Martin in the Fields chorus: Champions League 2007
Ford S-Max .. Whistling Tom: Under Paris Skies 2007
Ford Mondeo Desire .. Michael Andrews: The Artifact And Living 2007
Ford C-Max .. Outkast: When I Look In Your Eyes 2007
Ford Focus Zetec Climate .. Monty Norman: James Bond 2006
Ford Transit .. Soul Coughing: Disseminated 2006
Ford Cars .. The Specials: "Blank Expression" ~ UK
Ford Explorer .. Mark Morrison: 'Return of the Mack'
Ford Fiesta Freedom .. Paul Borg: Thigh Rolled 2006
Ford S-MAX .. Chemical Brothers: Shake Break Bounce 2006
Ford Focus .. I Monster: Daydream In Blue 2006
Ford Focus .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be 2000 watch
Ford .. Barry Gray: Joe 90 2000
Ford .. Brian May: Driven By You 2000
Ford .. Bob Marley and the Wailers: Three Little Birds 2000
Ford .. Slade: Coz I Luv You 2000
Ford Cougar .. Steppenwolf: Born To Be Wild 2000
Ford .. Sniff and the Tears: Drivers Seat 1990
Fosters .. Kool and the Gang; Jungle Boogie 2009
Fosters Super Chilled (Shadows) .. Violent Femmes; Blister In The Sun 2008
Fosters Twist .. Hombres: Let It Out (Let It All Hang Out) 2006
Fosters Super Chilled .. Boozoo Bajou: 'Lava' 2005
Fosters Lager .. The Karminsky Experience Inc: Exploration 2003
Fosters Lager .. Tchaikovsky: Le Lac Des Cygnes from Swan Lake 1995
Foxs .. Platters: 'Heaven On Earth' 2000
Foxy Bingo .. Matt Monro; Born Free 2012 watch
Foxy Bingo .. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John; You're The One That I Want 2010 watch
Foxy Bingo .. Lipps Inc; Funkytown 2009
Foxy Bingo .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2009
Fred Olsen Cruise Lines .. Dusty Springfield; I Only Want To Be With You 2008
Freederm - For Spot-Prone Skin .. Blue Mink; Good Morning Freedom 2011 watch
Freeview - Balloons .. The Turtles; Happy Together 2011 watch
Freeview: Corgis .. Derrick May; Strings of Life (Special Version) 2011 watch
Freeview HD - Tiny Streaker .. Men Without Hats; Safety Dance 2010 watch
Freeview Plus .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra; Theme From The Professionals 2009
Friends ReUnited Dating .. Otis Redding; Love Man 2007
Friends ReUnited .. Alan Hawkshaw: Theme from Grange Hill 2006
Friends ReUnited .. Highly Likely: What Ever Happened to You? 2006
Friends Provident .. Simon May: Chi Mai 2000
Frys Turkish Delight .. ??Jeff Wayne or Cliff Adams?? written especially for Frys 1984 watch
Fujifilm .. Radiocontrolledrobot: 'Beautiful' 2006
Furniture Village .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Make Me Smile (Come up and See Me) 2009
FX TV show Louie .. Ida Maria; Louie 2010
G >>>
Gala Bingo .. Barrett Strong; Money (That's What I Want) 2009
Gala Bingo .. Gloria Gaynor: I Will Survive 2006
Gala Bingo .. Madness: House of Fun 2005
Gala Bingo .. Shalamar: Night To Remember 2000
Galaxy Ripple Chocolate Folds Of Delight.. Thievery Corporation; Heavens Gonna Burn Your Eyes 2010 listen
Galaxy Promises .. Thelonius Monk: Caravan 2005
Galaxy .. Appleton: Don't Worry 2003
Galaxy .. Ella Fitzgerald: Summertime 2002
Galaxy Promises .. Thelonius Monk: Caravan 2005
Galaxy .. Appleton: Don't Worry 2003
Galaxy .. Ella Fitzgerald: Summertime 2002
Gap .. Amen Corner: 'Bend Me, Shape Me' 2002
Gap .. Supertramp: Give A Little Bit 2001
Gap .. Crystal Method: 'Busy Child' 2000
Gap .. James Clarke: 'Blow Up A Go Go' 2000
Garden and Leisure(Buy One Get One) .. Traditional: In An English Country Garden 2006
Garmin .. John Williams; Carol of the Bells 2007
Garmin Nuvi Sat Nav .. Morgan Van Dam: Found 2006
Garnier BB Cream Its a Good Day .. Peggy Lee; Its A Good Day 2012 watch
Garnier Nutrisse - Ultra Color .. Martin Solveig & Dragonette; Hello 2011 watch
Garnier Summerbody Spray Mist .. Cat Power; The Greatest 2007
Garnier 100% Color .. Lynyrd Skynyrd: Sweet Home Alabama 2006
Garnier Fructis Shampoo .. Wax Tailor ft. Charlotte Savary: Our Dance 2005
Garnier .. Saint Etienne: Marios Cafe 2000
Gateway .. Who: 'Who Are You' 2000
Gaviscon .. Irene Cara: 'Flashdance (What A Feeling)' 2004
Geico .. Royksopp: 'Remind Me' 2007
General Accident .. Fortunes: Storm In A Teacup 2000
General Post Office .. Sam Cooke: "Darling You Send Me" ~ UK 2006
George at Asda .. Sly & The Family Stone; Dance To The Music 2012 listen
George at Asda .. Pilot: "Magic" ~ UK
GHD Cinderella at the Midnight Ball .. Le Rev: Lucky You 2010 watch
Gillette Venus: Jennifer Lopez .. Jennifer Lopez; Venus 2011 watch
Gillette Venus .. Bananarama: Venus 2003
Gillette Right Guard .. Bob Marley and the Wailers: Three Little Birds 2000
Gillette Right Guard .. Four Tops: 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 2000
Ginsters .. Jim Noir: 'My Patch' 2006
Giorgio Armani: Acqua Di Gioia Woman and Nature .. Cinematic Orchestra; Arrival of the Birds 2010 watch
Go! Airlines .. Hugo Montenegro: The Fox 1999
Go Compare .. George M Cohan Over There 2010 watch
Golden Wonder .. Kinks: 'You Really Got Me' 2000
Golden Wonder .. Motorhead: Ace Of Spades 2000
Google+ Plus Tom .. Alan Silvestri; Cast Away (End Titles) 2012 watch
Google Chrome: Jamal Edwards .. Wretch 32; Traktor 2011 watch .
Google Chrome: Lady Gaga .. Lady Gaga; Edge of Glory 2011 watch
Google Chrome: Dear Hollie .. Ingrid Michaelson; Sort Of (Instrumental) 2011 watch
Gordon's Gin .. Status Quo: Pictures of Matchstick Men 2004
Gordon's Edge .. Coco Steel & Lovebomb: Yachts 2002 .
Grand Theft Auto IV - The Lost & The Damned .. Motley Crue; Wild Side 2009
Grand Theft Auto Episodes From Liberty City .. Roxette; The Look 2009 watch
Grand Theft Auto San Andreas .. Chakachas; Jungle Fever 2007
Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories .. Phil Collins Ft. Philip Bailey: Easy Lover 2006
Grand Theft Auto San Andreas .. Guns 'n' Roses: Welcome To The Jungle 2004
Grant's Whisky .. Baby Bird: Atomic Soda 1999
Grattan .. Connie Francis: Stupid Cupid 2000
Grattan .. Ritchie Valens: La Bamba 2000
Grattan .. James Brown: I Got You (I Feel Good) 2000
Greene King IPA Crafted For The Moment .. Jake Bugg; Country Song 2012 watch
Greece Tourist Board .. Mikis Theodorakis: Zorba The Greek 2006
Green Flag .. Fontella Bass: Rescue Me 2000
Green Flag .. Brian Eno: An Ending (Ascent) 2000
Greggs .. Gracie Fields; If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked A Cake 2010 watch
Greggs .. Terry Bush; Maybe Tomorrow 2009
Grolsch Dancing Bottles .. Louis Armstrong; It Dont Mean A Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing) 2010
Grolsch .. Bodyrockers: I Like The Way 2005
Grolsch .. Iggy Pop: I'm Bored 2000
Gü - Give in to Gü .. Jon Brion; Drive In 2011 watch
Gucci Guilty - Intense .. Friendly Fires and Bats For Lashes; Strangelove 2010 watch
Gucci Flora - Meadow .. Donna Summer; I Feel Love 2009
Gucci by Gucci .. Blondie; Heart Of Glass 2008
Gucci Pour Homme II .. Apple Garageband Loop; Modern Rock Guitar 07 2007
Guardian Super Size Me DVD Promotion .. Toothpick: Super Size Me 2006
Guardian Free CD 27/11/2004 .. Paul Weller All Along The Watchtower 2004
Guardian .. Dean Fraser: Dick Tracey 1999
Gucci Guilty - Intense .. Friendly Fires and Bat For Lashes; Strangelove 2011 watch
Guerlain Idyll .. Nora Arnezeder and Feloche; Singin' In The Rain 2009
Guerlain Insolence .. Muse: Hysteria 2006
Guinness - Dark Life .. Beach House; 10 Mile Stereo 2010 watch
Guinness - The Dot .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO); Mr Blue Sky 2008
Guinness - Domino Tipping .. Enrique Granados; Spanish Dance No 6 2007
Guinness .. Slang; The Shins 2007
Guinness .. Acker Bilk: That's My Home 2006
Guinness Evolution .. Sammy Davis Jr: Rhythm of Life 2005
Guinness .. Prodigy: Spitfire 2005
Guinness .. Unit 4 + 2: Concrete and Clay 2002
Guinness .. Arab Strap: First Big Weekend 2000
Guinness .. Perez Prez Prado: Guaglione 2000
Guinness .. Prince Buster: Burke's Law 1998
Guinness Draught: Chain .. Louis Armstrong; We Have All The Time In The World 1994 watch
Guinness .. DJ Shadow: "Stem/Long Stem" ~ UK ('90's)
Guns 'n' Roses Chinese Democracy Release .. Guns 'n' Roses; Sweet Child O' Mine 2008
Guns 'n' Roses Chinese Democracy Release .. Guns 'n' Roses; Chinese Democracy 2008
Gwen Stefani "L" a L.A.M.B. fragrance .. Gwen Stefani; Wonderful Life 2007
H >>>
H&M Marni at H&M .. Roxy Music; Avalon 2012 watch
H & M David Beckham Body Wear .. The Animals; Dont Let Me Be Misunderstood 2012 watch
H & M - Winter Fashion 2011 .. Klas Åhlund; Girls On Film 2011 watch
H & M - Girls On Film .. Mona Donnerman; Girls on Film 2011 watch .
H & M - Matthew Williamson Collection .. Stereolies; We Need A Change 2009 watch
H & M .. Greenhornes; There Is An End 2007
H. Samuel Jewellers .. Captain and Tennille: Love Will Keep Us Together 2006
H. Samuel Christmas Shopping .. Ella Fitzgerald: 'S Wonderful 2005
Haagen-Dazs .. Richard Hawley; Open Up Your Door 2009
Haagen-Dazs .. Sarah Vaughan; 'Make Yourself Comfortable' 2002
Halfords - Christmas Bikes .. The Hoosiers; Goodbye Mr A 2011 watch .
Halfords Summer Sale .. Hoosiers; Goodby Mr A 2011 watch
Halfords .. Republica; 'Ready To Go' 2006
Halifax Home Insurance Garden Fun .. Halifax Community Choir; I Believe I Can Fly 2012 watch
Halifax Saving Accounts - Prize Draw .. Halifax Community Choir; Walking On Sunshine 2011 watch
Halifax - Open Saturdays .. Halifax Community Choir; Hard Days Night 2011 watch
Halifax Rewards - Ill Be There .. Halifax Community Choir; Ill Be There 2011 watch
Halifax - Yeah Yeah Yeah .. Stereo MCs; Connected 2011 watch
Halifax Building Society Rewards .. Lightning Seeds; Lucky You 2010 watch
Halifax Building Society ISA .. Vanilla Ice; Ice Ice Baby 2010 watch
Halifax Building Society Reward Horn .. Pretenders; Brass In Pocket 2010 watch
Halifax Building Society Reward Account .. Lily Allen; LDN 2010
Halifax Building Society Reward Account .. Spandau Ballet; Gold 2010
Halifax Building Society Five Pound Reward .. Born Ruffians; Little Garcon 2009
Halifax Building Society Mortgages .. Bright Eyes; First Day Of My Life 2009
Halifax Building Society .. Jackie Wilson; (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher 2009 watch
Halifax Building Society .. Herman's Hermits; I'm Into Something Good 2008
Halifax Building Society .. Herbie Hancock; Rockit 2007 (Ireland)
Halifax Building Society .. Bubba Sparxxx; Ms New Booty 2007 (Ireland)
Halifax Building Society Credit Card .. Sweet; Ballroom Blitz 2007 (Ireland)
Halifax Building Society .. Aretha Franklin; Think 2007
Halifax Building Society 50 Times Extra .. Big Brovaz; Nu Flow 2006
Halifax Building Society High Rate Saver .. Glen Campbell; Rhinestone Cowboy 2006
Halifax Building Society Mortgage .. Cab Calloway; Minnie The Moocher 2006
Halls Soothers .. Robert Palmer; Addicted To Love 2010 listen
Halls Soothers .. Aretha Franklin; Baby I Love You 2003
Halls .. Hollies; The Air That I Breathe 2000
Halls .. Robert Palmer; Addicted to Love 2000
Hamlet .. Bach; Air on a G String 2000
Hammerite .. Chas & Dave; Any Old Iron 1992
Happy Egg Co. Happy Hens Racing .. Chariots of Fire: Vangelis 2010 watch
Haribo Tangfastic .. Mozart; Queen of the Night (Aria from The Magic Flute) 2010 watch
Harrods .. Handel; Lascia Ch'io Pianga 2002
Harvest Cheweee Bar .. Ohio Express; Chewy Chewy 2002
Harvester Salad & Grill .. Plain White T's; 1234 2010 watch
Harvester .. Chic; Good Times 2000 listen
Harveys Furniture .. Dukas; Sorcerers Apprentice 2010 listen
Harveys Furniture Sale .. Blondie; Picture This 2009
Harveys Furniture 10% Off Everything Sale .. Matt Monro; This Is The Life 2007
Haven Holidays Half Price Holidays .. Obi; Somewhere Nicer 2009
Haven Holidays .. Manu Chao; La Primavera 2007
Head & Shoulders: Smooth & Silky Shampoo.. Christian Marsac; LAmour Conjugué 2010 watch
Head & Shoulders: Colour Care, We Love Red .. Heidi Lingren; I Need Music 2008
Head & Shoulder 'Mickey' ad .. DOES ANYONE KNOW THIS SKA/REGGAE SONG 2007 watch
Head and Shoulders: Irresistible Hair .. Evelyn Knight; A Little Bird Told Me 2007
Head and Shoulders .. Skott Francis; Sugar Sugar 2005
Health Lottery £200,000 Jackpot .. Ennio Morricone; Ecstasy of Gold 2011 watch
Heart FM .. Sharleen Spiteri; Xanadu 2010 watch
Heart FM .. Louis Prima; Sing, Sing, Sing 2006
Heart FM .. Donavon Frankenreiter; Turn On Your Heart 2006
Heart FM .. Harold Melvin and The Blue Notes; The Love I Lost 2006
Heineken The Date .. Mohammed Rafi; Jaan Pehechan Ho 2012 watch
Heineken - The Entrance .. The Asteroids Galaxy Tour; Golden Age 2011 watch
Heineken .. Chopin; Prelude No.7 In A Major 2007
Heineken .. Teddybears ft. Mad Cobra; Cobrastyle 2006
Heineken Export Lager .. Al Green; Let's Stay Together 2006
Heineken Back in time .. George Baker Selection; Little Green Bag 2006
Heineken .. J. Geils Band; Give It To Me 2002
Heineken .. Chris Isaak: "Wicked Game" US
Heinz - Squeeze and Stir Soups .. Bobby Day; Little Bitty Pretty One 2011 watch
Heinz Weight Watchers - Exercise Bike .. Groovalistics; Dont Leave Me This Way 2011 watch
Heinz Beanz Fridge Pack Containers .. Delaney, Bonnie & Friends; Never Ending Song of Love 2010 watch
Heinz .. Harry J All Stars; Liquidator 2009
Heinz Snap Pots Eazy Beanzy .. Ann Lee; Ring My Bell 2008
Heinz Farmers' Market Soups .. Arthur Wood; Barwick Green (Theme from the Archers) 2007
Heinz Salad Cream .. Sesame Street; Ladybugs Picnic 2007
Heinz .. Goons: Ying Tong Song 2000
Heinz Baked Beans .. Chas & Dave; Diddle Um Song (Diddle Umma Day) 1999
Heinz tomato ketchup .. Carly Simon: 'Anticipation' ~ late 70's US
Hellmanns Mayonnaise Boxing Day .. Tim Myers; Simply Wonderful 2011 watch
Hellmann's Mayonaise - Loved Up Mash .. Tim Myers; Simply Wonderful 2011 watch
Hellmann's Mayonaise .. Isley Brothers; Summer Breeze 2009 watch
Hellmann's Mayonnaise .. Marvin Gaye; Let's Get It On 2005
Herbal Essences .. Paul Leonard-Morgan; Blue State 2009
Hiscox .. Rebelski; The Swarm 2007
History Channel UFO Files .. Saint-Saens; Aquarium from Carnival of the Animals 2006
HMV - Revolutionary Technology .. Justice; Civilisation 2011 watch
HMV Sale .. Elbow; One Day Like This 2009
HMV .. Sarah McLachlan; Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas 2007
HMV Sale .. Fratellis: Flathead 2007
HMV .. Monty Python DVD Promotion .. Monty Python's Flying Circus; Bright Side of Life 2006
HMV Summer Sale .. The La's; There She Goes 2006
Holiday Inn Express .. Kyle Andrews; Always Make Me Smile 2010 watch
Holland & Barrett Half Price Event .. Hollies; I'm Alive 2007
Homebase Containers .. Peter Bjorn & John; Young Folks 2012 watch
Homebase .. Peter, Bjorn and John Young; Folks 2009
Homebase (whistling ad) .. Peter, Bjorn and John; Young Folks 2009
Homebase .. Pasadena Roof Orchestra; "Double Check Stomp" 2008 watch
Homebase Autumn Collection .. Lerner & Loewe; Wouldn't It Be Lovely (from My Fair Lady) 2007
Homebase .. James Baskett; Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah (from Song of the South) 2007
Homebase .. Judy Garland; Get Happy 2006
Homebase .. Verna Felton; Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo from Disney's Cinderella 2006
Homebase .. Beloved: Sweet Harmony 2006
Honda Accord Cross Tour .. Miriam Makeba; Pata Pata 2010 watch
Honda Everything .. Battles; Atlas 2009
Honda Let It Shine .. Berend Dubbe and Gwen Thomas; This Little Light Of Mine 2009
Honda Accord .. Esquivel The Breeze and I (Andalucia) 2008 watch
Honda FCX Clarity .. Mark Mothersbaugh; Ping Island 2008 watch
Honda Accord Sedan.. Electric Light Orchestra / E.L.O. Hold On Tight 2007 and 2008 watch
Honda Power of Dreams .. Andy Williams; The Impossible Dream 2005 watch
Honda Civic .. Primal Scream; Loaded 2003
Honda .. Sugarhill Gang; Rapper's Delight 2003
Honda Cleo .. Jeff Beck; Stand on it 1989/90 watch
Horlicks .. Francoise Hardy; Voila 2005
Hoseasons Holidays .. Status Quo; Whatever You Want 2000
Hotpoint Aqua .. Vangelis; Ask The Mountains 2007
Hotpoint Recommends Ariel .. Lionel Richie; Easy 2005
House of Fraser .. Tunng; Out Of The Window With The Window 2006
Hovis Soft White .. Rossini; William Tell Overture 2011 listen
Hovis Hearty Oats .. Plastic Bertrand; Ca Plane Pour Moi 2010 watch
Hovis Wholemeal Cheese and Tomato Sandwich .. Calvin Harris; Ready For The Weekend 2010 watch
Hovis Best of Both Bread Jam Sandwich .. Adam Ant; Goody Two Shoes 2010 watch
Hovis Soft White Bread Bacon Sandwich .. The Stranglers; No More Heroes 2010 watch
HP Hewlett Packard dv6t .. Jimi Hendrix; Foxey Lady 2011 watch
HP Envy (Hewlett Packard) - Beats by Dr Dre .. Dr Dre featuring Jay-Z; Under Pressure 2011 watch
HP: Hewlett Packard Web Enabled Printers .. Melanie: Brand New Key 2010 watch
HP: Hewlett Packard Photosmart 475 .. Robins; Out Of The Picture 2005
HP: Hewlett Packard .. The Kinks: 'Picture Book' 2004
HP: Hewlett Packard .. The Cure: 'Pictures of You' 2003
HP: Hewlett Packard .. Deep Purple: 'Smoke on the Water' 2004
HP Sauce Tomato Ketchup .. Squirrel Nut Zippers; Suits Are Picking Up The Bill 2006
HP Sauce .. Elgar; Pomp & Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2006
HSA Health Insurance .. Ella Fitzgerald; Sunny 2005
HSBC Little Investor .. Peter Raeburn and Nick Foster; Map Maker 2012 watch
HSBC Lemonade .. Soundtree; Thank Heaven For Little Girls 2012 listen (M. Chevalier)
HSBC Chinese New Year .. Chang Loo; Dang Bu Liao 2012 watch
HSBC - What Do Trees Mean To You? Orff; Gassenhauer from Musica Poetica:Schulwerk 2007
HSBC .. Barry Gray; Aqua Marina 2006
HSBC .. Hope of the States; Black Amnesias 2006
HSBC .. Michel Legrand; Di Gue Ding Ding 2006
HSBC .. Ink Spots; Bless You (For Being An Angel) 2005
HTC One Freefall Fashion Shoot .. Chromatics; Tick of the Clock 2012 watch
HTC - Sensation XL .. SebastiAn; Holloback / X Hollow 2011 watch
HTC VTS 980 .. Nina Simone; Sinner Man 2009 watch
Huggies Nappies .. Madness: 'It must be love' ~ New Zealand
Hugo Boss Orange .. Hives; Hate To Say I Told You So 2011 watch
Hugo Boss Bottled - Night .. Massive Attack; Angel 2010 watch
Hugo Boss .. Rob Dougan; Clubbed To Death 2009 watch
Hugo Boss for women .. Beatles; Drive My Car 2009 watch
Hogo Boss Pure .. made especially for the ad by Schmooze Production 2008
Hugo Boss Femme .. Klima; City 2007
Hugo Boss XX & XY .. Johnny Kidd and The Pirates; Shakin' All Over 2007
Hugo Boss Pure Purple .. Mint Royale; Wait For You 2006
Hummer .. Filter; Only Way (Is the Wrong Way) 2003
Hummer .. The Who: 'Happy Jack'
Hummer .. Tom Jones: "Help Yourself"
Hush Puppies .. Rufus Thomas; Walking The Dog 2000
Hyundai Veloster .. Crystal Method; Dirty Thirty 2011 watch
Hyundai - New Thinking .. Vanessa James; Commissioned Track 2011
Hyundai ix20 Life In Boxes .. Alex Winston; Choice Notes 2010 watch
Hyundai i30 .. Shelagh Mcdonald; Rainy Night Blues 2008
Hyundai .. Colder; Silicone Sexy 2007
Hyundai Tucson .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2006
Hyundai Cars .. Johann Strauss: 'Wine, Women and Song' ~ New Zealand
I >>>
I.B.M .. Kinks: I'm Not Like Everybody Else uk 2006
I Cant Believe Its Not Butter .. Monkees: I'm A Believer uk 2000
Ibuleve .. Robson & Jerome: I Believe 2007
Ice Age .. Rusted Root: Send Me On My Way uk 2003
Iceland - Christmas Showcase .. Stacey Solomon; Driving Home For Christmas 2011 watch
Iceland - Christmas Cabaret .. Iceland Mums; Christmas Can-Can 2010 watch
Iceland - Weight Watchers Promotion .. Rossini: William Tell Overture 2005
Icelolly.com - Compare Packages .. Hot Chocolate; You Sexy Thing 2011 watch
IKEA - Bedrooms .. Fanfare Ciocarlia; Asfalt Tango Also sampled on: Serk (ft Schampus) - Bangersexy 2011 watch .
IKEA Kitchen Party .. Jona Lewie presents Man Like Me; Youll Always Find Me In The Kitchen At Parties 2010 watch
IKEA - Happy Inside .. Mara Carlyle; Pianni 2010 watch
IKEA .. Tom Jones: Green, Green Grass Of Home 2007
IKEA - the sale is on .. Peter, Bjorn & John: Young Folks 2007
IKEA - Sale .. Jean Jacques Perrey; Colonie Celeste 2006
IKEA .. Ervin Webb & The Prisoners; I'm Goin' Home 2005
Ilva Furniture .. Paolo Conte; Via Con Me 2006
Imperial Leather SkinKind Flower Shower .. Alex Banks; Snow 2010 watch
Imperial Leather Toiletries - Hugs Range .. Ben Sands; Hugs 2007/2008
Impulse Body Spray .. Saturdays; Forever is Over 2009 watch
Impulse .. Max Avery Lichtenstein: Tarnation 2007
Impulse Tease .. Salt n Pepa; Push It 2006
Impulse Thrill .. Casanovas; Shake It 2005
Indago Satellite Navigation System .. Ian McLagan; I Will Follow 2006
Indesit - Moon .. New Order; Hey Now What You Doing 2007/8
Independent .. Dr Dre; Still D.R.E. 2004
India .. Karl Jenkins; Zarabanda (Sarabande) 2006
ING Direct Snowball Games .. Boy Least Likely To Be Gentle With Me 2008
ING: Fernando Alonso .. Chris Coco; Dreaming of Shibuya In The Rain Again 2008
Innocent Fruit Loves This Water .. Billy Ocean; Suddenly 2010 watch
Inland Revenue Tax Credits .. Upsetters; Return of Django 2004 watch
Intel .. New Young Pony Club: "Ice Cream" (2006)
Intel Core Duo Processor .. Teddybears; Different Sound 2006
Intel Core Duo Processor .. Carlos Jean; Mr Dabada 2006
Intel Core Duo Processor .. New Young Pony Club; Ice Cream 2006
Intel In Macs .. Moby; God Moving Over The Face Of The Waters 2006
Intel Centrino .. Seal; Crazy 2005
Interflora Mothers Day .. Daniel Holter & Kyle White; Whistler Float 2011 watch
Investec What We Do .. Angry Vs. The Bear; Show Emotion 2012 watch
Ireland Discover Ireland .. Shaun Davey; The Welcome Visitor 2007
Ireland .. Chicane & Maire Brennan; Saltwater 2003
Irn-Bru - Cut Out Summer .. Paolo Nutini; Pencil Full of Lead 2011 watch
Irn-bru Thats Phenomenal .. Candle Music Commissioned Track 2010 watch
Irn-Bru .. Undertones; Here Comes The Summer 2007
Irn Bru .. Aled Jones; Walking In The Air 2006
Isklar Pure Glacier .. Plaid; Zamami 2008
iPod Touch: Grid .. Brendan Benson; What I'm Looking For 2008
ITV Bingo.com .. Dave Carey - Bingo! 2011 watch or read about
some ITV UEFA ad's are under U
ITV Fifa World Cup Credits .. Vusi Mahlasela; When You Come Back 2010 watch
ITV World Cup .. Jimi Hendrix; Fire 2010 listen
ITV 2010 World Cup Qualifier Highlights Intro .. Verve; Bitter Sweet Symphony 2009 watch
ITV Bright Side .. Nadia Fay; Honeycomb 2009
ITV Euro 2008 Titles .. Natasha Marsh; Queen of The Night from The Magic Flute (Mozart) 2008
ITV The Baron .. Whitey; Sweet Words For The Sour 2008
ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. AC/DC; Back In Black 2008
ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. George Michael; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2007
ITV4 .. The Contender Challenge US v UK .. Sex Pistols; God Save The Queen 2007
ITV4 .. The Contender Challenge US v UK .. Jimi Hendrix; Star Spangled Banner 2007
ITV Primeval New Series .. Muse; Map of the Problematique 2007
ITV Hell's Kitchen USA .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2006
ITV World Cuppa .. Sergio Mendes; Mas Que Nada 2006
ITV World Cup 2006 .. Kasabian; Heroes 2006
ITV Wrestlemania .. Peter Gabriel; Big Time 2006
ITV Movies .. Feeder; Feeling A Moment 2006
ITV2 - Winter .. Aqualung; Brighter Than Sunshine 2006
ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. Speedometer; All I Ever Need 2006
ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Killing Moon 2006
ITV Winter Line Up .. Willis; Take You High 2006
ITV1 - Western Season .. Stranglers; No More Heroes 2005
ITV I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here .. Guns 'n' Roses; Welcome To The Jungle 2003
ITV I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here .. Kool and the Gang; Jungle Boogie 2003
ITV Midsomer Murders Theme .. Jim Parker; Midsomer Murders
J >>>
J. C. Penney: American Living .. Robert Plant/Alison Krauss: Killing The Blues 2008
J. C. Penney: American Living .. Chris Montez: Lets Dance 2008
J2O Glitterberry .. Weather Girls; It's Raining Men 2011 watch
J2O .. Hint: Quite Spectacular 2007
J.J.B Sports - Ready? .. Sonny J; Cant Stop Moving 2011 watch
Jack Daniels Happy Holidays Barrel Tree .. Brighton, MA Good Kind of Crazy 2011 watch
Jacobs Cream Crackers .. Ethiopians: Train To Skaville 2000
Jaguar XF - Winner For Four Years .. The Heavy; How You Like Me Now 2011 watch
Jaguar XF .. Deep Purple; Hush 2008
Jaguar .. Fujiya & Miyagi: Collarbone 2007
Jaguar .. Spoon: I Turn My Camera On 2006
Jaguar .. Massive Attack: Two Rocks and a Cup of Water 2006
Jaguar .. Chris Isaak: "Wicked Game" ~ US & UK 2001
Jamaica .. Bob Marley and the Wailers One Love; People Get Ready 2006
James Bond : Die Another Day .. Madonna; Die Another Day 2003
James Bond : Diamonds are Forever .. Shirley Bassey; Diamonds are Forever 2003
James Bond : The World Is Not Enough .. Garbage; The World is not Enough 1999
James Bond : Tomorrow Never Dies .. Sheryl Crow; Tomorrow Never Dies 1997
James Bond : Tomorrow Never Dies .. Moby; James Bond 1997
James Bond : Goldeneye .. Tina Turner; Goldeneye 1995
James Bond : Living Daylights .. A-Ha; Living Daylights 1987
James Bond : View To A Kill .. Duran Duran; View To A Kill 1985
James Bond : Octopussy .. Rita Coolidge; All Time High 1983
James Bond : Moonraker .. Shirley Bassey; Moonraker 1979
James Bond : The Spy Who Loved Me .. Carly Simon; Nobody Does It Better 1977
James Bond : Majesty's Secret Service .. Louis Armstrong; All The Time In The World 1969
James Bond : You Only Live Twice .. Nancy Sinatra; You Only Live Twice 1967
James Bond : Thunderball .. Tom Jones; Thunderball 1965
James Bond : Goldfinger .. Shirley Bassey; Goldfinger 1964
James Bond : Dr No .. Monty Norman; James Bond 1962
James Villa Holidays Happy Feet .. Kermit The Frog and The Frog Chorus; Happy Feet 2011 watch
Jameson Whisky .. T Rex; 20th Century Boy 2005
Jameson Whisky .. Cozy Powell; Dance With The Devil 2005
Jean Paul Gautier Classics .. Niccolò Paganini's "Nessun Dorma" 2007
Jean Paul Gautier Les Parfums .. Maria Callas; Bellinis "Casta Diva" 2003
Jeep .. Hal David & John Cacavas Winter Warm 2010
Jeep: Liberty .. Andy Kim; Rock Me Gently 2007 watch
Jergens Naturals .. Jess Penner; Here Comes The Sunshine 2009
Jeyes Bloo Fusion .. Tchaikovsky; Waltz (No 2 Valse) - Entrance of The Guests from Act 1, Swan Lake 2007
Jimmy Choo - Parfum .. Zoozoo; Velvet Underground 2011 watch
John Lewis - Gifts .. Slow Moving Millie; Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want 2011 watch
John Lewis - Never Knowingly Undersold .. The Smiths - This Charming Man; The Selecter - On My Radio; Dusty Springfield - I Only Want To Be With You; London String Chorale - Galloping Home (theme from the Adventures of Black Beauty; Elton John - Rocket Man; Sade - Smooth Operator; The Kooks - Shine On 2011 watch
John Lewis - Christmas 2010 .. Ellie Goulding; Your Song 2010 watch
John Lewis Womans Life .. Fyfe Dangerfield: Shes Always a Woman To Me 2010 watch
John Lewis .. Taken By Trees; Sweet Child O' Mine 2009 DL
John Lewis - Christmas 2008 .. Beatles cover "From Me to You" especially produced for the ad 2008 watch
John Lewis - Christmas 2007 .. Prokofiev; Morning Serenade from Romeo and Juliet 2007
John Smiths .. Kid Creole and the Coconuts; Annie, I'm Not Your Daddy 2004
John Smiths .. Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg; Je T'Aime ... Moi Non Plus 2000
John West Weightwatchers Tuna Fillings .. Vernon Dalhart; The Runaway Train 2007
Juicy Couture: Viva La Juicy .. Elegant Too ft. Ambrosia Parsley; My World 2011 watch
K >>>
Kärcher Spring Clean .. Fats Waller; Spring Cleaning (Getting Ready For Love) 2010 watch
Karcher 25th Anniversary .. Mick Tucker; Greig's Piano Concerto in A Minor 2009 listen
Karcher VC 6300 .. Marjolein: Sweetest Eyes 2006
Kelkoo .. Corona: Rhythm of the Night 2000
Kelloggs Special K Dare To Wear Red .. David Guetta ft Kelly Rowland; When Love Takes Over 2012 watch
Kelloggs Special K More Delicious Everyday .. Paloma Faith; Upside Down 2011 listen
Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Clusters .. Berlin; Take My Breath Away 2011 watch
Kelloggs Special K: myspecialk.co.uk .. Duffy; Mercy 2011 watch
Kelloggs Special K Love Your Shape .. Sugababes: Red Dress (Mutya Mix) 2010 watch
Kelloggs Corn Flakes Sunshine Street Breakfast .. Primal Scream; Movin On Up 2010 watch
Kelloggs Special K Fruit and Nut Clusters .. Jill Pickering; Shine 2010 watch
Kelloggs Nutrigrain Bars .. The Feeling; Fill My Little World 2010 listen
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Joy Williams; Sunny Day 2010 watch
Kelloggs Coco Pops .. Alice Cooper; School's Out 2010 listen
Kelloggs Special "K" - Jeans Challenge .. Scouting For Girls; She's So Lovely 2010 listen
Kelloggs Nutrigrain Bars .. Andrea True Connection; More, More, More 2009 listen
Kelloggs Coco Rocks - Wholegrain .. EMF; Unbelievable 2009
Kelloggs Coco Pops .. Snap; The Power 2009
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Laura Izibor; Shine 2009
Kelloggs Special "K" - 10 Varieties .. Pelle Carlberg; Riverbank 2009
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Aretha Franklin; Save Me 2009 watch
Kelloggs Cherrios .. Ben Taylor; I Try 2008 listen
Kelloggs Cornflakes: Hint of Honey .. ?music interlude/Ella Fitzgerald? You're Gonna Lose Your Gal 2008 listen
Kelloggs Coco Pops: Moons and Stars .. Lipps Inc; Funky Town 2008
Kelloggs Coco Pops Coco Rocks: Caveman .. Owen Paul; My Favourite Waste Of Time 2008
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Ken Parker; I Can't Hide 2008
Kelloggs Special "K" .. Turin Brakes; Fishing For A Dream 2008
Kelloggs Zookeeper Competition .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra: Animal Magic Theme (Las Vegas) 2008
Kelloggs Special K Slimmer For Summer Winter Clothes .. Real Tuesday Weld; The Show Must Go On 2008
Kelloggs Special K .. Connie Francis; Fallin' 2008
Kelloggs Special K .. Dave Dee,Dozy,Beaky,Mick & Tich; Bend It 2008
Kelloggs Conflakes .. Francis Lai; Love Story 2008
Kelloggs Special K Bars .. Jem: Wish I 2007
Kelloggs Special K Mini Breaks .. Cheap Trick; I Want You To Want Me 2007 & 2008
Kelloggs - Wheats .. Jackie Wilson: Reet Petite 2007
Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Cornflakes .. Damita Jo: Keep Your Hands Off Him 2007
Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Cornflakes .. Elgar: Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007
Kelloggs Fruit'n'Fibre .. Boots Randolph: Yakety Sax 2007
Kelloggs Sp K .. Koop: Summer Sun 2007
Kelloggs Sp K .. Johnny Nash: I Can See Clearly Now 2007
Kelloggs Sp K .. Chris Montez The More I See You 2007
Kelloggs Sp K .. Dusty Springfield: I Just Don't Know What To Do With Myself 2006
Kelloggs Sp K .. Astrid Gilberto: 'Girl from Impanema'
Kelloggs Sp K .. Tom Jones: 'What's New Pussycat'
Kelloggs Sp K .. Blondie: "One Way Or Another"
Kelloggs Sp K .. De Phazz: Mambo Craze 2006
Kelloggs Sp K red berries .. Liverpool Express: "It's A Beautiful Day" ~ 2005
Kelloggs Nutri-Grain Bars .. Pilot: Magic 2005
Kelloggs Cornflakes .. Jeff Beck; Hi Ho Silver Lining 2004
Kelloggs Fruit'n'Fibre .. Carmen Miranda; I Yi Yi Yi Yi (I Like You Very Much) 1996
Kenco Tassimo Coffee Machine .. Us3; Cantaloop (Flip Fantasia) 2005
Kenco Caffe Crema .. Etta James; At Last 2005
Kenco .. Bizet; March of the Toreadors from "Carmen" 2004
Kenco .. Ennio Morricone; Musical Pocket Watch 2003
Kentucky Fried Chicken .. Lynard Skynard: 'Sweet Home Alabama'
Kenwood Frothie Hot'n'Cold Drinks Maker .. Don Ho; Tiny Bubbles 2005
Kenzo Flower Tag .. Tricky; Cross to Bear 2011 watch
Kenzo Flower .. Martina Topley-Bird; Lullaby 2006
KFC BBQ Rancher .. June Noa; Shes a Lady 2012 watch
KFC - So Good .. Temple Cloud; One Big Family 2011 watch
KFC .. Andy Williams; Can't Take My Eyes Off You 2010 listen
KFC - Favourites Bucket .. Ramones; Baby I Love You 2006
KFC - Popcorn .. Sam Cooke; Somebody's Gonna Miss Me 2004
KFC - Mini Fillets .. Chi-Lites; What Do I Wish For 2004
KGB .. Black Keys; Howlin' For You 2011 listen
Kia: New Range .. Chul Shin; Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Kia Sportage: Sing Along .. Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five; The Message 2011 watch
Kia Carens .. Yunioshi; Mymo 2007
Kilkenny .. Fleetwood Mac; Need Your Love So Bad 2000
Kinder Surprise - Giraffe .. Eliza Doolittle; Pack Up 2011 watch
King of Shaves Azor .. Mat Le Star; Lust and Charm 2009 watch
King of Shaves .. Death In Vegas; Dirge 2006
Kiss FM .. Gary Jules; Mad World 2003
Kingsmill Wake Up To Wholegrain .. Madness; House Of Fun 2009
Kingsmill .. Lucky Jim: 'Your Lovely To Me' UK 2007
Kingsmill Head Start with Omega3 .. Louis Armstrong ft. Bing Crosby: 'Gone Fishin' 2006
Kingsmill .. Vivaldi: Spring (allegro) from 'The Four Seasons' 2002
Kingsmill .. Nat King Cole: 'Smile' 2000
Kingsmill .. Shirley Bassey: Big Spender 2000
Kingsmill .. Supernaturals: 'Smile' 2000
Kit Kat Pop Choc .. Frankie Laine; Rawhide 2011 watch
Kit Kat - Crane drivers .. The Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2011 watch
Kit Kat .. The Enemy; We'll Live and Die In These Towns 2010 watch
Kit Kat .. Diana Ross and the Supremes; You Can't Hurry Love 2010 watch
Kit Kat - Kit Kash Promotion .. Bill Conti; Theme From Dynasty 2005
Kleenex Balsam - Always There .. Katie Herzig; Were All In This Together 2011 watch
Kleenex Mansize - New Smaller Box .. Jacques Dutronc; Mini, Mini, Mini 2011 watch
Kleenex .. Starrfadu; Let It Out 2007
Kmart .. B52s: 'Rock Lobster'
K-Mart .. Kim Wilde: 'Kids in America'
Knorr: Thai Curry Sauce .. Fern Kinney; Together We Are Beautiful 2006 listen
Knorr: Ragu .. Carmen Miranda; I Yi Yi Yi Yi (I Like You Very Much) 2006 listen
Knorr: Herb Cubes .. Penguin Cafe Orchestra Perpetuum Mobile 2000 Listen
Kodak Inkjet Printer - Beautifully Cheap .. The Undertones; Here Comes The Summer 2011 watch
Kohl's .. Temptations: 'Get Ready'
Kohl's .. Lovin' Spoonful: 'Do You Believe In Magic'
KP Hula Hoops: Sport Relief Hoopathon.. The Hit Crew; Jump In The Line (Shake, Senora) 2010 watch
KP Hula Hoops .. Village People; YMCA 2009
KP .. David Rose; The Stripper 2000
KP .. Carter USM; Shoppers Paradise 2000
Kraft Dairylea .. Supergrass; Alright 2010 listen
Kraft Dairylea Cheese .. Jilted Jon; Jilted John (Gordon Is A Moron) 2008
Kraft Dairylea Dunkers .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2006
Kraft Mayo .. Grand Funk: 'Some Kind of Wonderful'
Kronenbourg 1664 - bar musicians .. Madness - Baggy Trousers (slow version) 2011 watch
Kronenbourg 1664 Motörhead .. Motörhead: Ace of Spades (Slow Version) 2010 watch
Kronenbourg 1664 .. Britney Spears; Beat Goes On 2008
Kronenbourg 1664 .. Patsy Cline; Walkin' After Midnight 2006
Kronenbourg 1664 .. Henry Purcell; Suite From Abdelazar: Overture 2006
K-Swiss .. Creepy Morons; Superhits 2006
K-Swiss .. Crime; Gangster Funk 2006
K-Swiss .. Tha 4orce; Biting on the Hook (With the Bat) 2006
L >>>
L.L. Beans: Holiday 2008 .. Fountains Of Wayne; Valley Winter Song 2008 watch
LOreal Paris Preference .. Death In Vegas; Your Loft My Acid (Fearless Transhouse Mix) 2012 watch
LOreal: Spike Fanatic Sculpting Gel .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2011 watch
L'Oreal: Age Re-Perfect - Jane Fonda .. Craig Armstrong; Finding Beauty 2008 watch
L'Oreal: Men Expert .. Sebastien Tellier; La Ritournelle 2007/8 watch
L' Oreal with Andie Macdowell .. Craig Armstrong (remix): Finding Beauty 2007
La Redoute - Paris Rendevous .. Lovisa Stenmark; On and On 2011 watch
Lacoste - Eau De Lacoste .. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five; The Message 2011 watch
Lacoste Joy of Pink - Streamers .. If The Kids; Life? Is Now 2010 watch
Lacoste Elegance for Men .. Nat King Cole: Destination Moon 2007
Lacoste Inspiration .. Tom Jones; She's A Lady 2006
Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; Show You (The Way) 2006
Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; Skin Deep 2005
Lacoste Essential .. Feist; Mushaboom 2005
Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; It's Over Now 2004
Ladbrokes World Cup 2010 .. Quincy Jones; It's Caper Time (Self Preservation Society) 2010 watch
Ladbrokes Bingo .. Beach Boys; Fun Fun Fun 2009 listen
Lambrini .. Al Wilson; The Snake 2007
Land Of Leather One Day Sale .. Simply Red; Fairground 2008
Land Of Leather .. Dexy's Midnight Runners Come On Eileen 2008
Land of Leather .. Survivor; Eye of the Tiger 2007
Land of Leather .. Arrow; Hot Hot Hot 2007
Land of Leather Boxing Day Sale .. Chesney Hawkes; The One and Only 2007
Land of Leather Sale .. Europe; The Final Countdown 2007
Land of Leather £50 million Clearance Sale .. Lulu; Shout 2006
Land Rover Discovery 3 .. Mills Brothers; Tiger Rag 2009
Land Rover Freelander 2 .. Jon Allen; Going Home 2008
Land Rover Freelander .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2005
Lastminute.com: Stories Start Here .. Louis Prima; Enjoy Yourself 2011 watch
Lastminute.com: Do More Good Stuff .. Mumford & Sons; The Cave 2010 watch
Lastminute.com .. Sonny J; Can't Stop Moving 2009
LateRooms.Com For Your Every Need .. Asobi Seksu; Thursday 2012 watch
LateRooms.Com .. Super Preachers ft. Sista Moon; I Feel Happy 2011 watch
LateRooms.Com: Holiday Bubbles .. Lucky Elephant; Lucky Elephant 2010 watch
Lego; Rock Band .. Queen; We Will Rock You 2009
Lego: Indiana Jones Movie Collection .. John Williams; Raiders March 2008
Lenor Pink .. Liz Mcclarnon; I Get The Sweetest Feeling 2006
Lenor Goodbye Cardboard Jeans .. Koop; I See A Different You 2007
Levis .. RJD2; The Horror 2006
Levis 559 Voodoo Jeans .. Stevie Wonder; Superstition 2005
Levi Jeans .. Willie Nelson: "Always On My Mind" ~ 2004
Levi Sta-prest Trousers .. Mr. Oizo; Flat Beat 1999 watch
Levi 501 Jeans .. Spaceman; Babylon Zoo 1996 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Taxi .. Freak Power; Turn On, Tune In, Cop Out 1995 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Creek .. Inside; Stiltskin 1995 watch
Levi 501 Jeans .. Shaggy; Boombastic 1995 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Procession .. Screamin' Jay Hawkins; Heartattack and Vine 1993 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Swimmer .. Mad about the Boy; Dinah Washington 1992 watch
Levi Jeans - Brad Pitt ad .. Marc Bolan; 20th Century Boy 1991 watch
Levi Jeans - Pool Hall .. The Clash; Should I Stay or Should I Go? 1991 watch
Levi 527 Jeans - man throwing pebbles at window .. Madness: 'It Must Be Love' 19?? watch
Levi 501 Jeans .. The Joker; Steve Miller Band 1990 watch
Levi Jeans .. Eddie Cochran; C'mon Everybody! 1988 watch
Levi Jeans - Entrance .. Ben E. King; Stand by Me 1987 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Parting .. Percy Sledge; When a Man Loves a Woman 1987 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Bath .. Sam Cooke; Wonderful World 1986 watch
Levi 501 Jeans - Laundrette .. Marvin Gaye; "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" 1985 watch
Levonelle One Step Contraception .. Golden Dogs; Lester 2009
Lexmark .. Rolling Stones: 'Complicated'
Lexus .. Isaac Albeniz; "Asturias" from Suite Espagnol 2007
Lexus 220d .. Ross Gregory; Fibre Optic 2006
LG Arena - KM900 .. Jay-Kid; Blame It On The Boogie 2009
LG KP500 Cookie free touch .. Mozart; Symphony No 40 - 1st movement 2009 watch
LG: Secret .. Sungki Lee production/Puccini; One Fine Day (Un Bel Dì Vedremo) from Madame Butterfly 2008 watch
LG: HD TVs .. Beach Boys; Good Vibrations 2008 watch
LG: Chocolate .. Feist; My Moon My Man 2007 watch
Lifestyle Sports .. Von Bondies: "C'mon C'mon" (late 2006)
Lifetime TV Network .. Bee Gees: 'Lonely Days'
Limara: body spray .. Stevie Lange; Remember My Name 1985
Lindemans .. T Rex; 20th Century Boy 2011 listen
Lipton Iced Tea - 100% Natural .. Groove Armada ft. SaintSaviour; I Wont? Kneel 2011 watch
Lipton Green Iced Tea .. Clyde McPhatter: 'Little Bitty Pretty One'
Littlewoods - Christmas Ideas .. Specially Recorded; My Lovely Mother 2011 watch
Littlewoods - Perfect Christmas Gifts From Coleen Rooney .. Danny Elfman; Whats This? 2010 watch
Littlewoods Nice Boots Camp .. Nancy Sinatra; These Boots Are Made For Walkin' 2010 watch
Littlewoods .. T Rex; I Love To Boogie 2009
Littlewoods Direct - Brazilian Adventure .. The Belle Stars; Iko Iko 2008
Living TV: Britain's Next Top Model .. Band of Skulls; Death By Diamonds and Pearls 2010 listen
Living TV: Moonlight .. Sam Sparro; Black & Gold 2008
Lloyds TSB - London 2012 Journey .. Elena Kats-Chernin; Elizas Aria 2011 watch
Lloyds Bank .. Elena Kats-Chernin; Eliza's Aria from Wild Swans 2007
Lloyds/TSB .. Bach; Sleepers Awake 1993
London Marathon - Theme .. Ron Goodwin; Theme from The Trap 2011 watch
London Transport For London - Think Biker .. Steph Altman; If You Got To Know Me 2010 watch
London Transport For London - Kid Again .. Audio Bullys; Real Life 2009
London Transport For London - Better Off By Bike Campaign .. Dawn Landes; Straight Lines 2007
London Transport For London .. David Motion; Chamber Music IV 2006
Look What We Found Tees Valley Meatballs .. Cliff Richard and The Shadows; In The Country 2012 watch
LOUD by Tommy Hilfiger: Scent Remixed .. The Ting Tings; Were Not The Same 2010 watch
Love It! Magazine .. Huey 'Piano' Smith and His Clowns; Don't You Just Know It 2007
Lovefilm Instant Try It For Free .. College A Real Hero 2012 watch
Lovefilm Instant Late Night .. Emiliana Torrini; Gun 2012 watch
Lovefilm .. Lotte Mullan; It Must Be Love 2012 watch
Lovefilm .. James Vincent McMorrow; Higher Love 2011 watch
Lovefilm .. MoZella; Love is Endless 2011 listen
Lovefilm .. Robert Palmer; Addicted To Love 2011 listen
Lovefilm .. Status Quo; Whatever You Want 2011 listen
Lovefilm .. Huey Lewis and the News; Power Of Love 2010 listen
Lovefilm .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2009 listen
Lovefilm .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2009 listen
Lovefilm .. Madness; It Must Be Love 2009 listen
Lucozade Energy: YES .. The James Cleaver Quintet; Buck Rogers 2011 watch
Lucozade Sport: Lite .. DJ Fresh; Louder 2011 watch
Lucozade Sport: YES .. Tinie Tempah ft Travis Barker; Simply Unstoppable (YES Remix) 2011 watch
Lucozade Energy: Do More .. The Plight; Ball and Chain 2010 watch
Lucozade: The Energy Within, New Orleans/Hamburg .. Brigade; What Are You Waiting For 2008 watch
Lucozade Energy .. UNKLE; Safe In Mind (Please Take This Gun From Out My Face) 2006
Lucozade Sport - Fine Line .. Scratch Perverts; Stand By 2006
Lucozade Energy: Zombie ad .. Audio Bullies; We Don't Care 2006
Lunn Poly .. Marvelettes; When You're Young And In Love 2000
Lurpak Lighter Be Wonderful and Wise .. Rutger Hauer; Cooking Up A Rainbow 2012 watch
Lurpak: Kitchen Odyssey .. Alexandre Desplat; Canis Lupus 2011 watch
Lux Shower Gel - Limousine .. 411; Dumb 2004
LV.com .. Sonics; Have Love, Will Travel 2007
Lynx Hair Get Some Hair Action .. Jacqueline Taïeb; La Plus Belle Chanson 2012 watch
Lynx Attract Unleash the Chaos .. Katie Lee; It Must Be Something Psychological 2012 watch
Lynx 2012 - Get It On For The End Of The World .. Specially Recorded; No Man Can Walk Alone 2011 watch
Lynx Excite - My Angel Girlfriend .. Linda Ronstadt; Different Drum 2011 watch
Lynx - Summer Holiday .. Courtney John - Lucky Man 2011 watch
Lynx Shower Gel - The Wash .. Brenda & the Tabulations; The Wash 2011 watch
Lynx Excite: Even Angels Will Fall .. The Fallen Angels; Sexy Boy 2011 watch
Lynx - Getting Dressed .. Israel Kamakawiwoole; Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2010 watch
Lynx Twist The Fragrance That Changes .. Juan Pablo Gariglio-bone with a dog/Special Track 2010 watch
Lynx Hot Fever .. Harry Belafonte; Jump In The Line 2009
Lynx Bullet - Pocket Pulling Power .. Seeds; Can't Seem To Make You Mine 2009
Lynx Instinct .. Cody ChesnuTT; Look Good In Leather 2009
Lynx: chocolate man .. Allen Toussaint; Sweet Touch of Love 2008
Lynx 3; Mix things up .. Micah P. Hinson; Yard Of Blonde Girls 2008
Lynx Boost Shower Gel .. Blueskins; Change My Mind 2006
Lynx Deodorant - Click .. Johnny 'Guitar' Watson; Gangster of Love 2006
Lynx deodorant .. The Bees; Chicken Payback
Lynx .. Israel Kamakawiwo'ole; Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2004
Lynx .. Esquivel; Miniskirt 1999
M & Co - Effortless Style .. Jasmine Kara; Try My Love Again 2011 watch
M & Ms .. Iron & Wine: 'Such Great Heights'
Macleans Teeth Care Sponsors of Dancing on Ice .. Slow Club; Apples and Pairs 2010 watch
Magic FM .. Michael Buble: Everything 2007
Magners Perfect Bar .. Fleetwood Mac; I've Lost My Baby 2008 watch
Magners Light .. Os Mutantes/The Bees; A Minha Menina 2008 watch
Magners Cider .. Byrds; Lazy Days 2008 watch
Magners Cider: Indoor Celebrations .. Steve Earle ft. Sharon Shannon; Galway Girl 2008 watch
Magners Christmas .. Fiona Melady; Don't Sit Under The Apple Tree 2007
Magners Cider .. The Kinks; Sunny Afternoon 2007
Magners That Journey .. Fatboy Slim; The Journey 2007
Magners Cider .. Zombies; 'Time of the Season' 2006
Magners Cider .. INXS; 'Beautiful Girl' 2006
Magners Cider .. Strangeloves; Night Time 2006
Magners Cider .. Donovan; Sunshine Superman 2006
Magners Cider .. Thin Lizzy; Dancing In The Moonlight 2006
Magnet Your Perfect Kitchen .. Julie Andrews; Getting To Know You (From The King and I) 2008 watch
Mail On Sunday You Mag .. Alex Ball (composer)/Phillipa Alexander (singer); Sunday Girl 2010 watch
Mail On Sunday Tesco Couplons .. Buddy Holly; Everyday 2009
Mail On Sunday Roxy Music CD .. Roxy Music; Avalon 2009
Mail on Sunday John Lennon CD .. John Lennon; Jealous Guy 2009
Mail on Sunday John Lennon CD .. John Lennon; Imagine 2009
Mail on Sunday Simply Red - Stars Give Away .. Simply Red; Stars 2008
Mail on Sunday Travis CD Promotion .. Travis; Flowers In The Window 2007
Mail on Sunday .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2007
Mail on Sunday Planet Earth by Prince - Free Cd .. Prince; Guitar 2007
Mail on Sunday Maybe Baby - free DVD .. Barry White; You're The First, The Last, My Everything 2006
Maltesers Celebrating 75 Years .. Jess Penner All Smiles 2012 listen
Mango - Kate Moss .. Bradley Michael Holland; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Manikin Cigars .. Manfred Mann; A 'B' Side 1969
Marks & Spencer Summer To Remember .. Gary Barlow; Here Comes The Sun 2012 watch
Marks & Spencers - Perfect Christmas Party Food .. Olly Murs; Busy (Instrumental) 2011 watch
Marks & Spencers - Christmas Ad .. X-Factor 2011 finalists; If You Wish Upon A Star 2011 watch
Marks and Spencer - Terribly Clever .. Olly Murs; Busy (Instrumental) 2011 watch
Marks and Spencer - The Date .. The Ronettes - Be My Baby 2011 watch .
Marks and Spencer The Rendezvous .. Billy Paul; Me and Mrs Jones 2011 watch .
Marks & Spencer Apricot Tart .. Olly Murs; Busy 2011 watch
Marks and Spencer Summer 2011 - Miami .. Michael Bublé; It Had Better Be Tonight 2011 watch
M & S - Dont Put a Foot Wrong This Christmas .. Bee Gees: You Should Be Dancing 2010 watch
M & S Fashion Fall For It .. Cheryl Lynn; Got To Be Real 2010 watch
M & S - Spring 2010 Collection .. Cheryl Lynn; Got To Be Real 2010 watch
Marks & Spencer - 125 Years .. Take That; Greatest Day 2009 watch
Marks & Spencer - Cook Asian .. Booker T and The MGs; Soul Limbo 2009
Marks & Spencer - Xmas Take That ad .. Macy Gray - Winter Wonderland 2008 watch
Marks & Spencer - Your Store .. David Bowie; Lets Dance 2008 watch
Marks & Spencer - Bureau De Change .. Gypsy Kings; Bambaleo 2008
Marks & Spencer Food .. Spandau Ballet; True 2008
Marks & Spencer - Free from artificial colours; Eva Cassidy; True Colors 2008 watch
M & S - Food (Free Range Eggs) .. Donovan; Mellow Yellow 2008 watch
M & S Clothes .. Erika Eigen; I Want to Marry A Lighthouse Keeper 2008 watch
M & S Christmas Belles .. Andy Williams; It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year 2007 watch
M & S .. Charioteers: Oooh, Look-A-There, Ain't She Pretty? 2007 watch
M & S/Marks & Spencer Clothes .. Small Faces; Itcheycoo Park 2007 watch
M & S Food .. Groove Armada; At The River 2007 watch
M & S Christmas Food .. Santana: "Samba Pa Ti" 2006 watch
M & S Food .. Santana: "Samba Pa Ti" ~ UK (2006)
M & S Fire and Ice .. Shirley Bassey; Get The Party Started 2006 watch
M & S Kids .. Monkees: "(Theme from) The Monkees" ~ UK 2006
M & S More Credit Card .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra; Theme from The Avengers 2006
M & S Clothes .. Steve Harley/Cockney Rebel: 'Make Me Smile (Come Up & See Me)' 2006
M & S .. Mikis Theodorakis; Zorba The Greek 2006
M & S .. Sailor; A Glass Of Champagne 2006 watch
M & S Clothes .. Ethel Merman; There's No Business Like Show Business 2005
M & S Clothes .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO); Mr Blue Sky 2005
M & S Food .. Fleetwood Mac: "Albatross" ~ (2005)
M & S .. Finley Quaye; Your Love Gets Sweeter 2004
M & S More Credit Card .. Dean Martin; That's Amore 2003
M & S .. Brian Ferry: "Let's Get Together ~ UK
Marmaduke Trailer .. Kei$ha; Tik tok 2010 watch
Mars - Work Together.. Radford Music/ Gary Nock; Make it Better 2011 watch
Mars - Raised Voices .. England New Order; World In Motion 2010 watch
Mars .. Hubert Parry; Jerusalem 2009
Mars: Twix - Free Cuppa .. Whitesnake; Here I Go Again 2009 watch
Mars: Maltesers .. Abba; Mamma Mia 2008 watch
Mars Free Football ad .. Rossini; La Gazza Ladra Overture: The Thieving Magpie 2008 watch
Mars Bar (bell ringing monks) .. House Of Pain; Jump Around 2008 watch
Mars: Twix .. Peter Grant; Happy Together 2007
Mars: Planets .. Sweet: Blockbuster 2007
Mars .. New Order; Blue Monday 2006
Mars: Celebrations .. Blues Brothers: Everybody Needs Somebody To Love 2005/09
Mars: Maltesers .. Chaka Demus and Pliers; Tease Me 2000
Mastercard Rewards .. Bonnie Tyler; Total Eclipse Of The Heart 2010 watch
Mastercard .. Randy Newman; Feels Like Home 2009
Mastercard Euro 2008 Commentators .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2008
Mastercard .. Alice Cooper; School's Out 2008 watch
Mastercard Travel Promotion .. Fink; This is the Thing 2007
Mastercard .. Findlay Brown; "Come Home" (late 2006)
Mastercard Brit Awards Sponsorship .. King; Love And Pride 2006
Mastercard Brit Awards Sponsorship .. Natasha Bedingfield; 'These Words' 2006
Matalan - Christmas Snowglobes .. Cinnamon Girl; Set You Free 2011 watch
Matalan - Forever Spring .. Crystal Fighters; Plage 2011 watch
Matalan - Best Christmas Ever? .. A Fine Frenzy; What I Wouldnt Do 2010 watch
Matalan .. Kingsmen; Louie, Louie 2006
Matalan - Expect More .. Andrea True Connection; More, More, More 2006
Matalan .. Louis Armstrong: "Zat You Santa Claus" 2005
Match.com Accidental Duet .. Squeak E. Clean; Its Just Me 2010 DL (music made for ad)
Match.com .. Dan Hill; Sometimes When I Touch You 2007
Mateus Rose .. Touch and Go; Ecoutez, Repetez 2005
Mattessons Fridge Raiders: Chicken Bites .. Andrew Kremer & Benedict Green; Gdansk Skank 2008
Mattessons Fridge Raiders .. I Monster; The Blue Wrath (Bloated) 2006
Maxwell House Coffee .. Madness: 'Our House'
Maybelline - One By One VolumExpress Mascara .. Dick Dale & His Del Tones; Misirlou 2011 watch
Maybelline Collossal .. Lalo Schifrin; Mission Impossible Theme 2009
Maynards .. Major Maker; Rollercoaster 2008
Mazda .. Noisettes: Don't Upset The Rhythm 2008
Mazda 6 .. Jupiter One; Platform Moon 2007/8 watch
Mazda 2 .. Infadels; Can't Get Enough 2007
Mazda MX5 .. Jan Cyrka; Cartel 2006
Mazda MX5 & MX6 .. Serapis Bey; Zoom Zoom Zoom 2002
Max Factor: Diva Lip Gloss .. Sohodolls; Stripper 2010 watch
McCain Potato Food Family Life .. Supertramp; Give a Little Bit 2010 watch
McCain Home Fries .. Lionel Bart; Food, Glorious Food (From Oliver!) 2007
McCoy Crisps .. Paul Anka: Puppy Love 2007
McDonalds - Hes Happy .. Special Commission; On The Street Where You Live 2011 watch
McDonalds - 1955 Burger .. Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers; Why Do Fools Fall in Love? 2011 watch .
McDonalds BCO .. Bob Dorough; Three Is The Magic Number 2011 watch
McDonalds - Happy Box .. The Dave Clark Five; Glad All Over 2011 watch
McDonalds Full Bean Coffee .. The Dave Brubeck Quartet: Unsquare Dance 2010 watch
McDonalds Weather 2 .. The Swingle Singers: William Tell Overture 2010 watch
McDonald's Golden Arches Beacon .. Willie Nelson; On The Road Again 2010 watch
McDonald's Summer Coke Glasses .. Maceo and the Macks Cross the Tracks (We Better Go Back) 2010 watch
McDonalds Weather .. Vernon Elliott; From Visiting Friends (The Clangers) 2010 watch
McDonalds Summer Menu .. Sam Means; Yeah Yeah watch
McDonalds Great Tastes of America .. Jerome Moross; Big Country 2010 watch
McDonalds CBO .. Bob Dorough; Three Is The Magic Number 2010
McDonalds Favourites .. Elmer Bernstein; The City 2009 watch
McDonalds Chicken Legend .. Roger Miller; King of The Road 2009 watch
McDonalds .. Jerry Keller; Here Comes Summer 2009
McDonalds Cornetto McFlurry .. Pavarotti; O Sole Mio 2009
McDonalds .. Bing Crosby; Busy Doing Nothing 2009
McDonalds Working With Farmers .. Roger Miller Whistlestop 2008 watch
McDonalds Festive Menu .. Elmer Bernstein; The Great Escape 2007 watch
McDonalds Free Coca Cola Glass Promotion .. Incognito; Everybody Loves The Sunshine 2007 watch
McDonalds Summer BBQ Menu .. TV Theme; Galloping Home (Theme From Black Beauty) 2007 watch
McDonalds .. ABC; Poison Arrow 2006 watch
McDonalds .. John Barry; Midnight Cowboy 2002
McDonalds .. Paraffin Jack Flash; Blue & Groovy 2000
McEwans .. Eddie and The Hot Rods; Do Anything You Wanna Do 2000
McEwans .. Win; You've Got The Power 1988-89
McVitie's Crumbs .. Xavier Cugat; Tea For Two 2005 watch
Mentos 3 - Three Is Better .. Blak Prophetz; What I$ Rap? (Mentos TV Advert Remix) 2011 watch
Mentos .. Sequins; I Get What I Want 2009
Mercedes Benz - 125 Years .. Belleruche; Northern Girls 2011 watch
Mercedes-Benz AMG Cars .. Massive Attack; Danny the Dog 2010 watch
Mercedes-Benz Presence .. Nick Cave & Warren Ellis; Martha's Dream 2008 watch
Meteor .. Arthur And Yu; The Ghost Of Old Bull Lee 2008 watch
MFI 2008 Collection .. Patrick Street; Music For A Found Harmonium 2007 watch
Michelob Beer .. Eric Clapton: 'After Midnight 1988 watch
Michelob Beer .. Phil Collins; Tonight, Tonight, Tonight 1987 watch
Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 A More Beautiful Web .. Alex Clare; Too Close 2012 watch
Midland Bank .. Madness; It Must Be Love 1994
Miller Genuine Draught .. Jude; Crescent Heights 2007
Miller .. Le Hammond Inferno; Speech Defects 2006 watch
Miller Genuine Draught .. Takako Minekawa; Fantastic Cat 2005 watch
Milton Keynes The Centre:MK & Midsummer Place - Wish List .. Haircut 100; Fantastic Day 2008 watch
Mind Time To Change .. Brian Eno; An Ending (Ascent) 2009
Mini Roadster Cliffhanger .. Orhan Gencebay; Hayat Kavgasi 2012 watch
Mini Viking Invasion - Ban Boredom .. Baby Woodrose; Volcano 2008 watch
Mini Clubman - Etch-A-Sketch .. ESG; Tiny Sticks 2008 watch
Mini Clubman - Birds .. Bob McGrath & Loretta Long; One of These Things (One of These Sounds) 2007
Mitsubishi Lancer .. Manfred Mann; 54321 2010
Mitsubishi Lancer .. Dean Martin; The Birds and The Bees 2009 watch
Mitsubishi L200 .. Bob Dylan; A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall 2006
Mitsubishi .. Sweet: 'Ballroom Blitz'
Mitsubishi .. Tommy James and the Shondells: 'Draggin' the Line'
Möben - Choreographed Kitchen .. Propellerheads; Crash 2007/8
Moneysupermarket.com: Like A Winner .. Joe Bean Esposito Youre The Best 2012 watch
Moneysupermarket.com: King of the Jungle .. Tight Fit; The Lion Sleeps Tonight 2011 watch
Moneysupermarket.com: Crocodile Surfer .. The Surfaris; Wipeout 2011 watch
Monday Charities Lottery .. Jam; Monday 2006
Monster.com (daybreak).. Rebecca Cherry/Cherry-Tate Music Productions: 'a special for the ad' 2008
Monster.com (own path) .. Chemical Brothers: "Dream on" 2008 watch
Monster.com (big legs) .. Obernkirchen Children's Choir; Happy Wanderer 2007/8
Monster.com .. ELO: 'Do Ya'
More 4 Iraq: The Bloody Circus .. Ben Christophers; Falls Into View 2006
More Than: Car Insurance .. Simple Minds; Alive and Kicking 2010 watch
More Than: Home Insurance .. Gerry Rafferty; Baker Street 2010 watch
More Than .. Queen; You're My Best Friend 2010 watch
More Than .. East 17; It's Alright 2009
More Than: Free Home Contents with Buildings Insurance .. Diana Ross; Upside Down 2009
More Than: Home Insurance .. Barry White; Can't Get Enough Of Your Love, Babe 2009 watch
More Than: Pet Insurance .. Minnie Ripperton; Lovin' You 2009 watch
More Than: Car Insurance .. Lionel Richie; Easy 2008 watch
More Than .. Paul Clarkson; Day After Day 2006
More Than .. Elvis Presley; Old Shep 2001
Morrisons .. Take That; Shine 2007
Motorola RAZR .. Black Rebel Motorcycle Club; Spread Your Love 2011 watch
Motorola ROKR E8 - Dancing Phones .. MSTRKRFT; Work On You (Para One Remix) 2008
Motorola RAZR2 .. Shiny Toy Guns; Le Disko 2007
Motorola Z8 .. Rob Dougan; Will You Follow Me? 2007
Motorola KRZR K1 .. Icicles; Sugar Sweet 2006
Motorola Flex .. Bedouin Soundclash: "When the night feel my song"
Motorpoint.co.uk .. Alma Cogan; Jolly Good Company 2008 watch
Mr Kipling - Exceedingly Happy Cakes .. Arthur Askey; It's A Hap-Hap-Happy Day 2008 watch
MTV: M stands for music .. Pheonix; 1901 2010 listen
Müller - Wünderful Stuff .. Guy Farley; Wünderful Stuff 2011 watch
Müller Corner Yogurts Thank You Cows .. REO Speedwagon; Cant Fight This Feeling 2010 watch
Müller Mix It Up .. East 17; It's Alright 2009 watch
Müller Mix It Up .. 2 Unlimited; No Limit 2008 watch
Müller Mix It Up .. EMF Unbelievable 2008 watch
Müller Little Stars .. Natalie Williams: 'Ain't Got No (I Got Life)' 2006 watch
Mylanta .. John Sebastian: 'Welcome Back'
N >
National Bingo Big'n .. Shirley Bassey; Big Spender 2007 watch
National Blood Service .. Campbell; The Blood Donor 2005
National Lottery Scratchcards: 2 Billion Winners .. James Radford; Two Billion 2012 watch
National Lottery - Lotto Monkey Sanctuary .. Tony Bennett; The Good Life 2011 watch
National Lottery - Private Jet .. David Holmes; Snake Eyes 2011 watch
National Lottery .. Bo Diddley; Roadrunner 2010 watch
National Lottery .. Barry Louis Polisar All I Want Is You 2008
National Lottery Think Lotto .. Faces; Ooh La La 2008
National Lottery Play Together, Win Together .. Rossini William; Tell Overture 2007 watch
National Lottery Monopoly Scratchcard .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2007
National Lottery .. Patience and Prudence; Smile and a Ribbon 2006
National Lottery Smile .. Sir Granville Bantock; Lento Sostenuto from "Celtic Symphony" 2006
National Lottery .. Violent Femmes; Blister In The Sun 2005
National Lottery Lucky Lotto .. Jimmy Cliff; Wonderful World, Beautiful People 2005
National Rail 2 for 1 Entry - Attractions .. John Malcolm; Non Stop (Theme From ITN News) 2005
Nationwide Building Society - Carousel .. Ludovico Einaudi; Snow Prelude No. 3 in C Major 2011 watch
Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England (Setanta) .. Doves; There Goes The Fear 2008
Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England (Sky) .. Muse; Starlight 2008
Nationwide Home Improvement Electric Garage Doors .. Vivaldi Spring; (Allegro) from 'The Four Seasons' 2005
Nature's Own 100% whole wheat bread .. hired session singers; I Dont Love You Too Much Do I 2006 watch
Natwest Bank .. Will Young; Grace 2008 watch
Natwest Bank: Switch .. John Roos; Gambling Joint 2005
NCL Am. Hawaiian Cruise Lines .. Danny & the Juniors: 'Let's Go To The Hop'
Nescafe Gold Blend Fall In Love .. Rebecca Ferguson; Nothings Real But Love 2012 watch
Nescafé Dolce Gusto .. Outlines; I Cannot Think (English Gentlemen Re-work) 2011 watch
Nestle Nescafe - 3 in 1 .. Supergrass; Alright 2011 watch
Nestlé: Kit Kat - Crane drivers .. The Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2011 watch
Nestle: Shredded Wheat - Top It .. Isley Brothers; It's Your Thing 2011 watch
Nestle: Kit Kat .. The Enemy; We'll Live and Die In These Towns 2010 watch
Nestle: Nescafe Gold Blend .. Dean Martin; Sway 2010 watch
Nestle: Aero - Feel The Bubbles .. Jackson Five; ABC 2009 watch
Nestle: Go Free with Daley Thompson .. Aaron Copland Fanfare For The Common Man 2008 watch
Nestle: Nescafe Collection - Awaken Your Senses .. Babel Gilberto; Samba Da Bencao 2008
Nestle: Nescafe Dolce Gusto Coffee Maker .. James Brown; Sex Machine 2006
Nestle: Fitnesse .. India Arie; Video 2006
Nestle: Cheerios .. Torpedo Boyz; Any Trash Professor Abacus? 2005
Nestle: Aero .. Henry Mancini; Lujon 2005
Nestle: Aero ..Black Mighty Orchestra; Ocean Beach 2005
Nestle: Kit Kat - Kit Kash Promotion .. Bill Conti; Theme From Dynasty 2005
Network Q .. Platters; Only You 2000
New Balance Happy Feet.. Ben Howard; The Wolves 2012 watch
New Look - 100 Days of Summer .. Darwin Deez; Up In The Clouds 2011 watch
New Look - 20% Off Partywear .. INXS; Suicide Blonde 2010 watch
New York .. Ella Fitzgerald; Take The "A" Train (Remix) 2007
New York Bagels .. Kula Shaker; Hush 2006
New Zealand .. Jason Kerrison; Waiting 2005
New Zealand Tourist Board .. Crowded House; Dont Dream Its Over 2000
News of the World Fabulous Magazine .. db Boulevard; Point of View 2008 watch
News of the World Score .. Elgar Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2005
Next.co.uk - Timing .. Haddaway; What Is Love? 2011 watch
Next Autumn 2010 .. The Specials; A Message To You Rudy 2010 watch
Next.co.uk Route 66 Road Trip .. The Dandy Warhols; Bohemian Like You 2010 watch
Next: Rio .. Ava Leigh; Mas Que Nada 2008
Next: Christmas Changes .. Louis Armstrong; Cool Yule 2007
Next: Directory - 25 Years .. KT Tunstall; Suddenly I See 2007
NFU Mutual .. Hindi Zahra; Beautiful Tango 2007
NHS Antibiotics Dont Cure Viruses .. Bob Dylan; Subterranean Homesick Blues 2008 watch
NHS Stop Smoking Campaign .. Chairmen of the Board; Give Me Just A Little more Time 2007
NHS Anti Smoking Campaign .. Muse; Can't Take My Eyes Off You 2005
Nice & Easy Hair Dye .. Kim Carnes; Bette Davis Eyes 2008
Nickleodeon .. All Seeing I; Beat Goes On 2003
Nike Chosen - Just Do It .. Hanni El Khatib; I Got A Thing 2011 watch
Nike Air Max Lunar .. MNEK and Nathan Retro; Lunar Riddim 2011 watch
Nike - Free Yourself .. The Launderettes; Nobody But Me 2011 watch
Nike Air Max 90 .. Peter Fox; Alles Neu (Instrumental) 2010 watch
Nike Champions League Final (Nike write The Future; Full Length Version) .. Focus; Hocus Pocus 2010 watch
Nike T90 Laser III Football Boots.. 16 Bit; Jump 2010 watch
Nike - Courage .. The Killers; All These Things That I've Done 2008
Nike .. Johnny Cash; Hurt 2006
Nike .. Delinquent Habits; Return of the Tres 2006
Nike .. Sergio Mendes & Black Eyed Peas; Mas Que Nada 2006
Nike .. Faces; Ooh La La 2005
Nike .. Norman Greenbaum: "Spirit in the Sky" ~ US
Nike .. The Guess Who: 'American Woman' ~ late 90's
Nike Jose +10 .. RJD2; De L'Alouette 2006
Nike Jose +10 .. Jim Noir; Eanie Meany 2006
Nike Joga Bonita (Ronaldinho) .. Barbatuques; Baiao Destemperado 2006
Nike Joga Bonita (Wayne Rooney) .. Radio 4; Caroline 2006
Nikon 1 One Step Ahead .. Radical Face; Welcome Home 2011 watch
Nikon - Capture Statues with Coolpix S3100 .. Radical Face; Welcome Home 2011 watch
Nikon .. Radical Face Welcome Home Son 2010 watch
Nimble Bread .. Honeybus; I Cant Let Maggie Go 2000
Nina Ricci LElixir - Enchanted Walk .. Florrie; Sunday Girl 2010 watch
Nintendo Wii - Michael Jackson Experience .. Michael Jackson; Billie Jean 2010 watch
Nintendo DS: Animal Crossing .. Renee Olstead; A Love That Will Last 2006
Niquitin .. Snap; The Power 2003
Nissan Juke Built to Thrill .. The Horrors; The Kraken 2012 watch
Nissan Qashqai - Ultimate Urban Car .. Hanni El Khatib; Human Fly 2011 watch
Nissan Juke - Energise The City .. Fredrika Stahl; Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (DatA Remix) 2011 watch
Nissan Micra - In Sync With The City .. Oh No! Oh My!; Walk In The Park 2011 watch
Nissan Juke - Urbanproof Energised .. Fredrika Stahl; Twinkle Twinkle Little Star 2010 watch
Nissan Qashqai .. Amon Tobin; Four Ton Mantis (Bonobo mix) 2010
Nissan Quashai; Urbanproof .. Giuseppe Verdi; La Traviata - Sempre Libera 2008
Nissan Exterra .. Donnas; Fall Behind Me 2005
Nissan 350Z .. Ramblin' Jack Elliott; Car Song 2005
Nissan .. Vines; Ride 2005
Nissan .. Stevie Ray Vaughan: "Voodoo Chile" ~ US
Nivea Skincare - 100 Years For Life .. Rihanna; California King Bed 2011 watch
Nivea Visage - Q10 Plus .. Kaki King; Close To Me 2010 watch
Nivea: silhouette .. Sugar Pie DeSanto: Go Go Power 2008
Nivea: dry 24 hours deodorant .. Asher Lane; New Days 2006
Nivea Visage Young .. Rhesus; Just Let Go 2006
Nivea Lotions .. Bobby Vinton; Blue Velvet 2000
Nobby's Crisps .. Slade; Mama Weer All Crazee Now 2006
Nobby's Nuts .. Slade; Skweeze Me Pleeze Me 2005
Nokia Lumia - The Amazing Everday ..Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs; Garden 2011/12 watch
Nokia E7 - Smartphone .. Lovvers; Creepy Crawl 2011 watch
Nokia N8 - Smartphone .. Brian Eno; Deep Blue Day 2011 watch
Nokia GPS-enabled Smartphones .. Chromeo; Me & My Man (Chromeo vs Whitey Fly Whitey Mix) 2010 watch
Nokia X6 - Gig Entertainment .. Flaming Lips; Silver Trembling Hands 2010
Nokia 6220: Maps Connecting People .. Claude Debussy; Claire De Lune (Suite Bergamasque) 2008
Nokia 5300 .. Bonde Do Role; Solta O Frango 2007
Nokia Cath Kidston Range .. Bernard Hermann; Twisted Nerve 2006
Nokia 6233 .. Shaggy; Boombastic 2006
Nokia L'Amour .. DJ Sayem; World of Flowers 2006
Nokia 'N' Series Phones N70 , N90 & N91 .. Moby; In My Heart 2006
Nokia Pop Idol 2005 .. Mint Royale; Sexiest Man In Jamaica 2005
Nokia 6101 .. Hot Butter; Popcorn 2005
Northern Ireland .. Van Morrison; Brown Eyed Girl 2000
Northern Rock Building Society .. Sting; Fields Of Gold 2000
Norwich Union .. Tommy Roe or Manfred Mann; Sweet Pea 2007
Norwich Union .. Spike Jones; Hawaiian War Chant 2007
Norwich Union .. Ella Fitzgerald; I Wonder Why 2004
N-Power: Topsy Turvy .. Bing Crosby; Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate The Posisive 2008
N-Power .. Johnny Panic; Happy Together 2006
NSPCC What Will We Leave? .. Elizabeth Mitchell; You Are My Sunshine 2010 watch
NSPCC .. Sigur Ros; Svefn-G-Englar 2006
NSPCC .. Brian Eno; An Ending (Ascent) 2006
NSPCC .. Kate Bush; This Woman's Work 2005
Nurofen .. Manu Delago; Mono Desire (Hang Drum Solo) 2010 watch
O >>
O2 On & On .. Specially Recorded; Little Boxes 2012 watch
O2 - Priority Moments, Things Are Changing .. Jedd Holden; Little Boxes 2012 watch
O2 Things Are Changing .. Sniffy Dog ft Adrienne Stiefel; Little Boxes 2012 watch
O2 - January Sale .. Freelance Whales; Generator (First Floor) 2012 watch
O2 - Priority Moments .. Foster The People - Pumped Up Kicks 2011 watch
O2 - Broadband- Niggles and Narks .. Christopher Slaski; Comissioned Composition 2010 watch
O2 - Pool Party .. Jaylib; The Red 2010 watch
O2 - Bluebook (memories) .. A Cuckoo; The Girl From My Dreams 2008
O2 .. Coldcut: Walk A Mile In My Shoes 2007
O2 .. Jackson and His Computer Band; Utopia 2006
Oasis Cactus Boy .. Orff: Gassenhauer from Musica Poetica:Schulwerk 2008
Observer Music Monthly - Who Feature .. Who; Who Are You 2006
Observer Franz Ferdinand Promotion .. Franz Ferdinand; Matinee 2005
Office Max .. The Spinners: 'Rubberband Man'
Office Max .. Alice Cooper: 'School's Out'
Olay Regenerist .. Soft Cell; Tainted Love 2005
Olay Oil Of Ulay .. Nat King Cole; Stay As Sweet As You Are 2000
Old Jamaica Ginger Beer: Beach Party .. The Jolly Boys; Great Balls of Fire 2010 ( a tribute video of the Jolly Boys)
Old Spice .. Orff; O Fortuna from Carmina Burana 2000
Oliver Stone - Born on the 4th of July .. Buffalo Springfield; For What It's Worth 1996
Options Indulgence - Hot Chocolate Rabbit .. Lord Rockingham's XI; Fried Onions 2011 watch
Oral-B .. Eric Carmen; All By Myself 2011 watch
Orange - The Orange Show .. The Muppets; The Muppet Theme 2011 listen
Orange - The Orange Show .. The Muppets ; Mah Na Mah Na 2011 listen
Orange - Film To Go .. Specially Recorded Version - Dick Dale-Deltones; Misirlou 2011 watch
Orange & T-Mobile - Shared Network .. Frank Sinatra; Love And Marriage 2011 listen
Orange Windows Phone .. Grieg; Hall of the Mountain King (from Peer Gynt) 2010 watch
Orange: Phone Fund Kerching! .. Frédéric Chopin; Nocturne Op 9 No 2 in E-Flat 2010 watch
Orange: "A" Team Gold Spot .. Mike Post; Theme From The 'A' Team 2010 listen
Orange: Dolphin ad - Free Mobile Internet .. Chopin; Nocturn Op 9 No 2 in E Flat Minor 2010 watch
Orange: Pay As You Go Animals .. Born Ruffians Hummingbird 2008
Orange: animals return .. Simple Kid; 'Lil King Kong 2008
Orange Mobile (people are good together) .. Devendra Banhart; Little Yellow Spider 2007
Orange Togetherness .. Laurel & Hardy: Let Me Call You Sweetheart 2006
Orange Bike .. Funky Lowlives; Time To Let You Go 2006
Orange .. Oceansize; Music For A Nurse 2006
Orange 2 for 1 3G Phones Promotion .. Elton John; Turn The Lights Out When You Leave 2005
Orange Magic Numbers .. Nat Baldwin: Only In My Dreams 2006
Orangina .. Gypsy Kings; Pida Me La 2000
Organix Goodies - Thank Goodness For Goodies .. Specially Commissioned; The Goodies Theme 2011 watch
Ovaltine Light .. Heatwave; Mind Blowing Decisions 2000
Oxfam Be Aware .. Muse; New Born 2008
Oxfam Unwrapped: Alpacas .. Baby Bird: You're Gorgeous 2006
Oxfam .. Feeder; Tender 2005
P & O Cruises .. Feeder; Feeling The Moment (2007)
P & O Cruises .. Handel: "Zadok the Priest" (2006)
P & O Stena Line .. Robert Palmer; Riptide 2000
Pacific Life: Tail Slap Sports Music .. composed & recorded specificallyfor the ad; Fight Song. 2008 watch
Paco Rabanne Lady Million Click Again .. Commissioned; Do It Again 2010 watch
Palm Pixi Plus Change Your Life .. Mos Def; Quiet Dog 2010 watch
Palmolive Soft And Gentle Deodorant .. Phyllis Nelson; Move Closer 2000
Pampers Unicef Promotion .. Frank Sinatra; Sleep Warm 2007
Pampers .. KC and the Sunshine Band; That's The Way I Like It 2007
Pampers .. Thomas Newman; Any Other Name (Theme from 'American Beauty') 2007
Pampers Active Fit .. Wagner; Ride Of The Valkyries 2006
Pampers .. Snap: 'I Got The Power'
Panasonic Viera 3D TV .. Sally J Johnson; Dreaming Out Loud 2010 watch
Pandora: Unforgettable Moments .. Silas Bjerregaard; Pandora 2011 watch
Pantene .. Jem; They 2009
Pantene .. Natasha Bedingfield; Unwritten 2007
Pantene Pro-V Movement Trial .. Mirwais; Disco Science 2006
Pantene Pro V .. Etta James; Fire 2006
Pantene Ice Shine .. Martina Topley-Bird; Release In Love 2006
ParalympicsGB - Some Achieve Greatness .. Paul McCartney & Wings; Live And Let Die 2008
Paramount Comedy Channel: Sex and the City .. Shirley Bassey; Big Spender 2008
Paramount Comedy Channel: This Spring.. Etta James; At Last 2008
Paramount Comedy Channel: Sex and the City .. The Creatures; Right Now 2008
Paramount Comedy Channel: Scrubs Series 5 .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2007
Paramount Comedy Channel: Suburban Shootout .. Fatboy Slim; Going Out Of My Head 2006
Paramount Comedy Channel: American Classics Weekend .. Faces; Ooh La La 2006
Paramount Comedy Channel .. Mary Hopkin; Those Were The Days 2003
Park Savings Club Christmas 2006 .. Queen; A Kind of Magic 2005
Parker Pens .. Plain White T's; Take Me Away 2006
Paul Simon Home Furnishing .. Sheryl Crow; A Change Would Do You Good 2010 watch
PDSA Give Something Back .. Special commission; composer: Guy Farley, singer: Helen Boulding 2008
PDSA .. Eva Cassidy; True Colors 2007
PDSA Legacy Appeal .. Ronan Keating; When You Say Nothing At All 2005
Pearl Drops .. Supernaturals; Smile 2011 listen
Peperami Cheezer .. Brotherhood of Man; Save all your Kisses for Me 2000
Pepsi Max Kick In The Mix .. Calvin Harris feat Ne-Yo; Lets Go 2012 watch
Pepsi Max - Wait Til Monday .. Pascal Ebony/Fabrice Smadja ft Myo; Your Mother Wont Approve 2011 watch
Pepsi World Cup 2010 .. Akon ft. Keri Hilson; Oh Africa 2010 watch
Pepsi Max .. Black Eyed Peas; More 2007
Pepsi Max .. Cloud Room; Hey Now Now 2007
Pepsi World Cup .. Trio; Da Da Da 2006
Pepsi Max Cino .. Wirebirds; Anything Goes 2006
Pepsi .. Queen; We Will Rock You 2004
Pepsi .. Rod Stewart; Rhythm Of My Heart 2000
Pepsi .. Gloria Estefan; Seal Our Fate 2000
Pepsi .. Village People; YMCA 2000
Pepsi .. Tina Turner; Simply The Best 2000
Pepsi .. Marvin Gaye; It Takes Two 2000
Pepsi .. Janet Jackson; Control 2000
Pepsi .. Michael Jackson; Billie Jean 1984
Pepsi .. Lovin' Spoonful: 'Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind' ~ US
Pepsi .. Bee Gees: 'Stayin Alive' ~ US
Perfume Shop - If Only You Could Bottle It .. Specially Recorded; Make You Feel My Love 2011 watch
Peroni .. Shirelles; Baby It's You 2006
Persil .. Rachel Portman; Roboboy 2008
Persil - Small & Mighty Blood and Mud .. White Denim; Shake Shake Shake 2011 listen .
Persil - Small and Mighty - Pop-Up Book .. Thomas Russell; Flow
2008
Persil - Mr Men Promotion .. Paul Mardle; Mr Men Theme 2007
Persil .. Earth, Wind and Fire; Boogie Wonderland 2006
Persil .. Rufus Thomas; Do The Funky Penguin 2006
Persil .. Beach Boys: "I Get Around" 2006
Persil .. Tams; Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy 2005
Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 Diesel .. Woodkid; Iron (Gucci Vump Remix) 2012 watch
Peugeot Your Peugeot Dealer .. Johanna Wedin from MAI; And Together Again 2011 watch
Peugeot RCZ .. Monsieur Monsieur; Kuala Lumpur Race 2010 watch
Peugeot 308 Allure Freedom .. Stephanie Kirkham; Easy as 123 2010 watch
Peugeot 5008 - MPV .. Grizzly Bear; Two Weeks 2010 watch
Peugeot New Logo: Motion & Emotion .. Yuksek; Tonight 2010 watch
Peugeot 207 Youth is a Wonderful Thing.. Various Artists; Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive 2010 watch
Peugeot 308 .. Venus; Beautiful Days 2009 watch
Peugeot 308 SW - Launch Offer .. Wolfmother; Joker and The Thief 2008
Peugeot 307 .. Hyper; We Control 2008
Peugeot 307 .. Daniel Teper; Colouring In 2007
Peugeot 407 Coupe .. Linda Lyndell: "What A Man" 2006
Peugeot 407 Coupe .. Delibes; Flower Duet from Lakme 2006
Peugeot 207 .. Hyper; We Control 2006
Peugeot 207 .. Marcels; Heartaches 2006
Peugeot 206 .. Al Green; Simply Beautiful 2002
Peugeot .. Cyndi Lauper; True Colors 2000
Peugeot .. Berlin; Take My Breath Away 2000
Peugeot .. Marvin Gaye; Sexual Healing 2000
Peugeot .. Lenny Kravitz; Fly Away 2000
PG Tips Wallace & Gromit Mug Promotion .. Wallace & Gromit; Wallace & Gromit 2005
Philadelphia Cream Cheese Spread a Little Happiness.. Life-Size Humans; Something to Remember 2010 watch
Philips .. The Beatles: 'Getting Better'
Pilkington Self Cleaning Glass .. Johnny Nash I Can See Clearly Now 2008 watch
Pimms - Summer Party .. Arthur W Sheriff; Liberty Bell March (Monty Pythons F. C. Theme) 2011 watch
Pimms .. Status Quo; Break The Rules 2007
Pimms .. Adam and the Ants; Prince Charming 2004
Piriteze No Extremes .. The Boo Radleys; Wake Up Boo! 2010 watch
Piriton: hay-loft and sheep.. Empire Dogs; Everywhere 2008
Piriton .. Empire Dogs; Everywhere 2006
Pizza Hut .. BBC; Light And Tuneful (BBC Wimbledon Theme) 2006
Pizza Hut .. Noveltones; Leftbank 2 (Gallery Theme from Take Hart) 2004
PJ Smoothies .. Johan Strauss II; Roses From The South (Rosen Aus Dem Suden) 2006
Planters .. James Brown: 'Hot Pants'
Planters .. Bay City Rollers: 'Saturday Night'
Play.com Monster Sale .. Coldplay; Clocks 2008
Play.com Mr Bean's Holiday DVD .. Shaggy; Boombastic 2007
Play.com Mr Bean's Holiday DVD .. Louis Armstrong; When You're Smiling 2007
PlayStation 3 PS3 Move .. Magnetic Man; Getting Nowhere (Instrumental) 2011 watch
PlayStation Move: Dance Star Party .. Duck Sauce; Barbra Streisand 2011 watch
Playstation3: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue .. Giuseppe Verdi; Requiem: Dies Irae 2008
Playtex MySize Bra Range .. Shirley Bassey; (Where Do I Begin?) Love Story 2007
Pledge .. Fontella Bass: 'Rescue Me'
Plusnet .. Heaven 17; Temptation 2010 listen
Pontiac .. The Clash: 'Should I Stay or Should I Go' ~ US
Post Office: Over 50s Life Insurance .. Johann Strauss II; The Blue Danube Waltz, Op. 314 2010 watch
Pot Noodle Pot Noeldle - Noodle Van .. Adelphoi Music Ltd; Commissioned 2010 watch
Powergen .. Tot Taylor; Green Bossa 1999
Prada: Infusion DIris .. Bring Me The Horizon; No Need For Introductions, Ive Read About Girls Like You On The Back of Toilet Doors 2010 watch
Prada L'Eau Ambrée - Fragrant Breeze .. Bill Doggett; Honky Tonk Pt 1 2009 watch
Press 81 Premium Cider - Chill to Perfection .. DZ Deathrays; Gebbie Street 2011 watch .
Premier Inn - A Good Night's Sleep .. Mama Cass Elliot; Dream A Little Dream of Me 2012 watch
Pretty Polly .. Kinks; All Day And All Of The Night 2000
Prince's Tuna .. Prince Buster; Enjoy Yourself 2007
Pringles Merry Pringles .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2007
Pringles Rice Infusions .. Brahms; Hungarian Dance No 5 2007
Pringles Gourmet .. Dave Brubeck; Take Five 2006
Pringles Rice Infusions .. Brahms: Hungarian Dance No 5 2007
Pringles .. Love Affair; Everlasting Love 2006
Pringles Star Wars III Promotion .. John Williams; Star Wars - A New Hope (Main Title) 2005
Pringles .. Ateed; Come To Me 2004 listen
Pringles .. Freestylers; Weekend Song 2003 listen
Pringles .. Lou Bega; Mambo No 5 2000 listen
Pringles .. Bow Wow Wow; I Want Candy 2000 listen
Pringles .. Perez Prez Prado; Mambo No 5 2000 listen
Pukka Pies 3 1/2 Minute Pies .. Pipkins; Gimme Dat Ding 2012 watch
Puma Football Love vs Football .. Hardchorus; Truly Madly Deeply 2010 watch
Puma .. Mazarin; For Energy Infinite 2007
Puma .. Rimsky-Korsakov; Flight Of The Bumblebee 2005
Pure New Wool .. Pachelbel; Canon 1993
Purell .. M C Hammer: 'Can't Touch This' ~ US
Q >>
Q Magazine .. Blur: Song 2 2000
Quaker Oats (Snowman) .. Polo Club; Play What You Want' 2008
written, composed & produced by Peter Raeburn/Adam Bushell/Tom Kenyatta
Quaker Oats .. Catatonia: Nothing Hurts 2007
Quaker Oatso Simple .. Lovin' Spoonful: Daydream 2003
Quaker Sugar Puffs .. Archies: Sugar, Sugar 1990
Quorn .. James Brown: Sex Machine 2000
R >>
Radox Daily Elements .. Morcheeba: The Sea 2006
Ragu Pasta Sauce .. Verdi: Anvil Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2000
Ralph Lauren .. Ben Taylor & Carly Simon: My Romance 2006
Ralph Lauren Polo Black .. Dionne Warwick: Anyone Who Had A Heart 2005
Range Rover Sport .. Out There; Massive Music / Lodewijk Pöttker 2011 watch
Ray-Ban .. Ben Kweller: Make It Up 2007
Red Bull World of Red Bull .. M83; Outro 2012 watch
Red Bull Flugtag .. Ron Goodwin; Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines 2008
Red Bull 2nd Flugtag .. Ron Goodwin: Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines 2006
Red Bull .. Rimsky-Korsakov: Flight of the Bumblebee 2005
Red Bull .. Wagner: Ride Of The Valkyries 2005
Red Square Reloaded .. Hawkwind: Silver Machine 2004
Reebok Easytone - Reflections .. Michael Kadelbach; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Reebok Zigtech: Lewis Hamilton .. Davina Jones; Zig-e-dy Zig-y-dac 2010 watch
Reebok EasyTone: Better Bum .. Mickey Smid Music Production; Shake It! 2010 watch
Reebok Vector .. Orff: Tanz from Carmina Burana 2003
Remington -S6600 Multi Style Stylist ..The Temptations; Get Ready 2011 watch
Remington Hair Straighteners .. Pink Martini Anna (El Negro Zumbon) 2006
Remy Martin .. FC Kahuna Hayling 2004
Renault Twizy Plug Into The Positive Energy .. David Guetta; The Alphabeat 2012 watch
Renault 4+ .. Trailer Trash Tracys; Wish You Were Red 2012 watch
Renault ZE Range Electric Life .. Aaron; Elizabeths Lullaby 2011 watch
Renault Megane - Drive The Change .. Richard Hawley; Open Up Your Door 2011 watch
Renault - What is Va Va Voom? .. Skeewiff; Light The Fuse 2011 listen
Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. Rihanna; S&M (Come On) 2011 watch
Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. David Bowie; Space Oddity 2011 watch
Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. Clare Maguire; Aint Nobody (Breakage Remix) 2011 watch
Renault Megane .. Charles Trenet; Boum 2010 watch
Renault Clio Only One .. Chesney Hawkes; The One And Only 2010 watch
Renault: Manufacturer of the Year 2009 .. Kasabian; Reason Is Treason 2010 watch
Renault Sport Range .. Kasabian; Reason Is Treason 2010 watch
Renault Twingo: Modern Times .. Sporto Kantes; Whistle 2010 watch
Renault: Drive The Change.. Keane; Somewhere Only We Know 2010 watch
Renault Koleos - 4 by 4 Outside .. Rolling Stones; I'm Free 2008
Renault Megane .. Vivaldi; Summer (III Presto) from The Four Seasons 2008
Renault Twingo .. April March; Chick Habit 2008
Renault Laguna .. Otis Redding; Dock of the Bay 2007
Renault Scenic .. Presidents of The United States of America; Ca Plane Pour Moi 2006
Renault "French and British" .. Nina Simone: Sinner Man 2005
Renault Scenic .. A Skillz & Krafty Kuts: Short Breath 2005
Renault Megane .. Groove: Armada I see you baby (Fatboy Slim radio edit) 2005
Renault Espace .. Jimi Hendrix: All Along The Watchtower 2003
Renault Scenic .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2000 listen
Renault .. Robert Palmer: Johnny and Mary ~ New Zealand
Rennie Dual Action .. Dodgy; Good Enough 2007
Ribena .. Mungo Jerry; In The Summertime 2011 listen
Ribena 100% Pure Juices .. Chris Barber; The Magic Club 2008
Richmond Sausages The Taste That Brings Them Home .. The Molloys; Meet You There 2012 watch
Right Guard .. Daniel Powter; Bad Day 2007
Rightmove.co.uk - Britain Moves .. Ralfe Band; Parkbench Blues 2011 watch
Rightmove.co.uk .. Gracie Fields; If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked A Cake 2007
Rimmel London - Glam Eyes .. Parade; Louder 2011 watch
Rimmel London Lash Accelerator Mascara .. Young Pretender; Sixteen Forever 2010 watch
Rimmel - Lasting Finish Lipstick .. Bedouin Soundclash; Living In Jungles 2007
Rimmel - Lash Maxx Mascara .. Lodge; Piece of Cake 2007
Rimmel - Cool Shine Lipstick .. Bodyrockers; I Like The Way 2006
Rimmel .. Kubb: Wicked Soul 2006
Rimmel - Volume Extend - Sexy Lashes .. Subways: Rock and Roll Queen 2006
Ritz Crackers .. Modern English: 'Melt With You'
Robert Wiseman Dairies Low Fat Milk .. John Travolta/Olivia Newton-John: You're The One That I Want 2007
Robinsons Double Concentrate Juice .. T-Rex; I Love To Boogie 2012 watch
Robinsons Fruit Shoot 100% .. Cyril Stapleton; Pepito 2007
Robinsons Fruit Shoot .. Architecture In Helsinki; Spring 2008 2007
Robinsons Smooth Juice Orange Experience .. Mighty K; Dream 2007
Robinsons Fruit and Barley .. Deerhoof: Blue Cash 2007
Robinsons For Milk .. Steve Miller Band: Abracadabra 2005
Rolling Rock Lager .. Bran Van 3000; Drinkin In LA 1999
Rotary Watches Simply Exceptional .. Saturday Night Gym Club Ft Ellie Walker; I Know 2012 watch
Rover 75 .. High Society Cast: Who Wants To Be A Millionaire 2002
Rover 25 .. Mono: Life in Mono 2002
Royal Air Force .. C-Jags: Paradise Park 2006
Royal Air Force .. Crystal Method: Busy Child 2000
Royal Caribbean International .. Iggy Pop: Lust For Life 2005
Royal Caribbean International Cruises .. Sixpence None The Richer: There She Goes 2004
Royal Mail / Post Office Over 50s Life Insurance..Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2010 watch
Royal Mail / Post Office .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007
Royal Mail / Post Office .. Sam Cooke: You Send Me 2006
Royal Mail / Post Office .. Travis: Love Will Come Through 2004
Ryvita - Goodness Bars .. Bach: Toccata and Fugue 2006
S >>
SAP .. Big Foote Music: 'SAP Handwriting #113'
Saab 9-5 Anything But Ordinary .. New Way; Ana Diaz 2010 watch
Saab 9-3 .. Nina Kinert; Through Your Eyes 2007
Saab Biopower .. Oh Laura; Release Me 2007
Saab 95 .. Aphex Twin; Metal Grating 2006
Saab 93 .. Isley Brothers; Summer Breeze 2005
Saab 93 Sport Saloon .. Chikinki; Ether Radio 2005
Saab .. The Who: 'Pinball Wizard'
Saga: Cruises .. Tony Bennett; I'm Just A Lucky So and So 2012 watch
Sainsburys Bank Credit Card Twice As Nice .. Alice Grant; Rainbow Connection 2012 watch
Sainsburys - Car Insurance .. Ray Conniff & His Orchestra; Walkin And Whistlin 2012 watch
Sainsburys 11 Years of Jamie Oliver .. Faces; Had Me A Real Good Time 2012 listen
Sainsburys - Christmas Panto Feast .. George Formby; Happy Go Lucky Me 2011 watch
Sainsburys - Live Well For Less .. Phil Harris and Bruce Reitherman; The Bare Necessities 2011 watch
Sainsburys - Feed Your Family for £50 .. Ray Conniff Orchestra and Singers; Walkin and Whistlin 2011 watch
Sainsburys - TU Collection .. Etta James; At Last 2011 watch
Sainsburys - Feed Your Family for £50 .. Ray Conniff Orchestra & Singers; Walkin and Whistlin 2011 watch
Sainsburys - Perfect Christmas .. Colne Valley Male Voice Choir - All Through The Night 2010 watch
Sainsburys - Taste the Difference Street Party .. Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound 2010 listen
Sainsburys .. Pearl Bailey; Jingle Bells (Cha Cha) 2005
Sainsburys .. The Polyphonic Spree: 'Reach For The Sun/Light and Day' 2005
Sainsburys Car Insurance .. Jimmy Dean; Big Bad John 2005
Saints Row The Third TV Ad .. LMFAO; Im In Saints Row Trick 2011 watch
Sainsburys Sausages .. Liszt; La Campanella 1993
Samaritans Doodle .. Sufjan Stevens; Redford (For Yia-Yia & Pappou) 2007
Samsung Galaxy Note Its Much More .. Air; Alone in Kyoto 2012 watch
Samsung Galaxy Nexus Calling All Pure Google .. CocoRosie; Japan 2012 watch
Samsung Galaxy SII - It Must Be Love .. Newton Faulkner; It Must Be Love 2011 watch
Samsung Wave - Welcome To More .. Thomas Newman; Arose (From American Beauty) 2010 watch
Samsung 3D LED TV Turn On Tomorrow .. Morgan Van Dam; Trickle 2010 watch
Samsung Monte Phone Facebook .. Delphic; Halcyon 2010 watch
Samsung Jet Ultra Edition .. Deadmau5 feat. Rob Swire; Ghosts n Stuff 2010 watch
Samsung 2View Dual LCD Camera .. Gloria Cycles; Wonderbus 2009 watch
Samsung Genio Touch .. La Roux; Bulletproof 2009 watch
Samsung: Soul Mobile Phone .. Robin Thicke; Magic 2008
Sandels .. Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes; (I've Had) The Time of My Life 2007-10 listen
Sandals .. Lord Tanamo; I'm In the Mood For Ska 2007
Sanex .. Brian Eno; Needles In the Camel's Eye 2005
Santander 123 Account .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2012 watch
Santander Reward Current Account - Lego Car .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2011 watch
Santander .. Wild Beasts; Underbelly 2010 watch
Sara Lee .. Lovin' Spoonful: Daydream
Save The Children: No Child Born To Die .. Mystic Chords of Memory; Pi and a Bee 2011 watch
Savlon .. Lonnie Donegan; Does Your Chewing Gum Lose It's Flavour 2010 watch
Schwarzkopf Live Colour XXL Shake It Up Foam .. Metro Station; Shake It 2012 watch
Schweppes- barman .. Spike Jones; Cocktails For Two 2006
Scottish Widows .. Isaac Albeniz's: "Asturias" from Suite Espagnol 2007/8
Scrubs .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2007
Scrubs Theme .. Lazlo Bane; Superman 2006
SCS .. Tom Jones; What's New Pussycat? 2010 listen
SCS Celebrate .. Kool and the Gang; Celebration 2008
SCS Sofas .. Finley Quaye & William Orbit: Dice 2007
SCS half price sale .. Kool and the Gang; Get Down On It 2007
Sears .. Hives; Well All Right 2008 listen
Seat - Good Stuff Edition .. Shakira; Good Stuff 2010 watch
Seat Ibiza - Cupids .. Cashmeres; Yes, It's True 2010 watch
Seat Altea .. Nursery Rhyme; The Animals Went In Two By Two 2007
Seat Ibiza .. Fatboy Slim; Sho' Nuff 2005
Sega Bayonetta .. La Roux; In For The Kill (Skream's Let's Get Ravey remix) 2010 watch
Sekonda Seksy .. Leona Lewis; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2011 watch
Sekonda - For The Times of Your Life .. Marvin Gaye & Kim Weston; It Takes Two 2011 watch
Sellotape: Robot .. Bill Haley & His Comets; Joeys Song 2011 watch
Setanta: Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England .. Doves; There Goes The Fear 2008
Setanta February Sports .. Hives; Main Offender 2008
Setanta Sports Theme .. ?? remix of an older song ?? watch
Setanta Sports - Barclays Premiership .. Eric Burdon; Good Times 2007 watch
Seven Seas Cod Liver Oil .. BBC; Theme from Captain Pugwash 2006
Sharpie Express Yourself .. The Tender Box; Mister Sister 2010 watch
Sharps Bedrooms - 2 for 1 Offer .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2006
Sharwoods Coach Trip .. Bill Wells& Maher Shalal Hash Baz; Banned Announcement 2012 watch
Sharwoods .. Village People; Go West 2006
Sheba Cat Food .. Peggy Lee; Fever 2008/2010 watch
Sheba Cat Food .. ????; There You Are 1990s watch
Shell FuelSave Scientists .. Sergey Prokofiev; Peter and the Wolf 2010 watch
Shell .. Orquestra Del Plata; Montserrat 2006
Shredded Wheat SuperFruity .. Little Richard; Tutti Frutti 2011 watch
Shredded Wheat - Top It .. Isley Brothers; It's Your Thing 2011 watch
Siemens .. Matt Monro; This Is The Life 2011 listen
Silentnight .. Feist; Mushaboom 2006
Silverscreen Elvis Presley DVD Collection .. Elvis Presley; Blue Suede Shoes 2005
Simple Kind To Skin Wipes - Paint .. The Noisettes; Wild Young Hearts 2011 watch
Simple Cleansing Facial Wipes - Tears .. Madeleine Peyroux; Don't Cry, Baby 2006
Simply Be - Autumn ad .. special commission 2010 watch
Skins Podcast .. Sam Sparro; Black and Gold 2008
Skoda Fabia vRS .. Soundtree: My Favourite Things 2010 watch
Skoda Superb Estate .. Hal David & John Cacavas Bluebird 2010 listen
Skoda Fabia .. Rodgers and Hammerstein; My Favourite Things 2007 watch
Skoda Octavia 4 x 4 .. Tchaikovsky; Waltz Of The Flowers from The Nutcracker Suite 2005
Sky Football Special .. Tinie Tempah; Written In The Stars 2012 watch
Sky Movies .. Supernaturals; Smile 2012 listen
Sky HD - New Series - January .. Sam & Dave; Hold On! I'm Comin' 2012 watch
Sky Atlantic 2012 Sneak Peek Trailer .. Imelda May; All for You 2012 watch
Sky Sports - Festive Football .. Depeche Mode; Just Can't Get Enough 2011 watch
Sky 3D - January .. Calvin Harris; Feel So Close 2011 listen
Sky - Go .. Speech Debelle; Spinnin' 2011 listen
Sky Darts World Grand Prix .. Kiss; Crazy, Crazy Nights 2011 listen
Sky Sports: La Liga New Season .. Martin Solveig ft Kele; Ready 2 Go 2011 listen .
Sky Sports: Andy Mussray in New York .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Yeah! New York 2011 listen .
Sky - Believe In Better .. Caro Emerald; That Man 2011 watch
Sky Sports - Go-Fold .. Basement Jaxx - Do Your Thing 2011 watch
Sky The HD Moment Is Here .. Moloko: The Time Is Now 2011 listen
Sky News - iPad App .. Elbow; Open Arms 2011 watch
Sky - All England Badminton Championships .. House of Pain; Jump Around 2011 listen
Sky HD - TV LineUp Promo 2011 .. Ella Fitzgerald: Sunshine of Your Love 2011 watch or Ella 's full version
Sky Atlantic: Let The Stories Begin .. Florence + The Machine; Howl 2011 watch
Sky Atlantic HD: Dustin Hoffman .. The Cinematic Orchestra; To Build A Home 2011 watch
Sky Sports: 20 Years of Great Days .. Kinks; Days 2011 watch
Sky Movies HD - Christmas 2010 .. Orba Squara; What I Want For Xmas 2010 watch
Sky 3D .. Creature; Who's Hot, Who's Not 2010 listen
Sky Sports New Season 2010/11 Park Game .. Eli Paperboy Reed; Come And Get It 2010 watch
Sky Sport (Eric Cantona) .. Shostakovich; Waltz No. 2 From Jazz Suite No. 2 2010 watch
Sky Soccer Saturday .. James Brown; I Got You (I Feel Good) 2010 listen
Sky Sports New Season 2010/11 Park Game .. Eli Paperboy Reed; Come And Get It 2010 watch
Sky Royal Horse Show .. Jackie Wilson (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher 2010 listen
Sky May on Sky Sports .. Patrick Hawes; Power Trip 2010 watch
Sky News - Leaders Debate .. Martha Reeves and The Vandellas; Nowhere To Run 2010 listen
Sky NCIS - Los Angeles .. Rage Against The Machine; Killing In The Name Of 2010
Sky James Corden - League of Their Own .. Bellini Casta Diva 2010 watch
Sky+HD Supertelly .. Anthony Newley; Pure Imagination 2010 watch
Sky Sports: Arsenal Vs Manchester United .. Pioneers; Long Shot Kick De Bucket 2010
Sky Golf: South African Tour .. Yello; The Race 2009
Sky Skysongs Launch .. Mott The Hoople; All The Young Young Dudes 2009
Sky Mission Hills World Cup .. Bryan Ferry; Let's Stick Together 2009
Sky Moves - Box Office .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2009
Sky Movies: Christmas More Magical .. Bjork; It's Oh So Quiet 2009 watch
Sky Movies: Tarantino Takes Over Weekend .. Dick Dale and the Deltones; Misirlou 2009
Sky Movies (HD) .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Runaway (Instrumental) 2009
Sky HD .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2009
Sky 1HD - The Closer You Get .. Cure; Close To Me 2009
Sky Sports: Victory Cup .. Jesus Jones; International Bright Young Thing 2009
Sky Sports - New Football Season .. Temper Trap; Sweet Disposition 2009
Sky Football: Sponsored by Ford .. Kasabian; Club Foot 2009
Sky Sports: New Football Season .. Kasabian; Fast Fuse 2009
Sky Ashes Summer .. Men At Work; Down Under 2009
Sky Play Offs .. Fatboy Slim; Right Here, Right Now 2009
Sky Hay-on-Sky .. Noah and The Whale; Five Years Time 2009
Sky One - Simpsons House Party .. Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons; Beggin' 2009
Sky/Sky Sports: Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England .. Muse; Starlight 2008
Sky Christmas season .. Darlene Love; Christmas (Baby Please Come Home) 2008 watch ad or listen
Sky+ HD promotion .. Ane Brun; True Colours 2008 listen
Sky Bones & Cold Case Promotion .. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds; Red Right Hand 2008
Sky Movies .. Johnny Cash; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2008
Sky Digital, Broadband & Phone .. Aqualung: Good Times Gonna Come 2008
Sky Rugby Superleague .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2008
Sky War Movies Season .. Dire Straits; Brothers In Arms 2007
Sky Carbon Neutral .. Three Dog Night; Joy To The World 2007
Sky Movies - Billboards .. Gene Wilder; Pure Imagination (from Willy Wonka) 2007
Sky War Movies Season .. Dire Straits; Brothers In Arms 2007
Sky Winter Cricket .. Maps; So Low, So High 2007
Sky Sports Saturday .. Elton John; Saturday Night's Alright (For Fighting) 2007
Sky Sports News .. Clint Mansell; Lux Aeterna 2007
Sky Speak, Surf, See .. Cornelius; Micro Disneycal World Tour 2007
Sky Millenium Magic .. Queen; A Kind Of Magic 2007
Sky Darts - Las Vegas Classic .. ZZ Top; Viva Las Vegas 2007
Sky World Matchplay Bowls .. Limp Bizkit; Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle) 2007
Sky Live From Wembley .. Hubert Parry; Jerusalem 2007
Sky Summer Sports .. Mendelssohn; Wedding March from A Midsummer Night's Dream 2007
Sky Sports: July Preview .. Sylvester; You Make Me Feel 2007
Sky Sports: The "Y" Factor .. Elton John; Step Into Christmas 2006
Sky Sports: Manchester United vs Chelsea .. Electric Light Orchestra; Showdown 2006
Sky Sports: Christmas .. Gene Kelly; Singin' In The Rain 2006
Sky Sports: New Season .. Clint Mansell; Lux Aeterna 2006
Sky 2006-7 Football Season .. The Source ft. Candi Staton; You've Got The Love 2006
Sky Sports : EngXIand Cricket .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2006
Sky Sports : Weekend Highlights .. Elvis Presley / JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2006
Sky Sports: Cricket .. 10CC; Dreadlock Holiday 2006
Sky Sports: FA Cup Fever .. Peggy Lee; Fever 2006
Sky Sports: November .. Stereophonics; Dakota 2006
Sky Sports: April Preview .. Libera; Locus Iste (Sanctus) 2006
Sky Sports for February 2006 .. Lunatic Calm; Leave You Far Behind 2006
Sky Sports : March Preview .. Stereophonics; Superman 2006
Sky Prem Plus Season Ticket .. Elmer Bernstein; The Great Escape 2006
Sky Soccer Saturday .. Deepest Blue; Shooting Star 2006
Sky Tennis Masters .. Vangelis; Chung Kuo 2006
Sky Superbowl 40 .. Eminem; Lose Yourself 2006
Sky NBA All Star Match .. Smash Mouth; All Star 2006
Sky The Match: Trials .. Dandy Warhols; Bohemian Like You 2006
Sky Darts: Stan James Matchplay .. Arctic Monkeys; I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor 2006
Sky FA Youth Cup Final 2006 .. Primal Scream; Movin' On Up 2006
Sky Skateboarder .. Regina Spektor; Us 2006
Sky Hollywood Grand Prix with Vinnie Jones .. Apollo 440; Stop The Rock (Caroline by Status Quo) 2006
Sky Dream Team 80s .. Big Audio Dynamite; Medicine Show 2006
Sky '24' Trailer .. Kasabian; Club Foot 2006
Sky Bones & Cold Case Trailer .. Depeche Mode; Waiting For The Night 2006
Sky The Great British Wedding .. Dixie Cups; Chapel Of Love 2006
Sky Christmas .. Hanson; What Christmas Means To Me 2006
Sky Pick Your Own Mix .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2006
Sky Lost: 2 series in 1 Episode .. Led Zeppelin; Dazed and Confused 2006
Sky Star Wars Six in a Row .. Real Thing; Can You Feel The Force 2006
Sky Star Wars Six in a Row .. Zero 7; Destiny 2006
Sky Oscar Film Season .. Orchestral Manouevres in the Dark; Souvenir (Moby Remix) 2006
Sky World Cinema .. Chungking; World of A Thousand Suns 2006
Sky Prem Plus Offer .. Hugo Montenegro; The Good, The Bad and The Ugly 2006
Sky Movies .. Peter, Bjorn and John; Young Folks 2007
Sky Movies - From Beginning To End .. Pete Moore; Asteroid (Pearl & Dean Theme) 2007
Sky Movies - Fantastic 4 Multistart .. U2; Vertigo 2006
Sky Movies: Goal! Promo .. Bronski Beat; Smalltown Boy 2006
Sky Movies: First Time Saturday .. New Christy Minstrels; Everybody Loves Saturdy Night 2006
Sky Movies:Summer Season .. Nina Simone; Feeling Good 2005
Sky Movies: Western Season .. Johnny Cash; Don't Take Your Guns to Town 2005
Sky One: Thief .. Animals; House of the Rising Sun 2006
Sky One: Battlestar Galactica .. Magazine; Shot By Both Sides 2006
Sky One: 24 Trailer .. Nina Simone; Feeling Good 2006
Sky One: Over There .. Kaiser Chiefs; Oh My God 2006
Sky One: Weeds .. Bob Dylan: Rainy Day Women #12 & 35 2005
Sky History Channel Subscription .. Verdi; Dies Irae from Requiem Mass 2006
Sleepmasters .. Alison Moyet; Only You 2011 watch
Sleepmasters Half Price Sale .. Brenda Lee; I'm Sorry 2009 watch
Slimfast .. Adam Ant; Goody Two Shoes 2006
SlimFast.. Commodores: 'Brick House'
SlimFast .. Ohio Express: 'Yummy, Yummy, Yummy'
Slimming World .. John Fred and The Playboy Band; Judy In Disguise (With Glasses) 2005
Smart ForTwo .. Stomax; Midnight Mutations 2010 watch
Smart For four .. Johnston Brothers; Hernando's Hideaway 2005
Smirnoff Anthem .. Susanna & the Magical Orchestra; Crazy, Crazy Nights 2011 watch
Smirnoff: Purified .. composed by Peter Raeburn of Soundtree Studios; Latinate Chant 2008
Smirnoff Extraordinary Purification .. composed by Peter Raeburn of Soundtree Studios; Celebrare 2007
Smirnoff Ice .. Quarashi; Copycat 2005
Smirnoff .. Transglobal; Underground Rude Buddah 2004
Smirnoff .. Walter Murphy & the Big Apple Band; A Fifth of Beethoven 2004
SodaStream Busy With The Fizzy .. Harry Nilsson; Without You 2010 listen
Sony - 2 Worlds .. music by Clint Mansell / Leonard Cohen; Thats What I Heard You Say 2011 watch
Sony Ericsson Xperia Ray - 20:22 Moment .. Mothersmilk Studios; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Sony Bravia IPTV: Television Redefined .. Magnetic Man Ft. Katy B; Crossover-Special Version 2011 watch
Sony VAT back A Christmas Carol .. Lang Lang with The London Metropolitan Orchestra Commissioned 2010 watch
Sony 3D HD TV .. Ferdinand Herold; La Fille Mal Gardee/Act 1 - 17a. Clog Dance 2010 watch
Sony Bravia Televisions Football at Home .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2010 watch
Sony TV World Cup Trade In .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2010 watch
Sony Internet Television FIFA 2010 World Cup Collection .. Simple World; Jonathan Elias 2010 watch
Sony Bravia TVs Rockstars .. AC/DC; Thunderstruck 2010 watch
Sony - Cyber Shot Camera .. Paloma Faith; Upside Down 2010 watch
Sony Center - Christmas Make Believe .. Miike Snow; Black and Blue 2009
Sony - Formula 1 sponsor ad .. Def Leppard; Rocket 2008 listen
Sony Ericsson W910: Walkman ..Pink Enemy Remix of Pop Levi: Dita Dimone 2008 listen
Sony - Shoot in HD .. Justice vs Simian; We Are Your Friends 2007
Sony Ericsson W910i .. Edu K; Gatas Gatas Gatas 2007
Sony Blu-ray Disk HD1080 .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2007
Sony Ericsson W910i .. Blue King Brown; Come n Check Your Head 2007
Sony Ericsson W910i .. Cazals; Life Is Boring 2007
Sony Bravia .. Rolling Stones; She's A Rainbow 2007
Sony Bravia TVs .. Jose Gonzales; Heartbeats 2007
Sony Playstation - UEFA Champions League .. Heavy; No Time 2009 watch
Sony Playstation 3 (PS3) Launch .. Nino Rota; Amarcord 2007
Sony Singstar Legends .. Jackson Five; I Want You Back 2006
Sony Ericsson Walkman Phone Collection .. Holiday For Strings; Jump On Foot 2006
Sony Bravia .. Rossini; La Gazza Ladra Overture (The Thieving Magpie) 2006
Sony Ericsson K800i Cyber-Shot Phone .. Black Keys; Girl Is On My Mind 2006
Sony Singstar Rocks for PS2 .. Blur; Song 2 2006
Sony Ericsson Walkman Phones .. Velvet Revolver Dirty; Little Thing 2005
Sony Ericsson Walkman Phones .. Clash; I Fought The Law 2005
Sony .. Lionrock; Rude Boy Rock 2000
Sony .. Aerosmith: 'The Grind'
Sourz Spirited Raspberry: Six OClock .. Rage Music; Commissioned Track 2011 watch
Southern Comfort SoCo & Lime .. Luxembourg Brothers; Usual Suspects 2007
Southern Comfort .. Tripping Daisy; New Plains of Medicine 2003
Space.NK .. Hanne Hukkelberg; Searching 2006
Specsavers: Specs Effect .. Globus Preliator 2010 watch
Specsavers: Free Reactions .. Barry Gray; Thunderbirds 2008
Specsavers: Sheep Shearing .. Una Palliser; Mo Ghile Mear 2008
Specsavers .. Edith Piaf; Non Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regrets) 2008
Specsavers .. Cinematic Orchestra; To Build A Home 2007
Specsavers 2 for 1 .. Hedrex; Dreamboat 2 2006
Spec Savers .. Claude Vasori: "Folk Guitar" 2005
Sprite .. Brothomstates; Adozenaday 2002
St Bruno Tobacco .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 1993
St. Ivel Advance .. Harry McLintock; Big Rock Candy Mountain 2005
St. Ivel .. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John; You're The One That I Want 2000
Stagecoach .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007
Standard Life insurance .. Black; Wonderful life 1994
Starbucks (Hank!) .. Gary Glitter; 'Rock and Roll Part 2'
Stella Artois: Ice Lounge .. Stella Artois French special; 12 Jour De Noel(12 days of Christmas) 2010 watch
Stella Artois .. Brigitte Bardot; Ne Me Laisse Pas L'Aimer 2010 watch
Stella Artois .. Clara Rockmore; Valse Sentimentale 2006
Stella Artois .. Liszt; Hungarian Rhapsody #2 2005
Stella McCartney - Stella .. Scout Niblett; Kidnapped By Neptune 2007
Storey Carpets .. Katrina and the Waves; Walking on Sunshine 2006
Stop Smoking Ad .. Nina Simone: 'Ain't Got No (I Got Life)' ~ UK
Strand Cigarettes .. Cliff Adams; Lonely Man Theme 1959
Strongbow Cider .. 2 Unlimited; Get Ready For This 2006
Strongbow Cider .. Deep Purple; Smoke on the Water 1997
Subway .. Red Rat; Shake That Rump 2007
Subaru .. Kansas: 'Dust in the Wind'
Subaru .. Sheryl Crow: 'Everyday is a Winding Road'
Sun Bingo .. Graffiti6; Stare into the Sun 2010 watch
The Sun Newspaper under 'T'
Sunsilk .. John Paul Young; Love is in the Air 2006
Superdrug .. Scouting For Girls; She's So Lovely 2011 listen
Sure For Men - Iceskater .. TDL; Feel The Forces 2011 watch
Sure Deodorant: 48 Hour Protection .. Alexandra Burke; All Night Long 2010 watch
Sure Deodorant: SureMen Last 8 Sweepstake .. Julius La Rosa; Eh, Cumpari! 2010 watch
Sure Deodorant: upside down roll-on .. Gabriella Cilmi; Sweet About Me 2008 watch
Sure Biorhythms .. Elmo; All My Life 2007
Sure Crystal .. Aaron Lacrate ft Da Kidz; Kidstuff 2007
Sure Deodorant - Sport .. The Bees; Payback 2007
Sure Deodorant .. Jack Keller and Howard Greenfield; Theme from Bewitched 2006
Sure For Men .. Xavier Cugat; Yo Quiero un Mambo 2005
Surf with Essential Oils Trampoline .. Yellowhammer ft Claire Nicolson You and I (only on a promo cd) 2010
Surf Essential Oils .. Alice Russell; Sweet Is The Air 2007
Surf Small and Mighty .. Patience and Prudence; Dreamers Bay 2007
Surf Irresistable Fragrance .. Swansway; Illuminations 2006
Surf Tropical .. Yma Sumac; Wimoweh 2005
Suzuki Swift Designed For Life .. Bang and Buller; Rock and Roll Sky 2010 watch
Suzuki SX4 .. Kula Shaker; Hush 2006
Suzuki Grand Vitara .. David Mills and Ian Wilson; What a Wonderful World 2006
Suzuki Grand Vitara .. Mooney Suzuki; Alive and Amplified 2005
Swatch Colour Codes .. Band of Skulls; I Know What I Am 2010 watch
Swatch .. Midge Ure; Breathe 2000 watch
Swifer .. It Devo: 'Whip'
Swiftcover.com Get A Life .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out? 2012 watch
Switch / Maestro .. Manhattan Transfer; Chanson D'Amour 2003
Switch / Maestro .. Renee and Renato; Save Your Love 2002
Sylvania .. The Who: 'I Can See For Miles'
T >>
TK Maxx - Big Labels, Small Prices.. Alex Winston; Choice Notes 2011 watch
T K Maxx Daily Deliveries .. Junior Walker and The All Stars; Roadrunner 2008
T K Maxx Big Value at Small Prices .. Zoe Lewis; Small Is Tremendous 2007
T K Maxx .. Fats Waller; Have A Little Dream On Me 2007
T K Maxx .. John Williams; Carol of the Bells 2006
T K Maxx .. Zongamin; Tunnel Music 2006
T-Mobile What Britain Loves .. Dizzee Rascal and Armand Van Helden; Bonkers 2012 watch
T-Mobile - Parking Ticket .. Klaus Badelt; Door of Destiny 2011 watch
T-Mobile Youfix - Parking Tickets .. Dire Straits; Money For Nothing 2011 watch
T-Mobile Heathrow Terminal 5 : Welcome Back .. Mel Tormé - Comin Home Baby; Mark Morrison - Return of the Mack; Iggy Pop - The Passenger; Thin Lizzy - Boys are Back In Town; Kaiser Chiefs Oh My God; Aretha Franklin with George Michael I Knew You Were Waiting (for me); Peters And Lee Welcome Home 2010 watch
T- Mobile .. Josh's Band; Come With Me 2010 watch
T- Mobile; Broadband campaign .. Kelly Stolt; Lets Get Out Tonight 2008/9 watch
T- Mobile; Flext campaign .. Vashti Bunyan; Diamond Day 2008 watch
T- Mobile; Favourite People .. Blood Sweat and Tears; Spinning Wheel 2007 watch
T- Mobile; Text Your Head Off .. Claude Von Stroke; The Whistler 2007 watch
T- Mobile; Web 'n' Walk .. I'm From Barcelona; Collection Of Stamps 2007 watch
T- Mobile; (moving houses) .. Arthur Russell; This is How We Walk On The Moon 2007 watch
T- Mobile; Web 'n' Walk .. Robbie Williams; Tripping 2006
T- Mobile Everyone .. Bedouin Soundclash; When The Night Feels My Song 2006
T- Mobile; Mates Rates Promotion .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2005
T- Mobile; Rolling Stones 40 Licks Tour .. Rolling Stones; You Got Me Rocking 2003
T- Mobile .. Def Leppard; Pour Some Sugar on Me 2002
T-Mobile .. Royksopp: So Easy 2002
Take 2 Interactive The Darkness .. Marilyn Manson; Cruci-Fiction In Space 2007
Take A Break .. Village People; YMCA 2006
TalkTalk - A Brighter Home For Everyone .. Righteous Brothers; Unchained Melody 2011 watch
Talk Talk .. The Box Tops; Neon Rainbow 2009 watch
Talk Talk: When Will You Join? .. Primal Scream; Come Together 2008 watch
Talk Talk .. Hayley Sanderson; Something In The Air 2006 watch
Talksport World Cup 2006 Coverage .. Talksport Allstars; We're England (Tom Hark) 2006
Tango Dancing Granny .. Lomax; Praise 2010 watch
Tropicana Awake To Alive .. The Cinematic Orchestra; Transformation 2012 watch
Target Department Store .. Petula Clark: "A Sign Of The Times" 1999
Target Department Store .. Roy Orbison: 'You Got It'
Tees Valley Beef Meatballs Small Farmers, Big Taste! .. Commissioned; In The Country 2012 watch
Teletext - Holidays .. Lindsey Buckingham; Holiday Road 2011 watch
Teletext - "Blah blah blah" .. Trio; Da Da Da 2007
Telewest .. Elmo Tanner & Ted Weems Orchestra; Heartaches 2006
Telewest Teleport .. Flying Lizards; Money 2005
Tena Lady .. Bobby Hebb; Sunny 2010 watch
Tena Pants .. KC and the Sunshine Band; (Shake Shake Shake) Shake Your Booty 2010
Tennents Lager .. Screamin' Jay Hawkins; I Put A Spell On You 2005
Tennents Lager .. Big Country; One Great Thing 1989
Tennents Pilsner .. Simple Minds; Alive and Kicking 1983
Terrys Chocolate Orange - Love It To Bits .. Kenny Graham and His Satellites; Sunbeam 2010 watch
Terrys All Gold - Imagine .. Tavares; Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel 2002
Terrys .. Hazel O' Connor; Will You 2000
Terrys .. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2000
Tesco F&F Florence + Fred Glide .. Cut Copy; Feel The Love 2012 watch
Tesco - Christmas 2011 .. The Pogues and Kirsty MacColl; Fairytale of New York 2011 watch
Tesco Mobile: Sponsors .. Warren Hamilton; Big Team 2010 watch
Tesco: F & F Country Cricket .. MoZella; Magic (Oh Oh Oh) 2010 watch
Tesco: Muscular Dystrophy Campaign .. Cherry Ghost; People Help The People 2010 watch
Tesco: Christmas with the Spice Girls .. Bing Crosby; Santa Claus Is Coming To Town 2007
Tesco: F & F Fashions .. Hanne Hukkelberg; Boble 2007
Tesco: Back To School .. Richard Hayman; Children's Marching Song (Nick Nack Paddy Whack) 2007
Tesco .. Camera Obscura; Country Mile 2007
Tesco: Florence & Fred - Red Dress .. Delfonics; Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time) 2006
Tesco .. Terry Hall & The Colourfield; Windmills of Your Mind 2006
Tesco: Cherokee Kids .. Jamelia; Superstar 2006
Tetley Tea - Tea Folk Singing .. Tetley Tea Folk; Just the Way You Are 2011 watch
Tetley Tea - For Everyone .. Victor Mizzy; Addams Family (Main Theme from TV Series) 2007
Tetley .. Gerry and the Pacemakers; You'll Never Walk Alone 2000
Tetley's Bitter .. Vive La Fete; Maquillage 2006
TGI Fridays .. The Scorpions: 'Rock You Like a Hurricane'
The Bed Shed Sale .. Crew Cuts; Sh-Boom (Life Could Be A Dream) 2006
The Daily Express: Sixties CD Promotion .. Foundations; Build Me Up Buttercup 2005
The Mail on Sunday: Travis CD Promotion .. Travis; Flowers In The Window 2007
The Mail on Sunday: .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2007
The Mail on Sunday: Planet Earth by Prince - Free Cd .. Prince; Guitar 2007
The Daily Mail: World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007
The Daily Star: Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007
The Daily Star: Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007
The Daily Star: Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007
The People .. Iggy Pop; Lust For Life 2000
The Sun .. Vangelis; Chariots of Fire 2012 watch
The Sun: Bingo .. Graffiti6; Stare into the Sun 2010 watch
The Sun: World Cup - Maybe .. Terry Venables; If I Can Dream 2010 watch
The Sun: Bingo .. Tony Christie; (Is This the Way To) Amarillo? 2008
The Sun: Bingo .. Ottawan: D.I.S.C.O. 2007
The Sun: 24-7 Football .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2007
The Sun: Football .. Subways; Oh Yeah 2007
The Sun: £9.50 Holidays .. Reginald Dixon; I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006
The Sun: World Cup Go For Goals Pullout .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No.1 (Land Of Hope 7 Glory) 2006
The Times/Sunday Times: iPad App .. Speech Debelle; Spinnin' 2011 watch
The Times: Budget Special .. Flying Lizards; Money 2010 listen
The Times: Talk Radio DVD Promotion .. George Thorogood & the Destroyers; Bad To The Bone 2007
The Times: The Game .. Don Lusher; Carnaby Chick 2005
The Zoo: Australian TV series .. "Hippo Rhino" 2011 watch
Think Bingo: Bubble Bath .. 'I know where all the girls go' song made for the ad, not yet available
Thierry Mugler Angel Eva Mendes .. Eva Mendes; The Windmills of Your Mind 2011 watch
Thinkbox Dogs Home .. Bachman-Turner Overdrive; You Aint Seen Nothing Yet 2010 watch
Thomson Holidays New Version .. Sunday Girl (with Guy Farley) Where Is My Mind? 2012 watch
Thomson Holidays - Time For A Holiday? .. Guy Farley; Where Is My Mind? 2011 watch
Thomson Holidays .. Joey Ramone; What a Wonderful World 2012 watch
Thomas Cook Ultimate Holiday .. Morcheeba; The Sea 2009
Thomas Cook Bank Holiday Appeal; Dinah Washington; What A Difference A Day Makes 2008
Thomson Holidays .. Guy Farley (instrumental); Where Is My Mind? 2011 watch
Thomson Holidays .. Beach Boys; Good Vibrations 2010 watch
Thomson Holidays .. Fatboy Slim; Praise You 2007
Thomson Local Directory .. Creation; Biff Bang Pow 2005
Thorntons Chocolates .. Francesco de Mase & A. Alessandroni; Tema Di Oscar 2002
Thorntons .. Moby; Everloving 2000
The One .. Olivia Newton John; You Better Shape Up 2007
Thresher .. Pachelbel; Canon 1993
Tia Lusso .. Ils; No Soul (PMT Remix) 2002
Timberland Earthkeepers .. Sons & Daughters; Gilt Complex 2011 watch
Timberland Mountain Athletics .. Noisettes; Don't Give It Up 2010 watch
Timberland - This is Your Podium .. John Murphy Escaping The Icarus 11 2008
TNT 'The Closer' drama series .. Bill Withers; Ain't No Sunshine 2008
Tombola We Are Tombola .. Ash Koley; Dont Let Your Feet Touch Ground 2011 watch
Tombola - Fairground Bingo .. Marisol; Tombola 2008
Thorpe Park .. You Me At Six; The Swarm 2012 watch
Toshiba - Leading Innovation .. Vitalic; Trahison 2008
Toshiba Nicam TV .. Arthur Askey; The Thing Ummy Bob (That's Going To Win The War) 1996
Toshiba .. Vivian Stanshall; Terry Keeps His Clips On 1991
Total Greek Yoghurt - Yum No Fat .. Hayden Parsey; Dance of the Hours (Arrangement) 2011 watch
Total Greek Yoghurt .. Duncan Wisbey; Any Little Fish 2010 watch
Tous H2O Jewel of Solidarity - Perfume of Life .. OperaBabes; Lakmé H2O (Flower Duet) 2011 watch
Toyota Hybrid Cars .. Empire of the Sun; Walking On A Dream 2011 watch
Toyota Yaris - Treat It With Respect .. Supergrass; Pumping On Your Stereo 2011 watch
Toyota Cars Feel Good Driving .. Free Design; Love You 2010 watch
Toyota Rav4 .. AIM; Demonique 2006
Toyota Yaris - BigSmall .. Mando Ranks; Bring It 2006
Toyota Corolla .. Peter Gabriel; The Feeling Begins 2005
Toyota Verso .. Crosby, Stills and Nash; Teach Your Children 2005
Toyota RAV4 .. Prince Buster; Madness 2001
Toyota .. Billy Fury; Wondrous Place 2000
Toyota .. Jimi Hendrix; Voodoo Child (Slight Return) 2000
Toyota .. Iggy Pop; The Passenger 2000
Toyota .. Curtis Mayfield: 'Move On Up'
Toys R Us - Christmas 2011 .. Specially Recorded; Im a Toys R Us Kid 2011 watch
Trainline.com - Choo Choo Choose .. Black Lace; Do The Conga 2011 listen
Travelodge - Teddy Bears Holiday .. Mamas & The Papas; Go Where You Wanna Go 2011 watch
Travelocity .. Lionel Richie; Stuck On You 2005
Trident Gum .. Crimea: Loop A Loop 2008
Triumph Shape Sensation .. April Stevens; Teach Me Tiger 2012 watch
Trivago - Same Hotel, Two Prices .. Kosheen; All In My Head (version) 2011 watch
Trebor Soft Mints .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Mr Soft 1987
Tresemme: Flawless Curls .. Jamie Leonhart; written especially for the ad 2008 . watch
Tresemme .. Il Divo; Without You (Desde el Dia Que Te Fuiste) 2006
Tropicana: Doesnt Just Grow On Trees .. Novos Baianos; Besta é Tu 2011 watch
Tropicana Premium Fruit Juice: San Francisco Breakfast .. Doobie Brothers; Listen To The Music 2010 watch
Tropicana: Chefs .. Kay Starr; It's A Good Day 2009 watch
Tropicana Smoothies .. Nina Wall; Catch A Falling Star 2008
Tropicana .. Gene Kelly & Debbie Reynolds; Good Morning 2008
Tropicana .. Nouvelle Vague; Just Can't Get Enough 2007
Tunnocks Dark Chocolate.. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2010
TV Licensing .. Ninette; Push A Little Button 2010 watch
TV Licensing .. Specials; Message To You Rudy 2005
Twinings Gets Back to You .. Lissie; Go Your Own Way 2012 watch
Twinings - Gets You Back To You .. Charlene Soraia; Wherever You Will Go 2011 watch
Twinings Herbal Teas .. Ben Vella and Barney Freeman; Good As New 2010 watch
Twinings Classic Tea - Everyday .. Love Band; Mmm 2009 watch
Typhoo .. Herman's Hermits; I'm Into Something Good 2000
U >>
U.B.S: We Will Not Rest .. Maria Callas; O Mio Bambino Caro 2010 watch
Ubisoft Assassins Creed Revelations .. Woodkid; Iron 2011 watch .
Ubisoft Assassins Creed - Brotherhood .. Tinie Tempah; Pass out 2010 watch
Ubisoft Wii Just Dance .. Katy Perry; Hot n Cold 2009 watch
Ubisoft Assassin's Creed for Playstation 3 .. UNKLE; Lonely Souls ft Richard Ashcroft 2008
Ubisoft Assassin's Creed for Playstation 3 .. Massive Attack; Teardrop 2007
UEFA Anthem was performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields Chorus. Composer Tony Britten ...This song is an alternative to Handel's coronation anthem, "Zadok the Priest".
Lyrics
Ceux sont les meilleurs equipes,
Sie sind die allerbesten Mannschaften
The main event
Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions
Une grande reunion
Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions
Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions
UEFA Champions League .. James: I Know What I'm Here For 2007
UEFA Champions League Coverage .. Primal Scream; Country Girl 2006
UEFA Champions League .. Sebastien Tellier; La Ritournelle 2006
UEFA European Cup Theme .. Handel: "Zadok the Priest" 2004
UEFA European Cup 1996 Theme .. Beethoven: Ode To Joy from Symphony No 9 1996
There are more UEFA ads under Channel 5
UK Government directgov.co.uk .. Madness; It Must Be Love 2010 watch
UK Government Food Standards Agency .. Three Degrees; When Will I See You Again 2006
UK Government Safe Sex Promotion .. Isaac Hayes; Theme From Shaft 2003
UK Gov Teacher Training Association .. Disney; Heigh Ho (The Dwarves Marching Song from Snow White) 2003
UK Government Domestic Abuse .. Charlie Rich; Behind Closed Doors 2001
UK Government MMR Jab .. Lisa Gerrard; Sanvean 1999
UK Government Energy Efficiency .. Landscape; Einstein A Go-Go
UK Government Power Surges .. Lou Christie; Lightning Strikes
UK TV Supernatural .. Appollo 440; Magick 2007
UK TV Style - Extreme Makeover .. The Cure and The Cause; Fish Go Deep 2006
UK TV Gold: Kitchen Showdown .. Rolling Stones; Satisfaction 2006
UK TV Carry On Weekend of "Big Titters" .. Pussycat Dolls; Beep 2006
UK TV Supernatural .. Klaxons; Don't Fear The Reaper 2006
Umbro World Cup Tailored By England .. Commissioned Version; United Kingdom National Anthem 2010 watch
Uncle Ben's Rispinos .. Etta James; My Dearest Darling 2001
Universal Orlando .. Cheap Trick: 'Surrender'
UPS .. Dean Martin; That's Amore 2011 watch
US Navy .. Godsmack: 'Awake'
Valentino Valentina Fragrance .. Paolo Conte; Via Con Me 2011 watch
Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion .. Bobby Vee; 'Take Good Care of My Baby'
Vauxhall - Football .. Noel Gallaghers High Flying Birds - Aka
What A Life! 2011 watch .
Vauxhall Corsa - Graffiti .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2011 watch
Vauxhall Lifetime Warranty .. Feeder; Pushing the Senses 2010 watch .
Vauxhall Meriva .. Ingrid Michaelson; Be OK 2010 watch
Vauxhall Corsa .. Gnarls Barkley; Run 2010 watch
Vauxhall Meriva / Zafira .. Sonics; Don't You Just Know It 2008 watch
Vauxhall Meriva / Zafira .. Brother Bones and His Shadows; Sweet Georgia Brown 2008 watch
Vauxhall Tigra: America's Next Top Model .. Spirit Studios provides music 2008 listen
Vauxhall Vectra LS .. Miracles; Love Machine 2008 listen
Vauxhall Zafira / Meriva .. Huey 'Piano' Smith and His Clowns; Don't You Just Know It 2008
Vauxhall Ecoflex .. Louis Armstrong What a Wonderful World 2007
Vauxhall Antara .. Isaac Hayes; Run Fay Run 2007
Vauxhall Astra .. Panoramic .. Marcos Valle; Crickets Sing for Anamaria 2007
Vauxhall Astra .. Bobby Darin; Don't Rain On My Parade 2006
Vauxhall Astra / Tigra .. Lonnie Donegan; Rock Island Line 2006
Vauxhall .. Peter Gabriel Sledgehammer 2000
Verizon Wireless .. The Beatles: 'All Together Now' ~ 2002
Very.co.uk - Holly & Fearne Take On Santa .. Specially Recorded; Anything You Can Do 2011 watch
Very.co.uk Wardrobe for all Seasons .. The Quik; Berts Apple Crumble 2010 watch .
Very.co.uk - Discover Spring .. Eliza Doolittle; Skinny Genes 2010 watch .
Very.co.uk .. Louis Armstrong; 'Zat You Santa Claus? 2009 watch
Vicks VapoRub - Sleeptight .. Shirley Temple; Goodnight My Love 2011 watch
Vicks Sinex .. Nouvelle Vague; I Melt With You 2009
Vick's Cough Syrup .. Nick Drake From The Morning 2008 watch
Vicks Medinite Complete & Daymed - Hugs .. Dragonette; Get Lucky 2007/2008
Vick's First Defence .. Dawn Landes; I'm A Believer 2007
Vimto .. Box Bottom; Bounce n Boom 2011 watch
Virgin Money 40 Years of Better .. Daft Punk; Outlands + Mike Oldfield; Tubular Bells Part 1 2012 watch
Virgin Holidays Best Of Rockstar Service Sale .. Radio FreQ; Where You Been? 2012 watch
Virgin Media - Exciting Place to Live .. Dan Black; Symphonies 2011 watch
Virgin Atlantic Got It .. Muse; Feeling Good 2010 watch
Virgin Holidays Rockstar Service .. Radio FreQ; Where You Been? 2010 watch
Virgin Holidays .. David Rose; The Stripper 2010 watch
Virgin Media .. Mazzy Star; Into Dust 2009 watch
Virgin Trains - Bumbling Ed.. Europe; The Final Countdown 2009 watch
Virgin Trains - Booty Train.. ABC; Look Of Love 2009 watch
Virgin Atlantic - Flat Bed Suite .. Bee Gees How Deep Is Your Love? 2009 watch
Virgin Atlantic - 25 Years .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood Relax 2009 watch
Virgin Holidays - I Want The World .. Charlotte Church I Want It Now (From Willy Wonka) 2008 watch
Virgin Holidays: Orlando - Florida .. Supergrass; Alright 2008 watch
Virgin 1 Channel Launch .. Enemy; You're Not Alone 2007
Virgin On Demand - Reality .. No Doubt; Just A Girl 2007
Virgin Trains .. Max Greger; Big Train 2007 watch
Virgin On Demand .. Foo Fighters; Learn To Fly 2007
Virgin Radio .. Free; All Right Now 2005
Visa Golden Space Usain Bolt vs London .. Ocean Colour Scene; Hundred Mile High City 2012 watch
Visa - London 2012 .. The Courteeners; Take Over The World 2011 watch
Visa Card: Football running man.. Pixies; Isla De Encanta 2010 watch
Visa Card: Life Flows Better .. Don Thomas; Come On Train (Ian Parton Remix) 2009 watch
Visa Card: Running man.. Whitey; Non Stop 2008 watch
Visa Card .. Obi; Somewhere Nicer 2007 watch
Vision Express Well See You Right .. Waterfall; (Stone Roses cover) 2012 watch
Visit Scotland: the creative year .. commissioned; Paul Mounsey based on "North" album Nahoo Too 2012 watch
Visit Wales: Piers Bramhalls Proper Holiday .. Islet; Ringerz 2012 watch
Visit Morocco: The Country That Travels Within You .. Yann Destal; Specially Recorded 2011 watch
Visit Scotland: Perfect Day .. Waterboys; Fisherman's Blues 2009 watch
VO5 Extreme Style - The Pliktisijiteur Pageant .. The BossHoss; Word Up 2011 watch
VO5 Assembly Line .. Example; Kickstarts 2010 watch
VO5 Extreme Style Headless .. Chromeo; Fancy Footwork 2010
VO5 Styling Army Recruits .. Santogold; Creator vs Switch & Freq Nasty 2008
Vodafone .. justtextgiving .. Two Door Cinema Club; Something Good Can Work 2011 listen
Vodafone .. Bryan Ferry; The In Crowd 2010 listen
Vodafone Network Couples .. Jamie Cullum; Im All Over It 2010 watch
Vodafone .. Tony Bennett & Celine Dion; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch
Vodafone Freedom Pack .. Tom Jones; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch
Vodafone Freedom Pack .. James Brown; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch
Vodafone .. Roger Whittaker; Mexican Whistler 2008
Vodafone .. Pearl And The Puppets; Because I Do 2008 watch
Vodafone Mobile Email Rabbit .. Delibes; Coppelia - Act I: Valse Lente 2008 watch
Vodafone Airport Chaos .. Mel Torme; Comin' Home Baby 2007
Vodafone Christmas .. Anita O' Day; A Nightingale Sang In Berkely Square 2007
Vodafone .. Labi Siffre; It Must Be Love 2007
Vodafone .. Nancy Sinatra The End (Of The Raindow) 2007
Vodafone The Internet Is Mobile .. Disney Little April Shower (from Bambi) 2007
Vodafone .. Regina Spektor Hotel Song 2007
Vodafone .. Jon Brion Theme from Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind 2006
Vodafone Family .. Bell X1 Another Girl, Another Planet 2006
Vodafone .. Only Ones Another Girl, Another Planet 2006
Vodafone .. Dandy Warhols: Bohemian Like You 2002
Volkswagen Up .. Baba Brooks; Portrait of My Love 2012 watch
Volkswagen Blue Motion .. Tiziano Lamberti; Wouldnt It Be Nice 2011 watch
Volkswagen - New Golf Cabriolet .. The Kinks; Days 2011 watch
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles - 60 Years .. The Beach Boys; God Only Knows 2011 watch
Volkswagen Passat .. John Williams; Imperial March from The Empire Strikes Back 2011 watch
Volkswagen Polo - Last Tango in Compton .. Roc C Feat. Oh No & Pok Dogg; Dont Stop 2010 watch
Volkswagen Polo .. Pink; Bad Influence 2009 watch
Volkswagen Golf .. Jeans Team & MJ Lan Keine Melodien 2009 watch
Volkswagen Passat: Extraordinary But Real .. Ferdinando Arno ft. Sandy Chambers; Gardener 2008 watch
Volkswagen Golf .. Paul Hartnoll; Gob Smack 2008
Volkswagen Polo (singing dog) .. Charlie Winston ; I'm A Man 2008
Volkswagen Polo .. Spencer Davis Group I'm A Man .. 2008 watch
Volkswagen Tiguan .. Andrew Weatherall; Feathers 2008
Volkswagen Beetle .. Devendra Banhart Santa Maria De Feira 2007
Volkswagen Golf .. Cliff Martinez Don't Blow It 2007
Volkswagen Golf .. Adrian Sutton's cover of; The Great Pretender 2007
Volkswagen .. Mint Royale; Singing In The Rain 2006
Volkswagen Convertible .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) Mr Blue Sky 2002
Volkswagen .. Styx: 'Mr. Roboto'
Volvo S60 T3 R-Design - Tarot .. Ástor Piazzolla; Libertango 2011 watch
Volvo C30 .. Puccini; Oh Mio Babbino Caro from Gianni Schicch /&/ Petter; Slag Under Baltet 2010 watch
Volvo C70 .. Miss Li; Oh Boy 2010 watch
Volvo C30 (Design Creates Debate) .. Baikonour; Hoko To Shin Ken 2008
Volvo XC70 .. Roy Orbison; Only The Lonely 2008
Volvo V70; Perfect Afternoon .. Nina Nastasia; Our Day Trip 2008
Volvo XC70 .. Traditional Wheels On The Bus 2007
Volvo S40 .. Fats Waller When Somebody Thinks You're Wonderful 1999
Volvo .. Donovan: 'Catch The Wind'
Vonage .. Rock-A-Teens: 'Woo Hoo'
Wachovia: AG Edwards .. Jon Darling; Lunatics 2008 watch
Waitrose - School of Christmas Magic .. Special Arrangement; Carol of the Bells 2011 watch
Waitrose - Love food, Love Life .. Mumm-ra; Shes Got You High? 2011 watch
Waitrose Price Match .. Dave Brubeck Quartet; Take Five 2010 watch
Waitrose The Only Place To Be This Christmas .. Camilla Kerslake; How Can I Keep From Singing 2009 watch
Waitrose Christmas Food .. Libera; How Can I Keep From Singing (album:Eternal/The Best of Libera) 2008 watch
Waitrose Christmas Food .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2008 watch
Waitrose quality food (picnic ad) .. Canned Heat; Going up the Country 2008 watch
Waitrose Christmas Food .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2007 watch
Waitrose Beef Farmers .. Elvis Presley; Love Me Tender 2007 watch
Waitrose Sustainable Fishing .. Mills Brothers: Some of These Days 2007
Waitrose Masters of Wine .. Carmel: More, More, More 2007
Waitrose .. Leo Sayer: You Make Me Feel Like Dancing 2007
Waitrose .. Matt Monro: Somewhere (From West Side Story) 2007
Waitrose .. Billie Holiday: When You're Smiling 2007
Waitrose Sustainable Fishing .. Mills Brothers: Some of These Days 2007
Waitrose Masters of Wine .. Carmel: More, More, More 2007
Waitrose .. Wilson Pickett; In The Midnight Hour 2002
Wales Sunloungers .. Sweet Baboo; Bumblebee Song 2010 watch
Walkers Crisps Whats That Flavour? .. Special Version: Craig David; Whats Your Flava? 2012 watch
Walkers Sunbites .. Peters and Lee; Welcome Home 2011 watch
Walkers Rainy Days .. The Weather Girls; Its Raining Men 2010 watch
Walkers Extra Crunchy .. Lionel Richie; Say You, Say Me 2010 watch
Walkers Crisps - Sandwich .. JLS; One Shot 2010 watch
Walkers Baked .. Air; Sexy Boy 2010 watch
Walkers Flavour Cup Games .. Herb Alpert; Bean Bag 2010 watch
Walkers Crisps - Sandwich .. JLS; One Shot 2010 watch
Walkers Baked Crisps - Sexy Boy Gary Lineker .. Air; Sexy Boy 2010 watch
Walkers Crisps - Do Us A Flavour .. The Specials; A Message To You Rudy 2008
Walkers Crisps .. special version; Summer Holiday 2008
Walkers Crisps - 100% British Potatoes .. Flanders & Swann; Hippopotamus Song (Mud Glorious Mud) 2008
Walkers .. Trad; Mud, Mud, Glorious Mud 2007
Walkers: Monster Munch 80% Less Fat.. Bobby "Boris" Pickett & The Crypt-Kickers Monster Mash 2007
Walkers Lamb & Mint Flavour Crisps /Salt GDA .. Bobby McFerrin; Dont Worry, Be Happy 2006
Walkers Sauce Promotion .. Motorhead; Ace of Spades 2005
Walkers Wotsits .. Captain Sensible; Wot 1999
Walkers Crisps .. Peters & Lee; Welcome Home 1994ish watch
Walls Cornetto - Teddy Bear .. Audio Bullys; Only Man 2011 watch
Walls Carte dOr - Great Ending.. Minnutes; Icedream 2011 watch
Walls Carte D'Or .. Michael Buble; Haven't Met You Yet 2010 watch
Walls Ice Cream: Carte D'Or Caramel Cinnamon Waffle .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2009 watch
Wall's Carte D'Or - New Lemon Sorbet .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2008 watch
Walls Ice Cream: Magnum Ecuador .. Yma Sumac Tumpa (Earthquake) 2007
Walls Ice Cream: Cornetto .. Elvis Presley; Its Now Or Never 2000
Wanadoo .. Iggy & The Stooges; Down on the Street 2005
Warburtons Taste Testers .. Jimmy Cliff; You Can Get It If You Really Want 2012 watch
Warburtons - Millionth Loaf .. Elias and his Zig Zag Jive Flutes; Tom Hark 2011 watch
Warburtons - Burnt Toast .. Barber; Adagio For Strings 2010 watch
Warburtons - The Mission .. Jerry Goldsmith; Parachutes (Air Force One - Opening Theme) 2010 watch
Warburtons .. Cat Stevens: Morning Has Broken 2006
Warner Leisure Hotels Grown Ups .. Texas; Inner Smile 2012 watch
Warner Leisure Hotels Autumn 2010 .. Kidda; Strong Together 2010 watch
Warner Brothers License To Wed .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2007
Water Aid .. Hans Zimmer & Lisa Gerrard; Now We Are Free (Juba's Mix) 2006
Weetabix - Chocolate Spoonsize .. Mord Fustang; A New World 2011 watch
Weetabix - Oatibix .. The Knack; My Sharona 2009 watch
Weetabix .. Jonathan Richman & The Modern Lovers: Egyptian Reggae 2006 listen
Weetabix .. TV Theme; Galloping Home (Theme From Black Beauty) 2000 watch
Weetabix .. Beach Boys ft. The Fat Boys; Wipe out 2000 listen
Weetabix .. unknown; I will Survive 1997ish watch
Weight Watchers: Do It Our Way .. Alesha Dixon; Do It Our Way (Play) 2012 watch
Weight Watchers .. Barbara Harris: Gorgeous 2007
Weight Watchers .. Cher; Song For The Lonely 2006
Welch's Grape Juice - Antioxidents .. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2008
Werthers Original - Fathers and Sons .. Bread; Everything I Own 2011 watch
Westpac .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be early 2000's listen
West End Draught .. ?? especially commissioned song ?? 2007 watch
Western Australia tourism .. Russell Morris: "The Real Thing" ~ Australian
Which? (Magazine) .. Verdi: Anvil Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2006
Whiskas Temptations: Let It Snow .. The Puppini Sisters; Let It Snow 2010 watch
Whiskas .. Acker Bilk; Stranger On The Shore 2005
Whiskas .. Humphrey Lyttelton Band; The Onions 2000
William Hill Vegas Casino .. Rival Consoles; Kid Velo 2012 watch
William Hill .. Switch; A Bit Patchy 2011 listen
William Hill - Football Currency .. Mantronix; King of the Beats 2011 watch
William Hill .. Sex Pistols; Pretty Vacant 2010 listen
Winalot Heart Of Our Family .. Edward Elgar; Nimrod (from "Enigma Variations") 2011 listen
Wolf Blass .. Wolf Blass; Wolf Blass Theme 2005
Wonderbra Pure .. Stranglers: Hanging Around 2002
Wonga .. Frankie Laine; Rawhide 2011 listen
Woodpecker Cider .. Culture Beat; Mr Vain 2000
Woolwich Mortgages .. Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C minor: II. Adagio 2006
Woolworths Sale .. Kaiser Chiefs; Ruby 2007
Woolworths Friends - Joey DVD Promotion .. Rembrandts; I'll Be There For You 2005
Woolworths .. Space Raiders; Song for Dot 2004
World Wildlife Fund .. 1 Giant Leap: Dunya Salam 2005
Worthingtons .. Limp Bizkit: My Way 2003
Wrangler .. Jimi Hendrix: Crosstown Traffic 2000
Wrangler .. Victor Young; Follow The Yellow Brick Road 1999
Wrangler .. Thin Lizzy: 'The Boys are Back in Town'
Wrigleys Extra Gum Are You Following Me? .. Nylon Studios; Commissioned Track 2010 watch
Wrigleys Extra sponsors Hollyoaks on Channel 4 .. Joey Ryan; Honest Man 2008
Wrigleys Extra Fusion - Mixed Up Flavours .. Hein Hoven @ Beathoven ft. Tight Eyez ; Krumping 2008
Wrigleys Orbit .. Larrikin Love; Six Queens 2008
Wrigleys Extra Fusion .. Klaxons; Gravity's Rainbow (Van She Remix) 2007
Wrigley's Extra chewing gum .. Hanson: "Mmm Bop" 2004
Wrigley's Spearmint .. Spencer Davis Group: "Keep On Running" '90s
WSPA .. REM: Everybody Hurts 2007
WWF - Save The Cerrado .. Janine Forrester; Commissioned Track 2011 watch
X >>
Xbox 360 Final Fantasy XIII 2 .. Charice; New World 2012 watch
XBox 360 Kinect Effect .. Pixies; Where Is My Mind 2011 watch
XBox 360 Forza Motorsport 4 .. Kanye West; Power 2011 watch
Xbox 360 Gears of War 3: Dust to Dust .. Mazzy Star; Into Dust 2011 watch
XBox 360 Fable III .. T Rex; Children of the Revolution 2010 watch
XBox 360 Final Fantasy XIII .. Leona Lewis; My Hands 2010 listen
XBox 360 Watch Sky TV .. Big Pink; Dominos 2009 watch
XBox 360: Gears of War 2.. DeVotchka; "How It Ends" 2008 watch
XBox 360: Bring Everyone Together .. Poison; Nothin' But A Good Time 2007
XBox 360: Bioshock .. Bobby Darin; Beyond The Sea 2007
XBox 360: Halo 3 .. Chopin; Raindrop Prelude (Op. 28, Prelude No. 15 in D-flat major) 2007
X Files .. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds; Red Right Hand 1990
Y >>
Yahoo .. Queen: "You're My Best Friend"
Yahoo .. Eric Clapton: 'Wonderful Tonight'
Yell.com - Day V Lately .. Day V Lately; Pulse & Thunder 2011 watch
Yellow Pages .. Ramones; Baby I Love You 1997
Yeo Valley Organic - X-Factor 2011 .. The Churned; Forever 2011 watch
Yeo Valley Organic - Harmony .. Yeo Valley Boyz; Yeo Valley Rap (ft Mr George & Lisa Roxanne) 2010 watch
Yoplait Yogurt .. Bryan Hyland cover: 'Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini'
Yorkshire Bank Current Account .. Farm; All Together Now 2007
Yorkshire Tourist Ad .. Jam; English Rose 2008
Youngs Chip Shop -- Hungry Sailor .. Port Isaacs Fishermans Friends; The Hungry Sailor 2011 watch
Youngs Breaded Fish: Love Fish .. Port Isaacs Fishermans Friends; When The Boat Comes In 2011 watch
Youngs: Sea To Plate .. Andy Findon; Dance Ti Thi Daddy (Theme from When The Boat Comes In) 2006
Yves Saint Laurent Opium .. Mozart; Lacrimosa from Requiem in D Minor 2011 watch
Yves Saint Laurent Elle .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Gold Lion 2007 watch
Z >
Zoflora Bouquet.. Dukas; Sorcerers Apprentice 2005
Zurich Municipal Insurance .. Showaddywaddy; You Got What It Takes 2000
IF YOU KNOW A TV AD SONG NOT ON THE LIST ~ PLEASE EMAIL
I put ad's up on the page at least once a week that I have seen and know or have very kindly been emailed in.
Sincere apologies, but PLEASE don't ask me to search an ad song for you. If you can't find, it odds on, I cant!!
With all the many pages I do on my hobby-site I just haven't the time for hour long searches ~ really sorry.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
| i don't know |
Which liquid gas is used by Heston Bloomental to make ice cream ? It recently destroyed part of the stomach of a young lady when consumed in a cocktail. | Liquid nitrogen cocktails are 'unsafe' and landlords will lose their licences if they put clubbers in danger, health minister warns | Daily Mail Online
Next
Liquid nitrogen cocktails are 'unsafe' and landlords could lose their licence if they put clubbers in danger, Health Minister warns
Minister Anna Soubry spoke out after a student had two of the drinks and had to have her stomach removed
Gaby Scanlon had been drinking at a bar in Lancaster to celebrate her 18th birthday when she was left feeling breathless
She was taken to Lancaster Royal Infirmary where she diagnosed with a perforated stomach
Liquid nitrogen is added to a cocktail to chill and create a smoke effect
Food Standards Agency inspectors will crackdown on nitrogen use
| Nitrogen |
"Which common piece of medical equipment is named from two Greek words for ""chest"" and ""to look at"" ?" | The Food Timeline: history notes--cookies, crackers & biscuits
The book Cookies and Crackers, Time/Life Books, 1982 (page 5) provides a history of cookies that is perfect for elementary gourmets:
"The art of making cookies and crackers is that of turning simple ingredients into wonderful things....Like cakes and pastries, cookies and crackers are the descendants of the earliest food cooked by man-- -grain-water-paste baked on hot stones by Neolithic farmers 10,000 years ago. The development of cookies and crackers from these primitive beginnings is a history of refinements inspired by two different impulses--one plan and practical, the other luxurious and pleasure-loving. Savory crackers represent the practical and may well have been the first convenience foods: A flour paste, cooked once, then cooked again to dry it thoroughly, becomes a hard, portable victual with an extraordinarily long storage life--perfect for traveling....For centuries, no ship left port without enough bone-hard, twice-cooked ship's biscuit--the word biscuit comes from the Old French biscoit, meaning twice cooked---to last for months, or even years. While sailors and other travelers chewed their way through unyielding biscuits, cooks of the ancient civilizations of the Middle East explored the culinary possibilities of sweetness and richness. These cooks lightened and enriched the paste mixtures with eggs, butter and cream and sweetened them with fruit, honey and finally--when the food became widely available in the late Middle Ages--with sugar... Luxurious cakes and pastries in large and small versions were well known in the Persian empire of the Seventh Century A.D. With the Muslim invasion of Spain, then the Crusades and the developing spice trade, the cooking techniques and ingredients of Arabia spread into Northern Europe. There the word cookies, distinguishing small confections, appeared: The word comes from the Dutch Koeptje [koekje], meaning small cake. By the end of the 14th Century, one could buy little filled wafers on the streets of Paris...Renaissance cookbooks were rich in cookie recipes, and by the 17th Century, cookies were common-place."
"The term [cookie] first appeared in print as long ago as 1703."
---The Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] (page 212).
"During the seventeeth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries most cookies were made in home kitchens. They were baked as special treats because the cost of sweeteners and the amount of time and labor required for preparation. The most popular of these early cookies still retain their prize status. Recipes for jumbles, a spiced butter cookie, and for macaroons, based on beaten egg whites and almonds, were common in the earliest American cookbooks...Because it was relatively inexpensive and easy to make, gingergbread was one of the most popular early cookies...As kitchen technology improved in the early 1900s, most notably in the ability to regulate oven temperature, America's repertoire of cookie recipes grew."
---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith editor [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, Volume 1 (p. 317-8)
---Baking in America: Economic Development, William G. Panschar, Volume 1 [Northwestern University Press:Evanston IL] 1956 (p. 54)
"After the Civil War, when the so-called 'traveling' market for biscuits and crackers began to decline, the industry adjusted itself to the new conditions by importing the machinery and methods for making English sweetened biscuits and yeast-raised crackers. In addition, during the late 1890s the National Biscuit Company introduced wrapping and packaging machines for cracker products, which were quickly adopted by other industry members."
--ibid (p. 67)
ABOUT COMMERCIAL SUGAR WAFERS IN NORTH AMERICA First came UK imports:
[1878]
"Peek Frean & Co. Sugar Wafers."
---display ad, Fitchburg Sentinel [MA] January 11, 1878 (p. 3) [No price or product description]
[1879]
"Mssrs. Carr & Co....manufacture between 150 and 200 different classes of cakes and biscuits. The 'arrowroots' are one of the oldest, and in these the business is enormous. For upwards of thirty years, also, the firm have had a reputation for soda biscuits. To mention ...in any kind of detail all the other varieties would be impossible...a glance only at one of their price lists is sufficient...[selected biscuits named including sugar wafers]...Of these latter [sugar biscuits] it may be said that that they are a very luxury in biscuit food; as their names imply, so like wafers that they are, they seem to melt almost the moment they are flavored with vanilla, rose, or lemon, as ma be desired. The manipulation (mechanical, not handwork) required to get these biscuits to perfection is so delicate, ingenious, and 'indescribable.' that it must be seen to be fully appreciated."
---"Carr & Co The Original Biscuit Manufacturers," The British Mail [London]. December 1, 1879 (p. 45-46)
[1884]
"Homes and Court's celebrated biscuits...Sugar Wafers (assorted flavors), 30 cents a box."
---Newport Mercury [RI], July 26, 1884 (p. 5)
Then American companies entered the market:
[1890]
Advertisement placed in Daily Tribune [Salt Lake City UT] November 19, 1890 offers several wafer biscuits made by the Massachusetts based Kennedy Biscuit Company. Wafer biscuit flavors are: Princess, Vanilla, Lemon, Oatmeal, Graham, Fairy, and Sugar. Kennedy was soon to be absorbed by the National Biscuit Company (aka NBC, Nabisco). Fact this east coast company's products were available in American interior west illustrates both national market penetration and brand recognition. Our survey of historic newspapers confirm Kennedy's ads were placed in local newspapers throughout the country by 1900 (NewspaperArchive.com).
If you are doing a "cookies around the world" project ask your librarian to help you find The International Cookie Jar Cookbook, Anita Borghese.
Ammonia cookies
According to the food history reference books, "Ammonia" cookies are not one specific cookie recipe but a whole host of edible treats employing ammonium bicarbonate, an old-fashioned (probably now hard to get?) leavening agent. Ammonium carbonate is a byproduct of hartshorn, a substance extracted from deer antlers [harts horn]. Hartshorn is most commonly referenced in old cookbooks in jelly recipes. It was also known a source for ammonia, which could be used as a leavener.
"Hartshorn...1. The horn or antler of a hart [male deer, esp. Red deer] the substance obtained by rasping, slicing or calcining the horns of harts, formerly the chief sources of ammonia. 2. Spirit of hartshorn, also simply hartshoren; the aqueous solution of ammonia (whether obtained from harts' horns or otherwise). Salt of hartshorn, carbonate of ammonia; smelling salt."
---Oxford English Dictionary
Historic English definitions & sources:
HARTS-HORN, 205. Shavings of the antlers of a stag or hart were the source of a jelly. Nott (1726) is among the authors who explain how to make it. (Robert May, 1660/1685)
HARTS-HORN: deerhorn, used as a source of gelatine. (Sir Kenelm Digby, 1669)
HARTSHORN: the shavings of a stag�s antlers were used to set a jelly. In Receipt 194 it is combined with isinglass (see below), a material that eventually superseded hartshorn in most cookery operations. (John Evelyn, Cook, C17)
HARTSHORN: See H 22. The receipt is self-explanatory. (John Nott, 1726)
HARTSHORN: a hart�s horn or antler, used as a source of gelatin. Pierre Pomet says that many remedies were prepared from hartshorn and mentions that hartshorn jelly was good against fainting and swooning fits, heartburn, convulsions, falling sickness, hysterical fits, and worms. (See volume II, p. 257.) (Richard Bradley, 1736)
HARTSHORN, HARTSHORN-JELLY. Hartshorn was formerly the main source of ammonia, and its principal use was in the production of smelling salts. But hartshorn shavings were used, in a different operation, to produce a special and edible jelly. In her recipe for a �Hedge-Hog�, 85, Hannah Glasse assumes that the reader will know how to make this. A full recipe is given by Nott (1726), and earlier authors.(Glasse, 1747)
HARTSHORN is deerhorn, used as a source of gelatine. (William Ellis, 1750)
"Hartshorn was formerly the main source of ammonia, and its principal use was in the production of smelling salts. But hartshorn shavings were used to produce a special, edible jelly used in English cookery in the 17th and 18th centuries."
---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] (p. 372)
"Ammonium bicarbonate...This leavener is the precursor of today's baking powder and baking soda. It's still called for in some European baking recipes, mainly for cookies. It can be purchased in drugstores but must be ground to a powder before using. Also known as hartshorn, carbonate of ammonia and powdered baking ammonia."
---Food Lover's Companion, Sharon Tyler Herbst, 3rd edition [Barrons:New York] 2001 (p. 14)
"Ammonia cookies...Any variety of cookies made with a leavening agent called ammonium carbonate, or baking ammonia. They are most commonly found in Scandinavian-American communities In their book Farm Recipes and Food Secrets from the Norske Nook (1993), Helen Myhre and Mona Vold wrote, "Talk about Old Faithful, this was one of those basic stanbys every farm lady made."
---Encyclopedia of American Food & Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 6)
"Ammonia, is a gas and its ordinary form of Spirits of Ammonia, or Hartshorn, is water saturated with the gas. Ammonia is sometimes used in Baking Powders, but being extremely volatile must soon lose its strength."
---Grocers' Hand-Book and Directory for 1886, compiled by Artemas Ward, published by The Philadelphia Grocer Publishing Co. (p. 13)
The greatest challenge for modern cooks recreating "old fashioned" ammonia cookies is the amount of this item is often expressed in non-traditional terms. Recipes specifying a "lump" or "5 cents worth of ammonia" are not uncommon. Since baking is chemistry and prices fluxuate according to period & place, one needs to research these particular recipes in historic context.
[1889]
"Cup Cookies
Rub to a cream three-quarters of a cup of butter and one cup of sugar; add four eggs, one at a time, and the grated peel of a lemon. Then dissolve a lump of ammonia, about the size of a bean, in a quarter of a pound of lukewarm milk; add this and just enough sifted flour to enable you to roll out on the baking-board. Roll quite thin. Beat up an egg and brush over the cookies, sprinkle with sugar, cinnamon and pounded almonds. These are very nice. Be careful not to add too much flour. Omit the almonds if you are not fond of them."
Food historians generally agree the art of crafting small baked goods into fancy shapes began as a Christmas tradition in Medieval Germany. Lebkuchen (gingerbread) was a highly sophisticated art. The legal right to make these products was carefully protected by Guilds. They were sometimes used as Christmas decorations.
By the middle of the 19th century the industrial revolution made it possible for biscuits, cookies and crackers to be manufactured in factories. Crisp biscuits (what we Americans now call cookies) baked in fancy shapes were very popular in Victorian England. Some of these biscuits were shaped like animals. "Zoologicals" (animal crackers) were sold at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia [1876]. They were made by Philadelphia baker Walter G. Wilson. According to a recent Washington Post article, in 1889 when P.T. Barnum's circus travelled to England, animal cookies proliferated. Food companies were most likely capitalizing on Barnum's popular entertainment. Animal Crackers manufactured at that time were probably designed as a marketing promotions. Shirley Temple's Animal Crackers in my soup (1935) remains an iconic American song through the 21st century.
The earliest mention of animal crackers we have in print is this recipe from 1883:
Animals or Menagerie
1 bbl flour, 40 lbs sugar, 16 lard, 12 oz soda, 8 ozs ammonia, 6 3/4 gals milk."
---Secrets of the Bakers and Confectioners' Trade, J. D. Hounihan [self-published:Staunton VA] April 1, 1883 (p. 96)
[NOTE: this is professional cooking text. It does not offer any instructions regarding the shaping of these cookies. The author offers this interesting preface note on p. 89: "The following recipes are from threee of the best workmen in the business. One of them is at New York, another at Philadelphia and the third at Cambridge, Mass. They are all employed in the best bakeries in their respective localities, and I have their sworn affidavit that they are the recipes they are now working with, and the best known to them...I am not at liberty to give the names of the parties I have the recipes from, for reasons best known to myself and the parties"]
National Biscuit Company's (now Nabisco) classic Animal Crackers were introduced to the American public in 1902. According to Nabisco sources, the first Animal Crackers were marketed as a seasonal item. The brighly-colored box (not the cookies) was promoted as a Christmas tree ornament, thus explaining the string attached to the top.
Although Animal biscuits/crackers are a very simple cookie we find no evidence they were created/promoted as health foods. 19th century cookie-type health products often contained arrowroot and Graham's flour (whole wheat). They were not generally marketed in fancy shapes.
This is what the food historians have to say on the subject:
"During the 19th century supplies of cheap sugar and flour, plus chemical raising agents such as bicarbonate of soda, led to the development of many sweet biscuit recipes. In Britain several entrepreneurs laid the foundations of the modern biscuit industry. The firms of Carrs, Huntley & Palmer, and Crawfords were all established by 1850. Since the mid 19th century the range of commercially baked biscuits based on creamed and pastry type mixtures has expanded to meet the demand..."
---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 76)
"Animal Crackers are actually a cookie, first produced as Christmas tree ornaments in 1902 by the National Biscuit Company (now Nabisco). They are formed in the shapes of various circus animals and packed in a box decorated like a circus train. Nabisco currently produces about 7 million Animal Cracker cookies per day."
---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 104)
"Animal crackers were created and achieved fame many years before the advent ot NBC (National Biscuit Company). In the beginning they were just called "Animals," They were imported from England when "fancy" baked goods first began to be in demand here. In the latter part of the nineteenth century they were manufactured domestically by Hetfield & Ducker in Brooklyn as well as Vandeveer & Holmes Biscuit Company in New York. Both firms eventually became part of the New York Biscuit Company and "Animals" were one of their staples. When "Animals" were adopted by NBC, their name was changed to "Barnum's Animal Crackers," named after P.T. Barnum, showman and circus owner who was so famous during this era. Barnum's Animal Crackers provided the nation with a new type of animal cracker, produced in a small square box resembling a circus cage with a tape at the top for easy carrying. Barnum's Animals appeared during Christmas season just three years after the Uneeda Biscuit. What was originally a seasonal novelty proved so popular that it became a steady seller. Soon Animal (the 's' was dropped) Crackers became part of the American scene and of almost every American household."
---Out of the Cracker Barrel:From Animal Crackers to ZuZus, William Cahn [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 106-7)
"P.T. Barnum, the greatest self-promoter in history, had absolutely nothing to do with the box that bears his name. And never got a cent for it. That's according to our man Fisher of the Barnum Museum. Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus still doesn't get a cut, or a licensing fee. This is what happened: In 1889, Barnum decided to do something truly nutty, a tour of England with his circus. So after his buddy Bailey figured out how, exactly, you get a circus that normally takes up 10 rail cars onto a boat and across an ocean, Barnum's animals made their European debut. The English, meanwhile, had already invented something called animal biscuits. Sensing a marketing moment, several companies started manufacturing animal biscuits with circus packaging and called them Barnum's. Soon the product migrated across the ocean, where Nabisco's forerunner, the National Biscuit Co., put them on U.S. store shelves in 1902. Originally called "Barnum's Animals,'' they became Barnum's "Animal Crackers'' in 1948." --- "Circus food," Jennifer Frey, Washington Post, March 20, 2002
How much did these cost?
[1905] 4 cents (no size)
[1947] 15 cents (2 packages, no size)
[1954] 29 cents (3 packages, no size)
[1963] 10 cents (2 oz pkg)
[1967] 10 cents (2 oz pkg)
[1981] 33 cents (2 oz pkg)
[1983] 45 cents (2 oz pkg)
Who designed this special package?
"Sydney S. Stern, designer of the original Ritz Crackers, Shredded Wheat and Animal Crackers boxes...was trained as an artist, joined the National Biscuit Company in 1923 and spent much of his life desining its cartons and wrappers. His design for Nabisco's Animal Crackers including caged lions, tigers and bears, replaced the original 1902 packaging and has changed only slightly over the years...Mr. Stern, who began painting in water colors as a child, studied at the Art Students League, Columbia University and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He won recognition for his work as a painter, a photographer and a set designer."
---"S.S. Stern, 99; Designed Ritz Crackers Box," [obituary], New York Times, June 15, 1989 (p. D24)
[NOTE: We do not know who designed the original 1902 box. Yet.]
"Animal Crackers in my Soup" (from the film Curly Top, 1935)
Animal crackers in my soup, Monkeys & rabbits, loop da loop
Gosh, oh gee, but I have fun, Swallowing animals one by one.
In every bowl of soup I see, Lions & tigers watching me.
I make 'em jump right through a hoop, Those animal crackers in my soup.
When I get hold of the big bad wolf, I just push him under the zebra hoof,
Then I bite him in a million bits And I gobble him right down.
Temple, Shirley (composer Ray Henderson; lyricists Irving Caesar and Ted Koehler)
--- SoupSong.com .
Did Shirley Temple really put animal crackers in her soup?
"Though she cheerfully sang that song in her 1935 movie 'Curly Top,' Shirley Temple really didn't put animal crackers in her soup. 'Shirley knows the crackers are too sweet for that, She knows the combination would taste terrible,' her father announced at the time. 'Shirley saves the animal crackers for after dinner.' George Temple wasn't doing a commercial. He merely was trying to make good with thousands of parents across the country who had written to him complaining that their kids wanted to pour animal crackers into their soup after seeing 'Curly Top.'" ---"75 Years Later, Cagey Animal Crackers are Still Capturing the Fancy of Children," Joan Zyda, Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1977 (p. B3) [NOTE: We do not have the original source of Ms. Temple's quote.]
Nabisco food history sources generally tell us Animal Crackers have been a stable product since they were introduced in 1902. While the product is not overly sweet (compared to Oreos, for example), it does have a sweetish flavor, not particularly suited for pairing with soup. Of course, there are many types of soup, including chilled fruit soups served for the dessert popular in Scandinavian countries. We don't think that was the kind of soup 6 year old "American as apple pie" Shirley Temple as singing about in 1935.
Massachusetts Corporations database
[1990]
Bay View Food Products was registered September 13, 1939, involuntary dissolution December 31, 1990 SOURCE: Massachusetts Corporations database
The last registration/listing in the US Patent and Trademark Office was held by the McKesson Corporation. It was canceled May 19, 2001. Both the manufacturer and the brand ended:
"Word Mark EDUCATOR Goods and Services (CANCELLED) IC 030. US 046. G & S: CRACKERS, BISCUITS AND COOKIES. FIRST USE: 19630411. FIRST USE IN COMMERCE: 19630411 Mark Drawing Code (1) TYPED DRAWING Serial Number 73831731 Filing Date October 16, 1989 Current Filing Basis 1A Original Filing Basis 1A Published for Opposition February 13, 1990 Registration Number 1595624 Registration Date May 8, 1990 Owner (REGISTRANT) MCKESSON CORPORATION CORPORATION MARYLAND ONE POST STREET SAN FRANSCISCO CALIFORNIA 94104 (LAST LISTED OWNER) MCKESSON CORPORATION CORPORATION BY CHANGE OF NAME FROM DELAWARE ONE POST STREET SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA 94104 Assignment Recorded ASSIGNMENT RECORDED Type of Mark TRADEMARK Register PRINCIPAL Affidavit Text SECT 15. SECT 8 (6-YR). Live/Dead Indicator DEAD Cancellation Date May 19, 2001"
A selective survey of historic newspaper ads reveals several varieties:
1902
Mrs. Rorer's New Cook Book, Sarah Tyson Rorer [1902] includes "Educators" in one of her menus for "simple dinners." Mrs. Rorer was a well known home economist, cooking teacher, and author who was devoted to healthy meals and proper nutrition. The entire menu includes: clear soup, broiled steak, mushroom sauce, stuffed potatoes, spinach, chicory salad, educators, cream cheese, coffee, almonds and mint wafers. (p. 665) She does not include a recipe or notes for educators. Perhaps this implies her audience would have understood what they were and where to buy them.
November 16, 1913
"Johnson's Educator Crackers...reg. 10 cents, sale 8 cents: Toasterettes, Wafers, Luncheon, Graham, Animal, Ginger."
May 13, 1917
October 7, 1917
"Educator" choices: Sweet Graham, Butter Thins, Ginger Snaps, Luncheon Biscuits, Kremex, Demitasse. They were selling for .08/pkg or .90/dozen.
August 25, 1918
"A sale or Educator Corn Meal Crackers. They are rich in nature's energy producing material. Food experts urge the use of more Corn Meal Products because of their great food value. 10-oz. cartons, this sale, 22c each. Educator Wheatless Crackers, made of the purest ingredients. A good, tasty cracker, not too sweet. Large carton, containing 12 oz., this sale, 29c each." [NOTE: "Wheatless Wednesdays" were declared by Hoover in 1918 to save food for the WWI troops:
October 31, 1920
Sugarland, Gingerland, Raisinland, Lassesland, Chocolateland and Coconutland in "big" packages (no count/weight provided) , 35 cents/pkg. "
July 24, 1924
"Toasterettes, Fig bars, Butter thins, and Graham crackers. .09/carton or $1.06/dozen. These items were being sold in prominent New York City department stores (Macy's, Bloomingdale's)"
June 30, 1938
"Educator Crackers, Crax, .15/lb pkg."
December 22, 1953
"Educator Ice Box Cookies, .29/10 oz pkg."
August 18, 1965
"Educator Crackers. You've seen the name....you'll taste the quality. 8 3/4 and 9 3/4 ounce boxes from the educator biscuit company...for snacking, entertaining picnics or parties!. Barbecue crax, sesame crax, and flavorful vee-gee crax...introduce tem to your favorite spreads and dips! box 29 cents." (Los Angeles Times, p. 8, includes illustration of sesame crax box)
December 29, 1965
"Beer, Cola or Scotch Chasers."
March 15, 1973
"Sea Pilot, Cheese 'N Chive, Beer Chasers, Crax"
January 31, 1977
"Beer Chaser Crackers, Tavern Crackers, Animal Crackers."
October 25, 1985
Biscotti
Biscotti date to Ancient times. The term literally means "twice baked." These hard biscuits fueled armies and fed travelers. Flavor variations and culinary techniques evolved according to time and place. English rusk , German zweiback , Jewish mandelbrot , British ship's biscuit, and American hardtack are similar in purpose and method. About biscuits .
"Biscuit. A small, dry, flat cake, traditionally with good keeping qualities, eaten as a snack or accompaniment to a drink, and sweet or savory. Sweet biscuits are eaten as an accompaniment to coffee, tea or milk--and mid-morning wine in Italy--and partner desserts of ice cream. They are used to make desserts--charlottes in particular--and macaroon crumbs are often added to custards or creams...In France biscuits are simply regarded as one aspect of petits fours, with their own wide repertoire...Their English and French name comes from the Latin bis meaning twice and coctus meaning cooked, for biscuits should be in theory be cooked twice , which gives them a long storage life...This very hard, barely risen biscuit was for centuries the staple food of soldiers and sailors. Roman legions were familiar with it and Pliny claimed that "Parthian bread" would keep for centuries...Soldiers biscuits or army biscuits were known under Louis XIV as "stone bread." In 1894, army biscuits were replaced by war bread made of starch, sugar, water, nitrogenous matter, ash, and cellulose, but the name "army biscuit" stuck...Biscuits were also a staple item in explorers' provisions. Traveller's biscuits, in the 19th century, were hard pastries or cakes wrapped in tin foil which kept well."
---Larousse Gastronomique, Completely Revised and Updated [Clarkson Potter:New York] 2001 (page 113)
"Biscotto. "Twice baked." Dry cookie. Often containing nuts, biscotti are usually slices from a twice-baked flattened cookie loaf. In Tuscany, biscotti or cantucci are almond cookies. In Sicily, biscotti a rombo are diamond-shaped cookies and b. Regina (queen's biscuits) are sesame seed biscuits. B. Tipo pavesini are almond biscuits of Pavia. B. De la bricia are flavoured with fennel seeds, a specialty of La Spezia. B. Aviglianese (Avigliano stype) are made with unleavened bread."
---The Dictionary of Italian Food and Drink, John Mariani [Broadway Books:New York] 1998 (p. 36)
"Biscuit, a cereal product that has been baked twice. The result is relatively light (because little water remains), easy to store and transport (therefore a useful food for travellers and soldiers), sometimes hard to eat without adding water or olive oil."
---Food in the Ancient World From A to Z, Andrew Dalby [Routledge:London] 2003 (p. 53)
Recipe variations
Almonds, hazelnuts, anise, and sesame seeds were well known to ancient cooks. Chocolate was introduced to the "Old World" in the 16th century. It took approximately hundred years before this ingredient was incorporated into European desserts. It wasn't until the 19th century this ingredient found its way into baked goods. Italian Cuisine: A Cultural History (Alberto Capatti & Massimo Montanari) references both biscotti and hazelnuts, although not together in one recipe, as foods relished by the wealthy during the 16th century (p. 128).
[1891]
500 grams (about 1 pound) of flour
220 grams (about 7 3/4 ounces) of powdered sugar
120 grams (about 4 1/4 ounces) of whole sweet blanched almonds, mixed with some pine nuts
30 grams (about 1 ounce) of butter
a pinch of aniseed
5 eggs
a pinch of salt
Leave aside the almonds and pine nuts to add later, and blend all the other ingredients with four eggs (you only ned to use the fifth egg if necessary) to make a rather soft dough. Add the almonds and pine nuts, and then make four loaves of dough about as thick as a finger and as long as the palm of your hand; arrange them in a baking pan greased with butter and dusted with flour, and gild with egg yolk. Do not bake the loaves too long, so that you can slice them. This is better done the next day, because the crust has time to soften. Put the slices bakc in the oven and toast lightly on both sides, and there you have your crunchy cookies."
---Science in the Kitchen and the Art of Eating Well, Pelligrino Artusi, 1891 edition translated by Murtha Baca and Stephen Saratelli [Marsilio Publishers:New York] 1997 (p. 396)
[NOTE: This book also offers recipes for Crunch Cookies II, Biscoitti Teneri (Soft cookies), Biscotti da Famiglia (Family-style cookes), Bisciotti Della Salute (Health Cookies) and Biscotto Alla Sultana (Sultan cake).]
[1945]
The answer to questions regarding the origin of this recipe depends upon whether you are seeking a culinary history or linguistic study of mandelbrodt. Historians confirm that almonds were known to ancient middle eastern cooks, and were incorprated into many recipes. Biscuits/biscotti , twice-baked hard breads, were popular in Ancient Rome and generally spread with the Romans to other parts of the continent. Back in the day when modern packaging/preservation options didn't exist, this dried bread was a sensible option. The term mandelbrot is of Germanic heritage and this particular food is traditionally associated with Eastern European Jews. Perhaps this suggests (although the recipe may be ancient) the genesis of the food with this name may be linguistically placed in Medieval Eastern Europe.
"Mandelbrot, kamishbrot, and biscotti: three twice-baked cookies. One is Italian. The others are Eastern European Jewish. Is there a connection? Perhaps. "We've thought about the connection," said Peter Pastan, chef-owner of Obelisk, a tiny pix fixe Italian restaurant in Washington D.C. "Mandelbrot is all over Eastern Europe and in Italy everybody has a different recipe for biscotti--some with fennel, some are crunchy; the ones around Siena are ugly but good." Mr. Pastan, who comes form an American-Jewish family, studied cooking in Italy before opening his mostly Italian restaurant. With a large Jewish population in Piedmont, Italy may have been the place where Jews first tasted biscotti and later brought them to Eastern Europe where they called the mandelbrot, which means literally almond bread. In the Ukraine, a similar cookies not necessarily with almonds by made at home, thuskamish, was served. In Italy they are often eaten as a dessert dipped into wine or grappa. In Eastern Europe Jews dipped them into a glass of tea, and because they include no butter and are easily kept they became a good Sabbath dessert."
---Jewish Cooking in America, Joan Nathan [Alfred A. Knopf:New York] 1998 (p. 354)
Ancient Roman soldiers carried a hard bread known as biscoctus. This literally translates as bis/twice coctus/cooked). Rusks are a similar product. Foods of this type existed in ancient Rome, the name did not. Food historians tell us recipes for foods named rusk began showing up during the reign of Elizabeth I. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first printed record of this word dates to 1595.
"Rusks are composed of bread dough incorporating sugar, eggs, and butter. It is shaped into a loaf or cylinder, baked, cooled, and sliced and then dried in low heat until hard. They have a low water content and keep well. Sharing a common origin with the modern biscuit, medieval rusks were known as panis biscoctus (meaning twice-cooked bread') and were used as a for of preserved bread to provision armies and ships at sea...In many countries there are products which resemble rusks in that they are essentially oven-dried bread, whether plain (e.g. bruchetta) or of a sweet kind; but they may incorporate other ingredients such as spices or nuts, and ar given individual names according to the recipe."
---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 676)
"Rusks are a legacy of Elizabethan naval provisions. They were originally smallish lumps of bread rebaked so as to be indestructible enough to last out a long voyage. The earliest known reference to them comes in an account of Drake's voyages written in 1595: The provision...was seven or eight cakes of biscuit or rusk for a man.' The modern, more refined notion of a rusk as a slice of bread crisped by rebaking emerged in the mid-eighteenth century, and already by the end of the century rusks were being recommended as food for very young children (a niche they largely occupy today). The word is an adaptation of Spanish or Portuguese rosca, which originally meant literally twist, coil, and hense twisted piece of bread'." ---An A to Z of Food and Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 289)
About Rusk in America
"This was a particularly popular form of small bread or roll among the Quakers and was usually served at breakfast or at afternoon tea. In flavor, traditional Quaker rusks shoudl be fainly sweet; in color, they should be deep yellow (from the eggs) with dark brown tops. In the country, there were usually eaten fresh, although technically a true rusk should be dry and brittle because it is dried out in a slack oven. The dry rusks were broken up in breakfast coffee or tea. At one time, rusks were a fairly widespread feature of urban Anglo-American cookery, at least on the East Coast. They were introduced from England, where they were popularly served as shipboard fare, as dried rusks soulc be laid down in tins or stored for long periods of time. The name, however, is of foreign origin and may be derived from the Spanish or Portuguese rosca, a twist or roll of bread. Such small breads often served as part of the traveling fare for Spanish or Portuguese sailors."
---A Quaker Woman's Cookbook: The Domestic Cookery of Elizabeth Ellicott Lea, facsimile 1851 edition introduced and historially noted by William Woys Weaver [Stackpole Books:Mechanicsburg PA] revised edition, 2004 (p. 341)
Mrs. Lea's Rusk recipe, circa 1851
"Rusk
Take a quart of milk, a tea-cup of cream, half a pound of lard, quarter of a pound of butter, a spoonful of salt, and boil them together; beat well two eggs with a pound of sugar, and pour the boiling milk on them gradually, stirring all the time; when nearly cold, add a tea-cup of yeast, and flour sufficient to make a stiff batter; when quite light, knead it up as bread, and let it lighten again before moulding out; when they are moulded out, wet them over with sugar and cream, and let them rise a few minutes and bake them; grade a little sugar over when they come out of the oven."
"Rusk for Drying
Boil a quart of milk, and put in it half a pound of butter, and a little salt; when nearly cold, stir in a teacup of yeast, a pound of sugar, and flour to make a batter; when it is light, knead it up with flour, and let it rise again; grease your pans, and make it out in cakes, about the size of a tea-cup, and an inch thick; put two layers in each pan, and bake them three-quarters of an hour; when take them out, break them apart, and put the top ones in other pans, and let them dry slowly in the oven for an hour or more. This rusk will keep for months, and is very useful in sickness, to make panada; it is also good for delicate persons that rich cake disagrees with, or to take on a journey. Nutmeg or made to your taste. If you like it richer, two eggs may be put in."
"Bread Rusk
Take as much lightened dough, as wopuld make a loaf of bread, spread it open, and put in a tea-cup of sugar, some nutmeg and a piece of butter; work it well, mould it out, and bake it with your bread; wet the top with sugar and cream before it goes into the oven."
---A Quaker Woman's Cookbook/Weaver (p. 124-125)
Related foods? Italian Biscotti , Jewish Mandelbrot & German zweiback , British ship's biscuit , and American hardtack are similar in purpose and method. German Zweiback
"In German a rusk is a zweiback, i.e. twice baked. It takes the form of a small loaf which can be sold fresh but which ordinarily is sliced before toasting and further baking until dry. It crossed the Atlantic with German emingrants in the 1890s and is common in the USA. The French equivalent, biscotte, is baked as an oblong loaf, sliced, then toasted in a hotter oven than is used to dry English rusks."
---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2nd edition, 2006 (p. 676)
"Zweibach is an American English term which is etymologically, and to some extent semantically, identical with biscuit. it is a sort of rusk made by cutting up a small loaf and toasting or baking the slices slowly until they are dry. Hence they are in effect 'twice cooked'--a notion expressed in French by biscuit and in German by zwieback (from zwie, a variant of zwei, 'twice' and backen, 'bake'). The word seems to have crossed the Atlantic with German emigrants in the 1890s. Zwiebacks are often given to teething babies."
---An A to Z of Food and Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 375)
Chocolate chip cookies
Ruth Wakefield [June 17, 1903-January 10, 1977], Whitman Mass., is credited for inventing chocolate chip cookies at her Toll House Restaurant in the early 1930s. According to the story, Ruth used a Nestle candy bar for her chips. We will probably never know if Ruth was the very first person to put chocolate pieces in cookies, but she is certainly the one who made them famous.
Who Was Ruth Wakefield?
"Ruth Graves graduated from the Framingham State Normal School Department of Household Arts in 1924. After graduation, she worked as a dietitian and food lecturer. In 1930, she published a cookbook entitled Ruth Wakefield's Recipes: Tried and True. The book went through thirty-nine printings. The most famous of her original recipes was the Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookie, named for the restaurant that she and her husband Ken Wakefield owned, the Toll House Inn. Better known as the chocolate chip cookie, Ruth Wakefield developed this recipe in 1933 by breaking up a Nestle semi-sweet chocolate bar and adding it to a basic brown sugar cookie dough. In the years that followed, the Wakefields enjoyed a pleasant relationship with the Nestle Company, which eventually featured the cookie recipe on the wrapper of its semi-sweet candy bar. When Nestle began the production of chocolate morsels, the recipe, too, was printed on the back of each package where it remains to this day. Ruth's interest in seeking new and innovative recipes to serve at the couple's restaurant led her to amass a collection of cookbooks. In 1969, two years after the Wakefields sold the Toll House Inn, Ruth Graves Wakefield donated her cookbooks to the Special Collections."
--- Framingham State University Library (Mrs. Wakefield's cookbooks and archives are housed at this library).
Is the Toll House still operating?
Sadly, No. It was destroyed by fire in 1985. The caption under the photograph printed by the New York Times (January 2, 1985 I 12:5) describing the fire that destroyed Ruth Wakefield's kitchen the reads "Wreckage of Toll House Restaurant in Whitman, Mass. It was where the chocolate chip cookie was invented." In the July, 1997 Governor Weld signed legislation that declared chocolate chip cookies to be the *official cookie of the Commonwealth* in honor or Ruth Wakefield (much to the dismay of the Fig Newton faction).
The original recipe?
Ruth Wakefield's Toll House Tried and True Recipes [M. Barrows & Company:New York] enjoyed 27 printings December 1930--September 1952. Our earliest copy (6th printing 1937) does not offer a recipe for any cookies made with chocolate chips. Massachusetts area newspapers c. 1939 confirm "Toll House Cookies" were sold in bakery departments of local grocery stores.
[1940]
"Here's a new cookie that everybody loves because it is so delicious, so different and so easy to make. With each crisp bite you taste a delicious bit of Nestle's Semi-Sweet Chocolate and a crunch of rich walnut meat. A perfect combination. Here's a proven recipe that never fails. Try it tomorrow.
1 cup butter
2 Nestle's Semi-Sweet Economy Bars (7 oz. ea.)
1 teaspoon vanilla
Important: Cut the Nestle's Semi-Sweet in pieces the size of a pea. Cream butter and add sugars and beaten egg. Dissolve soda in the hot water and mix alternately with the flour sifted with the salt. Lastly add the chopped nuts and the pieces of semisweet chocolate. Flavor with the vanilla and drip half teaspoons on a greased cookie sheet. Bake 10 to 12 minutes in a 375 degree F. oven. Makes 100 cookies. Every one will be surprised and delighted to find that the chocolate does not melt. Insist on Nestle's Semi-Sweet Chocolate in the yellow Wrap, there is no substitute. This unusual recipe and many others can be found in Mrs. Ruth Wakefield's Cook Book--"Toll House Tried and True Recipes," on sale at all book stores."
---display ad, Chicago Tribune, April 26, 1940 (p. 24)
[NOTES: (1) Nestle ads promoting these cookies were published in USA papers nationwide. This chocolate was in bars, not tiny morsels. "Nestle's Semi-Sweet Chocolate Bars for making 'Toll House' cookies, 2 Bars for 25 cents," ---display ad, Los Angeles Times, January 29, 1940 (p. 4). (2) The earliest print references we find for morsels appears the following year: "Nestle Morsels, two 7 oz pkgs 25 cents." Los Angeles Times, March 21, 1941 (p. 6)]
[1946]
"Chocolate Chip Drop Cookies
A specially prepared chocolate may be bought for use in cookies. Any semisweet chocolate may be substituted, cut into pea-sized pieces. Use it as you would raisins, nut meats, etc. Follow the proceding recipe for: Drop Cookies. Use only 1/2 cup chopped nts. Add: 1/2 cup chipped chocolate."
---Joy of Cooking, Irma S. Rombauer [Bobbs-Merrill Company:Indianapolis IN] 1946 (p. 595)
[1947]
"Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookies
Cream 1 cup butter, add 3/4 cup brown sugar, 3/4 cup granulated sugar and 2 eggs beaten whole. Dissolve 1 tsp. Soda in 1 tsp. Hot water, and mix alternately with 2 1/4 cups flour sifted with 1 tsp. Salt. Lastly add 1 cup chopped nuts and 2 bars (7-oz.) Nestles yellow label chocolate, semi-sweet, which has been cut in pieces the size of a pea. Flavor with 1 tsp vanilla and drip half teaspoons on a greased cookie sheet. Bake 10 to 12 minutes in 375 degrees F. Oven. Makes 100 cookies."
---Toll House Tried and True Recipes, Ruth Wakefield [M. Barrows:New York] 1947 (p. 216)
[1955]
The term mignardise, as applied to the culinary world, means an assortment of small, dainty confections. This assortment is generally composed of petits fours in the larger sense: tiny decorated cakes, specialty cookies, bonbons and sugared fruits. In other words, a plate of identical petits fours confections (no matter how ornate) would not be considered a mignardise. A mixed presentation of small, decorated specialty pastries, cookies and candies would qualify as mignardise.
General French definitions
"Mignardise. Preciousness, ornateness, daintiness, affectation."
---Collins Robert French English/English French Dicitonary, unabridged, Beryl Atkins et al, 4th ed. [HarperCollins:New York]1995 (p. 512)
"Mignardise. Daintiness, delicacy."
---Harrap's New Standard French and English Dictionary (p. M:40)
Culinary definitions
---Master Dictionary of Food and Cookery, Henry Smith [Philosphical Library:New York] 1950 (p. 153)
"Mignardise. (i) Decorative pastry puff, (ii) Small dainty dish."
---International Dictionary of Food & Cooking, Ruth Martin [Hastings House:New York] 1974 (p. 177)
"At a sophisticated meal in France, an assortment of petits fours (sometimes known as mignardises) may be served either with or after the dessert."
---Larousse Gastronomique, Jenifer Harvey Lang, editor [Crown:New York] 1988 p. 793)
Escoffier (1903/Le Guide Culinaire) does not not have a separate entry for mignardise.
Moon pies , Whoopie Pies , Mallomars , Marshmallow Sandwiches , Marshmallow Fluff , s'mores and dozens of other marshmallow-based concoctions were immediate hits.
Scooter Pies were "second generation" so to speak. They were "born" in 1959. According to the records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office , Scooter Pies were introduced December 17, 1959 (Registration #0834843) by Burry's, then a division of Quaker Oats. How much did they cost 40 years ago? Thirty-nine cents for a 14 oz package, according to a Waldbaum's [grocery store] ad that ran in the New York Times September 9, 1964 (p. 39). Like Mallomars, these marshmallow chocolate treats are promoted in the fall.
Vintage pictures of the Scooter Pie boxes:
Whoopie pies belong to the same culinary family as Scooter Pies , Moon Pies, Devil Dogs, and Marshmallow Sandwich Cookies . Second cousins are Mallomars and S'mores . History notes here:
WHOOPIE PIE THEORIES OF ORIGIN: Pennsylvania Dutch or New England/Maine? "Whoopie pie. A Pennsylvania-Dutch confection resembling a cupcake. It is usually made with chocolate batter and a white icing filling, though there are many flavor variations. According to the cookbook author and Pennsylvania restaurateur Betty Groff, whoopie pies may have originated with mothers who used leftover batter from more traditional cakes to make little cakes on cookie sheets for their children. The origin of the name is obscure, perhaps related to the whoop of joy uttered by children on receiving such an unexpected sweet."
---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 347)
"The origin and name of the Whoopie Pie, just one of many Amish desserts, is shrouded in mystery. No one seems to know when someone first decided to smear creamy filling between two chocolate cookies. But we do know this delectable dessert is a characteristic Amish treat." ---"Not Amish? Try whoopie pies anyway," Alison Burke, Christian Science Monitor, April 30, 2003 (p. 17)
[NOTE: None of our PA Dutch historic cookbooks offer recipes for Whoopie pies.]
Whoopie Pie Festival [PA ]
"Cookie expert Nancy Baggett, author of "The All-American Cookie Book," speculates that the whoopie pie was first made commercially at the Berwick Cake Co. in Roxbury's Dudley Square in the mid- 1920s. The words "Whoopee! Pies" are still painted on the side of the aged brick building. Today, the Berwick Research Institute, an experimental art and music venue there, calls itself "the home of the whoopie pie." "Whoopie pies were most likely a commercial product," says Baggett from her home in Ellicott City, Md. "Some bakery probably had leftover cake batter, plopped it onto a pan, and came up with a cake to eat out of hand." Whoopie pies have endured commercially and in the home kitchen, where variations include pumpkin cakes and cream cheese filling. They are perfect for the car and the lunchbox, sugary, squishy, chocolaty fun. Fans of the confection delight in this squish - the right filling is crucial to a whoopie's success."
---"Treat worth cheering for," Leigh Belinger, The Boston Globe, Sept. 17, 2004 (p. C1)
[NOTES: (1) Nancy Baggett's contact here: http://www.kitchenlane.com (2)The oldest print reference we find for Berwick's Whoopie Pies was a 1/3 page ad published in the Portland Press Herald [ME], January 28, 1950 (p. 16). This was a contest offering a 1950 Plymouth Sedan 1st prize. Several local Whoopie Pie distributors listed.]
"Just over a decade ago, Amy Bouchard drew on her love for baking to create a business in her kitchen making whoopie pies. In those days she would crank out three at a time. Now, Mrs. Bouchard churns out 5,000 to 7,000 of the sweet Wicked Whoopies each day, shipping the cream-filled cak sandwiches nationwide and beyond...Mrs. Bouchard...took a traditional New England treat and ran with it... Her husband acknowledges that the pies are still something of a regional culinary curiosity...'I didn't invent the whoopie pie, but' I like to take something and make it better, then make it great.' Mrs. Bouchard said. New England-style whoopie pies are a cousin to the Moon Pies found in the South, cookie-and-marshmallow sandwiches dipped in chocolate. While Mrs. Bouchard has competitors in her region, she believes her business is the first with a bakery devoted solely to whoopie pies. A big break came in 2003 when Wicked Whoopies were featured on Ms. [Oprah] Winfrey's Web site and TV show."
---"One Bakery Owner's Dream: Taking Whoopies to the World," New York Times, December 26, 2005 (p. A23)
[NOTE: This company still in business: http://www.wickedwhoopies.com]
Recommended reading & expert: Making Whoopies: The Official Whoopie Pie Book/Nancy Griffin
Langue de chat
Many food history books mention Langue-de-chat, a small, dry, finger-shaped biscuit whose name translates literally as "cat's tongue," but none provide much in the way of definative history. We can surmise from the ingredients/method of cooking, the earliest cookies of this type might possibly date to the 17th century. At that time refined white sugar and piping bags (capable of extruding shapes) were popular with the wealthy classes of Northern Europe. Shaped sugar cookies and sweet biscuits (gemels, gimmows, sugar cakes etc.) date to Medieval times. Mexican wedding cakes, Russian tea cakes, Spanish polvorones, melindros and biscochos are all related. Our notes on these biscuits here . Our culinary history sources do not credit a specific region of France for creating the first Langues de Chat. Presumably, the recipe evolved in regions rich with butter (north, central, mountains) rather than mediterranean areas featuring oil.
Picasso's Still Life With Biscuits may very well have featured langes de chat. The piped ridges might very well have intrigued Picasso's eye. Still Life with Biscuits (langues de chat on plate on right)is currently owned by the Cleveland Art Museum [OH].
Biscuit definitions & evolution:
"A langue de chat, literally a 'cat's tongue', is a flat thin finger-shaped sweet biscuit with rounded ends, typically served with desserts and sweet wines. Its name no doubt comes from its shape."
---An A-Z of Food and Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 184)
"Langue de chat...In the view of some experts, this biscuit derives its name from its shape--thin, flat and narrow, somewhat like a cat's tongue in appearance. Langes de chat, which are crisp, dry biscuits can be made, or rather flavored, in various ways. Only biscuits made according to the recipe given below, however, can properly be called langues de chat. These biscuits keep for quite a long time and are usually served with certain liqueurs and sparkling wines. They are also served with iced sweets (desserts) and used as an ingredients of various puddings."
---Larousse Gastronomique, Prosper Montagne [Crown Publishers:New York] 1961 (p. 578)
The earliest recipe we have for Langue de chat was published in The Hotel St. Francis Cook Book, 1919. The Hotel St. Francis (San Francisco, California) was a leader in early 20th century American cuisine.
[1919]
"Langue de chat, I. Work a quarter pound of butter with a quarter pound of sugar until creamy. Then add four eggs, one by one, and keep on working until very smooth. Add a few drops of vanilla extract and a quarter pound of flour, and mix lightly. Put into a pastry bag and spread on a buttered pan in the shape of small lady fingers. Bake for a few minutes in a rather hot oven.
Langue de chat, II. One-quarter pound of sugar, one-quarter pound of butter, one-quarter pound of flour, the whites of three eggs, and a little vanilla flavor. Mix the sugar and butter until creamy; add the whites of eggs that have been well whipped to snow; add the flour and flavoring, and mix lightly. Dress on buttered pan like lady fingers, but smaller. Bake and remove from pan while hot."
---The Hotel St. Francis Cook Book, Victor Hirtzler [Hotel Monthly Press:Chicago] 1919 (p. 179-180)
[1927]
"Cats' Tongues, or Finger-Biscuits (Langues-de-Chats Fines)
The dough for this kind of cookie varies, but they are always cooked in the same way; it requires the use of thick black steel baking sheets; the cats' tongues will color too much on a thin baking sheet. If possible, it is a good idea to have two baking sheets, so that you can shape the dough on the second while the first is in the oven. Also, you need a pastry bag fitted with a nozzle 1/2 centimeter (3/16 inch) in diameter...If ou do not have one, you can use a large cone of heavy paper, cutting the end to the right diameter. You have to prepare as many cones of paper as the number of times you would need to refill the pastry bag, because these paper cones can be used only once. Time: 1 hour for the preparation. Makes 5 dozen.
125 gram (4 1/2 ounces, 9 tablespoons) of fine butter;
160 grams ( 5 2/3 ounces) of good sifted wheat flour;
140 grams (5 ounces) of confectioners' sugar;
1/2 teaspoon of vanilla powder; 2 egg whites beaten into a snow.
Procedure: Once the flour has been strained through a drum sieve or sifted, mix in the confectioners' sugar and the vanilla powder, then sift everything a second time through the drum sieve onto a stiff sheet of paper. Leave it on the table. Have ready the baking sheets, lightly buttered, as well as the pastry bag or the paper cones. In a terrine large enough to be able to mix the whites, work the mixture as directed...The whisk the egg whites into a snow...Add the prepared flour and sugar to the butter made into a pomade by lightly shaking the sheet of paper above the terrine while mixing with the wooden spoon, without working the dough too much. Finally, incorporate the egg whites beaten into a snow with the movement and care required for this mixture...Immediately afterward, fill the pouch of the paper cone. Pipe the dough onto the baking sheet in little sticks about half the length of a pencil. Leave about 3 centimeters (1 1/8 inches) of space between each little stick, because the dough will spread out a great deal when baking. Then immediately put them into an oven at a good medium heat for 7-8 minutes, until only the edge of the cookies has taken on a lightly brown golden tint. Take the baking sheet out of the oven and loosen the cookies from it by passing the flexible blade of a large knife under them."
---La Bonne Cuisine: The Original Companion for French Home Cooking, Madame E. Saint-Ange, translated and with an introduction by Paul Aratow [Ten Speed Press:Berkeley CA] 2005 (p. 717-8)
[NOTES: (1) Elipse (...)indicates directions to be found on other pages of this book. (2) We have a copy of the original French book. If you would like to see this recipe from that source let us know. Can scan, mail or fax.]
[1938]
"Langue de chat (Patisserie).--Ce petit gateau est ainsi nomme, disent certains auteurs culinaries, a cause de sa forme plate et allongee qui est, parait-il, semblable a une langue de chat. A vrai dire, il faut mettre une extreme bonne volonte pour trouver que cette patisserie ressemble a une langue de felin domestique, amis n'ayant pas d'autre etymologie a proposer pour justifier cette appellation, nous l'adoptons sans discuter. Les langues de chat, qui appartiennent a la categorie des gateaux secs, se preparent de diverses facons, ou, du moins, peuvent etre partumees diversement. Mais seulement peuvent etre designes sous ce nom les petits gateaux dont ci-apres nous donnons les recettes. Les langues de chat, qui sone des patisseries d'assez longue conservation, se servent surtout comme accompagnement de certains vins de liqueur ou de vins mousseux. On les sert aussi comme accompagnement des entrements glaces et enfin, on les utilise dans la preparation de divers poudings."
---Larousse Gastronomique, Prosper Montagne [Librarie Larousse:Paris] 1938 (p. 637)
[NOTE: This book also offers two recipes for langues de chat: simples and fines.]
The term "bar cookies" or "squares" originated in the 20th century. The earliest examples we find in American cookbooks are from the 1930s [Date bars]. A survey of cookbooks suggests these recipes gained popularity as decades progressed. Food historians do not credit a specific person/place with the invention of "bar cookies." Presumably the practice evolved from earlier recipes, most notably brownies and fudge.
Enter: lemon bars
Lemons are ancient fruits enjoyed in many cultures and cuisines from the beginning of time through present day. The figured prominently in custards, pies, cheesecakes, candies, and baked goods. They were also used to flavor savory dishes (lemon chicken, etc.). Lemon bars (aka Lemon Squares), as we know them today, evolved from Renaissance times. Why? The ingredients provide the answer. This is when shortbread/crust was developed, lemon custard was very popular and sugar was sprinkled on everything. Lemon meringue pie likely served the inspiration.
"Buttery lemon bars. The two components of these luscious bars--shortbread and lemon curd--are old English favorites. But layering the two in a bar cookie is, I believe, a twentieth century innovation. My friend and colleague Joanne Hayes, food editor of County Living magazine, remembers lemon bars being tested while she was at McCall's magazine back in the '60s. Yet the McCall's Cook Book (1963) doesn't include them. Nor do other magazine cookbooks of that time. My hunch is that dessert specialist Maida Hatter popularized lemon bars. Two of her books offer variations on the theme. The more classic-Sour Lemon Squares...appears in Maida Heatter's New Book of Great Desserts (1982)."
---American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Recipes of the 20th Century, Jean Anderson [Clarkson Potter:New York] 1997 (p. 499)
[1958]
1 tablespoon lemon juice
1/2 cup chopped nuts
Cream shortening; gradually add sugar and blend until mixture is light and fluffy. Add egg yolks; mix well. Beat in flour and grated peel. Spread evenly in bottom of ungreased 13 by 9 inch pan. Bake at 350 degrees 10 minutes. Remove from oven and spread with topping. To prepare topping, beat egg whites until stiff, then gradually beat in sugar and lemon juice. Fold in nuts. Bake 25 minutes longer. Cool slightly and cut into squares."
---"Try Barbecued Turkey! It's Delicious and Different," Mary Meade, Chicago Daily Tribune, August 15, 1958 (p. B3)
[1962]
"Serve these cookies with fresh fruit for dessert or with glasses of cold milk or lemonade for snacks.
Lemon Bars
If you have to ask "what is a Mallomar?" you didn't grow up in the greater New York area. These chocolate enrobed marshmallow treats are in a class by themselves. According to the record of the records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office , they were introduced to the American public November 20, 1913 by the National Biscuit Company (registration number 0096171). They have been a fall tradition ever since. Why New York and why fall? Nabisco claims its because the product doesn't travel well and chocolate doesn't sell in the warmer months. Whatever. Those of us who still live around the city know it's fall when the Mallomars come back. Sort of like when the swallows return to Capistrano.
This is what the food historians have to say on the subject:
"On November 13, 1913, another famous cookie was born. Mallomar was described as "a delightful combination of marshmallow, jelly and layers of cake covered with chocolate icing." For several years before Mallomar, the company made a product called "Marshmallow Cream Sandwich," It was also convered with chocolate by only sold in bulk. When the formula for Mallomars was perfected, it was decided to make them a specialty and to pack them in the In-er-seal package. Later it, too, was made available in bulk."
---Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZus, William Cahn (p. 144)
[NOTE: this book is about the history of the National Biscuit Company/Nabisco--your librarian can help you find a copy.]
The earliest Mallomar advertisment we've found far was published in the 1930s: "Chocolate Mallomars, 2 pkgs, 19 cents," New York Times, November 9, 1934 (p. 15). Our survey of ad placed in historic American newspapers confirms the "seasonality" of this product.
Do you remember eating Mallomars in the summer?
Today's food writers happily perpetuate the myth of the Mallomar season . It makes good copy. It is true that today's Mallomars are introduced in September/October. Production ceases in March/April. The product lingers in the supermarket for a while then disappears from the shelves altogether. The reason offered by the company is that the chocolate covering is delicate and cannot survive hot summer months. Was it always this way? No. Our research confirms not only were Mallomars sold in the summer, they were sold all over the country. Up until recently. Mallomar nostalgia articles proliferate in the 1980s-1990s. This is about the time we find first print references to this product's seasonality. Coincidence?
Case in point:
"Visiting day at summer cam is usually the first weekend in July, and camps will soon be sending out the standard instructions: DO NOT BRING FOOD ON VISITING DAY, ALL FOOD PACKAGES WILL BE CONFISCATED...The problem is that kids have an emotional strangle hold on parents when it comes to food packages. The parent writes, 'The camp director says that we cannot bring food.' The child responds, 'So how come Jimmy's mother is bringing up a carton of Mallomars?'...As the last parent leaves camp it's time to divide the loot. Each camper opens his carton...After the opening begins the trading, and here you must remember that you can't trade sunflower seeds for Mallomars. M & M's trade for Mallomars. So do Milky Ways--the small kind."
---"Invasion from Mallomars," Leonard S. Bernstein, New York Times, June 27, 1976 (p. 355)
"Mallomars, 15 cents," Anniston Star, Alabama, October 12, 1919 (p. 12)
[1921]
"Mallomars, 4 pkgs, 50 cents," New Castle News, Pennsylvania, July 27, 1921 (p. 11)
[1928]
"Mallomars, 3 pkgs, 25 cents," Port Arthur News, Texas, November 9, 1928 (p. 12)
[1938]
"Mallomars, 2 pkgs, 19 cents," Galveston Daily News, Texas, June 4, 1938 (p. 18)
[1948]
"Chocolate Mallomars, 4 oz pkg, 16 cents," Lawton Constitution, Oklahoma, January 15, 1948 (p. 8)
[1952]
""N.B.C. Chocolate Mallomars, 5 1/4 oz pkg, 29 cents," Los Angeles Times, June 26, 1952 (p. 10)
[1955]
"Mallomars, 5 1/4 oz pkg, 39 cents," Fairbanks Daily News Miner, Alaska, October 19, 1955 (p. 16)
[1956]
"Chocolate Mallomars, 5 1/2 oz pkg, 25 cents," Middleboro Daily News, Kentucky, March 14, 1956 (p. 9)
[1957]
"Nabisco Mallomars, 5 1/4 oz pkg, 29 cents," Fort Pierce News-Tribune, Florida, November 10, 1957 (p. 20)
[1964]
"Chocolate Mallomars, 8 oz box, 33 cents," Galveston Daily News, Texas, March 21 , 1964 (p. 10)
[1968]
"Nabisco Mallomars, 8 oz twin pack, 29 cents," New York Times, May 1, 1968 (p. 51)
[1972]
"Mallomars, 8 oz pkg, 49 cents," News Tribune, Ft. Pierce, Florida, December 13, 1972 (p. 36)
[1973]
Polvorones translated into biscochitos once they settled in Mexico. The traditional Seville orange flavor eventually subsided.
"Biscochitos (Spanish cookies)
Biscochitos are a "new world" food with "old world" roots. Introduced to Mexico by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, their true origin can be traced to Medieval Arabian cuisine. When the Moors invaded Seville, they brought this recipe with them. Biscochitos (known in many countries/cusines by different names) are traditionally associated with holiday feasts; most notably Christmas. Variations on this recipe are endless. Orange juice/rind is probably one of the oldest...Seville is/was famous for oranges. Chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa) are "new world" foods.
Biscochitos are made from rich pie pastry dough. Add baking powder, 1 tsp. Cleaned anize seed, & sugar to sweeten. Roll on bread board 1/3 inch thick. Cut into long strips about 1 2/3 inches wide, and then across into 2 inch lengths. Cut little narrow strips about an inch long on sides, pull long, and roll back each strip into a curlicue; dip in sugar and bake."
---The Genuine New Mexico Tasty Recipes, Cleofas M. Jaramillo, Unabridged reprint of Seton Village Press edition, 1942 [Ancient City Press: Santa Fe NM] 1981 (p. 23)
Did you know? The bizcochito is the official cookie of New Mexico!
12-3-4. J. The bizcochito is adopted as the official cookie of New Mexico. 1989, ch. 154, 1; . Recipe here .
MEXICAN WEDDING CAKES
The cookie is old, the name is new. Food historians place the first recipes named "Mexican wedding cakes" in the 1950s. Why the name? Our books and databases offer no explanations. Perhaps timing is everything? Culinary evidence confirms Mexican wedding cakes are almost identical to Russian Tea Cakes. During the 1950s and 1960s relations between Russia and the United States were strained. It is possible the Cold War provided the impetus for renaming this popular cookie. Coincidentally? This period saw the mainstreaming of TexMex cuisine into American culture.
"Mexican wedding cake. A buttery, melt-in-your-mouth cookie that's usually ball-shaped and generally contains finely chopped almonds, pecans or hazelnuts. It's usually rolled in confectioners' sugar while still hot, then again after the cookie has cooled. Many countries have their own rendition of this rich cookie. Two versions are Russian tea cakes and Spain's polvornes."
---Food Lover's Companion, Sharon Tyler Herbst, 3rd edition [Barron:New York] 2001 (p. 385)
"Mexican wedding cakes. These cookies masquerade under several names--Butterballs, Russian Tea Cakes, Swedish Tea Cakes, Moldy Mice. "Butterballs" is easy enough to explain--these little balls are buttery--but I have no idea how they came by their other pseudonyms. The are also known sometimes as Pecan Sandies, although true sandies are nearer shortbread. Mexican Wedding Cakes were a community cookbook staple throughout the 50s and 60s..."
---American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Foods of the 20th Century, Jean Anderson [Clarkson Potter:New York] 1997 (p. 481)
[NOTE: Ms. Anderson provides a recipe in her book.]
"Cookies continue to outnumber all other recipe requests in our reader mail. Most in demand of late is a rich, semi-sweet butter cooky that is made in many countries and has many names and variations. In America it is best known as Nut Butter Balls or Almond Crescents. Mexican Wedding Cakes, Russian Tea Cakes, Danish Almond Cookies and Finnish Butter Strips are other titles for cookies made with the same basic dough. Still other names such as Napolean Hats, Melting Moments and Filbert Jelly Fills come from variation in shaping the cookies."
---"Recipe: How Cooky Is Put Together," Los Angeles Times, December 3, 1964 (p. G21)
[1944]
3-4 cup corn oil margarine
coconut
Sift corn starch, confectioners sugar and flour together into a mixing bowl. Blend in corn oil margarine with spoon, mixing until soft dough forms. Shape into 1-inch balls. Place about 1 1/2 inches apart on ungreased cookie sheet; flatten with slightly floured fork. Sprinkle with coconut. Bake in 300 degrees F. (slow) oven 20 to 25 minutes, until edges are lightly browned. Makes about 2 dozen cookes. CHOCOLATE MELTING MOMENTS: Follow recipe for Melting Moments, sifting 1/54 cup cocoa and 1/4 teaspoon salt with dry ingredients, and placing a nut on top of each cookie before baking."
---"Choose Desserts the Sing 'The Praises of Spring," Chicago Daily Defender, April 16, 1964 (p. 28)
A survey of historic American recipes indicates sand tarts, as we know them today, may have descended from simple sugar cookies . Recipes with this name first surface in the the 1880s, without attribution (person/place/company/contest) or comment. They are popular Christmas cookies in the Scandinavian counties: Sandbakkelser (Denmark) and Sandbakelse (Sweden). Food historians do not offer definative information regarding the genesis of the recipe's name. Perhaps it was inspired by the gritty granlated sugar and cinnamon covering the finished product? German/Viennese sand tortes (a sponge-type pound cake) contain somewhat similar ingredients.
[1886]
1 pound of granulated sugar
Yolks of three eggs
Whites of two eggs
Flour enough to make a stiff paste
Beat the butter and sugar together; add the yolks beaten to a cream, then the whites well beaten; mix all well together, and add the flour. Roll out on a baking-board, cut with a round cutter, and bake in a moderate oven until a light brown."
---Mrs. Rorer's Philadelphia Cook Book, Mrs. S.T. Rorer [Arnold and Company:Philadelphia] 1886 (p. 498)
[1896]
The typical Russian Tea Cake recipe calls for butter, eggs, flour, salt, vanilla, nuts (walnuts, almonds, pecans, hazelnuts) and confectioner's sugar. This particular combination of ingredients essentially dates back to the Jumbles baked in Medieval Europe (minus the vanilla).
Noble Russian cuisine (along with every other facet of noble life) was influenced by prevailing French customs during the 18th century. Tea was first introduced to Russia in 1618, but the Russian tea ceremony of samovars and sweet cakes was a legacy of Francophile Catherine the Great in the 18th century. It is interesting to note that A Gift to Young Housewives, Elena Molokhovet [1870s popular Russian cookbook] contains plenty of recipes for a variety of small baked goods, none specifically entitled Russian tea cakes. There are, however, several recipes which use similar ingredients. If you want to examine these recipes you are in luck. Gift fo a Young Housewife has recently been reprinted [in English with extensive notes provided by Joyce Toomre] by Indiana University Press (1992). Your librarian can borrow a copy for you.
If you want to contribute sweet treats for a traditional Russian tea ask your librarian to help you find The Art of Russian Cuisine, Anne Volokh. If you need something right now check out these recipes .
Canadian Nanaimo bars descend from no-bakes, popular from the 1930s forward. Economical & delicious; combinations are endless. About No-bakes
What are Nanaimo bars?
"Nanaimo bar is a baked treat popular all across Canada, often as little cut squares of biscuit alternating with a sweet cream filling and covered with chocolate. They may have been first concocted in the city of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island. A number of local native bands amagamated in the mid-19th century, calling their union sne-ny-mo, or 'big, strong tribe.' "
---Canadian Food Words, Bill Casselman [MacArthur Company:Toronto ON] 1998 (p. 271)
Our survey of historic recipes confirms several variations on the Nanaimo theme. The earliest print recipe we find for this tasty morsel was published in the mid- 1950s. USA newspapers commence reporting Nanaimo bars a decade later.
[1954]
2 cups graham wafer crumbs
1 cup coconut
1/2 cup chopped walnuts
Place softened butter, sugar, cocoa, vanilla and egg in bowl. Set the bowl in a dish of boiling water. Stir well until butter has melted and mixture remsembles thin custard. Combine graham wafer crumbs, coconut and nuts, blending well. Add in custard mixture. Pack evenly in 9-inch square pan, spread with icing. Icing--Cream 1/4 cup butter, add 2 tablespoons milk which has been combined with 2 tablespoon vanilla custard powder. Blend in 2 cups icing sugar. Spread over chocolate base, and let stand about 15 minutes or so to harden somewhat. Then melt 4 squares semi-sweet chocolate with 1 tablespoon butter and spread over custard icing. When set, cut into bars."
---"The Herald's Daily Recipe," Lethbridge Herald [Alberta CA], January 18, 1954 (p. 11)
[1962]
"Recipes have a way of becoming lost when not kept in a book or file. We have gathered together some of the most popular misplaced bar-cookie recipes...The Nanaimo Bars are not baked. They have a chocolate base and a white icing with custard powder. Originally the thin chocolate icing was made with semi-sweet chocolate. There is a sweet cooking chocolate on the market now and we tried it as a topping and liked it better than the semi-sweet. However, you may melt one cup semi-sweet chocolate bits with the butter and spread it on. Other names for the bars are Chocolate Slice, Unbaked Chocolate Slice and Custard Brownies but the recipes are all the same.
"Nanaimo Bars
Oatmeal cookies
Oatmeal cookies, as we Americans know them today, descend from ancient bannocks and oatcakes known to peoples of the British Isles. The raisins, nuts, and spices commonly found in today's oatmeal cookies date to the Middle Ages. Oats, and their recipes, were introduced to the New World by European explorers in the 17th century. In 19th century America, oats were considered health foods. They were recommended to invalids and served as hearty breakfast fare (mush/porridge). Culinary evidence confirms the crossover from "health food" to confection occured around the turn of the 20th century. Several other popular American foods made the same leap at this juncture (thanks to corporate America): breakfast cereal and chocolate pudding among them.
---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University:Oxford] 1999 (p. 547)
"The cereal grass which produces the seeds called oats originated as a weed in wheat and barley fields, which was accidentally harvested with the main crop. In due course it came to be cultivated in its own right in northern Europe, and was introduced to Britain in the Iron Age. The Romans knew of it (their word for it was avena...), but only as a weed, or as a fodder plant--although Pliny, anticipating Dr. Johnson, mentions that the Germanic peoples made porridge with it. The word oat, which is a descendant of Old English ate, is a pure English term, with no known relatives in other languages. The remaining Germanic languaves have interrelated names for the plant...Oatmeal, the term for flour made from oats, was coined in the fifteenth century."
---An A to Z of Food and Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 229)
[NOTE: Oatmeal, ground oats mixed with milk/cream, descends from ancient pottage . These econmical, nutritious, belly-filling dishes provided energy needed by hard working people.]
"Oatcakes made from oats (in the form of oatmeal), salt, and water, sometimes with a little fat added, were the staple food of the inhabitants of the Pennines and the Lake District in England and of the Scottish Highlands for centuries. In these upland regions oats are the only cereal which will ripen in the cold wet climate. Oatcakes...were also of some importance in Wales and Ireland. They remain popular, and are now generally regarded as a Scottish specialty...Oatcakes had some importance as festive foods, especially at Beltane (1 May, and ancient Celtic festival) and Christmas."
---Oxford Companion to Food (p. 546)
"There is evidence that oats were quite qidely grown in Anglo-Saxon England, on athylle (on oat hill) is recorded in 779...The bishop of Worcester's oat land is mentioned in a boundary charter of 984. However, oats do not feature in dues and rents as wheat and barley do...oats may have been used for human consumption: while Pliny was not complimentary about oats he noted they were made into porridge in Germany. Giraldus was perhaps sensationalising matters when he commented that the whole population of Wales lived almost entirely on oats. In times of dearth they may have been utilized quite generally, but they could have been a staple crop in aras with damp, acid soils."
---A Second Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Food and Drink: Production and Distribution, Ann Hagen [Anglo-Saxon Books:Wilton UK] 1995 (p. 23)
[NOTE: This book contains much information about oats. Ask your librarian how to obtain a copy.]
"Myths of oats have much in common with myths of wheat, barley, rye, corn, and other cereal grains. Grains generally were associated with fertility of the earth and soil, and served as symbols of the earth's renewal."
---Nectar and Ambrosia: An Encyclopedia of Food in World Mythology, Tamra Andrews [ABC-CLIO:Santa Barbara CA] 2000 (p. 161)
American oats
"Oats were introduced to North America by early European explorers including Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, who planted them on Elizabeth Island off the Massachusetts coast. The Dutch grew oats in New Netherlands by 1626, and they were cultivated in Virginia prior to 1648. Oats were generally grown throughout colonial America, mainly for animal feed, but Scottish, Dutch, and other immigrants used them in their traditional porridges, puddings, and baked goods. Hannah Glasse's Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy (1747 and subsequent editions)...includes oats in recipes for haggis, flummery, and hasty and other puddings, as well as for cake. Similar recipes were published in America throught the nineteenth century. Other oat recipes published in the United States included Scotch burgoo, an oatmeal hasty pudding in which the rolled oats were stirred into boiling water until the mixture thickened; gruel, which was a thinner porridge frequently identified as invalid food; and oatmeal blancmange. Baked goods included Scottish and English oaten cakes baked on a griddle, muffins made from cold cooked oatmeal, and bread and biscuits, for which the oatmeal was usually mixed with flour, because on its own, oatmeal or oat flour does not develop enough gluten to support rising bread. By the nineteenth century, grocer stores sold oat products in bulk...In 1877, rolled oats were developed and trademarked by Henry D. Seymour and William Heston, who had established the Quaker Mill Company. The product was baked in cardboard boxes...In 1901, the Quaker Mill Company merged with other mills, and became the Quaker Oats Company. Directions for cooking oatmeal were printed on the outside of the Quaker box. These recipes, in turn, were reprinted in community and other cookbooks, and oatmeal became more popular as a cooking ingredient. During the twentieth century many new oatmeal recipes were published, including ones for soup, cakes, cookies, wafers, drops, maracroons, quick breads and yeast breads, muffins, scones, and pancakes. Oatmeal was also used as a filler and binder in meatloaf..."
---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith editor [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, Volume 2 (p. 208)
"Rolled otats, or Oatflakes were developed in America by the Quaker Oat Company in 1877 and are made by steaming and rolling pinhead oatmeal."
---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 547)
Oats as American health food
[1893] Ella Eaton Kellogg's (wife of John Harvey Kellogg of Battle Creek fame) Science in the Kitchen [1893] (page through for additional information)
[1911] Oatmeal entry from Artemis Ward's Grocer's Encyclopedia
So? Where do oatmeal cookies (as we know them today) fit in?
"The first recipe I've found for oatmeal cookies appears in the original Boston Cooking-School Cook Book by Fannie Merritt Farmer (1896). Nineteenth century, to be sure. But just barely (in fact they were barely oatmeal cookies, containing only half a cup). I include oatmeal cookies here because they did not begin routinely appearing in cookbooks until the twentieth century."
---The American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Recipes of the 20th Century, Jean Anderson [Clarkson Potter:New York] 1997 (p. 482)
Ms. Farmer's 1896 oatmeal cookie recipe .
Dani Shaneyfelt, historical interpreter at Stuhr Museum [Grand Island, NE], sent us two additional period recipes. Both employ substantial amounts of oatmeal.
[1884]
Oreos
According to the records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office . Oreo brand cookies were introduced to the American public by the National Biscuit Company (now Nabisco) on March 6, 1912. It is registration #0093009. Nabisco is now owned by Kraft Foods. One month later, the product was launched nationally.
"Oreo. A trademark name...for a cookie composed of two thin chocolate cookies enclosing a white creme filling. The name...was apparently made up by the company. It has been suggested that the name may derive from the French word for gold "or" because the original package had the product name in gold. Another guess is that the word is from the Greek for 'mountain'...The first Oreos were sold to a grocer named S. C. Thuesen on March 6, 1912...Oreos were not, however, the first cookie of this type: "Hydrox Cookies" had been on the market since January 1, 1910, but Oreos have been far more successful."
---The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 225)
Product evolution
"On April 2, 1912, the company's [National Biscuit Company] operations department announced to its managers and sales agents that it was preparing "to offer to the trade...three entirely new varieties of the highest class biscuit in a new style...The three varieties of biscuit...will be known as the Trio. "The varieties comprising the 'Trio' are as follows, namely: Oreo Biscuit--two beautifully embossed chocolate-flavored wafers with a rich cream filling at 30 cents per pound. Mother Goose Biscuit--a rich, high class biscuit bearing impressions of the Mother Goose legends at 20 cents per pound. Veronese Biscuit--delicious, hard sweet biscuit of beautiful design and high quality at 20 cents per pound. This Trio is an exciting innovation, and we are quite sure it will immediately appeal to public favor... ...two members of the trio most lavishly promoted in the initial announcement have since disappeared. But the third, Oreo, was evidently just the kind of cookie the American consuming public wanted. Somewhat similar to a previous product named "Bouquet," the Oreo consisted of two firm chocolate cookies with rich vanilla frosting in the middle. The first Oreos were slightly larger than today's product, but always round. Within a short time Oreo, which resembled an English biscuit, became a fantastically good seller among NBC sweet goods...The origin of the name is not really known, although one possibility is that it came from the Greek oreo, meaning hill or mountain. Supposedly, either in testing or when the product was first produced, it was shaped like a baseball mound or hill-hence, an oreo. This has a certain validity in view of A.W. Green's [company executive] tendency toward classical names. Oreo was officially registered in 1913 as "Oreo Biscuit." By 1921 it had become "Oreo Sandwich" and by 1948 "Oreo Creme Sandwich." Variations have been tried--a vanilla Oreo, a single-cracker Oreo, and in the 1920s a lemon-filled Oreo was introduced. The size has undergone changes, too. Today's is about midway between the largest and the smallest. Through all shifts in public preferences, Oreo has remained one of the nation's most consistent favorites. As frequently happens with popular products, there are people who fancy that they contributed to is creation. An Oreo admirer once wrote to the company "During the early 1920's you have a contest offering a cash reward for a suitable name for this particular cookie. I entered this contest and submitted the name Oreo. Time passed, I learned or heard nothing concerning the matter, so gave it no further thought until this past Sunday night....If you will kindly check your records concerning the said contest, I am sure that in them you will find I am the one who submitted the trade name, Oreo." The company answered, "We think that you must be confused about the origin of the trademark Oreo. It was not originated as the result of a contest in the early 1920's or at any other time. It was originated by our advertising department, and first used on March 6, 1912."
---Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's, William Cahn [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 142-4)
About the cookie's design: "The ornamental pattern of the wafer itself...is Oreo's visual signature. Stampled out by brass rollers passing over sheets of chocolate dough, the pattern consists of a series of four-leaf clovers around the word "OREO," which is set within the traditional trademark of Nabisco, its manufacturer--that trademark being a horizontal oval with what looks like a television antenna extending up from it. Around the clovers, a broken line forms a broken circle. Beyond that, the outer edge of the cookie is slighly ridged, serving both as a visual frame for the ornamental center and as a means of grasping the cookie with comparative ease. As a design, it is pleasantly dowdy, like the wallpaper one might find in an old country house, or the wall stenciling that was common in the early years of this century, when the Oreo was created. Although spokesmen for Nabisco say there have been no significant changes in the cookie (except for its size), magazine advertisements from past years show that this has not been the case. In the 1950's, for example, the word "OREO" was set in a circle, which was surrounded by what appears to be a garland of petals. It was a more graceful look a bit closer in appearance to that of the Oreo's erstwhile competitor, the Hydrox brand produced by Sunshine Bakeries. Hydrox is the Pepsi to the Oreo's Coca Cola; it acutally predates Oreo, though it is less popular. The Hydrox's ornamental pattern is at once cruder and more delicate than the Oreo's; the ridges around the edge are longer and deeper, but the center comprises stamped-out flowers, a design more intricate than the Oreo pattern."
---"Machine Imagery, Homey Decoration," Paul Goldberger, New York Times, June 4, 1986 (p. C6)
How much have Oreos cost through the years ?
Where is "Oreo Way?"
"Q. Why is 15th Street at Ninth Avenue now called Oreo Way?
A. Because that is the birthplace of America's favorite cookie. IN 1898 several baking companies merged to form the National Biscuit Company, Nabisco, and opened a large industrial bakery on Ninght Avenue between 15th and 16th Streets at the Chelsea Market Building...In 1912, Nabisco had an idea for a new cookie: two chocolate disks with sugar icing in the middle. That year Nabisco sold its first package of Oreos to a store in Hoboken, N.J. Since then Nabisco has made more than 450 billion Oreo cookies. It was the best-selling cookie of the 20th century. Last year Americans dunked, twisted and chomped nearly 12 billion Oreos. Nabisco moved out of the Chelsea Market building in 1958 and now produces Oreos in bakeries around the world."
---"450 Billion Oreos to Go," Ed Boland Jr., New York Times, July 28, 2002 (p. CY2)
Recommended reading:
"Oreos," Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands, Volume 1: Consumables, Janice Jorgensen (editor) [St. James Press:Detroit] 1994 (p. 425-427)
Small cakes composed of nuts, dried fruits, and spices were prepared by ancient cooks. These early cakes were very different from what we eat today. They were more bread-like and sweetened with honey. The Romans are usually credited with spreading such recipes throughout Europe. Medieval bakers prefered white sugar and perfected gingerbread, fruitcake and a host of related sweetly spiced recipes, many with nuts. Northern European bakers specialized in cookies. When the Dutch arrived in the New World in the 17th century, they brought their cookie recipes with them. Peanuts are a "New World" food. About peanuts & peanut butter .
We checked dozens of early 20th century American cookbooks and found peanut cookies recipes were quite common. These, however, called for crushed/chopped peanuts as an ingredient. It is not until the 1910s that we find peanut butter listed as an ingredient in cookies. The first peanut butter cookies recipes were for rolled cookies. The 1933 edition of Pillsbury's Balanced Recipes contains a recipe for Peanut Butter Balls which instructs the cook to roll the dough into balls and press them down with the tines of a fork. This practice is still common in America today.
[1915] "Special Peanut Cookies
Put three tablesooons Larkin Peanut Butter, one teaspoon lard, one and one-half cups granulated sugar, and two egs into a mixing bowl. Stir and beat until mixture is quite light. Add two and one-half cups sifted flour and one teaspoon soda dissolved in three tablespoons thick sour milk. Flavor with one teaspoon Larkin Vanilla Extract. Roll and bake in a quick oven. This amount makes fifty cookies. Mrs. G.W. Parkins, Lyons, N.Y."
Larkin Housewives' Cook Book, [Larkin Co.:Buffalo NY] 1915 (p. 87)
[1917]
Related food? peanut butter & jelly sandwiches .
Why the classic criss-cross pattern?
1930s recipes instructed cooks to create criss-cross pattern on cookie with the tines of a fork. They did not specify why. Neither do subsequent cookbooks. Craig Claiborne's observations on the subject are quite enlightening:
"It has been pointed out, on occasion, that you never can tell what on earth interests readers of this column and to what degree. With tongue in cheek, we stated recently that we had a file of letters marked Unanswered and Unanswerable. We quoted one of those letters, not fictional, in which someone aked if we could explain why peanut butter cookies were creased with a fork before baking. We didn't really expect an answer to that, but replies we got. One reader wrote as follows: The cookies are creased with a fork, she informed us, to make them crisper. "One of my sons," she continued, "once answered this technique and baked one pan of cookies plain, the other with the tradtional fork creases on top. The plain peanut butter cookies did not taste as good and seemed a bit soggy in the center. "Since the peanut butter cookie dough is quite rich, I think the fork creases expose just enough dough to add a bit more crispy crust for better results. Another reader offered this conjecture: "Most cookies dropped by rounded teaspoonsful will flatten in the oven and bake evenly. Is there something in peanut butter cookie dough that prevents it from flattening out by itself? The peanut butter, for example? Pressing the dollop with the tines of a fork would assure the dough flattens properly and, therefore, bakes evenly." But the explanation about pressing those cookies that we like best came from Sylvia Lavietes of New Haven, Conn.: "Your column today contained an inquiry regarding peanut butter cookies. Well, a stupid question calls for a stupid answer. Peanut butter cookies are crisscrossed in order to make it possible to distinguish them from chocolate chip cookies in the cookie jar."
---"The Fork and the Cookie," Craig Claiborne, New York Times, April 2, 1979 (p. A17)
Food historians confirm crisp waffle-type cookies have ancient roots. These fancy holiday batter recipes were embraced by many cultures and cuisines: Italian pizzelles, Dutch wafres (waffles), French gaufrettes, Norwegian krumkake, etc. The primary difference between recipes is thickness of the batter and design of product. Who made the first food of this type? We will probably never know. History does not typically record the "invention" of simple foods. We do know, however, that pizzelles and their fancy European cousins were very popular in the Middle Ages and played significant roles in the Christian calendar, most notably Lent. Some of these foods later evolved into street fare. Fancy shapes, different sizes, decorative patterns, and thickness variations are achieved by special cooking apparatus called wafer (waffle, gauffre) irons. About waffles .
About pizzelle
"Pizzelle. A large round cookie made from a rich batter of eggs, sugar, butter, flour, and vanilla, baked on a specially designed pizzelle iron, which looks like a waffle iron. The intricately carved sufaces of the pizzelle iron imprint designs onto the cookie as it cooks. Pizzelle become crisp as they cool. While still warm, they can be rolled into a cone shape, then filled with whipped cream when cool...The Scandinavian version of pizzelle is krumkake, baed on a similar iron that has the traditional engraved scroll designs."
---The International Dictionary of Desserts, Pastries, and Confections, Carol Bloom [Hearst:New York] 1995 (p. 236)
"Pizzelles, a centuries-old specialty of the Tuscan town of Montecatini, are a standard at most Italian-American bakeries and espresso shops."
---"Pizzelles bring Tuscan Elegance to the Cookie Tray," Annette Gouch, Chicago Tribune, December 13, 2000 (p. 9)
"One of the many delicacies we continue to enjoy preparing are pizzelle, crisp embossed cookies from Italy that are baked one at a time in a patterned cookie iron. The word pizzelle, a derivative of "pizza," means "small cakes." If your grandmother was Scandinavian or French, you may know this cookie by such names as krumkake or gaufrette. These sweet, lacy cookies are made from a wafflelike batter that is spooned into an iron mold with two long handles. The resulting cookie is similar to waffle ice cream cones before they are rolled into shape. In fact, pizzelle come out of the iron soft and flexible, and you can roll them into decorative cones or cannoli shells. Pizzelle are usually flavored with anise or lemon, but you can add ground cinnammon, orange rind or almond extract. Pizzelle offer a good flavor and textured contrast to fruit sorbets, ice creams and custards. Pizzelle are perfect with afternoon tea or as a light dessert, spread with creamed honey. Although pizzelle are popular all over Italy, in the south, pizzelle irons are traditional wedding gifts from village blacksmiths. They come inscribed with the wedding date and the newlyweds' initials. Subsequent celebrations call for bringing out the pizzelle iron."
---"Italy's Traditional Pizzelle Cookes Get an Update," Jolene Worthington, Chicago Tribune, January 6, 1994 (p. 2)
The history of Scottish shortbread is interconnected with the history of dairy farming and butter making in the British Isles during the Medieval Ages:
"As Jean-Louis Flandrin points out, butter consumption is a natural development in regions suitable for cattle-breeding. In such places, popular taste and the local economy had gone right over to butter as a cooking fat within 400 years....Flandrin is speaking about the butter-eating areas of Europe in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries..."
---History of Food, Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat [Barnes & Noble Books:New York] 1992 (p. 121)
[pages 120-124 present the history of butter, including its symbolism]
"Butter was the other principal milk dish [cheese being the other]. The manner of making is had changed little since Pliny's day...In other branches of cookery butter was an enricher, the accompaniment of cheese in herbolaces or with macaroni; of eggs, milk and sugar in the filling for a flathon; of plain or fancy breads in pain perdu or rastons. For short pastry and cakes, it was at first an alternative to fresh cream, but eventually superseded it, for butter had a more highly concentrated fat content, and was more easily stored...Nevertheless butter appeared in a relatively small proportion of the dishes in medieval recipe books, which were written mainly for and by the cooks of the nobility. It was only in Tudor times that an emerging middle class, which did not despise butter as the food of the poor, began to use it liberally in every possible sphere of cookery, setting a trend that was to last for some two hundred years."
---Food and Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to the 19th Century, C. Anne Wilson [Academy Chicago:Chicago] 1991 (p. 161-164)[ask your librarian to help you find this book--it is chock full of interesting information.]
This explains why the first shortbread recipes date only back as far as Elizabethan times. This food historian confirms:
"Shortbread...a biscuit whose origin lies in the short cakes made in the 16th century...There are many variations. The thick Pitcaithly bannock has peel and almonds in the mixture..."
---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 721)
According to these sources, if you want to make Medieval/Elizabethan type shortbread you might want to add some finely ground oats to your recipe. This makes sense given the fact that oats and butter were staple foods of the poorer classes.
"Shortbread...A biscuit (cookie) rich in butter, which is served with tea and its traditionally eaten at Christmas and New Year. Originating from Scotland and traditionally made with oatmeal, it is now made with wheat flour...Shortbread is usually baked in a large round and served cut from the centre into triangles; it is a relic of the ancient New Year cakes that were symbols of the sun."
---Larousse Gastronomique, Jenifer Harvey Lang [Crown Publishers:New York] 1988 (p. 974-5)
"Eaten all the year round but especially at Christmas and the New Year, this delicious cake, which is quite unlike any other, is made from only the finest materials...Originally made with fine oatmeal, it is now made with sifted flour, sometimes with a small proportion of rice flour. On festive occasions it can be decorated with fine strips of orange or lemon peel and small sugared almonds. In the Shetland and Orkney Islands it is call the Bride's Bonn, and has a small proportion...of caraway seeds added. The edges are traditionally "notched" by pinching with the finger and thumb, and this is thought to symbolize the sun's rays, from the early days of sun-worship."
---A Taste of Scotland, Theodora FitzGibbon [Avenel Books:New York] 1979 (p. 117)
What about the origin of the name "shortbread?" According to the Oxford English Dictionary, "Short" (definition 20): Of edible substances: Friable, easily crumbled. This describes the process of making shortbread. This is also where the English term "shortening" comes from. According to John Ayto, the term "shortbread" dates back only as far as the early nineteenth century. [An A-Z of Food and Drink, Oxford University Press:Oxford 2002 (p. 310).]
"We all know what short dough is: a rich dough that makes a tender crust, as against the plain dough that turns into sturdy, chewy bread. And then there's shortbread, which always has a lot of butter or other "shortening" in it. So how come there's no such thing as long dough or longbread? Or an ingredient known as lengthening, for that matter? In exactly what sense does shortening "shorten" anything? In this case, "short" doesn't refer to richness but to a fragile, easily crumbled texture. Short doughs bake up crumbly because the fatty shortening coats the flour particles, preventing the formation of gluten when water is stirred in. This is a rather uncommon and specialized sense of the word (in the Oxford English Dictionary, it's No. 21 of the 23 main definitions of "short"). "Short" may have acquired this meaning because it can refer to something that's inadequate--something that falls short, as we say. The idea might have been that short dough was weak, which it is. On the other hand, maybe the metaphor of shortness came from brick-making. Professionally made bricks are fired in kilns at temperatures so high that the clay fuses into something as hard as rock, but anybody can make sun-dried bricks. The thing that gives a sun-dried brick strength is chopped-up straw; without straw mixed in, the bricks are just fragile lumps of dried mud. Of course, the same would be true if the straw were cut too . . . short. It may have seemed to people that short dough behaved as if it contained short fibers."
---"Folklore; The Short Story," The Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1998 (p. 2).
Historic shortbread recipe sampler
[1694]
"Short Cakes Made at ye Bathe.
Take a pound of flower & rube into it a half pound of flouwer butter very fine; then put in half a pound of flo sugar & wet it with white wine to a paste; the rowle it very thick & cut it round with ye top of ye Drudger, & knotch it round with a squef [sic]& bake them upon a tin."
---Receipt Book of Mrs. Ann Blencowe, facsimile 1694 edition, with an introduction by George Saintsbury [Polyanthos:Cottonport LA] 1972 (p. 14)
[1736]
"To make Short Bread
Take a Peck of Flour, put three lib. of Butter in among a little Water, and let it melt, pour it in amongst your Flour, put in a Mutchkin of good barm; when it is wrought divide it in 3 Parts, roll out your Cakes longer than broad and gather it on the Sides with your Finger, cut it through the Middle, and job it on the Top, then send it to the Oven."
---Mrs. McLintock's Receipts for Cookery and Pastry-Work, facsimile 1736 edition with an Introduction and Glossary by Iseabail Macleod [Aberdeen University Press:Aberdeen] 1986 (p. 6-7)
[NOTES: Scots Measures on p. xxx-xxxi state a "mutchkin" is 2.996 gills or .212 litres; a "lib" is 1 pound 1 ounce drams or 496 grammes.]
[1829]
"1014. Scotch short-bread.--To the fourth of a peck of flour, take six ounces of sifted sugar and of candied citron and orange peel, and blanched almonds, two ounces each. Cut these in rather large slices, and mix them with the flour. Rub down among the flour a pound of butter in very minute bits, and melt a half-pound more, and with this work up the flour, &c. The less kneading it gets the more short and crisp the cakes will be. Roll out the paste into a large well-shaped oval cake, about an inch and a half thick, and divide this the narrow way, so as to have two cakes somewhat the shape of a Gothic arch. Pinch the cakes neatly at the edges, and mark them on the top with and instrument used for the purpose, or with a fork. Strew caraway-comfits over the top, and a few strips of citron peel. Bake on paper rubbed with flour. The cakes may be squares, or oblong figures.--Obs. Plainer short-bread may be made by using less butter and no candied peel. The whole of the butter may be melted, which makes the process easier. Chopped almonds are used in larger quanitity for very rich short-bread."
---The Cook and Housewife's Manual, Mistress Margaret Dods, facsimile 1829 4th edition revised and enlarged [Rosters Ltd.: London] 1988 (p. 446-447)
[NOTE: The author's real name was Mrs. Isobel Christian Johnston (b. Fife 1781, died 1857). "Meg Dods" was a character invented by Sir Walter Scott. According to Theodora Fitzgibbon, Traditional Scottish Cookery c. 1980 (p. 6) Mrs. Johnston was a great friend of Scott.]
[1875]
Short Bread, Scotch.
No. 1. Mix two pounds of flour with four ounces of moist sugar, two ounces of candied citron, chopped small, and two ounces of sweet almonds, blanched and sliced. Rub one pound of butter into the flour, melt another half pound of butter, and with this work up the four to a smooth paste. If a plainer cake is wanted, less butter may be used. Sometimes the whole of the butter is melted, and then the bread is more easily made. Roll out the pastry to the thickness of an inch, and in a large oval shape, pinch the edges evenly, prick the surface with a fork or skewer, and sprinkle large comfits over the top. Cut the oval across, thus making two cakes, and place these upon paper rubbed with flour, and then upon tins. Bake in a moderate oven. When the bread is lightly browned, it is done enough. It should be remembered that the less the bread is kneaded the shorter it will be. No. 2. Rub three-quarters of a pound of fresh unsalted butter into half a pound of flour; add a quarter of a pound of ground rice, four tablespoonfuls of moist sugar, two ounces of candied citron, finely minced, and an ounce of sweet almonds, blanched and chopped small. When these ingredients are thoroughly mixed, work the whole into a smooth paste with the yolks of two small eggs. Roll the pastry out to the thickness of half and inch, divide it into four squares, pinch the edges neatly, prick the surface with a "dabber" or fork, sprinkle comfits and sliced citron on the top, and bake as above. Time to bake the bread, half to three-quarters of an hour."
---Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery with Numerous Illustrations [Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co.:London] 1875 (p. 866)
[1909]
"Shortbread, Scotch.
Ingredients.--2 lbs. of flour, 1/4 lb of cornflour, or ground rice, 1 lb. of butter, 1/4 lb. of castor sugar, 1 oz. of sweet almonds, a few strips of candied orange peel.
Method.--Beat the butter to a cream, gradually dredge in the clour, and add the sugar and sweet almonds, which should be blanched and cut into small pieces. Work the paste until it is quite smooth, and divide into 6 pieces. Put each cake on a separate piece of paper, roll the paste out square to the thickness of about 1 inch, and pinch it round the edges. Prick it well with a skewer, and ornament with 1 or 2 strips of candied orange-peel. Put the cakes into a moderately-heated oven, and bake from 25 to 30 minutes.
Time.--25 to 30 minutes. Average cost, for this quantity, 2s. Sufficient to make 6 cakes.
---Mrs. Beeton's Every-Day Cookery, New Edition [Ward, Lock & Co.:London] 1909 (p. 639)
[1956]
"Shortbread
Good shortbread must be made of the finest ingredients, fresh butter, castor sugar, and white flour. Tradtionally shortbread is decorated with orange or candied peel and almonds. It needs lightness of hand and nice judgement, for if the ingredients are worked too much together the result is tough and chewy, instead of being short and melt-in-the-mouth.
Scots Shortbread
If you camp, you know s'mores. These warm squishy energy-packed chocolate treats are ubiquitious. This delicious trifecta of ingredients ( graham crackers , marshmallows and chocolate bars) were readily available to the American public by the late 19th century and very popular in the early 20th. The Girl Scouts of America are generally credited for introducing S'mores to hungry campers.
Where did the idea come from? Victorian-era cookbooks contain recipes for "sandwich cookies," soft sponge-cakes filled with jam or cream fillings. American cookbooks published in the early decades of the 20th century contain recipes for chocolate sandwiches (cool) and marshmallow sandwiches (warm). American food companies were combining marhsmallows, graham crackers and chocolate in the 1910s. These were wildly popular. About Moon Pies, Scooter pies & Mallomars .
The director of the National Historic Preservation Center, Girl Scouts of the USA kindly pointed us in the right direction. She confirmed the recipe first appeared first in GSA's 1927 book Tramping and Trailing with the Girl Scouts. We own a copy of this booklet. Here's the original recipe:
"Some More"
8 sticks [for toasting the marshmallows]
16 graham crackers
8 bars plain chocolate (Hershey's or any of the good plain brands, broken in two)
16 marshmallows
Toast two marshmallows over the coals to a crisp gooey state and then put them inside a graham cracker and chocolate bar sandwich. The heat of the marshmallow between the halves of chocolate bar will melt the chocolate a bit. Though it tastes like "some more" one is really enough."
---Tramping and Trailing with the Girl Scouts [Girl Scouts, Inc:New York City] 1927 (p. 68-69)
[NOTE: This book is full of useful information, including 12 different kinds of campfires (purpose & method), nosebag (hiker) meals & campfire menus. Very happy to share!]
The 1940 Girl Scout Handbook has a recipe for one "Some Mores" that calls for "4 squares plain chocolate (thin), 2 graham crackers, and one marshmallow. This recipe may be varied by using slices of apple (cut cross-wise) in place of the graham crackers; by using pineapple slices or peanut butter in place of chocolate."
Our 1947 GSA Handbook confirms this recipe adds these instructions:
"Some-Mores (serves 1)
4 squares plain chocolate (thin)
2 graham crackers
1 marshmallow
Toast marshmallow slowly over the coals until brown. Put chocolate on a graham cracker, put the toasted marshmallow on top, then another graham cracker. Press gently together, and eat. Taste like "some more." This recipe may be varied by using slices of apple (cut cross-wise) in place of the graham crackers; by using pineapple slices or peanut butter in place of chocolate."
---Girl Scout Handbook [Girl Scouts of the United States of America:New York] 1947 (p. 316)
We do not really know that the Girl Scouts were the first to make and enjoy S'mores, but we also don't know of any earlier claims to this special treat. We also do not know when the name of this treat got shortened. Recipes for "Some Mores" are in various Girl Scout publications until at least 1971.
Is it possible the recipe for snickerdoodles is very old but the name snickerdoodle was invented recently? Perhaps. The word does not show up in the Oxford English Dictionary, Dictionary of Americanisms, and other word origin books. The
U.S. Patent & Trademark Office points us to several products with this name, most notably, Snickerdoodle.com (1989). A popular children's book suggests the word "snicker" may have come from a Dutch word "snekrad," or the German word "Schnecke, " both describing a snail-like shape. This is possible. This book offers no explanation for the "doodle."
This is what the the food historians have to say about the snickerdoodles:
"Snickerdoodle. A New England cookie made with flour, nuts, and dried fruits. The name is simply a nineteenth-century nonsense word for a quickly made confection."
---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 299)
"Snickerdoodle. Originating in 19th century New England, this whimsically named cookie has a charactaristically crackly surface and can be either crisp or soft...The name appears to have no particular meaning or purpose."
---Food Lover's Companion, Sharon Tyler Herbst, 3rd ed.[Barrons:New York] 2001 (p. 575)
"I do not know the origin of the name, but it has been proposed that it is of German origin and derived from the word "schnecken", i.e. sticky buns."
---Craig Claiborne's The New York Times Food Encyclopedia, Craig Claiborne [Times Books:New York] 1985 (p. 412)
"Snickerdoodle, a biscuit made from a creamed mixture enlivened with nutmeg, nuts, and raisins. It is a specialty of the Pennsylvania Dutch, a community with many sweet biscuit and cookie recipes."
---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 77)
What makes the history of Snickerdoodles so interesting?
1. You won't find recipes for snickerdoodles in early American American cookbooks.
---You WILL find plenty of recipes for currant (they are like raisins) cakes and jumbles combining sweet spices, nuts and dried fruits
2. Some food historians say snickerdoodles are a New England recipe [English origin].
---Others say it is from the Pennsylvania Dutch [German origin].
Some authentic recipes [of English heritage] that would make cookies approximating snickerdoodles: Queen cakes , Joe Froggers & Sand Tarts .
Plain and simple. Recipes titled "Snickerdoodles" first surfaced in USA print during the 20th century:
[1902] "Snickerdoodles
Three cups of flour, two cups of sugar, one cup of butter, two eggs, two teaspoons of cream of tartar, one teaspoon of soda. Drop in a pan and sprinkle a little sugar and cinnamon over each. Bake in a quck oven. --Mrs. John Montgomery"
---1902 Cook Book: A Collection of Tried Recipes Contributed by Estherville [Iowa] Housewives, Mrs. A.L. Barnum and Mrs. S. I. Delavan editors, (p. 80) [submitted by Nancy Baggett]
[1907]
"Snickerdoodles
Take one cup granulated sugar and one-half cup butter and lard;add one egg, salt, one cup milk, and two and one-half cups flour, wtih two teaspoons baking powder. Lastly one-half cup currants, dredged with a little flour. Put in square pan. Before baking, sprinkle with cinnamon and sugar. Bake twenty minutes. This will cut into twenty-four square pieces. Mrs. O.Y. Palmer, 1080 Oakwood avenue, Toledo O[hio]."
---"Paste These in Your Scrap Book," Alice Wann, ,i>Chicago Daily Tribune, August 25, 1907 (p. G3)
[NOTE: This recipe won a $1.00 prize.]
[1920s?] "Snickerdoodles.
1 cup sugar, 1/2 cup butter, 1 egg, 1 cup milk, 1 1/2 cups flour, 2 teaspoons baking powder, 1/2 cup currants. Put into a large square tin and sprinkle with sugar and cinnamon before baking."
---Tried and True Recipes, published for the Benefit of the First Congregational Church, Wilmette, ILL. By the East End Circle Woman's Guild [1920s?--no date on the book] (p. 72)
[1939]
Crackers, Oyster crackers , Saltines & Vermont common crackers .
Food historians tell us small hard biscuits were probably first made by ancient Middle Eastern peoples. These foods were quite practical, as they were filling, easily transported and able withstand adverse weather conditions. This is why cracker-type foods have a long history in military rations. Ancient Roman armies ate biscuits , Nelson's sailors ate Ship's biscuit , and Civil War soldiers ate hardtack . These are all related in method and ingredients to the tasty crackers we buy in today's supermarket.
Many cultures and cuisines have developed their own special crackers. Italian biscotti, Jewish mandlebrot, German zwieback and English rusk are some examples. The word "cracker" appears to have originated in North America sometimes in the 18th century. Food historians generally agree that the light, crispy crackers we Americans know today appeared in the 19th century. This concides with the "discovery" of chemical leaveners such as baking soda and powder .
"Cracker
A name first used in N. America,f rom the mid-18th century onwards, for a plain, unsweetened, dry, hard, bread product; thus corresponding to part of the domain covered by the wider English term "biscuit." When crackers are broken into pieces they make a cracking noise, which accounts for the name. Crackers may be leavened or unleavened. Those of the former sort were formerly baked by a particular method which called for a dough leavened with bicarbonate of soda (hence the term "soda cracker") and left to stand until pockets of carbon dioxide formed in the mixture. When biscuits of this dough were placed in a very hot oven they rose quickly, giving the characteristic texture. Unleavened crackers may be made from flour and water only (as are matzos) or with the addition of a little salt. Some examples of this sort are the small oyster crackers, used on top of seafood chowders, and the crackers know as ship's biscuit...The cracker barrel was an institution in American general stores and groceries which sold crackers loose in bulk. The term was first used in print in the 1870s..."
---The Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 222)
"Cracker
"...Since the eighteenth century Americans have spoken of these wafers by this term, first appearing in print in 1739, but it is still a word rarely used in England, where biscuit is preferred...In the 1830s Americans called the wafers soda crackers, and common crackers or oyster crackers were placed in New England chowders or split and buttered."
---The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman Books:New York] (p.104)
"Crackers started out as thin, crisp nonsweet, bite-size flatbreads. The making of crackers was among the first food industries in America. During the eighteenth century, cheap, hard crackers called "ship's bread," "ship's biscuits," and later, "hardtack" were widely manufactured for use on ships and for those migrating westward. These large, sturdy crackers, made only of flour and water--no shortening--kept for a very long time. One of the earliest brand-name foods was Bent's water crackers, which were initially manufactured by Josiah Bent, a ship's bread baker in Milton, Massachusetts...Crackers were packed in barrels and sold to grocery stores and restaurants. Recipes for simple crackers appeared in early American cookbooks...By the 1840s three major cracker varieties made with shortening had been introduced: the soda cracker, the butter cracker, and the round sugar biscuit...The era of generic crackers ended in 1898 with the formation of the National Biscuit Company, the forerunner of Nabisco...The new company introduced wrapping and packaging machines for their new brand-name product, Uneeda biscuits...After World War II, the cracker industry expanded along with the rest of the snack food field."
---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, Volume 1 (p. 353)
Saltines
Like Vermont common and Oyster crackers , modern saltines descend from mid-19th century soda crackers. Nabisco biographer William Cahn attributes the commercial creation to F.L. Sommers Company, St. Louis Missouri. A careful read of his text states the product won a prize in 1876. It does not identify a specific date or credit a specific person for creating this cracker. Some online sources credit Joseph Garneau as the "inventor."
"In certain areas of the midwest there was a strong preference for a cracker called "Premium Flake" or "Saltina," which replaced Uneeda in popularity. The Premium Saltine, a soda cracker, had long been a favorite in certain areas of the midwest, particularly in the Missouri area where it was invented. It had won prizes as far back as 1876. [Thomas L.] Green was jealous for his favorite soda cracker, Uneeda Biscuit, and kept the Premium Saltine confined to its home ground. However, in the twenties the Saltine began to be manufactured and distributed in factories throughout the country and was soon in wide demand. The popularity of the Saltine was increased many times over in the years ahead."
------Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's, William Cahn [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 198)
"About the time Green and Moore were, as young lawyers, descending upon Chicago, a special type of soda cracker was being produced by the F.L. Sommer Company in its huge bakery in St. Joseph, Missouri. It was called 'Premium Saltine.' At first it was made only in the west. But its popularity spread and soon it was in demand all over the country. The Premium soda cracker was the greatest thing that had happened to the Sommer company since its government contract for half a million pounds of hard bread for distribution to Indian tribes. The Premium soda cracker or saltine was to become--although not without opposition from Green--one of the most valuable assets that NBC inherited."
---ibid (p. 105)
Did Joseph Garneau "invent" the saltine?
We're finding two references. One is an online condensed version of an article published in Central Magazine , July 1873. The biographical profile confirms Mr. Garneau was a leader in the new commercial cracker industry. The other print reference is a 1917 obituary for Joseph Garneau, of New York City, claiming saltine invention. The first Garneau emigrated to St. Louis in 1832; the second was born in 1855. Possibly a family connection but definately not the same man.
"President of the Joseph Garneau Company, Inc., importers, died yesterday at his home in Kingston N.J., in his sixty-second year. He was engaged in the manufacture of biscuits and crackers. He was the inventor of the saltine cracker."
---"Obituary Notes," New York Times, July 4, 1917 (p. 9)
[NOTES: (1) Death notice published in the NYT the following day (p. 9) states Mr. Garneau will be buried in St. Louis, MO. (2) According to the New York Times, the Joseph Garneau Company was in the business of importing wine and alcoholic beverages. No mention of a biscuit business. Perhaps this obituary note was referencing an earlier business endeavor or past employment. (3) Burial in St. Louis may indicate a prior connection with the F.L. Sommer biscuit operation. Genealogy research may cement the connection. St. Louis is approximately 300 miles from St. Joseph. (4) Obituary indicates Mr. Garneau was born in 1855, which would make him 21 when the saltine won its award.]
Historic evidence
[1883]
"Soda Biscuit or Cracker
[For Small Batch] Can be doubled as you wish. One and one-half barrel flour, twenty-five pounds of lard, two pounds of salt; set you sponge witgh hop yeast or Flesichmann's Compressed yeast; set it in the evening and let it fall about four inches, then make your dough and let it rise well, then work in your saleratus, two pounds; should the dough not have enough saleratus add two ounces more. You may try a pieces of the dough, as this is a certain way, and after a little practice you may be able to tell by the look of the dough; take care to work in the saleratus well; when there is enough saleratus in it the dough will e noticed to have something like stripes in it; this will be observed, if you have some knowledge of cracker making; above all let your dough be broken well before running off; proceed in this way to make your sponge and dough: Take eight quarts hop yeast, or say in proportion to Fleishmann's Compressed Yeast; add twelve quarts of water; regulate the water according to the weather; this will make your sponge. When it has risen and fallen make your dough by adding three pails of water, common size; add twenty-five pounds of lard, two pounds of salt, and work your dough well. A very good way for new beginners is to work half the saleratus in half of the dough; then try, and if not enough add a little more and try; if too much, add some of the dough that has none in, and to that has none in added less than you did in the first half. This is a sure way for beginners. This same dough makes oyster crackers, but if making may you make a separate dough for them, adding only twenty pounds of lard to the one and one-half barrel of flour."
---Secrets of the Bakers and Confectioners' Trade, J.D. Hounihan [J.D. Hounihan:Staunton VA] 1883 (p. 12) [Professional industry text, no docking]
[1901]
Trenton crackers , 1848.
"Originally the oyster cracker was square, until Dr. E. T. Oakes of the NBC [National Biscuit Company] laboratory, conceived the notion of presenting Oysterette in a hexagonal shape."
---Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's, William Cahn [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 198)
[NOTE: According to the records of the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office Oysterettes were introduced to the public in December 1900.]
[1883]
Oyster Crackers
"100 pounds flour, 8 lbs butter, 6 lbs lard, 8 oz soda, 2 oz tartaric acid, 16 qts milk; cut with an oyster cracker cutter." ---Secrets of the Bakers and Confectioners' Trade, J.D. Hounihan [J.D. Hounihan:Staunton VA] 1883 (p. 150)
[NOTE: This is a professional baker's text. Recipes for oyster crackers do not show up in our cookbooks published for home cooks.]
2. According to early 19th century New England cookbooks, biscuits/crackers were puffed bread products which were cut in half and served warm with butter. This makes them somewhat different from the saltine-type Vermont common cracker we enjoy today. Yet?
Hardtack and other crisp biscuits were certainly known and consumed.
What does this tell us? Don't bother looking for recipes for "common crackers" in 19th century cookbooks. You will, however, find references to New England/Middle States crackers and cakes. Think: Boston crackers and New York Cookies. The best you can do is examine the primary evidence for an approximating recipe. This makes tracing the Vermont common cracker a bit more challenging. Is the product we enjoy today the same item our foremothers baked? It's hard to tell.
We do we know: The concept of hard crackers (soaked in liquid, as in soup) traces back to Ancient Roman days. Dried bread keeps easily, travels well, and fills the belly. This made it the natural choice of armies, sailors and the like up until recent times. Think hardtack. Colonial-era cookbooks and industrial revolution-era manufacturing/retail literature offer many different types of biscuits and crackers. These vary greatly in size, texture, and purpose.Names for said items range from generic descriptions (souffle biscuits) to place-specific claims (Boston crackers, Westminster crackers, Trenton crackers, etc.) Mid-19th century technological advancements made saltine-type crackers, as we know them today, possible. Some of these traditional recipes were converted to the ligther, more popular method. General notes about oyster crackers & saltines .
Vermont common crackers
According to the Dictionary of American Regional English (Frederic G. Cassidy editor, Volume 1), the first print reference to the term "common cracker" appeared in 1939. Where? Yankee Cook Book (p. 362): "Common Cracker. A large old-fashioned lightly salted cracker also called Boston cracker." This source also places the first print reference to the Boston cracker to 1818, noting it was a type of biscuit (p. 346). Boston crackers were served split with butter. There is no mention in this source regarding crispness.
"Common cracker. Very crisp, hard, thick wheatflour cracker that may be split and grilled with butter or Cheddar cheese, ground into bread crumbs, or eaten in chowders; similar to Boston Cracker. The term first appears in print in 1939. One manufacturer claims common crackers were first baked by Charles Cross about 1830 in his Montpelier, Vermont, bakery, and were called "Cross crackers" or "montpelier crackers." But in the New England Cookbook (1954), Eleanor Early credits the cracker's invention to Artemus Kennedy of Menotomy, Massachusetts, almost two hundred years ago. Early wrote that "Artemus had a large family and it was said that the children learned to retrieve crackers [that Artemus tossed on the floor of a big Dutch oven]...before they could walk. Baking was done three times a week, and Artemus rode about the countryside on his horse selling them from his saddlebags." Whatever their origins, common crackers are no longer easily found, and the news that a Rockingham, Vermont citizen named Vrest Orton had bought the original Charles Cross machinery and begun to sell common crackers again in 1981 was greeted with considerable interest by those who remember the taste of dry, crisp morsels split opened and eaten with good Vermont cheddar."
---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 92-3)
"Two years ago Cross Crackers, the thick white crackers that filled American cracker barrels for over a century, seemed headed for oblivion as surely as beer in a bucket. The Cross Baking Company, which was in business for 151 years in Vermont and later in New Hampshire, went bankrupt, and its machinery was sold at auction. The demise of the cracker, however, turned out to be greatly exaggerated, and this edible bit of Americana is once again baking on the old equipment in a new bakery addition to the Vermont Country Store, a thriving replica of the real thing, in Weston, Vt. It is a mistake to suppose that the old-time country store cracker barrel, surrounded of course by genial, chatting rural types, was filled with something like saltines. Modern crackers are thin, uniform, Johnny-come-latelies compared with Cross Crackers, which were a mouthful - an inch thick, hard, dry, bland and about as large as the rim of a coffee cup. Their keeping qualities guaranteed that those on the bottom of the barrel would be as firm as those on top. In recent years, when the cracker-barrel trade fell off, the crackers, boxed in a distinctive red and black design, were familiar on New England store shelves. These are the New England ''common crackers'' mystifyingly referred to in recipes. For years they were a staple of the region's diet, with many people eating them crumbled in a bowl with milk. Often called Montpelier crackers after their home town, they were first made by Charles Cross in his Vermont bakery in 1830. He was a canny Yankee entrepreneur who mixed and baked crackers three days a week, using his horse on a treadmill to rotate the special oven. On alternate days the horse pulled the delivery wagon. At that time nearly all country or village stores bought crackers by the barrel, and before long business boomed. Mr. Cross is credited with later installing the world's first cracker machines, and when he died at 93 in 1905 he was the oldest baker in New England... The common cracker is solid and filling, meant for eating one at a time. On its own it tends to be dry and tasteless, qualities that recommend it highly for additions. The easily split cracker takes well to cheese or butter on top, which can be toasted as well. Although recipes, including cracker pudding, have been included in New England cookbooks over the years, the favorite was for puffed crackers.
---"Old-time Crackers Bounce Back," Marily Stout, The New York Times, November 4,1981, (Section C; p.13)
[NOTE: these sources contain a recipe for "Puffed Montpelier Crackers," reprinted from Louise Amdrews Kent's Mrs. Appleyard's Kitchen (1942).]
"Julia Child's focus on the common cracker underlines the importance of serving something crunch to complement and balance the soft texture of chowder. Common crackers, Crown Pilot crackers, or other had crackers should always be offered with chowder, because the toasts are so very dry and crisp that they can be presented in place of crackers...If there has been a constant in the history of chowder, at least for the last two hundred years, it is the common cracker. A perfect companion for chowder, the common cracker has remained unchanged...These round puffed, hollow, very hard crackers have been manufactured in New England for so long that almost no home cook knows how to make them. Even those who do know don't bother, because they take almost two days to make and if you do everything just right, they might turn out as good as the ones you can buy at the store. In and around New England, you can find common crackers in many specialty and seafood markets and sometimes in ordinary supermarkets...At its inception, the common cracker was known as the Boston cracker throughout New England, lending plausibility to the belief that Boston was its place of origin. Ironically, it was Bostonians who coined the name "common crackers," and the name stuck--no one calls them Boston crackers anymore, and no one in Boston manufactures them. The common cracker descended from hardtack, also called ship's biscuit--a very dense, unleavened brick of baked flour. Necessity wrote this recipe, since flour would not keep in the damp and vermin-infested conditions aboard ship. Hardtack was also a staple all along the coast of New England and in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, where villagers faced similar problems with fresh flour...Chowder was a way to make hardtack edible. When the potato became a popular ingredient in the early 1800s, it put hardtack out of the chowder business. Potatoes became the primary thickener in chowders, producing a version that was more brothy and lighter. But the dry cracker didn't go away completely...The new and improved leavened version, the common cracker, was and still is very dry, with a hard exterior and great storage capabilities. But when you split, butter, and toast them, they strike a perfect balance between being crisp enough to crunch, even after sitting in a hot broth for a few minutes, and having a flaky tendernesss..."
---50 Chowders, Jasper White [Scribner:New York] 2000 (p. 203-207)
[NOTES: (1) Julia Child's notes & recipe here . (2) Vermont Common Crackers can be purchased online.]
Historic evidence
The New England Economical Housekeeper and Family Receipt Book, Mrs. E.A. Howland [E.P. Walton and Sons:Montpelier VT] 1845 does not contain a recipe for any kind of crackers. It does, however, contain a few recipes which include crackers as an ingredient. These items are more like bread pudding:
113. Cracker Plum Pudding
135. Bird's Nest Pudding
The Improved Housewife, Mrs. A.L. Webster [Stereotyped by Richard H. Hobbs, 5th edition, revised, Hartford CT:1844] includes recipes for hard biscuits and crackers:
"317. Crackers
Rub six ounces of butter into two pounds of flour; dissolve two teaspoonfuls of salaeratus in a wineglass of milk, and strain it on the flour; add a teaspoonful of salt, and milk sufficient to roll it out. Beat it with a rolling pin for half an hour, pounding it out thin; cut it into cakes with a tumbler; bake them about fifteen minutes, and then take them out of the oven. When the rest of your things are baked enough, take them out, set in the crackers again, and let them remain till baked hard and crispy."
---(p. 131)
"367. Hard Biscuit
Taker four pounds of flour; rub three pounds and a half of it with a quarter of butter; four well-beaten eggs, and two teaspoonfuls of salt; moisten it with milk, pound it out thin with a rolling pin, and sprinkle a little of the reserved flour lightly over it. Roll it up and pound it out again, and sprinkle on more flour. Continue to repeat this operation till you work in all the reserved flour; then roll it out thin, till you work in all the reserved flour; then roll it out thin, cut into cakes with a tumbler, lay them on flat, buttered tins, and cover them with a damp cloth to prevent their drying. Bake them in a quick oven."
---(p. 130)
"Salaeratus Biscuit.
Put two teaspoonfuls of salearatus to a pint of sour milk. If you have no sour milk, put a spoonful of vinegar to a pint of sweet milk, and set it in a warm place. As soon as the milk curdles, mix it with the salaeratus, put in two spoonfuls of melted butter, and flour to make stiff enough to roll out. Mould into small biscuit, and bake immediately."
---(p. 130)
Today most folks have heard of
Vermont Common Crackers , but not Boston Common Crackers (aka Boston Crackers). It helps to know that in the early 20th century the Boston appellation was also unknown to the general reader:
"It is doubtful of a large number of people know what the Boston cracker in these days of trade marked brands. It is not found in this part of the country often. It is a round cracker which will split in hales and is agreeable toasted and for some other purposes to which the square crackers do not lend themselves so readily."
---"Economical Housekeeping," Jane Eddington, Chicago Daily Tribune, July 24, 1911 (p. 4)
[NOTE: This article offers a recipe for Mock Mince Pie with Boston crackers, "rolled fine." (crushed?)]
More recently:
"Unsalted crackers, called in New England common or Boston crackers, are still added to chowders by some cooks but most often they are served either split or crumbled in the finished dish."
---"New England's Hearty Chowder," Kay Shaw Nelson, Washington Post, January 17, 1974 (p. D1)
Soda and [other types of] crackers have holes in them to help keep the product even in texture, flat in shape and crisp to taste. The process by which the hole are made is called "docking." Holes are spaced evenly to facilitate the evenness of the cracker. Prior to industrialization, crackers were pierced by hand using knives, nails and hand-held tools made of cast iron specially designed for the purpose. Elizabeth David describes a old-fashioned docker as "a dangerous-looking utensil consisting of sharp heavy spikes driven into a bun-shaped piece of wood." English Bread and Yeast Cookery, Elizabeth David [Viking:New York] 1980 (p. 200). Why is this process called docking? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Volume IV (p. 912) the origin of this word as it relates to biscuit-making is unknown. The first use of this term in print is dated 1840. In 1875 "The biscuit was then docked, that is, pierced with holes by an instrument adapted to the purpose...A stamping or docking frame..."
Is the a symbolic significance to the number of holes in a cracker? According to the experts at Bent's Cookie Factory, the answer is no. The purpose of the holes is keep the product crisp and even. The number and placement of the holes is determined by the size and shape of the cracker. There is no evidence to support the theory that 13 holes in colonial crackers/ hardtack stood for the thirteen colonies. In fact? There is no evidence that there were 13 holes in these crackers at all!
American Biscuits
In many English speaking countries, the word "biscuit" refers to a hard cookie or cracker . In the United States biscuits are generally small soft, yeast-based products served with breakfast or dinner. They perform a variety of functions including filling (hungry bellies), topping (eg. pies) and sopping (eg. biscuits & gravy ). Cowboy-style biscuits were rustled up by pioneers and overland travelers in makeshift ovens. Cathead biscuits and beaten biscuits are two popular American regional favorites. Refrigerator biscuits (packed in a tube, ready to bake) debuted in 1931.
"Biscuit...The word derives from the Latin words "bis" (twice) plus "coctus" (cooked). In England a biscuit is what Americans usually call a cracker or cookie. The American meaning for biscuit was first noted by John Palmer in his Journal of Travels in the United States of North America, and in Lower Canada, (1818), and by 1828 Webster defined the confection as "a composition of flour and butter, made and baked in private families." In general usage such puffy leavened little breads were called "soda biscuits" or "baking-soda biscuits," in contrast to the unleavened cracker type....Recipes for soda biscuits are found in every nineteenth-century cookbook, especially with reference to the cookery of the South...The South is also the home of the beaten biscuit, which was first mentioned in 1853...In 1930 General Mills began selling a packaged quick biscuit mix called Bisquick that was a great success and spawned many imitators."
---The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (page 29)
Huge as a cat's head, served up hot with with Sawmill Gravy . An Appalchian down-home favorite!
"There, in the Blackstone kitchen, Berry's grand chefs, Vernie and Floyd Nabors, turned out Sunday morning biscuits that melted in one's mouth. Particularly if you opened one up and added fresh butter along with the generous portion of the Berry-made apple butter...One of my classmates put it for me in hushed tones: "What you see there, Joe, is what we call the Cathead Bsicuit, the gift of an all-knowing and benevolent God." Mountain people, he explained, were particularly partial to the giant-size biscuits, which were destined by the Almighty to go with milk-enhanced sawmill gravy, another mountain favorite...Indeed the "cathead"--an Applachian phenomenon--was the precursor to the even larger size biscuits offered today by chains such as Hardee's and Mrs. Winner's. The big difference between regular-size buttermilk biscuits and the catheads was that with most "cats," the cook pinched off handfuls of dough rather than rolling it out and using a biscuit cutter...
Bryson City Cathead Biscuits
3 tablespoon fat (lard or bacon drippings)
Approx. 1 cup of milk
1 teaspoon salt 1 tablespoon sugar
Sift together dry ingredients, then rub in lard with fingertips, until flaky. Pour about a cupful milk to moisten. Turn out on well floured board and pat about 1/2 inch tricknesss. Cut with biscuit cutter and place in greased dutch oven that has been slightly preheated. Biscuits should be touching but not crowded. Place preheated lid on oven and cover with hot coals. Place on bed of good red coals and let bake about twenty minutes or until brown on top and bottom."
--Clair Haight, Hashknife Outfit, Winslow AZ, 1922 (reprinted in: Chuck Wagon Cookin', by Stella Hughes [University of Arizona Press:Tuscon AZ] 1974 (p. 123))
"Mrs. E.'s soda biscuits
Biscuits and gravy is traditionally connected to the American South. Althought it can be served at any meal, the most popular meal appears to be breakfast. Historic cookbooks contain many recipes for biscuits but no information with regards to smothering them with gravy. Perhaps it was "understood." Most cookbooks stress serving biscuits HOT from the oven, with butter. We find notes referencing the combination of biscuits and gravy in current southern-American cookbooks. Sadly, they do not impart much in the way of history. This book sums it up best:
"Eggs fried in bacon drippings, escorted by country ham, hot biscuits, grits with butter and red-eye gravy, and a cup of coffee so hot that the less acquainted might term it "scalding"--these aren't merely the makings of a Southern breakfast, they're the substance of a Southern lifeblood...Southerners can probably thank the English for their skepticism toward "fancy" food in general and for the notion that breakfast isn't really breakfast unless it contains meat and grains--in quantity. The English colonists brought with them their preference for puddings, porridge, meat pies, beef, mutton, and pork. In fact , the appearance of ham on the breakfast plates of Southeners can probably be traced to the first pigs that were carried from England to Jamestown, Virginia in 1608...Even after the Civil War, when many Southerners were attempting to modify their image and also their food, pork and pone continued to be inextricably bound together on many breakfast tables...The Southern breakfast saw its heyday during the plantation era of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries--when breakfast was the first and most substantial meal of the day. As Southern lore has it, planation owners generally would begin the day with a julep or brandy, then inspect the crops, and sit down to a large breakfast at ten AM..."
---Around the Southern Table, Sarah Belk [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1991 (p. 335-6)
[NOTE: This is an excellent book full of history snippets and traditional recipes. Your librarian can help you find a copy.]
"Gravy implies a certain excess. And a certain economy. Spread butter or jam on a biscuit and you better it. But ladle sawmill gravy on a biscuit, unitl the crown of that biscuit can barely be seen amid a pool of sausage-pocked gravy, and you transform a quick bread into a feed suited for plow hands...The Southern way with gravies as born of privation...And when folks are poor they make do. Which means folks make gravy."
---The Southern Foodways Alliance Community Cookbook, Sara Roahen & John T. Edge editors [University of Georgia Press: Athens GA] 2010 (p. 15)
[NOTE: this book offers recipes for Breakfast shrimp gravy, Butterbean gravy, Creole red gravy, Tomato gravy, Redeye gravy, Mississippi Madras okra gravy, Oyster gravy, Roan Mountain Corn gravy, Sawmill Gravy, & Sopping chocolate (aka Chocolate gravy).]
"Red-eye gravy served with ham and grits is arguably the most "Southern" of any Southern breakfast combination. The origin of the name of this gravy, however, is somewhat mythical. According to one theory, Andrew Jackson once asked a cook for gravy as red as the cook's eyes. Another source purports that the appearance of a "red eye" in the middle of a pan of a correctly made ham gravy reduction is what gives this sauce its name. The propular way to make it is perhaps equally contentious...Served on hot toasted cornbread, this makes a delightful breakfast."
---ibid (p. 347)
Sawmill gravy is Applachia's version of milk gravy . Why the name?
"Although some theorize on how the black pepper and sausage crumbles resemble sawdust, it's more likely that gravies like this got their names in the lumber camps. It's a dishj devined by and perfected for working-class Southerners, the sort of folks who earn their wages muscling logs into planers at sawmills."
---The Southern Foodways Allicance Community Cookbook, Sara Roahen and John T. Edge editors [University of Georgia Press: Athens] 2010 (p. 24)
"It is rare to find in any cookbook a recipe for this quite common and popular companion to hot biscuits. Th reasons probably have more to do with the social and economic class than anything else; sawmill gravy is commonly thought of as a subsistence food of the poor, and cookbooks seldom focus on such fare...The barest scraps of meat and a little milk are enough to make a delicious gravy, and in lean times, many a family has gotten by on a combination of meat grease, flour, and water. Even the name suggests poverty. By some accounts, it derives from the fact that sawmill crews often subsisted on little more than coffee, biscuits, and gravy. In some parts of Kentucky, this dish was called poor-do--a little something on which the poor made do. Native Kentuckian Jane Brock Woodall recalls that her grandmother in Casey County made the gravy from sausage or chicken dregs, and when there was not enough food to go around, the men ate first and got whatever meat there was and the women and children got by on poor-do. Elsewhere, people would have shunned anything called poor-do or even sawmill gravy ate essentially the same thing and called it white gravy or cream gravy. By whatever name, it was and is a flavorful and familiar dish on many Southern tables." ---Southern Food: at home,on the road, in history , John Egerton [University of North Carolina Press:Chapel Hill] 1993 (p. 194-195)
"Sawmill gravy (or Logging gravy). In the years following the turn of the century, logging camps sprang up all over the Smoky Mountains where timber companies had bought up tracts of virgin timber. Lumberjacks and sawmillers by the hundreds came in to snake out the logs to nearby streams, sawmills, and newly built railheads. Entire families moved in with the men to the camps. To feed the multitude was a big challenge. Breakfasts usually consisted of coffee and meat plus flour-based gravies and large "cathead" biscuits. On e day, the story goes, the Tremont camp ran out of flour and had to substitute cornmeal in the gravy. Inquisitive loggers arriving before breakfast asked what kind of gravy was on the menu that day. "This gravy's made out of sawdust!" the cooks replied. The name stuck. The cheap, easy-to-fix cornmeal gravy caught on. While "sawmill gravy" was the popular nickname, some called itn "Logging Gravy." Others named it Poor Do or Life Everlasting, a reference to what many felt was its role in keeping them alive. This recipe adapation comes from Janice Miracle of Middlesboro, Kentucky...
"Life Everlasting" Sawmill Gravy
3 heaping tablespoons white cornmeal
1 tablespoon bacon drippings
2 1/4 cups milk
A dash of pepper
In a frying pan, combine cornmeal, bacon drippings, and salt. Stir until brown. Add milk and let boil until gravy thickens. Stir forcefully to keep gravy from pumping. Add pepper to taste."
---Smokehouse Ham, Spoon Bread and Scuppernong Wine: The Folklore and Art of Southern Appalachian Cooking, Joseph E. Dabney [Cumberland House:Nashville TN] 1998 (p. 207-8)
[1839]
"White or Drawn Gravy.
This kind of gravy, to avoid expense and trouble, should be made of the liquor in which fresh meat, poultry or game has been boiled. Put it away in a covered vessel, and in cold weather it will keep good for several days: then, by adding the different catchups, &c., with a little butter, flour and cream to thicken it, you can have nice gravy in a few minutes' warning; and besides that, it is saving what otherwise might be thrown away."
---The Kentucky Housewife, Mrs. Lettice Bryan (facimile 1839 reprint) [Image Graphics:Paducah KY] (p. 164)
These unusual biscuits are generally connected with the mid-Atlantic and southern Appalachian regions. Marlyand Beaten Biscuit recipes are good examples. Food historians trace the practice of "beating" bread to England, possibly as far back as the 16th century.
"Recipe for soda biscuits are found in every nineteeth-century cookbook, especially with reference to the cookery of the South, where biscuits with ham remain a specialty. The South is also home of the "beaten biscuit," which was first mentioned in 1853. This curious confection, known in Maryland as a "Maryland biscuit," is rarely made today, but was once common in the South,where the sound of a mallet beating the biscuit dough was a nostalgic morning sound."
---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 29) Mr. Mariani lists the sources he uses in The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink at the end of his book. The 1853 reference for [Maryland Beaten Biscuits is this:
"1853 (1982) Lea, Domestic Cookery 69: MD, Maryland Biscuit. Rub half a pound of lard into three pounds of flour; put in a spoonful of salt, a tea-cup of cream, and water sufficient to make it into a stiff dough; divide it into two parts, and work each well till it will break off short, and is smooth; (some pound it with an iron hammer, or axe;) cut it up into small pieces, and work them into little round cakes."
---Dictionary of American Regional English, Frederic G. Cassidy chief editor, Volume III I-O [Cambridge MA:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press] 1996 (p. 528)
"Beaten biscuits are, like grits, very much of a mystery to the uninitiated. They may be the forerunner of the modern raised biscuit, but these chewy, unleavened morsels resmeble more the hard tack produced by early European bakers for armies and navies than anything else served up in the modern South. Pilot bread and sea biscuit are terms for similar breads that reflect their practical use. Country ham was for some time wedded the beaten biscuit in Southern cuisine. At the most traditional fancy parties and weddings, biscuits no bigger than a quarter are invariably served up with baked, cured ham sliced as thin as imaginable sandwiched inside and spiked with mustard. Otherwise, beaten biscuits are rarely seen anymore. They sound harder to make than they are...those who enjoy a physical relationship with their doughs should be in heaven here. There is no getting around the activity. Fifteen minutes of heavy, consistent abuse is the minimum. You can use a rolling pin, a hammer, the side of an axe; whatever, it must be heavy...In the old days, the dough was beaten on a tree stump in the yard. When properly beaten, the dough will blister at each blow. it will develop a strange plastic quality and be smoother than any other bread dough you have ever seen...The biscuits, when done, will be dry throughout, yet soft in the middle."
---Biscuits, Spoonbread, and Sweet Potato Pie, Bill Neal [Alfred A. Knopf:New York] 1996 (p. 39)
Culinary evidence confirms beaten biscuits (aka Maryland Beaten Biscuits, Maryland Biscuits, Apoquiniminc Cakes, Hard Biscuits) predate 1853. Early recipes required butter and likely produced specimens similar to plain biscuits (sugarless sugar cookies). Mid-19th century recipes employed lard, an economical alternative. This would have produced a cruder product, a little lighter than hard tack. What an interesting declination of food preparation!
Compare these recipes:
6. It was elevated to national iconic status when Jerry Seinfeld waxed philosophically �Look to the cookie.�
Origin theories
�No one seems to know who invented the Black and White, or where it was first created. George Greenstein, a second-generation Jewish baker who has devoted his retirement to translating the old New York neighborhood bakery recipes into contemporary home recipes�feels they must have been invented at the beginning of the twentieth century by a baker looking for yet another way to use his standard yellow cake. They were clever. They got copied all over town.�
---Arthur Schwartz�s New York City Food, Arthur Schwartz [Steward, Tabori & Chang:New York] 2004 (p. 294)
�The black-and-white had been around forever. Herb Glaser, the baker at Glaser Bake Shop on First Avenue near 87th Street, said that as far as he knew, Glaser's has been making them ever since it opened 96 years ago."
---�'Look to the Cookie': An Ode in Black and White,� William Grimes, New York Times, May 13, 1998 (p. F1)
��Glaser�s Bake Shop. Herb Glaser isn�t precisely sure why his baker on 87th and 1st on the Upper East Side is credited as the creator of the black-and-white. He just knows his family has been baking them at the same location since around the time it opened, 1902�Well, he sort of knows. �I wasn�t around then,� he says, but that�s the legend and, so far, no one has debunked it.��Glaser�s has always made two sized of black-and-whites, small ones and not-so-small ones. In the �60s, Herb Glaser used to eat at least two of the smaller cookies a day when he�d walk home from school for lunch.�
---�A Tale of Two Cookies,� Jule Banville, Washington City Paper, June 13, 2008 (p. 40-41)
Symbolism & lore
�The black-and-white cookie, that trumpy and oversize mainstay of New York City Bakeries and delis, has not endured by dint of its taste. Unlike other edible icons, like New York cheesecake or bagels, there is no such thing as a delicious black-and-white cookie. They are either edible or inedible. Fresh-baked and home-baked are the best. The form persists as an object lesson. There is, of course, divergent opinion as to the message embodied in the cookie. One school holds that the cookie endures as an icon of balance. And on its shiny black-and-white-frosted surface, the cookie displays at least the peaceful coexistence of opposites good and bad, yin and yang, life and death, ebony and ivory��Look to the cookie!� Jerry Seinfeld regaled the crowd waiting in a New York City bakery� He waived the round harlequin above his head like a placard for radical harmony�Balance is not the black-and-white cookie�s only claim on the populace. Some swear it is a metaphor for clarity. In the gray of urban chaos, there is innocence and simplicity, in a black-and-white cookie.�
---�Smart Cookies: Why black-and-whites have assumed deep cultural significance,� Molly O�Neill, New York Times, January 28, 2001 (p. SM29)
Consuming psychology
" I think of as New York's answer to the Oreo, because there was a ritual to it," said Rochelle Udell, the editor in chief of Self magazine, whose family owned Ratchik's bakery in Brooklyn. "The black-and white always asked the question, which side you start with first? It was graphically appealing, and it allowed you enormous freedom to personalize how you ate it...
---�'Look to the Cookie': An Ode in Black and White,� William Grimes, New York Times, May 13, 1998 (p. F1)
�New Yorkers�can measure a man by the tracks of his teeth imprinted in a black-and-white cookie. And burrowed right down the middle, revealing himself as ambivalent, incapable of choice and afraid of commitment. Center-line attack can also appear judicious. It allows you to savor equal parts of black and white. But the effect of the middle-of-the-road approach is devastating: that which connects becomes instantly devoured, leaving disjointed opposites�In the �What�s My Craving?� section of Chowhound.com� black-and-white devotees trade strategies for damage control��You start with one flavor and then go to the next�an approved alternative method�Break the B&W in half, then in quarters. Then eat alternative quarters.��
---�Smart Cookies: Why black-and- whites have assumed deep cultural significance,� Molly O�Neill, New York Times, January 28, 2001 (p. SM29)
[NOTE: Ms. O�Neill states B&W are also called �Half Moons� in Boston and ��Harlequins� in the Midwest.]
Seinfield speaks
[Episode 77,�The Dinner Party,� aired February 4, 1994].
[The Royal Bakery]
ELAINE: Ummm, I love the smell of bakeries.
JERRY: Mmm. Oh look Elaine, the black and white cookie.
ELAINE: Mmm.
JERRY: I love the black and white. Two races of flavor living side by side in harmony. It's a wonderful thing isn't it?...
JERRY: � and a black and white cookie, for me. Peace!... (Jerry and Elaine are waiting in line, Jerry takes a bite of his cookie and then speaks) JERRY: Uhm, see the key to eating a Black and White cookie, Elaine, is you want to get some black and some white in each bite. Nothing mixes better than, vanilla and chocolate. And yet still somehow racial harmony eludes us. If people would only *Look to the Cookie* -- all our problems would be solved.
ELAINE: Well your views on race relations are just, fascinating. You really should do an Op-Ed piece for the Times. (Op-Ed stands for Opinions and Editorials)
JERRY: Hmm. Look to the cookie Elaine... Look to the cookie.
(Jerry sees a black man on the other side of the bakery eating the same cookie -- Jerry raises his cookie up and so does the man -- in a moment of racial harmony & unity to which he just spoke of.)�
JERRY: I don�t know, I don't feel so good.
ELAINE: What's wrong?
JERRY: My stomach, I , think it was that cookie.
ELAINE: The black and white?
JERRY: Yeah.
ELAINE: Not getting� along?
JERRY: I think I got David Duke and Farrakhan down there.
ELAINE: (mocking - in a dopey voice) �Well if we can't look to the cookie where can we look?�
SOURCE: Seinology .
The conundrum
This native New Yorker finds the ubiquitous iconography unsubstantiated by historic print evidence puzzling. New Yorkers generally pride themselves on proclaiming �firsts� and claiming inventions. This does not jive with the laissez-faire �we don�t know� attitude relayed by contemporary reporters. Crosby Gaige�s New York World�s Fair Cook Book [1939] offers recipes & menus for every state. There are no Black and White cookies in this book. Nor are they addressed in New York City/Jewish/Ethnic cookbooks (Joan Nathan, Lynn Stallworth, Jane Ziegelman, Hasia Diner). Lawton Mackall�s Knife and Fork in New York [1946] profiles several Jewish delicatessens. He mentions Lindy�s cheese cake & Reuben�s sandwiches but no black & whites. We find no recipes in our cookie books (professional/home cooks). No ads or descriptions in the New York Times before the Seinfeld�s episode aired. Like Jerry Seinfield, sitcom premise: It�s a story about nothing. Which makes the Black-and-White cookie even more compelling.
Refrigerator biscuits
Our sources credit Lively Willoughby of Louisville, Kentucky for inventing refrigerator dough packed in cardboard tubes in 1930. A patent was issued in 1931. This product was acquired by Ballard & Ballard (also of Louisville) which was acquired by Pillsbury Mills (Minneapolis MN) in 1951. See the original patent record dates below. View actual patent via Google patents (type in patent number or keyword: willoughby dough)
Patent number: 1811772
Filing date: Mar 10, 1931
Issue date: Jun 1931
Assignee: BALLARD and BALLARD COMPANY
Details courtesy of the original company's employee magazine:
"...speaking of revolutionary changes! Lately the routine of the housewife...has been completely altered by the placing upon the market of a product of Ballard & Ballard of Louisville, Ky., known as Oven Ready Buttermilk Biscuit. This biscuit is all ready to bake. The busy housewife simply removes the biscuits from a specially prepared container and plots them into an oven which would have a temperature of 500 degrees. In eight or ten minutes the biscuits can be removed, baked to a golden brown and ready for devouring. The dough can be kept on hand for about two weeks, the only requirement being that the biscuits be kept in the refrigerator...A few years ago there lived in Bowling Green, Ky.--a junction point for three of the Old Reliable's divisions, the Louisville, the Nashville and the Memphis Line--a gentleman and incidentally the hero of our story...by the name of L. B. Willoughby. Mr. Willoughby was a master baker there and his chief distinction from other men was the fact that his profession was also his holiday. Generally, Mr. Willoughby was known as 'the experimenter.' At this time he had given to the public, as has been hinted, many choice yum-yums, a seed roll in particular...Being mechanically-minded--an expert with the drawing as well as the bread board--he had invented a flour-sifter for use in bakeries, besides many other gadgets best known to the trade. Mr. Willoughby, like all other bakers, was well aware of the fact that in winter his business went into a considerable tail spin. This, of course, was due to the circumstance that in perspirationless season people were more apt to lover lovingly over their own ovens. He had long had a yen to woo some of this business back into the fold and, for obvious reasons, an oven ready biscuit seemed to him to be just the thing to do this trick. Bakery baked biscuits had never been a howling success because of the fact that a biscuit to deserve three rousing cheers must be served piping hot. But if biscuit dough could be fixed so that it could be kept several days and still used--ak! that was another matter. Mr. Willoughby went to work on the problem. For quite quite a period of time he confined his experimenting in this field. One day his patience was rewarded. A batch of dough that he had specially prepared a week or so before and had since kept refrigerated when cut up into biscuits and placed inb an oven turned into somethign a few minutes later that went very well with butter and honey...He called his discovery the Olde Kentucky Buttermilk Biscuit and placed it on the market. Ten of the biscuits were placed in each container, each biscuit being separated from its neighbors by a piece of foil and oiled paper. On the label adorning the container purchasers were given simple instructions on how to bake... Ballard's took over Mr. Willoughby's brain-child on January 22 of this year...The flour people prepared to capture the country in the name of the Oven Ready Biscuit, city by city. Indianapolis was the first to fall through vigorous advertising via newspapers, billboards and store window displays."
---"L. & N. Takes a New Biscuit to Market," by K.A.H., The L. & N. Employes' Magazine, November 1931 (p. 22-23)
This early company ad does an excellent job describing this revolutionary grocery item:
"Once in a lifetime, once in a generation, such things happen! Today a revolutionary discovery brings you a thrilling new convenience. Delicious Southern Buttermilk Biscuits. Freshly made, cut out and packaged all ready to bake in your own oven. Today the most thrilling discovery since you have been keeping home is waiting for you at your grocer's. It is a package of ready-to-bake Southern biscuits, the old-fashioned kind, made with pure country buttermilk. We call them OvenReady Biscuits because all the work has been done for you. You only have to bake them. Now you can serve delicious home-baked Southern biscuits, without any of the bother of buying and assembling and mixing ingredients; of getting out and washing and putting away utensils. The sifting, measuring and mixing, the kneading, rolling and cutting have already been done for you. The ingredients we use are the same that are used in the most exacting kitchens, and are as carefully selected. Every proportion and process is accurate to the finest degree. As soon as the dough is cut out, each biscuit is wrapped in foil and they are sealed in an airtight package that guarantees the to be as fresh and wholesome when you open the package as at the moment they are made. Frequent delivery of OvenReady Biscuits to your grocer insures a continuous fresh supply. Take the compact convenient package from your grocer's icebox to your own. When you are ready to serve them, simply open the package with an ordinary kitchen knife, place the biscuits in a pan, run them into the oven, and let them bake themselves while the bacon broils or the table is being set. Think of the time that you or your cook will save in a single day, a week, a month--time that is needed for the countless other details of planning and preparing meals and keeping house. Now, in less time than you need for making toast, you can serve hot biscuits for breakfast, whether you have a cook or not. In ten minutes' time, and with no trouble at all, OvenReady Biscuits can turn your cold luncheon or buffet supper into an important and delicious meal. It's a simple matter, too, to make them into doughnuts, drop dumplings and individual shortcakes, However late you may be kept at an afternoon party or at your office, there's no need for supper to be a hurried, unsatisfactory meal if you have a package of OvenReady Biscuits in your icebox. And every time you serve OvenReady Biscuits you are sure of biscuits equal to your own highest standards. Don't wait to discover this wonderful convenience and goodness. Put OvenReady Biscuits at the top of your marketing and menu lists today. They're at your grocer's. Made by Ballard and Ballard Company, Incorporated, OvenReady Division, Louisville, Kentucky. 10 for 10 cents."
---Dislay ad, Atlanta Constitution, June 25, 1931 (p. 17)
How were refrigerator biscuits invented? Food historians trace the path from accidental mess to the Pillsbury Doughboy:
"The story of Pillsbury's refrigerator dough begins in 1930 with a baker in Louisville, Kentucky. Lively Willoughboy, as he was called, sliced and stacked unbaked biscuits, wrapped them in foil, and packed them in cardboard tubes before storing them in an icebox. When the compressed dough was removed from the icebox, it exploded, converting the Willoughby kitchen into a shooting gallery. Lively's son had to stand on a ladder to scrape the dough off the ceiling with a putty knife. Consistent efforts by Lively to eliminate the explosive character of his refrigerated dough eventually paid off and he sold his process to the Ballard and Ballard Flour Company. Pillsbury obtained this process in 1952 when it acquired Ballard. Pillsbury launched its crescent rolls in 1965, first approaching Leo Burnett, its ad agency, which came up with the idea of the animated Pillsbury Doughboy. Poppin' Fresh, a revolutionary figure in advertising, laucnhed the crescent rolls in 1965 and went on to symbolize Pillbury's products in a vast number of commercials."
---Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands, Volume 1: Consumable Products, Janice Jorgensen editor [St. James Press:Dover] 1994 (p. 454)
"In 1951 Pillsbury bought Ballard & Ballard, which owned a process for storing refrigerated dough in cardboard tubes. The process was invented by a Louisville, Kentucky, baker in 1930 and refined over the years. The acquisition of Ballard & Ballard marked Pillsbury's entry into the refrigerated dough market, which became a company mainstay. The launch in 1965 of refrigerated crescent rolls coincided with the debut of the Pillsbury Doughboy, as well as the signature tag line, "Nothing says lovin' like something from the oven,"..."
---Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising, John McDonough ed. [Fitzroy Dearborn:New York] Volume 3, 2003 (p. 1235)
"Federal Judge Roy Shelbourne ruled today that any manufacturer is free to use the Ballard and Ballard Company patent for oven-ready biscuits. Shelbourne also held that the Borden Company, a rival in the sale of canned biscuits ready to pop into the oven for baking, was innocent of copying the label and package design of the Ballard product. Ballard and Ballard, now owned by Pillsbury Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, had sued the Borden Company and its west-coast distributer, Ready-to-Bake Foods, Inc. alledging infringement of patent and unfair-trade practices in copying its package. Kraft Foods, Inc., Chicago, had intervened on the Ballard side as its west-coast distributor. On the patent angle, Judge Shelbourne held the original patent, issued in 1931, had expired after seventeen years and a new patent obtained in 1948 did not contain enough additional new ingredients or methods to make it valid..."
---"Patent Infringement Suit Lost," New York Times, August 16, 1952 (p. 23)
Pasta Frolla I (page 399) made through chilling
1 or 2 eggs, beaten
4 cups (600 grams) raisin
Divide the dough into 2 pieces, one twice as large as the other (two-thirds and one-third). Roll out the large piece into a 17 X 11-inch rectangle on a lightly floured work surface. Toll up the dough onto the rolling pin and then unroll it on a 17 X 11-inch baking sheet lined with parchment or waxed paper. Brush the surface with beaten egg and scatter the raisins evenly on top. Press the raisins firmly into the dough with the rolling pin and brush again with beaten egg. Roll the remaining dough into the same size rectangle. Roll it up onto the rolling pin and then unroll it over the raisins. Don't worry if it rips and tears a bit, for it's easily patched. Trim the dough and brush the surface with beaten egg.
Caramel Glaze
1/2 teaspn. salt
cold water for stiff dough
Mix well together, run through food cutter (with finest knife) 5 or 6 times, roll about 1/8 inch thick, prick with fork, cut into any desired shape, set in cold place for 2 hrs. or longer, bake in moderate oven. Omit sugar for unsweetened crackers. Dough may be kneaded, picking it apart into small pieces, if food cutter is not at hand. Or, crackers are very good made up without any kneading, when rested in cold place."
---Laurel Health Cookery, Evora Bucknum Perkins [Laurel Publishing Company:Melrose MA] 1911 (p. 462)
Who was Dr. Sylvester Graham?
A New England health advocate with a passion for temperance and fiber.
"Sylvester Graham. His name lives on in a nursery cookie, but Sylvester Graham, one of America's earliest and most vocal advocates of dietary reform, left a far larger legacy: the concept that a vegetarian diet of natural and largely raw foods--whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and nuts--can restore and maintain health. Graham campaigned for pure, unadulterated food at a time when baker's bread might contain copper sulfate, plaster, or alum. And in an era predating scientific knowledge of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, he insisted that processing, milling, sifting, and overcooking stripped food of its most important components. Although mocked in his day, Graham's theories foreshadowed much modern nutritional knowledge."
---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith editor [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, volume 1 (p. 573)
"Graham's recommendations came at a time when America's diet consisted largely of corn, pork, molasses, puddings, and pies, with potatoes cooked in lard...Early in his speaking career Graham seized upon the sorry state of commercial bread that had begun to enter the New England marketplace after the 1830's. In his Treatise on Bread and Bread-Making (1837), Graham advocated homemade brown bread made of unbolted flour and bran instead of light, thin-crusted loaves then being sold which he condemned for being adulterated with unwholesome fillers and additives."
---Culinary Biographies, Alice Arndt editor [Yes Press:Houston TX] 2006 (p. 186)
The Nabisco factor
Although Nabisco (formerly the National Biscuit company) was not the first and/or only company to manufacture graham crackers, it is often credited with introducing them to the American public for mass-production. The National Biscuit Company was formed at the very end of the 19th century. This passage is from a corporate biography:
"Another NBC [National Biscuit Company, later Nabisco] product, the graham cracker, was also popular throughout the country. It had been a favorite since it was created and introduced in the early part of the nineteenth century by Dr. Sylvester Graham, an eccentric but sagacious expert on health foods...The graham cracker had been sold by bakeries for decades. The New York Biscuit Company and its rivals to the west all sold it. However, it remained for the National Biscuit Company to stabilize its production, package it, and give it national promotion."
---Out of the Cracker Barrel: Nabisco History From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's>, William Cahn, [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 105)
The earliest print reference we find for chocolate-covered graham crackers is from 1929. They were made by the National Biscuit Company [aka Nabisco!]
[1929]
"Sale of National Biscuit Co. Cookies and Crackers, Chocolate Covered Graham Crackers, per leb, 30 cents. Graham Crackers, 2 lbs, 31 cents."
---display ad, Laurens Sun [IA], October 17, 1929 (p. 4)
[1933]
"Chocolate Covered Graham Crackers, 2 lbs for 37 cents,"
---Chicago Daily Tribune, December 17, 1933 (p. 14)...no brand mentioned
[1942]
"We were unrolling our bedrolls. We hadn't used them for three nights. We'd been moving too fast for that kind of luxury. I was shaking the sand out of a sour-smelling blanket when Benson let out a yip, and a tin clattered to the floor. It was a long tin, about a foot long, and four inches square. It bore the label of Fortnum and Mason's, Piccadilly, London, and contained--chocolate-covered graham crackers! Benson held it before him, an end in each hand, as you would a football, and let out a yell that competed with the whistle. He tore at the top and couldn't open it, It was stuck all round with gummed paper...He'd got the top of as was rustling the waxed brown paper aside with clumsy fingers when we became conscious of faces peering at us from the other side of the glass doors and panels of the compartment. There were three or four men there, one of them with a bandaged head. Two were Italians and at least one other was a German. before I could stop him, Benson stood up, pulled aside the sliding door and began passing out the crackers, one to each. He went through the car and presently returned with one cracker. He divided it up neatly in two portions and we sat on the edges of our long seats, taking small bites, fighting, each of us, an impulse to gulp, chew and swallow. We sat there for a long time, not talking..."
---"Hospital Train," Frank Gervasi, Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1942 (p. H14)
[1949]
"New delicacies have been uncovered by the freezer, such as frozen chocolate covered graham crackers. They are delicious in the frozen state."
---"Industry's Aim: Freezing Unit in Every Home," Ann Douglas, Chicago Daily Tribune, September 11, 1949 (p. H4)
This was the Navy's answer to hardtack .
"...the Royal Navy preferred biscuit to bread. Biscuit would keep for many montys, it came in handy pieces, and because it did not require any form of leaven it dod not need any great skill to make and it could be made in large quantities more quickly than the equivalent weight of soft bread. The method was equally simple: water was added to flour, it was mixed, kneaded until smooth, rolled, cut, stamped with the broad arrow (affectionately known as the 'crow's food') which marked it as Crown property, baked, cooled, and packed. The process required no great degree of knowledge or careful temperature control both of which were essential for the methods of bread-baking used at the time...Some of the biscuit was bought from outside contractors, some was madee by the Victualling Board at its depts in Deptford, Portsmouth and Plymouth, and later in some of its victualling yards abroad. They were made of whole-meal, some of the surviving specimens containing quite large pieces of recognisable wheat grains. The contracts for outside bakers stated that the biscuits should 'weigh not less than five to the pound' (ie at least 3.2 ounces or 91 grams each) and that they should be packed in bags of hundredweight. The shape was not specified and they could be square, round or octagonal, usually pricked with holes and with the broad arrow and a letter designating the bakery stamped in the middle. This compressed dough, making the middle even harder than the rest; eaters tended to leave this hard piece until last, designating them 'pursers' nuts'. It was almost impossible to bite into these biscuits without first soaking them. The normal technique was to break bits off on the edge of a table, or to use a hard object to crush them, having first wrapped them in a piece of cloth to avoid explosive dispersal. These pieces could be sucked and chewed, or added to soup or gravy. Despite their hardness, these biscuits were tasty enough. It was when they became damp that the taste deteriorated and the livestock moved in. The secret of keeping the biscuit dry was to pack it in airtight boxes; the Dutch knew this as early as the seventeenth century. American sailors knew it too, but somehow the message did not get through to the British Admirality until well into the nineteenth century. Captian Basil Hall, writing of his experiences during the War of 1812, remarked on this: American biscuit, he said, was tasty and good quality and he attributed this to their practice of keeping it sealed up until needed, whereas the British practice was to ventilate the bread room in fine weather with the aid of wind-sails which funnelled air down from above. Unfortunately in warm weather this air was warm and moist while the cellar-like bread room was cold; the biscuit absorbed this damp air and the process of deterioration started. When the bread ran short, or had deteriorated beyond the eatable stage, the standard substitute was rice, issued on an equal-weight basis: one pound of uncooked rice was considered by the Victually Board to be equal to one pound of biscuit."
---Feeding Nelson's Navy: The True Story of Food at Sea in the Georgian Era, Janet MacDonald [Stackpole Books:Mechanicsburg PA] 2004 (p. 16-18)
How to make ship's biscuit?
"The original method. The biscuit-making process at Deptford victualling yard was on a grand scale, producing almost 25,000 pounds of biscuit a day from twelve ovens, each baking twenty batches a day, and being fed wtih raw biscuits by a team of seven men. To knead the dough they used a device called a horse; this consisted of a circular platform on which a big lump of flour and water dough was placed, and a wide lever mounted on a central pole which a man 'rode' like a hobby horse, jumping it up and down to knead the dough, working his way round the circle as many times as it took to bring the dough to the desired state. It was then passed, in sequence, to a series of men who cut the dough, moulded it into shape, stamped it, split it into two biscuits, arranged it on a peel and 'shot' it into the oven to bake."
---Feeding Nelson's Navy: The True Story of Food at Sea in the Georgian Era, Janet MacDonald [Stackpole Books:Mechanicsburg PA] 2004 (p. 184)
[NOTE: This book also offers a modernized version for home cooks.]
2 1/2 cups seeded raisins
1 1/4 cups broken nuts
Mix shortening, sugar, and eggs thoroughly. Stir in coffee. Measure flour by dipping method...or by sifting. Stir dry ingredients together; blend into shortening mixture. Mix in raisins and nuts. Chill dough at least 1 hr. Heat oven to 400 degrees F. (mod. hot). Drop rounded teaspoonfuls of dough about 2" apart on lightly greased baking sheet. Bake 8 to 10 min., or until almost no imprint remains when touched in the center. Makes 7 to 8 doz. 2 1/2" cookies."
---Betty Crocker's Cooky Book [General Mills:Minneapolis MN] 1963 (p. 138)
Related cookies? Billy goats (aka Billy Goat Date Cake)
Joe Froggers
Molasses cookies are well documented in colonial New England. There were dozens of variations, with different names. Some were hard, others were soft. Many employed traditional English spices of nutmeg, cinnamon, ginger, and cloves. Raisins and nuts were often added for flavor and texture. Molasses replaced refined cane sugar for economic reasons. According to culinary legend, Joe Froggers belong to this venerable confectionery genre. Joe�s *secret ingredient* was rum.
Who was Joe Frogger?
No one knows, for sure. This is a prime example of what food historians call "culinary legend," or "fakelore." If a story sounds plausible, and is circulated widely enough, it becomes "truth."
�Joe Frogger. A thick New England cookie spiced with ginger, nutmeg, cloves, and other spices. The origins of the name are unknown, though the most often cited story concerns an old man named �Uncle Joe� who lived near a frog pond in Marblehead, Massachusetts. He loved rum and always put it into his cookies, which resembled the frogs in the pond. The cookies are a traditional Sunday-night snack in New England.�
---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 172)
�A long time ago there was an old Negro who lived in Marblehead. His name was Uncle Joe and he lived on the edge of a frog pond, and the pond was called Uncle Joe�s Frog Pond. Uncle Joe made the best molasses cookies of anyone in town, and people called them Joe Froggers because they were as plump and as dark as the little fat frogs that lived in the pond. Marblehead fishermen would give the old man a jug of rum and he would make them a batch of Froggers. The fishermen liked them because they never got hard, and women packed them in sea chests for the me to take to sea. Uncle Joe said what kept them soft was rum and sea water but he wouldn�t tell how he made them. And when he died, people said, �That�s the end of Joe Froggers.� But there was a woman named Mammy Cressy, who said she was Uncle Joe�s daughter, and Mammy Cressy gave the secret recipe to a fisherman�s wife. Then half the women in Marblehead began making Joe Froggers. With a pitcher of milk, Froggers became the town�s favorite Sunday night supper. They were also sold in a local bake shop. Children bought them, instead of candy, for a penny apiece, and they remained popular for generations. Joe Froggers, 6 inches in diameter, are made almost every day in the old Village Tavern in Sturbridge, and on Sunday nights they are served with a pitcher of milk, in the Publick House. The chef got the recipe from a woman whose ancestors lived in Marblehead in the days of Uncle Joe. The recipe has been in her family for more than a hundred years.�
---New England Cookbook, Eleanor Early [Random House:New York] 1954 (p. 166-7)
[NOTE: Early's recipe here .]
�Today a private residence, it was once a popular neighborhood tavern run by "Black Joe," a free black man who had fought in the Revolutionary War, and his wife, Aunt Crese. For the half-century following the Revolution, they served rum and homemade root beer to the Marblehead fishermen and their families who climbed the hill to dance to Black Joe's fiddling and to munch on Aunt Crese's Joe Froggers, plate-sized ginger cookies laced with rum.�
"A Visit to Breezy Marblehead Is Worth Its Salt," Dorothy Stephens, Los Angeles Times, Apr 7, 1991 pg. 8
How old are Joe Froggers [Floggers] really?
The legend is quaint, but print culinary evidence does not support the existence in colonial days. Just like Snickerdoodles . We can confirm similar recipes but not molasses cookies with rum. Of course, the Pilgrim fathers did not approve of alcohol. Neither did the early temperance folks/cookbook authors, like Catharine Beecher. It is quite possible folks snuck the ingredient in long before it was recorded in books. Sandra Oliver, food historian with notable expertise in 19th century New England fare states this:
�Joe floggers: The earliest reference I have found to this familiar-sounding item dates from 1852 and speaks of Joe floggers with an �l.� An 1889 citation describes �Joe-Floggers (peculiar pancakes stuffed with plums) for breakfast�--that is, pancakes with raisins in them. Joe-froggers with an �r� simply didn�t exist or were not widespared enough in the nineteenth century to be found in imprint or manuscript sources by that name. They seem to be a twentieth-century phenomenon, possibly derived from fishermen�s �floggers.��
---Saltwater Foodways: New Englanders and ther Food, at Sea and Ashore, in the Nineteenth Century, Sandra L. Oliver [Mystic Seaport Museum:Mystic CT] 1995 (p. 138)
The oldest print evidence (including recipe) we find for Joe Froggers dates to 1954. Both credit Old Sturbridge Village (Sturbridge MA)as the for re-introducing this "old fashioned" cookie to modern American tourists. OSV re-creates an 1830s New England village. Whatever the truth, whoever decided to sell Joe Froggers was brilliant. No better way to experience history than by tasting it.
"Old Sturbridge Village is a slice out of yesterday. Nestled there on the banks of the little Quinebaug River in southern Massachusetts, this 200-acre tract of unspoiled countryside is a New England Williamsburg...The Place I loved best was Minor Grant's store-- it drew me in by the nose. Cookies were baking, the old-time favorites: hobnails, lumberjacks... and those bog Joe Froggers."
---"Spice Wheels," Clementine Paddleford, Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1954 (p. L27)
In English cookbooks, precursors to sugar cookies were known by many names, most often: jumbal, jumble, jambal, jemelloe, gemmel. Jumbals were hard spiced biscuits. They were baked thick to make them suitable for journeys and could be stored for about a year. They were also typically twisted into knots, presumably to make them a little easier to break and eat.
"Jumbles...sometimes called knots, a type of biscuit popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. They were made from a light mixture of butter, sugar, eggs, and flour, flavoured with rosewater and aniseed or caraway seed. The mixture was made into thin rolls and shaped into rounds or knots before baking; the name derives from gemmel, twin, here referring to a double intertwined finger ring."
---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 423)
"Jumbals existed in Italy as cimbelline and in France as gimblettes, all manifestly related words. The pastry may have originated in Italy, but I believe that Favre is in error when he assigns cimabetta...as the etymology of gimblette... He also gives what he claims to be an ancient recipe from Albi which calls for parboiling the gimblettes afer "pricking the well," then baking them; also some old recipes for echaudes call for ring shapes. The first citing of jumbal in OED [Oxford English Dictionary] is from Markham, 1615, but Dawson gives a recipe in 1585, To make Jombils a hundred...Also, in The Accomplisht Cook, 1671, Robert May gives recipes for Jemelloes and Jamballs, which he directs us to "boil them in fair water like simnels" before baking them. This makes jumbals originally related in technique to other ancient cakes such as cracknells...and to the breads pretzels and bagels, for that matter."
---Martha Washington's Booke of Cookery, transcribed by Karen Hess [Columbia University Press:New York] 1995 (p. 349)
Robert May's The Accomplist Cook (London, 5th edition, 1685) contains this recipe, which is probably quite similar to the one that the original Mayflower passengers used:
"To make Jambals
Take a pint of fine wheat flour, the yolks of three or four new laid eggs, three or four spoonfuls of sweet cream, a few anniseeds, and some cold butter, make it into paste, and roul it into long rouls, as big as a little arrow, make them into divers knots, then boil them in fair water like simnels; bake them, and being baked, box them and keep them in a stove. Thus you may use them, and keep them all year." (p. 275)
Compare with Martha Washington's Recipes
"To Make Iumbals
Take a pound & a halfe of fine flowre & a pound of fine sugar, both searced & dried in an oven, 6 youlks, & 3 whites of eggs, 6 spoonfulls of sweet cream & as much rose water, fresh butter ye quantety of an egg. Mingle these together & make it into stiff paste. Work it a quarter of an hour then break it abroad, & put in as much annyseeds or carraway seeds as you shall think fit, & put in A little muske & ambergreece. roule them into rouls & make them in what forms you please. lay them on pie plates thin buttered, & prick them with holes all over. then bake them as you doe diet bread. If this quantety of eggs will not be enough to wet ye flour & sugar, put in 23 or 4 more, but no more cream, butter, not rosewater."
---Martha Washington's Booke of Cookery, transcribed by Karen Hess [Columbia University Press:New York] 1995 (p. 348)
[NOTE: Martha Washington's book also proffered recipes for leamon (lemon), almond, and barberry iumbals (jumbals). Historic recipes are published in this book.]
And this twentieth century rendering:
"Jumbles (American Recipe)
Ingredients.--14 ozs. of flour. 5 ozs. of sugar, 3 ozs. of butter, 1 eg, the finely-grated rind and juice of 1 lemon, 3 teaspoonfuls of milk, 1 teaspoonful of cream of tartar, 1/2 a teaspoonful of carbonate of soda. Method.--Beat the butter and sugar to a cream, add the egg, milk, lemon-juice, and rind. Sieve the flour, cream of tartar, and soda, and miz with the other ingredients. Roll out rather thinly and cut into rounds, or cut into long, narrow strips, which, after being lightly pressed into a round shape with the palm of the hand, should be wound round and round to form small cakes. Bake in a quick oven. Time.--To bake, about 10 minutes...Sufficient for about 1 1/2 lbs. of jumbles. Seasonable at any time."
---Mrs. Beeton's Every-Day Cookery, New Edition [Ward, Lock & Co.:London] 1909 (p. 429)
Want to make jumbles at home? Modernized recipe, adapted from Eliza Leslie's 1857 cookbook here:
Jumbles
2 teaspoons freshly grated nutmeg
1/2 teaspoon mace
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
additional sugar
Preheat Oven to 375 degrees F. Sift flour with spices. Set aside. Cream butter and sugar until very light. Add egg and rose water, blending thoroughly, Add dry ingredients all at once to creamed mixture, blending well. Wrap dough and chill at least 2 hours. On a lightly floured surface, roll out dough to 1/4-inch thickness. Cut out circles with a wine glass or cut into thin shapes and shape into rings...Bake on ungreased cookie sheets 10-12 minutes or until lightly browned around edges. Remove to a rack, sprinkle with sugar, and cool."
---Hearthside Cooking: Early American Southern Cuisine, Nancy Carter Crump [Univeristy of North Carolina Press:Chapel Hill] 2nd edition, 2008 (p. 212-213) [NOTE: Hearth cookery instructions also included in this book. Happy to send in you need them.]
[1750s?]
"To Make Sugar Cakes
"Take 3 ale quarts of fine flowre, & put to it a pound of sugar, beaten & searced,; 4 youlks of eggs, strayned thorough a fine cloth with 12 or 13 spoonfulls of good thick cream; & 5 or 6 spoonfulls of rosewater; A pound & a quarter of butter, washt in rose water & broaken in cold, in bits. Knead all these ingredients well together. After, let it ly A while, covered well, to rise. The roule them out & cut them with a glass, & put them on plates (a little buttered) in an oven gently heat. All these kinde of things are best when ye [the] sugar & flower are dryed in an oven before you use ym [them]."
---Martha Washington's Booke of Cookery, transcribed by Karen Hess [Columbia University Press:New York]1981 (p. 309)
[NOTES: (1) Ms. Hess adds these observations: "We now come to a section of baked cakes, starting off with what Americans would call cookies. This is an excellent recipe for sugar cookies, really sand tarts. The dough will not actually rise, but even a short period of rest permits a maturing and fermentation that improve texture and flavor...A note on the word flour. It comes from French fleur de farine, flower of meal...Flour and flower were not differentiated until the eighteenth century..."ibid. P. 309-10 (2) this book contains two more recipes for sugar cakes.]
[1825]
Thumbprint cookies
Baked goods topped or filled with fruit preserves feature prominently in many cuisines. Think: Linzertortes & Hammentashen. Thumbprint (aka Thimble) cookies combine these two traditions. It also confirms the "thumbprint" recipe name [at least in the United States] happened sometime in the 1950s. Modern Swedish Hallongrottor and Rosenmutter cookies/cakes may possibly be a Swedish-American twist on this culinary tradition. The earliest recipes we found titled "Thumbprint Cookies" in a USA source ("Favorite Recipe," Hutchinson News Herald [KS], June 20, 1949 (p. 5) does not employ fruit filling. These hardy sugar cookies are covered with chopped nuts and they are marked with a thumbprint halfway through the baking period.
[1953]
| i don't know |
Sharing a name with a main character in Hardy's Far From The Madding Crowd and originally the wife of Uriah the Hittite, who, in the Bible, was the mother of King Solomon ? | Far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists
Feb 25, 2016 Moonlight Reader rated it really liked it
Two people have complained that there are spoilers in this review. Read at your own peril.
Hi! I'm Bathsheba Everdene!
And I'm Poor Decision-Making Bathsheba Everdene.
I sent a random Valentine to a guy on a neighboring farm asking him to marry me, even though I don't even like him! This turned him into an annoying semi-stalker who spent the next several years begging me to marry him for reals!
And then, in a further display of my terrible judgment, I married a philandering asshole who only wante Two people have complained that there are spoilers in this review. Read at your own peril.
Hi! I'm Bathsheba Everdene!
And I'm Poor Decision-Making Bathsheba Everdene.
I sent a random Valentine to a guy on a neighboring farm asking him to marry me, even though I don't even like him! This turned him into an annoying semi-stalker who spent the next several years begging me to marry him for reals!
And then, in a further display of my terrible judgment, I married a philandering asshole who only wanted my money and my luminescent beauty! The girl he really loved starved to death with his unwanted child, so he spent a bunch of my money to buy her a really great headstone, and then ran away to join the circus!
And then, when he came back from the circus for no reason whatsoever, the semi-stalker shot him. AT CHRISTMAS! In front of the whole county.
Don't be like this me!
Marry Gabriel Oak on page 25, like you should have, you silly cow.
Shelves: classics , fave-classics
"The heart wants what the heart wants"
No, that is not from this book. I just thought it would have been a good tagline for the 2015 movie adaptation of this classic (they went with "Based on the classic love story by Thomas Hardy" instead).
"Serve you right you silly cow"
That is also not from the book, but it's a sentence that popped into my mind while reading some later parts of the book.
"Fuck off Boldwood!"
Still not from the book but I wish it was.
"It is difficult for a woman to define her feel "The heart wants what the heart wants"
No, that is not from this book. I just thought it would have been a good tagline for the 2015 movie adaptation of this classic (they went with "Based on the classic love story by Thomas Hardy" instead).
"Serve you right you silly cow"
That is also not from the book, but it's a sentence that popped into my mind while reading some later parts of the book.
"Fuck off Boldwood!"
Still not from the book but I wish it was.
"It is difficult for a woman to define her feelings in language which is chiefly made by men to express theirs."
Now that is from the book, which is brimming with quotable lines. Not being a woman I don't know how true it is but I find this one very interesting. Thomas Hardy was not a woman either (unlike George Eliot ) but I am sure he had much better insight than I do.
(For some clarification of this quote please refer to the comments section after the review).
This is the latest of my ongoing project to "read" classic books in audiobook format. I find that printed books require more patience and commitment.
Far from the Madding Crowd is basically the story of Bathsheba Everdene and how her three suitors affect her life. This is my second Thomas Hardy book, Jude the Obscure was the first, I found Jude the Obscure very depressing though quite a gripping read. I am glad to report this book is somewhat more upbeat, somewhat being the operative word. What a gloom merchant Hardy seems to be, was he a buzz killer at parties? I can not fault his talent as a writer though, his prose is consistently beautiful and elegant, his characters are well developed and vivid. His plot twists and turns are often unpredictable.
Looking at the protagonist Bathsheba Everdene, considering her wit and intelligence how she ends up choosing to marry the worst of the three suitors is hard to imagine. Obviously in the context of the book she is dazzled by Troy's oily charms, but I find it a little out of character and feel like she chooses him to drive the plot forward. If she had chosen the best man out of the three we would have ended up with a short story of nonevent.
Of the other two, that Boldwood seems to have a very appropriate name. His "wood" makes him bold (sorry). His bullying Bathsheba into submission is hard to take, apparently he his a man driven by passion (or his little fireman). Gabriel Oak is the perfect gentleman throughout, I am not surprised Bathsheba does not choose him to begin with, he seems like a safe and dull choice.
If the overall plot of the book seems like a soap opera I may have misrepresented it, There is a lot of psychological insight here about human nature and how we often make the wrong choices based on superficiality. As mentioned earlier this novel is not as grim as Jude the Obscure , the first half of the book is in generally good spirit, the story becomes very dark towards the end of the book but ended on a moderately cheerful note. I find the ending a little predictable but very satisfying, I imagine most readers would want the book to end just like this and perhaps Hardy did not want to alienate his readers too much and indulge in a gloomy ending as seems to be his wont.
An enjoyable book to read when you are in the mood for a classic or some pastoral mayhem.
I have not read Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles yet but it sounds really depressing. Can't wait!
_________________________
EDIT: I do love to read Hardy's unique brand of depressing fun, if you like this review I hope you will check out my other Hardy reviews:
Shelves: favorites , classics , romance , victorian-literature , owned , young-heroines , gentleman-like-heroes , grab-during-fire , buddy-reads , dear-sir-i-am-in-love-with-you , swoony-heroes , tbr-challenge-2015 , best-of-2015
This was just so good.
"Sheep are such unfortunate animals! - there's always something happening to them! I never knew a flock pass a year without getting into some scrape or other."
Sheep!
Sheeeeeep!!
More sheep!!!
I love sheep :) They are so cute! But sheep are actually not the reason why I love this book so much. That would be silly. But I do love the fact that Gabriel Oak was a shepherd, and not say, a pig farmer. Anyways! Even though this story takes place in rural Wessex and is filled with she This was just so good.
"Sheep are such unfortunate animals! - there's always something happening to them! I never knew a flock pass a year without getting into some scrape or other."
Sheep!
Sheeeeeep!!
More sheep!!!
I love sheep :) They are so cute! But sheep are actually not the reason why I love this book so much. That would be silly. But I do love the fact that Gabriel Oak was a shepherd, and not say, a pig farmer. Anyways! Even though this story takes place in rural Wessex and is filled with sheep and fields and moonlit nights and beautiful descriptions, there is a lot more to it than just animals and landscapes. Far From the Madding Crowd is the poignant, moving and brilliant story of Bathsheba Everdene and her three suitors.
"Love is a possible strength in an actual weakness."
Bathsheba Everdene; strong, wilful, independent and, above all, beautiful, Bathsheba is a woman ahead of her time. She doesn't shy away from work, she is courageous, intrepid and cannot be tamed. I read a lot of romances in which the heroines do nothing more than sip afternoon tea while entertaining callers, and attend balls and soirees and drink the waters in Bath. But here, we have a heroine who can do it, who is a farmer and takes on a lot of duties. She starts out as her own bailiff, superintends and manages everything, and boldly enters the world of market, a world of men. Bathsheba is unique and attractive, and she turned every man's head.
"She was of the stuff of which great men's mothers are made. She was indispensable to high generation, hated at tea parties, feared in shops, and loved at crises."
Enter Suitor #1!
Gabriel Oak. What a man. I'm completely head over heels in love with him!
"I shall do one thing in this life - one thing certain - that is, love you, and long for you, and keep wanting you till I die."
Gabriel is the kind of man you feel completely safe and secure around. He's the type who cherishes and protects those he loves (sheep or otherwise :P)and he's always there to save the day (I lost count of how many times he did it during the course of the novel), counsel, or simply to lend a should to cry on. He is so reliable, honest and trustful that one can tell him anything, and confide any secret to him; he's sure to keep it and give you good advice. Oak has moreover incredible self-control. He's not a man you need to fear. If you tell him you don't want to marry him, he sucks it up and humbly accepts it even though he may be hopelessly in love with you, and will never bother you with advances and declarations again, unless you hint that you are ready to welcome them.
Gabriel is also the kind of employee that every employer wants. He is serious, hard-working, always alert, and extremely helpful. He's constantly going the extra length to make sure that everything is running smoothly on the farm, and that all is well and working. He falls in love with Bathsheba early on, so early in fact that it is difficult to figure out what he sees in her to make him love her so. Being poor, he has nothing to offer her save his love and all his wonderful qualities, but unfortunately that is not enough for Miss-Stubborn-Bathsheba-Everdene.
So, enter Suitor #2!
William Boldwood. Possesses most of the qualities listed above, plus money and property! Should be good enough for you this time, Bathsheba, eh?
"'My life is a burden without you', he exclaimed, in a low voice. 'I want you - I want you to let me say I love you again and again!'"
Mr. Boldwood starts out as the epitome of thriving bachelorhood. He presents the picture of a hard-working, serious and brooding man who is quite happy living and working alone, and who hasn't wasted a thought on women and marriage in years. No woman, no troubles, no drama. Everything is going really well for him, and he did sound like a very good man; poised, composed, upright principles, good ways of living, etc...In short, he's quite a catch, and any woman who married him would be assured protection, security, and a good position...and undying passion?
With Boldwood, it's all or nothing. Either he doesn't give any woman a thought, or he will give one woman all his thoughts. And the lucky girl is...Bathsheba Everdene! Wee! Brace yourselves, because Boldwood is as stubborn as Bathsheba and about to make a complete cake of himself by not being able to take no for an answer. He probably proposes over fifty times during the course of the novel. Not a good sign.
"It was a fatal omission of Boldwood's that he had never once told her she was beautiful."
Cue Suitor #3!
Sergeant Francis Troy. No good qualities (okay, maybe a few), no money, no position, no house, BUT...GOOD LOOKS AND SENSUALITY! HELL YES!!!
"'I've seen a good many women in my time, [..] but I've never seen a woman so beautiful as you.'"
Sergeant Troy is the handsome, seductive rake who has no morals and no apparent life purpose. The past and the future mean nothing to him. He is careless, impulsive, rash and a complete asshole. But he is charming and tantalizing to a fault, and knows only too well how to infiltrate himself into women's lives. When the lovely Bathsheba catches his eye, he becomes caught in the moment and would give anything to win her...but does he love her? And, more importantly, does she love him?
Alas, her vanity has at last been flattered!
"When a strong woman recklessly throws away her strength she is worse than a weak woman who has never had any strength to throw away."
Who doesn't love a good Victorian love-triangle?! ;) Caught in the web of their own self-inflicted actions and the resulting consequences, these characters will have to go through a series of trials and events, happy and sad, trying and uplifting, before we come to a satisfactory conclusion. The story is written in an incredibly beautiful, flowing and passionate way, full of quotable parts (as we can observe since I can't seem to stop quoting!) and extraordinary descriptions. I enjoyed every single minute I spent reading this novel. And I also learned a lot of things, too.
Lessons to Remember From Far From the Madding Crowd:
*When you live in a hut and make a fire, always keep one window open unless you want to suffocate to death.
*Sheep, although very cute, are pretty dumb animals.
*Cover your ricks when it rains!!!!
*Sending a random Valentine to your elder bachelor neighbour is not exactly a good idea.
*Especially if said Valentine says "Marry Me" on the seal (why the heck did she have a seal that said 'marry me' in the first place anyways?), and you have absolutely no intention of ever marrying that man for real.
*Sheep can die from eating clover (and only a certain capable, skillful, heart-melting shepherd can save them).
*Watch out when planting flowers around graves...
*Don't keep anything in your hands or close by when you go to a fair and are sitting next to the canvas (stealers, ya know!).
*Don't freaking trust bailiffs! Those guys are overrated. Be your own bailiff! Unless you can have Gabriel Oak. Always choose Gabriel if you can!
*DON'T LEAD MEN ON WHEN YOU HAVE NO INTENTION OF GETTING INTIMATE WITH THEM!!!
*Don't make promises/proposals or any other kind of rash demands on Christmas Eve/Christmas day, so as to not ruin your enjoyment of the holiday if it goes awry.
*Don't buy things for your future significant other in preparation for your hypothetical wedding (effin' weird, seriously!).
*Don't creep up during the night to ride your own horse if you weren't expected at home (stealers , ya know, again!).
*When you feel overwhelmed and completely distressed, spend the night in a marsh! The dense, stifling air will help clear your head.
*Don't keep your husband's ex-girlfriend's coffin inside your house. May cause serious breakdowns.
*And, last but not least, ALWAYS ASK ABOUT THEIR EXES!!!
Honestly though, on a scale of 1 to Mr. Boldwood, I have definitely reached his level of obsession with this book, and have spent the whole day repeatedly stating that I finished it, and it was so good, and I can't wait to see the movie, and ahhh!!!!!
I loved this. Every bit is delicious, from Gabriel's tender devotion to Boldwood's mad obsession and Troy's promising passion, along with Bathsheba's evolutions and strengths and weaknesses. Hardy was certainly one love expert. Wow.
And Wessex! I want to go there!
So beautiful :)
"What a way Oak had, she thought, of enduring things. Boldwood, who seemed so much deeper and higher and stronger in feeling than Gabriel, had not yet learnt, any more than she herself, the simple lesson which Oak showed a mastery of by every turn and look he gave - that among the multitude of interests by which he was surrounded, those which affected his personal well-being were not the most absorbing and important in his eyes."
*Sigh* That too, is beautiful. And it perfectly sums up the whole book (minus Troy's shenanigans). And it is why I love Gabriel so much.
Buddy read with Becca!! :D ...more
Mar 18, 2016 Henry Avila rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Bathsheba Everdene, a gorgeous, mesmerizing young woman, 22, ( the formerly poor, now rich girl ) she inherited a prosperous, large farm, from her late uncle, set in rural Wessex , ( Dorset ) southwest England, in the 1860's, has three, very different suitors, common Gabriel Oak, eight years older, a shepherd , and fine flute player, who will soon lose his sheep, the first time he sees her, Miss Everdene is admiring herself in a hand mirror, and smiling, William Boldwood, a wealthy, good looking Bathsheba Everdene, a gorgeous, mesmerizing young woman, 22, ( the formerly poor, now rich girl ) she inherited a prosperous, large farm, from her late uncle, set in rural Wessex , ( Dorset ) southwest England, in the 1860's, has three, very different suitors, common Gabriel Oak, eight years older, a shepherd , and fine flute player, who will soon lose his sheep, the first time he sees her, Miss Everdene is admiring herself in a hand mirror, and smiling, William Boldwood, a wealthy, good looking farmer and neighbor, but middle -aged -bachelor, at 40, when she sends the rather standoffish man, as a silly joke, anonymously, a Valentine's Day card, telling him to marry her, he falls insanely in love, after discovering the identity of the writer, and the handsome, dashing, irresistible, youthful rake, Sergeant Francis "Frank" Troy, a couple of years her senior, in the British cavalry, he woos by displaying his amazing swordsmanship, that both scares and thrills her , it is no surprise the winner of this contest. Miss Everdene has only one real friend and confidant, her patient servant, loyal Liddy, they are always together, in her huge house, the independent but still frightened woman, is strangely lonely, running the big farm alone, with no experience to guide her. A few days after Bathsheba's arrival , a pretty, pleasant maid, of the house, Fanny Robin, 20, mysteriously disappears into the night, rumors say she fled to be with her lover a soldier in a nearby town, but nobody can be sure. Later after turning down marriage proposals from Mr. Oak and Mr. Boldwood, to her ultimate regret and considerable sufferings , Bathsheba secretly weds the unstable, ( not in her own village of Weatherbury, but in another small community) fickle Mr. Troy, she was understandably dazzled. But Frank soon becomes restless, bored, his nature is to wander, he has little to do on the farm, the unemployed, but capable Gabriel, hired to work there, has taken charge of the laborers and farm, also the love distracted Mr. Boldwood's land too. By accident,Troy meets Fanny on a deserted road with his wife, he recognizes her in the dark , Bathsheba doesn't, but grows very suspicious, the unfortunate girl needs immediate help, Frank gives her a little money and promises Miss Robin, to see her the next day...But unforeseen events prevents that from happening , and terrible consequences occur because of this. A classic novel , Thomas Hardy's first big success, is his only real "happy ending" book, but tragedy , turmoil, and heartbreak abounds, the unforgiving countryside, is shown as beautiful but harsh, and mournful, the people are a lot brighter than they were given credit for then, still life is never easy, mistakes are made, and deaths follow, a masterpiece in literature. ...more
Shelves: 1001-books
Ah Far from the Madding Crowd, even saying the book title aloud summons images of an overcrowded class room, sweaty adolescents and a fraught English teacher. I was forced to read this book when I was about thirteen. Other books I was forced to read, learn and regurgitate in vast, ungainly and probably largely misunderstood swathes include Macbeth, Hamlet, Rosencratz and Guildenstern are Dead, Pride and Prejudice, A Winters Tale, The Colour Purple and Wuthering Heights.
A diverse selection you m Ah Far from the Madding Crowd, even saying the book title aloud summons images of an overcrowded class room, sweaty adolescents and a fraught English teacher. I was forced to read this book when I was about thirteen. Other books I was forced to read, learn and regurgitate in vast, ungainly and probably largely misunderstood swathes include Macbeth, Hamlet, Rosencratz and Guildenstern are Dead, Pride and Prejudice, A Winters Tale, The Colour Purple and Wuthering Heights.
A diverse selection you might think. Yes indeed, diverse but with one key element in common. They all possess the correctly ordered group of elements required to send a class of teenagers into a coma. What? OK yes maybe that was a bit unfair. Not all teenagers, but certainly the clump of hormonally driven monsters that I shared my school years with anyway.
A Winters Tale by Bill the Bard was my least favourite of all of these - frankly I thought it was a badly cobbled together parody, a poor imitation of his previous work. Yes that was what I thought at thirteen. Far from the Madding Crowd was second least favourite because it was set in a time where a man was judged on the number of sheep he owned which basically just spelled D-U-L-L to my uncomprehending eyes.
However, looking at it now with the perception and clarity of an adult mind (hahahaha) I can see the merits of this text particularly some of its themes which are quite modern if you squint a bit and overlook the references to sheep and horse and carts.
Bathsheba Everdene (great name!) arrives in a rural idyll and accidentally steals the heart of lonely shepherd Gabriel Oak (even better name). While she thinks Gabriel is alright, he's not exactly romantic dynamite and his offer of marriage is rebuffed in the hope of better things. Nowadays she could have married him, serialised the wedding as part of a reality TV show and then divorced straight after while still up to her arse in the detritus of plundered wrapping and opened gift boxes. But, this was days of yore so Bathsheba didn't have those kind of opportunities. Luckily for her in lieu of reality TV, a wealthy relative dies and she inherits a fortune. Gabriels fortunes on the other hand go rapidly down hill, or more to the point, over the edge of the hill. He unleashes a sheep dog with ADHD and it drives his flock over a cliff (swap Dodos "doom on you scene" in Iceage the Movie for sheep to obtain correct comedy effect).
While luckless Gabriel ponders what to do with his sheep puree, Bathsheba acquires a few new admirers; the prosperous Boldwood and the dashing Troy. Boldwood is not really her cup of tea and the erroneous valentine was a big mistake - the 19th century equivalent of a drunken text message. Troy on the other hand has got the sort of allure possessed by Sean Bean in his Sharpe uniform and Bathsheba's head is turned by a spot of private sword play (dirty girl!). From here on in it is a comedy of errors, spurned lovers, missing persons and during this time Bathsheba racks up a rapid turnover of husbands which would have earned a round of applause from Liz Taylor. In the end, patient sheep-doctor Gabriel wins out and gets the girl. Not baaaa-d Gabriel!
Jul 31, 2015 helen the bookowl rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
What a story! I was going to give it 4 stars, but the ending was so intense and wrapped everything up so beautifully that I had to rate it 5 stars.
What I love the most about this book is that it deals with an unorthodox woman. Bathsheba (I know, what a name?) is admired by a lot of men; still, she keeps on rejecting them one after another. She doesn't want to be like every other woman at that time who marries the first man to propose and has children. Bathsheba is stubborn and she's insecure, a What a story! I was going to give it 4 stars, but the ending was so intense and wrapped everything up so beautifully that I had to rate it 5 stars.
What I love the most about this book is that it deals with an unorthodox woman. Bathsheba (I know, what a name?) is admired by a lot of men; still, she keeps on rejecting them one after another. She doesn't want to be like every other woman at that time who marries the first man to propose and has children. Bathsheba is stubborn and she's insecure, and she takes the reader (and all her suitors) on quite a journey. She's human and she just wants to make the right choice, and I loved her for that.
This was my first book by Thomas Hardy, and one of the first things I noticed about his writing was that he spends a lot of time on heavily detailed descriptions. In particular the beginning is filled with descriptions of the surroundings and nature, and while I was a bit frustrated to start with, I couldn't deny the fact that these descriptions were beautiful and really set the mood for the book.
I loved this story because it's honest and very relevant. Read it with an open mind, and I'm sure you'll end up appreciating it as much as I do :) (Now I've got to watch the movie...) ...more
Oct 24, 2013 Jr Bacdayan rated it really liked it · review of another edition
"The poetry of motion is a phrase much in use, and to enjoy the epic form of that gratification it is necessary to stand on a hill at a small hour of the mass of civilized mankind, who are dreamwrapt and disregardful of all such proceedings at this time, long and quietly watch your stately progress through the stars."
While I was in the midst of reading this novel, I was struck by general wonderment with regards to the title of this book. Why "Far From the Madding Crowd"? It had always seemed tha "The poetry of motion is a phrase much in use, and to enjoy the epic form of that gratification it is necessary to stand on a hill at a small hour of the mass of civilized mankind, who are dreamwrapt and disregardful of all such proceedings at this time, long and quietly watch your stately progress through the stars."
While I was in the midst of reading this novel, I was struck by general wonderment with regards to the title of this book. Why "Far From the Madding Crowd"? It had always seemed that Thomas Hardy bestowed titles in the form of the book's protagonist. Why not Bathsheba of Weatherbury or The Mistress of Weatherbury or Bathsheba the Complicated? Why this vague title? And then it hit me. Far From the Maddening Crowd is the embodiment of what we feel when we're in love. When one is a victim of cupid's arrow, one tends to think of nothing but infatuation. It becomes your strength, your weakness, your nourishment, your insomnia. Your attention is deflected by this love-centric desire. You may seem to do trivial things, the body may work but the mind wanders. In essence, you are far away from everything going around you that have nothing to do with the person you love. You live in a suspended reality where the face of your darling is both the sun and the moon. You live far from the crowd, which is madding, because it has nothing to do with your romance. As stated in the excerpt I selected to start this review with, "it is necessary to stand on a hill at a small hour of the mass of civilized mankind, who are dreamwrapt and disregardful of all such proceedings at this time" if you are to watch your proceedings through the stars.
The title may very well be Hardy's most romantic.
Bathsheba Everdene, described as a free-spirited, independent, and strong-willed woman named after King David's queen, Uriah the Hittite's wife, Solomon's mother is subject to much scrutiny. Many people find fault in her apparent fall from Hardy's descriptions. She becomes weak, slavish, and inconsistent especially with regards to her love with Sergeant Troy. Hardy is often accused of gender-stereotyping and sometimes rightly so. There are instances where he blames Bathsheba's weakness of character to her "womanliness". But I should say that it is unfair to accost him because of this. He did live in a society that practiced much worse treatments. You have to keep in mind that gender emancipation was not yet realized in 1874. I remember using this line of thought in my review of Tess, and I still stand by it. Though, I should add that Bathsheba's inconsistency with Sergeant Troy is mainly due to the type of love that they share, and is no fault of Mr. Hardy. I shall be getting to this in a minute.
Three choices are presented to Bathsheba. The Sergeant Troy, the gentleman farmer Boldwood, and the shepherd Gabriel Oak, all three signifying different kinds of love. This, I believe is the main idea of the book, to enumerate and dissect the different kinds of love present in a lover's beating heart. Sergeant Troy's love, if it is to be called love at all, is known by the name of passion. It is physical attraction, the weakest of the three. It is easily suppressed and forgotten. Some may even call it lust, one of the seven deadly sins. If it is so, then it veers away from the goodness that we attribute to love. No wonder, Bathseba's relationship with Troy is destructive. It is also the reason, why I stated earlier, that Bathsheba becomes inconsistent when she is around Troy. For the temptation of lust weakens even the strongest and most virtuous of men. Bathsheba's flaws are clearly not a byproduct of gender, as some claim it to be, but it lies in human nature itself. This, I understand, should clear some misgivings about Mr. Hardy. Also, in application, I understand that most marriages are destroyed because a great number of couples mistake this passion for love and hastily vow forever. And so, when it is exhausted, as it easily is, the marriage falls apart. Exactly like Bathsheba and Troy. Moving on, farmer Boldwood's love, on the other hand, is a kind of wild and strong, yet self-centered love. It is strengthened to an insane proportion but it only seeks to appease itself, it doesn't consider the person it is being given to. It is like a fire burning and scorching everything in its path; it is a dangerous kind of love that will turn everything to dust after the love has been consumed. And as exemplified, this is the kind of love that makes people do crazy things, like murder. It is a love so self-centered that it will deny its recipient of happiness when rejected. Lastly, we come to shepherd Gabriel Oak's love. In contrast to Mr. Boldwood's self-centered love, this love is so great that Gabriel is willing to sacrifice his own happiness for the sake of hers. I believe this is the strongest of the three. Willing to consider, willing to endure, willing to suffer for the sake of one it loves. It may not be as bright as Troy's passion, or loud as Boldwood's insane self-love, but it is never wavering in its steady stream of purity. Like Oak, it is often ignored by its recipient in favor of those kinds much brighter and louder. But, also like Oak, when it is given the chance, it is the one that will last forever.
"Where, however, happy circumstances permit its development, the compounded feeling proves itself to be the only love which is strong as death - that love which many waters cannot quench, nor the floods drown, beside which the passion usually called by the name is evanescent as steam."
With regards to this, it just occurred to me that certain famous quotations about love are true. For Troy - Love is the strongest desire. For Boldwood - Love is blind. For Gabriel - Love conquers all. Forgive me, for these trifles. I just thought it ironic that all of them are correct, yet none of them talk of the same thing.
Let me not detain you any longer, as I end, I should just like to admire Hardy's attitude with respect to love, and his attitude towards humanity in general. At first, I thought that the simple workfolk of Weatherbury were just background and were there only to provide humor in the story. But as the tale progressed, it became apparent that they were the echoes of Hardy's own beating heart. They embodied his appreciation for country living, for his Wessex, for Mother Nature, for the preservation of things old in this rapidly changing world, and lastly for his optimism in both love and life. As the great blusher Joseph Poorgrass (probably my favorite character) says as he closes the tale:
"But 'tis as 'tis, why, it might have been worse, and I feel my thanks accordingly."
I guess when it comes to love, romance, and relationships I'm not one to talk. I'm pretty certain I'm not an expert on these things, so I can't really give any insights or anything. Personally, all I do is echo: It is better to have loved and lost, than to not have loved at all.
Hey, I feel my thanks too.
Shelves: read-in-2011
The only emotions that this book evoked for me were boredom and annoyance. The boredom stemmed largely from its predictable plotline and its verbose narrative style (and its utter failure to engage me intellectually, which may have made this verbosity pardonable). The annoyance stemmed from Hardy's method of creating the protagonist, Bathsheba. He repeatedly describes Bathsheba as being self-willed, confident, independent, and poised; but he only tells us this about her, while her actions demons The only emotions that this book evoked for me were boredom and annoyance. The boredom stemmed largely from its predictable plotline and its verbose narrative style (and its utter failure to engage me intellectually, which may have made this verbosity pardonable). The annoyance stemmed from Hardy's method of creating the protagonist, Bathsheba. He repeatedly describes Bathsheba as being self-willed, confident, independent, and poised; but he only tells us this about her, while her actions demonstrate a considerable lack of these characteristics. He has a habit of writing in sweeping generalizations about the nature of "women," often describing such nature in its supposed relation to Bathsheba. Each time he tells us of her supposed independence, he does so with the implicit, and often explicit, assumption that what he is saying about her sets her apart from that which defines women in general, yet his negative stereotypes about women later manifest themselves in the actions which he gives to Bathsheba. ...more
Shelves: classic-fiction , characters-i-want-to-slap
I almost didn't read this book, the February selection for my real-life book club. It seemed rather dull and there's a huge stack of yummier-looking books calling my name, saying "Read ME next!" BUT, since I'm the one who's always bitching to the group about how we need to read more classics, it seemed in poor taste for me to give this one a miss.
And, I'm glad I read it.
Even though Hardy's writing style took some getting used to. It's sort of wordy. Okay, it's really wordy. Near the beginning, I almost didn't read this book, the February selection for my real-life book club. It seemed rather dull and there's a huge stack of yummier-looking books calling my name, saying "Read ME next!" BUT, since I'm the one who's always bitching to the group about how we need to read more classics, it seemed in poor taste for me to give this one a miss.
And, I'm glad I read it.
Even though Hardy's writing style took some getting used to. It's sort of wordy. Okay, it's really wordy. Near the beginning, there are two entire pages that could easily be summed up as: It was night. The stars were bright. Farmer Oak played his flute.
Even though bad things happen to lots of sheep and a dog.
Even though Bathsheba Everdene, due to her wishy-washy dithering, is way, WAY up there on the list of characters I'd like to punch, sharing the company of Holden Caulfield and Adela Quested.
Once again - glad I read it, but equally glad it's over. I doubt I'll ever read it again. It didn't rock my world, but I didn't hate it. ...more
Love will find a way through paths where wolves fear to prey.
~ Lord Byron
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single woman in possession of a good spirit must be in want of a husband…
No wait, that’s wrong … or is it?
In 19th century England, Bathsheba Everdene is an independent, beautiful young woman who inherits a farm and proceeds to manage it on her own.
Three men want her. Pick a man, Bathsheba, any man.
The choice is yours.
Gabriel Oak
Shepherd Oak is handsome, strong, loyal, reli Love will find a way through paths where wolves fear to prey.
~ Lord Byron
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single woman in possession of a good spirit must be in want of a husband…
No wait, that’s wrong … or is it?
In 19th century England, Bathsheba Everdene is an independent, beautiful young woman who inherits a farm and proceeds to manage it on her own.
Three men want her. Pick a man, Bathsheba, any man.
The choice is yours.
Gabriel Oak
Shepherd Oak is handsome, strong, loyal, reliable, trustworthy and of a generous character. He does not brood and wallow but rather “looks upon the horizon of circumstance without any special regard for his place in it.”
When Farmer Oak smiled, the corners of his mouth spread ’til they were within an unimportant distance of his ears, his eyes were reduced to chinks, and diverging wrinkles appeared around them, extending upon his countenance like the rays in a rudimentary sketch of the rising sun.
Gabriel is named for the sturdy oak, the “king of trees” associated with strength, wisdom and spirituality since ancient times.*
Mr. Boldwood
Mr. Boldwood is a prosperous, aging bachelor, “dark and strange” and “deep-natured”. Today we’d call him an obsessive pain-in-the-butt. His persistent and insistent attentions and wild declarations drive Bathsheba batty, like a fly buzzing around one’s head for perpetuity. His type beats a woman into non-resistance.
Mr. Boldwood’s name calls to mind a pushy erection. (Oh that thin veneer of Victorian propriety!) And indeed, Mr. Boldwood is an annoying dick.
Sergeant Troy
Troy is a charming, reckless Redcoat soldier, prone to self-gratification. On the outside, he looks good, but there’s not much of substance below the surface.
He “lied to women like a Cretan” and “could talk of love and think of dinner”. He uses flattery and manipulation to get what he wants, and sucks women dry of their pride.
A Trojan horse is hollow inside.
So, who does Bathsheba pick?
This playful romp of a story is a sly reveal of the thinness of refined manners. Written in formal 19th century language, it is nevertheless a hoot. Light-hearted humour abounds. The dialogue is often farcical. You will laugh out loud. And there is a lovely and sweet romance.
But Bathsheba makes bad decisions. Damn that biology which drives an otherwise canny woman to respond to men who are wholly unworthy of capturing her heart and soul!!
Women, rise up! Don’t be like Bathsheba Everdene!
Speaking of Bathsheba, a man says: “Pride and vanity have ruined many a cobbler’s dog.”
Cobbler’s dog? As in bitch? Ha! Stand proud, bitch!
Better a bitch than an artefact of a time when women were deprived of their free self-expression.
Bathsheba at one point says, “It is difficult for a woman to define her feelings in a language that is chiefly made by men to express theirs.”
All right, then. Bitch is our word. We claim it.**
It’s the 21st century. To lift a line of dialogue from one of my new favourite TV shows:
"This is the new world, and in this world, you can be whatever the fuck you want."***
He is responsible for his own happiness, Bathsheba.
And you are responsible for yours.
"Sheep are such unfortunate animals! There's always something happening to them! I never knew a flock pass a year without getting into some scrape or other.”
In the story, a flock of sheep is lost when they tumble off a cliff. Falling for men like Troy is like that. It’s great while you’re flying, but the crash landing is going to sting.
Another flock is nearly lost to an overindulgence of clover, which bloats the sheep to bursting. Boldwood’s relentless attentions are like that. He would have made a good interrogator at GITMO.
So if you must be a sheep, stick with the shepherd. He is the one who loves and cares for the sheep the most.
A classic story. Highly recommended.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
*Druids were named for them. Druid = “knower of oak trees”
**Gloria Steinem urges women to reclaim the word 'bitch'
~ 'When somebody calls you a bitch, say thank you'
Shelves: audiobook
Far from the Madding Crowd is one of the three Thomas Hardy novels I’d read by the time I turned twenty. The others were Tess of the Durbervilles and Jude the Obscure . My twenty-year-old self was irritated by Tess’ passivity and found Jude’s life too depressing to contemplate. However, this novel had a few laughs and a conventionally happy ending, so even though it also has its fair share of madness, depression, despair and death, I was content to say that I liked it. I didn’t like it enough to
Far from the Madding Crowd is one of the three Thomas Hardy novels I’d read by the time I turned twenty. The others were Tess of the Durbervilles and Jude the Obscure . My twenty-year-old self was irritated by Tess’ passivity and found Jude’s life too depressing to contemplate. However, this novel had a few laughs and a conventionally happy ending, so even though it also has its fair share of madness, depression, despair and death, I was content to say that I liked it. I didn’t like it enough to make me want to read it again, though.
Many, many years later I’ve come to a new appreciation of Hardy’s work, which started with listening to and loving audiobook versions of The Return of the Native , The Mayor of Casterbridge and Under the Greenwood Tree . With such positive experiences under my belt, I tackled Jude the Obscure and Tess of the d’Urbervilles in the same format and found, much to my surprise, that Tess no longer annoyed me as she had before and that Jude filled me with compassion rather than made me feel depressed.
My current reaction to Hardy’s novels may just be a factor of age and life experience. But for whatever reason, I now respond emotionally and not just intellectually to their elements of Greek and Shakespearean tragedy. Hardy’s characters move me deeply and I’m equally moved by his intensely poetic prose. I particularly love the painterly way in which Hardy describes the location of his novels: the geography, the nature, the architecture – all are rendered in colour, light and shade.
And so to Far from the Madding Crowd. It has the reputation of being the sunniest of Hardy’s novels. That reputation is, I think, undeserved. Tragedy it’s not, but it’s still a more serious and weighty offering than Under the Greenwood Tree. The narrative is straightforward enough. The heroine, Bathsheba Everdene, is courted by three very different men: the steady, reliable and aptly named Gabriel Oak, the repressed and stalkerish William Boldwood and the dashing Bad Boy, Frank Troy. In dealing with these three relationships, Hardy explores themes including the relationship between chance and moral responsibility and the inherent danger of romantic love. The three central characters are supplemented by a chorus of farmworkers and the tragic Fanny Robin, whose fate is central to the plot.
As much as I appreciate Hardy’s writing, I tend to have issues with his female characters. Bathsheba Everdene is no exception. Early on this time around, my reaction to her was similar to my reaction to the character played by Andie MacDowell in Four Weddings and a Funeral. Yes, I understand that she’s beautiful, but given her personality I don’t really understand why she would inspire anyone to undying devotion. However, Bathsheba won me over, up to a point anyway. She’s flawed, but not completely lacking insight into her flaws and she develops over the course of the novel.
I listened to an audiobook edition narrated by English actor Jamie Parker. He does an excellent job, including with the female voices. This is no mean feat for a male narrator. All in all, this was a worthwhile literary experience. My 20-year-old self feels validated.
Shelves: classics
Definitely one of my favourite classics of the year so far!
This novel centres around a female character name Bathsheba Everdene and the events that befall her as she tries to make her way in the world. When she takes ownership of a family farm she is quickly picked out by many men in the village and soon has a fair few marriage proposals. She must make up her mind as to who she is and what she plans on doing. Once she has made her choice she must make her bed and lie in it!
I found this to be su Definitely one of my favourite classics of the year so far!
This novel centres around a female character name Bathsheba Everdene and the events that befall her as she tries to make her way in the world. When she takes ownership of a family farm she is quickly picked out by many men in the village and soon has a fair few marriage proposals. She must make up her mind as to who she is and what she plans on doing. Once she has made her choice she must make her bed and lie in it!
I found this to be such an enjoyable read - I really love books set in this time period, I find the characters and the decisions they make to be rather amusing! My favourite character by far was Gabriel Oak - what a top bloke! This was my first novel by Hardy and I have since picked up Tess of the D'Urbevilles. I would highly recommend this one to all! ...more
Shelves: favorites
Far From the Madding Crowd is without a doubt the strangest romance novel I have ever read.
Before starting the review proper, I do have a slight confession to make. When I saw this novel in the bookshop a month ago, the only reason I recognised the title was because Harry Kennedy – played by my favourite actor, Richard Armitage – quoted a line from the story in The Vicar of Dibley:
Harry Kennedy: "As Gabriel Oak said to Bathsheba in Far From the Madding Crowd; ‘Whenever I look up, there shall be Far From the Madding Crowd is without a doubt the strangest romance novel I have ever read.
Before starting the review proper, I do have a slight confession to make. When I saw this novel in the bookshop a month ago, the only reason I recognised the title was because Harry Kennedy – played by my favourite actor, Richard Armitage – quoted a line from the story in The Vicar of Dibley:
Harry Kennedy: "As Gabriel Oak said to Bathsheba in Far From the Madding Crowd; ‘Whenever I look up, there shall be you, and whenever you look up, there shall I be.' "
Though Far From the Madding Crowd did look like the type of book I would enjoy, I cannot deny that my primary reason for buying the novel was because a character played by Richard Armitage quoted a line from it. Yes, I am that bad. Now I've got that out of the way, when you’ve all stopped laughing at me, I can continue with my review.
… No, seriously, you can stop laughing now.
So then, why does Far From the Madding Crowd classify as the strangest romance novel I have ever read? For a great many reasons; first of all, one might expect that the above quote would come near the end of the novel, at such a time when the two lovers are confessing their love for one another, no? Wrong. So wrong. In actual fact, much to my surprise, this quote (which is also somewhat switched around) appeared when the story had gone on for a grand total of forty pages, during an impassioned proposal from Gabriel Oak to Bathsheba Everdeen, which is promptly refused; so much for my intention to enjoy reading a beautiful and familiar quote in a romantic setting. Hmph.
The author is the second reason this was such a strange story. One would expect that the author of a classic romantic novel would have some sort of understanding of love – and Thomas Hardy certainly has that. What baffled and perplexed me was to read a novel during which the author at times seems to have uncannily accurate and perceptive observations on the subject of love, with lines that make your heart want to soar, but at other times he seems to have very little opinion of love at all. Certain comments which are almost scathing in nature are enough to knock you right back, perhaps not agreeing with such a statement, but it nags at you nonetheless because of the kernel of truth at its centre. Here is one such quote:
"The rarest offerings of the purest loves are but a self- indulgence, and no generosity at all."
It took me at least half an hour of uneasy and careful contemplation of this line in order to understand my own thoughts on the matter. Indeed, it was quite impossible for me to pick up the novel again until I understood why such a statement bothered me so. My heart immediately cried out against the injustice of the statement, yet at the same time the ring of truth made it imperative that I justify my disagreement to myself. In the end I was glad to have been able to make such a justification. I decided that every action that we ever undertake does indeed have an element of self-indulgence or selfishness; after all, it is we ourselves who choose the actions we take. But this need not diminish the value in any act of love or kindness, and I could never consider it a weakness to wish those we love to be happy.
There are two more reasons why Far From the Madding Crowd was such a unique romance, and these reasons go hand in hand; the characters and the subsequent plot. Our heroine Bathsheba Everdene – who is an interesting character in herself – spends most of the novel being courted not by Gabriel Oak, our hero, but by two other men; Sergeant Troy and Mr Boldwood. I will return to those two in a moment, but first I must describe Gabriel Oak – don’t you just love that name? Gabriel is a reasonably young farmer, with unremarkable looks, a wonderful and very adorable way with animals (well, except when he shoots his dog…) and steadfast principles. He is extremely kind, intelligent in his own simplistic way, admirably humble and shatteringly honest. Steady, quiet and dependable, Gabriel remains almost in the background for a decent portion of the novel, but the strength of his presence means that he is never forgotten.
One would think it would be hard to respect or like a man who can fall in love within the space of about twenty pages and offer marriage to Miss Everdene when she barely knows him, but Thomas Hardy does a wonderful job of making it believable. Gabriel Oak feels a special connection to Bathsheba, despite being well aware of her faults, and would be content only to be liked in return for the privilege of having a bride he loves.
Miss Bathsheba Everdene, however, is quite a different story. Gabriel endures some ill fortune which eventually brings him to be employed by Bathsheba, who recently inherited a large farm from a deceased relative. Observing Miss Everdene moving amongst the community of male farmers with grace, confidence and skill does indeed inspire admiration. Bathsheba is clever, beautiful, hard-working and determined, so one can quite understand Gabriel’s attraction to her. But she is dangerously capricious, and unbelievably conceited. Indeed, her despicable vanity made it difficult for me to like her, at times. There is even a point where she feels piqued and disappointed that Gabriel Oak is no longer showing any love or admiration for her; even though that would mean she would have to continue breaking his heart. I found it hateful that Bathsheba desired the admiration of others so much she did not care nearly enough for what that admiration might cost them.
As one might expect, her caprice and vanity quickly lead her into a very tangled situation. On the spur of the moment she decides to send a love note to a neighbouring Farmer, Farmer Boldwood, asking him to marry her. The note is meant to tease, to amuse Bathsheba, as she wishes to see what reaction she will get from the man who is the biggest catch in the district, yet is reputed to have a heart of marble. What the lady did not anticipate was that the note would cause Mr Boldwood to fall utterly and irrevocably in love with her.
When Boldwood originally entered the story, he seemed to me to resemble the character of Mr. John Thornton from North and South. Mr. Boldwood is a wealthy gentleman overseeing a farm of considerable size, and seems rather cold and distant. Like Mr. Thornton, his life has been too much involved with work to notice women for a considerable time, though the fact that he was jilted as a young man also contributes to his cold and un-romantic heart. However, as the novel progressed his resemblance to Mr. Thornton becomes less and less pronounced, as he falls in love with the lovely Miss Everdene based on a Valentine’s note that was intended as a silly prank. Furthermore he is determined and insistent to the point of foolishness, and eventually I felt ashamed of myself for ever having compared the man to Mr. Thornton.
Though Boldwood had his good qualities, Mr. Thornton would never be so foolish as to fall in love for such a silly reason. Thornton possesses a depth of love that is incomparable to Boldwood’s feelings, and he knows how to express his feelings with much more beauty and sincerity than Boldwood could ever achieve. Thornton’s proposal was a thousand times more romantic, and he knows how to back down with far more grace and honour, knows how to love from a distance when there seems to be no hope. Boldwood’s love, on the other hand, was dangerous, self-centred and all consuming; he pursues Bathsheba relentlessly, until by the end of the novel Bathsheba accepts his proposal. (I’m going to call it his twenty-seventh, but I unfortunately didn’t count)
I might also add that Bathsheba is literally weeping when she accepts his proposal – out of a sense of obligation, seeing as she started it all with that stupid note – and she adds the caveat that she will only marry him after seven years has passed, assuming her missing-and-presumed-dead-from-drowning husband has not returned during that time. And in case you were wondering, Boldwood was actually happy with the acceptance of a woman who began to cry upon realising she was beaten down enough by obligation to accept his proposal.
I would have done better to compare John Thornton’s love to that of Gabriel Oak; Gabriel is prepared to hide his heart and step aside, compromising his own happiness in the hope that Bathsheba may be happy, and furthermore entering her confidence as an honest and valued friend. "Thoroughly convinced of the impossibility of his own suit, a high resolve constrained him not to injure that of another. This is a lover's most stoical virtue, as the lack of it is a lover's most venial sin."
But if you can believe it, Miss Everdene’s first choice of husband was far, far worse than Boldwood. I do not wish to spoil the plot, so I will not speak overly of Sergeant Francis Troy, but to say that he is everything I find despicable in a man. His surface charms, good looks and brilliant compliments appealed to Bathsheba’s vanity. I have previously mentioned that her vanity was her worst fault, and here she pays for that fault dearly. The attraction between them is little more than lust, but unfortunately Bathsheba does not realise this until after she marries him, and discovers what a truly terrible man he is. Again without spoiling the plot, I shall simply say that some of the things Troy does literally made me want to throw the book at a wall, they made me so angry. How could Bathsheba be so intelligent, yet have such terrible taste as to turn down Gabriel Oak and accept the monster that was Sergeant Troy?
I cannot say any more without giving away too much of the plot, but rest assured; though Far From the Madding Crowd can sometimes be a little depressing, it ends well and so beautifully that I had tears in my eyes.
Aside from his very well drawn plot and characters, Thomas Hardy has a certain way of writing that simply astounded me. The way he constructs his sentences, the words he chooses, his description and insight… all these things combine to make an unbelievably beautiful novel. The story is full of very quotable quotes, and contains observations of nature that simply take ones breath away:
”To persons standing alone on a hill during a clear midnight such as this, the roll of the world eastward is almost a palpable movement. The sensation may be caused by the panoramic glide of the stars past earthly objects, which is perceptible in a few minutes of stillness, or by the better outlook upon space that a hill affords, or by the wind, or by the solitude; but whatever be it’s origin the impression of riding along is vivid and abiding. The poetry of motion is a phrase much in use, and to enjoy the epic form of that gratification it is necessary to stand on a hill at a small hour of the night, and, having first expanded with a sense of difference from the mass of civilized mankind, who are dream-wrapt and disregardful of all such proceedings at this time, long and quietly watch your stately progress through the stars. After such a nocturnal reconnoitre it is hard to get back to earth, and to believe that the consciousness of such majestic speeding is derived from a tiny human frame.”
… I’m speechless. And that is but one of many, many examples of such beautiful and insightful writing. Even if a classic romance set in the rural countryside would not appeal to you, it is worth reading Far From the Madding Crowd just to experience this extraordinary writing. I rarely ever go back to read a line again – only if it is extremely funny or seems to require contemplation – but a spellbound sense of wonder often sent me back over Hardy’s words, in order to truly appreciate these brilliant descriptions.
Overall then, despite my original reason for picking up the book (thanks Richard Armitage, I’m sure they’ll be laughing at me for a week now, but seeing as I enjoyed the book so much I forgive you) I discovered much, much more than I ever expected to find. I discovered interesting and well-drawn characters, beautiful writing that required much thought, and the story of a romance that was undoubtedly strange, but a story that needed to be told all the same.
Shelves: british-literature , victorian-literature , favorites , historical-fiction , read-in-2009 , read-in-2010 , author-thomas-hardy , my-western-canon , read-in-2012 , read-in-2013 , everymans-library-editions
Update--10/14/2012: I just completed a re-read of this novel. The more I read it, the more I realize that it is simply exquisitely plotted and written. Hardy-the-poet shines through on just about every page as he describes the pastoral Wessex landscape and the country rustics that occupy it. This is truly a gem of a novel, and one of my favorites by Hardy.
***
I just completed re-reading Hardy's Far From the Madding Crowd, and just fell in love with it all over again! The first time I read the nov Update--10/14/2012: I just completed a re-read of this novel. The more I read it, the more I realize that it is simply exquisitely plotted and written. Hardy-the-poet shines through on just about every page as he describes the pastoral Wessex landscape and the country rustics that occupy it. This is truly a gem of a novel, and one of my favorites by Hardy.
***
I just completed re-reading Hardy's Far From the Madding Crowd, and just fell in love with it all over again! The first time I read the novel was last summer as a serialized group read with one of my groups on Shelfari.com. I loved it the first time through, but realized that I could find even more in it with a careful re-reading. I did.
It really is a beautiful novel, and so very well written with an engaging plot. The novel is loaded with allusion, much of it biblical; and even the character's names -- Bathsheba Everdene, Gabriel Oak, Farmer Boldwood, Fanny Robin, and Sergeant Frank Troy -- evoke comparisons to vivid images, scenes from Nature, or historical or mythological personages.
Hardy's ability to inextricably link the pastoral landscape of his Wessex countryside with the emotions and thoughts of his characters is remarkable. As in The Return of the Native and the landscape of the Egdon Heath, Hardy makes the rolling hills, woodlands, hay fields and sheep pastures surrounding Weatherbury as much a primary protagonist and character in the novel as the human characters themselves. His prose associated with the placement and movement of the novel's human players within this landscape becomes almost lyrical and poetic; and as I am sure he intended, reflects his interpretation and representation of a time and place in southwestern England that was important to him, but is part of that heritage of what it means to be 'English.'
The story of the romantic 'square' involving Gabriel Oak, Bathsheba Everdene, Farmer Boldwood, and Frank Troy is a tale that resonates in each of us. We can relate, at different times, to the motives and actions of each as they pirouette through their dance of Life and Love against the pastoral backdrop of the farms and sheep paddocks of Weatherbury. This is the Nature of Hardy's beloved Wessex.
Like a hound on the trail, make sure to follow Hardy's use of the color 'scarlet' and 'red' through the novel. Read and experience Hardy's use of Fate, Chance, Change, and Irony working their primeval magics upon the landscape and human actors in this great play of Life. Far From the Madding Crowd is truly a timeless work from one of the Victorian period's great authors. ...more
A Snake, a Fruitcake and a Beefcake with Heartache
Sgt. Troy, Billy Boldwood and Gabriel Oak
Bathsheba Everdeen has inherited a sheep farm from her late uncle in the idyllic Victorian farming community, the village of Weatherbury, Wessex County, England. The novel was published in 1874 and reportedly was Hardy's first commercial success (his 4th novel).
Bathsheba is haughty and creates her own set of madding problems by sending a Valentine to the shy, very strange William Boldwood, after turning d A Snake, a Fruitcake and a Beefcake with Heartache
Sgt. Troy, Billy Boldwood and Gabriel Oak
Bathsheba Everdeen has inherited a sheep farm from her late uncle in the idyllic Victorian farming community, the village of Weatherbury, Wessex County, England. The novel was published in 1874 and reportedly was Hardy's first commercial success (his 4th novel).
Bathsheba is haughty and creates her own set of madding problems by sending a Valentine to the shy, very strange William Boldwood, after turning down a marriage proposal from the heady shepherd/farmer Gabe Oak. Then as giddy as a schoolgirl, she falls head over heels for the cad Sergeant Troy (a distant relative of Major Tom and Captain Jack).
To say more on the story would reveal a spoiler. Hardy deftly focuses on themes of honor, love and betrayal. He took the title from a poem called "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" by Thomas Gray (1751).
"Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife
Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray;
Along the cool sequester'd vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenor of their way."
I was quite frustrated by Bathsheba's total infatuation with Sergeant Troy. Have young women always worn blinders to the duplicity of the attractive snakes, going back to the Original Sin? Can nothing be done to save such heartaches, that everyone except the lady can see coming?
Probably so and likely not. In any case, I found this a good, but not great, novel. ...more
Shelves: rth-lifetime , 2015 , novel-a-biography
Thomas Hardy writes often about women, with a sympathy that looks a little like contempt. In Far From the Madding Crowd he lays out the options available to Bathsheba Everdene (yes, Katniss is named after her): Frank Troy is the dashing adventurer, charming and dissipated. He ensnares her in a ferny grove, showing off his swordplay. ("It will not take five minutes," he says, and we picture Hardy snickering.) Boldwood is the older, stolid man, a rural Casaubon, representing security and the abdic Thomas Hardy writes often about women, with a sympathy that looks a little like contempt. In Far From the Madding Crowd he lays out the options available to Bathsheba Everdene (yes, Katniss is named after her): Frank Troy is the dashing adventurer, charming and dissipated. He ensnares her in a ferny grove, showing off his swordplay. ("It will not take five minutes," he says, and we picture Hardy snickering.) Boldwood is the older, stolid man, a rural Casaubon, representing security and the abdication of passion. And right in between them is Gabriel Oak, "only an every-day sort of man," the Goldilocks middle.
But Bathsheba doesn't seem well-suited to any of them; even Oak doesn't really attract her. "I want somebody to tame me; I am too independent; and you would never be able to, I know." Maybe taming isn't really her thing. "Though she scarcely knew the divinity's name, Diana was the goddess whom Bathsheba instinctively adored." Diana, the goddess of chastity.
"But a husband - "
"Well!"
"Why, he'd always be there, as you say; whenever I looked up, there he'd be."
Ugh, right? Husbands. So the question isn't just which man will Bathsheba choose, but why should she choose anyone at all?
It's all serious business, of course, but people forget that Hardy can be funny. He throws out phrases like "rather deathy," and there are cracks like this: "There is no regular path for getting out of love as there is for getting in. Some people look upon marriage as a short cut that way, but it has been known to fail." Not the most original joke, even back then, but it's still funny.
He's second to none in describing nature. He can set a scene like no one else. Here he describes the countryside in an impending storm:
The moon...had a lurid metallic look. The fields were sallow with impure light, and all were tinged with monochrome, as if beheld through stained glass.
And the scenes he sets in these vivid landscapes are infinitely memorable, too. His books always contain a few gloriously melodramatic setpieces: the audacious climax of Tess of the D'Urbervilles, the "too menny" of Jude the Obscure. Here, in addition to the sexy swordplay with Troy, there's a decisive midnight lightning storm, and the long walk of Fanny Robin. This is one of the two reasons I love Hardy: in each book, I know I'll get a few scenes I'll never forget.
The other is the schadenfreude. His books would get glummer as he grew, culminating in the misery porn of Jude the Obscure; Madding Crowd is by comparison light reading. But he's still going to trample your heart.
Earlier authors like Dickens and even Eliot wrote books where every plot development followed inevitably from the actions of their characters. But for Hardy, again and again, despite the best intentions and noblest natures of his characters, fate throws a wrench in. This Murphy's Law is one of the reasons Hardy seems like such a pessimist. (The other is that everybody dies miserable and alone.) The action in Madding Crowd is kicked off by the chance destruction of most of Oak's sheep (discovered in a bloody heap at the base of a cliff, in another of Hardy's vivid images). Boldwood's storyline begins with a nonchalant prank. (Which, btw, I didn't really buy; that's a rare case where Hardy's plot manipulation shows.)
So vicissitudes prey on our characters; fate slaps them around. (view spoiler) [And when Bathsheba finally chooses Oak, it's not exactly a happy ending. I mean, compared to Hardy's later work it's ecstatic - only some people die miserable and alone! - but it's ambivalent. "Oak laughed, and Bathsheba smiled (for she never laughed readily now)." The final sentence, given to one of the farmhands: "Since 'tis as 'tis, why, it might have been worse, and I feel my thanks accordingly." Bathsheba has been pretty thoroughly beaten down here; she flees to Oak's solidness, and it might have been worse, but it might have been better too. (hide spoiler) ] How happy do you think the ending is? ...more
“Love is a possible strength in an actual weakness.”
---- Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd
Thomas Hardy, an English author, spun a spectacular and classic tale of love, Far from the Madding Crowd whose movie adaption is going to release in the month of May, starring Carey Mulligan, Matthias Schoenaerts, Tom Sturridge and Michael Sheen.
Synopsis:
The first of Thomas Hardy’s great novels, Far From the Madding Crowd established the author as one of Britain’s foremost writers. It also intr “Love is a possible strength in an actual weakness.”
---- Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd
Thomas Hardy, an English author, spun a spectacular and classic tale of love, Far from the Madding Crowd whose movie adaption is going to release in the month of May, starring Carey Mulligan, Matthias Schoenaerts, Tom Sturridge and Michael Sheen.
Synopsis:
The first of Thomas Hardy’s great novels, Far From the Madding Crowd established the author as one of Britain’s foremost writers. It also introduced readers to Wessex, an imaginary county in southwestern England that served as the pastoral setting for many of the author’s later works.
It tells the story of beautiful Bathsheba Everdene, a fiercely independent woman who inherits a farm and decides to run it herself. She rejects a marriage proposal from Gabriel Oak, a loyal man who takes a job on her farm after losing his own in an unfortunate accident. He is forced to watch as Bathsheba mischievously flirts with her neighbor, Mr. Boldwood, unleashing a passionate obsession deep within the reserved man. But both suitors are soon eclipsed by the arrival of the dashing soldier, Frank Troy, who falls in love with Bathsheba even though he’s still smitten with another woman. His reckless presence at the farm drives Boldwood mad with jealousy, and sets off a dramatic chain of events that leads to both murder and marriage.
A delicately woven tale of unrequited love and regret, Far from the Madding Crowd is also an unforgettable portrait of a rural culture that, by Hardy’s lifetime, had become threatened with extinction at the hands of ruthless industrialization.
Oh well, I rarely involve myself into such a classic read! And surprisingly, classics can be devoured at any time and at any age. This is the story of farm woman named, Bathsheba Everdene and her choices of love and life, set across a beautiful countryside and lush green pasture, Wessex. It is not like any other regular love stories, instead it's unusualness is the key that drags us with it's flow. There is a love-square between Bathsheba, Gabriel, Mr. Boldwood and Frank set in the idyllic backdrop of an English countryside in the 19th century. But the story doesn't only revolve around Bathsheba and her lovers, instead, Hardy has captured the delicacy of human nature with intricate detailing and has also portrayed the beauty of nature in a very vivid manner. This book took me more than 5 days to finish reading it, not because of the usage of difficult words, but because of the beauty underlying in each and every words of this author.
“The most vigorous expression of a resolution does not always coincide with the greatest vigor of the resolution itself. It is often flung out as a sort of prop to support a decaying conviction which, whilst strong, required no enunciation to prove it so.”
Inspiring and thought-provoking lines, will only want you to fall deeper into it's depth.
I know most people have read this book quite a long time ago, but as I said it's never too late to read a classic novel, and moreover, it's movie adaption is soon going to hit the screens in the month of May, featuring, Carey Mulligan, Matthias Schoenaerts, Tom Sturridge and Michael Sheen.
Anyways, what arrested me was Hardy has layered his narrative tone with profound humor.
“Well, what I mean is that I shouldn't mind being a bride at a wedding, if I could be one without having a husband.”
The story has a lot of layers of mysteries and the author has thrown in twists and turns here and there to make the puzzle more intriguing, thus it will always keep us on our edges. The author painted each suitors with diverse taste and with their overview, simultaneously giving us an opportunity to look and judge them with our very own perspective. But whatever the author accounted about love and marriage are very real and true, though each and every relationship depicted in the book are flawed and faulty, but their flaws is what made their relationship look more realistic!
The characters speak their mind and provided the time period, we can still very much relate to each and every one of them, especially Bathsheba- she is the definition of any 21st century woman, but it's quite astounding to see that Bathsheba belongs to the 19th century timeline. Yet, some felt, Bathsheba as one of the most strongest heroine in the history of literature, I believe Bathsheba was quite depressed and a little insecure with life. Her independence and her talking mannerism are the only things that made her stand out in the crowd. But the way the author portrayed them in their book simply entranced my mind- each and every one of their feelings to movements to reactions are carefully noted down and explained by the author, maybe that's what made them so vulnerable yet so interesting to read about.
I believe Far from the Madding Crowd is such a book whose aura can never lose it's charm and something so extraordinary that no one in the world can ever truly re-create Thomas Hardy's flair.
Verdict: If you have not read this book, then you're missing out one of the most beautiful novels in the world of literature. And it was worth every penny! ...more
Shelves: classics , 2015-reads , britain-ireland , buddy-reads , 18th-19th-century
Such a women as you a hundred men always covet - your eyes will bewitch scores on scores into an unavailing fancy for you - you can only marry one of that many...The rest may try to get over their passion with more or less success. But all of these men will be saddened. And not only those ninety-nine men, but the ninety-nine women they might have married are saddened with them. There's my tale. That's why I say that a woman so charming as yourself, Miss Everdene, is hardly a blessing to her race
Such a women as you a hundred men always covet - your eyes will bewitch scores on scores into an unavailing fancy for you - you can only marry one of that many...The rest may try to get over their passion with more or less success. But all of these men will be saddened. And not only those ninety-nine men, but the ninety-nine women they might have married are saddened with them. There's my tale. That's why I say that a woman so charming as yourself, Miss Everdene, is hardly a blessing to her race.
Well she doesn't quite slay ninety-nine men, but Bathsheba Everdene cuts quite a swath through rural Wessex and more than one tragedy ensues.
Bathsheba is a marvelously complex creation. She's full of pluck but also impulsive, thoughtless and vain: "I don't see why a maid should take a husband when she's bold enough to fight her own battles." Bathsheba "was of the stuff of which great men's mothers are made. She was indispensable to high generation, feared at tea-parties, hated in shops, and loved at crises."
The three men who are drawn to her are studies in contrast and symbols of three very different kinds of love. (view spoiler) [Troy loves another but feels a fleeting sexual attraction for Bathsheba that is polluted with self-interest. Bolderwood, a solitary man whose regard at first glance seems ideal--he has wealth, stature in the community, yet in the end his love, too, proves unhealthy, a sickly obsession. And first and last, there is Gabriel Oak whose love is based on deeds, cameraderie, good fellowship and shared hard work. (hide spoiler) ]
In between romantic attachments there are glorious details of English farming life. If you've ever wondered how to protect harvested wheat and barley from rain you'll learn it here in the midst of a terrifying lightening storm. Far from the city, if not the madding crowd, the sky looms large and the stars are impossibly bright.
To persons standing alone on a hill during a clear midnight such as this, the roll of the world eastward is almost a palpable movement. The sensation may be caused by the panoramic glide of the stars past earthly objects, which is perceptible in a few minutes of stillness, or by the better outlook upon space that a hill affords, or by the wind, or by the solitude; but whatever be its origin, the impression of riding along is vivid and abiding.
All of the many farm workers and villagers are given personalities and shown to have their own opinions, by turn wise and comic. The goings on at the great houses are much discussed in the local pub, as is Bathsheba herself: “A headstrong maid, that she is-and won't listen to no advice at all. Pride and vanity have ruined many a cobbler's dog.”
Throughout, Hardy has pithy observations on love and marriage: "It may have been observed that there is no regular path for getting out of love as there is for getting in. Some people look upon marriage as a short cut that way, but it has been known to fail." Hardy argues that true love, the love that is stronger than death, is a far more complex and enduring emotion than the fleeting passion that often goes by the same name.
They spoke very little of their mutual feeling; pretty phrases and warm expressions being probably unnecessary between such tried friends. Theirs was that substantial affection which arises (if any arises at all) when the two who are thrown together begin first by knowing the rougher sides of each other's character, and not the best till further on, the romance growing up in the interstices of a mass of hard prosaic reality.
Buddy read with Andrea and QNpoohbear for July/August 2015. Thank you both!. ...more
Shelves: 19th-centurylit-late , 1001-books-list
Having just finished reading Infinite Jest I was looking for something that had absolutely nothing to do with tennis, drugs, or terrorists in wheelchairs. I thought Hardy would be a safe bet. Instead, what I got was sheep. A lot of sheep. By the end I was almost hoping that the sheep would get up to play tennis, while on drugs, riding around in wheelchairs.
There were a lot of sheep in this book.
Believe it or not, though, this is not a story about sheep. This 1874 novel is about Bathsheba Everden Having just finished reading Infinite Jest I was looking for something that had absolutely nothing to do with tennis, drugs, or terrorists in wheelchairs. I thought Hardy would be a safe bet. Instead, what I got was sheep. A lot of sheep. By the end I was almost hoping that the sheep would get up to play tennis, while on drugs, riding around in wheelchairs.
There were a lot of sheep in this book.
Believe it or not, though, this is not a story about sheep. This 1874 novel is about Bathsheba Everdene and the men who love her - Gabriel Oak (pictured above), Farmer Boldwood, and Sergeant Frank Troy. It's a complicated love story, and the reader finds it hard to really cheer for any one person more than another. Or, maybe more appropriately, they each take turns in the readers' hearts. Bathsheba is quite the little lady, so it's not hard to see why exactly these dudes are falling all over themselves to win her over. The problem with any object of affection is that they are an object - eventually she's not even a real person any longer to these people, and that's where the real tragedy and drama comes into play.
This was a relatively fast read for me, probably because of how much time it took me to read Infinite Jest. This was like reading Dean Koontz in comparison. Still, Hardy never manages to disappoint me. Some people are turned off by the pastoral setting. I find it soothing.
Except the sheep were somewhat unnerving this time. I like sheep, but at times during reading this I felt a little claustrophobic. ...more
Shelves: favorites
Oh my... This is my genre of book. I loved it! I am in awe of the completeness of this book. By that, I mean that it is so well formed in different ways.
The prose is just lovely. The use of language in this book is gorgeous. When I read a classic like this one, I am always astonished that someone can spit words out and that they are able to come together and form something so extraordinary. It is such a quotable book.
"From the chaotic skyful of crowding flakes the mead and moor momentarily recei Oh my... This is my genre of book. I loved it! I am in awe of the completeness of this book. By that, I mean that it is so well formed in different ways.
The prose is just lovely. The use of language in this book is gorgeous. When I read a classic like this one, I am always astonished that someone can spit words out and that they are able to come together and form something so extraordinary. It is such a quotable book.
"From the chaotic skyful of crowding flakes the mead and moor momentarily received additional clothing, only to appear momentarily more naked thereby."
"...every nook behind the furniture had a temperature of its own."
And, while the sentences are so beautifully constructed, it still manages a great story. The book kept my interest throughout, and I could not put it down at times. I enjoyed the characters, which are so well developed, and the contrast that was apparent between them. Hardy just hands you intimacy with each of them:
"Nobody knew entirely; for though it was possible to form guesses concerning his wild capabilities from old floodmarks faintly visible, he had never been seen at the high tides which caused them."
"Her eyes were at their darkest and brightest now. Bathsheba's beauty belonging rather to the demonian than to the angelic school, she never looked so well as when she was angry -- and particularly when the effect was heightened by a rather dashing velvet dress, carefully put on before a glass."
"There was a loquacity that tells nothing, which was Bathsheba's; and there is a silence which says much: that was Gabriel's."
It is always nice to find an author who knows his characters so well, as it makes it easy for one to understand them.
I would recommend this book for any lover of classic literature.
Shelves: own , sterling , ahreet , masculine , ce19 , 2016 , bookshelf
Read as part of the Infinite Variety 2016 Reading Challenge based on the BBC's Big Read poll.
Deep in the heart of fictional rural Wessex romance blossoms, decays and remains a deep void several times as farmers tend to their flocks and try to stop the rain destroying their harvests. I am no romance fan and I would usually shirk away from any novel that is purely about romance, but I enjoy reading Classics no matter their genre and I am also reading from a list, culminating in my having read the Read as part of the Infinite Variety 2016 Reading Challenge based on the BBC's Big Read poll.
Deep in the heart of fictional rural Wessex romance blossoms, decays and remains a deep void several times as farmers tend to their flocks and try to stop the rain destroying their harvests. I am no romance fan and I would usually shirk away from any novel that is purely about romance, but I enjoy reading Classics no matter their genre and I am also reading from a list, culminating in my having read the entire book in a critical way as opposed to a Must-Read-This-Romance-Now kind of way.
Bathsheba Everdene is a wonderful character in that Victorian-man-trying-to-write-a-strong-woman kind of way. I'm reluctant to call her feisty as many people seem to do: I think she is merely independent and knows her own mind, something which was a rarity in those days, particularly with the lower classes (Bathsheba may have money but she is still having to work herself to earn her way in life) and feisty is a word that denotes a fiery, hot-headed and rather uneducated woman and that is not something I'd ever attach to Bathsheba solidly: perhaps at times-the more dire times-and I'd be inclined to suggest that every woman and man in the world has, at some point, found themselves rather feisty. It's a shame to paint this woman as feisty, when any man acting the same way is simply being a Man.
Hardy does a great job and I think Bathsheba is one of the most underrated characters to be found in 19th Century fiction, but there are still a lot of Victorian Ideals that leak through, though I always find it's quite easy to ignore Of-the-Time cultural influxes such as these. Bathsheba was a well-rounded, full-impacting character, though she was in no way perfect in both sense of the word: she had many flaws and the writing of her character also had many flaws. Hardy did well considering when he was writing, but still the whole idea that she'd become a complete sop at the mere sight of a shiny uniform button leaves a slight metallic taste in the mouth.
The other characters, shall we just call them The Men, were rather unimportant to me. I didn't feel for any of them and honestly I cared not who ended up with Bathsheba, or whatever else their fate may be. I did find myself wanting to know the ending of the book quite early on in the reading, but that was not through boredom but purely to know the story. Romances rarely-if ever-do this to me so I would suggest it as a testament to Hardy's writing ability. He built the whole story up from the beginning in such a way as is quite rare.
I felt slight scepticism radiating from Hardy's words throughout and there were often times I couldn't help but think he was merely mocking his characters and their tribulations. I was oft reminded of Austen in the way that they both can find fascination in what they're writing about but also not take it altogether too seriously, to the point of verging mockery.
It will always be difficult for me to review a book that has as it's main theme-or genre-Romance, because that holds no interest to me whatsoever as standalone, but putting that aside it was a 19th Century novel that is of it's time, of it's kind and of it's own.
Jul 15, 2016 Andrei Tamaş rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Romanul lui Thomas Hardy este un tablou static al vieţii rudimentare. Niciun personaj al romanului nu se face remarcat sub vreun aspect anume: sunt cu toţii construiţi realist, ca nişte fiinţe dintr-un colţ îndepărtat al istoriei, care îşi duc liniştiţi viaţa fără a se aştepta la bucurii sau tristeţi mari. Echilibrul societăţii rurale engleze din veacul al XIX-lea este însă uşor tulbrurat de apariţia în scenă a personajului Bathsheba, care "fură" roulul de personaj principal, în pofida caracteru Romanul lui Thomas Hardy este un tablou static al vieţii rudimentare. Niciun personaj al romanului nu se face remarcat sub vreun aspect anume: sunt cu toţii construiţi realist, ca nişte fiinţe dintr-un colţ îndepărtat al istoriei, care îşi duc liniştiţi viaţa fără a se aştepta la bucurii sau tristeţi mari. Echilibrul societăţii rurale engleze din veacul al XIX-lea este însă uşor tulbrurat de apariţia în scenă a personajului Bathsheba, care "fură" roulul de personaj principal, în pofida caracterului mult mai pitoresc al lui Gabriel Oak, care se impune încă de la începutul romanului.
Tema operei este reprezentată de ideea căsătoriei analizată în condiţiile sociale şi religioase ale secolului. În fapt, Bathsheba trăieşte o drama: ea este nodul care uneşte funiile a trei bărbaţi: sergentul Troy, fermierul Boldwood şi Gabriel Oak.
Titlul, raportat la mesajul operei, capătă proporţii hiperbolice. Dacă ai vedea cartea pe raftul unei biblioteci, cu siguranţă "Departe de lumea dezlănţuită" te-ar anihila, în câteva clipe, pline de visare, ceea ce, de altfel, reuşeşte să facă romanul.
Un aspect care se impune în opera lui Thomas Hardy este, după cum am văzut şi în "Tess d'Urberville", dogma creştină. La un moment dat, cititorul zilelor noastre intră în conflict cu prejudecatie personajelor din roman, iar acest fapt este principalul susţinător al condiţiei realiste a acestuia.
"Dragostea fiind un cămătar din cale-afară de scrupulos [...], sentimentele fermierului Oak erau la fel de instabile ca piaţa financiară..."
"...înţelepctiunea constă în a-ţi înfrâna impresiile de-o clipă."
Filele romanului se caracterizează astfel printr-un aspect didactic: educaţia morală în problema căsătoriei.
15 iulie 2016 ...more
Aug 10, 2012 MJ Nicholls marked it as dropped · review of another edition
Oy vey, oy vey, Hardy. I see plenty of five-star ratings from GR friends here, possibly a default classic rating (think of the reproach rating Hamlet less than five stars! they’d hunt you down!). But this one is plodding and banal. What were you people thinking? This is Hardy’s first lengthy novel following Under the Greenwood Tree, transitioning between pastoral vignettes and the proper-plot-and-everything of The Mayor of Casterbridge. Both of those books work as the former takes the vignette a Oy vey, oy vey, Hardy. I see plenty of five-star ratings from GR friends here, possibly a default classic rating (think of the reproach rating Hamlet less than five stars! they’d hunt you down!). But this one is plodding and banal. What were you people thinking? This is Hardy’s first lengthy novel following Under the Greenwood Tree, transitioning between pastoral vignettes and the proper-plot-and-everything of The Mayor of Casterbridge. Both of those books work as the former takes the vignette approach without being exhaustive, the latter has Hardy’s first extremely tense, compelling plot. This combines lengthy pastoral peregrinations (I admit obscure farming practices, rural gossip and astronomy lessons aren’t my bag in novels) with a somewhat thin plot about a proud, supposedly gorgeous farmowner teasing two lovestruck suitors. Weak soup, this novel. Give me a delicious chunky beef stew with a freshly baked baguette, please Thomas. They shouldn’t teach this in (English) schools. Hardy’s later work is far superior to this middling wiffle. Anyway, got to p130. (Also I think Tamara Drewe was a riff on this novel. That was fun). ...more
May 20, 2015 Gary the Bookworm rated it it was amazing
Who knew Thomas Hardy was such a romantic? After feeling bludgeoned reading about the fates of Casterbridge's misguided mayor, poor pretty Tess, and Jude the obtuse, I approached this with trepidation. Could the stars align favorably for anyone in Hardy's pool of hapless souls? Gabriel Oak and Bathsheba Everdene meet, separate and are ultimately reunited in a love story which seems too good to be true in the harsh world of Thomas Hardy. But happiness doesn't come easily to them or anyone else,
Who knew Thomas Hardy was such a romantic? After feeling bludgeoned reading about the fates of Casterbridge's misguided mayor, poor pretty Tess, and Jude the obtuse, I approached this with trepidation. Could the stars align favorably for anyone in Hardy's pool of hapless souls? Gabriel Oak and Bathsheba Everdene meet, separate and are ultimately reunited in a love story which seems too good to be true in the harsh world of Thomas Hardy. But happiness doesn't come easily to them or anyone else, immeshed as they are in the intricacies of survival. Hardy paints a magnificent picture of the natural world, the countryside and its vibrant inhabitants. His writing is as breathtaking as ever and he offers up a vision of life's possibilities that is less than optimistic, but not unremittingly tragic either.
Shelves: classics-i-ve-read
Love is messy. And Thomas Hardy had an incredible grasp of that messiness. Far from the Madding Crowd is only the second book I’ve read by him, Tess of the D'Urbervilles being the first, and both were about love’s ability to wreck lives. Hardy’s writing didn’t grip me as hard in this novel as it did throughout Tess, but the writing was still lovely, and the story still compelling, with a (thankfully) happier ending than Tess provided.
Bathsheba Everdene is a beautiful, headstrong, independent wom Love is messy. And Thomas Hardy had an incredible grasp of that messiness. Far from the Madding Crowd is only the second book I’ve read by him, Tess of the D'Urbervilles being the first, and both were about love’s ability to wreck lives. Hardy’s writing didn’t grip me as hard in this novel as it did throughout Tess, but the writing was still lovely, and the story still compelling, with a (thankfully) happier ending than Tess provided.
Bathsheba Everdene is a beautiful, headstrong, independent woman who is loved by three different men: Gabriel Oak, a steady, trustworthy farmer and shepherd; William Boldwood, a reserved, dignified landowner of means; and Francis Troy, a dashing, impulsive military sergeant. Bathsheba wants nothing more than the freedom and independence afforded her by running her own life and finds marriage unappealing. But when she does fall haphazardly in love, all four of our central characters pay a price for it.
I’m not a fan of love triangles, and am even less of a fan of love squares or pyramids or whatever you would call the train wreck of relationships in this book. But Hardy has a way of keeping me interested. Did I roll my eyes on occasion? Most definitely. But did the story move me and evoke my sympathy? It did indeed. I will tell you that I rooted for Gabriel throughout the entire book. He was just a genuinely good man who cared more about the happiness and well-being of others than he did his own. Was he rewarded in the end? Who did Bathsheba end up with, if anyone?
Well, you’ll just have to read the book to find out, won’t you? ;-) ...more
Recommends it for: People that love poorly written soap operas.
Recommended to Ben by: People that love poorly written soap operas.
This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. Now many people may give rave reviews to this "classic", but I loathed this novel with every page that I read. Hardy is the most verbose writer I have ever seen. He has pages and pages of fluff, making reading one chapter hard enough to understand what even happened. It was assigned for my AP Lit class, and I was not pleased with it at all. To be sure that something happened within the thick fog Hardy set up, one would have to peruse the pages looking for content within the blather. It became an Now many people may give rave reviews to this "classic", but I loathed this novel with every page that I read. Hardy is the most verbose writer I have ever seen. He has pages and pages of fluff, making reading one chapter hard enough to understand what even happened. It was assigned for my AP Lit class, and I was not pleased with it at all. To be sure that something happened within the thick fog Hardy set up, one would have to peruse the pages looking for content within the blather. It became an emotionally draining activity reading the book: I was lucky if I could finish a page.
Of course, that doesn't deal with it being the precursor to a modern soap opera. I don't know if there are other stories akin to this travesty, but the ending was so blatantly clear I wanted to throw the book down from the start. Bathsheba ends up with Oak. It wasn't a perplexing design. It was blatantly obvious. In fact, it became clear that the only reason that the plot could continue was that Hardy made Bathsheba prone to fits of fancy. Libby manages to coerce her into mailing a letter with a seal saying "Marry Me." Somehow, that doesn't mean anything to Bathsheba, being a suitable young suitor with tons of wealth and mailing it to a respectable old bachelor. Of course, this isn't the end of the drama. If she wasn't such a silly strumpet, all of the nonsense could have been avoided.
The female protagonist went out of her way to make problems. She couldn't accept that a single person was not staring at her. She had to find out who it was. Of course, it was Boldwood. He didn't really care for romance, until she latched her claws until him and made him a relevant figure. Troy was clearly not a suitable companion. But Hardy forced them together, in a chapter filled with more sexual innuendo than Freud could have dealt with. Bathsheba, being a woman that never wanted to actually be married, just have a wedding, didn't seem to remember that when it came to charismatic men that could sweep her off her feet. Dashing soldiers get the girl first, remember that ladies.
Bathsheba's pride wrecked a whole story. Only when a man overpowered her pride, would she marry him. Ergo, that's why she chose Troy. Needing another man, she setteld with Boldwood. And then Oak came last, who was the obvious choice in the end, ending the whole charade.
It was clear from the first page and the synopsis. Oak would get the girl. And even then, in the end, it seems that Batsheba lost any spark she had. She became a dull character, and all of the other farmhands and servants around chuckled, telling them that it would get "chilly". She already had a failed marriage with a presumed death, a crazed fiance who made her former husband's death a reality: and they want to hang a negative note on the third suitor? What kind of friends are those?
Nevertheless, the point is moot. This was a pain to read, but I had to push on through due to my English class. I would not recommend this to my worst enemy, unless they loved poorly written soap operas. Please, don't praise the most verbose writing I've seen in all my days. Please. ...more
Shelves: excellent
I will start by stating that I really, truly liked this book. It definitely pushed me to want to read more of his work. Hardy’s narrative is unique and entirely his own; and even though sometimes I could do without the extensive descriptions, his writing and this novel are truly special.
Having said that, I can’t say the overly sexist tones didn’t bother me. Especially when everything else in the book compelled me so much to love it.
There were some heavy, exceedingly misogynistic and patriarc I will start by stating that I really, truly liked this book. It definitely pushed me to want to read more of his work. Hardy’s narrative is unique and entirely his own; and even though sometimes I could do without the extensive descriptions, his writing and this novel are truly special.
Having said that, I can’t say the overly sexist tones didn’t bother me. Especially when everything else in the book compelled me so much to love it.
There were some heavy, exceedingly misogynistic and patriarchal quotes in this book. At some point I started counting them, but, honestly, when I reached about the middle of book I lost count: there were SO MANY.
Quotes like these are quite hard to swallow:
“Bathsheba, though she had too much understanding to be entirely governed by her womanliness, had too much womanliness to use her understanding to the best advantage.”
“How would the farm go on with nobody to mind it but a woman?”
“Womanly redundancy of speech.”
“How weak I am! I shall never forgive God for making me a woman, and dearly am I beginning to pay for the honor of owning a pretty face!”
“I am not a fool, you know, although I am a woman, and I have my woman’s moments."
The fact that most of Hardy’s leading characters are females doesn’t convince of his innocence on the sexist issue at all, especially since most of them are extremely naïve, almost silly women who somehow are shown to be too “weak” to make correct decisions, or incapable of choosing the “obvious” best suitor, causing their unavoidable, tragic fate.
(view spoiler) [ I actually really liked the “rather happy” ending, but it was mostly because I was already apprehensive, having read how Hardy’s novels usually end in tragedy. And in the end, Bathsheba did finally “choose” the right guy. (hide spoiler) ]
Still – considering the gender roles of the time in which it was published – this book, on merit alone, was so good, so expertly written, that the sexism (something that bothers me enough to boycott) didn’t faze it more than one star. ...more
Shelves: classics , victorian , 1001-books , english
This was an unexpected surprise. I expected sadness and bleakness throughout but found a wonderfully written story that simply pushed all my buttons. I came to this classic love story now because of Danish director Thomas Vinterberg’s film adaptation of it (starring Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene), which is opening in Danish cinemas this week.
I’ve stubbornly (stupidly) avoided Thomas Hardy’s novels since seeing the film adaptation of Jude the Obscure years ago, after which I wept inconsol This was an unexpected surprise. I expected sadness and bleakness throughout but found a wonderfully written story that simply pushed all my buttons. I came to this classic love story now because of Danish director Thomas Vinterberg’s film adaptation of it (starring Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene), which is opening in Danish cinemas this week.
I’ve stubbornly (stupidly) avoided Thomas Hardy’s novels since seeing the film adaptation of Jude the Obscure years ago, after which I wept inconsolably for hours and which I thought about for years afterwards. I will never read that book and felt a kind of anger at Hardy for allowing those children to die so horribly. As I mentioned recently in another review, Hardy even trumps Dostoevsky in his ‘weakness for bleakness’, as The Guardian called it. The newspaper had made a sort of statistical survey of the number of deaths and other tragedies to occur in both author’s novels. Hardy wins hands down, and that’s no mean feat when Dostoevsky is the opponent.
So I ‘went in’ expecting only doom and gloom but was absolutely delighted with the story. Yes, there is death and sadness, but there is much more, too. Hardy’s clever humour and gentle irony threw me completely. Take this delightful description of one Maltster Warren:
’The maltster’s lack of teeth appeared not to sensibly diminish his powers as mill. He had been without them for so many years that toothlessness was felt less to be a defect than hard gums an acquisition. Indeed he seemed to approach the grave as a hyperbolic curve approaches a straight line – less directly as he got nearer, till it was doubtful he would ever reach it at all.’ That, to me, is priceless.
The characters were utterly convincing and compelling (I’m wondering, despite the difference in spelling, whether Katniss Everdeen from The Hunger Games ‘borrowed’ her last name from Bathsheba. Wild gumption seems to be a trait they share).
I marvelled at how this pastoral, Victorian story had drama, striking weather and big feelings and yet was interspersed with philosophical musings ( As without law there is no sin, without eyes there is no decorum etc.)
There was too much dull pub/sheep/farmer talk for my taste, and a bit too much melodramatic pathos here and there (at one point, Boldwood’s fury and speech were positively Shakespearean), but the tone and the heart of the novel grabbed me completely (in part, I think, due to an amazing narrator, one Jamie Parker). There comes a certain point in only a few novels where I’m willing to overlook the parts I don’t love because I the love the rest so much. This was that kind of novel to me – the style, the story, the heart of it.
I will most definitely be reading more of Hardy. But I’m apparently not the only one who has tended to avoid him due to the bleakness of most of his stories: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/bo... I’m already deeply curious to see if the new film will have an impact.
| Bathsheba |
"""Blue Harbour"" is a range of fashion wear for men in which High Street chain ?" | Binder1 by GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LIMITED - issuu
issuu
Tributes, encomiums as Gowon clocks 80 today
NAFDAC, counterfeiters’ big war
Ceasefire: Boko Haram betrays FG
N150
Launches fresh attacks, kills 18 We have complied with ceasefire –DHQ Chibok principal, Borno residents doubt girls’ release
P. 7, 16
Chibok Girls: Insurgents list demands for release
FG must free B’Haram members in detention P. 8 Denies abuse, maltreatment of the girls
President Goodluck Jonathan (right) and his Ghanaian counterpart, Mr. John Mahama, at the Presidential Villa in Abuja, at the weekend.
PHOTO: NAN
Mimiko to hold secret meeting with Atiku APC screens Buhari, Atiku, Kwankwaso in Kaduna P. 54
News
Nigeria gets Ebola-free certificate tomorrow
P. 8
We destroyed 870 illegal refineries in 9 months –Navy
P. 49
Former Head of State, Federal Republic of Nigeria
Signed:
Senator (Dr.) S
David A. B. Mark GCON, FNIM, FNIPR G Pr President of the Senate & C Chairman, National Assembly, Fe Federal Republic of Nigeria.
On behalf of my family and the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, I heartily felicitate with you on this auspicious occasion of your remarkable birthday. I note with pride and joy your unwavering commitment to the ideals of nationhood. Your contributions and resolve to keep Nigeria one are unshakable. On this day and always, I pray that God in His infinite mercies continue to grant you good health, peace, wisdom and courage. Nigeria celebrates you sir!
Happy Birthday!
Big Read SUNDAY SPECIAL INVESTIGATION
OCTOBER 19, 2014
NAFDAC, counterfeiters’ big war A
pharmacist, Akinyemi Olakunle, who has chemist shops in Ifo, Ogun State and on the Lagos Island, recently requested to know what steps the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) were taking to curb the menace of manufacturers of fake drugs and other quack chemists in the country as they are getting out of hand. He emphatically stated that, “Many lives are in danger due to the intake of fake drugs, and many hidden warehouses have been discovered harbouring fake drug manufacturers. For example, the one detected by the Nigeria Police SARS a few years ago, somewhere in Ajegunle area of Lagos, to date no news of the aftermath of the discovery was heard, nor anything relating to the issue heard again; as usual everything was swept under the carpet. “For how long will NAFDAC continue to keep quiet over issues bordering on human lives? Fake chemists are all over the country with signposts boldly advertising their chemists. What is NAFDAC doing to checkmate such chemists and what steps are they taken to ensure that manufacturers of fake drugs are stopped totally from functioning in this country?” According to him, “pharmacists, in particular, are not happy about the manufacturing of fake drugs in the country as well as fake chemists all over the places. They are spoiling business for the genuine pharmacists and this is not fair to the professional.” In an interview with Sunday Mirror, a public analyst, Barrister Usman Bala, demanded to know whether or not NAFDAC was tackling the issue of fake and non-registered drugs in markets or just a mere window dressing. He posited that it is well known to Nigerians now that NAFDAC has now become very active in its activities than before in ensuring that food and drugs are regulated and certified fit for human and even animal consumption. He stated that, “The law that established it stated in part II (Function and Powers) section 5 sub-sections A-S, all about the activities of the agency. For instance, subsection A empowered NAFDAC to regulate and control the importation, exportation, manufacture, advertisement, distribution, sale and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals; sub section B also empowered it to conduct appropriate tests and ensure compliance with standard specifications designated and approved by the council and many other provisions. “However, with all these powers given to the agency, is it not a shame and failure of NAFDAC and the Nigerian customs to allow drugs that should not find their way into the country to be imported? For me, fighting drug dealers is just a mere window dressing; simply put in a layman’s language, medicine after death! “What is NAFDAC’s plan concerning other unregistered food, drinks, canned food, etc? Is it only drug that is their target, because drinks too are potential poison like drugs and pose a great threat to human lives. Therefore, not all the drugs NAFDAC is fighting will be wiped out, in as much as the importers are allowed to bring those drugs and drinks into the country. In addition, does even wiping out the drugs guarantee the safety and quality of the registered one, considering that standard maintenance is not in the habit of any Nigerian system? I say this because even though a drug is registered does not mean it cannot be faked as we have seen countless times, which even the representative of the companies could not distinguish in some cases.
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, NAFDAC, is still in a ding-dong as drug and food counterfeiters continue with their nefarious activities, devising fresh methods. But this time round, the agency has raced head with fresh devices to stop fakers in their tracks. How is the body going about its action plan to make foods and drugs safe for all? And what are the major constraints of the NAFDAC in a permissive society like Nigeria? Tayo Adelaja, Head Special Investigations, bring the inside story of the war between NAFDAC and the counterfeiters. Counterfeit drugs
“In my opinion, had it been we are very active and concerned about safeguarding the nation’s public health, the issue of NAFDAC activities would have succeeded since. Therefore, even NAFDAC know where the room is leaking but tends to ignore it and look elsewhere. NAFDAC should know that registering drugs by it does not indicate whether or not the drugs are safe, but should maintain the standard afterward. They should have each
‘SOPHISTICATION IN PRINTING AIDS PACKAGING OF FAKE DRUGS’
5
batch of the drugs or drinks all the time to see whether standard is maintained; as some of them can compromise standard on the pretext of being registered. I doubt if NAFDAC is collecting any new batch of each registered item. “They should also not centre their crusade on drugs only but on the whole of the products it is covering as CONTINUED ON PAGE 4
‘NIGERIA, GOOD MARKET THAT ATTRACTS DRUG COUNTERFEITERS’
6
‘Sophistication in printing aids packaging of fake drugs’
Counterfeit drugs
Sales of drugs in open market
A seller of drugs in public bus
Fake drugs on display
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3 prescribed by law, because milk production (or more commonly yoghurt) and even pure (sachet) water are now springing up and some are putting NAFDAC number to deceive the buyer, which in reality they do not have. In this context, it should employ more officers [professionals] who will be charged with surveillance and control of all registered products and closing down of unregistered products. “It has to be more active than before in fishing out drug fakers, finding out where and how they operate, to curtail its coming to the markets and pharmacies. It should also be active at all the borders where it is designed to check drugs in collaboration with customs perdonnel. When this is done and the market is still saturated with fake drugs, then the failure is of the agency and the customs. A senior resident doctor at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital who prefers anonymity said that the critical aspect of any health care system is drug production, distribution and administration. Patients, he added, are normally examined and diagnosed by doctors and laboratory scientists, followed by prescriptions to the pharmacy for drug purchase while nurses, among other services, ensure proper usage of prescribed drugs. Speaking further, he said, “For decades, Nigerians have been under the siege of substandard, adulterated and counterfeit drugs. Charlatans and unqualified personnel have taken over the production, distribution and administration of drugs all over the country. There is also the sale of expired drugs. This has been the stock in trade of local chemist shops or itinerant medicine sellers; unfortunately, some General Hospitals were recently alleged to have dispensed about-to-expire drugs to some patients. Mention must also be made of genuine drugs that have lost their potency as a result of improper storage. All these have resulted in thousands of premature deaths while some others end up being permanently disabled as a result of being administered with counterfeit drugs. This phenomenon is most flourishing at our rural communities and urban slums where the prying eyes of regulatory agencies are less vigilant. “Aside from administration of fake and substandard drugs, there is also the largely unregulated activities of herbalists and local medicine sellers. I mean those selling herbal concoctions at motor parks, inside buses and at village markets. There is a popular medicine in Yorubaland known as aporo-epa-Ijebu, a much-touted cure-all or antidote to all known human sicknesses. This patently
Nigeria’s herbal drugs
dangerous drug is still very much on sale in open markets and nook and cranny of Yorubaland.” In their reaction, an official of NAFDAC who did not want his name in print responded that, “We’re aware of the fake drug manufacturers as well as fake chemists. To make sure this has to stop, the Director-General, Dr. Paul Orhii, has advocated life jail for the manufacturers of counterfeit drugs, cosmetics, body cream and bottled water in Nigeria, not only on fake drugs alone but on all the aforementioned.” In an interview with Sunday Mirror, NAFDAC’s Head of Public Relations, Abubakar Jimoh, revealed that the agency had concluded the review of relevant laws to have stronger policies that would deter counterfeiters of all kinds of drugs, drinks and foods. He stated that the new law seeks life jail and confiscation of assets of offenders upon conviction. He also maintained that the agency would enforce the application of the law to stop the counterfeiters. The law would also help to compensate victims of fake
drugs or adulterated drinks and foods, but on condition that the fake product so used was the cause of the death or severe bodily injury. This new law, he said, was the brainchild of Dr Orhii and it would also make drug counterfeiting a non-bailable offence in the country. Investigation revealed further that the agency would continue to dialogue with those involved in the act, and that recalcitrant offenders would no longer be spared no matter their status in the society. He further appealed to stakeholders and members of the public to volunteer information to the agency to enable them to pursue perpetrators of drug counterfeiting. Jimoh told Sunday Mirror of the plan of the Agency to boost the capacity of local drug manufacturers in the production of a large percentage of drugs needed in the country. “Do you also know that about 70 per cent of the drugs used in this country came from other countries like China and India, but what happens to about 167 million Nigerians if anything happens and drugs could not come into Nigeria from these countries? For this reason therefore NAFDAC is set to boost local production of drugs to save more lives and this should not be seen as counterfeiters,” he disclosed. In another report, Dr. Orhii urged the local pharmaceutical companies to upgrade their facilities in order to be able to produce more so that Nigeria can become selfsufficient in drug production. Another official that spoke on condition of anonymity told Sunday Mirror about the effort of the agency to curb the menace of fake drugs when she said its members had particularly gone to China and India to ensure that they did not allow fake drugs into Nigeria, and also canvassed stiffer penalty for fake drug peddlers in order to deter people from engaging in the illicit business. However, Abubakar advised complainants to get in touch with them whenever they had any useful information concerning fake drugs, assuring the public that the agency would swing into action anytime, any day and at any hour the issue was reported. Orhii at a seminar titled, “Fight Against Fake and Substandard Regulated Products: A Fight for All”, organised by Christabel International, a non-governmental organisation (NGO) and NAFDAC for patent medicine dealers in Ughelli and Asaba, Delta State recently, said that the problem of fake and counterfeit medicines in the country continued to frustrate the efforts of government in achieving MDGs, four, five and six, and public health in general. The NAFDAC DG urged members of the group, (patent medicine dealers), to support the fight against fake drugs in the country by not patronising the distributors and equally report incidence of fake drugs promptly to the agency. “Fake and counterfeit medicines pose a great threat to the attainment of these goals and the overall public health. They cause several health problems including treatment failure, organs and system failure, economic loss, sicknesses and deaths. You can contribute by reporting the ones you see; avoiding fake products so that the perpetrators will not flourish in the business and buying products from authenticated sources and obtaining letterheaded receipts of purchase,” Orhii counselled. He recalled that a survey by NAFDAC/WHO/DFID in 2006 showed a reduction on the incidence of counterfeit medicines from 48 per cent in 2001 to 16 per cent in 2006. He noted that NAFDAC was the foremost regulatory agency in the West African sub-region to deploy cutting edge technologies in combating counterfeit medicines, such as Truscan, Mobile Authentication Service (MAS), Radio Frequency Identification service (RFID), and Minilabs. He warned patent medicine dealers against selling of expired medicines and urged them to report all Adverse Drug Reactions (on ADR forms) to NAFDAC office and support NAFDAC-Desk officers in LGAs and NAFDACCDS corps-member groups to eradicate drug hawking. He also pointed out that drug counterfeiting was as a result of low production capacity, porous borders and ignorance. CONTINUED ON PAGE 6
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Sunday, October 19, 2014
5
NAFDAC is first in Africa to use true scan to fight fake drugs –Jimoh, Spokesman Deputy Director, Public Relations Unit, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Abubakar Jimoh, in this interview with Odinaka Uruakpa, speaks about the efforts of the agency to combat drug counterfeiting. Excerpts: Can you tell us some of the challenges that have confronted NAFDAC, especially with the appointment of your boss, starting from the beginning of this year? The issue of challenges will always be there, as a regulatory agency, we talk of the issue of public ignorance. The phenomenon of counterfeit drug is like a recurrence decimal, like my DG will say. He said, “it is like a balloon when you push it one way and pull your hands, it will bounce back on you”. There is oasis, we have to continue the struggling, we are on top of the situation and breaking giant stride. The WHO qualification is there, we are also putting the giant stride in action but I am not going to let the cat out of the bag of this celebration that is coming ahead. Of course Dr Paul Orhii, has made Nigerian proud, I will leave it at that, you will be part of the celebration when the time comes. Then we can also talk about the introduction of the cutting edge technology that he has pioneered, that has won him over 50 National and international Awards, the National Awards of OON, and other ground breaking celebration. We all celebrated in American, not less than three National Awards, the US council Authority invited him not less than three times to celebrate with him especially with the idea of cutting edge technology to fight counterfeit drugs, to celebrate him been a global leader, in which all the other countries are now coming to learn from Nigeria. NAFDAC has become a pilgrimage from other regulatory system like Ghana, Senegal and Cameroun. They are coming to under study us on how we have been able to make this giant stride, even other western countries have also taken a look of what we have done. The DG has been invited to America severally to talk about the success of NAFDAC in Nigeria. And part of that contribution was discussed at the G8 summit which was hosted by President Obama in American. So one and half years ago, Dr Paul Orhii became the first chairman at the W.H.O international counterfeit taskforce, those in charge of monitoring substandard drug , which constituted over 192 members nation around the world, set up by WHO because of his achievements in the fight against counterfeit drugs. Challenges are there, but we are not resting on our oars. At the domestic level, how has the cutting edge technology help against the fight of fake drugs? We have the statistic there for us in 2001 when Professor Dora Akinyuli came on board, the counterfeit drugs was on the average of 40% and some other study were saying is even 60%, the overall study of NAFDAC was 40% . Due to the effort of NAFDAC, we started with Nigeria youth leadership and it was reduced in 2005.
Something curious happens precisely 2008, it was the Anti Malaria drugs, it is most often counterfeit, so WHO did an isolated study for the quality of Anti Malaria in Africa. The study in 2008 and the revelation were so shocking. The level of the counterfeit drugs and Anti Malaria was around 64%, then another study was done by WHO in 2011, which shows that the statistic have drop drastically to 20%. Naturally, that progress was attributed to the giant stride recorded by NAFDAC, we did our own baseline study on Anti Malaria in 2012, and we recorded 19.6% which is almost equal to the 20% of that of WHO. From the level of 64% down to 20% , that is one of the great success we have achieved, due to the cutting edge technology. There is no other way of benchmarking that other than using statistic, and you can also see it in the profit margin, most of the pharmaceutical company has been able to record about 90% profit share, because we have succeeded by taking away those who distributed and sold counterfeit drugs. Some of them are now smiling to the bank. That is another aspect of measuring our performance. Another testimony is the stakeholders who can now get quality pharmaceutical product without looking back, before it wasn’t like that. So if you are in the industry, I want you to know that the real drugs have chased the counterfeit one out of the market. Let us start with the packaging, the packaging of the counterfeit is very rough and there are usually spelling mistakes, you can really distinguish the original from the fake, bad English language. The counterfeit drugs was been handled by the illiterate but later the educated people started joining the business, but now I can assure you that we have put all machineries into motion so as to deal with those perpetrating that evil act. When you see the packaging of any drugs from NAFDAC, you will see a well packaged product with a complete NAFDAC registration. We have also brought out something like the Hologram in drugs. Before the Hologram product get to the market, the counterfeited hologram gets there first. It was a serious battle, but our happiness is that people are beginning to understand original from the counterfeit. In 2009, Dr Paul Orhii introduces the ‘true scan” and several devices to fight all the counterfeit drugs. This measure has radically transformed all the regulatory system of NAFDAC. It is a ground breaking success, NAFDAC, is been celebrated as the first African nation to use true scan to fight counterfeit drugs. He also introduced the test message system which is authenticated by the GSM technology, now it has rendered useless the power of those producing the counterfeit drugs. Now, you can be in your village and you don’t have fear for any drugs you
Dr. Paul Orhii, NAFDAC DG
want to use, especially the Anti-Malaria drugs. We also have another technology called the “black eye” technology which also has been modernized and it helps to radicalize our fight against counterfeit drugs. This is what we have been doing in order to fight the counterfeit drugs. How have you been able to contain the activities of Orthodox medicine practitioner who tend to compound the health problems of Nigerians? Well, that is one area a lot of success have been recorded. About two years ago, Dr Paul Orhii constituted a National Committee on Herbal preparation. The committee is working round the clock now, and the mandate giving to that committee is to come out with some good drugs especially those one that is indigenous and life saving. That is work in progress for us at NAFDAC; we have also started a programme called the African traditional medicine day, which we have celebrated twice now. In addition to that you said a committee has been set up for the Orthodox Herbal traditional medicine, but some of them we can see NAFDAC name on their product, the people assumed that you have already tested their product, you have satisfy them good for the public to consume, will this contradict the fact that they are all genuine? The traditional medicines also have quack and charlatan among them, so anything fake cannot be original, just like we have fake journalist and original.
These things happen everywhere. That is why we have the committee, the president of Orthodox medicine practitioner and our counterpart from the pharmaceutical is in that committee; we also signed an MOU in other to have a mutual understanding. All efforts gear towards ensuring and guaranteeing the efficacy. What we have been doing is to ensure the safety and efficacy, when herbal preparation is listed, we called it missing sector and in other word the safety can be guaranteed. We are working seriously to ensure that the traditional medicine industry is sanitized. We are also taking a cue from other countries in terms of issue of herbal preparation like China and Indian. WHO is also supporting the efforts of NAFDAC. We saw that one of the greatest things Dora Akinyuli did for NAFDAC was communication and we saw that the brain behind it is you, how were you able to manage that? The secret of that, I will attribute it with a clear sense of modesty to a good leadership. For me I don’t want to indulge in a glorification that I do as a PR man, because the leadership set the pace, no matter how effective you are as PR person, if you don’t have a visionary leader or a leader that is dedicated, efficient and focused, there is nothing for you to publicize. We have been blessed since 1994 up to this level with visionary leader in the NAFDAC sector, and I will give credit to the leadership right from the inception.
6
‘Nigeria is good market that attracts drug counterfeiters’
Nigerians nabbed for smuggling and selling of fake drugs
An arrested trader
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 4 Facilitator of the seminar, Christabel Okoye, enjoined patent members to assist the agency in the fight against adulterated and fake products. The agency spokesman explained further their effort at sanitising the market. “We’ve deployed different methods to combat the menace of fake drugs. For instance, Truscan is a handheld device using Roman Spectroscopy to detect counterfeit products. With this technology, NAFDAC officials can quickly scan imported products at the ports and release them on time without compromising their quality. There are also Black Eye and Radio Frequency Identification system (RFID). The Mobile Authentication Service (MAS), the world’s first anti-counterfeiting contraption which uses the SMS platform. “MAS was lauded especially for its cost-effectiveness and immediacy of result. The programme involves the packaging of drugs with a scratch card placed on drug packs from the point of manufacture. When scratched, the hidden codes revealed on the packs could be sent free of charge via SMS to 38353 on the MTN, Zain and Globalcom networks. Shortly afterwards, the sender will receive a reply confirming whether the product is genuine or not. “While MAS may be a first choice because of its mass involvement appeal, Black Eye, Radio Frequency Identification system and Truscan equally have their own attractions. Black Eye has the capacity to screen multiple drug samples at the same time. This is how it operates, it compares a tablet that you are trying to check and tell you whether it is genuine or fake; and if you ask from the machine, it will break the product down into its active pharmaceutical ingredients; if counterfeited; it could reveal the inactive pharmaceutical ingredients. It is a ready tool in the hands of our operatives because it can take up to 1,000 different tablets at the same time and break them down and tell you which one is good or bad.” The Radio Frequency Identification system has the ability to track and trace regulated foods and medicines, and also prevent the forgery of sensitive documents. He added that the agency was applauded globally as the world’s first drug regulatory authority to deploy and use
Task Force personnel on Fake, Counterfeit and Unwholesome Processed Food sealing off an illegal pharmaceutical premises
NAFDAC officials inspecting a patent medicine shops in Gombe
hand-held devices in borders for on-the-spot detection of counterfeit medicines with resounding successes. A medical doctor and public analyst, Elizabeth Onuoha, declared that the public confidence in the technology-driven war against counterfeit and fake drugs and food items in Nigeria by NAFDAC is so much that critical stakeholders in the sector are ready to throw in everything and synergise with the agency to win the war. She stated that MAS guarantees befitting and enduring positive corporate image for pharmaceutical companies and their products, thus ensuring high level product patronage with the attendant high revenue yield for such firms. Her words: “For pharmaceutical companies that are reluctant to key into the strategy because of their perceived cost implications, they might have placed higher premiums on profitability than the lives of their customers which amount to being unpatriotic. “I commend the effort of Orhii’s ongoing revolution in NAFDAC. He has succeeded in placing Nigeria in the league of serious countries of the world ready to do anything to protect their people from the merchants of death that drug counterfeiters have become. NAFDAC has recorded a major food and drug regulatory milestone with the acquisition of the Truscan device and others too.”
Reports has it that following its success in Nigeria, the food and drug administration agencies in the United States, Germany, Sweden, Canada and a host of many developed countries of the world, have also started using the hi-tech anti-counterfeiting initiative. In a chat with Sunday Mirror, a pharmacist based in Abuja, Edna Okomor, likened the war against fake drugs to that against Boko Haram. She said the failure or success depends, to a large extent, on the level of cooperation the society is ready to give to the relevant authorities and agencies. She maintained that: “NAFDAC is doing what we expect them to do. It certainly cannot be everywhere. Look at the security challenges we are facing as a nation. Do you expect Nigerian army officers, men and women to be at the nook and cranny of our borders? It is not possible. So, Nigerians have the responsibility to assist. These fake drug importers have neighbours; they have people who live with them. Have we made attempts to report them to the relevant authorities?” Recently, seized drugs were destroyed at Bwari Area Council of the nation’s capital. Director of Administration and Human Resource Management, Mrs Yetunde Oni, who represented the DG said, “The destruction of the drugs is in line with the directive of President Goodluck Jonathan on zero tolerance for fake, counterfeit and unwholesome regulated products in Nigeria.” The various categories of products destroyed include expired or spurious, substandard, falsely labelled, falsified and counterfeit medicines (SSFFC) and other regulated products. The NAFDAC DG also met with heads of Federal Government agencies who also pledged to support the body in its fight against fake and counterfeit drugs. He met with the Directors-General of NTA, NYSC and the chairman of SURE-P in Abuja to strengthen existing collaboration and explore new ways of partnership with the agency. However, a pharmacist, Adeosun Iyunola, recalled reading an interview granted to Dr. Orhii sometime last year when he said that, “counterfeit drugs were first detected in 1968. By 2001, more than 40 per cent of the drugs in the country were counterfeit or substandard. Due to the effort of my predecessor, by 2005, counterfeit drugs were reduced to 16.7 per cent.” Adeosun said that Orhii went on to say something scary, which is that narcotic drug barons are now divesting from hard drugs to manufacturing of adulterated and counterfeit drugs. Quoting him, Adeosun said I can recollect vividly his words in the article, “With the recent crackdown on illicit narcotic trade, most of the drug barons have now diverted their resources to manufacturing counterfeit medicines. Globally, the business is worth about $75 billion annually. That is the quantity of fake drugs circulating internationally; it is more globalised and with the former hard drug barons now entering the business, it has become more militarised. It is now more dangerous fighting counterfeit drugs. Now, they are more sophisticated.” He lamented that it was increasingly difficult to identify fake drugs. Even the DG, NAFDAC also corroborated this when he said, “Before, once you looked at the packaging of a medicine, you knew that they were counterfeit, maybe from the printing. But now, with the sophistication in printing technology, when you see the packaging, it is copied exactly and sometimes they even copy more than the original. We attempted to put holograms on medicines but the counterfeiters got the hologram before us. Nigeria is a good market that attracts drug counterfeiters. We have a huge market; a good buying power; so when they bring their counterfeit drugs here, they sell.” He however commended the agency for bringing the incidence of fake drug to a single digit despite the huge challenges. “I commend NAFDAC and the Pharmaceutical Council of Nigeria for raiding drugstores with fake, adulterated and expired drugs. However, a lot more needs to be done to safeguard the health of Nigerians. Preventive medicine and measures are the only foolproof option. After all, if one is healthy, there won’t be any need to use drugs, whether fake or genuine,” Orhii emphasised.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Despite ‘ceasefire’, Boko Haram kills 18 in Borno INUSA NDAHI MAIDUGURI
A
total of eighteen people were killed by suspected members of the Boko Haram insurgents in two Local Government areas in Borno State at the weekend.
In one incident yesterday, eight people including passengers and motorists were ambushed by insurgents around the hilly communities of Dzur in Hawul Local Government area of Borno State. This is coming on the heels of the killing on Friday of at least 10 people including brother of a Director in the Ministry of Finance and Poverty Alleviation in Borno State (name withheld) by suspected members of sect in Malamfatori, the headquarters of Abadam Local Government area of the state. Dzur, where the eight people were ambushed by the insurgents, is a mountainous community harbouring terrorists’ camps along the Biu- GarkidaGombi- Yola road where the late Emir of Gwoza, Alhaji Idrissa Timta, and other innocent people were ambushed and killed by suspected Boko Haram insurgents early this year. This development is coming less than 24 hours when the Federal Government through the Chief of Defence Staff, CDS, Air Marshal Alex Bade, disclosed that a truce have been brokered between the Nigerian Security Forces and Boko Haram sect to ceasefire, insisting that the military operatives who were fighting the insurgents in the North East have laid down their arms. Hawul is a predominantly Christian community, south and about 210 kilometres drive from Maiduguri, the state capital, which has been under series of Boko Haram attacks in the last couple of months ago with absence of security operatives. A motorist, who narrowly escaped the attack, Mallam Yakubu Ali Biu, told our Correspondent that the terrorists numbering over 50 well armed with AK47 rifles and Rocket propelled Launchers barricaded the highway
and opened fire on motorists and passengers from Biu to Yola, which led to the killing of 8 innocent civilians, while many others sustained gunshot injuries. On how he escaped the attack, he said: “My brother it is by the Grace of God Almighty that saved my life and the passengers. I was coming from Biu to Gombi, and just about three kilometres away, I sighted that many people and other motorists were running into the bush and in different directions. When I switched off my vehicle, I began to hear sound of gunshots. All of a sudden, I quickly turned on the vehicle, made a u-turn back to Biu. Unfortunately, one taxi driver who overtook me on the road around Tashan Alade was among the trapped victims”. A resident of neighbouring Shaffa community, Mr. Mwajim Anjili Balami, told our Correspondent on phone in Maiduguri that the insurgents came through Kwokshar village and are now trying to enter Shaffa before they run out of the town. “As I speak, we have all deserted Shaffa because of lack of security presence. Our local hunters and vigilante groups have tried their best to resist the attack, but from indication, they are overwhelmed, as we have started hearing sound of gunshots in and around Shaffa, as we hide in claves”. The Caretaker Chairman of Hawul Council area, Dr. Andrew Usman Malgwi, confirmed the incident. He said his people are under series of attacks by insurgents as security operatives particularly the military authorities have failed to deploy its personnel to Hawul despite pleas. “Yes some of my communities are currently under Boko Haram attacks; the insurgents laid raid ambush along Dzur highway and killed several people before destroying many vehicles. Presently, the insurgents are in Shaffa town wrecking havoc. We are yet to get details of casualties in Shaffa as the attack is
still ongoing, but as government we are making frantic effort to see to it that security operatives particularly the Military are deployed to safeguard lives and property,” Dr. Malgwi stated. Meanwhile, Malamfatori, the headquarters of Abadam Local Government area, where the 10 people including a brother to a Director in the Ministry of Finance and Poverty Alleviation in Borno State (name withheld) were on Friday evening
killed by the insurgents, is north and border community of Niger and Chad Republic which is about 270 kilometres drive from Maiduguri using unuttered road but porous desert routes. Sources told our Correspondent that the insurgents numbering over 100 were fleeing from Marge, Monguno and Dikwa axis towards the Lake Chad basin before they were confronted by vigilante youth of Abadam, a situation that angered the terrorists
who opened fire on residents, killing 10 civilians and left over 30 others sustained gunshot injuries. A resident of Abadam who lost one of his brothers, Mallam Usmanu Kura Hussaini, in the incident, told our Correspondent that the incident took place at about 5om on Friday which led many residents to cross over to Chad Republic for safety. “I lost a brother in the incident and the town is now deserted as people scamper for safety with-
out returning back since Friday. The gunmen were well armed with Rocket Propelled Launchers, improvised explosive devices and petrol bombs; that was why they overran the community. All efforts to contact the Police Public Relations Officer, DSP Gideon Jubrin, yielded negative result as his phone lines were not reachable but a reliable security source confirmed the attack to our Correspondent in Maiduguri over the weekend.
L-R: Bayelsa State Governor, Seriake Dickson; Vice-President Namadi Sambo; Deputy Speaker, House of Representatives, Hon. Emeka Ihedioha, and Kaduna State Governor, Ramalan Yero, at the grand finale of Transformation Ambassadors of Nigeria rally in support of President Goodluck Jonathan in Abuja, yesterday. PHOTO: NAN
Ceasefire: We’ve complied –DHQ
•Says it’s waiting for next instruction from Presidency UBONG UKPONG ABUJA
T
he Defence Headquarters, DHQ, yesterday, declared that it has totally complied with the ceasefire agreement reached between the Federal Government and Boko Haram sect.
This is even as it said that it was waiting for next instruction from the Presidency regarding the ceasefire agreement. Speaking to our Corre-
spondent in Abuja, the Director of Defence Information, DDI, Maj-Gen. Chris Olukolade, said that the military would not comment on the ongoing ceasefire and its processes. Having announced on Friday that it was directed by the Federal Government to ceasefire in the ongoing military operations against the Boko Haram sect, Olukolade said that the military was now waiting on the Presidency for
next instruction on the operations. The Chief of Defence Staff, CDS, Air Chief Marshal Alex Badeh, had on Friday announced the ceasefire. Badeh also directed all Service Chiefs to send signal to troops in the field for immediate compliance. Said the CDS: “Without any prejudice to the outcome of our three days interactions and the conclusions of this forum, I wish
Jonathan congratulates Gowon at 80
• You ’ll remain a worthy, steadfast icon of Nigerian history – President ROTIMI FADEYI ABUJA
P
resident Goodluck Jonathan has congratulated former Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon, on his 80th birthday today, describing him as a worthy, steadfast and iconic feature of Nigerian history.
In a congratulatory letter to Gowon, the president said
the nation would always owe the former Head of State huge debt of gratitude for successfully managing and guiding Nigeria through an unfortunate civil war out of which it emerged as an even stronger and more united nation. “As you deservedly celebrate this noteworthy anniversary on Sunday, October 19, 2014, I join your family,
friends, protégés and wellwishers in celebrating you and thanking Almighty God for the unique and richly fulfilled life He has blessed you with these past 80 years. “Over the years, you have continued to use your exalted position to engender bridges of love and harmony across the country; availing successive govern-
to inform this audience that a ceasefire agreement has been concluded between the Federal Government of Nigeria and the Ahlul Sunna Li Daawa Wal Jihad. “I have accordingly directed the service Chiefs to ensure immediate compliance with this development in the field”. The ceasefire reached between the Federal Government and Boko Haram sect on Friday is said to enhance the ongoing dialogue over matters of interests to the both parties.
ments of your wise counsel, and demonstrating your unwavering faith and willingness to partner with us in our quest to bequeath to our collective posterity, a nation of which we can all be proud. Nigeria owes you a huge debt of gratitude,” Jonathan wrote. The President wished Gowon very happy 80th birthday celebrations and prayed that God to continue to bless, guide and protect him.
8
Sunday October 19, 2014
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Mimiko to hold secret meeting with Atiku O ndo State governor, Dr. Segun Mimiko, is planning to hold a secret meeting with former Vice-President Atiku
Abubakar outside Nigeria, any moment from now, Sunday Mirror can authoritatively reveal.
Mimiko
2015: Jonathan’ll respond to calls for re-election soon –Sambo ROTIMI FADEYI ABUJA
P
resident Goodluck Jonathan would soon respond to the over 17 million signatures gathered by the Transformation Ambassadors of Nigeria (TAN) urging him to seek re-election in the 2015 Presidential election.
Vice President Namadi Sambo said this yesterday at the grand finale rally of the group which was held at the Eagle Square, Abuja. According to him, the over 17 million signatures so far collected has not only confirmed the popularity of the president, it has also demonstrated his acceptability across the country. Sambo commended the initiative of the group which he said was significant in many respect, stressing that it was a testimony that democracy has taken firm root in the country. The Vice President also commended the efforts of the group at sensitizing the citizenry on the Transformation agenda of the Jonathan-led administration in the areas of agriculture, aviation, security, education, health, power, transportation, trade and investment, He assured the group that the signatures collected would be presented to President, saying that he would soon respond. “I assure you that the signatures collected which cut across entire nation will be presented to President and I assure you it will receive adequate response in no distant future”, Sambo said. Also speaking at the rally, Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Senator Anyim Pius Anyim, said TAN held rallies in the six geo- political zones in the country where they collected the over 17 million signatures, urging Jonathan to contest the 2015 election. Anyim, who noted that
TAN was a non-governmental organisation with no funding from government, later led the Vice President to unveil the register of signatures gathered during the rallies in the zones. At the grand finale rally yesterday at the Eagle Square, former Minister of Defence, Haliru Bello Mohammed, said the administration of President Jonathan had performed very well and therefore deserves another term in office. According to him, people from the North West zone are urging Jonathan to continue in office in 2015 to continue the good work of his administration and pledged the support of the zone for the president in 2015 election. Other speakers including the Chairman of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) Governors’ Forum and Akwa Ibom State governor, Godswill Akpabio, Cabinet Ministers and top government functionaries emphasized the achievements of the Jonathan-led administration while urging him to seek re-election in 2015 Apart from Akpabio, other governors present were Mukhtar Yero (Kaduna), Seriake Dickson (Bayelsa), Bala Ngilari (Adamawa) Acting Governor of Taraba State, Umar Garba. Also at the rally were Deputy Senate President, Ike Ekwueremadu; Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives, Emeka Ihedioha. Cabinet ministers present were Bala Mohammed (FCT), Dr. Ngozi OkonjoIweala (Finance), Diezani Alison Madueke (Petroleum Resources); Dr. Akinwumi Adesina (Agriculture); Sani Sada (Mines and Steel), Professor Chinedu Nebo (Power); Mohammed Wakil (Minister of State, Power and Oloye Olajumoke Akinjide (Minister of State, FCT).
claimed to have defected to ruling Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, but has also been reaching out to Atiku, an All Progressives Party, APC presidential aspirant. Mimiko, who has sympathy for Atiku’s cause, was greatly assisted by the latter during his election petition case against then governor of Ondo State, the late Dr. Olusegun Agagu. Besides, it will be recalled that Mimiko got immense assistance from the APC national leader, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu, to win his case against Agagu at the Appeal Court. It was also widely
recorded that most documents relied on in the case included fake State Security Service, SSS reports, forged in the heat of desperation. It was those fake documents that the court eventually relied on to remove Agagu from office Atiku’s loyalists in Owo, Ondo State, who disclosed the secret plot to our correspondent, added that the meeting with Atiku is likely to take place outside Nigeria, in a bid to create alternative perch for Mimiko, in the event that Atiku emerge as the candidate of APC. Although Sunday Mirror could not confirm
the venue and the country of the meeting, this same episode occurred in the last presidential election when Mimiko paid a last-minute visit to General Muhammadu Buhari (rtd) against then President Umaru Yar’Adua, shortly before the two candidates went to the polls. Mimiko, our correspondent confirmed, has also opened an illegal PDP secretariat in Akure, the Ondo State capital but this has been rejected by party chieftains of the PDP as it was seen as an attempt to destabilise the party. At the last count, three
cases were filed against Mimiko’s alleged defection to PDP and are still pending in various courts. At the last hearing in one of the cases, an Abuja High Court granted a restraining order for the party (PDP) to maintain the status quo, while the PDP leaders have equally refused to discuss matters pending in court as a mark of respect to the judiciary. Meanwhile, Mimiko has been running the battle of his political life, to ensure that the matter is withdrawn from the court before the PDP Congress slated for October 30, this year.
L-R: Former Head of State, Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, rtd; former Vice-President Atiku Abubakar and Kano State Governor, Rabiu Kwankwaso, during the All Progressives Congress Northern Stakeholders’ Meeting in Kaduna, yesterday. PHOTO: NAN
What we want, by Boko Haram ‘Representative’, Ahmadu
A
man, who claimed to be representing the Boko Haram sect, Danladi Ahmadu, at the weekend, spoke in Hausa language and explained ongoing dialogue between the sect and the Federal Government in an attempt to free abducted Chibok girls and negotiate a final ceasefire between sect and the Nigerian military. Below is the full transcript of the word Danladi Ahmadu who on Friday announced ceasefire on behalf of Boko Haram, as monitored by an online medium, SaharaReporters, in Maiduguri, the Borno State capital.
It reads: “I am Danladi Ahmadu and a member of the group and also working as internal chief security officer. Apart from security work, I am working as a senior advisor in the group. “First I wish to explain to you to know that, Imam Shekau is not dead as claimed because recently there was even communication and so he is alive. “On the girls that we took from Chibok, all that we want before we free the girls is to get justice from the Nigerian state because there are many of our members that their business premises were destroyed, some killed
and others in detention and many other oppression. “Our people under detention are too many and they did nothing and many of them are just ordinary members. “The girls are fine, they are eating food and in good shape except challenges of reading in the camp. It is a lie that they are exposed to serial abuses, they are fine and in good health condition. “All that we want to say is, it is not everything happening that is from us; some criminals are carrying their own act in the name of our group. “Regarding the cease
fire, we are talking and it will continue when some people deeply involved are back from their trips. We are discussing with Nigerian government and it is one Hassan that is leading the team. He is directly working with Nigerian President and we will continue talking when our own people return. When it is clear, the girls will be free and the world will see. “By the special grace of God, we have cease fire and by the grace of God we will in the future create avenue and people will hear it directly from our leader, Imam Shekau.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
10
Interview ENCOUNTER WITH A NEWS MAKER October 19, 2014
Gowon is symbol of Nigerian unity –Barde, Plateau ex-Commissioner Dr Gideon Barde was a Commissioner for Information in Plateau State during the Solomon Lar administration. He is a relation of General Yakubu Gowon. In this interview with James Abraham, the 66-year-old politician speaks about Gowon’s 80th birthday and counsels that the present crop of leaders should emulate the lifestyle of the former military leader. How would you describe your closeness to General Yakubu Gowon, who clocks 80 years today? My paternal grandmother came from the same family with General Yakubu Gowon. To that extent, I will say I am distantly related with him. Besides, we are from the same ethnic origin in Kanke Local Government area of Plateau State. As his kinsman, how do you feel about his 80th birthday celebration? Honestly, I rejoice with him; I really thank God for preserving him. He has come a long way since the past 80 years and I want to thank God for his life because he fears God. His agenda at the moment is to pray for Nigeria just like during the civil war in the country. Because of his belief for the indivisibility of Nigeria, he declared that there was no victor and no vanquished after the 19671970 civil war. As far as he’s concerned it was just a police action; brothers fighting over unavoidable disagreement. In a heterogeneous society such as ours, there is bound to be such disagreements; that was what happened between us and our brothers from the South-East of the country. Gowon, who was in power as Head of State, recognised that even though he was a young man of barely 31 years. For his fear of God and love for humanity, he did not declare that battle, rather it was an opportunity for reconciliation, reconstruction and rehabilitation, which was an agenda that he pursued after the war and still is pursuing today. I will say that since he retired from the military, his agenda has been serving God and mobilising Nigerians to come back to God because Nigeria is a country in God’s hand. If only we can give God his rightful place, he would see usthrough our challenges. General Gowon believes in the survival and sovereignty of Nigeria. Do you subscribe to the idea that those who attain the age of 80 in Nigeria have every reason to celebrate? I quite agree. I am not up to 70 years
old but many of my colleagues in primary, secondary schools, university and public service are no longer alive. How many of them attained the age of 70 before they departed this world and here we are. We are talking about someone who has attained the age of 80 and still very strong. I think he is among the Nigerians that are favoured by God and blessed with long life. As someone who has also been in the political scene for decades, what qualities do you admire in General Gowon? There are so many. General Gowon is a man that fears God, loves humanity, humble almost to a fault, and doesn’t want to hurt anyone even though he is a retired soldier. He is someone who will go out of his way to please someone and displease himself. He has sacrificed his own life for the well being of other Nigerians. You remember that in the nine years that he served this country as Head of State, there was a lot of money at his disposal because there was an oil boom during his own era. Even though we fought the civil war for three years, we did not have to import food from outside the country at all despite the fact that we were at war with ourselves. There was bumper harvest and enough food in the country. He said that the problem of Nigeria was how to spend the money that God has given to us as a country, yet he was not corrupt. He did not build a single house for himself throughout the nine years he was in power. Here was someone who was managing a huge sum of money and resources as a soldier because he was not elected and yet he did not corner the resources of Nigeria to himself and members of his family; rather he released them to be used for the transformation of the country. Look at the criss-crossing roads in Lagos; there were built by him and so many other roads across the country. For some people, that would have been an opportunity for self-enrichment but not Gowon who obviously has demonstrated what it means to sacrifice one’s personal interest
Barde
and pleasure for the wellbeing of his own fellow countrymen and for the good of his fatherland. Even the Holy Book says that a good name is better than silver and gold, and General Gowon believes in that. I have heard him say that in several occasions and I believe that’s his motivation. It is better to maintain your respect, intergrity and good name than soil your hands in mundane things. I also admire him because he is a very humorous man. If you are in his company, you would always be laughing because he cracks a lot of jokes. These are some of the attributes I have seen in him. What lessons would you like the present day crop of leaders in the country to learn from these qualities you’ve just enumerated? I expect that people should ask the question why God has decided to spare the life of General Gowon up to the age of 80 years. How come he is still looking very strong, agile and healthy? The discovery would be that he fears God, which the Holy Book says is the beginning of wisdom. If God be with you, things will be going in your own favour. I expect that the present crop of leaders in the country should strive to emulate him because at a very young age, he became Nigeria’s Head of State. If you find yourself in a leadership position, how do you manage it? For Gowon, God gave him humility to manage Nigeria, and I will say, success-
fully, to a peaceful end when he finally said there was no victor and no vanquished. Remember that he tapped from the wisdom of the elders. He brought people like Chief Obafemi Awolowo out of prison. The former political leaders in Nigeria during the 1950s; he brought them into his cabinet. He knew he was a young man and his background was purely the military. Seeing himself in power, he brought people on board from different parts of the country to govern with him, and that to a large extent helped him to manage the system successfully. I expect that the present generation of leaders should emulate that style of leadership. His approach was centred on reconciliation and that was why he brought people like Awolowo from prison. He was reaching out to people who were aggrieved in the nation. Even when he had to fight a war, he still regarded it as a police action. In essence, he did not regard the Igbo as rebels, otherwise he wouldn’t have brought out a programme of reconciliation, reconstruction and rehabilitation, which was aimed at reintegrating them back into the Nigerian entity. We need people with the spirit of forgiveness; that love people and are willing to go all out to improve the general well being of their fellow humans. That is what General Gowon symbolises and the best way to celebrate his 80th birthday is for all Nigerians to emulate his lifestyle.
11
Whither LP after Mimiko?
PROVIDING FRESH PERSPECTIVES TO ISSUES OCTOBER 19, 2014
IF THERE IS NO CONSENSUS, MY LEADERSHIP WOULD BE OFFERING THE ‘CLEANEST’ PRIMARIES. WHEN WE HOLD OUR PRIMARIES WE WILL TEACH THIS COUNTRY A GOOD LESSON ON
12
I’m ready to face Tinubufactor in Lagos –GbajabiamilaP 52 Briefly
HOW TO HOLD A TRANSPARENT PRIMARY.
–CHIEF JOHN ODIGIE-OYEGUN, APC NATIONAL CHAIRMAN.
I can’t be a mole for Tinubu or APC –Agbaje
L
2015
APC set to field Ambode in Lagos
agos Governorship Aspirant in the People’s Democratic Party, PDP, Mr. Jimi Agbaje, has denied charges that he had been planted in PDP to act as a spoiler to the advantage of APC. Agbaje said this during two interactive sessions with PDP youth and women’s leaders representing the 57 councils in the state in Ikeja Lagos. “People say I am a mole; impossible. I have not benefitted from Tinubu. I even supported his campaign financially. If anything, he owes me, so I cannot be his mole. In fact, back in 2007 when some of us left the party because of his undemocratic tendencies, he told people that of all those who held grudges, only Jimi Agbaje had a justified grudge.” He also addressed fears amongst some PDP members that should he become Governor, he would favour only his old political loyalists. In his words: “Ignore such talks. I will not be a sole administrator. And you can see that my structure is run by core PDP chieftains. My Director-General is Chief Rahman Owokoniran, a frontline PDP figure. You can also see with me here Leke Adefala –Legal Adviser of Lagos PDP, and Engineer Shiaba, a PDP chieftain who is our Director of Logistics.”
‘Jonathan will win 2015 poll’
A
AYO ESAN
A
s the different political parties step up their campaign for the 2015 gubernatorial race in Lagos State, the All Progressives Congress, APC, aspirant and former Accountant General of the state, Mr. Akinwumi Ambode, is receiving high rating among politicians and the populace at large. Ambode is seen as a major contender in the governorship contest. The return of the leader of APC, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, to the country a few weeks ago has not changed the calculus in favour of Ambode in APC,
Ambode
rather it has reinforced him as the key person to succeed the incumbent Governor, Mr. Raji Babatunde Fashola (SAN). Apart from Ambode, other aspirants in the APC include the Speaker of the Lagos State House of Assembly, Adeyemi Ikuforiji, whose campaign was buoyed by his clearance from money laundering allegation by a Lagos High Court recently; former Commissioner for Education in the State, Dr. Leke Pitan, the current Commissioner for Works, Dr. Obafemi Hamzat, a Senator representing Lagos West , Ganiyu Olarenwaju Solomon, former commissioner for Rural Development, Tola Kasali, and a former Attorney-General of the state,
Olasupo Sasore. However, Ambode is coming into this race with an intimidating credential. Indeed, he had been described as part of the successes Lagos State had recorded in the last 15 years. He was said to have been in the background putting finishing touches to the success of almost seven governors in the state in the past but that as a typical public servant, he was never seen and heard. “He was in the background along several others, designing and implementing many of the policies that stood Lagos out from the rest of the country,” a source inCONTINUED ON PAGE 54
chieftain of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, in Osun state, Chief Francis Adenigba Fadahunshi has said that President Goodluck Jonathan cannot lose his re-election bid, saying “even a foolish president would not lose free and fair presidential poll to the present All Progressive Congress, APC, set up.” Speaking with newsmen in Osogbo, Fadahunsi who is the chairman of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, CRIN, Ibadan , Oyo state, said regardless of any measure taking by the opposition party to wrest power from the PDP, the political climate in the country still favours President Jonathan presidency beyond 2015. The PDP chieftain further posited that the electoral fortune of President Jonathan and the PDP is soaring higher than it was in 2011 in South West and other regions in the country and expressed optimism of a victorious outing for him in the next presidential election. While describing President Jonathan as the “smart finest president Nigeria has ever produced” and commended him for “accommodating opposition and tolerating it excesses”, Fadahunshi said the “extreme measures being taking by the opposition to gain control of power at the centre” has earned Mr. President more sympathy from many Nigerians.
12
Whither LP after HAKEEM GBADAMOSI AKURE
F
or the outgoing National Chairman of the Labour Party, LP, Chief Dan Nwanyanwu, to openly betray emotion during the just-concluded convention of the party held in Akure, Ondo State capital, while reading his valedictory speech, indicated that the defection of the state governor, Dr. Olusegun Mimiko, has a devastating effect on the party. He presumably might have felt Mimiko’s exit will definitely hinder the fortune of the party in subsequent elections in this country. The LP, which is regarded as one of the nation’s fastest growing parties, rose from the 57th position to the third in the last few years, competing with the ruling Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, the All Progressives Congress, APC, thus becoming a haven for credible and resourceful politicians seeking for election by using the party platform. Some of the politicians that used the LP as a trajectory aside from Mimiko include, former governor of Plateau State, Joshua Dariye, Pauline Tallen, Michael Bamidele and Alhaji Fatai Akinbade of Ekiti and Osun states respectively. Former governor of Ogun
State, Gbenga Daniel, was not left out in the cromance with LP. The party also produced four senators, eight House of Representatives members and 31 House of Assembly members across the country, which ranked the party among the country’s best three. Although Nwanyanwu admitted that Dr Mimiko added value and colour to the LP in the last six years, he also said the party was there to provide the platform upon which the governor realised his political ambition of becoming the number one citizen of the Sunshine State even when the PDP denied him of his mandate. The party, Nwanyanwu stressed, stood by Mimiko all through his trying period, which contributed to his success story. His words: “The party provided him with the platform that the PDP denied him to become the governor of Ondo State. His performance as governor was credible and there was steady development in all aspect of governance in the state. It can be said that he added value to the party in terms of performance in office. I can assure you that the party gave him maximum cooperation and therefore did nothing whatsoever to discourage him from his continued membership. “I can state that he had no disagreement either with the party or its leadership. I have chosen on the basis of principles and in respect of the relationship that we had while he was with the LP to respect his
decision. He has made his reasons for his exit public and the party is not to blame in anyway. I urge the entire LP members to respect his decision.” Obviously, the former chairman has cleared the air that Mimiko left the party on the basis of principles and specifically pointed out that there was no crisis to warrant the defection of the governor, just as Mimiko confirmed in his speech while returning to PDP that LP was crisis-free and calmer saying, “I must confess that it surely was tempting and perhaps more fulfilling to continue as a national leader in our smaller, calmer and quite promising ocean represented by the Labour Party but the decision to return to PDP, we have taken in the overall interest of our people and our nation.” However, Mimiko’s exit may relegate LP to the background in the country and the party may be sent to political oblivion because prior to his defection from the LP, it is obvious that the governor had been the brain behind the present political clout of the party. He has in many ways encouraged aggrieved politicians to take refuge in LP to realise their ambition just as he did in 2007. Mimiko has also added to the sustainability of the party, by embarking on building the party in South-West. Thus LP has grown to be a household name not only in Ondo State but the entire South-West states. This growing profile has been sending shivers into the spine of other parties in the region. With the governor’s defection, it is obvious
Nwanyanwu
that the livewire of the party has been disconnected and it may take a few years for it to go back to its 57th position. Political analysts argued that the defection of Mimiko may send the LP into extinction, especially in the South-West, stating that it would be very difficult for the leaders of the party to finance it. Most of the political office holders and elective politicians have toed the line of defection with Mimiko and they served as the
Inside story of how Nyako LIVINUS MENEDI YOLA
G
overnor Bala Ngillari is now the fourth Chief Executive Officer of Adamawa State, following the directive of the Federal High court which ruled that his resignation prior to the removal of Governor Murtala Nyako was unconstitutional. The Federal High court ruling of 8th October ordered him to be sworn-in as governor, while the speaker of the State Assembly, Hon. Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri who became the state Acting Governor vacates the office. The court held that Ngilari’s resignation as the Deputy Governor of the state on July 15 was of no effect since he did not send the letter of resignation to Nyako, who was still the governor at the time, but to the House of Assembly. Mr. Ngilari who is savouring his good fortunes for eventually succeeding his former boss after about two months of being in the middle of his own political wilderness knows there wouldn’t have been this happy ending without former Governor Nyako’s assistance. The support of Nyako helped to proof Bala’s case beyond reasonable doubts, at least that much has been acknowledged by Festus Keyamo, Mr. Ngillari’s counsel who challenged the lacuna which surrounded his client’s resignation from office. Governor Murtala Nyako in a reaction to his impeachment faulted the process leading up to his removal and also drew
ON NYAKO’S SUPPORT
NYAKO MADE GOOD HIS WORDS, AND TESTIFIED IN COURT ONCE HIS DEPUTY ACCEPTED TO TAKE UP THE CHALLENGE TO DEMAND THAT HE IS THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE.
attention to the contravention of the constitution and law that should govern the process. The Governor also debunked the resignation of his deputy, Bala James Ngillari. In statement, the Governor said he never received any letter of resignation from the Deputy Governor in accordance with Section 306(5) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as Amended which requires that the Deputy Governor resigns not to the House of Assembly but to the Governor. Governor Nyako explained that it became necessary to make the clarification over the alleged resignation of the Deputy Governor to avert further subversion of the constitution since the whole impeachment process was done in contravention of the rule of law. “As at the time the supposed resignation was said to have been tendered in the House, Murtala H. Nyako was the Governor of Adamawa State. No such letter was written to him, none was received by
him and none was approved by him. It should therefore be known that in the eyes of the Law, the Deputy Governor has not resigned. Barr Bala James Ngillari is still the Deputy Governor of Adamawa State,’’ Nyako made good his words, and testified in court once his deputy accepted to take up the challenge to demand that he is the Governor of the state. Nyako who was in touch with his deputy reportedly assured him of his support, and made good his promise through a sworn affidavit which was admitted in evidence to buttress Mr. Ngillari’s claims. Since, the pronouncement of the court reinstating Mr. Bala Ngillari as the substantive governor of the state, all of Nyako’s loyalist, have been reveling in the court victory which they have come to identify as their own. Nyako, following his impeachment, it was learnt had called his deputy and asked for his forgiveness. Mr. Nyako, it is said, was looking for a “redemptive opportunity” to correct the wrong done his deputy. Nyako pitied Bala’s situation because through the years they worked together, he had loyally served him
Ngilari
with painstaking commitment which made th nor to nickname him in Hausa as “Mr. Forbea It appears, even the way the impeachme played out, and all that has happened it can truly that, Bar. Bala James Ngillari, Adamaw ernor is a man born with an extra-ordinary forbearance. Like the proverbial cat with nine lives former nor Nyako, since his assumption of office as the governor of Adamawa on May 29th, 2007 has t several political fights many of which he surviv the latest event that altered his political journey The former Governor had gone off the cuff to
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Man in the News Gen. Yakubu Dan-Yumma Gowon
80 Garlands for Gowon, ‘The Jack’ OBIORA IFOH
GROUP POLITICAL EDITOR
T
oday, the red carpet will be spread for a foremost Nigerian, a leader par excellence and an embodiment of humility-Yakubu Dan-Yumma Gowon. It is a day Gowon hits the 80 years milestone. Nigerians are sparing nothing to celebrate a man whose last 48 years were devoted to the service of fatherland. Born on October 19, 1934, Gowon, popularly known by his contemporaries as ‘The Jack’, became Nigeria‘s Head of State in 1966, in the July counter-coup spearheaded largely by Nigerian Army officers of the Northern region extraction. The first military coup in Nigeria on January 15, 1966, believed to be masterminded, in the main, by Igbo officers in the Nigerian Army, had produced Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi as the head of state, but barely six months later in July of same year, executors of the countercoup, believing that the January coup was meant to sweep the North from political power, struck. The 32-year-old Lieutenant-Colonel Gowon from Lur, a small village in the present Kanke Local Government area of Plateau State became the third man to rule independent Nigeria and for nine years, between 1966 and 1975. His government was wracked by the Nigerian civil war during which the secession bid of Biafra was aborted. This singular feat of keep the nation together appeared to be his main achievement. While the war ended in January, 1970, his decision to elongate his government, longer than necessary, was met with a palace coup on July 29, 1975 which brought in Murtala Ramat Mohammed, the man who ruled till February 13, 1976 when he was brutally murdered in another coup. Out of power, Gowon went on exile to escape trial because he was fingered as the promoter of the coup in which Murtala was killed. While in exile in the United Kingdom, Gowon acquired a PhD in Political Science from the University of Warwick before returning home in 1981 after receiving a pardon from the President Shehu Shagari government. He has since then engaged himself with praying ministry. He also runs Yakubu Gowon Centre. He is the founder of Nigeria Prays, a non-denominational religious group he founded in the 1990s. Gowon today serves an ‘elder statesman’ role in African politics. Gowon has avoided the murky waters of partisan politics, unlike some of the retired Generals who ruled the country at one time or the other in the past. Instead, he has preferred a quiet
private life while also giving pieces of advice to the leaders when it becomes necessary, through his prayer ministry. As a former Head of State, he is said to command a lot attention at events; and notwithstanding his long years away from the highest seat, Gowon still chairs a lot of events. His absence at the burial of his wartime enemy, Ikemba Odimegwu Ojukwu in March 2012, notwithstanding his explanation that he had another engagement, was misinterpreted to mean that he never forgave the Biafran hero even in death. But other observers were of the belief that Gowon could have technically avoided the burial on security grounds, as some persons might still have nursed grudges against him, bordering on losses arising from the war. A year ago when he turned 79, the Northern States Governors Forum (NSGF) hailed Gowon as a true Nigerian who spent many of his years in the cause of promoting national unity, nation-build-
ing, national integration and conflict resolution through dialogue. The Chairman of the Forum and Governor of Niger State, Dr. Babangida Aliyu in a goodwill message to the former Head of State, described him as a symbol of statesmanship, patriotism, vision and courage which are some of the excellent leadership qualities that have guided him throughout his years of active public service. The governor said that although Gowon got into leadership position at a rather young age, he found the ability to rally distinguished political leaders and technocrats to work with him for the preservation of the nation’s unity. The governors commended the former Head of State for his “ingenuity in coupling back the constituent regions which make up Nigeria in the wake of the tragic civil war, using the slogan “GO ON WITH ONE NIGERIA” (coined from the name GOWON),” and noted that in and out of office, the former military leader has continued
to display amazing degree of charisma, charm, uncommon patriotism and has continuously made himself available to the common man. General Gowon has continued to offer advice to leaders and has also cautioned where necessary. While advising Nigerian leaders to be wary of comments that could compromise the peace of the nation, Gowon demanded caution from all public offices because current times are indeed testy, adding, “Peace is a very important factor for growth, so we must not be distracted and we must not be tired of suing for peace. This means we must watch our utterances as leaders, whether past or present.” Angry at the level of bad leadership Nigeria has produced in the years past, Gowon prayed that God should uproot all the leaders with evil intentions against the country so that the polity could move forward. “I want God to uproot bad leaders from Nigeria as a way of moving the country forward from the present situation.” Gowon frowned at the level of corruption in the nation, saying that Nigeria’s March to greatness particularly in the area of social, political, economic and infrastructure development had been impeded by endemic corruption, idolatry and treachery, among its leaders and citizens. He called for a change of approach to governance, stressing that forgiveness would heal the wounds of the past while prayers would hold together the fabrics of the country. On the prediction that the country would break up by 2015, Gowon said, “Nigerians should stand up as one and intercede on the crises rocking this nation. That is when God will uproot all the leaders that have evil intention against this country. Nigerians need to desist from creating problems which they cannot solve and stop blaming God for their shortcomings. “We had series of crises in the past and if Nigerians can pray fervently well, sooner or later, this country will be free from its challenges; God has heard our cries and will surely answer. I don’t believe that the prediction by America that Nigeria will break before 2015 will happen. France said the same thing in the past that we will break up before 2014, but we still stand as one. Every Nigerian should stand against the claims. If we believe that it will not happen, then it will not. I believe God will not allow such to happen. Nigeria Prays is really praying against such.” On political activities ahead of 2015 general elections, Gowon said, the politicians are over-ambitious. He, however, advised that the over-ambitious politicians should be ignored, as they spelt doom for the nation.
14
E-mail: [email protected] 08094217972 (SMS only)
A
n uncommon but wise saying goes that, “as the morning shows the day, so the boy shows the man”. The first shot of our newly ‘elected’ Nigerian Football Federation (NFF) President, Amaju Pinnick, namely, the dismissal of Coach Stephen Keshi and his crew at the eleventh hour, appointing of Amodu Shuaibu in the interim till December 2014, and rabblerousing on a foreign technical adviser, does not show how this Pinnick-boy will grow into a wise and capable NFF leader. The action is bad omen for Nigerian football. As it stands, one can foresee yet another state of emergency in the soccer arena, unless there is a smart human or divine intervention.
After much of the contrived crisis in the NFF, scheming after scheming, arson, poorly timed arrests, politicization and recriminations, one could sense that the pregnancy of mediocrity would eventually be delivered into and christened ‘child of circumstance’, with no choice but submission to fate and acceptance of a dishnourable state of things. That manifested in the election of Mr. Amaju Pinnick, a man I very much wanted to be unmasked after the elections, as he was barely known in national circles. The name itself, “Amaju Pinnick”, sounds splendiferous. But the moment I saw him, I had a hunch the Delta man would herald a season of controversy. Alas, Amaju has not proved me wrong with his first decisions in office as NFF President. The misfires of recent are like the proverbial stones thrown in glass houses. For Amaju, he seems to fit into this aphorism, as he seems to be hurling rocks at the already cracked Glass House in Abuja. So he can now clap for himself for a ‘job worst done’.
Pinnick and the ugly face of Nigerian football Keshi’s sack, although anticipated in some quarters, came as a rude shock to both local and international soccer followers. For crying out loud, this was a habitual jinx-breaker, winner, patriot, and consistently successful football gaffer. Before coming for the big job of the Super Eagles’ manager, Keshi had qualified small Togo for the World Cup for the first time in that tiny country’s life. He had also coached and taken Mali to the Nations Cup. Keshi as a player had won the 1994 AfCON, and Keshi had returned to Nigeria at its lowest times in its football history to, as a coach, take the ragtag Eagles out of the woods into regional and global reckoning once again. He had done what previous local and foreign coaches failed to do for nineteen years, taking the Eagles to the AfCON and win the elusive trophy. Keshi had taken the Nigeria home-based players to the CHAN for the first time, where he could have won that second-tier African Nations Cup once again, just a year after conquering Africa. He took Nigeria to the big stage of Confederations Cup in Brazil; the last time we were at that competition was 1995. In the midst of the tight and crazy continental and world soccer schedules, Keshi still qualified the nation for the World Cup in Brazil and against all odds, he became the first African to take an African side beyond the First Round. All of those unknown, ill-qualified white mercenaries who fleeced the country of huge cash as foreign technical advisers were nothing near Keshi’s feat, and Keshi made a mark by championing the philosophy that Africa could do better than their white counterparts in developing football, which probably had informed countries like South Africa to go after a local coach for its national team. Keshi’s feats within just two years are climaxed by being the reigning Best Coach in Africa. He is one of the most sought after coaches in the continent, and despite all this, he had kept his cool and remained even when persons in the NFF were calling for his sack right from the moment he won the AfCON in 2013; calm in the face of embarrassments of non-renewal of contract; accepting to hold forth even as NFF officials were throwing tantrums and telling him to his face that he could be fired. The crisis in the NFF lingered and
this was the direct cause of the Super Eagles poor first two outings. That Keshi made a mistake once or twice in the course of a protracted NFF crisis was not enough to warrant his sack. The football governing body was the primary cause of the Eagles’ seeming intractable string of poor showmanship at the initial stage. But they picked up with an emphatic and confident win over Sudan in the return leg, which clearly showed Sudan and Congo’s earlier wins at Eagles’ expense were a fluke and a result of internal crisis. Sacking Keshi now was a stupid decision; it is the most foolish decision any educated man would make. The man, with sterling and impeccable records of qualification had three more matches to go and he had begun to find his rhythm and penchant for winning. He had between now and November to qualify or not. When he was losing, you left him; it was until he started winning that you fired him. Now, you asked an often recycled and serially humiliated coach to come and superintend the two remaining matches because “‘he has penchant and magic wand for always taking Nigeria through at difficult times like this”. Then, when he is done qualifying your team, you throw the man (Shuaibu) out and engage a foreign coach. So, Shuaibu is the fool that is a perpetual stopgap and who is meant to always be sowing others (the clueless white coaches) to reap. The players are then expected to understand and bond with two new coaches in two months, in quick succession. That cannot be an intelligent decision. Aside this extremely ridiculous and mediocre approach by the NFF, and aside the moral question of “use and dump” of both Keshi and Amodu; is the issue of using a shortterm measure to solve a long-term problem. We had passed this ugly route before. Several times. Can Mr. Pinnick please take another course and lead our football forward? We are fed up with the same old unworkable football ‘philosophy’. By the way, is Pinnick current? Keshi was sacked for losing two matches in the AfCON build-up. Does he know that de Basques who led Spain to Brazil 2014 as World Champions and got the kick out in the First Round still coaches the same Spanish national team? Do Pinnick and his probably
Muhammad Ali-The Greatest HANNATU MUSAWA
N
ews that Muhammad Ali’s battle with the incapacitating disease, Parkinsons, has reached a point where he is unable to speak is not shocking but still, so, so heartbreaking At the premiere of a film focusing on his family life last week, a statement was released saying that the legendary icon was too ill to attend the screening. Recently, his son, Ali Jnr, had also said that his father was “so ill” he believed there was “no chance” the former boxer would survive until the end of 2014. This news isn’t really a surprise because the three-time world heavyweight champion, 72, has battled with the deliberating illness for decades. At the peak of his career Muhammad Ali delighted audiences with his charisma, excess skill and humor but Parkinsons has left him a shell of his former self and robbed this most verbose and loquacious of men his physical co-ordination and speech. Images of him a couple of years ago at the London Olympics exposed the silhouette of a man so frail and so sick he was barely
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
holding on to dear life. It was such a departure from the Ali, who was famed for his quick wit and lightning speed in the ring, that the world knew. However throughout his illness, no matter how bad it gets, his dignity never fails to shine through. Since I began writing over a decade ago, every couple of years, I have made it a point to periodically write about Muhammad Ali and a very small group of other ‘living’ global personalities and famous people as my contribution to spreading their message and story. (While there are many other deceased personalities that have impacted me, this particular list is made up of non-Nigerians who were alive at the time I started writing in 2003). For me, this group have inspired me, shaped my viewpoint, impacted me in a very significant way and continue to do so. It is also a group whom I have come to admire, absolutely adore and celebrate. During the span of my writing, some have passed away while some are still living and the list continues to expand. That group consists of, Nelson Mandela, Ahmed Deedat, Pope John Paul II, Margaret Thatcher, Wangari Maathai, Jerry Rawlings, Maya Angelou, Barbara Taylor Bradford, Fatou Bensouda, Hillary Clinton, Mo Ibrahim,
Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais, Shirin Ebadi, Michael Jackson, Prince Charles, Angelina Jolie, Boris Johnson, Mo Farah, Andy Murray and now Malala Yousafzai. With the news that his condition has deteriorated to a level where he is struggling to hold on, I feel the need to pay homage to this incredibly special person and tell another generation, who may not be aware, the story of a man who is the epitome of brilliance, humour, spirit and will power. He is an incredibly remarkable personality and his story should never stop being told. Whether one followed his career or not or agreed with his political views and lifestyle, there is no arguing the fact that Muhammad Ali remains a spectacularly unique and fascinating person. For a very traditional Hausa/Fulani girl, from a rural African village in North Western Nigeria to be so moved by him that she developed an interest in the sport of boxing says a lot about his ability to inspire from afar. I am often asked why and when I began to develop an interest in writing. My interest in writing and style was actually ignited by Muhammad Ali. When I started writing, I started by writing poetry and
poorly educated cohorts in the NFF know that Joachim Loew, the one that coached the German team to becoming World Champions still currently manages his star-studded team that now comfortably hugs the bottom of the log in their group for the European Nations Cup qualifiers? Our mediocre mentality and approach in Africa and Nigeria must stop. We think low of ourselves too quickly and believe only a fellow black man cannot do it. It is Dr. David Oyedepo that says, ‘it does not have to be white to be right”. Let our leaders in all sectors get this into their skull. Even when Keshi won, some dumb people still said if it were a foreign coach, the team would have done better (I cannot laugh). They said the victory was a fluke. Black people! As for Pinnick and his cohorts, if this is how they want to run Nigerian football, driven by sentiments and celebrating mediocrity, then there is no way it can be well. Statement of fact! If they wish to take us backwards into the days of sweat and toil and yet NO SHOW, and heartbreaks, like we did for nineteen years before we got a rare gem in Keshi, then Pinnick might not last like his forebear, Kodjo. As for the two Nigerian anchors of Supersports who ran the Nigeria-Sudan match commentaries in Abuja, I had never seen such a level of negativity, pessimism, sarcasm and mockery of Nigerian football and illiteracy in the running of football commentaries. Were they paid by the NFF to ridicule the team so as to justify an impending sack? Even when the team scored two good goals, those heartbreakers still condemned everything the boys did. The commentators’ job was anything but clinical or professional. Those commentators must be investigated and checked by their employers, the South Africans; or else we will assume that the TV commentators were petty, pathetic Nigerians struggling to please their paymasters in order to keep their job and secure their “stomach infrastructure”. • Dr. Folarin, an Associate Professor, is the Immediate Past Head of Department of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State. spoken word pieces inspired by Muhammad Ali’s poetry and spoken word. Often, before or after a match or during interviews, Muhammad Ali, a keen poet, would express himself in rhyme form and he would tell stories in the wittiest way using poems. For instance, when he was about to fight Joe Frazier he summed up his predictions in an interview when he rhymed, “Joe’s going to come out smoking. But I ain’t gonna be joking. I’ll be picking and poking, pouring water on his smoking. This might shock and amaze ya. But I’m gonna destroy Joe Frazier.” Then after the “Thrilla In Manila” fight with the same Frazier he said, “It will be a Killer, And a chiller, And a thrilla. When I get the gorilla in Manila.” Watching him perform was the most remarkable and entertaining thing ever and it was a form of expression that I immediately clung to and tried to emulate. This interest I had in the way he recited poetry led to me writing stories using the same rhyming format and this invariably led to other forms of writing. As weird as it sounds, today, I can honestly say that it is largely to Muhammad Ali’s credit that I write. The story and life of Muhammad Ali is just as colourful and fascinating as his infectious and endearing personality. •Lady Musawa is a social analyst
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
3 NYSC members in Anambra, 9 bag awards A
15
B’Haram ceasefire: Rep urges sincere implementation
Charles Okeke AWKA
T
he directorate of National Youth Service Corps in Anambra State said it lost three Corps members to road accidents and brief illness, even as nine others bagged the Governor’s Award during the 2013 Batch C Service year that ended over the weekend with a passing out ceremony. Those who won the Governor’s Award include Emeh Christopher, Kingsley Debu and Ogunlade Kola, among others that got monetary benefits and computers.
This development comes at a time the Anambra State Governor, Chief Willie Obiano, has charged corps members who passed out recently after their mandatory one year service to shun corruption in all forms and abhor all forms of vices. Obiano implored all the 1825 successful NYSC members who served in Anambra State to fully embrace nation-building, as well as ensure that they remain morally sound and upright in their dealings with people. Speaking during the passing-out ceremony of 2013 Batch C NYSC mem-
bers in Awka, Governor Obiano lauded the NYSC Scheme for contributing to national development, especially in the areas of national unity, educational and health services. He urged those who were discharged from service to always be submissive to authorities, bearing in mind that they are the generation that will take over the helms of leadership of this great nation at the end of the day. “I, therefore, charge you to always endeavour to make worthy contributions to the present administration’s quest for a strong, united and prosper-
ous Nigeria. It is now time to apply the knowledge and experiences you have acquired from your institutions and the skills learnt in the course of the service year in reforming the society for the benefit of all Nigerians”, Obiano stressed. The Governor, who addressed the 1,825 Corps members who served in the state at the passing out ceremony, also presented awards to those whose community projects were very highly rated. He also gave the sum of five hundred thousand Naira as support fund to the State Director/ Coordinator of NYSC, Mrs. Bassey Inyang Ekpe.
member of the National Assembly, Rep. Dakuku Peterside, said at the weekend that the ceasefire agreement between the Federal Government and Boko Haram should be done with sincerity. Peterside, (APC-Andoni/Opobo/Nkoro), told the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Port Harcourt that the truce was a step in the right direction and a welcome development. ``If the ceasefire is done with sincerity it’s a good development. A good General is one who reviews his strategy from time to time without losing focus of his objective. ``Whereas, we believe
Edo PDP chieftain survives attack SEBASTINE EBHUOMHAN BENIN
A
L-R: Managing Director, Leyland Technical Academy, Mr. Adewale Ikotun; Chairman of the occasion, Alhaji Ganiyu Oladimeji, and Special Guest of Honour, Prof. Adeboye Olatubosun, during the academy’s graduation in Ibadan, at the weekend.
Ekiti dissolves councils, boards • Accuses Assembly Speaker of plotting to frustrate govt
ABIODUN NEJO ADO EKITI
E
kiti State Government yesterday dissolved the executive council of the 16 Local Government areas and the 19 Local Council Development areas (LCDAs) in the state. Also sacked yesterday by the Ekiti State Governor, Mr. Ayodele Fayose, were the boards of parastatals in the state. In a statement by the Chief Press Secretary to the Governor, Mr. Idowu Adelusi, the governor directed the caretaker committee in the respective councils to hand over to the Directors of Administration, who would in turn take inventory of the government property handed over to them. The governor had said on Thursday in his inaugural
address that his administration would “ensure real democratisation at the local government level and put in place effective administration for rapid grassroot administration.” Fayose had also said the government would toe the path of law and consequently recognise the existing councils before “the sudden and shoddy balkanization of the existing 16 local government areas by the immediate past administration under the guise of creating LCDAs. It would be recalled that the outgoing governor, who created the 19 LCDAs shortly after losing the June 21 governorship election, appointed caretaker committees for the 16 councils and 19 LCDAs. Caretaker chairmen have been in control of the 16 constitutionally recognised
councils since Fayemi came on board since October 16, 2010. Meanwhile, the Speaker of Ekiti State House of Assembly, Hon. Adewale Omirin, has been accused of plotting to frustrate the new Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) government in the state. The State Government alleged that the order given by Omirin on Thursday that the assembly should go on one month recess was part of a desperate bid to frustrate the new administration. In a statement in Ado Ekiti yesterday, the Chief Press Secretary to the Governor, Mr. Idowu Adelusi, faulted the excuse given by the speaker for his action as lame excuse. The Speaker, an All Progressives Congress (APC) member, had in a statement
by his Media Adviser, Mr. Wole Olujobi, said the lawmakers would be going on one month recess to allow for possible change of guard by the personnel of the assembly.
that it is good to root out Boko Haram but, we need to review our strategy from time to time,’’ he said. Peterside said the ceasefire agreement was good but that government should ensure that it was reached with sincerity because the security of the country was very important. He said insecurity had wreaked havoc in the affected states, stressing that there was need to ensure peace and security in the country. On the Chibok school girls, Peterside urged the government to ensure that the girls were released and re-integrated with their families without delay.
chieftain of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), Chief Frank Okafi Erewele, survived an attack reportedly launched on his home in Benin City on Friday morning in continuation of the violence that has seized politics in Edo State. According to the politician, who survived the attack with minor injuries, nobody died from the attack because the gun-wielding attackers could not gain entry into the inner household. The attack by unknown armed persons that left parts of his home riddled with bullet marks came a day after he granted an interview to journalists on Thursday morning absolving three PDP leaders in Edo State from a similar attack that was launched at lawmakers at the Legislators’ Quarters of Edo State House of Assembly last week Saturday, which left 36 cars of the lawmakers totally vandalized. According to Erewele,
who had decamped along with some politicians that moved into the PDP earlier in the year and who addressed journalists at the campaign office the previous day, a former Secretary to the Government of Edo State, Pastor Osagie IzeIyamu, who Governor Adams Aliyu Oshiomhole had mentioned as one of three ring leaders of the attack on the legislators’ residence, had nothing to do with the dastardly attack. Speaking as the head of the Pastor Osagie IzeIyamu Campaign Organisation, Erewele denied that a meeting was ever held inside the office where the attack was hatched. He absolved Ize-Iyamu; Edo PDP Chairman, Chief Dan Osi Orbih and Chief Lucky Imasuen, the two other persons that were mentioned as masterminds of the attack as well as the National Publicity Secretary of the Goodluck for Transformation, Dr. Mayor Onyebueke, who the state governor accused of conspiracy in the attack and plan to assassinate some Edo State government officials.
2015: Group endorses Ebonyi Dep Gov for governorship ALIUNA GODWIN ABAKALIKI
T
he stakeholders of Uburu, made up of four communities in Ohaozara Local Government area of Ebonyi State at the weekend endorsed the deputy governor of the state, Engr. Dave Umahi, for the 2015 governorship race. The stakeholders of the area who made this known in a communiqué’ signed by the presidents of the
four communities; Chief Innocent Uzor, Chief Sunday Ekwe, Chief C. O Orienta and Chief Obinna Akpa of Uburu and made available to Sunday Mirror shortly after a rally staged at Uburu township hall in honour of the deputy governor, said Umahi is the best candidate to replace Governor Martin Elechi in 2015. The communiqué’ reads in part: “We wish to emphasize that Umahi means many things to Uburu people. He has
awarded scholarships to our sons and daughters in tertiary institutions; he has bought and distributed over 1000 motorcycles and over 20 cars to many of our people. “If Umahi could do all these from his private pocket, we wonder what he would do as governor of Ebonyi State. He served Chief Martin Elechi with loyalty, commitment, humility and diligence than any past deputy governor ever did.
16
Jang pays tribute as Gowon turns 80 JAMES ABRAHAM JOS
G
Graduating students at the maiden convocation of The Polytechnic of Sokoto, yesterday.
PHOTO: NAN
Chibok principal, Borno residents doubt Boko Haram ceasefire
S
everal residents of Borno State have expressed doubts about the ceasefire deal said to have been reached between the Federal Government and the Boko Haram sect. The Federal Government announced on Friday that it had reached a temporary ceasefire with the sect, which would also lead to the release of the over 200 teenage girls kidnapped by the insurgents from Chibok in Borno State on April 14, 2014. Borno residents, who spoke to an online medium, Premium Times, in Maiduguri, the state capital, however, gave diverse reasons for their doubts. In her reaction to the ceasefire, the principal of the Government Secondary School, Chibok, where the girls were kidnapped on April 14, Asabe Kwambura, said she had doubts about the ceasefire. “Many of us are still forced to doubt government,” Ms. Kwambura said, “because we thought since our last meeting with the president in Abuja,
these girls would have since been rescued and reunited with their parents.” She however described the ceasefire as news that would gladden her heart if it is true. “If what we hear is true, I will be the most grateful person to God today and always I will be the happiest person in the world to see these girls of mine return home in one piece,” she said. “Nothing will supersede my joy. But all this will not be possible if the Federal Government does not follow this declaration with action, honesty and sincerity.” Ms. Kwambura added that “Government must see to the fact that the parents of these girls are suffering, some are dying, many have died of high blood pressure and post trauma stress disorder. I was in Chibok with the parents yesterday (Friday), and their plight is beyond words. “We need to have these girls back; this is another opportunity for us to do so.” Like the principal, other Borno residents spoken to also expressed some reser-
vations about the ceasefire. The Coordinator of Peace Ambassadors in Borno State, Ahmed Shehu, said his concern about the ceasefire was with the timing of the announcement. “My concern is on the nature of the present crisis and it’s timing,” he said, adding “it would be very difficult for people and humanity to forgive Boko Haram and allow them to integrate to the society just like that, considering the atrocities they have committed.” He added that “the timing for the cease-fire is suspicious. Why now; why would they wait for the four African countries to step up the fight before they announce a ceasefire; why would they wait until their capacity and strength be weakened before they announce a ceasefire? For me, there is more to it than meet the eye. It’s suspicious, and I don’t want to sound as a pessimist; (but) it is ill timed and it’s not feasible”. Shehu, however, said his group had always called for dialogue with the insurgents.
“It’s a welcome development if it’s a genuine one,” he said. “Conventionally, we are always advocating for use of dialogue to bring an end to this lingering security challenges; because in the history of world crisis, no war was won comfortably through warfare. Dialogue is the key,” he added. Abu Ismail, a civil servant, was more concerned about the implications of the ceasefire. “What happens to the Boko Haram insurgents after the ceasefire and the possible release of the Chibok girls? he asked. “Are we supposed to pat them on the back and say well done for shedding the blood of all these innocent Nigerians and thank you for helping us to kidnap our school girls for six months, causing their parents to die of trauma and then releasing them now?” In his reaction, Zannah Mustapha, proprietor of Future Prowess Islamic School, Maiduguri, said “something is logically wrong with the whole ceasefire issue.”
overnor Jonah Jang of Plateau State yesterday paid tribute to former Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon, describing him as a global statesman. The Governor in a statement signed by his Director of Press and Public Affairs, Mr. James, said General Yakubu Gowon who turns 80 years today remains one Nigerian who he has great admiration and respect for. According to Jang, Gen. Gowon is a man of cour-
age, patriotism and love who stands tall amongst his peers in the history of this nation, adding that he remains a gentle officer with a passionate heart for God, driven to serve humanity in peace and love, noting that he symbolizes one Nigeria working relentlessly yesterday, today and tomorrow for the unity of our dear nation. Jang said: “We celebrate an ever smiling and available vessel of the Almighty full of wisdom at 80 years. We on the Plateau wish our distinguished son many more years of strength for the service of our father land.”
NMA harps on increased Ebola prevention measures • Nigeria gets Ebola-free certificate tomorrow MARCUS FATUNMOLE ABUJA
T
he Nigerian Medical Association (NMA) yesterday appealed to all levels of governments in Nigeria to rev their efforts in sustaining the containment of the deadly Ebola virus disease (EVD). This is even as the World Health Organisation (WHO) is expected to officially certify Nigeria Ebola-free tomorrow. NMA stated this through its President, Kayode Obembe, in Abuja at a briefing to mark this year’s Physicians’ Week. The association commended efforts that resulted in containing the disease in the country, and consequently making the country a reference point globally in the control of the virus. Quoting recent WHO’s report, Obembe said: “According to recent United Nations health authority report, a total of 8,033 people had caught the infection and 3,879 of those had died. The worst hit nations include
Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. “In view of the recent occurrences of mortality for Ebola reported in the United States and Spain, no wonder the World Medical Association, WMA, in her recent resolution in Durban South Africa, October 2014, declared that Ebola is now a global phenomenon and all hands must be on the deck the world over to combat the epidemic. “Nigeria has recently been declared Ebola free by World Health Organisation, WHO, having responded promptly to the index and contact patients with appropriate diagnosis, surveillance and quarantine in isolation centres, that is, Lagos and Port Harcourt. “In view of the ravaging potential of this disease, Nigeria should not relent on her efforts to strengthen her health systems by embarking on precautions and prevention necessary to keep Ebola at bay. This is why the topic for this year physician week is ‘War against Ebola”.
8 quit Aliyu’s cabinet to contest 2015 polls PRISCILLA DENNIS MINNA
N
o fewer than eight members of the cabinet of Governor Muazu Babangida Aliyu of Niger state have resigned their appointment to pursue their political ambitions on the platform of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in their constituencies
ahead of the 2015 general election. They are the Chief of Staff Government House, Alhaji Umar Mohammad Nasko, the Commissioners for Tertiary Education, Mallam Bashir Nuhu, Environment, Kabiru Wushishii and Gender Affairs, Hajiya Hassana Adamu. Others include the Commissioner for Sports,
Alhaji Yussuf Garba Tagwai, Commissioner for Science and Technology, Mallam Abbas Bello, General Manager of Niger State Rural Electrification Board, Mohammed Sharu, as well as in the Special Adviser to the Governor on Women Mobilization, Hajiya Fati Abubakar. While Nasko is to contest in the primaries for
the governorship ticket, all the Commissioners are for the tickets of the PDP into the House of Representatives in Tafa, Shiroro, Paikoro, Wushishi and Bida constituencies. Similarly, the two women would be vying for the tickets of the State House of Assembly in Borgu and Chanchaga Local Government areas of the state. The governor, speaking
at a valedictory session in honour of them, thanked the aspirants for working in his government and also joining him in providing the needed leadership for the state which has now transformed the state. He wished them the best in their future endeavour, while urging them to moderate their ambitions with those
of their communities, as the best way to offer good representation for them. Responding on behalf of the former Commissioners, Alhaji Yussuf Mohammed Tagwai, in an emotion laden voice, thanked the governor for giving them the opportunity to serve the people of the state in his administration.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
17
Sunday, October 19, 2014
A PUBLICATION OF GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LTD BARRISTER JIMOH IBRAHIM OFR, CFR PUBLISHER All the Facts, All the Sides KAFILAT OGBARA
Yakubu ‘Jack’ Dan-Yumma Gowon at 80
F
ormer military head of state and Nigeria’s most senior elder statesman, Yakubu ‘Jack’ Dan-Yumma Gowon, turns 80 today. Ordinarily, witnessing eight decades of one’s life is a momentous milestone. But doing so in the most auspicious of circumstance and realm deserves more than a passing interest. Therefore, it will not be surprising, how an appreciative nation would rally round a man that gave his all in terms of leadership to the preservation of the country’s unity. In Nigeria’s most turbulent moment, he successfully prosecuted a civil war (1967-1970); and now at ‘peace time’, he personally coordinates a national prayer project called ‘Nigeria Prays’ to promote peace and unity in the land. General Gowon’s abiding faith in the indissolubility and indivisibility of the country was recently underscored at the 17th Wole Soyinka Annual Lecture when he unequivocally stated: “No matter what happens, I am confident that this nation will not fall. I have a great belief and faith that the younger ones will do it better”. The fifth of 11 children of his parents, Nde Yohanna and Matwok Kurnyang, Gowon was born in Pankshin, Plateau State on October 19, 1934. He got his early education in Zaria, Kaduna State, and thereafter enlisted in the Nigerian Army in 1954 after obtaining his Senior Cambridge School Leaving Certificate; and was sent to the Regular Officers’ Special Training School at Teshie in Ghana for intensive military officers’ training. He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant on his 21st birthday in 1955. He later trained in the United Kingdom at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (1955-56); Staff College, Camberley (1962); as well as the Joint Staff College, Latimer in Buckinghamshire (1965). Twice, he served in the Congo (Zaire), first between 1960 and 1961 and later in 1963 as part of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force. Gowon’s political role in the country’s affairs was fortuitous. The im-
mediate post independence era was enmeshed in serious crisis of confidence and escalating mass discontent among Nigerians, including a section of the military, concerning the management of the country by the ruling political class. A military putsch orchestrated mainly by Igbo junior military officers, led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, eventually truncated the First Republic on January 15, 1966. The responsibility to lead the nation fell on Major-General Johnson Thomas Aguiyi-Ironsi, while the then Lt. Colonel Gowon was the second in command as Chief of Staff, Army Headquarters. However, a counter coup six months
GOWON’S VERY MODEST LIFESTYLE AS A FORMER HEAD OF STATE IS, INDEED, QUITE EXEMPLARY later, (July 29, 1966) organised by northern military officers, thrust on young Gowon at just 32 the onerous responsibility of replacing General Ironsi, who lost his life in the counter coup. This made him emerge as Africa’s youngest head of state. The development, however, threw up some invidious forces which culminated in the secession bid by the military leader of the then Eastern Region, Lt. Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu; and a civil war that lasted 30 months. More than 100, 000 soldiers and one million civilians perished during the war. Gowon demonstrated uncommon statecraft with his famous ‘no victor, no vanquished’ speech when the war ended; the amnesty granted the secessionists; as well as his 3Rs programme - Reconciliation, Reconstruction, and Rehabilitation - to repair the extensive damage done to the economy and infrastructure of the Eastern Region while the war lasted. However, his government’s
‘20 pounds’ order which short-changed the Igbo who had bank accounts in Nigeria before the war, regardless of how much money in such accounts, bred an unprecedented hardship and crimes, including looting and robbery in the East. The development also interrogated the sincerity of Gowon’s post war policies. While in power, Gowon’s regime was criticised for the flawed implementation of the National Development Plan put in place; as well as lapses in giving effect to the Indigenisation Decree of 1972 meant to ease the vice grip of foreigners on the nation’s economy at the time. And as is common in Africa, Gowon also courted the ‘sit-tight’ syndrome, as was demonstrated by his failed transition to civil rule project in 1976. His lax leadership style led to the notorious ‘cement armada’ of the 1970s; when 20 million tonnes of cement were imported in one year, while the ports had the capacity to handle only one million tonnes. He was toppled on July 29, 1975 by his closest subordinates. Gowon then proceeded on exile to the UK, where he acquired a PhD in political science at the University of Warwick. He returned to Nigeria in 1983; and formed his non-denominational religious group - Nigeria Prays - in the 1990s. Gen. Gowon is a study in humility and how to be a true statesman. He lives above the fray of partisan politics and inordinate chase after pecuniary gains, which appear the raison d’être for being in politics today. Gowon’s very modest lifestyle as a former head of state is, indeed, quite exemplary. His ‘Nigeria Prays’ initiative assists in uniting all religions in the country, while through the Yakubu Gowon Centre for National Unity and International Cooperation, the octogenarian intervenes for the purpose of good governance and the wellbeing of ordinary Nigerians via programmes to combat such diseases as HIV/AIDS, guinea worm and malaria, etc., in many states.
Reminiscences OCTOBER 19 IN HISTORY 2013: Belgium plane crashes, kills 10
A small plane carrying tourists crashed and killed 10 people near the city of Namur in Belgium. The plane was carrying skydivers and crashed soon after taking off, killing all on board.
1954: Comet aircraft’s airworthiness in doubt
Following a number of crashes of the Comet aircraft, its certificate of airworthiness is withdrawn, while an enquiry into why the crashes occurred found the problems were most likely due to metal fatigue.
1960: U.S. - Martin Luther King Jr arrested
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested along with 50 other people for violating Georgia’s newly enacted anti-trespass law after staging a sit-in protest at eight stores in downtown Atlanta.
1973: Nixon refuses to release Watergate tapes
President Richard Nixon refused to hand over Watergate-related tapes to special prosecutor, Archibold Cox, but said he would prepare a summary of their contents. It is believed in many circles that if the special prosecutor refuses the summary, President Nixon will fire him.
1983: Grenada - Maurice Bishop toppled
The Prime Minister of Grenada Maurice Bishop is executed during a military coup d’état led by Bernard Coard. Following the coup d’état a four-day total curfew was put in place in which anyone seen outside their home would be subject to summary execution.
1986: Samora Machel dies in crash
President of Mozambique, Samora Machel, and 33 others died when their plane crashed into the Lebombo Mountains.
1988: U.S. Senate limits ads on children’s TV A bill passed by the Senate limits the number of ads that can be shown during children’s TV programs. 2001: Indonesia - 353 asylum seekers drown
Indonesian suspected illegal entry fishing boat carrying 400 asylum seekers sinks in international waters en route from Bandar Lampung (Sumatra) to Christmas Island with the loss of 146 children, 142 women and 65 men.
2007: Islamist groups attack Bhutto convoy in assassination attempt
A major attack on the former Pakistani Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto, motorcade in Karachi leaves more than 100 supporters dead, but Bhutto is unhurt. Accusations are made that the current government leadership and intelligence agencies who were going to lose power were behind the attack
18
Briefly Harvest of miracles at Pentecostal Canaanland Mission
Celebration
A
ll is set for annual Harvest of Miracles at Pentecostal Canaanland Mission Incorporated, a.k.a. Reaching The World For Christ, tagged ‘Laughter 2014- Gen 21:1 – 17.
Sunday October 19, 2014
The programme is billed for 26/28, Adewunmi Abudu Street, off Osolo Way, opposite Mopson Pharmar 7/8, Bus-stop, Ajao, Lagos. Opening ceremony starts today, Sunday, October 19, 2014 at 8am. It will to continue on Monday, October 20 to Thursday, October 23, 2014 at 5pm each day. Friday, October 24 is for Suya night at 10pm till dawn. Commenting on the event, the host, Pastor Nick & Pastor (Mrs.) Medo – Uwa, said among other things that it is a time where heavens open, time of visitation, restoration, prosperity, fruitfulness, turn-around for those who attend. He said Suya night brings about food for the physical body and undiluted word of God for the spirit man, adding that this year’s celebration is a special one because notable God’s generals like Pastor J.T. Kalejaiye, (Lagos), Rev. Glory Idahosa (Toronto-Canada), Rev.Felix Chikwendu (Lagos), Pastor Nick Medo - Uwa are expected to minister.
Greater power convention holds
T
he God- Will –Do- It-Ministries, Nigeria & Overseas, will hold its yearly convention programme of Preaching, Prayer and Praises, tagged, “Greater Power Convention 2014”, with the theme “Advancement” from Tuesday, October 28 to Tuesday, November 4, 2014 by 9am, (morning session) & 5pm (evening session) daily, with a night vigil on Friday October 31, 2014.
The event holds at the church headquarters, Farayola layout, behind Bodija International Market, Ibadan, Oyo State. Also, the anointing service and dedication of Victory Complex (Phase 1) holds on Tuesday November 4, 2014 at 9am by Pastor Enoch A. Adeboye (G/O, RCCG, Lagos). Ministers and speakers include Dr. & Revd.(Mrs.) Gomba Fortune - Oyor (Host), Pastor E.A. Adeboye (RCCG), Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor (Warri), Bishop Peter Makanto (Yola), Dr. Mike Oye (Osogbo), Rev. Kayode Kolawole (Ibadan) among others.
Living Finger Christian Ministry International celebrates anniversary
A
head of this year’s sixteenth anniversary Thanksgiving service, Living Finger Christian Ministry International began evening revival/crusade from October 13-16, 2014 at 5pm. It will continued on Friday, October 17, 2014 with an all night session at 10pm till dawn.
The grand finale with the theme, ‘Upon Mount Zion’- Obadiah 1:17, comes up today, Sunday, October 19, 2014, at 1pm. The venue is the church auditorium, No. 37, Aliu Street, behind GTBank, Kosofe Bus-stop, Mile 12 in Agboyi/Ketu Local Council of Lagos State. The chief host, Pastor (Dr.) Adegbite Moses Kunle Taiwo said all who attend will receive deliverance while interceding in prayers for the leadership of Nigeria to move up to Mount Zion, adding that there will be no need for do-or-die politics in the forthcoming general elections in the country.
A cross-section of UBU students. Inset: Pastor Kunle Macaulay
UBU celebrates anniversary in style ODINAKA URUAKPA
I
t was celebration galore yesterday when the United Bible University (UBU) marked its 20th anniversary in grand style.
The institution known for its proficiency in professional Christian training for church workers and the second-ever Bible University established in Africa with trained and licensed lecturers as well as library richly stocked with theological material, is noted to have churned out a good number of professionals who hold their mettle in the theological sector. While delivering a speech at the event, the president and founder of the United Bible University, Prof. Augustus Kunle Macaulay, said the institution admits students of all race, colour, nationality and ethnic origin to all the rights, privileges, programmes and activities personally accorded or made available to students of the university seeking certificates, degrees and licenses that are readily recognised all over the world. He said: “Aside dishing out qualitative theological teachings, United Bible University has developed a unique professorial programme for faculty members and other research scholars leading to professorial award in various Christian educa-
tional disciplines. The programme is designed to assist faculty members in upgrading their educational qualifications and expertise. “We are proud to have achieved so much within a period of twenty years of our existence. We give God the glory and wish to say thank you to too many people and organisations that stood by us in spite of our human limitations. We started gloriously well and went through the waters that never drowned us and through fire and we were not consumed. We were persecuted and threatened even by the government of our nation, but God saw us through. Many people and organisations believed in our vision and they were there when things were difficult. We see our experience as the test of our faith and the promise of God that He will never leave His people no matter what.” The professor of theology stated that the college has proved to be the first research centre for Christian and theological studies in Africa which has produced Christian giants and theological experts that are affecting the entire world today. “We have enlightened theological world with our theological ideas and discoveries that have entered the
consciousness of the entire human race. I am proud that we are a group that can stand up to oppression and tyrants that threaten Christianity, especially theological education and profession in Nigeria. We have a spirit that cannot be crushed; He is the Holy Spirit promised by God. He is always with us and He is in us. He is our master-teacher, chief director of studiers, chief controller of all aspects of our programmes and today, He leads while we follow. “I give God the glory because we have a collection of Christian experts who form our teaching and management groups. They are gentle, tolerant, honest and hardworking, compassionate individuals who think of God and people first and who are ready to give all in the name of Jesus. We are people of God specially placed here for the good of humanity, and I assure you as we are moving on, the gate of hell will never prevail”, he maintained. The cleric while commending granduates both old and new, took the time to remember some of the deceased staff of the institution. “Jesus said I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me, though he dies, yet shall he live and whoever lives and believes in me shall never die (John 11:25-26). Naked I came from my mother’s womb and naked shall I return, for the Lord gave and the Lord has taken away, blessed be the name of the Lord (Job 1:21). I pray that their souls be at rest with the Lord, for he has given and has as well taken”, he submitted. Sunday Mirror recalls that in the 20 years of the university, it has produced six associate professors who include Moses Olatunde Ajayi, Christian Oladayo Bolarinwa, Aniefiok Akpabio, Obong Edet Ita, James Omajali and Augustus Edet Mkpong.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
From the Pulpit 21
Sunday October 19, 2014
Provoking God for your supernatural increase Prophet Lai Bamidele, General Overseer of Christ Glorious End-Time Evangelical Church, Abule-Egba, Lagos, in this exhortation, explains how to provoke God for supernatural increase. Excerpts:
T
oday, I will address you on the topic I titled, “Provoking God for your Supernatural Increase”. I want you to know that increase does not just come; it takes your act to provoke it. You need to provoke God for you to get what you want. There is no rise without a price. For everyone that will rise, he/she must be prepared to pay the price. I like to encourage you because today we are going to provoke Him.
Listen, I have my ways of provoking God. For all I do, all what I do, I have my ways that I provoke Him. I want to encourage you today; if you want increase, then you must learn how to provoke God. Every object assumes a state of rest until a force is applied. The reason why the life of many is dangling on one spot is because they did not apply force to get what they want. There is always a force that you require to get whatever you want. The problem of believers today is that we all want blessing, but we don’t want to pay the price for the blessing to be established. Heaven’s treasures are not free. They are available to all but you need to pay the price. There is a price you pay for it. There are people today who are ready and prepared to pay the price. I prophesy into your lives that as you pay the price, within the next 21 days, it will lead you to eternal glory. Heaven’s treasures, I repeat, have a price. It is the price of a product that determines the worth and value of that product. In every journey of life, of success, of increase, there is a price to pay. Christians of today love good things but they are not prepared to pay the price. The level of our prayer and fasting will reduce or lessen if and when we obey God’s instructions to the fullest. Obedience to God should be total, not partial. Every time you Endtime Message
with Archbishop
Williams King
I
For prayers, counseling, contact: Arch-Bishop (Dr.) Williams King (Prophet unto the Nations) on Tel: 080362658888; Email: [email protected]
welcome you once again to this edition of Strange Indices: Curses, Causes and Cures. In the previous edition, I dealt with the Malignant yokes of the trans-generational bloodline. I will like to attempt a round up, with the bloodline Curses, before we peep into the Causes, and eventually veer into the Cures.
In 2 Sam 11, King David slept with Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah, the Hittite. When this sin of adultery was committed, and the further iniquity of planning and executing the death of Uriah, the legitimate husband of Bathsheba, King David revisited and provoked the Trans-generational Curse, which was initiated by his father, Jesse, who slept with a Strange Woman, outside his legitimate, legal home, whereas the product of this Strange Woman & Jesse, produced David. The Evil chain of this Bloodline Curse did not end with David. See how it backfired and progressed on:1. David’s daughter, Tamar, was raped by her own step brother…… 2nd Sam 13: 14. 2. Absalom, David’s son, slept with all of his father’s wives/concubines- 2nd Sam 16: 22. 3. Solomon, David’s son, married 700 wives and had 300 concubines. While ruling Israel, he must have spent 90 percent of his reign
Pastor Bamidele
obey God partially, you are reducing what He wants to do for you. Your obedience to God must be total, it must not be conditional. Your obedience must not be with excuses and must not be questioned. But the problem of believers today is that we look for excuses. Life is in phases but you are the one that will determine what level/phase you want to be. If you want to remain a mediocre or if you want to end up great, it will be determined by you. If you want to end up on the throne, it will be determined by you. Last week while discussing with workers in the church, I told them part of my life history, how I met my wife in a white garment church. Then I had no place of permanent abode, no house to sleep. I was sleeping in the white garment church. My wife too had no place to sleep. She too was sleeping in the white garment church. I slept in that church for three good years. I did not even know where my chil-
have missed their places because of what people say. If you want God to supernaturally increase you and you are prepared to pay the price, in the next seven days, your lot will not be the same. One day, I had a revelation that I should give the car I was riding then to a pastor in Ikorodu. I did not bother to go, I just called a person and gave him the car documents and asked him to give the car to the pastor at Ikorodu. On the third day, the Pastor called that he was holding the car in trust for me as the person that brought it told him. I then told him that he was not holding it for me but was his as the Holy Spirit directed me to give it to him as a present. He was shocked when the truth dawned on him that he was now a car owner. Life is a stage and all men and women merely players, apology to William Shakespeare. Life is in phases. The man was so happy. He started using the car celebrating the occasion. I gave God without attaching any conditions to it. I was obedient. I gave God without any conditions attached to it and I sat down. Not long after that, someone walked up to me and said God asked him to give me something and he gave me a better car. Anytime you are holding back something in your hand without a reason, you are only delaying the arrival of better things, God’s blessings. Take my life for example; I came to Lagos ten years ago. God gave my church with branches, God gave me cars. God made me a landlord. Within these ten years, God gave me glorious children. All the journey of my life from the beginning I lost 3 wives; 5 children in a journey of one life. I was passing through this calamity. I did not look here and there, I was focused on my God. I was serving the Lord. I was fully dedicated to my God. I worked for 20 years. After 10 years, God redesigned my life, my destiny. There is someone today, I don’t mind what you are going through, after today’s message, God will re-design your destiny.
dren were. It was that bad. I want you to know that no matter what level of life you are, if you walk and work in obedience to God‘s instructions, you will get to the top. Another episode in my life is worth sharing with you all. When my eldest daughter was born, I had to collect leather from a leather factory on the pretext that I needed to tie a load for the three of us to lie upon. I could not afford to buy a bed or even mattress. When my eldest daughter was born, I had no money to buy mattress not to talk of even a bed. I had to tell the woman who owned the leather factory that I needed the leather to tie load. It was this leather (5 pieces) that three of us slept on (the baby, the mother and me). Is it the same today? By this time next year, God will change your position, destiny and life for the better in Jesus Name. You will count your blessings but you will not be able to count them. One question that my wife is yet to give me an answer is: “When I proposed to you (her), what made you (her) to say “yes”? This question she has refused to answer this past one decade and half years. More pathetic was the day I went to meet my future in-laws. I was in my bathroom slippers which were even wornout. When I eventually appeared before my in-laws, they abused my wife, wondering what she saw in me and what she wanted from me, an old cargo. But despite all the insult, my wife was steadfast with me. Things are no more like that today. Your story will change in Jesus name. I paid a lot of price before I could get to where I am today. The number one thing is that I did not look at what people were saying. I was only looking at what concerned me. I did not hold on •For counselling, contact: Pst_lai@yahoo. to what man was saying, I held on to what the com. Phone: 0807448415, 08027502864 scriptures said. Do not believe in hearsays and 08161285586 “they said this, “they said that”. Many people
Strange indices: Curses, causes and cures (2) having sexual intercourse. Cause? Trans-generational Bloodline Curse. See Lamentations 5: 7; EX 20 : 5 Let’s look at curses from divine angles. 1. King Ahab Through the evil machinations and manipulations of his wife, Jezebel, King Ahab took the vineyard of Naboth - 1 Kings 21: 17- 24. God convicted him through Prophet Elijah. King Ahab repented of the iniquity. God forgave him, but God passed on the punishment to his children, and they perished. Something they knew nothing aboutStrange Indices - 1 Kings 21: 28- 29. 2. King Hezekiah He sinned and committed an iniquity before God. God pronounced punishment on him - He repented. God forgave him but passed on the punishment to his children- yet the king kept quiet while his children perished - 2nd Kings 20 : 16- 19. 3. Gehazi Prophetic nurse and servant of Prophet Elisha sinned and the prophet sentenced him and his generation for ever with leprosy. His innocent children and all his generation came into existence with the yoke of leprosy over what they knew nothing about- Strange Indices. Many people suffer untold hardship and various misfortunes which defy solutions and they really can’t place their fingers on where there Curses originate from. Parental Curses
Each time a father and a son have a little misunderstanding, you will easily hear the father say to the son, ‘you idiot. It will never be well with you’. ‘’idiot’’ is not the name of an animal. It depicts an inability to reason and almost thereafter, the son begins to behave as an idiot because we have the image of Christ and what father’s speak usually comes to pass. You will hear a mother say to her daughter….. ‘Won’t you go and get married? Look here, this house will not contain both of us, let me tell you, you will not kill me. You will die before me. This thing you are doing to me, your children must maltreat you… you fool…. Idiot…..’ You will hear a mother say to her son who is returning to school from vacation ’’….. Junior, when you go to school, be playing when your mates are reading. Forget your sandals. Tear all your books and when you fail, you can come back to eat your mother’s foodyou Swine- Idiot. Parents¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ be cautious while talking to your children. Learn to bless your children so that they too may become a blessing to you and to their generation. Some of the names that people bear can also bring misfortunes unto their lives. For example, in Igbo land: 1. Nwosu------ Child of an outcast. 2. Nwagbara----- Child of the gods 3. Osuagwu---- Dedicated to a deity. 4. Ekwebelem----- I have never agreed.
In Yoruba land 1. Orishafemi----- The gods want me. 2. Oguntade------ The god of Iron has crowned me. 3. Esugbamila----- Satan has saved me. 4. Ogunyemi------ The gods favour me. In Akwa/Cross land 1. Okon----- Darkness. 2. Inyang----- Ocean. 3. Ekandem---- Mother of the Mermaid (Mamie Water). 4. Ndarake------ I will not rejoice. I claim responsibility for any error in the interpretation of these names. I am not an expert in Cultural/Ancestral History, but I am merely making a point that evil names have evil effect on the carriers of these names. In the next edition, I shall be dealing with the Curse, the solution to Curses, in these Strange Indices. Meanwhile, I call upon the heavens to nullify every stagnation, every limitation, every delay progress and backward trend of events in your life in Jesus Name- Amen. Every closed gate of your life and destiny re-open right now in the name of Jesus Christ- Amen. Until we meet again in the next edition, may God cause your eyes to see the desires of your heart- Amen. •End Time Message With Arch-Bishop (Dr.) Williams King Email: wmking2k5@yahoo. com Telephone: 08036265888
Cover
Is Tobacco smoking
A
ccording to a report by the World Health Organisation, ‘‘Tobacco kills up to half of its users.
• It kills nearly 6 million people each year. More than five million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. Unless urgent action is taken, the annual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 2030. Nearly 80 percent of the world’s one billion smokers live in low- and middleincome countries.’’ The question then arises; is tobacco smoking a sin? Should Christians smoke tobacco? In a chat with Elder Teophilus Ajibola of United African Methodist Church, Lagos, there is no mention of the word tobacco or cigarettes in the Bible. However, there are certain scriptures that points to the sin of tobacco smoking. One of such scripture, Ajibola poined out is 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 which states, ‘‘Do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought at a price. Therefore honour God with your body.’’ And also 1 Corinthians 3:16-17 which says, “Don’t you know that you yourselves are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit lives in you? If anyone destroys God’s temple, God will destroy him; for God’s temple is sacred, and you are that temple.’’ Speaking further, he said he was once into tobacco smoking but decided on day to quit, adding that he will not encourage anyone to go into the habit. ‘‘I was once into tobacco smoking as a young man. I just decided one day and preached to myself. What is this nonsense? I dropped the stick of cigarette in my fingers and marched it with my feet and that was the end. I never smoked again. It was a bad habit. I will not encourage anyone to do it and I believe it is a sin and it is clearly harmful to one’s health and harmful so that makes it a sin. Although the Bible does not speak directly concerning tobacco, we know by the spirit of God that tobacco smoking is wrong for the Christian believer and should not practiced,’’ Ajibola said. According to the Jehovah’s Witnesses in a publication, ‘‘Tobacco contains one of the most addictive drugs known—nicotine. It acts as a stimulant as well as a depressant. Smoking delivers nicotine to the brain quickly and repeatedly. Since each puff supplies a single dose of nicotine, the average one-pack-a-day smoker inhales the equivalent of about 200 doses a day, a higher dosage than in any other drug use. “Such frequent dosing makes nicotine uniquely addictive. Once hooked, a smoker experiences withdrawal symptoms if his craving for nicotine is not satisfied. “You are slaves of the
A smoker in action
The issue of Tobacco smoking is a controversial subject in Christendom, on health, doctrinal and moral grounds. Many have argued that tobacco smoking is not a sin; others disagree, insisting that tobacco smokers will not inherit the kingdom of God. Senior Correspondent, Yemi Olakitan, examines the subject with biblical texts and Christian views. one you obey.”—Romans 6:16. The Bible helps us to have the correct view of the matter when it says: “Do you not know that if you present yourselves to anyone as obedient slaves, you are slaves of the one you obey?” (Romans 6:16) When an individual’s thinking and actions are dominated by a craving for tobacco, he soon becomes a slave to a degrading practice. God wants us to be free not only from practices that harm our body but also from those that corrupt our spirit, that is, our dominant mental inclination. (Psalm 83:18; 2 Corinthians 7:1) Thus, as a person grows in appreciation and respect for God, he recognises that God deserves his best and that he cannot give God his best while remaining enslaved to a lethal habit, That realisation helps to give a person the will to resist hurtful desires.’’ In another chat with Princess Kathy Emiko, a nutrition and fitness coach based in Lekki- Lagos, she said “smoking is dangerous to health and we have been told over and over again that smokers are liable to die young”. “To say otherwise is to tell a lie, smokers are dying slowly; the end of a smoker’s life is usually cancer. It is true that smoking is not mentioned in the Bible but we all know that the Bible says that our body is the temple of the Holy Spirit. Is it really Christian behaviour to pollute the temple of God which is our body with something that destroys it? No, I don’t think so; Christians are not supposed to smoke tobacco. It is a sin against the body just like fornica-
TO SAY OTHERWISE IS TO TELL A LIE, SMOKERS ARE DYING SLOWLY; THE END OF A SMOKER’S LIFE IS USUALLY CANCER. IT IS TRUE THAT SMOKING IS NOT MENTIONED IN THE BIBLE BUT WE ALL KNOW THAT THE BIBLE SAYS THAT OUR BODY IS THE TEMPLE OF THE HOLY SPIRIT. tion. It is a suicidal habit and smokers cannot inherit God’s kingdom because I don’t think that there would be smokers in heaven,’’ she added. Deaconess Shola Abimbola of Global Church of the Living God, Lagos, said ‘‘all tobacco smokers will go to hell because they are living in sin”. “I don’t see the difference between tobacco smoking and fornication or adultery. It is a horrible addiction. It destroys peoples’ lives because it gives them a diseased lungs and hearts; that to me, is a sin. Anything that will hurt our bodies as Christians should be avoided. If we indulge in it, we are sinning and the Bible says that the wages of sin is death. That is the reason, the Ministry of Health warns that smokers are liable to die young,’’ she added. Reverend Father Stephens of St Peters Catholic Church, Ajah, Lekki, however said ‘‘tobacco smoking is not a sin”. “They say that smokers are liable to die young; one of our monsieur who died recently was about 110 years old. He was a chain smoker. How do you ex-
Tobacco: Acceptable for a Christian?
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Sunday October 19, 2014
a sin? plain that? We do not condemn people because they smoke cigarettes. The Bible clearly does not say anything about tobacco smoking. In other parts of the world, people smoke because of their cold weather. Should we condemn them?’’ I don’t think so. I went to Israel, I saw some kids on the streets smoking,’’ he added. However, Reverend Father Titus of the same church did not agree. He said: ‘‘Tobacco smoking is wrong. Anything that would harm the body should not be indulged in. Although I have seen many Christians smoke tobacco but I personally will not encourage the habit. I think that tobacco smoking is dangerous to health and should be avoided’’. Pastor Olude of New Life Gospel, Abeokuta, Ogun State, agreed that tobacco smoking is sin, adding that smoking greatly increases one’s chance of lung cancer and other cancers which destroys our bodies. He said: “Yes, smoking is sin, because it is addictive. The Bible says in Ephesians 5:18 “And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit.” In other words, let the Holy Spirit control your actions and life. Smoking is an addiction that controls of our lives. Yes smoking is sin because smoking greatly increases one’s chance of lung cancer and other cancers which destroys our bodies. Exodus 20:13 commands that “Thou shalt not kill.” Smoking is certainly killing one’s self which is a form of suicide. Countless number of people die each year from cigarette and cigar smoking. Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung disease, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It is proven to cause cancer, heart disease and hormonal problems. Smoking is also linked to pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular disease and many more of such recklessness; so what do you think? Do you think it is a holy act to smoke?’’ Veteran journalist, Bayo Ogunmupe, said smoking is not a sin, noting however that the habit is not good for anyone who desires to live long. ‘‘My own personal opinion is that tobacco smoking is not a sin. There is nowhere in the Bible where it is stated that tobacco is a sin. However, it is not good for anybody
Cover
Fight and defeat your Amalek Hour of Change with Primate
Oyelowo ‘’
Another smoker
who wants to live long. It shortens life. Spiritually speaking, it is not a sin otherwise the Bible would have said so,’’ Ogunmupe stated. Pastor Emmanuel Onoja of Hope of Life Evangelical Church, Lagos, while speaking on tobacco smoking said ‘‘it is a sin, since it affects the body, adding that anything that would harm the body negatively is a sin. “The body is the temple of God according to the word of God; therefore any Christian that takes anything that hurts the body is committing sin,’’ he said. In another chat, Pastor Biola of Living Faith Church said ‘‘tobacco affects the mind of the believer, adding that Christianity is about the mind. “The word of God says we must constantly renew our minds. It is true that Jesus said that it is what comes out of a man’s mind that defiles him and not what goes into the mind but you see, tobacco smoking is addictive. It makes a slave out of the Christian; therefore, on that note, it is a sin to the believer,’’ he added. Speaking, Evangelist Ezekiel Keith of House on the Rock said ‘‘tobacco smoking is a sin because it destroys the heart and the Bible says, guide your heart with all diligence because out it are the issues of life”. “If the heart is not functioning very well, how can one become a good Christian? The heart is supposed to be the guiding light of the believer. Tobacco gives the heart of man many diseases, such as cancer and all the rest. So tobacco smoking is a sin in my own opinion,’’ he added.
THE WORD OF GOD SAYS WE MUST CONSTANTLY RENEW OUR MINDS. IT IS TRUE THAT JESUS SAID THAT IT IS WHAT COMES OUT OF A MAN’S MIND THAT DEFILES HIM AND NOT WHAT GOES INTO THE MIND BUT YOU SEE, TOBACCO SMOKING
IS ADDICTIVE. IT MAKES A SLAVE OUT OF THE
CHRISTIAN; THEREFORE, ON THAT NOTE, IT IS A SIN TO THE BELIEVER,’’ HE ADDED.
23
T
hen came Amalek and fought with Israel in Rephidim. And Moses saith unto Joshua, ‘Choose us out men and go out, fight with Amalek. Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the rod of God in mine hand. So Joshua did as Moses hath said to him and fought with Amalek: and Moses, Aaron and Hur went up to the top of the hill’’- Exodus 17:8-10.
strated by him when pharaoh decided to pursue the nation of Israel up to the bank of the red sea. The Almighty God rose gallantly to their cause to divide the Red sea thereby paving way for them to pass, but pharaoh and HIS foot soldiers got perished in the same red sea. If Exodus 17:8-10 is clearly read, you will discover that it was Moses who commanded Joshua to fight with Amalek. The point we are driving home here is that the Israelites were left to fight their enemy. God was aloof in that case. A believer in God who is reveling in his sins cannot have the purpose and covenant of God for his/her life fulfilled. I counsel you not to mortgage your future and your glory. Learn from the mistake made by Esau. Bear in mind that once opportunity is lost, it cannot be regained. Solomon was a beloved king. God gave him wisdom, knowledge and insight with which to govern his kingdom. However, he was sternly warned not to engage in sinful acts, otherwise He (God) would withdraw his favour from him. Alas, he went against God’s command by getting married to seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines, amassing wealth. The aftermath effect of his action was that he had no or little time for God. The cost of administration was high in his kingdom thereby resulting in lower standard of living for his subjects. (Deut 17:16-17) Let it be noted also that people of Israel went to his son, Rehoboam, who succeeded him (Solomon) to reduce the burden created by his father; he would not because he was enjoying the largess thereby resulting in rebellion which led to division of once united nation into northern and southern kingdoms. You can face the same fate from your immediate family or extended one if you refuse to change your flamboyant life style. What is the way out for anyone who finds himself in such a situation? He/she should repent of his/her sin and forsake it. Galatians 5:16 says, ‘’ This I say then. Walk in the spirit and ye shall not fulfill the lust of the flesh’’. Be obedient. Joshua obeyed his Master’s (Moses) command and he had his support which led to his victory against the Amalekites . Read your Bible daily and try to put into practice what you learn from it.
Who then was Amalek? He was the grandson of Esau (1 Chronicles 1:36). It will be recalled that Esau sold his birthright for pottage (Gen 25:30-34). Bear in mind also that when He wanted to re-claim his birth right, he could not despite the fact he wept bitterly to get it back. Hebrew 12:16-17 reads thus: ‘’Lest there be any fornicator or profane person as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. For ye know how that afterward, when he would have inherited the blessing, he was rejected; for he found on place of repentance, though he sought it carefully with tears’’. Amalek therefore is the sin in the life of a believer and unless and until he deals with it decisively, the sin will deal with him; he should also know that nobody will help him in this regard. Hebrew 12:1 says, ‘’Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight and sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us’’. Weight here refers to your external. Solomon was able to conquer the enemies he inherited from his father ( Joab Abiatar the priest and Shemai). He also dealt with Adonijah, his elder brother who acknowledged that enthronement of Solomon was ordained by God, but wanted to subvert it. Solomon was however unable to deal with his internal enemy, lust of the flesh. Galatians 5:17 say, ‘’For the flesh lusteth against the spirit and the spirit lusteth against the flesh: and these are contrary the one to other; so that ye cannot do •You can contact us at: the things that ye would‘’. The Word of Life, Agbo Igbala Ti Kiish As said earlier, God is always ready to fight Aladura Church 70 Patey street Lagos for his children and this is clearly demonState. Tel: 07040517413
CCC holds Adult harvest OBASOLUYI TELEWA
C
elestial Church of Christ, Beke Beach, Alafia Parish, Osooro Deputy Diocesan Headquarters, located in Ikoya, Okitipupa Local Government area of Ondo State is today rounding off its 42nd annual Adult harvest.
The event, tagged, “Neither the cruse of your oil will fail” , and themed, “The Reliable God “, kicked off on Wednesday with a 3-day “ Where Is My Glory Revival “ with song ministration by the host choir, Christ External Church, Ikoya, CCC Student Parish, OAU, IleIfe and Evangelist Reuben Agboola Salokun, (The Praise) Ibadan, among others. Many members of CCC across the country had stormed Ikoya to celebrate with Alafia Parish.
News
Today’s service climaxes the 3-day event. Popular artistes Evang. Adewale Ilori (Adimula) from Ibadan and Evangelist Danny TEE and his Fulfillment Band, also from Ibadan, will be performing live at the event and this indeed has added fun and razzmatazz to this year celebration. Speaking on the harvest, Shepherdin-Charge and Deputy Diocesan Head, Evangelist (Dr.) Enoch Bode Agunbiade, said he is happy for this year harvest following the turnout and support of CCC members across the world. “I ‘m so much elated with the turnout of people and I pray God to make next edition better than this”, he said. Seasoned men of God expected to grace the occasion include Osooro Diocesan Head, M/S/E /Rotimi Fasore, Prophet Ayegun Anjorin and Prophet Nifemi Allen, among others.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
From the
Pulpit Sunday October 19, 2014
The beauty and joy of Heaven, by Pastor Muoka General Overseer of the Lord’s Chosen Charismatic Revival Ministry, Pastor Lazarus Muoka, in this piece, teaches on the beauty and joy of heaven. Excerpts:
A
lthough Heaven is invisible to us now because we are still in the flesh, nevertheless, we are made to understand that it’s the most beautiful place in the realm of existence. It’s incomparable to anything visible and invisible. It is divinely designed and built to maintain its glory and magnificence forever. The world will become old and fade away as it is destined to be but heaven will continue to increase in beauty from ages to ages. Heaven is designed by God Almighty who is the maker and the king of the kingdom of heaven. And if God build heaven, it can never be compare to any throne on earth and anything man has built.
Daniel 7 :27 says, “And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be givp of the en to the p people saints of the most High, w h o s e king-
Pastor Muoka
dom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him”. The Kingdom of heaven that will be occupied by the saints cannot be injured by lapse of time nor will any power be able to destroy it but it shall last as long as time endures. It is the only kingdom that shall never have an end or be uttered by any circumstances and our Lord Jesus is the everlasting King. And it shall be forever, never destroyed or given to others, as the rest were. Everything we can see with our eyes today will vanish away even our body has expiring date for at a point in time this body will expire and dies. Anything that you see with your eyes will vanish away, but I want to let you know that the kingdom we are talking about was y God G Almighty g y, the Creator C made by and Maker of all things, the king of kings, and the Lord of Lords, the Alpha and Omega, the Bright and the morning Star, the B ginning and the End. We know Be Beginning t at whatever He does is perfect. th that Heb. 12 : 28 says, “Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which we c ca nnot be moved, let us have cannot grace, whereby we may grace, serve God acceptably with serve reverence and godly fear”. reverence We who are Chosen s all be partakers of this sh shall k ngdom that is permaki kingdom nent and unchanging, nent we shall partake in the we kingdom of the Redeemkingdom er that will never pass er away, which no power away can destroy. Amidst all can the revolutions on earth, the and in spite of all the and crises rocking different crises nations of the world, the nations Kiingdom of heaven reK Kingdom mains as vigorous and mains stable as it ever was. This stable is the only kingdom in which the saints can be certain that there will
be no revolution; the only empire that is destined never to fall. There is no danger of its being overthrown. It is to continue on earth to the end of time. In it God reigns eternally among men, and His kingdom is righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost. If it were temporary, changeable, liable to be overthrown at any moment, there would be much less encouragement to be there. But in a kingdom like this, there is every encouragement, for there is the assurance that all our interests there are safe, that all our exertions will be crowned with ultimate success, that the efforts which we make to do good will have a permanent influence on mankind, and will bless future generation and that the reward is certain. 8 says, y , “But the saints of the most Dan,, 77: 18 High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom forever, even forever and ever”. The Kingdom of God was made and reserved for special people of God- that is, the Saints, the redeemed and the Chosen ones. It is not going to expire, as long as they are there, it is for them forever because God has chosen them out of this world, that they should look up to heaven, upon which all their hope depends. Jesus Christ being their king, shall reign with them forever. This fact should strengthen and encourage the chosen ones still on earth that are in troubles of one reason or another to understand that their afflictions in this world would eventually have an end, and there is a place prepared for them by their Father the Almighty God in heaven where they will reside forever and ever. The chosen ones should always know that the world is already a vanquished enemy, no matter the pains inflicted in their lives, it will one day come to be no more. All that the Chosen people need to do is to put their trust in the Captain of their salvation, putting on the whole armour of God, having the assurance that that the victory shal at the end of time be theirs, and that they shall yet shine forth as the moon, bright as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners. John 16: 33 says, “These things I have spoken unto you, that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world”. In this decaying world with e xpiration expiration d da te, the date, saints c ould be could persecuted, afflicted
and tormented but not in the Kingdom of heaven where God reigns and has His abode and throne. While they are in this world, while they have anything to do with the things of the world, there must be trouble of pestilence, diseases, death, barrenness, poverty, affliction, madness, heart-breaking troubles, soul-rending troubles, such troubles as will make the heart to break, and the back to bend but it will be only for a while. And as soon as the saints with perseverance cross over to the Kingdom of heaven all those troubles shall be no more because there is no pain or cry in the Kingdom. No weapon, no matter the strength of the weapons of warfare can be seen there. There is no chemical weapon there neither could one find nuclear weapon in it. Heaven is so peaceful, beautiful and stunningly exquisite from eternity to eternity. It can never be compared to anything in this world. The city of heaven was build with all manner of precious stones, even stones that cannot be found in the world. Indeed, no city on earth could be compared to heaven. Revelation 21: 18- 21 says, “And the building of the wall of it was of jasper: and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass. 19 And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of prec precious stones. The first foundation was jasp jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a ch chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; 20 The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seve seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the nint ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethy ethyst. 21 And the twelve gates were twelve pea pearls; every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it w were transparent glass”. T These were precious stones by which heav heaven was built and nothing can happen to it it. Heaven is so beautiful, incomparable, and so glorious. If you have seen anything bea beautiful in this world, I want to let you kno know, there is nothing to compare heaven to. T The beauty of heaven is without equal, with without match, without parallel, beyond com comparison, second to none, in a class of its own, peerless, supreme, unique and outs outstanding. The Scripture explained that the precious stones were not the ornament of tthe foundation, but the foundation itself self. This description is meant to show the glor glorious perfection of the architectural desi design. The costliest materials known to mor mortals are named in order to give us some idea that the city is beautiful and rich beyon yond conception. M Maybe you have gone to Japan and gone to A America, and gone to United Kingdom, may maybe you have gone to any part of this wor world maybe you have been to Dubai, Chi China or Paris where you were told that if y you see Paris you can die because you hav have seen all about beauty but it cannot be c compared to heaven. There is no dirt in heav heaven; it is so glorious and impeccable in all iits facets. O One rejoices when he gets a piece of gold and places it at a small corner in his house CONTINUED ON PAGE 41
PASSION Sunday October October 19, 2014
A Lifestyle Magazine
Ugochi Igwilo
Wearing short dresses is to show off my legs e v a h d l u o y w l g e Lif een u shion b t fa n u g u a l o n h i k A wit lase
a w u l o –T
>>2 >>27
Passion
Sunday, October 19, 2014
I love short dresses to show off my legs –Ugochi Igwilo Ugochi Latoya Igwilo is an international model living in India where she iss studying Interior odelling experience Designing. In this interview with Adaeze Amos, she speaks about her modelling and her dress sense. You started modelling in Nigeria before relocating to India where you are now based; could you compare modelling in Nigeria with that of India? Both are similar and exciting. You would see creativity at its peak. But my travelling to where I still continued modelling has given me positive exposure that I really longed for. Where do you prefer working, in India or Nigeria? I can work anywhere. I believe wherever I work, I can garner more experience. Any model can live anywhere and still be able to work in any part of the world. That is what makes modelling job very exciting. I must say that in India, models are treated nicely. Any society where models are treated with disdain or where they are not given their due respect, that society should have a rethink because modelling is a serious and respectable profession. Can you relive your first experience on a fashion runway? My first experience took place when I was in secondary school in Lagos. All the models for that day were students including the judges. It made the atmosphere very relaxed for me. There was no stage fright. This happened four years ago when I started modelling. Having spent four years in this vocation, what’s your view about modelling as a career? For now, it’s getting more interesting. I have been doing my runway shows very regularly. I have perfected my catwalks and I’m now at home with fashion runways anywhere in the world. I love what I’m doing and when one has passion for what she is doing, it becomes a hobby; you no longer see it as a job. When a model’s runway, what should do?
zipper snaps on the do you think she She should continue walking. She should use style and cover it. Don’t allow spectators of the fashion show notice what you are doing. Don’t fumble with your zip. You can turn with style and while doing this, you
try and hold it. You should do thatt with grace so that no one would notice what you are doing. oing. If, for instance, your jacket or dress drops on the runway, pick it up briskly and continue with what you ou are doing. Can you define your style? My style is simple. I like anything ing trendy and not exaggerated. What determines the kind of outfit you wear? Comfort is the paramount thing g that determines what I wear. An-other determinant is the style of the attire. Whatever brings out my shape and height works for me. What kind of clothing item makes up a larger part of your wardrobe? Short dresses make up a larger er part of my wardrobe because I show off my legs egs more in such dresses. What is that clothing item you would uld never be caught wearing? What I won’t wear is a pyjama in the daytime. I can wearr it at night. In other words, I like all styles but I can wearr them at the right time. What is that fashion accessory you u can’t do without as a woman? I love bracelets, earrings, necklaces laces and handbags. Can you model nude? No, I don’t do nude. I have never ever been presented with such a job before. I have not done it. What’s your best colour? I like orange because it makes me feel good. What kind of shoes do you go for? ? I like high heels; just like the one ne I’m wearing now. This is designed by Forever 21. With the fame your modelling career eer has offered you, do you wish to get married soon? Of course, why not? That I’m an n international model and I’m enjoying my career, do not rule e out the fact that I’m also a woman. I look forward to getting ing married one day and having my own children. When I start having children, I would ensure I retain my shape and nd figure. I would ensure not to go out of shape because I will be faithful to my exercises, to burn off fat and folds. When the time comes, I will get married because I consider er it very necessary. Who is your style icon? My style icon is myself. yself. I love my style swag. I think I’m a pacesetter acesetter in the style modelling world.
and and
Why do you choose to wear low cut at a time and age when wigs and d weaves are the order of the day? My low cut makes me stand out in every gathering. It gives me a clean look. ok. As a model, you need to appear neat. Apart from that, hat, it makes me look refreshed and youthful. Short hair iss easier to maintain. I just wake up, have my bath, my hair brushed; rushed; then off I go.
Sunday y Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
‘Life would have been ugly without fashion’ ADAEZE AMOS
T
oluwalase Akinlagun was brought up by educationist parents. Very early in life, she was made to cherish the importance of learning. “I was made to understand at an early age that education is power; a key to life. My y father who was an acting permanent secretary on education, in Lagos State, described education tion as the meal ticket one must never miss. He would engage me in the library, and my mother who is still a civil servant in Lagos would keep me busy with home lessons after normal school lessons. But that didn’t stop me from enjoying some recreational facilities just as other children ren did,” she said. Her hobby tallies with her career. “Oh I so much love to shop, especially online and visit the motherless babies’ homes. When en I can, I talk a lot. I do so, especially while working. “I currently work as a radio presenter/reporter. I’m also into event management and decoraoration. I am an entrepreneur, wedding planner, makeup artiste and style enthusiast. That is why my friends fondly call me posh ‘Iyalaje’ due to my strong business mind and skill,” she revealed. led. On the qualities of her ideal man, she said, “I love a God-fearing and honest man; he should ould be dark-complexioned, be taller than me, with a nice body build, sexy and must be able to speak eak fluent English. My man must be smart, a guy who has knowledge of every aspect of life. He has to be brilliant with a listening ear. He must be outgoing and an entrepreneur who has a vision sion to work hard to be successful. The reason is that, if as a lady I’m working this hard, then the guy has no excuse,” Akinlagun said. To this fashion pundit, life would have been “boring and ugly without fashion. I love fashion hion but I make mine simple and detailed. My style brings so much joy and makes me feel alive,” she explained. Dresses and accessories make a larger part of her wardrobe. “My wardrobe is made up of different styles yles and fashion accessories, ranging from beads, ads, wristwatches, tops, polos, shirts, blazlazers, jeans and skirts. Being a lady ady hasn’t stopped me from having ving fez caps as well, but I really ally love polo and jeans because use they make me comfortable. ble. Style is all about being eing comfortable in whatevtever you are wearing. But candidly, dresses make ake a larger part of my wardrobe,” she emphasised. A wristristwatch is the fashion accescessory she wouldn’t dn’t mind spending a fortune on. “I love wristwatchtches a lot. I wish I could ould just have all the expenpensive watches hes in the world,” ld,” Akinlagun stressed. She defines style and fashion thus. “Style is not fashion; ion; they are two different things. ngs. Style is not clothing. It is how you do everything you do. It is the choices and decisions you make every moment of your life. Having said this, style, to me, e, is standing outt in whateverr I decide e to w e a r, ” s h e emphasised.
Applause
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
The Fox
Hello Children, How are you? I am sure you have settled down for the new term. I hope you had lots of fun during your holiday? Ensure that you read your books to excel in your studies. In this edition, we have interesting stories, cartoons and other articles for you. Remember to always observe hygiene. Also, don’t forget to send in your questions and comments.
Once upon a time
Two brothers (3)
L
ast week, we read how the twin brothers were abandoned in the forest, how they came in contact with a huntsman who took care of them, trained and agreed to let them go into the world and make a living for themselves. When the time came for them to leave, their foster-father presented to each one of them, a gun and a dog, he allowed each to take as many of his saved-up gold pieces as he chose. Then he accompanied them apart of the way, before the brothers continued on their journey, he gave them a bright knife, and said, if ever you separate, stick this knife into a tree at the place where you part so that when one of you returns, he will be able to see how his absent brother is faring, for the side of the knife which is turned in the direction by which he went, will rust if he dies, but will remain bright as long as he is alive. The two brothers went still farther onwards, and came to a forest which was so large that it was impossible for them to get out of it in one day. They passed the night there, and ate what they had put in their hunting-pouches. They walked all the second day and still did not get out. As they had nothing to eat, one of them said, we must shoot something for ourselves or we shall suffer from hunger, he loaded his gun, and looked about him. When an old hare came running towards them, he laid his gun on his shoulder, but the hare cried, dear huntsman, do let me live, two little ones to thee I’ll give, and sprang instantly into the thicket, and brought two young ones. But the little creatures played so merrily, and were so pretty; that the huntsmen could not find it in their hearts to kill them. They therefore kept them, and the little hare followed on foot. Soon after this, a fox crept past. They were just going to shoot it, but the fox cried, dear huntsmen, do let me live, two little ones to thee I’ll give. He, too, brought two little foxes, and
the huntsmen did not like to kill them either, but gave them to the hare for company, and they followed behind. Not long after, a wolf strode out of the thicket and the huntsmen made ready to shoot it, but the wolf cried, dear huntsmen, do let me live, two little ones to thee I’ll give. The huntsman put the two wolves beside the other animals, and they followed behind them. Then a bear came who wanted to trot about a little longer, and cried, “dear huntsman, do let me live, two little ones to thee I’ll give. The two young bear were added to the others, and there were already eight of them. A lion came and tossed its mane, but the huntsmen did not let themselves be frightened and aimed at him likewise, but the lion also said, dear huntsman, do let me live, two little ones to thee I’ll give. And he brought his little ones to them, and now the huntsmen had two lions, two bears, two wolves, two foxes, and two hare, which followed them and served them. All this while their hunger was yet to be assuaged, and they said to the foxes, listen you sneakers, provide us with something to eat. You are crafty and cunning. “Not far from here lies a village, from which we have already brought many a fowl. We will show you the way there”, the foxes replied. They went into the village, bought food for themselves and their beasts to eat, and then traveled onwards. The foxes knew their way very well about the district and where the poultryyards were, and were able to guide the huntsmen. To be continued
Children, you can send your contributions and pictures through this email address [email protected] or call telephone number: 08023157876
T
he fox is a scavenger, carnivore dog with a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or brush) generally found in urban city areas in the northern Hemisphere. The fox is a nocturnal mammal, meaning that it only goes out at night to hunt for prey. Wild foxes tend live for around 6-7 years, but some foxes have been known to be older than 13 in captivity. The wild fox hunts for the mouse and other small mammals and birds, but foxes appear to enjoy all species of insect. A fox is generally smaller than other members of the dog family like wolves, jackals and domestic dogs. Foxes can be a pest in the cities as they are often seen tearing into rubbish. There are about 12 species of fox found around the world, which include the urban fox or red fox, the beautifully white Arctic fox, the sand fox which is a lightcoloured specie found in desert regions and the tiny yet big eared fennec fox. Foxes have been the victims of fox hunting in some region, an extremely controversial sport that involves humans on horses hunting out the fox, led by a pack of hound dogs which would find the fox by following their scent. The fox is also found in the rural areas of the Northern hemisphere, but fox populations in cities outnumber that of the countryside. Due to their scavenging nature, foxes move to the urban streets where food is more readily available. The largest specie, the red fox has the male weighing an average 4.1 and 8.7 kg (9.0 and 19.2 lb), while the smallest specie, the fennec fox, weighs 0.7 to 1.6 kg (1.5 to 3.5 lb). Fox-like features typically include a triangular face, pointed ears, an elongated rostrum, and a bushy tail. Foxes are digi-
tigrade, and thus, walk on their toes. Their claws are not retractable and therefore compared to a feline’s, relatively dull. Fox vibrissae, or whiskers, are black. Whiskers (carpal vibrissae) are also found on the forelimbs and average to be 40mm long, pointing downward and backward. Other physical characteristics vary according to habitat and its adaptive significance. Fox species differ in fur color, length, and density. Coat colors range from pearly white to black and white to black flecked with white or grey on the underside. Fennec foxes, and other species of fox adapted to life in the desert, such as kit foxes have large ears and short fur to aid in keeping their body cool. Arctic foxes, on the other hand, have tiny ears and short limbs as well as thick, insulating fur, which aid in keeping the body warm. Red foxes, by contrast, have a typical auburnpelt, the tail normally ending with white marking. A fox’s coat color and texture may vary due to the change in seasons; fox pelts are richer and denser in the colder months and lighter in the warmer months. To get rid of the dense winter coat, foxes moult once a year around April; the process begins from the feet, up the legs, and then along the back. Coat color may also change as the fox ages. The fox’s dentition like all other Canids, are incisor: 3/3, canine: 1/1, premolar: 4/4, molar: 3/2 = 42 (Bat-eared foxes have six extra molars, totaling in 48 teeth). Foxes also have pronounced carnassial pairs which are characteristic of a carnivore. These pairs consist of the upper premolar and the lower first molar and are work together to shear tough material like flesh. Their canines are also pronounced, another characteristic of a carnivore, which are excellent in gripping onto their target prey.
POP
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Sunday, October 19, 2014
Dude Style I feel good dotting tattoos –Muzz Koita Muzz was born by a Cote d’Ivorien father and a Malian mother. Muzz who came to Nigeria when he was four years old, studied Business Administration at Group Misa University in Coted’Ivoire. This Nollywood actor spoke to Victor Udoh about his passion for good dressing and the makebelieve world. How would you rate the Nigerian movie industry? Nigeria’s movie industry is one of the best in Africa. There are good actors, quality of creativity and wonderful pictures. Why did you choose acting as a vocation? I like to act because it is a way to express myself. When it comes to romantic adventures and other comedy roles, I am an expert in interpreting those roles. Can you speak about your achievement in the movie world? By the grace of God, I have achieved a lot. I just featured in a hit movie entitled Martisa, and very soon you will see it on your screen. I’m working on a project with Desmond Elliot, which I am playing the major role. There are more I wouldn’t want to talk about now. What is your kind of fashion? I like to be simple always, because of my kind of person. Sometimes, I wear designer label like Muss Fashion, Gucci, Versace, Louis and Vuoitton. What is your style slogan? Be comfortable in what you are putting on. Why do you wear tattoo and stud? I love tattoo and stud because I feel complete having them on. What is that fashion item you can’t be caught wearing? I can’t be caught wearing a Gstring pant. It is for ladies. Who is your mentor? Willsmith is my number one mentor, because of the creativity he infused in roles given to him. Also, Ramsey Noah is one of my best actors in Nigeria. Where do you see Nollywood in the next five years? In the next five years, Nollywood will be a household name, like Hollywood, in the world. Apart from acting, what else do you do? I am into runway modeling and fashion. I design some of my outfits. What is your philosophy of life? Be the best in everything you choose to do; don’t depend on anyone except God. Put smiles on people’s faces every day. Make sure you add value to life. What is your advice to upcoming artistes who are looking up to you? I would say to the upcoming artistes, just be yourself in everything you do.
29 [email protected] 07067124302
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Weddings Engagements CELEBRATING THE JOY IN MARITAL BLISS OCTOBER 19, 2014
You have a story to tell us about your wedding/engagement, or your new born baby. You can call this line 08023157876
Industrialist Adedoyin gives out daughter in marriage BABIES OF THE WEEK
STORIES: ODINAKA URUAKPA
F
rontline industrialist, Chief Samuel Adedoyin, last week, gave his daughter, Anuoluwapo, out in marriage to Mr. Nosika Adah. The wedding which took place at The Redeemed Christian church of God (RCCG) Redemption Parish, Victoria Island, Lagos was attended by the crème de la crème in the society. The gorgeous-looking couple walked into an already filled reception ground with guests eager to behold their charming presence. The bride who looked adorable in her white gown and the groom donning a well-tailored suit beamed with smiles all through the event. The groomsmen and bridal train were not left out as they too looked elegant in their costumes.
Earlier, the parents of the bride could not hide their joy as they danced with their daughter down to the altar. The officiating cleric, Pastor Shola, conselled the couple on how to live and maintain a good marriage. He urged them to love each other as Jesus loves us, and admonished they should also forgive each other when the occasion calls for it.
Bride’s father, Pa Adedoyin, at the wedding
The pastor who laced his preaching with a touch of humour advised the couple not to dwell on their weaknesses but to tap from the strength in each other. Dignitaries who graced the occasion include Senator Oluremi Tinubu; the Deputy Governor of Lagos State, Adejoke Orelope-Adefulure; Secretary to the Kwara State Government, Shola Gold, and Mary Upkong, among others.
Joy as Orange FM correspondent weds
S
aturday, September 27, will remain memorable in the life of Igbekele Anthony Ologun, the Ondo State House correspondent of Orange 94.5 FM, a stateowned radio station. It was the day he bade farewell to bachelorhood as he stylishly took his lady, Omotola Cecilia Adeloye to the altar to cement their over nine years of courtship into marriage. The event began with an engagement ceremony. Igbekele, accompanied by his parents, Mr. Augustine and Mrs. Esther Ologun, members of their family and friends, later paid the traditional due on Omotola, a lawyer by profession. The engagement which took place at the brides’s family house in Akure, provided an opportunity for the Ologun family from Oka-Akoko, Ondo State to unite with the family of the bride who are from Akure, also in Ondo State and exhibit their cultural values. Echoes of different choruses by the choir of Blessed Michael Tansi Catholic Church, Aule, Akure, marked the highpoint of the couple’s joyous moment at the wedding. It was double celebration as the day also coincided with the bride’s birthday. The reception held at United CAC High School field was another cherished moment. The magnificent marquee was highly decorated amid a large crowd that graced the event. Expectedly, members of the Orange FM family, where the groom works, and journalists from media houses within and outside Ondo State were on hand to rejoice with the couple. Other personalities present are the state Commissioner for Health, Dr. Dayo Adeyanju; the Permanent Secretary, Government House
and Head of Protocol, Rev. Soji Gbadebo, who also doubled as the chairman of the occasion. Others are CEO/GM of Orange 94.5 FM, Lion Tokunbo Jegede; the marriage sponsors, Barrister and Mrs. Fasunhan; and Manager, News and Current Affairs, NTA, Ado Ekiti, Kehinde Lamidi, among others. Gbadebo advised the couple not to involve third party in their marital affair. This, he said, was the only way to overcome crisis in the union On their relationship, the couple said it was divine for them to be together since nine years as many relationships crashed within two years. God is the foundation of our home and He will make our marriage a shining example for others.
T
wins, Delight Chidinma and Divine Chioma, were born to Mr. and Mrs. Blesssing Nwokejiegbe at Isolo General Hospital, Lagos. They weighed 3.14kg and 3.25kg respectively at birth. While sharing her pregnancy experience, their mother said though she had the usual changes and signs associated with pregnancy, what worried her most was her swollen face and feet. “When I was pregnant with the twins, I experienced the normal changes, but what worried me more were the swelling in my face and feet,” said Mrs. Nwokejiegbe. She disclosed that the names Delight and Divine were re-
G
eorge Obinna Emeh was born at Randle General Hospital, Surulere Lagos. He weighed 2.8kg at birth. His mother described the day of his delivery as surprising. According to her, she had gone to work the day before and later went to the hospital since it was the day for her antenatal. A few minutes after she returned from hospital, she started to notice signs of labour, but she took it as false labour since she would be due in two weeks. She told Sunday Mirror that she immediately went back to the hospital. The nurses were surprised to see her again in view of the way she was feeling. She was taken to the labour ward and admitted so she could be observed by the doctors. The pain and ache increased as the morning approached. She gave birth to her child at about six that morning. Chinonye described the period of her pregnancy as challenging. Being her first
vealed to her in her dream as appropriate for the children. Having had that revelation before their birth, she and her husband believed that it meant that the babies would be a source of divine blessing to the family, thus they decided to abide by God’s instruction. “They were miraculously delivered because the devil tried to play his evil pranks, but God intervened and proved His mighty power upon me and my little jewels. We give God the glory because Delight and Divine brought joy, peace, testimony and celebration in my marriage and above all, open doors to the family,” the mother emphasised.
experience, she felt uncomfortable in swollen feet and limbs which she experienced from the beginning of the pregnancy till the day of delivery. According to her, she cherishes the name ‘George’ so much because it’s that of a saint. She chose the name before her birth. His father, she said, chose ’Obinna’, which means ‘the heart of God’, because he was delighted at the wonder of God in their lives.
31
What to wear ‌to all blue bash OCTOBER 19, 2014
ADAEZE AMOS
O
ftentimes, it is the event that determines rmines the colour code. Therefore, in this sort rt of event where every attendee must wear blue e or a touch of blue, it would not be proper to be seen in another colour. Check out what these divas wore to such ch an event recently and see the splendour of blue when hen donned by ladies.
32
African Look OCTOBER 19, 2014
Creating bustier mullet dinner dress with African fabrics ADAEZE AMOS
I
t is good to create styles using fabrics that most people believe won’t work. What the model on this page is donning, for instance, is bustier mullet dinner dress. Most fashion designers would think English fabric is the best for this. You can see our African prints surely can be used to make styles that come out well. You should, therefore, try this style this season in glamorous events. You will definitely stand out. But ensure your colours blend and your poise intact.
Accessories
The naughtiest thing I’ve ever done
Adaeze Amos 08023012293 (SMS ONLY)
10 commandments for pregnant mothers (2) We conclude the dos and don’ts for pregnant mothers started last week. s your pregnancy progresses, you should avoid any activity that puts you at risk of falling or increases the chance of a trauma in your abdomen. This is not the period for you to stand on a stool in a bid to change an electric bulb. Leave your husband to do that. Neither is it a time to jump down from a high bus, just to show you are still strong enough.
A
*You should do Kegal exercise: Weak kegal muscles can contribute to pain during birth, premature flexion of the baby’s head and a prolonged second stage. Childbirth can also weaken these muscles and cause discomfort afterwards. *Don’t smoke or be around smokers: Smoking is such a well known hazard to the mother which is also harmful to the unborn baby. Don’t also be a passive smoker; it can also affect the foetus. Exposure to smoke can result in spontaneous abortion, preterm births, low-weight full-term babies, and fetal and infant deaths. *Avoid consumption of alcohol: Alcohol has a variety of negative effects on your developing baby, depending on the dose and frequency. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the worst-case scenario, leading to severe retardation and other abnormalities. *You shouldn’t take over the counter drugs, including aspirin, unless prescribed by your doctor: Drugs that are safe to take when not pregnant can cause dangerous effects to a foetus when you are pregnant. If you are even thinking of becoming
pregnant, you should discuss the use of any drug you currently take with your doctor beforehand. *Avoid caffeine: Caffeine taken during pregnancy is thought to increase the probability of a child contracting diabetes. Those kola nuts you chew just to curb spitting and vomiting are not good for your health. *Don’t eat junk foods: The basic problem with junk food is that it fills you up but does not provide vitamins or protein. As the size of your stomach decreases during pregnancy, junk food takes up room and prevents you from eating the foods you really need for you and your baby’s health. *You should avoid Vitamin A supplements: By consuming as little as four times the RDA of Vitamin A, you greatly increase the risk of having a baby with birth defects or other problems. Exposure during the first trimester is the worst. Natural sources of Vitamin A are okay – they are foods that are artificially supplemented that cause the problem, and most foods are. Other fat-soluble vitamins such as D, E and K can also accumulate in the body organs and tissues, and high-dosage supplementation should be discussed with your doctor. *You should not expose yourself to pesticides: Pesticides (including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and so on) can have a variety of effects on your unborn baby depending on the type of chemical, the length and intensity of exposure and the age of the foetus. In general, it is best to avoid exposure to all pesticides. Though this is not easy, try to avoid these dangers as best you can.
Mama Nothing Spoil
I confounded robbers who confronted me
I
have done numerous naughty things in life. They are so many that I don’t know which to tell. I will discuss the one that happened recently. I was returning from Ikeja to Egbeda, a suburb of Lagos State. When I got to Dopemu, also in Lagos, as I was trying to turn towards Akowonjo, I saw a guy pointing a pistol at me. It was around 9 p.m. People were passing and they didn’t know what was happening. He told me that I should look at the gun he was holding to be sure it wasn’t a toy. I looked at it according to his instruction. I noticed that they were four urchins in number, all in rugged jeans. He then said to me in a commanding tone, “Oya! Give us your handbag, sharp! sharp!” I looked at him and his boys who waited for me to cooperate. I said to them, ‘My dearest brothers, it’s a pity I don’t have any money on me now, the only available thing that I have here with me is my Yonder Biabia (pubic hair) and I can pull out two hair from there and use it to curse you all”. When the guys heard what I said, they were flabbergasted. They looked at themselves in awe and suddenly bust in laughter. The one that had a gun laughed continually. I joined them to laugh as if we were friends, but within me I was scared even as I muttered some prayers. The one with the gun took a closer look at me. When he recognised me, he hailed me and called me Mama Nothing Spoil. I hailed them, raising my hand. They were still laughing as I drove off. When I got home, I shifted my centre table in my living room. I then rolled on the floor showing gratitude to God, thanking Him for sparing my life from robbers Oyebo, aka ‘Mama Nothing Spoil’, is a comedienne, socialite who anchors a TV programme. –Adaeze Amos
36
T Missionary style: alking with Yemisi SEX Adeniran
And men speak!
I
f you had thought that the views expressed on the missionary style of sex that we discussed on this page some weeks back have finished, you just might be wrong. This is because more views are being expressed, but this time round, by men. You would recall that about two weeks ago, the views of women on the position were published. Largely, many of those who sent in their responses were more at home with the style as compared to how they feel with others. One of their reasons for that is the comfort that comes with it. All that they need to do, they said, is lie back and enjoy it while it lasts; and of course, the man does a large part of the physical exercise. Another reason for the support the style enjoyed from women is due to their lack of interest in styles that appear to be complicated and probably unnecessarily strenuous. The missionary style, it may be necessary, to repeat, is the position simply described as “the man-on-top.” It is a sex position usually denoting the act in which a woman lies on her back and a man lies on top of her while they face each other and engage in sexual intercourse or other sexual activities. However, men think differently about the position. Their views are obviously informed by their interest in experimenting and exploring other positions apart from the conventional one. For instance, it is believed that the missionary style does not, in any way, offer the excitement that many men look forward to in sex. It is believed to be old fashioned and only for the physically weak men. “For men who are agile and very strong physically, the missionary way of sex is not just it. That is why I will never subscribe to it for anything. I am still very young and agile. Why will I go for that kind of style? The few times I have gone its way are times I just did not want to bother my wife so much. They are times she is
not so strong and not very willing. My wife is very considerate and always wants to satisfy me sexually. I also believe she is also young and sexually active. So, she does not also want the missionary style too. But when she appears tired, we just go for it and believe me, it’s always fun,” said a reader who identifies himself simply as Geoffery B. As far as Mr. Agboola Dare is concerned, the missionary style is very boring. It is not a style that will get one to look forward to having sex and this can lead to a man going into extra marital affair if he is confined to it. He said, “I have been married for over ten years and I have discovered that the missionary sex style is the most boring of all the styles. Although I have discovered that it is mostly preferred by my wife, I don’t always enjoy it as much as I do others. It is old fashioned and far from being fun. I consent to it most times because I don’t want problems in the house and then, I don’t also like it when my wife asked me whether she was a prostitute. I have tried to talk her out of her belief but she has remained adamant. I just pray she will change one day. The few times she complied, she did it reluctantly.” Corroborating Dare, a reader, Mr. Alex Duru, said, “It is very boring and unexciting. Sex should be made better every day. It is supposed to be fun and thrilling. The missionary style can never offer this. I prefer the doggy style. It makes me feel high and like a real man. I enjoy it more and I am sure my woman also does. It is the touchyour-toe style.” “Women should get smarter and hotter on bed. It is the only way they can keep their men at home. No woman can sustain me at home with an old fashioned style of sex for any reason. There are better styles that are fun. Women should try and be adventurous; it is what life is all about,” said another reader who identifies himself simply as Ade. Notwithstanding the opinions expressed by men, especially, those who prefer other complicated styles, it must be said that the missionary position is often preferred by couples who enjoy its romantic qualities afforded by copious skin-to-skin contact and opportunities to look into each other’s eyes, kiss and caress each other. The position is also believed to be a good position for reproduction. During sexual activity, the missionary position allows the man to take charge of the rhythm and depth of pelvic thrusting. It is also possible for the woman to thrust against him by moving her hips or pushing her feet against the bed, or squeeze him closer with her arms or legs. The position is less suitable for late stages of pregnancy, or when it is desired for the woman to have greater control over rhythm and depth of penetration. It must also be stated that it is one style that allows the man to reach orgasm faster than the woman. In fact, only few women achieve orgasm with this style of sex. If you are therefore a woman who seeks sexual satisfaction, that is, reaching orgasm, this style is simply out of it. Send your reactions to: ydiran @yahoo.com or 08029894772 (text only)
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
...Find your soul mate here
Send text only to 08023012293
In need of a serious relationship/marriage My name is Douglas; 23 years old. I live in Kano. I’m passionate and loving. I want a lady in need of love and respect –09095123300. Daniel is my name and I’m 35 years old. I need a beautiful sugar mummy for love and fun. I promise to give her my best –08035574858. My name is Abubakar from Kogi State. I want a rich lady that can take good care of me by taking me out of my present situation –08163183853. Sony Texas is my name. I have a god sense of humour. I need a sex mate in Enugu, Enugu State –08030887308. Uche is my name. I’m into telecommunication business in Enugu, Enugu State. I require a sexy, busty Christian woman for marriage –08100201829. My name is Gabriel Emmanuel. I work and live in Ogun State. I need a 27-40 years old Yoruba lady that is working or self-employed for a serious relationship that would lead to marriage. She could be a student –08095346133. I’m Jenny from Lagos, a banker. I need a true friend that is God-fearing, caring and sincere –07013955115. Yomi is my name, 26 years old, and I’m into computer business. I’m of average height and dark in complexion. I need a Christian or Muslim woman of any tribe but she has to be educated and has a job. She should not be less than 24 years old –07034209977. My name is Femi, 26, from Lagos. I live at Surulere, Lagos. I work as a computer engineer. I’m dark, tall and lovely. I need a loving and caring lady for relationship –08138457156. I’m Eric, 28, and I live in Abuja. I want a lady that can actually pet me. She should be light-skinned, 5.6ft tall, an OND holder –08167826798. Ugochukwu is my name. I’m a medical officer, light-complexioned, slender and Igbo. I need a beautiful lady between 25 and 33 years old. She should be educated and working-class. Any tribe is accepted –07034800302. I’m Christopher, single and 44 years old. I’m 5.11 ft tall from Ondo. I’m God-fearing, open-minded and passionate. I’m honest, romantic and reliable. I work in a financial organisation and live in Lagos. I want a woman between28 and 40 years old –08035739277. My name is Williams, 20 years old. I need a lady of between 18 and 19 years old for relationship –08165470507. I am Luxury, a medical doctor from Anambra State living in Enugu. I need a sexy, busty, pretty and educated Christian lady for marriage –07034617994. My name is Barry, 26 years old, from Lagos. I live at Surulere, Lagos. I’m a computer engineer. I’m dark, tall, caring and loving. I need a God-fearing, fat or slim lady between 23 and 28 years old for serious relationship –08052434255. My name is Shola; I’m 32, a Yoruba guy. I want a woman between 30 and 35 years old who can settle down with me –08062365425. I’m Joseph, from Ondo State. I’m light-skinned and tall. I’m looking for a sugar mummy –07038245617. I’m Sam Sunday, 40 years old. I need someone serious to be my wife. She should be from 28 years old –08096985708, 08067808771. I’m Prince Adetunji, 42 years old. I’m educated, working, cute and need a wife that is pretty, educated, working or who is into business and God-fearing that is ready to settle down –08056584297. My name is Victor, 25 years old. I live in Lagos. I need a sugar mummy between 38 and 40 years old that can take good care of me –07060784430. Mary is my name. I’m 20 years old. I need a God-fearing Christian guy that is 5.7ft tall, between 25 and 30 years old for a serious relationship that would lead to marriage. He should be a working-class that lives in Lagos –08181557210. My name is Michael. I’m cool, caring and romantic. I’m unemployed. I want a loving, caring, sexy and beautiful sugar mummy below 60 years old for a serious relationship –08032297762. I’m Kunle, 43, live in Ibadan. I want to have a romantic relationship with a lady who is between 42 and 50 years old. She should be living in Lagos or Ibadan –08050709034. My name is Paul, 50, and I’m from Akwa Ibom State. I’m a businessman. I need a lady between 25 and 40 years old for marriage –07030809667. I’m Oyinloye, plump and sexy. I need a rich man between 50 and above. He must be living in Lagos. He could be a sugar daddy, I wouldn’t mind –08146466215. I’m Dennis by name, I’m 25 years old. I live in Abuja and I’m working. I need a lady between 20 and 23 years old for a serious relationship that could lead to marriage –09030465717. I’m Sunday, dark, 35 years old and 6ft tall. I’m a civil servant from Ondo State. I need a God-fearing lady between 25 and 32 years old. She has to be a working-class, from any part of the world –07031151927.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Sneakers
S
neakers are a synonym for “athletic shoes”, the generic name for the footwear primarily designed for sports or other forms of physical exercise. Additionally, in recent years, sneakers have come to be used for casual everyday activities. The term describes a type of footwear with a flexible sole made of rubber or synthetic material and an upper part made of leather or canvas. Examples include athletic footwear such as basketball shoes, tennis shoes, cross trainers and others worn for specific sports.
Native Americans discovered Popcorn Popcorn was first discovered thousands of years ago by Native Americans in North America. First traces of popcorn are from 3600 B.C. It is one of the oldest forms of corn. Due to its history, it is hard to give credit of the popcorn’s existence to a particular person.
DO YOU KNOW? Spider
WORDS ON MARBLES Formal education will make you a living; self-education will make you a fortune. -Jim Rohn
A
JOKE
cruise was sinking in the ocean; there were five people left in it and the last lifeboat could only hold 4 people. The five people were: a lawyer, a doctor, a teacher, a boy and the captain who was supposed to be the last one to abandon the ship. As the cruise was in international waters, it was under the jurisdiction of the country that the cruise was registered. That country’s law allowed the captain to decide who could be left in such a case. The boy said: “I am young and my future is bright. I may be a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer and etc. I may help, or save many people in the future. I think I deserve a seat.” The teacher said: “I teach young kids like this little boy. Without us, the young
kids will not be successful. I think I deserve a seat too.” Then the doctor said: “I have saved many people’s lives and may save yours too, especially in this lifeboat. I think you need me.” The lawyer said: “I am a lawyer; I can help you all to claim the millions of dollars from government. I am a witness and also a victim; if I survive, the chance to win the case is 100%. The boy is a minor, his compensation will be less. Let me have his seat!” Without wasting a second to think about it, the captain announced: “You, the lawyer, stay with the cruise.” The reason was the boy was the captain’s son. The moral of this joke is you should know the relationship of your audience.
FAIRY PUZZLE
S
piders (orderAraneae) are airbreathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization. As of 2008, at least 43,678 spider species, and 109 families have been recorded by taxonomists; however, there has been dissension within the scientific commu-
TONGUE TWISTER
nity as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900.
“I scream you scream we all scream for ice cream...” “Fuzzy wuzzy was a bear. Fuzzy wuzzy had no hair. Fuzzy wuzzy wasn’t very fuzzy, was he?” “How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood”
SPOT THE DIFFERENCE
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
& ovies M usic M Edited by Adaeze Amos 08023012293 e-mail: [email protected]
I have passion for filmmaking –Victor Olaitan Victor Toye Olaitan is an actor, director, MC and media consultant. He is the lead character of the most successful soap series on DStv, Mnet African Tinsel. In this interview with Victor Udoh, he talks about his foray into the movie industry, among other issues. You were the only one picked for the Fred-Ade Williams role in Tinsel, how were you able to get the role? It’s God’s favour. I believe I was favoured. I really don’t have much to say about that because there are many good actors in Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya and Ghana. But for you to be favoured, there has to be some skills that go with it. I have been in this industry for over 40 years. I have skills.
You act in both English and Yoruba movies, and you are also a model; of these, which do you really have passion for? I have a passion really for filmmaking. However, filmmaking has not really been entrenched in Nigeria because we do television movies and all that stuff. In filmmaking, I like what Samuel Jackson is doing in America; I really envy him.
What do you see as your achievement in the past 40 years? Basically, today we have places in over 50 countries in Africa, Europe, America and Australia. Our predecessors never got the opportunity we have today. I think that’s an achievement for me in the industry.
What is your take on piracy? Piracy is a sad story that affects every filmmaker, even the actors because today an average actor does not get residue on the film they make. That needs to stop. If you look at it, many of them would say they have done over 50 movies and yet nothing to show for it. The passion we have for movie is the luxurious life that goes with it. Though we have not got it in Nigeria, we pray to get there before people like us leave the industry.
Which of your movies thrust you into the limelight? I did ‘A Production of Timing’ with a producer, Oloolu Ogunniyi, and that was the first major movie on Nigerian Television. That really brought me out. What are your plans for the next stage? We have a lot of projects we are planning. We are looking at multinational productions right now. I don’t want to let the cat out of the bag. There is a production we are working on now.
What is your philosophy of life? My philosophy is that you get what you deserve. If it comes to you bad, that’s what you deserve. God is not wicked. If you deserve something good, He will give it to you. Some people will wish they were billionaires. If you were a billionaire, you might have died many years ago; so He gives people what they appropriately deserve.
Many actors are venturing into politics; do you have any such plan? I don’t; I have been approached a few times but I am scared. For me, politics in Nigeria is rough and it takes a very brave heart to be there.
Nollywood stars mourn Clems Onyeka
N
ollywood star, Clems Onyeka, last Tuesday, was killed in crossfire between a robbery gang and the police in Asaba, Delta State. A stray bullet hit him in the head inside his car and he died on the spot, leaving his wife and three sons. Hence, his colleagues have been in mournful mood since the news of his death filtered in. Sonia Ogiri, an actress and friend of the late Clems, is worried about the tragic incident. “If I had known this was going to happen, I would have made efforts to see him five days ago when he wanted to see me. I could remember when I had an accident and was hospitalised, he came all the way to show me love with Anita Joseph. Now he is gone. He was a very playful, joyful, caring and loving person,” she said. Another Nollywood actress, Joy Elejo Egbunu, also reacted. “I haven’t felt so sad about a person’s death in recent times like I have with Clem Onyeka’s. Just the other Saturday, we were in touch, and three days later he is no more. Let’s value the times we’ve got to spend with friends, loved ones and family members because we do not know when it will be our last time,” she counselled. Eve, an actress, was dumfounded. She lamented, “O no! Clem, Oh my God.”
Egbunu
MTV Base initiates debate on Best Naija tracks
M
TV Base ignited a fierce social media debate about the best of Nigerian music following a programme which aired on Nigeria’s Independence Day called ‘The Best Naija Songs Ever on MTV Base’. The list of artistes and songs featured in the programme were determined by viewers of MTV Base, who voted via the MTV Base website www.mtvbase.com to choose their musical favourites, starting from the channel’s launch on February 22, 2005 till the present day. The ‘Top 20’ voted for by MTV Base viewers comprised: • 2Face: African Queen • 9ice: Gongo Aso • D’Banj: Oliver Twist • P Square Feat. Waje: Do Me • Wizkid: Holla At Your Boy • Davido: Dami Duro • Ice Prince: Oleku • D’Banj: Why Me • M.I.: Safe • Olu Maintain: Yahooze • Naeto C: Kini Big Deal • Davido: Skelewu • Banky W: Lagos Party • Wizkid: Pakorumo • Asa: Jailer • P Square: Chop My Money • Wande Coal: Bumper To Bumper • Dr Sid: Surulere • Flavour: Nwa Baby (Remix) • KCee: Limpopo Bonus Track: Iyanya: Kukere Other artistes/tracks that received an honourable mention included: Styl Plus: Olufunmi; Shank: Julie; DJ Jimmy Jatt: Stylee; Ikechukwu feat. Don Jazzy & D’banj: Wind Am Well; D’Banj: Fall in Love. Alex Okosi, Senior Vice-President and Managing Director, Viacom International Media Networks (VIMN) Africa, welcomes the heated debate sparked by the programme. He said: “We are thrilled to see the passion with which people are engaging in the discussion about the ‘Best Naija Tracks’. There has been concern in some quarters that the list didn’t include some of Nigeria’s most seminal artistes and songs - it seems as if some people may have misinterpreted the campaign. This list of tracks, as voted by the public, was never intended to reflect the ‘Best Naija Tracks’ of all time; the creation of this campaign is part of the buildup to our 10th birthday and it was supposed to highlight artistes that have been played on our channel since the launch of MTV Base in 2005, hence the title ‘The Best Naija Tracks Ever on MTV Base’. We understand that the positioning could have been misleading on some of our platforms and we regret any confusion caused.” “As a brand, we acknowledge and respect the fact that Nigeria has a long music history beyond the last 10 years and our work since launching MTV Base is to help develop and showcase the best of Nigerian and African music to a global audience. The “Best Naija Tracks Ever on MTV Base” campaign is really about celebrating the new generation of talent who have benefitted from the legends who paved the way for their successes today.” Okosi added: “The important thing is that everyone has their own views about what makes a great song or a great artiste, and we’re keen to hear their thoughts. We are continuing the debate and encouraging music fans to further engage in the campaign via our digital media platforms. We will also be filming a special MTV Base Nigerian music roundtable in Lagos on this topic, featuring artistes, DJs and music industry experts. The roundtable will air on MTV Base in November as part of the channel’s build-up to our 10th birthday celebrations. Simultaneously, MTV Base is challenging music fans to create their own lists of ‘Best Naija Tracks’, and to post them on MTV Base social media assets, or to get involved in the conversation by using the hashtag #BaseBestNaijaTracks. Those engaging in the campaign stand the chance to have their comments featured in the roundtable discussion on MTV Base.”
Uti Nwachukwu, others attend Star The Winner Is victory party
F
or Micheal Achu, champion of ‘Star The Winner Is’, season one, it was a night of realising long lost dreams and aspirations. He was presented with the key to a brand new 2014 Volkswagen CC, the sum of N10 million, and a recording deal with Universal Records. Achu cried, screamed, laughed and was overwhelmed with emotions as friends and relatives gathered to watch his crowning moment. The well-attended event which held at the Nigerian Breweries Bar, Iganmu, Lagos recently had in attendance artistes such as Uti Nwachukwu, host of the game show, Bryan Okwara, Yaw, Dotun, Temi and Mannie of Cool FM, Chris Ihidero Destiny Amaka, OluwaseunP, Olorisupergal, among others. Achu was not the only person who smiled to the bank that night. One guest walked home fifty thousand naira richer after Uti Nwachukwu hosted a mini ‘Star The Winner Is’ at the event conducting a duel round between Kenny Blaize and Belinda out of which the latter emerged winner. Even with the fact that the maiden season of ‘Star The Winner Is’ ended on a very high note, viewers nationwide are already clamouring for a second season. Although producers have not confirmed the fact, from all indications, ‘Star The Winner Is’ season two may take place sometime next year.
Sound Sultan, Ali Baba, others share career experiences
Afolayan
Alli Baba
Sound Sultan
Multiple award-winning singer, Sound Sultan, alongside top industry leaders such as comedy pioneer, Ali Baba and popular comedian, Julius Agwu, recently gathered at the Royal Events Centre Ikeja, Lagos to share their career experiences and knowledge with budding and practising creative minds. Others on the occasion are founder/ CEO BHM Group, Ayeni Adekunle, ace photographer Don Barber, Nollywood producer, Kunle Afolayan and the Executive Director, 141 Worldwide, Suleman Momoh. The motivational and inspiring session guaranteed each speaker held nothing behind, as they challenged attendees to dare to be professionals and get better at what they do. According to the convener of the conference, James ‘Abinibi’ Alabi, founder of Abinibi Multimedia, “the Network is a platform that attracts creative practitioners from graphics, animation, advertising, makeup, fashion, web design, photography and printing spheres. It also serves as a platform for them to exhibit, discuss their portfolios and network freely unhindered by socioeconomic barriers.” Abinibi stressed: “Those that missed the event can follow up on Twitter with the hashtag #theNetworkNigeria” and join in the conversation.
40
ADAEZE AMOS [email protected] 08023012293 (sms only)
TRUE LIFE STORY ON MATTERS OF THE HEART OCTOBER 19, 2014
‘My wife’s barrenness made me seek baby out of wedlock’ We continue the intriguing story of James and Nancy started last week.
W
hen James met Nancy, she was the type of woman he wanted. He only courted her for six months before taking her to the altar. All was well when they got married until after some years when Nancy was unable to give him a child. Nancy who was running the same company with her husband was caring to her mother-in-law despite that the woman treated her with disdain when she was newly married. “But after a while, my parents had no choice but to love and welcome her as my wife because she was nice, loving and respectful to them. My mum in particular loved her and wished her well. The only thing that posed a problem to her was her inability to conceive. This really disturbed us a lot, my mum inclusive. The poor woman was concerned when after six years of marriage, there was no child in our home. The house became empty and lifeless. Mum would say that there was no child to break our plates, no cry of a baby anywhere in the whole house except some distant pitch cry of neighbours’ children once in a while. That was why when she and her friend started coming to Lagos to buy what they would sell in Calabar, Cross River State where they lived, we grabbed the idea with both hands,” JKames said. “Our guest room had been empty for long, even the supposedly children’s room had remained uninhabited since six years we got married. The only thing in the children’s room were baby wears and cot my wife bought. That was on the instruction of her pastor…that by so doing, her womb would open and God would bless her. She did that since three years and those things have just remained there untouched. When my mother and her friend started coming to Lagos, it was a relief from loneliness. They usually stayed for a week before they travelled back. They continued doing this for a while and Nancy my wife was nice to them,” he recalled. At a time, James’ mother became tired of coming. “She felt there was no need for two of them to be coming, that one person could do the shopping. She was giving her friend money to help her buy the things she would sell. Her friend did so twice and became very friendly with Nancy. They would both stay and tell stories as if they were old pals or age mates. Nancy laid her heart bare to her, told her how sad it had been for her not to have conceived since six years that she was married. She also told her about how her husband would have loved her more if she had given him a child. When she told her the number of times she had done artificial insemination but all to no avail, she took pity on her,” James said. “My wife didn’t know she was selling her-
self by telling my mother’s friend secrets I would not share with my mum. She even told her how she nearly arranged for a girl to help her carry a baby in her womb till term through artificial insemination. The girl agreed but a day to the time we were supposed to see the specialist that would do it for us, the girl reneged, insisting I should marry and get her pregnant in a normal way. My wife frowned at that and kicked her out. “When she brought her in, my wife pampered her and she became our friend in the process. Somehow, she started developing fondness for me. When she voiced out her mind, my wife warned her not to come to her house again,” he said. All the things Nancy told her mother-inlaw’s friend were later used against her. She started bringing her daughter, Patience, to Lagos to help her do her shopping and assist her. “Nancy didn’t frown at that, neither did my mother. When Patience came with her mother, I liked her. She was pretty. Something about her attracted my fancy. I concealed that feeling from my wife but I presumed that the mother knew I liked her daughter. After three or four times of coming with her mother, she became close to my wife so much that when she pleaded with her to allow her live with her to tidy the house and help her cook, she welcomed the idea. I didn’t like that because it was a grave temptation. But since my wife agreed, I accepted too. Patience’s mother was happy that we accepted her,” he said. She lived for about eight months with James and Nancy. Then the devil threw a spanner in their marriage, using her as an agent.
“It happened on the night my wife went for a vigil and I came home late from my drinking joint within the neighbourhood. In fact, I managed to drive home because I was completely soaked. The only person I met in the house was Patience who didn’t
waste time to throw the gate open for me. My gatekeeper went for his mother’s burial,” he said. When he staggered out of his car, Patience knew he was drunk. She helped him carry his briefcase and some of his files from the car. He went to his joint from his office because he had late night meeting. Convinced his wife would have gone for vigil he decided to hang out with friends in his usual joint. He staggered up the stairs to his room accompanied by Patience who was carrying his briefcase and some files. While she was following him, her mind wandered off to the advice her mother gave her. She remembered what she was told as her mother’s voice rang a bell: “James is not a bad man to have. Since his wife’s womb has been locked up by whatever forces, I think it would be nice to show him a little kindness. From his quick glances at you, he likes you. Utilise every opportunity.” James’ questions brought Patience back from her reverie; “Nancy is at the church, right?” “Yes uncle,” she answered almost immediately. “Why didn’t you follow her,” he quipped. His comment gave Patience room to make more statements. “I think she is the one barren, not me. She deserves more prayers than I do. Can you help me massage my back please? It aches.” Patience, astounded, waited, wanting to hear him clearer. To be continued next week.
RESPONSES Re: ‘I won’t marry my fiancée, her confession is shocking’ Dear Johnson, Apparently, you have lost confidence and trust in Mercy, because she revealed to you that her father’s gatekeeper/driver deflowered her, when two of you were opening up to each other about your past. You are also biased that Mercy’s mother slept with her barber, who lived in their Boys’ Quarters, which forced her to leave her marriage. Then you concluded that she would be sleeping around, if you marry her. I would advise you to allow Mercy continue with the man who deflowered her, so that you can look for a virgin to marry. You are not innocent because you had slept with another woman before Mercy. The guy has got a job in a big company and will have the capacity to marry Mercy. If the guy wasn’t a nice fellow, Mercy’s father wouldn’t have employed him when he retired and pay him the same salary he was receiving in his previous employment. In fact, you’re the one who snatched Mercy from the guy. Patrick Adiasor, Surulere, Lagos, 0803342087. Haba Johnson, Please, realise that we all had our experiences one way or the other. Mercy was in her teens and that is the age of experiments for young people. That is the age when she ought to be properly monitored by parents. She did it innocently because
that was what her peer group was into. It doesn’t matter who she did it with, that shows naivety. So, don’t make the mistake of making your future wife a girlfriend. Wale, 08058134904. Dear Johnson, Truth is always bitter. I must commend Mercy for her courage to confess her past deed and that of her mother to you. It will be a disservice to her and a slap on the face of the truth if you decide not to marry her because of her true confession. Ibe Chikezie, Kaduna, 08069519322 Hi Johnson, It is your type of person that makes women to conceal their secrets to themselves. Yes, women bottle up a lot till date because when you tell our men the truth about their past deeds, they would have themselves to blame. That is why so many wives have numerous dirty secrets to keep in their minds and would never open to confess to their husbands because they would be driven out of their matrimonial homes. If I were in Mercy’s shoes, I wouldn’t have opened up to you like she did. See the poor girl is blaming herself for telling you the truth. I think what you deserve to hear and enjoy is nothing but lies. Florence, 30 Shitta Street, Dopemu, Lagos.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Don’t allow quest for material things lead you into sin, warns Prophet Oloruntimilehin
T
he understanding of God’s expectations from man has shown that man is expected to come into this world to eat, worship God diligently and die.
These are the three major things men are expected to do. But they have not met one percent of God’s expectations. They are doing what they like and want. The eating aspect of the three is the subjectmatter of my message. God wants people to eat well so as to have the power and strength to worship Him and work. So, God created other creatures, green plants and animals for man to have dominion over them for his food (Genesis Genesis 1:28-30). Now people are more concerned with the eating aspect than worshipping God and die. The importance given to the eating aspect is what is tormenting many people now. The preference for eating aspect has made many people to put hands into sins that are more power-
General Overseer of Omnipotence Mission of God, Prophet Joshua Daramola Oloruntimilehin, in this admonition, calls for caution in the quest for material things . Excerpts: need to get something to eat. Some womthey want to en sell their bodies because th feed. Then the ways and means people are eating makes God to be angry. People are doing evil things because they want to eat and the Bible says in Exodus 20:1-17 “… shall not comyou shall not murder, you sha steal…” Also mit adultery, you shall not ste consequences of the scripture states the conse those that violate these rules in Revelathe unbelievtion 21:8, “But the cowardly, th the sexually ing, the vile, the murderers, th magic arts, immoral, those who practice m their place will the idolaters and all liars, thei be in the fiery lake of burning sulphur…” concerned about People are not only concer but want to the source of what they eat b reserve the food ensure they stockpile and reser that is unclean. They do the stockpiling the next few so that they do not bother for th would be eatdays looking for what they wo Jesus teaching. They have forgotten that J es us in the Bible that people should ask (Matthew 6:11). God for their daily bread (Matt some people to Eating has made som self-cantered that be greedy and self-ca all they want is to own everything and the rrest do not get anything. They are supposed to think how people would get other peopl something. something Also, eating has made ssome people amass wealth, to am keeping and money in mon their vaults the and banks; an acquire landed property, buildings they can sell in case of depress i o n . Prophet Oloruntimilehin
ful than us. Some people commit murder because they want to eat. These people do not care about what happened to their victims, all they know is eating. When some of t h e s e people are questioned why they did the acts, they attributed them to
‘The beauty and joy of Heaven’ CONTINUED FROM PAGE 24 but the street of heaven is tiled with gold. A rich man without an ounce of gold in his treasure does not feel satisfied. I was marveled many years ago before the advent of this ministry when God revealed the magnificence of heaven to me. I saw on that day a splendid city decorated with gold, sparkling in glory and grace. It was like I should be allowed to enter immediately but if that had been the case this ministry wouldn’t have been and many who got saved in it may not have been saved. As soon as I took decision to enter heaven in that revelation, I woke from sleep. Haven is so secured and tranquil beyond description. You don’t need guards; neither would you need any police man, military man or any other Para- military to guard you. There is no violence there, no corruption, political thuggrey, election rigging, war, etc. The wicked is not found there, and all that have defiled themselves by lust and uncleanness, including every person that has not by holiness of heart and life separated himself from sin and dedicated himself to God and his service could be found
there. Rev. 21: 22- 23 says, “And I saw no temple therein: for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the temple of it. 23 And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof”. The sun and moon, the brightest objects by day and night, shall be eclipsed by the surpassing glory of the presence of the Lord Himself in the Kingdom. Night can never shut out its splendor. You don’t need sun or moon in heaven for the Lord will give grace and glory in due time, both as needed, both to the full, and both with absolute certainty, for He has it in infinite abundance and the saints shall receive both as a free gift from the God of our salvation. Rev. 22:3 and 5, “3 And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him: 5. And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign forever and ever”. Indeed heaven is appealing to every
saint. If there is any place that is so attractive to me it is heaven. You can deny me any visa from any country of the world, but I want to let you know, I don’t care about it because there is a place that I desire and that is heaven. Many people are staking their lives in order to obtain visa to countries they considered the best but they goofed because they are less concern about original visa to the original Kingdom. Beloved, I want to provoke you to seek for original visa; I want to provoke you to seek for original citizenship of heaven. It’s so beautiful, it is incomparable. In heaven we will be permitted to know all that is to be known in the character of our Maker, and the principles of His government; all that is to be known of the glorious plan of redemption, all that is to be known of the reasons why sin and woe were permitted to enter this earth. There, too, we will be permitted to enjoy all that there is to be enjoyed in a world without a cloud and without a tear. It will be a world of surpassing splendor, a world of the highest conceivable happiness. This is true not only because
They are storing up treasures on earth and the Bible says in Matthew 6:19-21, “Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven where moth and rust do not destroy and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where treasure is, there your heart will be also”. Eating is very important when people are hungry, so people go to any extent to get food. After getting the food, they now start looking for other things that are not necessary and irrelevant. Because of the importance of food in the life of people, many people decide to use their position and authority to amass wealth and forget that they would die one day. Imagine a rich man in the scripture that gathered food crop and other possessions. He then imagined himself owning the crop and other property and said to himself, “let my soul eat”. Then God said ‘okay, what about the third one, you have forgotten death’. God told him he was not created to gather food alone. God called him a fool and told him that this night his life will be demanded from him. So all he was boasting of eventually belonged to other people he never cared about particularly those he had cheated, thos in need, etc, (Luke 21:13-21). The lesson from the story is that anyone who stores up things for himself or herself is not rich before God. What is required is for people to request for their daily bread alone. Some people have abused the eating aspect of life to the extent that they refuse to follow the ways of the Lord. Brethren, let people know that they eat and ensure that they do not commit sin because they want to eat. The three major things required of people should be uppermost in their minds. Abstain from all kinds of acts that could be a hindrance to your inheritance of God’s kingdom. •For further enquiries call: 08023020108, 08058110288, 08023991354.
there will be no pain or sorrow there, but Christ the Redeemer reigns there forever. In heaven the wicked cannot be found there, neither will their lust and lucre dwell therein. There envy will bear no sway. There is no hunger, heat, nor cold, but pleasure everywhere. Service to the Lord shall not only be freedom, but honour and dominion. There will be no affliction or dejection, no pause in service or enjoyment, no diversions or distraction. Heaven is an attractive place, a joyful place, because as you cross over, your tears shall be wipe away, your sorrow shall be taken away. I don’t know what you are passing through now and people are mocking and laughing at you and you have cried and prayed and nothing is working , my friend don’t cry again, there is a place better than the earth. When you cross over, there will be no more tears, sorrow, pain, the former things shall pass away, you will not labour to eat, nor have any need for hospital. Heaven is a joyful place, a beautiful place, a wonderful place, a glorious place. I wish and pray that every one of you reading this text shall make heaven at last in Jesus name.
42
From the Pulpit Learn with Kunle
Macaulay Email: profkunlemacaulay@ yahoo.com (08023032698, sms pls)
M
‘’
any proclaim themselves loyal, but who can find one worthy of trust? 7 The righteous walk in integrity – happy are the children who follow them!’’Prov. 20:6-7 (The New Oxford Annotated Bible).
Our world is heavily controlled by the spirit of materialism that binds many people. Religion is used by many people for self- fulfillment and self- gain. The teaching of Jesus Christ is anti-self realisation. It is not about you but about the world and the people in the world. Our leaders – political, community and religious have lost their integrity because of selfishness. Integrity has been eroded. What is integrity? Integrity is honesty, uprightness, morality, trustworthiness, goodness, incorruptibility, wholeness, soundness, purity and righteousness. Our generation is in desperate need of integrity and moral values – people who are willing to pay the full price for integrity. It is unfortunate that the modern society is making it difficult for people especially Christian leaders and business men and women to run their affairs in an honest way. Political and community leaders bend the truth to retain their position, be in power and make money. Integrity is one of the greatest needs of our time especially in religious, business and political circles. We need leaders
Desti Destiny Hour with Pastor Femi
Lanre-Oke
Y
ou are most welcome to a new week in the name of Jesus. The same God who has given you the grace to see the tenth (10TH) month in 2014 will most definitely make you see the end of the year and crown all your efforts with success in Jesus name. I want to speak to someone right now who is of the opinion based on negative experiences that the year will not end well; I say this to you by my understanding of the word of God that God shall crown your year with goodness and benefits according to Psalm 65:11 in Jesus name. Do not be afraid, be not dismayed; the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last is ready to uphold your right hand and take you forward in Jesus name. Forget about the threats of the enemy; Ebola, insurgence, stray bullets, pestilence, accidents etc., they will not come near you or your family in the name of Jesus. However, be vigilant, the children of this world go about their own duties with their own devilish kind of wisdom. According to Luke 16:8, they guard themselves ready for the day and night. Therefore, ensure that henceforth, you
Sunday October 19, 2014
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
The importance of integrity
who can speak the truth, who value truth and respect their conscience. It is a quality of life that can be developed because it is not inherited. Integrity is a way of life – a life that is committed to truthfulness. It affects all aspects of human life and has nothing to do with deceit, pretence, double-dealing and fraudulence. It is keeping or staying on the right path even at the risk of one’s life. Paul said, ‘’Therefore, laying aside falsehood, speak truth, each one of you with his neighbour, for we are members of one another’’ -Eph 4:25. God is calling people to a life of integrity and righteousness. It is a life that is committed to a higher purpose to serve and live for God. The world and Nigeria in particular need men and women of integrity. God wants all men and women to portray integrity in all aspects of their lives. It is not an option; God wants us to develop integrity. It is time to embrace integrity, let us preserve the things of God by exhibiting the fear of God in all we do. Let us accommodate God’s love in our hearts and destroy every spirit of vanity. The Bible says, ‘’The unfolding of your words gives light; it gives understanding to the simple’’ -Ps 119:130. Do not be ignorant of the will of God. God loves you and wants you to have everything you need to succeed in life. He provides all you need to be happy because all things belong to him. Trust and walk in his way for without him, you cannot do anything. Walking in the truth means avoiding false promises or exaggerated claims and building a good reputation that is sustained by faithfulness. It takes commitment and will power to live
a life of integrity. Demonic forces – lust, erotic filthiness, perversion, and nudity are at work and we need to wage war against them. Fighting is the right word to use here for anybody who wants to maintain integrity. It is observed that for 54 years of the independence of our nation, our political leaders do not consider it necessary to maintain national integrity that is important for the growth of the nation. It is important for Nigerians to reexamine their motives and authenticity as they serve God and humanity. People with integrity are needed in Nigeria today more than any other time in the history of our nation. It is necessary to influence, inspire and motivate Nigerians for God. For without people with integrity, Nigeria will continue in its corruption and moral decay. Nigeria in all areas of its life – politics, economy and religion needs leaders who are deep in conviction and action, leaders who will not give in to enemies but risk their lives for the good of the people in their care. Every home in Nigeria needs a leader with integrity that will bring the members of the family to fulfill the will of God, while every business (small and large) needs leaders that will work with integrity. Every employee should have integrity to work according to the agreed laid down conditions of labour. It is expedient to have a change of mind – a change to new set of values that is not an intellectual, emotional or religious experience but a decisive change of will from the inside outwards. This is a complete re- orientation of life which can
only come through surrendering to the perfect will of God. Newspapers carry only bad news of events especially the activities of our politicians and their followers. It is the same story. Our politicians do not learn how to exhibit integrity and accept defeat. Our religious leaders do not know how to maintain servant-hood in service. All Nigerians must learn to accept defeat or failure when it comes and work very hard with dignity to earn success. It is difficult to maintain integrity in a fast-moving world of ours because you will be pressured by people to make some unethical decisions but always act according to your values. Be a man of principle because that is what the Lord demands from you as his child. Do not compromise your convictions, principles or integrity in order to be accepted by others, popular or successful. We all need to ponder today’s message because God is calling people to the front lines of practical involvement in changing the world of our time and who can do this – those who have clean hands and purified hearts, men and women with integrity. I have a strong belief that God will use this message to open every reader’s mind to his will and through you, your neighbours, colleagues at work, society and the entire world will be blessed. Let us maintain integrity at home, work and everywhere. •Prof. Kunle Macaulay is the Director of Studies of United Bible University, Lagos. Phone: 0802 – 303 – 2698; email : [email protected]; Twitter. com/Kunle Macaulay1
God shall fulfil His promises concerning you don’t go to work or go to sleep without asking for the protection of heaven. “He that dwelleth the secret place of the Most High shall abide under the Shadow of the Almighty”. According to Psalm 91:1; dwell in the secret place of the Most High henceforth. Even if the entire world is like Egypt and pestilence and plagues are ravaging the land, let your places of habitation and work become the Goshen in the midst of Egypt where no plagues and no pestilence can ravage according to Exodus 8:22. Let me speak to you who have been having issues and difficulties; you have been running here and there and it seems as if the more you run, the more problems you encounter. I have a message for you, ‘Be still and know that I am God’; Isaiah 30:15, ‘in rest and in return shall you be saved’. It is time for you to stop running around and sit still and commune with the Holy Spirit; ask Him to speak to you via His word and be ready to listen. You will be surprised that the answer you’ve been searching for was right with you all along. Jeremiah 29:11 says, “I know the plans I have for you”, declares the LORD, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future”. God’s plan for you is the best plan your life. Listen to me now, you have used the entire nine (9) months of 2014 to run about your own plan but this week, I want you to sincerely settle down and find out how well that has worked and do an hon-
est appraisal. This is necessary because this year must end well for you in Jesus name. You may be crying right now but I bring you a word from the God of heaven whose specialty is to change mourning into dancing and singing according to Psalm 30:11-12. He says you will laugh last and the entire world will laugh with you in Jesus name. Let me speak to you Ma; you have been crying to God to fulfill His promises for your life as spoken through the mouth of His prophets and through His word since the beginning of the year and right now you have decided to give up since the year is almost over. I bring a word to you from the God of heaven who is never late According to Hebrews 10:37, He says your timing is different from His timing and even though the enemy had sought to delay and halt your testimony throughout the year, your time to laugh has come just as Sarah laughed at the news of a baby in old age. He that does everything and perfects them in His own time says, He has opened a book of remembrance for you and before 2014 is over you will believe again in the efficacy of His promises. To you sir/ma, who has struggled from hand to mouth for the first 9 months of this year, the owner of the earth and all the resources therein, who is also the maker of all, the owner of cattle on a thousand hills according to Psalm 50:10 has given me a word for you. He says you borrowed to eat yesterday but by the virtue of the ideas, favour and blessings He will bring to you, people will come to you
and you will give freely in the name of Jesus. What is my responsibility and your responsibility to the word of Covenant from the mouth of God? Receive it wholeheartedly without an iota of doubt because He that has promised will do it. In your prayers remind Him of His promise, find out His plans for your life and stop scheming how to dupe people. Be diligent in what your hands findeth to do because that is what He will bless, be expectant every day, be patient and be ever thankful and God will come through for you in Jesus name. Jesus is saying come unto me to someone who has really laboured and toiled today. Why don’t you give your life to Him and cease your toil and struggling. If you want to say yes to Jesus now, the process is simple: - Believe in your heart that Jesus died on the cross of Calvary paying the price for your sins and rose from the dead the third day to establish your victory - Confess with your mouth that Jesus is lord and saviour. -Repent of all sins before the Lord and forsake them. Welcome into God’s family. Please locate a Bible believing church and share you new- birth experience with the church leaders. •For further prayer & counseling, Please contact: Pastor Femi Lanre-Oke, Jesus Praise Evangelical Ministries International, Plot A22 Power Crescent, Arab road, Kubwa. Abuja, +2348030752799, +2348053695097, Email: [email protected]
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
43
Sunday October 19, 2014
Insecurity: Jonathan should fast for 14 days –Primate Ayodele Primate Elijah Ayodele of the INRI Evangelical Spiritual Church is not a man who minces words. A prophet, he tells OSEYIZA OGBODO what he sees regarding Nigeria’s next President, Boko Haram and also speaks about Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor, president, Christian Association of Nigeria. Excerpts: The 2015 elections are just around the corner, and there’s some debate, tension and anticipation over who the next President will be. What do you see about that? Is it that the current President, Dr. Goodluck Jonathan, will continue in the position, or someone will topple him? 2015 is still far. And I believe anything about 2015 right now is just a preamble. What we should be looking at is 2015 and beyond 2015. Now, let me take it this way. All Progressives Congress (APC), if they pick Genral Buhari, I don’t see any way for them. I’ve told APC to pray if they want to raise the President. They must pray on October 28th, 29th and 30th for God to direct them. If they pick Tambuwal, it might be a little bit tough for Jonathan. If they pick Kwankwaso, it’s not going to be so tough; it’s not going to be so tight. So either Kwankwaso or Tambuwal may emerge. I’ve not seen Buhari. I’ve not seen them picking Rochas Okorocha. It may also be a little bit tight. If they pick a South-South person, APC cannot win anything in the South-South. If they pick any South-East person, PDP will clear the South-East. If they pick in the South-West, it will still be a bit tough for PDP. It’s just what I’ve seen. I’m not a politician. But at the end of the day, Jonathan might not have a landslide victory, but I’ve not seen who can really tackle him. Nigerians will start enjoying what Jonathan has done from two years time. The only person they can pick that will really challenge Jonathan is an unknown person. There will be an issue of alternating the Vice-President, optional. I’ve not seen any PDP governor going to APC again. Rather, APC must be careful so that their people won’t go to PDP. So, as far as I’m a prophet of God, today, I’m not talking of tomorrow, something might change tomorrow, Jonathan is still leading. But something might change tomorrow. That’s why I say 2015 is still far. It’s not yet balanced, and maybe if the APC can seek the face of God in those three days, maybe God might favour them, maybe His grace might fall on them, because grace is a special thing that people cannot control. If the grace of God follows you in everything that you do, I tell you, you will always do well. Even when you’re using wrong people, you’ll still do well. For instance, what Keshi and NFF didn’t know
was that there was the grace of God on Keshi. But ask him, did he even go and thank God after the match he won? So he must be careful so that that grace will not depart from him. He could have used a mad man then and it would work for that team. At the initial stage, I granted an interview on September 1st, before they played the Congo match, I said Congo coming to Nigeria; Nigeria, if they don’t take it serious, they might not have an edge over them, but nobody cared to read. Do you get what I’m saying now? It’s a grace. So maybe God might hear APC over PDP. Let Mr. President himself, before election, seek the face of God. He should run 14days fasting and prayers and rededicate Nigeria into the hands of God so that peace will not elude Nigeria and Nigeria will not experience worst things because I still see danger ahead of the country. Nigeria is sitting on a time bomb. All these are just a preamble, though. By December, I’ll reveal what 2015 really holds for the nation. In recent times, Boko Haram sect has been experiencing setbacks. What have you seen about them? Is it that they are finished or they are re-strategising to come out stronger and more terrible? About three months ago, I said that Nigeria will see the end of Boko Haram; that they may not be able o capture Shekau, but they will kill him. Eventually, they killed him. Now, Boko Haram is not yet over, but Shekau is dead. But another Boko Haram leader will emerge very soon and he will be more deadly than Shekau. The military should still work harder because Boko Haram will still carry out another deadly attack. The military must not leave the socalled Boko Haram regions. They must remain part and parcel of those regions because they will still attack the military. It might seem that they have gone down, but they are somewhere planning, though some will ceasefire, but some will come back. Since it was discovered that it was the aircraft of the President, Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), Ayo Oritsejafor, that was used to smuggle cash into South Africa to purchase arms and ammunitions, many eminent men of God have asked him to resign his CAN presidency. What’s your own take?
Primate Ayodele
I’m not concerned about whatever amount they found in the jet. That’s none of my business. It’s Ayo’s Oritsejafor private life. Whatever he does is none of my business. My only concern, which I’ve said before, and which I’ll keep saying, is Ayo Oritsejafor is not taking Christianity to any level. He should call people who have the ideas, people who have the integrity, people who have the potentials, put them together, and take what they have in their reservoirs. Ayo Oritsejafor has nothing in his reservoir to head Christendom. The other time I advised him, he got annoyed and responded in the newspaper. As a leader, you don’t do that. We have been in service to humanity before Ayo Oritsejafor came on board. Ayo Oritsejafor doesn’t know anything about giving. We started giving when we didn’t have anything. We share from what we don’t have, which is that the little we have, we share it. These are social responsibilities of all Christians. But Christians are not doing that. Instead, Christian leaders keep sucking people. And this man who claims to be the Christian president, he’s not my own president, he’s not a leader to people like me. He’s a leader to his followers; he’s a leader to other pastors who don’t have what it takes to be a man of God. Ayo Oritsejafor doesn’t have what it takes to be a man of God. He doesn’t have the qualities of what the grace of God is all about. We have career pastors. We have those that are naturally gifted, not people who begged, who applied, to have those gifts. I am naturally gifted. I didn’t beg to do the work of God. Ayo Oritsejafor is a career man of God. Everybody wants to be a man of God because of what he wants to eat, and what he wants to become. Considering that you feel so strongly
about the proper leadership of Christianity in Nigeria, would you run for CAN presidency yourself? What I’ve got here (his church) is enough. It’s enough for me. I can’t run for CAN president, I can’t run for any political appointment, I can’t run for anything else. God is my president. He’s everything to me. I’m one of his branches, so what else do I want? To be a minister in God’s vineyard, you are highly honoured than Federal Republic of Nigeria minister or even United States of America minister. Me working in God’s vineyard, I have access, I have link, I have direct phone number of God. You are now saying that I should come and run for a body that’s not recognised in heaven. Is CAN recognised in heaven? It’s not. I’ve not seen where we see CAN in the Bible. You are very popular, and people who have never met you form different opinions about you. When they see you in the newspaper making predictions, some of them assume that you are aloof and so on. They say he has prophesied this again, he has said that again, is he the only one. But how do you really want such people to see you, since they’ve never met you to really know who you are, and they might never meet you? This is a very complex question. I need wisdom to answer it because nobody has ever asked me such a question before. I don’t like to talk much about myself. But I’m a very hardworking person. I don’t tolerate indiscipline. I like to bring something out of nothing. I relate with people who feel there’s no hope for them. I want to take them from nothing to grace, and I want to support anything that’s of God. And I’ll conclude by saying that people should move close to me before they can form an opinion about me.
44
T The Voice of wisdom o
with Dr. David
Oyedepo
L
ast week in my teaching of the importance of understanding that the Bible is rich in showing us God’s agenda for our profitable living, I identified the first picture of what we are from scriptures, in which we are made to realize that we are redeemed as Spiritual Lions.
The second picture of who we are from scriptures is that every child of God is Redeemed a Star: Star here means being trailblazers, pacesetters and being at the top of our pursuits. Also, we understand from scriptures that Jesus, the bright and morning star, was not ashamed to call us His brethren. Bright and morning star means to shine early in life. For instance, Jesus at the age of 12 was a living wonder. Again, David at the age of 17 slew Goliath. Therefore, every redeemed child of God is ordained to shine early in life (Luke 2:42-49; 1 Samuel 17:48-51; John 17:18; Revelation 22:16; John 14:12). But, what does it take to be a Star in the Kingdom? We must think Like Stars: Our thoughts determine our lot in life. That
Sunday October 19, 2014
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Accessing God’s plan from his book (3) is why nothing defines destiny like mentality (Proverbs 23:7). We must be Disciplined: Self-discipline is the price for distinction (1 Corinthians 9:25-27). We must be diligent: We must be diligently committed to our task (1 Corinthians 9:24). We must be willing to pay the price of Sacrifice: This means commitment to be stretched beyond our best in order to actualize a given assignment. Remember, there is no star without a scar and the scar of every star is sacrifice (Luke 12:53). Furthermore, we must understand that every child of God is redeemed and ordained for unending breakthroughs, because the path of the justified is as a shining light that shines more and more until the perfect day. However, our breakthroughs answer only to the level of the Word of God at work in our lives (Matthew 5:14-16; Proverbs 4:18; 2 Corinthians 3:18; Isaiah 2:1; Jeremiah 1:11-12). We shall therefore be examining two factors that accelerate our access to a world of breakthroughs. These include: • A burning love for God in our hearts: When our Creator becomes our husband and our love for Him graduates into a spiritual marriage, our breakthroughs become un-checkered, unstoppable, irresistible, ever conquering and ever reigning (Isaiah 54: 3-5; 1 Corinthi-
ans 2:9). • The Anointing: David was anointed with oil in 1 Samuel 16:13 and in chapter 17, he killed Goliath. This validates the fact that the anointing confers breakthrough genes on us. We must also understand that the time we are in as members of the Body of Christ also engenders our breakthroughs. We are in: • The Golden era of the Church (Zechariah 4:1-7; Haggai 2:3-9). • The Era of the Triumphant Church (Psalm 87:5-7; 2 Corinthians 2:14). • The Dominion Era of the Church (Psalm 110:1-3; Luke 10:19). • The Mountain-Top Era of the Church (Isaiah 2:1-3; Joel 2:21-27). • The Heaven-on-Earth Era of the Church (Romans 10:6-10; Ephesians 2:56). Furthermore, the Bible says that inside every child of God lies a greater potential than all the giants in the Old Testament. That implies that we carry a greater than Abraham, Isaac, Joseph and Daniel’s potentials within us. Therefore, as children of God, we are ordained for unending breakthroughs and the fulfilment of our destinies in grand style (Matthew 12:42; Matthew 13:54; 1 Corinthians 15:8-10; Matthew 11:11; Psalm 16:6). As I conclude this teaching, let us un-
derstand that we are absolutely responsible for the outcome of our lives; no one is to be blamed. That’s why we must make the most of this month by catching God’s picture of who we are, what we are worth in redemption, what we must do and how to do them as spelt out in the Bible and believe in it until it becomes a reality. Remain ever blessed! Friend, accessing God’s plan in His Book is the preserve of those who are you born again. You can say this prayer: “Lord Jesus, I come to You today. I am a sinner. Forgive me of my sins. Cleanse me with Your precious Blood. From today, I accept You as my Lord and Saviour. Now I know I am a child of God.” Every exploit in life is a product of knowledge. For further reading, please get the following books: Walking in Wisdom, Ruling Your World, Commanding The Supernatural, and Operating The Supernatural. I invite you to come and fellowship with us at the Faith Tabernacle, Canaan Land, Ota, the covenant home of Winners. We have four services on Sundays, holding at 6:00 a.m., 7:35 a.m., 9:10 a.m. and 10.45 a.m. respectively. •I know this teaching has blessed you. Write and share your testimony with me through: Faith Tabernacle, Canaan Land, Ota, P.M.B. 21688, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; or call 7747546-8; or E-mail: [email protected]
Who is the Holy Spirit?
W
isdom will elude one who does not listen intently, learn from what is heard, and put it into practice. All wisdom starts with intentional- focused listening. Dwight L. Moody noted: “trust in yourself and you are doomed to disappointment; but trust in God, and you are never to be confounded in time or eternity.” Glorify and thank God, rather than self, for all insights given.
“Be filled with the Holy Spirit!” It is a command! The Bible makes this an imperative in Ephesians 5:18-20: “And be not drunken with wine, wherein is riot, but be filled with the Spirit; speaking one to another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody with your heart to the Lord; giving thanks always for all things in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ to God, even the Father.” The Holy Spirit is our eternal Companion. We “live in the Spirit” and “walk in the Spirit” (Gal 5:25). Oh how we need Him per second per second! The Holy Spirit inspires and guides the believer. He teaches us to pray and to render praise and thanks. On Pentecost day, as the disciples were filled with the Holy Spirit, they burst into thanksgiving; telling the wonderful works of God (Acts 2:4, 11). Today He continues in us to regenerate (John
3:3, 5), anoint (1 John 2:20, 27), guide (John 16:13), empower (Micah 3:8), sanctify (Rom 15:16; 2 Thess 2:13), help (John 14:16-26), help our weaknesses (Rom 8:26), comfort (Acts 9:31), give joy (Rom 14:17), illuminate our minds (1Cor 2:1213; Eph 1:16-17), bear fruit (Gal 5:22-23), and give gifts (1 Cor 12:3-11). What fills you right now? Is it foul language? Is it bitterness, or all manner of evil thoughts and surmising? Dwight L. Moody demonstrated how to get air out of a glass to his audience. A man in his audience suggested to “sucking it out with a pump.” Moody replied: “that would create a vacuum and shatter the glass.” After many impossible suggestions, Moody smiled, picked up a pitcher of water, and filled the glass. “There,” he said, “all the air is now removed.” He then went on to show that victory in the Christian life is not by “sucking out a sin here and there,” but rather by being filled with the Spirit. The Cost of the Holy Spirit: The story is told of one Simon, the sorcerer of Samaria (Acts 8:9-25). He had been obsessed with evil “spiritual power” (vv. 9-11) until the power of the Holy Ghost overwhelmed him. Upon his conversion and baptism with the Holy Spirit, he offered money to the apostles for purchase of the Holy Spirit (vv. 17-24). That is ludicrous and preposterous, you might say! Yes, but we do the same in one way or another too! There are no short cuts to possessing the power of the Holy Spirit in our lives. Ask Elisha. He wanted to inherit a double portion of the Holy Spirit op-
erating in his departing master, Elijah. Elijah retorted: “You have asked a hard thing. Nevertheless, if you see me when I am taken from you, it will be so for you; but if not, it shall not be so.” (2 Kings 2:10). It is indeed a hard thing! You cannot romance with sin and expect to manifest the power of God. They must be clean that bear the vessel of the Lord. (cf. Isa 52:11; 1 Thess 4:3-5). A. J. Gordon observed: “it costs much to obtain the power of the Spirit. It costs self-surrender and humiliation, and a yielding up of our most precious things to God. It costs the perseverance of long waiting, and the faith of strong trust.” Is your all on the altar of sacrifice laid? J. Wilbur Chapman announced: “The greatness of a man’s power is the measure of his surrender.” Gordon continues: “but when we are really in that power, we shall find this difference, that whereas before, it was hard for us to do the easiest things, now it is easy for us to do the hard things.” Make this your prayer: Make me a captive, Lord, and then I shall be free. Force me to render up my sword, And I shall conqueror be! I sink in life’s alarms, when by myself I stand. Imprison me within thine arms, and strong shall be my hand. Sing along with the American farmer, Marcus M. Wells who wrote this hymn on October, 1858, while at work in his cornfield near Hardwick, New York: “Holy Spirit, faithful Guide, ever near the Christian’s side, Gently lead us by the hand, pilgrims in a desert land; Wea-
ry souls fore’er rejoice, while they hear that sweetest voice Whisp’ring softly, “Wand’rer come! Follow Me, I’ll guide thee home.” “Ever-present, truest Friend, ever near thine aid to lend, Leave us not to doubt and fear, groping on in darkness drear; When the storms are raging sore, hearts grow faint, and hopes give o’er, “Whisper softly “Wand’rer come! “Follow Me, I’ll guide thee home.” “When our days of toil shall cease, waiting still for sweet release, Nothing left but heav’n and prayer, knowing that our names are there, Wading deep the dismal flood, pleading naught but Jesus’ blood, Whisper softly, “Wand’rer come! Follow Me, I’ll guide thee home.” •Tunde Ojewole, PhD, is the Babcock University Pastor in charge: Division of Spiritual Life. Get a copy of his recent book: “God’s Footprints from any bookstore. For enquiries, contact: [email protected] or call/SMS 08058299434/08060376577. Answers to quiz of 12/10/14 1. Esau, Gen. 25:32 2. False 3. Jericho’s walls down. 13 times. Quiz for the week 1. “Do not be afraid. Go tell my brothers to go to Galilee; there they will see me.” To who was this assurance made? 2. Who gave her son back to God, to serve in the tabernacle and what Bible passage? 3. Who dreamed of a stairway from earth to heaven and what passage in the Bible?
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
45
Take heed unto thyself
ake heed unto thyself, and unto the doctrine (or teaching); continue in them: for in doing this thou shalt both save thyself and them that hear thee” (1Tim. walk must answer to the truth ministered, 4:16).
These are solemn and weighty words for all those who labour in the Word and doctrine. They were addressed by the inspired apostle to his beloved son - Timothy, and contain most precious instruction for every one who is called of God to minister in the assembly, or to preach the gospel. It is assuredly a very high and holy privilege to be permitted to take part in such a ministry; but it involves a most serious responsibility; and the passage just quoted sets before the workman two deeply important duties – yea, absolutely essential duties, to which he must give his diligent, constant, prayerful attention if he would be an efficient workman in the Church of God – “a good minister of Jesus Christ.” He must take heed to himself; and he must take heed to the teaching. And first, then, let us consider the solemn clause, “Take heed to thyself”. We cannot adequately set forth the moral importance of this. It is, of course, important for all Christians; but for the workman preeminently addressed, he above all will need to take heed to himself. He must guard the state of his heart, the state of his conscience and his whole inward man. He must keep himself pure. His thoughts, his affections, his spirit, his temper and his tongue must all be kept under the holy control of the Spirit and Word of God. He must wear the girdle of truth and the breastplate of righteousness. His moral condition and his practical
Let’s go
From the Pulpit
Sunday October 19, 2014
hat do l do when my husband criticises me? It’s getting too much and l don’t think l can live with it any longer! To answer this question, I’m going to make use of a write up by “Emma Chambers” that was sent to me of which l will want you to enjoy too. It has six (6) Godly ways that you can respond to criticisms thereby bringing peace again into your home. Though the question above is mainly for the wife but l believe the husband too can learn one or two things from the answer below. “Emma, why won’t you come along?” my husband asked. “You need office supplies, don’t you?” Usually I preferred to go to the store alone, but I needed a few things, so I joined him. At the store, my husband, James, seemed to be making a game of how many times he could criticize me. He criticised what I wanted to buy, the colour of items I chose (“That journal is a putrid color”), my decision to ask a clerk for help, the necessity of my purchases. Because I felt overwhelmed, I found myself counting his criticisms. I should have kept my numbers to myself. Instead, when we got home, I announced the criticism count: 15. He loudly criticised me for criticising him and keeping a tally. That day as I reflected on our married life, I realised that each of us has struggled with a critical spirit because of the example of our parents. This has often led to loud and sometimes verbally violent fights, or withdrawing from each other because of feelings of hopelessness. We struggled to believe that we’d ever be able to get along. I used to be hypercritical of my husband, especially regarding spiritual matters, but God has faithfully worked in my life to teach me to hold my tongue and reserve judgment. But I still needed to learn how to handle it when my husband criticised me—especially during stressful
else the enemy will most assuredly get an advantage over him. The teacher ought to be the living exponent of what be teaches. At least this should be his honest, earnest, constant aim. He should ever keep this holy standard before “the eye of his heart.” Alas, the best will fall and come short; but where the heart is true, the conscience tender, and the fear of God and the love of Christ have their due place, the workman will never be satisfied with anything short of the divine standard for his inward state and his outward walk. It will ever be his earnest desire to exhibit the practical effect of his teaching, and to be “an example of the believers, in word, in conversation in love, in spirit, in faith, in purity” (1 Tim. 4:12). With this, he should ever remember that “we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord; and ourselves your servants, for Jesus sake.” We must never for a moment lose sight of the weighty moral fact that the teacher ought to live the truth which he teaches. It is morally dangerous, in the extreme, for a man to teach in public what he does not live in private – dangerous, for himself, most damaging to the testimony, and injurious to those with whom he has to do. What can be more deplorable or humiliating than for a man to be characterized by contradicting in his personal history and in his domestic life the truth which he utters in the public
assembly? It is simply fearful and must inevitably lead to the most disastrous result. Hence, then, may it be the deep seated earnest purpose and aim of all those who minster in the word and doctrine to feed upon the precious truth of God; to make it their own, to live and move and have their being in the very atmosphere of it; to have the inward man strengthened and formed by it; to have it dwelling richly in them, that thus it may flow out in living power savor, unction and fullness to others. It is a very poor, yea, a very dangerous thing to sit down to the Word of God as a mere student, for the purpose of preparing lectures or sermons for other people. Nothing can be more deadening or withering to the soul. Mere intellectual traffic in the truth of God, storing up certain doctrines, views and principles in the memory, and giving them out with a certain fluency of speech, is at once deluding and demoralizing. We may be drawing water for other people, and all the while be like rusty pipes ourselves. How miserable this is! “If any man thirst, let him come unto Me and drink,” the true spring and power of all ministry in the church will ever be found in drinking for our own souls, not in drawing for others. “He that believeth on Me, as the scripture hath said out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water.” We must abide close to the eternal fountain, the heart of Christ; drink deeply, drink continu-
ally. Thus our own souls shall be refreshed and enriched; rivers shall flow for the refreshment of others and streams of praise ascend to the throne and to the heart of God by Jesus Christ. This is Christian ministry – yea, this is Christianity; all else is utterly worthless.
Pastor Ade-David
•Your Steward: Pastor Jacob Ade-David can be reached at No. 54/56 Okesuna Street, Lagos Island Lagos. Tel: 08023535110, 08023539857,, 08034078158, Email:[email protected]
How to handle criticism circumstances. Since our trip to the store, I’ve prayed consistently about the issue. God has shown me six ways I can respond to James’s criticism that will preserve our love connection. 1. Cry out to God A criticism war can be aborted if I take the time to invite God into it early on. My friend Denise, who’s one of the sweetest people I know, told me her husband calls her “cruel” and “unforgiving” when she voices her hurt over his rejections. She says he was abused by his mother and imagines that Denise is like her. “I ask the Lord, ‘Who do you say I am?’” Denise told me. “God has shown me that my husband has an impaired judgment of me—that God alone has to show him who I really am.” She added, “God has revealed that I need to have an attitude of ‘I don’t receive that’ when he belittles me. And I try to see where my husband does good and speak to him about that.” Years ago in the midst of harsh criticisms, the Lord whispered to me, ‘Ask me what I think of you’. The words God spoke to my heart that day started melting my shame over not being a perfect wife. I realised I’d never be perfect in James’s eyes, but my goal became having a blameless heart toward God. Too often I’ve looked to my husband to build me up or even heal me, but he can’t. God has repeatedly built me up, drawn me closer to himself, healed my heart—even from wounds inflicted by the love of my life. When I cry out to God, he also gives me compassion for James instead of focusing only on my hurt. 2. Avoid matching criticism for criticism After crying out to God, he faithfully reminds me of what his Word says,”Never pay back evil with more evil” (Romans 12:17). Why is it that I want to do the opposite of what that verse says? My flesh yearns to do what comes naturally. But God calls me to have a supernatural response, and that comes only from relying on him and allowing his love to flow through me. My friend, Linda, told me her husband re-
cently walked into the kitchen just to criticise her cooking. She was already feeling overwhelmed by his repeated criticism, but instead of returning the criticism, God led her to sing, “Jesus loves me, this I know,” out loud. The criticism stopped, and he left the room. God has shown me that I don’t have to stay and let my husband batter me with criticism, which tempts me to be critical in return—I can leave the room or go for a walk. At times when criticisms become intense, I go for a visit to my parents’ home. Ironically, my dad is no longer critical, and he and my mom build me up, so being there actually allows healing of my childhood wounds. I’ve learned not to be critical of James when I’m with my parents. Going to a counselor has also helped me to renew my compassion for James. He recently joined me for some counseling sessions, and we made major breakthroughs in our relationship. 3. Build up your spouse Since I know my husband’s issues are tied to his insecurity as a man, instead of making things worse, I can choose to build him up. One way I do this is to notice what he does right and thank him for it. James repeatedly does thoughtful acts for me like picking up things we need from the store without me asking him, buying me flowers, taking care of items around the house that need to be repaired, maintaining our yard—the list goes on. As I focus on these and thank him for all he does for us, my desire to answer criticism with criticism goes away, and he criticises me less. A verse the Lord has brought me back to again and again is Ephesians 4:32, which says, “And become useful and helpful and kind to one another, tenderhearted (compassionate, understanding, loving-hearted) forgiving one another (readily and freely), as God in Christ forgave you” (AMP). 4. Choose not to take the criticism personally I often take things personally because I get caught up in focusing on myself. This is how one pastor put it: “Personal importance, or taking things personally, is the maximum expression of selfishness because we make the assumption that everything is about ‘me.’”
When I’m in a godly frame of mind, instead of thinking, It’s all about me, or It’s all my fault when James is criticising me, my heart is overwhelmed with compassion. I think of how hurt he must be to overreact like he does. Instead of thinking, how could he treat me like that? I’m learning to pray, “Lord, please intervene in his life,” and “Empower me to treat him kindly.” 5. Consider the source Some days it has seemed as though James hates all women, and I’m the female gender’s scapegoat for that hatred. This is because of unresolved issues in his relationships with his sister and his mother—both of whom suffered from severe mental illness. The root of James’s critical nature (and also mine) is shame. I’ve noticed that he tries to speak more gently when he’s correcting me about something, and I thank him for that—rejoicing over his progress. One definition of shame is “a painful feeling of humiliation or distress caused by the consciousness of wrong or foolish behaviour.” In her book, Christian Men Who Hate Women, Dr. Margaret J. Rinck writes: “A shame state leads to lifestyle shame responses such as: hiding our weaknesses, blaming others, projecting our shame on others, defensiveness, becoming critical of self and others, perfectionism, works-orientation, fear of closeness, power/control tactics, judgmental behaviour.” James and I have both battled these shame responses in our lives. Realising this gives me compassion for him, and I pray that instead of shaming each other through criticism, we will each take our shame to the Cross and leave it there. 6. Speak the truth in love The day I realised that James’s problem with criticism had to do with insecurity as a man, I gently told him that. I’ve also encouraged him that if he could forgive his mom, he might be less critical of me. He has been able to see the truth in those two statements. •You can send in your QUESTIONS and the Holy Spirit will be set to give you the ANSWERS. Barr. (Mrs.) Favour Tioluwani Tel: 08050272259 or 07062738213. Email: [email protected]
46
Truth every leader must know and apply (2) (The Coach) Pastor Moses A Omogbehin
E
very leader must constantly think about the day of accountability. As a leader you must be conscious of the accountability. There is no event or transaction that God will not reveal on the day of accountability. Every leader will give account for all things. Are you ready to account to God for the sheep he gave you? Jesus kept on saying that He had lost none of the sheep God have given him except the son of perdition. Leadership is a great responsibility. If you are constantly reminded that you will account for your leadership, you will become a better leader. Always remember that the day of accountability is coming. This will make you do the right thing. You must constantly be aware that you will have to account for the members in your church, ministry your teaching, preaching, counseling and any other activities in your organisation to God. As a leader in any organisation, head of department, etc, please remember that you will render account! This should be our major key to the greatest inner motivation. That all will not end here- Rev 22:12. 9. Every leader must learn how to give people hope. Do you wonder why some people will not stay in your church, organisation, ministry sometimes for very long? Perhaps there is not much physical, spiritual, present or future hope. Here are eleven good things in store for them to see the present and future hope. 1. Avoid speaking about examples that brings about discouragement and depression when it is not necessary.
The bride voice with Pastor Moses
T
Alu
here is a statement Apostle Paul made in 1 Cor. 15:15, though this is not where I am going today. He says, “Yea, and we are found false witnesses of God; because we have testified of God that he raised up Christ: whom he raised not up, if so be that the dead rise not.” That is what he was saying when he was explaining the mystery concerning the resurrection. And there are so many mysteries pertaining to salvation and they are hidden there in the Bible. The mystery of redemption and salvation is so deep that when God opens your eyes to see it, it is so interesting. There are so many things happening in Christendom that a lot of us are becoming confused. You are seeing people holding the Bible and serving God wrongly, but anointing keeps flowing in those places they minister. You are seeing fornicators, occult people, fraudsters, liars and adulterers; men of God marrying and divorcing their wives and remarrying and they go behind the pulpit, and testimonies flow. Large crowd of people keep following them! If you try to follow the Bible, people are not ready to listen to you. They will call you names! But as Apostle Paul said, “I will show a mystery.” Ezekiel Chapter 14. Let us pick a text from there. Verse 9. “And if the prophet be deceived when he hath spoken a thing, I the LORD have deceived that prophet, and I will stretch out my hand upon him, and will destroy him from the midst of my people Israel.” I am looking at a little exhortation I have titled, ‘Deceived by God’. Can God deceive
2. Let them know that mistakes are bound to happen but they must not make continual mistakes or errors concerning a particular issue of life. Mistake is an earthly teacher. 3. Make promises and keep them. 4. Be a focus man. 5. Speak more about God’s mercy, rewards than punishment as when necessary. 6. Live by example irrespective of the situation. 7. Build permanent structures. 8. Teach hope messages. 9. Preach hope messages. 10. Prophesy hope. 11. Give example of those people that have received reward hope both in the secular and in the kingdom. 10. Power of God is real and yet be more sensitive than used power. In the book of Mathew 10:1, God called his disciples and gave them power but in the same chapter verse 16, it says “behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of the wolves; be ye therefore wise as serpent and harmless as doves”. A powerful man that lacks sensitivity will die like a chicken, so be careful - Mathew 26:41. The young prophet in the book of 1kings 13:1-34 was not the absence of Holy spirit, lack or the anointing of Holy Spirit but simply because he was not sensitive to Holy spirit. To start strong and finish well you will need to be sensitive as a leader. 11. Every leader must be a man of strong conviction. 12. Every leader must be sensitive to know their season- Eccl 3:1, Ps 1:3. 13. Every leader must learn how to help their followers to accomplish great things with their lives. Let us consider those leaders who helped their followers to accomplish great things with their lives. • Jesus Christ: Mark 3:13-19
Note: This list of men who were going nowhere until they met Jesus and he led these people to accomplish great tasks. He trained and led them until they were anointed and became teachers, preachers, evangelists, apostles and prophets of their days. Through the influence of Jesus, they laid the foundations of the Christian church with their very lives. Most of them died in the process of laying the foundation of the church. The leadership of Jesus had turned nonentities into great achievers. If truly God has called you to lead, do not see it as just you accomplishing great things. See it as God using you to accomplish great thing through you. Likewise the leaders listed below have also helped their followers to accomplish the impossibility in their lives. • King David • Prophet Moses • Joshua • Prophet Elijah • Rev. Akindayomi of R.C.C.G of blessed memory helped Pastor Enoch Adeboye. • Pastor Adeboye has helped many and many around are still growing to become something. • ArchBishop Benson Idaosa of blessed memory helped thousands of his followers including: • Papa Ayo Oritsejafor • Bishop David Oyedepo • Rev. Dare Daniel Olaoluwa • Bishop Lanre Obembe • Bishop Taiwo Akinola • Rev. Dr. Enoch Ilemobola Six goals a leader should have for his followers i. Aim for your followers to fulfill their God-given ministry- II Tim 4:5. ii. Aim for your followers to be greater than themselves.
“Deceived” by God (1) somebody? Yes. And there are people holding the Bible and going to church, it is a lying spirit from the Lord that is leading them to serve God the way they are serving Him. Take what I am saying to you seriously because it is an answer to a question in my heart and in the heart of all that truly want to serve God. If you are worshipping with us for the first time, I pray God will open your ears to understand what I am saying. I pray that you feel the impact of what I am saying. And this message will achieve two things: One is for you to take an inward look at your life. This is why Apostle Paul said, “Examine yourself if ye be in the faith.” It makes you look at yourself and know whether you are on the right or wrong path. In which part of God’s programme are you? This is because my attention was caught by a statement in verse 10 of Job Chapter 2 where he said, “But he said unto her, Thou speakest as one of the foolish women speaketh. What? Shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not receive evil? In all this did not Job sin with his lips.” The deceived and the deceiver are His. It is a mystery. God said He created the good and the evil. He created the evil for the evil day. He created the evil so that on the day of evil, He will release the evil. Is God not the creator of satan; Lucifer? Did He not know that satan will turn against Him? I caught something also in the Bible where God says, Nebuchadnezzar is His servant. He told Jeremiah to prophesy to the people and all the nations, including Judah that He has given them to “My servant Nebuchadnezzar to rule over you.” That is the God we worship. He called Pharaoh, “My servant”. Listen to me; servant of God, there is no reason to be proud as a servant of God until you are sure which type of service you are rendering. That is the mystery
of redemption! Nobody should argue with anyone that says God called him. The question is; ‘What type of call?’ The Bible says, “Make your calling and election sure.” This is because it is not everyone that is called that is chosen. Yet many are called but few are chosen. You have to catch this because Peter was called and Judas was equally called by the same Jesus. But where did Judas end? And where did Peter end? That is the mystery. Let us read it from verse 1. Let us read Ezekiel Chapter 14, so that we can get the proper picture. Blessed be the name of the Lord. Verse 1-4, “Then came certain of the elders of Israel unto me, and sat before me. And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Son of man, these men have set up their idols in their heart, and put the stumbling block of their iniquity before their face: should I be enquired of at all by them? Therefore speak unto them, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Every man of the house of Israel that setteth up his idols in his heart, and putteth the stumbling block of his iniquity before his face, and cometh to the prophet; I the LORD will answer him that cometh according to the multitude of his idols.” If you are hearing that for the first time, try and catch the impact of what we have read and once you do, you will be surprised with this God we serve. In a plain language, what He is saying here is this; every Christian wants to walk in the perfect will of God and so before we take any major decision, it is normal to enquire of the Lord. That was why there was an office of a prophet in Israel and that is why we also have prophets in the church. For instance, you are coming to God to enquire whether to relocate from Nigeria to Vietnam (because that is the present destination
iii. Aim for your followers to be physically, socially, maritally and health-wise okay- III John16:23-24. iv. Aim for them to do well spiritually -III John 4. v. Aim for them to do well financially vi. Aim for to become achievers. 14. Every leader must learn the act to make their followers to obey them promptly and gladly. 20 ways to make your followers to obey you promptly and gladly • Teach them everything you want to obey systematically and orderly • Preach unto them everything you want them obey and follow systematically and orderly. • Train them generally. • Punish people who disobey. • Anyone you cannot punish, never employ him/her to be among the members of your team. • Show them love when it is necessary. • Always lead by example - Luke 7:8. • Always point to Jesus Christ as example - Heb. 12:2. • Always point to those men who had gone ahead of you in ministry or organization. • Be sincere. • Be a good communicator. • Do not give unreasonable instructions. •I know this teaching has blessed and imparted you. Please, write and share your testimony with me through: Covenant and Fulfillment Ministries 10, Onuwusasoigwe Close, Hostel Bus Stop, Egbe, Ikotun, Lagos. Email: [email protected] or Call: 08034980921, 08054120540
of choice for our Igbo brothers now) and you have made up your mind to go there because you know your purpose of going there; to you, nothing will stop you from going there. Even before going to the prophet, you have already applied and processing your visa through your agent. It is after you have done this that you will remember that it is necessary to see a prophet to enquire from God. That is the idol in your heart! You have already made up your mind. God is saying that because you have this mindset, He (God) will come and talk to you through that prophet according to the idols of your heart- “Thus saith the Lord, your way is open to go to Vietnam”. A sister would have made up her mind to marry a particular man whether she gets approval or not; because the man has money and she believes she has suffered so much; she must marry the man. To her, ‘God will understand’. She may have even agreed to marry the man and the man has been taking care of her for some time. The date of the wedding may have been fixed and is getting close. In order to fulfill all commandments, so that God will not say she has not enquired, she will now go to a renowned prophet. And as it always happens, as she is opening the door, the prophet will say, ‘Are you not coming because you want to marry so, so man? The Lord says that man is your husband’. The sister will leave there rejoicing that the Lord has confirmed that man as her husband. But from the place we read in Ezekiel, we are told God is answering that sister according to the idols of her heart. •Pastor Moses Alu; The Bride Assembly, Odofin Park Estate, OshodiApapa Expressway, Ijesha Bus stop 08033524903 : Email: [email protected]
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Priesthood House with Pastor Bola
Bello
T
he theft of the priesthood of the saints is orchestrated by ordination of Bishops where five -fold ministries were reduced to non operational by the presiding Bishop. Bishop is not part of five-fold ministry gifts but have an administrative capacity as an elder to ensure governing accuracy. The main sail of Church growth, equipping and empowering, is Ministry Gifts. Ministry Gifts is not anointing. Ministry Gifts is people who are gifts to the Body for the building, edification, perfecting and the work of Ministry - Ephesians 4:10-11. It is now unlawful, unscriptural to lord bishop over the Ministry Gifts. When people migrate from the office of Pastor to become a Bishop, it becomes a concern, the depth of knowledge of such individual. Ministry Gifts was given by Christ himself. Eph 4:10 says, “He gave some”. The gifts are from God it was not a self willed or a desire from man. On the other hand, Bishop is as a result of human decision. In other words, individual can desire the office of Bishop without being a Ministry Gift. 1 Tim 3:1 says, “This is a true saying, if a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work”. Bishop does not necessarily connote pastoral, apostolic or ministry but generally administrative. Jesus, the bishop of our soul, contextually implies an overseer of our souls to ensure that a filthy thing is not permitted
Endtime Revelation with Bishop Bernard
I
Ojemeni
n Matthew 24:12, the word of God says, “And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold.” In Luke 18:8b Jesus said: “… Nevertheless when the son of man cometh, shall He find faith on earth?” You see, while Matthew 24 deals with the signs of His coming and the end of the world, Matthew chapter 25 deals with the condition of the Church, the body of Christ as at the time of His coming. The picture is a sad one. All the ten virgins slumbered and slept and their lamps went off. But thanks be to God for the midnight cry that alerted them to wake up and prepare for the coming of the bridegroom.
That is the work God has raised you and me to do in this Endtime. May the Lord give you the grace to live up to expectation in Jesus name. I believe that the budding of the fig tree is the coming back of Israel as a nation on 14th May 1948 and her being in possession of Jerusalem in 1967 after the six day war with the Arabs is a major Endtime sign. And Jesus said the generation that witnessed this major sign will not pass away before He comes. I strongly believe that we are the generation that will witness the rapture. I tell you, by the time we look at other prophetic studies, you will agree with me that we are already in the season of the rapture. The 6,000 years Man’s Earth Lease as we saw in the last edition is divided into three segments of 2,000 years each. In to-
From the Pulpit
Sunday October 19, 2014
47
Church as God designed it: This man so loved by God (7) to stay in. The ordination of Bishops and the election of Pope in the Catholic are being copied by the contemporary Church. Absolutely, it is needful to have bishops in the Church for the reason mentioned above. However, their ordination became an aberration of Ministry Gifts and ministry gifts become non operational, not existent and completely disallowed to operate in the Church. Bishop now becomes aone man show where other gifts are stepped down. The purpose of Ministry Gifts is to build the body and bring them to the measure of the faith of the Christ. In other words, the gift is an avenue to produce another gift who God can entrust the future of the kingdom people. Apostolic Equipping Dimension All born again Christians should be empowered and anointed to do the work of the ministry. No one is called to watch and become spectator. However herein is the mystery of spectator and bless-me-only when, one-manparadigm of leadership was installed and others have nothing to do than menial and hero worship. Such attitudes would not allow the growth of the Church of Christ. The mentality of bishop is ownership, and the mentality of membership is spectators. The Bishop owns the ministry, administers the ministry and no one queries his authority since he is known as “the anointed Servant”. The members are reduced to sweepers, cleaners and the best amongst them are deacons and assistant pastors without functions. Ministry gift does not raise cleaners, sweepers or deacons, what ministry gift raises
are ministry gifts to others. The work of perfecting the saints cannot be achieved when members are turned to spectators or the best of them serving the tables in the Church. People think that the end of their service to Jesus Christ is by Church attendance and menial services in the Church; your service is to end up as a gift to the body. The concept where members bring lost loved ones to the pastor for him to lead him to Jesus is as a result of not equipping them to do the work of the ministry. When someone is sick, we don’t pray for them ourselves, instead we deliver the prayer request to the pastor. This is a wrong mentality. You are to stand as priest unto people. A minister without mentality for a structural change where members are built and empowered for ministry gift would never be a ministry gift to the believers. So in effect there was a strengthening of the one-man-only structure of ministry and the rest are spectators. The influence of bishop as it exists today in our contemporary churches would continually rob the Church of her best gifts. I am not asking for the head of bishops of local churches, some of them are ministry gifts but their lordship over the sheep of Christ is unholy attitude alien to the Apostolic governing dimension of the Church. The mentality of some bishops and pastors is to gather people together so as to make heaven. To this extent, the members are constrained to certain doctrinal mould where dos or don’ts become their focus. Certain dressings are being prescribed and a mould that looks like holy unto them. This is nothing different from Pharisees at-
titude. Heaven is not the purpose of the Church, the purpose of the Church is to bring heaven to the earth where the image of God is restored back to man. This is only possible through ministry gifts. Therefore, the existing structure of the church is not an apostolic design of equipping and sending, but of drawing people to watch. We have had two thousand years to reach this world with the gospel and have yet to succeed. Why? Because it requires all of us to be involved. In order to reach this world with the gospel, there must be a restoration of five-fold ministry gifts to all believers. This is the natural order that the Holy Spirit is restoring. This is the priesthood of all believers? It is in that capacity and competence that man approaches God directly and has no need of a mediating bishop/pastor other than Jesus Christ. Every born again believer is called into ministry. We are to speak to each other about God while calling each other to repentance and faith. We are all earthly representatives of God and Jesus Christ our Lord. We are all ambassadors of Jesus Christ. We are all our brothers’ keepers. We must come into the reality of apostolic equipping dimension where what we give to the saints is able to build them and turn them to gifts to the entire Body of Christ. Gathering people for miracles and prosperity message would not build people for God. The Church must return to the original design rather than this human design. Pastor Bola Bello – The Priesthood House [email protected] 08033704564
The division of 6,000 years of man’s earth lease Bishop Bernard Chukwuma Mbamalu Ojemeni, General Superintendent of Endtime Believers’ Ministry Inc, in this piece, teaches on the division of 6,000 years of man’s earth lease. Excerpts: day’s End-time Revelation, we are going to see the calculations of each segment which will give us the full conviction that 6,000 years Mans’ Earth Lease is real. First Division / Segment: Calculation of Number of Years from Adam to Abraham (Genesis Chapter 5). Adam lived 1 3 0 years before he beget Seth who lived 105 years before he beget Enos who lived 90 years before he beget Cainan who lived 7 0 years before he beget Mahalaleel who lived 6 5 years before he beget Jared who lived 162 years before he beget Enoch who lived 6 5 years before he beget Methusciah who lived 1 8 7 years before he beget Lamech who lived 1 8 2 years before he beget Noah who lived 500 years before he beget Shem who lived 100 years before he beget Arphaxad 2 years after the flood (Genesis 11: 10 – 26) The generations after the flood started with Atphaxad. Arphaxad who lived 3 5 years before he beget Salah who lived 30 years before he beget Eher who lived 34 years before he beget Peleg who lived 30 years before
he beget Reu who lived 32 years before he beget Serug who lived 3 0 years before he beget Nahor who lived 2 9 years before he beget Terah who lived 7 0 years before he beget Abraham who was 1 0 0 years before he beget Isaac Genesis 17: 17. If you add all these years together, you will get a total of 2046 years which is just a little above 2000 years. The Second Division / Segment: This is from Abraham to Jesus Christ, another 2000 years. Matthew 1:17 says. “So all the generations from Abraham to David are 14 generations; from David to Babylonian captivity are 14 generations and from Babylonian captivity to Jesus Christ Are 14 generations”. Thus, making a total of 42 generations. The only way to know that these 42 generations cover a period of 2,000 years is when we consider the last segment, that is, the 3rd segment of the generations – from Babylonian captivity to Jesus Christ which the date of the history is 621BC. And so, if one segment of 14 generations is about Six Hundred and something years, therefore, the other two segments of 28 generations will amount to Twelve Hundred and something years which the sum total will amount to almost 2000 years. And by the time you add the extra 46 years carryover from the first segment and also the age of Isaac at the time Abraham wanted
to sacrifice him, all things being equal will give us 2000 years. The 3rd Division / Segment: This is from the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ in AD 33 to the present day is just 1974, having put into consideration of the change in the Bible calendar (Jewish calendar) to Gregorian calendar of 1582 AD is just 26 years to the last year 2000. The Bible Calendar is 360 days while the Gregorian is 3651/4 days by the time we add the leap year. But somebody may say we are in 2014 which means that the year of the Lord is over 2000 years and that we have entered into new millennium. I want to say that the person is ignorant of what we just considered above. If anybody tells you that man has been on planet earth for millions of years or some scientists saying through their discovery of fossils that the world has lasted millions of years is also obvious that they could be referring to the Pre-Adamic world – World before Adam, which is a different topic all together. Ezekiel 28: 11 – 19, Isaiah 14: 12 – 17, Jeremiah 4: 23. In conclusion, the duration of Man’s Earth Lease which is from Adam to the present day is about 6000 years. Nothing more, nothing less. The records from the scriptures about this are very clear. •For further information, contact us at: Endtime Believers’ Ministry Inc.16/18, Johnson Street, off Kajola Street, Yakoyo, Lagos. Tel: 08023261219, 09095268897, 08036116881; Email: [email protected]
48
Peace Tabernacle International with Pastor Sola
P
‘’
Aderibigbe
salm 18:46 says, “The Lord liveth; and blessed be my rock; and let the God of my salvation be exalted”. Blessed be God who made provisions for us to be saved by Jesus Christ. His salvation is why I am still alive and fulfilling mandate.
For the seventh week, we’ve been examining factors to consider if one would win the battle of life. Anyone who loses such battle cannot fulfill mandate (purpose) in life. For the third out of the seven weeks, we’ve been examining the weapons to use in fighting the warfare. So far, we have examined “the word”, “the blood” and “praises.” Today, we’re examining a very important weapon. This weapon encompasses all the weapons already examined and those yet to be examined. It’s a weapon that the enemy can never withstand. It’s a weapon that is full of power, well experienced (haven been there since the beginning) and a knock-out weapon. It’s no oth-
Chapel of Holiness and Testimony with Pastor K. I.
T
Bona
he teaching we are about to hear is a special one designed specifically for the elects. It is not a teaching for all, but it is a teaching for the chosen. Who are the chosen? They are those who have been redeemed, sanctified and separated from the corruption of this world, waiting anxiously in hope for the second coming of our Lord Jesus Christ to take us to a home in heaven prepared for the prepared. 1st Peter 2:9 says, “But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should show forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into His marvelous light”. According to this scripture, the chosen are those Christian believers whose daily lives reveal the glory and praise of God. They are those who overcome the world daily in holiness, sanctification, and consecration.
However, it is highly surprising and unimaginable that the people of this world in our present time do not believe there is anything like the end time. Regrettably, most unbelieving Christians doubt this truth. Notwithstanding, different believers and perception over this issue, the word of God standeth sure with this inscription, the Lord knows those who are His. 2 Timothy 2:19 says, “Nevertheless, the foundation of God standeth sure having this seal. The Lord knoweth them that are His. And let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity”. Irrespective of your belief about the end time, the word of God concerning it stands irrevocable. What God had ordained to be must be, and those who are heavenly candidates have been coded. Beloved, are you a heavenly candidate? Are you among the folds? Examine yourself. Those who are heavenly candidates know. This is because there is this inner witness in you that you are a child of God. Romans 8:16 says, ”The spirit itself beareth witness with our spirit that we are the children of God “. The end time teachings and message is what is needed now that our nation in particular and the whole
Sunday Mirror Sunday October 19, 2014 www.nationalmirroronline.net
Warfare for mandate fulfilment (7)
er weapon “than The Name Jesus.” The name of Jesus works wonders, it’s not an ordinary name. It’s a “lionic” name. Jesus is the lion of Judah (Rev. 5:5). As lion is the king of the jungle and has dominion in the jungle, so it is for anyone who makes him King over his life. He dominates in such life and the enemy would be no where to be found because darkness fizzles out at the presence of light (John 1:5). Philippians 2: 9-11 goes thus “9. Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name. 10. That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in Heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth. 11. And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.” The name of Jesus is not just a prefix or suffix which you put before or after prayer. The name of Jesus is the stamp that accompanies our prayer. It is the power that drives our prayer into being answered. If the name and signature of President Goodluck Jonathan accompanies the CV of a potential employee in an establishment in Nigeria, such fellow gets an easyride of employment. This is because the President’s name is a top name. Verse 9 says Jesus name is highly exalted, his
name above every other name wherever. That implies that any request that the name follows is automatically granted. Verse 10 shows the name of Jesus as a bulldozer that clears every unwanted thing out of the way. It also shows the name is a master key that opens every door. Jesus Christ is a super being with a super power. He is a commander-InChief that commands obedience, even our thoughts. Appreciate that with me in IICor. 10:4-5. “4. For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strongholds. 5. Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ.” Oh! What a name! If you are a born-again child of God, the name must answer for you if your heart is in right standing with God. If it looks like it has not been answering for you, first know that you must stop calling the name without the consciousness of what it can do. Job 22:28a says, “thou shalt also decree a thing, and it shall be established unto thee.” That invariably
means that the mouth of believers is a valuable gun (weapon). The bullet which you load inside your weapon is the word of God and the name of Jesus. The name of Jesus as powerful as it is would not answer to you if you are not born again. In order to do that by surrendering your life to Jesus, say this after me: “Lord Jesus, I acknowledge that I am a sinner. I repent from my old ways, forgive me and wash me with your blood. I accept you today as my personal Lord and Saviour. Write my name in the book of life.” If you’ve consciously said that prayer, I say CONGRATULATIONS! because you are born again. Join any of our assemblies near you or find a Biblebelieving church near you to strengthen your new faith. For further reading on how the name of Jesus works, see Acts 3:6; 9:33-34; 16:16-18). Shalom! •For testimonies, comments, enquires, counseling or prayers, don’t hesitate to contact me at: Peace Tabernacle Int’l (Power Palace), Between FRSC and Atiba Police Barracks, Oke-Ebo, Oyo, Oyo State. Or08067142127, Or [email protected]
our Lord Jesus, have you seen the second aspect of God’s word fulfilled? The third instance of God spoken word and its fulfillment. Genesis 3:19 says, “In the sweat of thy face shall thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground. For out of it was thou taken. For dust thou art and unto dust shalt thou return”. This is the final curses of God on Adam after he had eaten the forbidden fruit. Here, God commanded death upon the earth He made. We saw the accomplishment of this curses in Genesis 4:8 - “And Cain talked with Abel his brother, and it came to pass when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother and slew him” And since then death has lived with man on earth. The story of Sodom and Gomorrah gave us the fourth instance of God’s word spoken and accomplished. Genesis 18:20-21 says, “And the Lord said, because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great and because their sin is very grievous. I will go down now and see whether they have done altogether according to the cry of it, which is to come unto me, and if not, I will know”. The anger of God which he revealed to Abraham was fulfilled in Genesis 19:24-25 “Then the Lord rained upon Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven. And He overthrew those cities and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities and that which grew upon the ground” Where are those who still doubt the truthfulness of word of God? Where are those who counts that because it has taken long since the word of God said that end would come and up till now, everything is still the same. They forgot that one thousand years here on earth is like a day in the eyes of God. God does not count the way we count days. A heavenly calendar is different from the earthly calendars. The fifth instances of God’s word spoken and accomplished in Genesis 3:15- “And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed: it shall bruise thy head and thou shalt bruise his head” God revealed his plan to send His
son Jesus Christ who would conquer the devil and sin permanently and by authority in him, we who believe shall bruise the head of serpent: Luke 10:19 says, “Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions and over all the powers of the enemy and nothing shall by any means hurt you”. The promise of God to send His Son as the seed of the woman was fulfilled in Luke 1:31-33 - “And behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb and bring forth a Son, and shall call His name Jesus. He shalt be great and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord shall give unto Him the throne of David. And He shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever and of His kingdom there shall be no end”. Dear child of God, you can see now, there is no more room for doubt and argument. The end of time is imminent. The second coming of our Lord Jesus Christ is irrevocable. Whosoever that still doubt this truth lacks wisdom, knowledge and understanding. Pray like this Every mistake I made in the past which has clouded my vision in the Lord and pulled me out of grace, blood of Jesus discover me now in the name of Jesus Christ. Testimony Re-occurring attack ceass I appreciate the name of the God who brought me to this church. Before I came, I had lost three of my babies at a particular hour of the night-2am in the morning precisely. When I met the man of God, he gave me some prayer points to pray on Tuesdays at that hour of 2am. My little baby received the same attack. I took the prayer bulletin he gave me, I placed it on my baby and I began to pray, instantly the spirit left him. Since that day, my baby has not experienced such attack. Glory be to God! Sis. Mercy
The end time world in general is going through a lot of political, social and economic challenges. An indepth study of the word of God, and its accomplishment, on previous biblical matters would show us that the word of God is flawless. For example: a). Genesis 15:13 says, “And he said unto Abram, know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years”. Here we noted God spoke to Abram that his seed shall be strangers in a foreign land. They would be afflicted and subjected to misery and hard labour for four hundred years. This word was accomplished in Exodus 8:40-41-. “Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelth in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. And it came to pass at the end of four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the Lord went out from the land of Egypt”. Now we have seen one aspect of God’s word spoken and fulfilled. b). The second instance of God’s word spoken in the Bible was and accomplished is in the world of Noah. Genesis 6:13 says, “And God said unto Noah, the end of all flesh is come before me: for the earth is filled with violence through them, and behold I will destroy them with the earth. “After this discussion between God and Noah, God commanded Noah to build an Ark in readiness to his intention to destroy the first world. We saw the fulfillment of God’s word in Genesis 7:11-13 - “In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, the seventh day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Sham, and Ham and Japheth, the sons of Noah and Noah’s wife, and the three wives of his sons with them into the Ark “. It was observed that Noah was hundred years old when God told him his intention to destroy the world. Then God commanded him to build an Ark of Gopher wood in readiness. After one hundred years, the word of God to Noah was fulfilled. You who do not believe in the second coming of
•Pastor K. I. Bona is General Overseer of Chapel of Holiness and Testimony Ministries, 6 David Egbetuyi Street, Fagbile Ijegun, Ikotun, Lagos. Tel:08038206508, 08023404926
49
Business FRESH BUSINESS NEWS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS Sunday October 19, 2014
Delta: Navy destroys 870 illegal refineries in 9 months Theophilus Onojeghen WARRI
T
he Commanding Officer, Nigerian Navy Ship, NNS Delta, Captain Musa Gemu, has said a total of 870 illegal refineries operating along the creeks of Delta State have been destroyed since he assumed office in February this year. Gemu disclosed this while conducting newsmen round some arrested ships and vessels used by some oil bunkerers at the Nige-
rian Naval Engineering College, Sapele, Delta State. He stressed that activities of illegal refinery operators have now been brought to a low ebb following the proactive steps the Navy took to stem the ugly trend so as to boost the country’s oil revenue. He said: “You (newsmen) are all witnesses to the fact that in recent times, we had stopped going for destruction of illegal oil refineries within my area of responsibility; that is to tell you
that we have destroyed all. “In so many places that we went, when you put the quantity together, in my area of operation, we have destroyed up to about 870 illegal oil refineries within this short period of my tenure in office.” He reiterated that the Navy would stop at nothing to ensure that oil theft in the region was completely eradicated in the waterways to save the country from losing further revenue worth several billions
of naira to oil cartels. The NNS Delta boss maintained that the illegal oil barons operate in cartel, making it difficult to get their sponsors. Gemu added: “So far, I am impressed; behind me here are some of the ships that were arrested. Some of them are out of court; judgment has been passed and a lot of them have been forfeited to the Federal Government. Also, some of them still have cases in court.”
Managing Director of the Niger Delta Development Commission, (NDDC), Sir Bassey Dan-Abia (middle), with some physically challenged persons on a protest march to the commission’s office in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, recently.
‘Multiple taxation, bane of industrialisation’
M
ultiple taxation has been identified as the major problem confronting the establishment of industries by local investors in the country. An industrialist, Mr Adekola Adewumi, made the observation in Akure, the Ondo State capital while receiving an award by members of the Ondo State Creative Arts Movement (OSCAM). Adewumi,who is the Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Ideal Foremost Nigeria Limited, lamented that several enterprises had been finding it difficult to break through in the sector.
He noted that some of them, who could not succeed are planning to quit. He said: “Some policies of the government have been unfavourable to investors and one of them is multiple taxation. It is even better in Ondo State, if you go to States like Delta and Rivers, you will see how they are finding it difficult to cope with the taxes. “With these challenges, how are you expecting the local investors to invest in the country and if industries are not being established how are you expecting the youths, particularly the graduates to get job?
NDDC moves to assist the physical challenged
T
he Managing Director of the Niger Delta Development Commission, (NDDC), Sir Bassey Dan-Abia, has urged the physically challenged youths from the Niger Delta region, under the umbrella of the Niger Delta Coalition of Persons with Disabilities, to continue to be peaceful in their agitations. He noted that the people of the Niger Delta have gone past the era of violent protests and have since embraced dialogue. He said that one of the major planks of the Transformation Agenda of the Federal Government was the maintenance of peace and security. Dan-Abia who addressed the physically challenged persons at the NDDC headquarters in Port Harcourt said that “You have genuine grievances, but you have a duty to present them peacefully. You have listed a number of things that you believe will help to alleviate the conditions of the disabled persons. We need to have these requests in writing to enable us discuss and arrive at satisfactory action plans. You don’t need to block the highway to make your point.” Dan-Abia said that the NDDC had been running various youth empower-
ment programmes which were usually non-discriminatory. He, however, agreed that there should be special provisions for persons with disability, especially those who were qualified for employment and scholarships. He promised that henceforth, a certain percentage would be set aside for persons with disability in NDDC programmes to ensure that the less-fortunate ones were not left behind. In his response, the President of the group, Mr. David Enogho said they were forced to block the gates of the NDDC office because they were neglected and abandoned because of their disability. He said that the coalition of persons with disability had no other option but to engage in public protest to call the attention of the NDDC to their plight. “We are protesting noninclusion of our members in NDDC programmes. We have been neglected over the years and our members are not benefitting from NDDC scholarships and training and other empowerment programmes. So, we expect the NDDC to come out with an action plan that will address the peculiar needs of our members,” Enogho said.
EMBER months: Nigerian Breweries signs MoU with FRSC Olusegun Koiki
I
n a bid to ensure improved safety on the nation’s highways, Nigerian Breweries Plc at the weekend signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Federal Road Safety Corps, FRSC. The Managing Director of the company, Mr. Nicolaas Vervelde, disclosed this during the flag-off ceremony of the seventh edition of the ‘Don’t Drink and Drive, DDD’ campaign with the corps in Lagos. Vervelde noted that
with the signing of the MoU, collaboration on road safety between the two organisations would further be enhanced, adding that the company through this means would contribute to the implementation of the United Nations Decade of Action on Road Safety, which is to reduce road-crash death and accident by 50 per cent by 2020. He explained that the FRSC has over the years been a great partner in executing the Don’t Drink and Drive campaign, hoping that the partnership
would continue to produce the desired result. On the 2014 campaign, Vervelde informed that it would include public enlightenment sessions at motor parks in four cities across Nigeria; Port Harcourt, Lagos, Onitsha and Makurdi, adding that there would also be a capacity-building workshop for officers of the FRSC and leadership of the National Union of Road Transport Workers, NURTW. He added: “We anticipate that messages communicated through these
avenues will further enhance awareness of road safety and encourage positive changes in drivers’ behaviour in relation to alcohol consumption. “Since its launch in 2008, we have held 27 rallies in major cities across the country. It involves public enlightenment campaigns, communication and capacity building workshops. The rallies attracted large turnout of stakeholders that include commercial and private vehicle drivers, motorcycle and tricycle riders.”
50
FG urges agribusiness clubs in schools –Minister
T
he Minister of Education, Mallam Ibrahim Shekarau, at the weekend in Abuja, said the Federal Government would encourage the setting up of students’ agribusiness clubs in schools. Shekarau made the disclosure when Dr. Baraka Sani, the Senior Special Assistant to the President on Schools Agriculture Programme paid him a courtesy visit. He said such clubs would boost entrepreneurship among students and promote self reliance. ``We will ensure that all schools have such a club; it is going to be a part of government’s efforts to provide other means of employment. ``It will help to reduce unemployment. ``The situation today is that most school leavers do not have the skills to engage in something else if they are unable to secure admission into higher institutions, hence, they constitute nui-
sance to the society. ``I appreciate the various aspects of the agribusiness as it will build a sense of enterprise, nation building and patriotism in children,” the minister added. Earlier, Sani had told the minister that the programme was aimed at introducing young students to the various opportunities contained in agriculture as a business. She said it would promote skills and change the negative perception about agriculture by the youth. ``The programme is aimed at setting up the structure along with a very strong foundation to ensure success throughout the period of implementation. ``In the pilot phase, Students Agribusiness Clubs (SAC) will be established in selected secondary schools from 12 states of the federation, two from each geo-political zone,” she said.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Workers protest non-implementation of agreement by FMC AMOUR UDEMUDE ASABA
T
he Joint Health Sector Union (JOHESU), Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Asaba chapter, Delta State, yesterday, protested over what it called irrational attitude of the management of the hospital as its affects their welfare. The protesters who were led by the Chairman of JOHESU, FMC, Asaba, Comrade Tony Asiodu and an executive member of the union, Comrade Davidson Akinlaya, danced and sang solidarity songs round the premises of the hospital with a strong demand on the management to obey
series of labour agreement reached so far between the hospital management and the union. In a press statement signed by the Chairman of JOHESU, FMC, Asaba, Comrade Tony Asiodu and executive member, Comrade Davidson Akinlaya, made available to journalists at the premises of the hospital, the union gave reasons for the protest which include failure of the hospital management to obey series of agreement reached with workers by different regime as well as insensitivity to workers plight, introduction or illegal template in payment of workers’ salaries not in line with government ap-
proved scheme of service. Down grading a staff illegally by not upholding the scheme of service in level 14 to 13, 12 to 10, 9 to 8. Furthermore, the statement said: “Workers of FMC Asaba are tired of the leadership and unfriendly posture of Dr. Leo O. Erhunmwunze; workers have at different occasion passed vote of no confidence in his leadership at FMC, Asaba, workers in FMC are only asking what government has rightly approved for them. “This protest is also as a result of the management failure to obey NIC judgment in favour of workers that movement from level 10 to 12 should be obeyed
which is the stipulation of the scheme of service. Failure of the management to have release 2014 promotion letters that has been conducted since; failure to obey the agreement brokered by His Royal Highness, Obi (Prof.) Chike Edozien, on payment of staff salaries/ welfare.” According to the union, since February 2014, workers have been paid their salaries in piece meals, while management of FMC Asaba instructed IPPIS to start underpaying workers even when the management had reached an agreement with workers that joining IPPIS would result to the right payment of staff salaries.
Kogi takes delivery of 3m doses of Cerebro Spinal Meningitis vaccines WALE IBRAHIM LOKOJA
K
ogi State Government has taken delivery of over three million doses of CerebroSpinal Meningitis Type-A vaccines for the treatment and immunization of more than 2.7 million indigenes from age 1-29. The state Commissioner for Health, Dr. Idris Omede, who disclosed this while inspecting the vaccines and materials yesterday in Lokoja, said the supplies were meant to prosecute the campaign against possible outbreak of the killer disease. Omede explained that there were various species of meningitis but the TypeA, tagged “Men-A”, was most prevalent and cause of millions of deaths in Africa, adding that it normally comes between November
and April of the following year. The commissioner pointed out that the campaign was expected to cover ages 1 to 29 because it constituted about 70 per cent of any population cluster globally and translates into about 2.7 million of Kogi State population. The items delivered with the vaccines according to commissioner include AD syringes, 3.19 million; Safety boxes, 35,333; vaccination cards, 2.9 million; Registers, 2,490; 5ml S/N, 335,747 and Pen markers, 1,661 among others. He noted that unlike the ORT immunization vaccines, syringes and needles would be used to administer the Men-A vaccination, stressing that though it was expected to record more wastages, provisions had been made for such wastages.
L-R: Representative of the Inspector-General of Police, Mr. Solomon Fayomi; lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Bayero University, Prof. Umaru Pate and Director-General, National Orientation Agency, Mr. Mike Omeri, during the Nigerian Bloggers and Social Media Workshop in Abuja recently. PHOTO: NAN
Group takes hand-washing campaign to schools in Bauchi EZEKIEL TITUS BAUCHI
T
he Coordinator, Network of Civil Society Organisations in Water and Sanitation (NEWSAN), Bauchi chapter, Mrs. Titi Yakubu, said hand washing is an effective means to prevent diseases, hence the need for school children to
be well informed on good hygiene practices. Yakubu stated this at the Hand washing Day celebrated in Bauchi with the theme “Choose Hand Washing, Choose Health at Rahma Conference Center, saying this year’s celebration was aimed at emphasizing the importance of hand washing among the school
children, business men and scavengers in the state. According to Mrs. Yakubu, the day was originally created for children and schools but can be celebrated by anyone promoting hand washing with soap, saying “that is why we invited business men, children and scavengers to the celebration”. She said the theme:
“Choose Hand Washing, Choose Health,” was in commemoration of this year’s Global Hand Washing Day under the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Global Communities (GC), Water, Access, Sanitation and Hygiene of the Urban Poor (WASH-UP) programme.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
[email protected] (08034101207; SMS only, pls)
T
he locality of Akute-Ajuwon in the Lagos border of Ogun State is now abuzz with a scary tale. At public forums, the story is often told with an attendant jocose effect but after the drain of involuntary tears of loud laughter, then comes the comment that, ‘I swear by Almighty God, this is a true-life story. The affected okada man can drive past any moment from now.’
It is all about the story of a commercial motorcycle operator, known locally as ‘Okada rider’, who was into a secret affair with the wife of his bosom friend, also an Okada rider. But since stolen waters are sweet, as the holy book says, the stealers are bound to over time, throw caution into the winds. The neighbourhood soon got to know of the illicit affair and the husband was informed in a hushed tone, and with an urge to be wise in his reaction. The husband of the illegally bedded woman thus went traditional, securing an unusual species of juju from a herbalist. The result now is that, his bosom friend who had been playing sex-Judas on him is struck with an inexplicable plague. The nature of the plague is that, while at top speed on his okada with a female passenger on
Opinion
Sunday October 19 2014
Marriages and the winds of life board, a madding urge would grip him and he would screech to a halt. There, he would bring out his turgid manhood and be having an imaginary sex, shouting, “Mo do Sheri! Mo do Sheri!!” meaning, ‘I had fun with Sheri!’ being the wife of his closest friend. Right in the public glare! His drama would play out in this way until he succeeds in ejaculating! Assuredly, the world of Sheri in the neighbourhood had crumbled. Again, the ‘Mo do Sheri scenario’ is a global phenomenon which can best be appraised under the wisecrack, ‘A thief is a thief only when caught.’ As it affects the male, so also the female. But in spite of such infraction, the institution of marriage still endures in its grandeur, considering the fact that some marriages have been so sublime to attract sundry admiration, even from the human parrots in the streets. As life is not a bed of roses, so is marriage. Not a few marriages have hit the rocks while others endure jerkily with the partners papering over the cracks, so as to keep its operators afloat in the social setting, or, to sustain certain economic or political values. Yet, some marriages have blossomed in the naturalness of some animating impact. This is talking of the mutually good volition of the two partners contracting the lifetime deal. We thus summarise this endearing dimension to mean love. But shall we not love or scamper for the fruit of love to sustain the health of the society? Family researchers and marriage
counsellors alike are agreed that broken marriages account mostly for the debasement of otherwise promising children to the inglorious column of urchins, of gradating felons and ever irascible, modern Goths. It is their belief that a child under the combined tutelage of the father and mother grows up to become a responsible citizen, one who is the pride of both parents. But granted that marriage should remain to sustain useful protégés needed to build a comely Nigerian society, have we also given much thought to factors required to keep the home in its rightful grandeur? A home ravaged by hunger wherein the parents are out of job resulting from economic recession is not likely to produce a child of the society’s desire. Wrenched by hunger, the male child, even as a teenager mingles with peers who assure he can be linked up with those who can bail him out of the painfully familiar raid of hunger. To that extent, he would either resort to stealing or to outright robbery or fraud of the genre called ‘419’. As for the female child, beginning from adolescence, she is easily made to realise by her equally hungry mates that she has an abiding industry in her soft underbelly, which has a precursor in the seductive flaunting of the upper torso, flapping her budding breasts rather voluptuously, to attract men. Assuredly, lack of money or outright poverty is a gale of ill-wind that can upturn a marriage or dirtily shake it to its foundations. A certain friend in Iyana-Ipaja,
Lagos, had recalled how his wife and mother of his four children, at a time he was sacked, gave vent to extra-marital affairs, dating a policeman operating at a highly rewarding checkpoint. His tragedy was signposted in that, his wife would call him and say, “Look, Mr. Man, you can’t feed yourself, me and our four children; a mission which this God-sent policeman has been fulfilling. So, allow Olopa (the policeman) to enjoy his life. But I can assure you that I won’t have a child for Olopa.” While the jobless fellow was expected by his associates to call it quits with his faithfully unfaithful wife, our friend endured the humiliation. He patently swallowed his pride, claiming that “it is for the sake of my children; after all, they (policeman and wife) have not been performing the acts in my presence.” Today, that jobless man has got a job and has stoically resolved to allow his wife retain her matrimonial seat. Curiously, however, the lover-boy policeman is somewhere in a native medical home, struck by a strange illness for which his family has spent fortunes. While chastity in marriage, therefore, is a virtue needed to promote love, sustain a family and groom up offspring to become responsible citizens, responsible government policies are also required, to make marriages work and sustainable. Happy married life to all. •This article was last published on July 6, 2014 but is repeated based on popular demand.
Arrested for feeding the widows and orphans STEPHEN DAVIS
I
t is now well known that I have been working for the release of the Chibok girls and the other at least 300 girls who have been captured by Boko Haram in this last 12 months. I have visited many villages and towns attacked by Boko Haram, I have seen first-hand the devastation and talked to families of the attacks. These are tragic stories of loss of life, slaughter, rape and the worst abuses of human life one can imagine. In the mist of this ongoing tragedy there are people who have courageously helped to support the work of finding kidnapped girls and boys and helping them receive medical care and food until a more permanent solution can be found to their situation.
In Maiduguri there are small groups of young men and women who go out into the community each week to provide food to the widows whose husbands have been killed by Boko Haram. Others repair the humble shelters used by widows and orphans to shelter from the rain. These humanitarian efforts are undertaken with the meagre funds these generous local people have from their equally meagre salaries. One such group of community servants is the Shehuri North Community Development and Youth Empowerment Association in Maiduguri. It is a registered association with very admirable goals. In an overview of the group its mission is stated as: To promote peace, unity, love and understanding in our community.
51
• To assist the people of the community such as widows, orphans, and the less privilege by upgrading their standard of living. • To assist in sending the orphans and any interested fellow within and outside the community to Western and Islamic Schools to acquire a reputable education and knowledge that will prepare them to be useful members of the community. • To empower youths in our midst by creating suitable job opportunities. • To enter into association with any local, regional and international organization, engaged in assisting community development. I heard of this group while seeking the handover of Chibok captives in Borno State a few months ago. I met with the group in Maiduguri to learn more of their community work. I was convinced of the outstanding humanitarian work of this group with such meagre funding from their own private resources. It is quite an amazing story how this group has managed to find girls who have escaped from Boko Haram camps and support them and their families with food and medical care until the girls can be connected into Federal Government support through the President’s Victim Support Funds chaired by General (ret.) Danjuma. The Shehuri group has made formal application for funding to continue the victim support work and the additional work they do in locating and verifying the identity of escaped girls for relocation and protection from the Federal Government.
This week, we learn that the State Security Services has arrested many of these fine young community workers on the pretext that they are Boko Haram sympathisers. A tweet from someone known as Aye Dee posts a photo of me with the management board of the Shehuri North Community Development and Youth Empowerment Association whom Mr Dee says “were hired to play the part of Boko Haram fighters/commanders in the Stephen Davis saga of being in contact with the terrorist organisation”. Nothing could be further from the truth! What a monstrous fabrication! Mr Dee may be misinformed from his SSS source as these photos were taken from the phone of one of arrested community workers. The photo for which Mr Dee claims proprietorial rights and one of several taken on that occasion was taken on my camera and is printed here in full detail. Mr Dee is correct in saying that I have contributed some funds to the organisation which has found its funds stretched as more escaped girls are being supported. I have also provided a photo of the rice distribution which these workers conduct and to which my funding has been applied. The escaped girls are in great need of trauma counselling. As most are not Chibok girls there seems to have been little media interest in telling their stories and assisting them. I am in no doubt that President Jonathan wishes to provide support for any victim of Boko Haram and particularly for captives
who have escaped Boko Haram camps regardless of whether they were captured at Chibok or any other village in Nigeria. On hearing of the arrest of members of the Shehuri North Community Development and Youth Empowerment Association, I immediately sent a message to the DG-SSS. I have not yet had a reply but am very hopeful that as he is well aware of my work in seeking the release of the captives and arrest of the sponsors of Boko Haram, he will equally be aware of the innocence of these community workers and their outstanding service in providing food, shelter and medical support for the escaped girls and restore their families into a stable community life. If the DG-SSS would care to check with the office of General (ret.) Danjuma and Ambassador Gana, I am sure he will find these facts as I have set them out to be supported and thus enable the immediately release the members of the Shehuri North Community Development and Youth Empowerment Association. I am optimistic that General (ret.) Danjuma, as Chairman of the President’s Victim Support Fund, will also find the case for acknowledging the valuable work of these community workers deserving of his support. These are people we should be honouring for their outstanding, selfless work conducted at considerable risk to their lives, not arresting and incarcerating. Dr. Davis is an Australian academic and priest who was the secret negotiator with the Boko Haram, a role he also played that led to amnesty for Niger Delta militants.
52
Sunday, October 19, 2014
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
I’m ready to face Tinubu-factor in Lagos –Gbajabiamila Engr. Hakeem Akinola Gbajabiamila is a former Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development under former Governor Bola Tinubu in Lagos State . He is now a chieftain of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP. In this interview with journalists, he speaks on his ambition to represent Lagos Central Senatorial District in the National Assembly come 2015, a seat which Tinubu’s wife, Oluremi, currently occupies. Ayo Esan brings excerpts: Why have you chosen to remain in the PDP? I believe PDP of all the parties in Nigeria today is the only one that has proved to have internal democracy, whatever anybody will say. It is the only party that I have seen to have continually allowed people to have democracy. If you don’t agree with the leader, you take him to court or you fight him in the media. I am not too sure of any other party which does that. PDP is the only one that shows that one person can be so powerful today and next time, another person has taken over the entire structure from him and he cannot do anything. So I think that is where democracy should be going. Not where everybody goes to the oracle for him to decide your life. I don’t want a situation where somebody will sit down and determine my life. It has never happened to me and so it is not my culture to sit down and expect that I will not use my hand or my energy or my intellect to aspire. And so in 2014 I am going back to the party and ask them to endorse me as a candidate . That is the process that we have started. And I assure you that I understand the terrain in which I am going to play. I understand what it takes to win this election and I believe I will win. What are the programmes you have for your people? By my training and experience, I have come to realise that in the last 12 years, the quality of representation at the National Assembly has continue to dwindle . People goes there because somebody believe it is their gift for being around rather than putting people who have purpose to be there. First and foremost, the people of Lagos need good representation that will take
care of their interest, who will discuss their issues, who will talk about the environment of Lagos. Lagos is a very small landmass and it accommodates and houses 10 per cent of the population of Nigeria. It is only three per cent of Nigeria’s landmass with lots of water. Therefore, the issue of environment is very critical to it. Infrastructural development to support that number of people in a small environment is very important. And therefore, we must be able to bring about all the benefits that Lagos deserves back to Lagos. It is not only about oversight function. Because if you look also, of all the arms of government, you will see that it is the legislative arm that is the least developed. This is because over the years, each time the military came to power, they truncated the legislative aspect of government. Are you saying the current Senator representing Lagos Central has not been doing much? We all know and even she knows, because she said it. She said it that she has not been able to do anything. The job is a serious business and we should take it more seriously than we have taken it in the past. We should have quality people representing us; quality people who understand the issues, the problem of our people. I understand a lot about Lagos. If you were there what would you have done differently? I have said that Lagos is highly densely populated and the land mass is waterlogged. In 2000, we did a study of the coastal region. There are a lot of environmental issues that we need to pay more attention to and the Federal Government too needs to
Gbajabiamila
be involved in that process. It is not that there is no solution to flooding issues but when environmental impact studies are not carried out on projects being done or people are not carried along on projects that are being done, we will continue to have serious environmental issues. Those are the kinds of things that I will like to address going into the Senate. I will ensure that proper laws to support these things are enacted. I will also like to see infrastructural development being brought to Lagos and also continue to push for special status for Lagos through the Lagos Metropolitan Development Authority which is a good vehicle to give the state its deserved status and give it the recognition that it deserves in the scheme of things. There is no Nigerian that doesn’t have relatives living in Lagos. We look at Apapa for example and we see that further representation of Lagos is needed at the centre to make sure that Apapa is dealt with accordingly by reducing the congestion there. You know in this election, you are going
to face the Tinubu factor. Do you think it is going to be an easy ride or how will you go about it? In life, you must be ready for what you want to do. You can’t sit down here and just be asking for change. Tinubu did not get there because it was given to him. He got there through a process and therefore, somebody must unseat that process. I pray that my wish is blessed by God. I will go through the party primaries. I am ready for it and I have done it before. I believe that with all the efforts that I will put in, I will be successful and I don’t have any worry about that. And I know that God will make it happen. And I believe that when it comes to the election, the people’s voice will speak. And when the people’s voice speaks, there is nothing that can change it. So it is not about who I am competing with or the resources of the person I am competing with. It is the ability to sell my product. It is the ability to win the election. That is the most important thing and with what we have on ground and what we are doing, we will win the heart of the people.
Ambode set to pick APC ticket in Lagos CONTINUED FROM PAGE 11
formed Sunday Mirror. Born n June 14, 1963 at Epe, Ambode had his primary education at St. Jude Primary School, Ebute Meta, Lagos before proceeding to the Federal Government College, Warri, Delta State for both his West African Examinations Council, WAEC, as well as the Higher School Certificate Examination, HSC, which he obtained in 1981. He was admitted into University of Lagos where he graduated with honours in Accounting at age 21. After graduation, he joined the Lagos State Public Service as he began working with the Lagos State Waste Disposal Board, now known as the Lagos State Waste Management Authority, LAWMA,
as an Accountant Grade II in November 1985. At the age of 24, he was already a Chartered Accountant and has also completed his Master’s degree programme in Accounting at the University of Lagos, specialising in Financial Management. Ambode moved to the Local Government where he worked for 10 years and was at various times Council Treasurer in Alimosho, Somolu, Mushin and Ajeromi Ifelodun Local Government councils. In 1998, his commitment to public service earned him the nomination and award of the U.S. Fullbright Scholarship for the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship programme, in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, on Public Leadership with emphasis on Finance and Accounting.
When he returned to the country, he moved to the core Lagos civil service as he was appointed acting Auditor-General for Local Governments in 2000, and he became the auditor-general for Local Governments in the state. A few years later, he was appointed Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Finance in 2005 and in February, 2006, he was given the additional responsibility of Accountant-General of Lagos State. It is believed that he was the brain behind how the then governor, Tinubu, survived the war he fought against former President Olusegun Obasanjo, when he (Tinubu) created additional 37 local government development councils, which led to the seizure of local government funds by the Obasanjo government.
Sources said he designed a template that increased revenue generation from N600 million to over N6 billion monthly, ensuring that all civil servants in Lagos State whether at the state or local government received their monthly salaries without delay. Upon his retirement, Ambode established Brandsmiths Consulting Limited and the company is presently consulting for the federal, state and local governments on the transition to the new international public service accounting system and other financial advisory services. He has also put pen to paper to document his time as a public servant in Lagos State. CONTINUED ON PAGE 54
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Mimiko?
Mimiko
major financiers of the party in the few years. Mimiko was said to have championed the building of the LP in the South-West and deployed heavy fund in building its structure in the region. Many of the office holders who are still in the party lack the wherewithal to support the party, analysts predict. This might be one of the reasons Nwanyanwu said during the last convention of the party that, “The major challenges of building
a young political party is lack of adequate funding. I also acknowledge the sacrifice made by leaders of the party at all levels to cope with discomfort and pain of having to administer the party with little or no funds.” Apparently, the defections will further affect the finances of the party and this may help relegate the party to the background. This might be one of the reasons the newly elected National Secretary of the party, Barrister Kayode Ajulo, said the party would still appeal to Mimiko to return to LP. Political observers, however, saw the emergence of Ajulo as National Secretary during the last convention as the handwork of Mimiko, saying Ajulo was planted in the LP to do the bidding of Mimiko by playing the governor’s scripts. But Ajulo was fast to deny being the eye of the governor in the party, saying he chose to stay behind in the party on principles. He explained that it was better to be a leader in the LP than leaving the party for PDP flooded with leaders and chieftains where his voice would not be heard. However, a downcast Nwanyanwu has appealed to the leaders and members of the party across the nation not to be weighed down by Mimiko’s defection, urging the leadership to make the party more attractive to guarantee better performance in future elections. He also urged them to make a statement with the forthcoming 2015 general election and.
“We must not allow the exit of governor Mimiko to be said has negative impact on the progress, growth and expansion of the Labour Party.” Some leaders of the party have also insisted that the defection of Mimiko may have effect on the party but will not spell its end, especially in the South-West. Chairman of the party in Osun State, Barrister Timothy Olatunji, said though the governor had been giving much support to the party, yet added, “If Governor Mimiko decides to return to PDP now, Labour Party in Osun State would still remain intact because we did not build the party in this state on his popularity or support”. It is believed that the LP candidate in the last governorship election in Ekiti State and a member of the House of Representatives, Hon. Michael Opeyemi Bamidele, can join hands with the leadership of LP to reposition it and take the party to an a greater height. Bamidele said in an interview that the defection of Mimiko to PDP would in no way affect the party. Bamidele who defected to LP at the wake of the governorship election in Ekiti after foolowing irreconcilable differences with the leadership of All Progressives Congress, expressed optimism that LP wojld wax stronger despite Mimiko’s exit.
Political observers however argued that Bamidele lacked the clout to fit into Mimiko’s shoe, saying it will take the LP candidate another decade to build a structure that will equal the Mimiko political empire. They also observed that Bamidele too may opt to join mainstream politics in order not to be sidelined in the scheme of things. It will be recalled that Dr Mimiko, a grassroots politician, left PDP in 2007. It took him barely four months to build the LP structure from the scratch in Ondo State, and defeated the incumbent governor, Dr. Olusegun Agagu. Though Mimiko was installed two years later after he was pronounced the winner of that election by the Court of Appeal sitting in Benin, he has made Ondo State the benchmark for progressive governance since he assumed as the number one citizen in the state. Nonetheless, all odds may militate against the rise of LP after the exit of its major player, Mimiko, unless pragmatic and determined politicians come aboard to strategise, mobilise and build a new LP. The defection of Mimiko may spell doom for the party and its leadership may be forced to fuse with either PDP or APC as the former National Chairman, Nwanyanwu, said the party would always be ready to align with parties that share LP’s principles and ideology.
aided Ngilari to power
he goverarance”. nt saga n be said wa’s govy grit of
r Govere elected taken on ved until y in PDP o call the
NGILARI’S LUCK
BUT NGILLARI WITH VAST KNOWLEDGE ON CONSTITUTIONAL LAW EXPLAINED HIS CONCERNS TO FINTIRI, THAT GOING BY THE CONSTITUTION, HIS RESIGNATION OUGHT TO BE TO THE GOVERNOR.
Nyako
president unprintable names and even tried to tie President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan in his satirical missive to carrying out genocide against the people of the North. One prominent instance, of the Nyako era was his treatment of the lawmakers which surfaced towards the twilight of that administration. This was the appointment of chairmen and secretaries for the newly created state development areas in the state, were much to the chagrin of the legislators Nyako reneged on appointing their preferred nominees. Infuriated by the development the members moved to repeal the local government laws, and enacting a
new law which stops the executive from interfering in local council administration but empowered the house to legislate on theadministration of the councils. Not long after this, the PDP national secretariat was alleged to have waded into the scenario and made them a deal to unseat Nyako. Soon Nyako’s favoured commissioners were invited to explain certain financial transactions in their ministries. Signs of a probable impeachment first surfaced with the House members’ call on Nyako to pay N2.3B two months’ salaries owed the workers of the state. The house also followed through with a blanket summons to other key Ministries and departments including the Ministries of Commerce, Agriculture, Land and Housing and Health. Others are Ministry of works, the state universal education board, the state MDG’s office etc. Several revelations of grafts running
into several billions of public funds culminated on an 18th June, 2014 impeachment notice served on both the governor and his deputy. twenty-six-count charge was leveled on Governor Murtala Nyako and his deputy Barrister James Ngillari. The speaker Hon. Ahmed Fintiri sustained the motion moved by Hon. Kwamoti to serve Nyako and his deputy with an impeachment notice, since the matter brought by the members was a constitutional issue and was backed by substantial evidence going by the house acknowledgement of graft by state officials under the Governor’s leadership. It was gathered that the former acting governor, through one of the legislators reached out to the deputy governor and urged him to tender his resignation with the assurance that the Speaker who is also one of Ngillari’s kinsman had promised him a”soft landing”.
Ngillari who had waited up till the umpteenth hour, for the next instruction on what to do however, got the call late in evening, informing him that the Presidency could not extricate him from being impeached, simply put, he was to be sacrificed. Nothing was to get in the way of Nyako’s ouster, and the house was to consider the report of a seven-member panel in the house the following day. Ngillari apparently to push off being impeached from office, acted on the words of the emissary from the speaker of the state assembly. At this point it, dawned on Ngillari that he was before the devil and the deep blue sea, so he took the offer of a life line given to him by Fintiri. But Ngillari with vast knowledge on constitutional law explained his concerns to Fintiri, that going by the constitution, his resignation ought to be to the governor. However, Fintiri dismissed it and told Ngilari not to worry. He said, he should address the letter to him instead, that it would suffice even though Ngillari already had another letter specifically addressed to his, Governor Murtala Nyako but whose whereabouts was unknown at the time.
54
2015: Northern APC meets over Buhari, Atiku, Kwankwaso A ZA MSU KADUNA
A
consensus candidate may finally be agreed upon by the inner caucus of the All Progressives Congress, APC in the North, following a crucial meeting held to pick a candidate among former Head of State, General Muhammadu Buhari (rtd), former Vice President Atiku Abubakar and Kano’s Governor Rabiu Kwankwaso. Sunday Mirror gathered during APC northern regional meeting that the North, to which the national APC had zoned the Presidency, would try to dissuade the three aspirants from going for a primary election, to avoid disaffection. According to sources from the meeting, the consensus arrangement if succeeded would reduce the political tension and defection of supporters to the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, after the primaries. However, speaking during the APC northern stakeholders meeting yesterday, Buhari said he tried to be president three times but failed owing to “high level rigging by PDP led government.” Buhari, who also spoke on behalf of ex-Vice President Atiku Abubakar, alleged that there were reports to show
that Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC‘s equipment used to produce permanent voters cards were illegally seen in some states producing voters card ahead of 2015 polls. Buhari alerted Nigerians that voting PDP government again for the next four years would send the nation to early grave, averring that the PDP has introduced dollars and naira politics in the country. “Voting PDP government for the next
four years will send this country to the grave.2015 will be another year of concern to this country. Now, we try to make sure that INEC is fully prepared for 2015 elections.PDP government is serving themselves not us. Nigerians” In his goodwill message at the meeting, Borno State governor, Kashim Shettima, called on the north to irrespective of their religion and ethnicity, to summon courage and come together, to salvage the country ahead of 2015.
According to the governor, the north in the best of times was the least in all indices of economic development, let alone now that insurgency is ravaging some parts of the north, saying, “We are now the poorest of the earth. Poverty has no religion, it has no ethnicity; therefore, we must reach out to other parts of the country, so that by 2015, other Nigerians can join forces with us to salvage the country.
Lagos APC’ll be in opposition, says Branco-Rhodes
T
he ruling All Progressives Congress, (APC) in Lagos State has been told to prepare for life as the next opposition party come 2015 in Lagos state as Peoples Democratic Party is poised to take over seat of government in the state. Making the assertion at the weekend in Lagos, a gubernatorial aspirant on the platform of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), in the state, Mr. Akintoye Branco- Rhodes declared that PDP was poised to take over power in 2015. According to him: “APC days in office in Lagos State are numbered. Governor Babatunde Fashola should start preparing his hand-over notes to PDP candidate. Lagosians are tired of APC, the people are yearning for
a change, they want an alternative government and PDP is set to sweep into power in Lagos State in 2015” While declaring that Lagos State has not fared well in the last 15 years under APC government, Branco-Rhodes accused APC of running an oppressive government which has foisted hard policies on Lagosians. “It is time for us to free Lagos. Let’s all join hands to free Lagos State from APC bondage. From Tinubu’s years to the present dispensation under Fashola, Lagosians have not got the best. How do you describe a government that imposes multiple taxation on the people? How do you describe a government that harass petty traders, and use KAI to extort money from hapless citizens.
Apart from few urban centres where cosmetic projects were undertaken, most part of Lagos state are in a state of decay. Bad roads, dilapidating structures that serves as schools and health centres dot most of the rural and urban areas in Lagos State. Houses that are constructed which they described as low-cost houses are sold for millions of naira which are not affordable to the masses. APC has disappointed Lagosians, there is need for a change of government,” he declared. While saying that Governor Babatunde Fashola has been over-rated, Branco-Rhodes said the governor has not done nothing unusual to attract accolades being showered on him by some people.
Ambode may succeed Fashola CONTINUED FROM PAGE 52
It is also believed that Ambode’s emergence would put paid to the clamour for a Christian governor in the state, being a Christian. Only last week, the Lagos State Chapter of the Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria, PFN, at a political forum organised for its members, said they wanted a Christian as the next governor. They said that whatever criteria being used in picking the governor, they believed a Christian would also meet such criteria. Ambode’s representative was present at the event and he was the only gubernatorial candidate that sent a representative there. Being a Christian has become a major ingredient for the next occupier of Lagos governor’s seat as the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) is said to have insisted on a Christian candidate as Fashola’s successor. The background to this is because both Tinubu and Fashola are Muslims. A few months ago, just as Lagos politicians were still considering how to go about 2015, Oba Akiolu of Lagos caused a stir when he publicly announced that the state traditional council had endorsed Ambode as the sole candidate of the APC, adding that he was going to be the successor of Fashola. Speaking recently in an interview, Ambode was quoted to have said that he would forever cherish what Oba Akiolu said about him at his book launch. Many party members also said that Ambode remains Tinubu’s candidate and that he had already mobilised many high
rate politicians within the party to work for him. Some other gubernatorial aspirants are said to be clamouring against imposition of Ambode as the next governorship candidate of APC by Tinubu ,but a top member of the state Exco of the party said those agitating against imposition have benefited from such in the past. Chairman of the party in the state, Henry Ajomale, was said to have attested to the clamour when he attacked those opposed to imposition as hypocrites recently at an event in Epe. Ajomale was said to have informed those that are saying no to imposition that they should remember that they were imposed on others just to get to where they are currently. He, therefore, warned members against indulging in activities that could endanger the chances of the party in 2015. It was also gathered that many party members remembered how Tinubu singlehandedly placed the senatorial ticket of Lagos West Senatorial District on Solomon’s lap after he dumped his ambition to contest for the Senate in 2007. Solomon is one of those aspiring for governorship and calling for an open primary and a level playing field for all. It was also gathered that some party members are also protesting that Ikuforiji who contested the House of Assembly seat in Ikeja in 2011 after he was rejected in Epe should not be allowed to return to Epe for gubernatorial ticket because Ikeja is not part o the Lagos East that the party had zoned the gubernatorial ticket. Fashola is said to be currently backing Sasore, but a top APC leader in the state
disclosed that because of his ambition to be vice-president to whoever emerges as the APC presidential candidate, the Lagos governor is ready to sacrifice Sasore for Ambode who is being put forward by his principal, Tinubu, as a way of securing Tinubu’s backing for his ambition. Oba Akiolu has also vowed that that Hamzat would not get the support of Lagosians and its leaders because he is not an indigene of Lagos. Hamzat is the Lagos State Commissioner for Works and Infrastructure and a close pal of the state governor, Fashola. According to sources, O Hamzat’s brother, Ganiyu, who is currently representing Mushin Federal Constituency, is said to be eyeing Ogun Central Senatorial seat in 2015 under APC. There were speculations that the party was not interested in Hamzat whose father, a tradition al ruler in Ogun State, died two years ago. Interestingly, Ambode made his intention to contest the governorship election known recently when he opened his campaign office at Gbagada, Lagos. It was gathered that thousands of APC supporters were at the Ambode campaign office opening ceremony to witness the declaration. On the occasion, he charged his supporters not to fight during the upcoming APC primaries for aspirants for the exalted seat. He also promised to build a new level of leadership that would eradicate poverty in the state. Former Special Adviser to the Gover-
nor of Lagos State on Political Matters, Abdullateef Abdulhakeem, was also on the occasion to sing Ambode’s praise. He pledged to deliver the votes of the entire Muslim community in Lagos to Ambode, saying he is the right man for the job. “I will deliver the Lagos Muslims vote to him. Ambode is a divine intervention. We have been accused by the enemies because of reduction in LASU fees. Ambode is a testimony,” he said. As part of the preparation for the primary, Ambode was said to have already toured all the administrative divisions in Lagos and had reached out to all local governments. While unveiling his dreams for the people of Lagos, he said he had developed an all-inclusive action plan to give all Nigerians the tools to get out of poverty and penury, to lead a better life for themselves and their families. On his preparation for the job at hand, he said, “I see a prosperous Lagos that is easily accessible, open to foreigners and Nigerians to pursue their potential. l foresee a safe and clean environment; a Lagos that allows every person to achieve their potential; a Lagos that knows no gender; race, sex or religious and coloration. However, the race in the PDP is narrowed down to two aspirants who are regarded as being in the frontline. They are Senator Musliu Obanikoro who only resigned his ministerial position last week and a pharmacist, Mr. Jimi Agbaje, who carried the banner of Democratic Peoples Alliance in 2007.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Interview
Sunday October 19, 2014
Jonathan is undertaking silent revolution –Olukoya Mrs Ayodele Olukoya is the South-West zonal coordinator of House-to-House Campaign, a group crusading for President Goodluck Jonathan’s 2015 reelection. In this interview with Victor Udoh, Olukoya urges Nigerians to allow Jonathan to return as President. Nigeria is at a crossroads as the Americans have predicted a break-up. The 2015 election seems like the decider. What is your take on this? The Americans have spoken. It is now left for us to tell them to mind their own business. This is where the South-West is crucial. The North and The SouthSouth (with our South-East brothers) have their daggers drawn. They both want the seat of the President at all costs come 2015. They will not see reasons why they shouldn’t have it. The South-West people are playing to the gallery. They are not playing the stabilising role they are known for. Four years is very small in the life of a nation or a people. Staying out of government for any short period of time for a politician is like being in the wilderness. That is why it has become a do-or-die that has been predicted to break up the country, because the Politician will stop at nothing. So it’s not about the people. All this talk about non-performance, insecurity, etc are attempts by politicians to make sure they don’t remain in the wilderness for another four years. It has nothing to do with the people. Let’s take insecurity for instance. If we put a northerner there, my Niger Delta brothers will be so aggrieved, and rightly so, because they will feel we have used our numerical strength to show them that they are the minority who really have no say. This can have grave consequence for this country. You can hear drums of war beating as ex-militants from the South-South threaten fire and brimstone. I can well imagine a President of northern extraction saddled with two wars: one in the North-East and the other in the South-South. While one is draining our resources, the other is shutting down the very source of the resources. Our Armed Forces will be stretched. That is a nightmare no government will want. I can assure you that the effect will trickle down to you and me. When government does not have resources to run anything, we are all in trouble. Maybe, this is the breakup. God forbid! However, if Jonathan does his last four years, Boko Haram will remain the only war to contain; it will, most likely, continue at the same pace or even decline after 2015. As I said, four years is so small in the life of a people. In 2019, when power will change hand, the South-South will be satisfied and oil will continue to be pump uninterrupted, the North will take over and Nigeria will not break.
Olukoya
What I expect my South-West people to do is to think “Nigeria” and back the people of the South-South. However, it is clear that only Goodluck Jonathan should be supported. If we bring in another South-South person, we would be back to this crisis in 2019, because the South-Southerner will want to do a constitutionally-allowed second term, and rightfully so. So, my people from the South-West should think about themselves and Nigeria and not listen to these power-hungry politicians from both sides of the divide. One shouting that the government is very bad while the other is showing us how Transformed Nigeria is; both of them simply can’t imagine themselves in the wilderness for another four years after 2015. This is the message we are going to deliver to my South-West People from House to House.. But Nigeria should always field its best irrespective of zones? Best is a very subjective parameter. Even in schools, where they have straightforward criteria, you may find more than one student coming first. How do you now choose the best? You set other parameters to choose. Premier League Football is clear-cut and shows us the pattern. If you have more than one team with the same points at the top of the table, you move to the next criteria to choose the best. Goal difference, goals for and goals against, etc. I want to believe that if a region tells us this is their best man for the job, we should accept because we are not God to know if the
people’s choice is wrong or right. In other words, the best from any region is good for Nigeria. If all regions bring out their firsts, we want to include equity in the parameter of choice. The South-South has given us one of their best, a PhD holder, one of the highest degrees in the academics, a seasoned politician (Deputy Governor, Governor, Vice-President and President). Then we find out as at that time that they are at the bottom of the equity ladder. By the way, after five years on the seat of the President, they are still the region with the least amount of years on that seat. They are at the bottom competing with the South-East. The other side keeps giving us those who are on top of the equity ladder. Those from the region that has sat most on the seat of our President. Apart from that, they keep giving us ‘militarised men’. If it’s not a Customs retiree, it’s a retired Policeman or Army General. Are we supposed to be in a perpetual state of war? Don’t get me wrong, I am not saying they are not the best from their region. But give me a break, after such an endless military rule, is this what we should be offering Nigerians? I guess that is why we have this insurgency. But PDP gave us a retired General? Yes, that was the right thing to do then. It was a transition period and we needed someone experienced on both sides of the divide…a military man with a vast civilian experience. President Obasanjo fitted in perfectly. Since Obasanjo, we have had real
55
civilians, from a seasoned politician to one that is seasoned and with strong academic background. This is a pattern we must applaud and continue to promote for the progressive development of democracy in Nigeria. You can see why we call ourselves House to House for Democracy. Why should he return when it is widely believed that he has not performed? Performance is relative and subjective. The President is taking us back on the path of glory. Your mum and dad enjoyed the best of this country. I was able to enjoy part of it. My dad and mums’ generation destroyed verything that they enjoyed. They mismanaged everything. We were able to enjoy some because that was the twilight of the golden era. Their generation brought everything and everyone to its knees. As I tell everyone, we had long reached the bottom. We can’t go further down. There is nowhere else to go except disintegrate. God forbid that. So we can only be on our way up, sometimes suffering relapses but generally on the way up. Like the Stock Market. Performance in this context is accelerating the upward movement and making sure there are little or no relapses. We can see that this President is doing exactly that. At a time we had car assemblies in this country. At our lowest ebb they all left. Now they are scrambling to come back. We now have two assembly plants I know of and more coming on stream. At a point in our history, no one will touch Nigeria with a long stick. Nowadays, we are one of the biggest destinations for FDI (Foreign Direct Investment). I can continue with a lot more. It is in that context I see performance. It is industrialisation that can create the type of massive job opportunities required here. This is precisely what he is doing. I can remember, three to four years ago everyone was shouting about the type of time bomb mass unemployment has created. Nowadays, you don’t hear that shout anymore. It’s not that unemployment has completely disappeared but now we can see massive employment in the Agriculture sector, The Industrialisation I mentioned brings massive job creation, several entrepreneurial initiatives of Dr Okonjo Iweala’s finance ministry was also a masterstroke in employment generation. Power has been placed on the path of recovery, the transportation system in the country that should naturally be driven by the railways and aviation like in most developed countries in the world has received a major boost from this administration. Why has he not rescued the Chibok Girls? I think he is doing all he can. The Army is doing all they can to defeat the insurgents. We should all come together to support him. This is not an issue to politicise. Some people who were criticising the President and saying he was incompetent realised the enormity of the problem after the U.S., Britain and all of them came in and couldn’t rescue the girls. The critics are now looking for a new narrative. Maybe, we should also ask the Americans and the rest of the civilised world who came rushing in sometimes in April, with all their sophistication, satellite, drones etc, “Why have the Girls remained unrescued”? That will pretty much answer that question. I am not a security expert so I can’t say concretely why, but I am sure we will find the answer in the direction I just pointed to.
56
STORIES THAT TOUCH YOU Sunday October 19 2014
Blackout in Bermuda after hurricane
B
Lady Lamulle receiving a cheque from Alhaji Wasiu Adunmadeyin of Was-Lat Schools at Marina, Lagos.
Rehabilitated at last! Lamulle, under-the-tree resident, gets accommodation, goodies
OBASOLUYI TELEWA
L
ife is gradually returning to normalcy for ex-African Independent Television (AIT) broadcaster, Lady Lamulle.
Lamulle until lately, had been living day and night under a tree at the Ogudu area of Lagos, citing her inability to raise money to rent a house and sustain house-rent payment The distraught woman now looks livelier than before, moreso that the Proprietor of Was-Lat Schools, located at 8, Olowogbowo Street, Marina, Lagos, Alhaji Wasiu Adunmadeyin, at the weekend made good his promise of assisting her with accommodation . Alhaji Adunmadeyin made
good his promise at the weekend with a cash donation of #100,000 to her. He made the donation in his office at Marina, Lagos. It would be recalled that Sunday Mirror in its July 20, 2014 edition published a story on the plights of the former flamboyant journalist. The newspaper had earlier reported that some much needed milk of kindness also came to her from a pastor of a church in Lagos. The pastor of the church provided her with temporary accommodation and some stipends for her feeding. He also made available for her, a GhanaMust-Go bag containing different kinds of clothes with shoes to match. Much succour also came from her lost relatives living in Florida, United States
of America and those in the East African country of Ethiopia. She was presumed dead but she has now been able to maintain contact with them. According to Lamulle, “ After the story broke out, my Aunt called me from Florida; she knew that day was my birthday. How she got my telephone number, I dont know,” she said. While expressing delight at meeting Lamulle, the Islamic scholar, Adunmadeyin enjoined her to be closer to Allah, the great provider as He alone can solve all human problems “once we trust and rely on Him for our needs.” As she inches closer to getting permanent accommodation, the same church pastor has promised more goodies
for her subsequently. AIT on its part, has promised to furnish the apartment once the accommodation is ready. The broadcast station spoke to Sunday Mirror on their resolve to assist her through one Mr. Johnson, their Public Relations Officer, (P.R.O). While expressing delight over the donation, Lamulle said, “ God used a Muslim to touch me.” She also expressed her appreciation to Pastor James Aremu of the Redeemed Christians Church of God, Olive Sanctuary , Lagos , for standing by her. Worthy of mention, according to her, is the management and staff of National Mirror newspapers, who have used the Sunday Mirror to further her course since her situation was brought to the limelight.
ermuda suffered extensive power outages on Saturday after Hurricane Gonzalo pummeled the tiny island chain with rain and howling winds, but the tourist destination dodged catastrophic damage and death despite the direct hit. Most of the Atlantic archipelago, an affluent insurance industry hub about 640 miles (1,030 km) off the coast of North Carolina, was without electricity Saturday morning and many roads were impassable due to downed trees and debris. Only minor injuries were reported, Bermuda officials said. The strongest storm to sweep the subtropical British territory in a decade whipped Bermuda with maximum sustained winds of around 110 miles per hour (175 kph) as it made landfall Friday night, forecasters said, with hurricane-force winds extending up to 60 miles (95 km) from its center. Premier Michael Dunkley said in a statement that island residents awoke to damaged property, blocked roads and no electricity, “all things that can be replaced and restored”. “I think all of Bermuda would agree that we took a licking. We are a bit bruised,” Dunkley said in a radio broadcast, according to the local Royal Gazette. But, he added, “all in all we came out of this storm much better than we expected.” By mid Saturday, weather on the island had improved with Gonzalo about 355 miles (575 km) north-northeast of Bermuda, with sustained winds of 90 mph (150 kph), the U.S. National Hurricane Center in Miami said. Bermuda Electric Light Co. had restored power to thousands of customers, though about 25,000 out of 36,000 metered connections remained without electricity, the company said. Gonzalo roared ashore just five days after Tropical Storm Fay hit, serving a one-two punch to the island. Instruments at the Bermuda Radio Maritime Operations Centre in St. Georges and at the Bermuda International Airport were knocked offline by Gonzalo and medical facilities had also been damaged, the hurricane center reported. “The center of the eye went right over them,” said Chris Landsea, a meteorologist at the National Hurricane Center. “It was a direct hit.” Gonzalo peaked on Thursday as a Category 4 hurricane, the first in the Atlantic since 2011, before weakening. It was expected to continue weakening into the weekend as it moved with increased speed northward over cooler waters. Large swells generated by Gonzalo were still affecting the U.S. East Coast, the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands, causing life-threatening surf and rip currents, the hurricane centre said. •Source: Reuters
58
Faces at 20th Anniversary and Graduating Ceremony of United Bible University (UBU), Ojodu, Lagos, yesterday
Professor Kunle Macaulay (left) and Dr. Mrs Adenike Shotade.
Prince Jimmy Oshinubi (left) and Mr. Kola Ewejobi
Dr. Tunde Adedeji (left) and Mrs. Abimbola Ogunbiyi.
Engineer Olayemi Jide (left) and Sunday Ogbeitun.
Dr. Samuel Ferguson (left) appreciating the Director of Studies UBU, Professor Kunle Macaulay.
L-R: Pastor Promise Ogenibe, Pastor Nfebe James and Elder Jakob Olafasakin.
Choristers at the event.
Professor Olu Otulana (left) and Rev. Jerome Ikhide.
Officiating ministers at the event.
Graduating students at the ceremony.
PHOTOS: SAMUEL ADETIMEHIN AND ABIOLA ABDULHAMMED
59
Day Kosofe PDP hosted members in Lagos OBASOLUYI TELEWA
B
LGA Chairman, Hon. Muftau Dada Babalola
arely two weeks after its special congress, the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) Kosofe Chapter, Lagos, yet again, gathered at the party’s Secretariat at Ogudu, Lagos, to celebrate the Sallah festival together in the spirit of unity. The event was sponsored by four out of the numerous governorship aspirants of the PDP in the state. The occasion, made up of party leaders, aspirants and supporters of the party in the council area, was also used to reward some deserving party members and those in attendance, as many of them won several recharge cards from Glo, MTN , Etisalat, Airtel, among others in the raffle draw that was anchored by the LGA Chairman, Hon. Muftau Dada Babalola. One after the other, the aspirants which included Proprietress of Cross and Crescent International School, Ojota, Lagos and House of Representatives aspirant for Kosofe Federal Constituency, Alhaja Serifat Olusola Hassan, Pastor Francis Adebayo and Barr. Oluwo, among others, took turn to pledge their loyalty to the party and stand by the decision of the party during the primaries. Alhaja Hassan promised to work for the people of Kosofe if voted into power in 2015.
House of Representatives aspirant for Kosofe Federal Constituency, Alhaja Serifal Olusola Hassasn
L-R: L.G.A Secretary, Bola Bakare, Chairman, Hon. Muftau Babalola and a party leader on the occasion
Kosofe PDP Women wing on the occasion.
Alhaja Hassan, Mrs Toyin, Pastor Francis Adebayo and Barr. Olowu
lhaja Hassan dancing with the women wing on the occasion.
Alhaja Hassan and friend,Toyin
Alhaja Serifat Hassan with a woman leader.
Pastor Francis Adebayo addressing the gathering.
PRO, Onanuga and other aspirants on the occasion.
PDP members singing solidarity song
R-L: PDP leader from Agboyi –Ketu LCDA, Bola Bakare, Hon. Muftau Babalola and a party leader
Alhaja Serifat Olusola Hassan with some PDP women on the occasion.
PRO, Mr. Onanuga, Bola Bakare and Hon. Muftau Babalola.
60
Walcott happy to be back P. 63
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Chelsea are favourites to win EPL –Silva
KEEPING YOU ABREAST OF SPORTING NEWS
P. 62
October 19, 2014
Ibenegbu vows to wreck Heartland in Owerri
Tottenham’s keeper Hugo Lloris (left) makes a save from Manchester City striker Sergio Aguero during a busy first half yesterday at the Etihad Stadium.
Ibenegbu
W
arri Wolves midfielder, Ikechukwu Ibenegbu, has vowed to wreck his former side, Heartland. The Seasiders will be the guests of the Naze Millionaires in today’s Glo Premier League match day 34 clash at the Dan Anyiam Stadium, Owerri. Ibenegbu said he has been preparing himself specifically for the clash the moment he left the Owerri-based outfit. “The encounter at Heartland is one of those games I’ll always love to pick the necessary three points. “Of course, we need the three points right now more than Heartland as we’re close to lifting the league trophy for the first time. “Though the encounter is certain to be difficult as Heartland have a good coach in Kelechi Emeteole but we’ll win the duel,” said the former Heartland attacking midfielder to supersport.com. Wolves goalkeeper, Daniel Akpeyi, who is doubtful for the game as he is yet to recover 100% from the heel injury picked up in his side’s 2-1 win at Bayelsa United in Benin, is however certain his team can pull off a result at Heartland. “It’s quite unfortunate that I won’t feature in the clash against my former side, Heartland, due to a heel injury I picked up in our game at Bayelsa United. “I’m not happy over the development as the tie at Heartland is a game I want to feature. “I want to lend my whole support in the tie to ensure we garner the three points to further push to the top,” said the former Heartland goalkeeper.
Man City routs Tottenham Y As Aguero scores four goals in five-goal thriller
S
ergio Aguero scored four goals and missed a penalty as Manchester City defeated Tottenham 4-1 in a thrilling English Premiership match yesterday at the Etihad Stadium to keep the pressure on leaders Chelsea at the top of the Premier League. Two of Aguero’s goals came from the spot, and he went home with the match ball despite being denied a hat-trick of penalties by Hugo Lloris’s fine stop. Spurs had Federico Fazio sent off on his league debut, but the game hinged on a brilliant 65th-minute penalty saves from City keeper Joe Hart, who denied Roberto Soldado with the score at 2-1. City ended the game as emphatic winners but they were pushed hard by an enterprising Tottenham team who, inspired by the impressive Christian Eriksen, played a full part in a breathless encounter. Aguero struck first for City after 13 minutes, collecting a Frank Lampard pass on the left-hand side of the area after Erik Lamela lost possession, and cutting back to bend a fierce low shot into the opposite corner. A frantic first half frequently saw chances in quick succession at either end, so it was appropriate Spurs leveled just over 90 seconds after falling behind. Again the goal came after a defensive mistake, with Fernando brushed off the ball after taking a heavy touch and Soldado feeding Eriksen to fire in a shot that Hart could not keep out. Eriksen was causing problems every time he got the ball but, sadly for Spurs, they were being given an even sterner examination by the pace of City’s attacks down the wings and the movement of Aguero and David Silva in the middle.
Though centre-back Fazio was making his Premier League debut for Spurs, it was Younes Kaboul who looked the novice, while Lamela continued to struggle whenever he was asked to track back. And it was from Lamela’s clumsy challenge on Lampard that Aguero was given a chance to quickly restore City’s lead from the spot, which he did with a cool finish into the bottom-left corner. The game continued at a frantic pace, but Lampard only lasted until the 28th minute, when he was carried off with what looked like a thigh injury. Without him, City did not lose their attacking momentum and Aguero should have completed his hat-trick just after the half-hour mark, after Kaboul tripped Silva. This time, however, he fired his penalty down the middle and Lloris denied him with an outstretched leg, with the Argentina striker’s acrobatic follow-up flying over. Lloris was being given little protection by his defence but continued to thwart Aguero, making a series of fine stops either side of the break. Hart was also being kept busy but there was no doubt over his stand-out save, which came after Martin Demichelis tripped Soldado and referee Jonathan Moss awarded the third penalty of the match. Lampard was taken off on a stretcher with what appeared to be a thigh injury. Soldado was denied by Hart, who flung himself to his right to push it to safety, then denied the striker again from close range seconds later. The City fans celebrated those moments as loudly as either of their first two goals, and were soon cheering again when Aguero finally scored his third. Fazio pulled back the striker as he
looked to get on the end of a Jesus Navas cross and, after the Spurs defender was sent off, Aguero resumed his duel with Lloris, this time firing successfully to the keeper’s right. Tottenham’s 10 men continued to attack, but with less threat than before, and City soon made sure of the points. Fittingly, it was Aguero who netted, beating the offside trap before angling his finish past Lloris. James Milner fired against the post in the closing minutes as City pushed for a fifth goal but, by then, the result was no longer in doubt. Manchester City manager Manuel Pellegrini described it as a very good victory for the team. “It’s always difficult to come back from the international break. We played well, we scored four goals and I don’t know how many chances we had. “We must now start to think about Champions League. We are going to Russia to face CSKA Moscow on Tuesday to try to win. For me it’s a good pressure to win all the games when you have a good team. We made five or six changes. I trust a lot in this squad,” he said. Tottenham manager Mauricio Pochettino noted that the first penalty made it difficult for his team but was quick to add that there are a lot of positives to be taken from the game. “We played 70 minutes when we were always in the game. Manchester City has very good players. The result was bad but there are a lot of positives to take. “The first penalty for me was ridiculous but we need to accept the decision. We need to review the game - my feeling was it is not a red card. A lot of things happened. It’s difficult to analyze,” he said with a tinge of regret.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Power Lee defends heavyweight title • As wrestlers honour Ohwerefe
IFEANYI EDUZOR
N
ational heavyweight wrestling champion, Power Lee, has successfully defended title and has declared his readiness to bring back the continental title to the country, even as he appealed to government and corporate organizations to help him achieve the dream. He stated this shortly after defending his title against the number one contender to the throne, Strong Bone Erujeje. In an entertaining challenge contest which was organized by the Nigeria Ultimate (Pro) Wrestlers Federation in conjunction with Ultimate (Pro) Wrestling Promotions, to commemorate the country’s independence anniversary, Power Lee defeated
Action recorded during Power Lee and Strong Bone Erujeje heavyweight fight at the National Stadium Lagos.
his opponent by pin fall in the 10th minute of their 15 minutes winner-takes- all encounter to retain his title. According to him, his successful defence of the title against a formidable opponent as Erujeje is an indication that he is now prepared to rule the continent in the mats-man game, noting that with adequate financial support, he can win a world title for
the country. In the other bouts of the night, Zion Lion defeated Flying Dan Ko, while Kingstone of the Nigerian Army recorded a pin fall win against God’s Kid. Mr. Sharpman used a combination of experience and acrobatic display to subdue Powerful Okoko, while the fight between Black Heritage and Major Ariba was the most brutal as the later used a chain on
his opponent’s throat. However, Black Heritage managed to get himself out of trouble to record a win against his opponent. In the international contest between Hulk Power of Benin Republic and the African Topclass Middleweight champion, Action Disaster Aliking was won by the champion through a pinfall, while Super Apama recorded a win against Stone Coder in another heavyweight clash. Meanwhile, organizers of the tournament has announced that their next plan is to organize a wrestling championship in honour of Honourable Tim Kome Ohwerefe, a member of the Delta State House of Assembly representing Isoko North constituency for his numerous contributions to sports development.
61
Enyimba, Barca for COPA Lagos PAUL EREWUBA
K
inetic Sports, organizers of Copa Lagos, during the week, named Enyimba Football Club as one of the teams that will participate in ‘The FC Barcelona Club Challenge’ at this year’s edition of Copa Lagos. Copa Lagos, Nigeria’s entertaining international beach soccer festival will hold this year at the Eko Atlantic City, Victoria Island, Lagos, from December 12-14. The Aba-based twotime African Champions will compete against other premier Nigerian clubs, including Stationary Stores in the Club Challenge. The participation of Enyimba was announced by the CEO of Kinetic Sports, Samson Adamu, during the signing ceremony with Enyimba Chairman, Mr. Felix Anyasi.
Adamu said: “We are delighted to have one of the biggest clubs in Africa and a key ambassador help to place beach soccer on the Nigerian football calendar. Enyimba is a global export and a very special club. The idea of Enyimba FC and FC Barcelona playing in Nigeria fills many of us with great excitement. I personally look forward to the prospect. We are headed for a very exciting 2014 event, the best ever.” Anyasi added: “Having conquered African football, it is another opportunity to break another ground in beach soccer. As a new innovation, we are extremely excited about it.” The event also added 1960Bet as the lead sponsor and Eko Energy Estate under Orlean Invest as venue sponsors. FCMB remains the longest serving sponsors of Copa Lagos since its inception.
YSFON set for Kwankwaso U-17 tourney Belo-Osagie drums support for Pinnick IFEANYI EDUZOR
T
he Youth Sports Federation of Nigeria (YSFON) is set to organize the maiden edition of Governor Rabiu Kwankwaso U-17 Unity Cup slated for October 21, in Kano State. According to a statement by YSFON Zonal
Secretary, North West, Bashir Hassan, the championship which will be contested among all the states in North West geopolitical zone of the country will start with the arrival of all the states on Tuesday while screening of players will commence on Wednesday, October 22. The statement while reiterating that over- aged players will not be allowed
to take part in the championship, reminded participating states that preliminary and semi- final matches will be concluded by Friday with the finals taking place on October 25. Competing states in the North West of the country are Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, Sokoto, Jigawa, Kebbi and Zamfara.
Athlete laments over poor state of special sports IFEANYI EDUZOR
A
para-table tennis athlete, Nick Emmanuel Chinedu has expressed regrets at the neglect of special sports in the country, even as he appealed for a change of heart by relevant authorities. He told our correspondent that it is disheartening that disable athletes lack sponsorship to attend international competitions as is obtainable in other countries of the world and wondered why the sports that has won so many medals for the country at international competitions would be relegated to the background.
“It beats my imagination that a country as big as Nigeria with about 15% of the population disabled is not encouraging people with disability. It is also worrisome to note that many houses in the country are not wheel chair accessible which has made many disabled people drop out of the universities and even those of us that have embraced sports are not encouraged by government and corporate organizations,” he said. According to the athlete who also plays wheelchair tennis, wheel chair basketball and wheel chair softball, the lack of adequate attention being paid to disable athletes has led to many of them dying
in frustration with an appeal to government to put modalities on ground to change the situation. He also appealed for presidential ascent to disability bill that has been passed by the Senate. “The poor treatment of disable athletes has led to the death of many of them and most recently one Muri, a paralympian died out of frustration at the National Stadium, Surulere, Lagos. “There was also a case of one Mrs. Kate Okorie, Special Assistant to Imo State Governor on Disability Matters who beat up a disable athlete and nothing was done to her, making us to be unwanted in the society,” he lamented.
AFOLABI GAMBARI
F
ormer Super Eagles’ Team Coordinator, Mr. Sumonu Belo-Osagie, has called on Nigerians at home and abroad to rally behind the new President of Nigeria Football Federation, Amaju Pinnick, and noted that Pinnick had assumed duties at a critical time in the country’s football history. “I think the onus is now on Pinnick to sustain and improve on the success of the last regime under Alhaji Aminu Maigari,” Belo-Osagie, who famously helped Nigeria win a historic Africa’s first soccer gold medal at the Atlanta’96 Olympic Games, said
Pinnick
yesterday from his base in New York, USA. “The new NFF board is made up of very knowledgeable foot-
ball people who require the support of all,” he added. “There is much work to be done and at this juncture, all efforts must be geared towards returning the Super Eagles to the enviable height of the 1990s when they were ranked among the best in the world as well as drawing a road map for sustainable youth development. “I want to believe this board would do well if they can pay more attention to youth development since we need fresh talent to sustain the Super Eagles. “This is never going to be easy though and I want Nigerians to support Pinnick and his team in their drive to reposition Nigerian football.”
Odeyemi emerges new NAPHER-SD boss
T
he 5th Conference and Annual General Meeting/ Election of the Nigerian Association for Physical Health Education, Recreation, Sports and Dance (NAPHER-SD), Lagos State Chapter has ended in Lagos with Dr. Odeyemi Hammed, a senior Lecturer at the National institute for Sports (NIS),
emerging as the new chairman of the body, while the former assistant secretary, Ige-Jenyo Solomon was elected as the new secretary General. Other elected officers include Kehinde Sonaike (2nd Vice Chairman), Adewunmi Philips-(3rd Vice chairman), Dominic Lawani (Assistant Secretary), Mrs. Titilayo
Pinheiro (Financial Secretary), Mrs. Wurola Balogun (Treasurer), Patrick Ibeh (PRO), Ahmed Ogunleye (Auditor 1) and Samuel Dauda (Auditor 2), Also elected are Mrs. Modupe Olaiya (Auditor 3), Aina Bayode (Social/Welfare Officer) and Prince Olukunga Hakeem who was elected as the Director of Sports.
62
Chelsea are favourites to win EPL –Silva
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
DIEGO COSTA’S QUICK ADAPTATION HASN’T SURPRISED ME, AS HIS ATTRIBUTES REALLY SUIT THE STYLE OF PLAY HERE. HOPEFULLY HE CAN NOW ALSO ADAPT TO PLAYING FOR SPAIN AND SCORE MORE GOALS, ALTHOUGH WITH OPPONENTS CLOSING YOU DOWN EVEN MORE, THAT’S DIFFICULT
the national team it’s a different style of play. Both styles suit Cesc’s game, whereas Costa still has to get used to it – though I’m sure he’ll manage.
David Silva
After a string of successes with Manchester City, David Silva recently embarked on his fifth season at the club as one of the Premier League’s biggest names. During that time he was also one of Spain’s crop of diminutive, yet outrageously gifted, midfielders that cemented La Roja’s position at the forefront of international football. Following Spain’s poor showing at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil and the subsequent retirement of the likes of Xavi Hernandez, Xabi Alonso and David Villa, the 28-year old is now expected to play a leading role in this new era for the national team. In an exclusive interview with FIFA.com, Silva speaks on the fallout from Spain’s World Cup disappointment, the road to UEFA EURO 2016 and the new season in England. Eight games into the season, Chelsea are five points clear of your Manchester City side at the top of the Premier League. Can we expect the two clubs to battle it out for the title? Chelsea are clear favourites. It’s quite a while since they’ve won the title and, after strengthening their squad, they now have a great team. They’ve also started the season very well, although we’re up there as well. We’ll have to see if they slip up and if we can avoid mishaps of our own. At any rate, I
don’t see it as just a two-horse race. Manchester United are getting better all the time, while Arsenal will surely be in the mix come the season’s end. The Premier League is now very tough and will be tightly contested all the way – just as we saw last year with Liverpool and ourselves. Your Spain team-mate Diego Costa has scored nine goals in eight games for Chelsea. Have you been surprised at how well he’s began in England, and can
you see his understanding with Cesc Fabregas also working for La Roja? Diego Costa’s quick adaptation hasn’t surprised me, as his attributes really suit the style of play here. Hopefully he can now also adapt to playing for Spain and score more goals, although with opponents closing you down even more, that’s difficult. At Chelsea he has a very good understanding with Cesc. They’re a side that defend resolutely and hit you very quickly on the break, while with
Spain’s failure at Brazil 2014 has reopened the debate about the team’s style of play. Do you think it’s non-negotiable or should alternative styles be considered? We’ve won two European Championships and one World Cup playing in our style, so I think this idea of changing it doesn’t even warrant discussion. That said, there are different phases in every game that might push you to try different options, so why not? Now that a few months have elapsed since the painful elimination in Brazil, what’s your personal analysis on it all? Also, are you bothered by criticism of your missed chance against the Netherlands? It’s complicated to constantly maintain such a high level, as everyone really wants to beat you. In Brazil, other teams simply played better than us. It doesn’t bother me that I came in for criticism for that chance. With Spain 1-0 up against the Netherlands in their opening game, I missed a great chance to double the lead, only for the Dutch to go straight down other end and score.Their keeper made a good save and they ended up putting five past us, so it’s not as if we lost just because I missed. When things don’t pan out as you like, criticism unavoidably follows, but you just have to keep going. After returning from Brazil, how did you follow the rest of the
World Cup? Inevitably you hear about it and watch TV. Sometimes you catch a game out of the corner of your eye but, after our elimination, I wanted to disconnect a little. During all our recent tournaments we’d always got to the final – we won three of them and made the final of the Confederations Cup – and in the end that takes its toll. You have to be able to recuperate as well so you can head into the following season in good form. I was trying not to talk too much about the situation. My family and friends know me and understood that, though at times it’s unavoidable. For example I didn’t watch the Final in its entirety, just part of the second half. Does it feel weird to line up for Spain without the likes of Xavi Hernandez or Xabi Alonso? We miss them both on and off the pitch as we went through so much with those guys. They’re your team-mates and your friends, but that’s just the way life is. It will be my turn to step aside in a few years and I’ll miss it too. That’s why you have to make the most of it every time you’re called up. As you get older, the anticipation is even greater. As a youngster, I used to see the veterans absolutely delighted to be at national team gettogethers, and now I understand why. You know that your time is limited and you have to enjoy it. With the aforementioned stalwarts stepping aside, you’re now one of the veterans. How has that been? I’ve been part of the national team set up for eight years now. I played in two complete European Championships but not much at South Africa 2010. I played this year in Brazil and also at the Confederations Cup there. As long as I have the chance to play, I’ll give my all, but I don’t think my role in the team has changed just because some team-mates have retired. All that’s changed is that I’m now older, although the younger players coming through now are very well prepared. This young crop are very good and we’re hoping they can take the team to the level necessary to win titles. The qualifiers for EURO 2016 have begun with encouraging wins over Macedonia and Luxemburg either side of a defeat by Slovakia. Do you feel the team has to win back the fans’ confidence? Maybe the fans are scrutinising our performances more closely now. At any rate, criticism is normal. You can come in for some even if you win, so imagine what it’s like when you lose. That said, we’re not concerned. The difficulty with these qualifiers is that you’re expected to win them, but the reality is that you’re up against complicated rivals, like Slovakia. We’ll take it one step at a time and try to do things well like we always do, then qualify for the next European Championship.
Sunday Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net
Walcott happy to be back
A
rsenal winger Theo Walcott insisted he will not put any pressure on manager Arsene Wenger to pick him after making his return on Friday. Walcott played 45 minutes with Arsenal’s under-21 side in a scoreless draw with Blackburn Rovers in his first game since January when he injured the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee. But Walcott will leave it up to Wenger and the Arsenal medical staff to decide if he will be ready to take on Anderlecht, or if he will make his comeback away to Sunderland. “I think it is important to recover and be a bit patient,” he said. “It is not going to happen straight away, the manager will choose to play me when he wants and we need to manage this well, it is not something that will happen overnight and we have to be patient about where I am going to
Walcott
be playing and when I am back as well.” Walcott added that Arsenal had done everything to help him through this tough time that also saw him miss the World Cup in Brazil. “I have had so much support right from the start of the injury
Liverpool form excites Rodgers
L
iverpool manager Brendan Rodgers insists there is no crisis at Anfield and says he is happy making gradual progress throughout the opening period of the season. The three games Liverpool have won this season have been counteracted with three defeats, a trend mirrored by the Reds conceding an equal amount of goals to the ones they have scored with 10. Four of those games have been without striker Daniel Sturridge, now viewed as the club’s senior marksman following the summer departure of Luis Suarez. But Sturridge is likely to miss the next two to four weeks after sustaining a calf problem on
Rodgers
Thursday, just as he had recovered from a thigh strain which had ruled him for six weeks. But even with their early trials and tribulations, Liverpool stand just a point off fourth place in the Premier League and Rodgers feels there is no cause for concern.
and throughout. “It was nice to go out there and kick the ball, I enjoy doing it and it is not just a job but something I enjoy doing. “I thoroughly missed it and now want to get back fit. It was good tonight and I am very pleased.”
Team
M
play not only long balls but can play a possession game so they are not easy to beat. “There’s no club in the Premier League that is easy to beat. That’s the difference from other leagues I think.” The break for international fixtures was a timely one for a packed United treatment room and Van Gaal reports only defenders Jonny Evans and Paddy McNair and wide men Antonio Valencia and Jesse Lingard among his remaining injury absentees. Captain Wayne Rooney will serve the second game of a three-match suspension at The Hawthorns, while midfielder Ander Herrera may feature as he concludes his recovery from a broken rib. West Brom coach Alan Irvine
P
Hughes eyes Crouch stay
M
ark Hughes has underlined his desire to keep Peter Crouch at Stoke City with the striker in the last year of his deal. Former England forward Couch has spoken of his own wish to stay at the Britannia Stadium and Stoke boss Hughes has made no secret of his admiration for the player. “We’re keen to sit down with Peter and discuss where he feels he needs to be,” Hughes told the club’s official website. “I think it’s fair to say he’s looking for a little bit of security but it’s also fair to say that he’s very happy here and we’re delighted with what he’s producing at the moment. “I’ve said before that the qualities he offers are really important to us. His strengths aren’t going to wane to any marked effect in the
Crouch
next year because his style of play isn’t based on pace, which inevitably goes when you get older. “We would like it to be a positive conversation that we have with him but the fact that he’s happy here is very much in our favour.” Stoke welcome Swansea City on today when Hughes will pit his wits against former Southampton team-mate Garry Monk. “Of course, I remember Garry,” he said. “He was a young player at Southampton when I was there and was still making his way in the game.
EURO BRIEFS
Baptista urges Real to sign Silva
PTS
1 Chelsea
Van Gaal wary of Hawthorns trip
anchester United manager Louis van Gaal expects another testing Premier League outing at West Brom on Monday. Following a trying start to his Old Trafford tenure, Van Gaal is chasing three consecutive wins for the first time as United boss following battling 2-1 home victories over West Ham and Everton before the international break. United’s last defeat came in dramatic fashion at the hands of Leicester City on September 21 and Van Gaal, who boasts league titles in Spain, Germany and his native Netherlands over the course of a decorated career, believes the English top flight is unique, such is the competitive edge provided by every fixture. “West Bromwich Albion is difficult to beat at home. They
GD
Silva
Cruzeiro striker Julio Baptista urged former club Real Madrid to sign highly rated team-mate Lucas Silva. Real have been linked with a move for 21-year-old midfielder Silva amid reports of Sami Khedira’s possible departure from the Spanish capital, with Arsenal and Chelsea rumoured to be admirers of the latter.
Mandanda committed to Marseille
G
oalkeeper Steve Mandanda has no intention of leaving Marseille in January, despite reports linking him with a move to Russia. Mandanda has kept five clean sheets in the league this season as Marcelo Bielsa’s side have made the early running in the league, currently sitting four points clear of defending champions Paris Saint-Germain with a game at hand.
Silva
8
remains without winger Silvestre Varela with skipper Chris Brunt racing to recover from a groin complaint sustained while away with Northern Ireland.
Gargano to be out for one month
W
alter Gargano will miss a month of football after undergoing surgery on a fractured cheekbone, Napoli has announced. The 30-year-old Uruguay international midfielder was admitted to the Pineta Grande clinic in Castel Volturno after sustaining the injury during training ahead of today’s trip to inter. Gargano, who started Napoli’s past four Serie A matches after sitting on the bench for the previous two, will spend the next four weeks on the sidelines avoiding physical contact.
Gargano
Cavani punished for sniper celebration
P
Van Gaal
63
aris St-Germain striker Edinson Cavani was sent off for his trademark gun celebration and subsequent protest as the French champions beat Lens. The Uruguayan was booked after bending on one knee and firing an imaginary shot during a 3-1 victory. He reacted by touching referee Nicolas Rainville’s arm, with the official then showing him a red card. PSG president Nasser Al Khelafi backed Cavani and said the 27-year-old “did not deserve” to be dismissed. Cavani
N I G E R I A bn, money the N2.7 Healthcare international records as
Vol. 4 No. 45
| i don't know |
Who played Scrooge in the Muppets' Christmas Carol ? | The Muppet Christmas Carol | Muppet Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Muppet Christmas Carol
Rated
G
The Muppet Christmas Carol is the fourth feature film to star the Muppets , and the first produced after the death of Muppets creator Jim Henson . Released in 1992, it was one of many film adaptations of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . Gonzo , claiming to be Dickens himself, narrates the story, with the help of Rizzo the Rat . Michael Caine plays Ebenezer Scrooge , with Muppets taking the rest of the parts — including Kermit the Frog as Bob Cratchit , Miss Piggy as Emily Cratchit , Robin the Frog as Tiny Tim , and Fozzie Bear as Fozziwig .
Contents
[ show ]
Synopsis
In this adaptation of the timeless story, narrated by Gonzo as Charles Dicken (assisted by Rizzo the Rat), it is Christmas Eve in 19th century London. The merriment is not shared by Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender who is more interested in profit than celebration. He is so cold to the season of giving that his book-keeping staff, including loyal employee Bob Cratchit ( Kermit the Frog ), has to plead with him just to have the day off work during Christmas by pointing out that Scrooge would have no customers on the holiday and that it would waste coal to sit alone in the office. Scrooge's nephew, Fred , arrives to invite his uncle to Christmas dinner, and two gentlemen ( Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and Beaker ) also come to Scrooge's offices, collecting money in the spirit of the season to provide a Christmas dinner for the poor. Scrooge rebuffs his nephew's invitation and, after his departure, shocks the charity collectors with his statement that the poor are looked after by prisons and workhouses, and their deaths will decrease the surplus population.
Later that evening, Scrooge finds himself face to face with the still mean-spirited spirits of his former business partners, Jacob and Robert Marley ( Statler and Waldorf ), who have been condemned to shackles in the afterlife as payment for the horrible deeds they committed in life. Nonetheless, they warn him that he will share the same fate, only worse if he does not change his ways, and foretell the arrival of three spirits throughout the night.
Scrooge is first visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past , who takes Scrooge on a journey back through time to his youth. He recalls his early school days, during which he focused on his studies; meeting of a young woman named Belle , with whom he would later fall in love; and the end of their relationship, despite Scrooge's protests that he would marry her as soon as he feels he has enough money to provide for them, but Belle knows he will most likely never have that, given his birthing obsession with money.
Scrooge then meets the Ghost of Christmas Present , a large, festive spirit with a booming voice who lives only for the here and now. He gives Scrooge a glimpse into the holiday celebration of others, including Bob Cratchit, and his family who, although poor, are enjoying Christmas together and reveling in the anticipation of the Christmas goose. The Spirit also shows Scrooge's own family, who are not above cracking jokes at Scrooge's expense.
Finally, Scrooge meets the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come , a silent entity who reveals the chilling revelation that young Tiny Tim will not survive the coming year, thanks in no small part to the impoverished existence of the Cratchit family. Furthermore, it is revealed that when Scrooge's own time has passed, others will certainly delight in his absence from the world. Upon seeing his headstone in the cemetery, it is the final epiphany that convinces Scrooge to change his ways and makes him vow to celebrate with his fellow man.
Scrooge returns to his bedroom on Christmas Day, and he goes about the town spreading good deeds and charity. He enlists the help of Bean Bunny , at whom he threw a wreath earlier in the film, and the two travel around the town gathering items for a Christmas feast and giving gifts to characters who had previously been wronged by Scrooge. Scrooge tells his assistant, Bob Cratchit, that he is going to raise his salary, and pay for his house mortgage. He also plans a feast for Cratchit's family and learns to adopt the spirit of Christmas throughout the year, now encouraged by the addition of new friends.
Edits
Like many films, when The Muppet Christmas Carol was going through production, many concepts, ideas, and even songs were conceived which did not make it into the final film. The song " When Love Is Gone " was originally planned to be part of the film; however, it was dropped when filmmakers found that the test audiences (mainly family viewers with younger children) become restless during the scene. Its reprise at the film's finale, "The Love We Found," and the pop version over the closing credits, were retained. Producers felt the song slowed the film down, and was not Muppet-focused; plus the film was already pushing the limits of many younger viewers' attention spans in the test screenings. The producers decided to cut the song from the theatrical release of the film.
It was not until the film was released on home video that the song was presented to the viewers. They felt that the song worked better in a home-viewing context, and audiences would be more accepting, understanding and appreciative of its inclusion. The song was included for subsequent American video releases and TV airings of the movie prior to the 2012 Blu-Ray edition , which only includes the theatrical cut albeit with a different edit of the sequence. This version of the film has since aired on ABC Family . The song is also removed in the UK and Region 2 DVD release. The issue of this cut was discussed by director Brian Henson in the film's DVD audio commentary recorded in 2002 (again, except on the UK DVD release, which omits the commentary as well).
There are common misconceptions and confusion surrounding two other songs written for the film that weren't seen in the final product. The songs " Room in Your Heart " (sung by Bunsen and Beaker) and " Chairman of the Board " (sung by Sam Eagle) were written by Paul Williams for the film. The two songs were recorded and mixed. However, they didn't move further into development because the filmmakers felt the film was already going to be quite lengthy, that the songs didn’t help progress the story, and that they would hurt the overall pacing and feel of the film. The two numbers were dropped from the script early on. These musical sequences never made it to production and were never filmed. Yet, since the filmmakers did not just want to waste the two unused Paul Williams tunes, the songs were included on the soundtrack album.
Production Notes and Trivia
The film was directed by Jim Henson's son, Brian Henson . Despite the fact that the majority of the cast is comprised of Muppets, this film is in one sense one of the truest adaptations of the original story because it is interspersed with scenes of a narrator (Gonzo playing Charles Dickens ), who -- along with the characters -- recites many of Dickens' original lines. In 2011, Dave Goelz spoke of how the idea came about;
“ Jerry Juhl saw me kind of growing [as a performer] at the same time he was writing the movie with Kirk Thatcher , and wanting the Dickens narration to somehow be in the movie because it was so beautiful. He didn't want to use a voiceover because that was an intrusion; suddenly it occurred to him that if Gonzo could play the part of Charles Dickens, he could be the Greek chorus in the movie, as well. [2] ”
This is the first of the Muppet movies in which the focus of the story revolves around characters played by human beings. However, several pivotal roles -- in particular, the three Christmas Spirits -- were portrayed by specially-created Muppet characters . It was at one time considered that well-known Muppets would be cast in these roles (Piggy, Scooter , and Gonzo, specifically) before it was decided that it would detract from the ominous effect the spirits would need to convey. [3]
This film was dedicated to Jim Henson and Richard Hunt , who both had passed away before the film entered production. Though their characters were carefully recast to other puppeteers, at this point, some of them only made brief and silent appearances. Steve Whitmire had taken over the role of Kermit by this time, and would do so for almost every subsequent Muppet production afterwards. Of Henson's regular characters, Kermit, Waldorf and the Swedish Chef appeared in speaking roles (while Rowlf , Dr. Teeth , and Link Hogthrob were relegated to silent background roles). Of Hunt's regular characters, only Statler and Beaker appeared in speaking roles ( Janice also silently appeared).
Near the end of the film, Scrooge and company pass by a store called "Micklewhite's." Michael Caine's real name is Maurice Micklewhite.
This is the first Muppet film not to feature any Sesame Street characters.
This film was originally planned to be a TV special. [4]
The movie cost $12 million to make and earned $27.5 million in theaters. [5]
Soundtrack
For the soundtrack album see: The Muppet Christmas Carol (soundtrack)
The movie, like the three previous Muppet films, was done as a musical. The songs were written by Paul Williams and the score by Miles Goodman . A soundtrack album was released including the film's songs along with instrumental tracks of Goodman's score. In addition, recordings of two unused songs were also included on the album.
Reviews
“ It's hardly surprising that the Muppets look more comfortable than the humans in this Victorian London heritage ride. It's like a department-store Xmas grotto after lights-out with the toys taking over and sending up the tawdriness of the whole thing simply by indulging their cynicism and sentimentality, while Michael Caine's Scrooge wanders round like a disgusted caretaker. The film's best joke is its ongoing symposium on the problems of narration, between "Dickens" (The Great Gonzo, neither bird nor beast but a misbegotten bendy-nosed thing) and his skeptical stooge Rizzo the Rat. They have to keep climbing walls and hitching lasso rides to get the story told. ”
— Jonathan Romney. The New Statesman December-January 1993 issue, p. 60
“ ...There's a sense that the film-makers, overawed by their classic source, are reining back the anarchic exuberance on which the Muppets' appeal always rested. Cult acts like Fozzie Bear (Fozziwig) and Miss Piggy (Miss [sic] Cratchit) are seriously constrained by their Dickensian characters -- although at least the long-delayed union between Kermit and Miss Piggy, celebrated in The Muppets Take Manhattan , has finally borne fruit (two female pigs and two male frogs --- the opportunity for a pog, or even a frig, has sadly been passed up)... All the same, The Muppet Christmas Carol achieves the odd genuinely chilling moment, along with a lot of fun. The sets are detailed and charming, there are the usual lively, instantly forgettable songs, and several favourites (the Swedish Chef, Rowlf) show up in cheerful cameos. As lead guest human, Michael Caine makes a respectable stab at Scrooge, but never for a moment challenges the memory of Alistair Sim. ”
— Philip Kemp. Sight and Sound, February 1993.
Cast
| Michael Caine |
Water is compared to stone and earth compared to iron in which Christmas carol ? | The 10 greatest Scrooges in film and TV: Who’s your favorite? – EW.com
Pinterest
Image Credit: Everett CollectionWhen Charles Dickens published A Christmas Carol in 1843, cinema was still some 50 years away. Television, over 100. And yet it almost seems like it was written with the screen in mind — maybe because its great anti-hero, Ebenezer Scrooge, is almost like a moviegoer himself when he gazes upon images and events that he can’t directly influence. Certainly A Christmas Carol‘s countless adaptations for film and television bear out its endless visual appeal. But what precise mixture of malice and humor makes a great Scrooge? Here are our picks for the finest to grace screens big and small. Who’s your favorite?
10. Albert Finney in Scrooge (1970)
Scrooge may have found Christmas goose and plum pudding indigestible, but Albert Finney seems ravenous. At least when it comes to him chewing the scenery. He plays Scrooge less like a Dickens character and more like that crooked man who walked a crooked mile, of Mother Goose nursery rhyme fame. But it’s fun to see him cut a rug at Scrooge’s own funeral to the tune of Leslie Bricusse’s “Thank You Very Much,” the great show-stopping tune of this otherwise ho-ho-hum musical.
9. Reginald Owen in A Christmas Carol (1938)
Owen (National Velvet, Mary Poppins) played many a great curmudgeon, but he found his greatest outlet for geriatric snark in MGM’s charmingly studio-bound 1938 production.
8. Bill Murray in Scrooged (1988)
Does anyone play a comical jerk as well as Bill Murray? Five years before he perfected the form with Phil Connors in the decidedly Dickensian Groundhog Day, he played TV executive Frank Cross, as fearsome a miser as any Yuletide ghosts have ever tried to redeem.
7. Mr. Magoo in Mister Magoo’s Christmas Carol (1962)
With his face pinched tight like a crab-apple — and his purse-strings even tighter — TV’s lovable near-sighted misanthrope (originally conceived as a McCarthy-esque reactionary) was born, er, drawn to play Scrooge.
6. Cosmo Spacely in A Jetson Christmas Carol (1985)
A Jetson Christmas Carol is possibly the most subversive version of the tale on this list. Yes, the Jetsons play the Cratchits — if the Cratchits were upwardly mobile, conspicuously-consuming members of the literal jet set — to sprocket entrepreneur Mr. Spacely’s Scrooge. However, Scrooge doesn’t reform because he’s touched by a vision of the Jetsons’ grief over the loss of family dog Astro (the Tiny Tim of this scenario), but instead because he’s jealous of their fantastic wealth after they sue him for making the sprocket that killed the pooch.
5. Alastair Sim in A Christmas Carol (1951)
British theater vet Alastair Sim, perfectly described by comedian Ronnie Corbett as “a sad-faced actor with the voice of a fastidious ghoul,” is often considered the silver screen’s definitive Scrooge, though his 1951 flick looks a tad creaky today. Still, it embellishes Dickens’ narrative with so many details on Ebenezer’s slide into moral (although certainly not financial) bankruptcy that it could be alternatively titled Scrooge: Money Never Sleeps.
4. Scrooge McDuck in Mickey’s Christmas Carol (1983)
Hard to believe it took Walt Disney Animation 36 years after his first comic book appearance in 1947 to put Scrooge McDuck in an animated telling of the story that inspired his creation. A po-mo Carol, it reuses old Disney characters, like J. Thaddeus Toad as Fezziwig, while exaggerating certain parts of the story for comic effect — Scrooge doesn’t just break up with Daisy Duck, he forecloses the mortgage on her honeymoon cottage!
3. Vanessa L. Williams in A Diva’s Christmas Carol (2000)
As Ebony Scrooge, lead singer of an ’80s girl group who ditched her partners and went solo at the first opportunity, Williams gave us a glimpse of the catty ‘tude that she’d later perfect as Wilhelmina Slater. Kathy Griffin is on hand as a fame-whoring Ghost of Christmas Past, and, even better, the Christmas Future segment is an episode of VH1’s Behind the Music, with a deliciously insincere tribute to the “deceased” Ebony from Brian McKnight (as himself). Still not sold? Check out Ebony’s ’80s-homage dance anthem “Heartquake” and A Diva’s Christmas Carol will be in your letter to Santa.
2. Michael Caine in The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992)
Why does Michael Caine’s performance work so well? Because he doesn’t act like he’s in a Muppet movie. At all. Take away Gonzo, Kermit and their buddies, and you’re left with Caine’s deeply felt take on the tragedy of Scrooge’s life — that even though he becomes a better man, he can never get back all the decades he wasted. Just look at his performance during the song “The Love is Gone,” when he stands weeping behind his beloved Belle. Devastating. But with Caine and the Muppets, the film becomes a daring collision of opposites: literate storytelling and non sequitur pratfalls, sincerity and irony, even art and criticism.
1. George C. Scott in A Christmas Carol (1984)
Yes, it took an American to perfect the role of Ebenezer Scrooge. While there are many things to love about Clive Donner’s 1984 adaptation for CBS — its authentic recreation of 1840s London, its use of period music, its deeply talented ensemble of David Warner, Susannah York, Roger Rees, Edward Woodward, and Joanne Whalley — it’s really Scott who stands out. Never has there been a Scrooge more resistant to change, more thoroughly nasty, more clueless as to the nature of his circumstances. When he explains the function of clothing to poor Bob Cratchit, one senses his disappointment over the gross inadequacy of the whole human race. When he’s abandoned by the Ghost of Christmas Present in a dangerous part of London, Scrooge almost rhetorically asks, “What have I done … to be abandoned like this?” and genuinely doesn’t perceive the answer. Scott’s performance is at its most heartbreaking at the very moments it’s at its funniest — the mark of a true master. Made-for-network-TV movies used to be this good?
Who are your favorite Scrooges, PopWatchers? Any glaring omissions from our list?
Show Full Article
| i don't know |
In pre decimal coinage how many farthings were in a Half Crown? | contact Me 020 308 69996
British Coins and Collecting Accessories
Predecimal.com - Just me specialising in British coins from about 1660 onwards and offering collectors' accessories, books and free knowledge on this interesting and fulfilling field. This website also contains the biggest British Coin related forum in the world, with over 120,000 posts it's quite possibly the largest British numismatic reference of any kind. It's searchable, free and everyone is welcome.
Back in stock, and back on offer. All orders of £30 or over will receive a free pack of these coin envelopes. I'll add them automatically to your order.
This website is run by Chris Perkins - British Numismatic Trade Association Member (the BNTA), professional numismatist, former broadcaster, author of the 32nd to 42nd annual editions of "Collectors' Coins GB", and of "Collectors' Coins - Decimal Issues of the UK", co-author of a number of other books! Please see Rotographic.com for more details on my range of books.
With a base in Germany I am also able to offer a large range of collectors accessories at the best possible 'direct from the factory' prices.
Who am I? And what assurances do I offer regarding all buying and selling of items through this website? Click here.
PDF - Click Me!
Full range of Lindner products available on predecimal.com!
Lindner products combine excellent quality and value. Click on the Lindner image above to download the full (older, but still current) Lindner PDF catalogue (18mb). Browse through it and enter the reference numbers, without spaces, of what you require in the 'Search Products' box in the search box at the top of the website. Purchase items in the usual way. Note that the PDF prices are in Euros - The prices on predecimal.com are the GBP equivalent, or in some cases, actually even cheaper!
Silver proof, as issued £5 Crown coin to mark the Christening of Princess Charlotte. I bo...
£72.00£64.80
Silver proof, as issued £5 Crown coin to mark the 2nd Birthday of Prince George.&nbs...
£90.00£81.00
Original red card box with some light wear on the edges/top, staining on the bottom and looseness wh...
£550.00£449.40
Rainbow toned with big areas of dark irredescent purple and pinks (not at all apparent in the scans)...
£180.00£144.00
Very attractive natural tone, prooflike obverse fields. Higer value coins are always sent fully insured.
£95.00£85.50
A really beautiful coin with natural toned bright lustre and very little actual wear ro report. LVI ...
£200.00£160.00
Good protrait, some weak areas on the reverse. TERTIO edge. REDUCED from £300.Higher values coins are always sent fully insured.
£270.00£240.00
A few available, of the very best quality.
£8.00£6.80
Stunning full lustre, of highest possible quality. A few available.
£9.00£8.10
Choice coin with beautiful proof like fields. The odd minor stain, but I am being very picky, it'...
£295.00£288.90
Anyone that has glanced at a history book for more than five minutes will probably be aware&nbs...
£2.00£1.80
I purchased about 700 of these Indian 1/12th Anna coins. Each is uncirculated, but of the 700, only ...
£1.50£0.99
I purchased about 700 of these Indian 1/12th Anna coins. Each is uncirculated, but of the 700, only ...
£1.50£0.99
Eire 1968 penny from the last date that were produced before Irish decimalisation. All Irish pre-dec...
£1.20£0.99
Round, 28mm card coin tickets, blank on both sides. A shade off-white in colour, these coin tickets...
£1.75£0.99
(Quantity 50)REDUCED IN PRICE FROM JUNE 2016.NEW IMPROVED TYPE: With a slightly higher band for...
£2.60£2.99
The British pre-decimal penny was a handsome 3.1cm (1.5in) large Bronze coin from 1860 - 1967, when ...
£10.00£8.96
Very odd even 'lustrous' tone. No hairlines so most probably dipped or treated with somethin...
£100.00
| one hundred and twenty |
Published in 1995, the book The Sport of Queens is an autobiography of which famous author? | Victorian coinage
WHAT'S A GUINEA?
Money and Coinage in Victorian - and twentieth century - Britain
If you are under the age of 40 or didn't live in the United Kingdom or one of the Commonwealth countries which shared its strange currency before 1971, then you need this page.
Pounds, shillings, and pence
The coinage used in Victorian Britain had been much the same for three hundred years and was based on a system which had existed for more than a millennium. It lasted until 1971 when the currency was finally decimalised and the pound was divided into 100 smaller units. Similar changes were made to the currency in Ireland and several Commonwealth countries which still used Britain's ancient coinage system.
In Britain the pound Sterling was (and is) the central unit of money. Prior to decimalization the pound was divided into twenty shillings and each shilling was divided into twelve pennies or pence. Although those divisions may seem odd, in fact having a pound divided into 240 equal parts does mean it can be exactly divided into halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, sixths, eighths, tenths, twelfths, fifteenths, sixteenths, twentieths, twenty-fourths, thirtieths, fortieths, forty-eightieths, sixtieths, eightieths, and one-hundred-and-twentieths. A decimal system allows precise division only into halves, quarters, fifths, tenths, twentieths, twenty-fifths, and fiftieths.
Amounts of money were written in various ways. The pound was represented, as it still is, by a £ sign, the shilling by a 's' and the penny by a 'd' (for 'denarius', a Roman silver coin which was also used as the name for the English silver penny). So the meaning of £3-4s-6d is fairly obvious. But amounts below a pound were also written 12/6 meaning 12s-6d or 10/- or sometimes 10/= meaning ten shillings. An amount such as 12/6 would be pronounced 'twelve and six' as a more casual form of 'twelve shillings and sixpence'. From the late eighteenth century a shilling was popularly called a 'bob' as in 'it cost three bob'. But you would only use that for whole shillings so it would be 'three bob' or 'three and eight' but never 'three bob and six'. From the early 19th century a five shilling piece or crown was sometimes called a dollar, probably because its appearance was similar to the Spanish dollar or peso - sometimes called a piece of eight. This expression gained currency again in the 1940s when US troops came to the UK during World War II. At the time a US dollar was worth exactly 5s. In the post-war period right up to the 1960s the phrase 'half a dollar' meaning 2/6 was also used.
The guinea
A guinea was £1-1s-0d (which is £1.05) and could be written as '1g' or '1gn' or, in the plural, '3gs' or '3gns'. It was considered a more gentlemanly amount than £1. You paid a tradesman, such as a carpenter, in pounds but a gentleman, perhaps an artist, in guineas. It was a tradition in the legal profession that a barrister was paid in guineas but kept only the pounds, giving his clerk the shillings (they were all men then).
In the 1850s and 60s the standard rate paid by Dickens for contributions to his weekly periodicals Household Words and All The Year Round was half a guinea a column or a guinea a page. His staff members were generally paid five guineas a week. In the early 1850s, before he worked for Dickens, Wilkie Collins was paid five-eighths of a guinea a page for his work in Bentley's Miscellany. That odd amount was worked out from the rate of ten guineas for a printed sheet of sixteen pages. Per word, both amounts were similar.
Like the pound, the guinea could also be divided exactly into many different amounts - halves, thirds, quarters, sixths, sevenths, ninths, fourteenths, twenty-firsts, twenty-eighths, thirty-sixths, forty-seconds, sixty-thirds, eighty-fourths, and one-hundred-and-twenty-sixths. One useful factor was that a third of a guinea was exactly seven shillings.
Coins
The coinage reflected the principal divisions of the money and added some of its own. A gold coin worth £1 was called a sovereign and the half sovereign, also in gold, was worth ten shillings. These coins were first minted in 1817 as a response to the rather uncertain value of earlier gold coins. Both were current throughout Victoria's reign. A crown was a silver coin worth 5s - though much more common was the half-crown worth 2/6 or exactly one eighth of a pound. The shilling was also a silver coin as were the sixpence and the threepence. That coin was usually pronounced - and sometimes spelt - 'thruppence' and in conversation, the coin was sometimes called 'a thrupp'ny bit'. Silver coins called groats and worth four pence were also minted and were sometimes called Joeys. That term was also used for threepenny bits from 1937 when they were no longer small silver coins but were reissued in a yellowy nickel brass metal with 12 sides. Half-groats and silver pennies were not in circulation in the Victorian era but were still minted for a tradition known as Maundy Money where the Monarch gave poor people in a parish a groat, a threepence, a half groat and a penny. The number of poor people favoured in this way was the same as the number of the monarch's years.
The tradition still goes on although now the number of people honoured is as many men and as many women as the monarch's years and they each get the same number of pence as years in the monarch's years - that is one more than her age. For example, on Maundy Thursday 28 March 2002 the 75-year-old Queen Elizabeth II - who is therefore in her 76th year - gave out 76 pence (seven and a half sets of a fourpence, a threepence, a twopence and a penny) of Maundy money to each of 76 men and 76 women in Canterbury Cathedral. The sets come in a white leather purse. The recipients also get a second, red purse containing �5.50 in more ordinary money. Since 1971 the coins have been decimalised and are worth 4p, 3p, 2p, and 1p. The portrait of the Queen is the early one which was used from 1953 to decimalisation.
Lower value coins were made of copper (bronze from 1860). The penny was accompanied by the halfpenny (pronounced hape-nee and sometimes written ha'penny) and the farthing, worth a quarter of a penny. Half farthings were also minted for some of Victoria's reign but were unpopular because of their small size. Smaller coins - one third and one quarter farthings - were minted mainly for use in some British colonies. For most people the penny was still the central coin of their currency and was used in words like 'penn'orth' meaning a penny-worth of something as in 'I'll take a penn'orth of tobacco' and also as in 'it's a good penn'orth, sir' meaning it is good value for your penny. These coins were referred to as 'coppers' as in 'It cost a few coppers'. Not to be confused with the slang meaning of 'a copper' from the early Victorian period of 'a policeman'.
Although all this can seem very confusing to people brought up with purely decimal coinage - like dollars and cents or euro and cent (the official spelling of the European currency in English takes no 's' for the plural though in popular use it almost always does) or the present day currency of almost every major country in the world - it became second nature to most people. Money calculations were part of a basic education along with the alphabet and multiplication tables. In Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, the young Pip is subject to endless mental arithmetic tests by Mr Pumblechook. One of them involves money.
"First (to get our thoughts in order) : Forty-three pence?"
I calculated the consequences of replying "Four Hundred Pounds," and, finding them against me, went as near the answer as I could -- which was about eightpence off. Mr. Pumblechook then put me through my pence-table from "twelve pence make one shilling," up to "forty pence make three and fourpence," and then triumphantly demanded, as if he had done for me, "Now! How much is forty-three pence?" To which I replied, after a long interval of reflection, "I don't know." And I was so aggravated that I almost doubt if I did know.
Mr. Pumblechook worked his head like a screw to screw it out of me, and said, "Is forty-three pence seven and sixpence three fardens, for instance?"
"Yes!" said I. And although my sister instantly boxed my ears, it was highly gratifying to me to see that the answer spoilt his joke, and brought him to a dead stop.
(Great Expectations, chapter IX)
Forty-three pence is, of course, three shillings and sevenpence. And a 'farden' is a farthing.
Even more obscure for anyone not familiar with the peculiarities of pre-decimal English coinage is this passage from Dickens's Bleak House where the total price of a meal for three people is rapidly assessed by one of the diners for the benefit of the waitress, Polly.
Mr. Smallweed, compelling the attendance of the waitress with one hitch of his eyelash, instantly replies as follows: "Four veals and hams is three, and four potatoes is three and four, and one summer cabbage is three and six, and three marrows is four and six, and six breads is five, and three Cheshires is five and three, and four half-pints of half-and-half is six and three, and four small rums is eight and three, and three Pollys is eight and six. Eight and six in half a sovereign, Polly, and eighteenpence out!"
Not at all excited by these stupendous calculations, Smallweed dismisses his friends with a cool nod and remains behind to take a little admiring notice of Polly, as opportunity may serve, and to read the daily papers, which are so very large in proportion to himself, shorn of his hat, that when he holds up the Times to run his eye over the columns, he seems to have retired for the night and to have disappeared under the bedclothes.
Bleak House Chapter XX
From this rather impenetrable paragraph we can deduce the price of everything on the menu which the three men - Jobling, Guppy, and Smallweed - ate. Smallweed adds up the amounts in his head and keeps a running total of the bill as he does so.
The three of them ate four helpings of veal and ham with french beans - Jobling had two. The total, Smallweed says, "is three" or three shillings. Three shillings is 36d so each veal and ham was 9d. Such calculations, knowing that four ninepences were three shillings, would have been second nature to most Victorians. Jobling also had double potatoes and four helpings of potatoes make the total "three and four". So they are a penny a portion bringing the total to 3s 4d. Jobling's summer cabbage - no-one else ate that - adds another 2d - total now 3s 6d or "three and six". After this came a helping each of marrow pudding taking the bill from "three and six" to "four and six" in other words adding a shilling. So each helping must have been 4d as there are twelve pennies in a shilling. Six helpings of bread (two a piece) at 1d each adds 6d making 5/- "is five". A portion of Cheshire cheese is also 1d, add three of those to get to 5s 3d (five and three). Four half pints of half and half - a drink comprising equal measures of ale and stout, two different kinds of beer - add a shilling taking the total from "five and three" to "six and three" or 6s 3d. Jobling had drunk two and they are 3d each. Four small rums are clearly 6d each, four making 24d or 2/- , bringing the total to 8s 3d "eight and three". And finally, Polly's waitressing service for three people is 1d each adding threepence to make a final total of 8s 6d. Smallweed gives Polly half a sovereign, which is ten shillings, leaving 1s 6d change or, as Mr Smallweed puts it, "and eighteenpence out!" Simple!
The Florin
The Victorians introduced one new coin intended as the first step towards a decimal system of coinage. A two shilling coin, exactly a tenth of a pound, was first minted in 1849. It was called a florin (a term first used for the coin produced in the 13th century in the Italian city of Florence) and it was minted for nearly 120 years until 1968 when, in preparation for decimalisation, a coin of the same size became the new ten pence piece. A smaller 10p piece was issued in 1992 and the old florin sized coin finally disappeared on 30 June 1993. A florin was also called a 'two shilling piece' or a 'two bob bit'. It did not oust the popular half a crown, usually called a half-crown, worth 2s 6d, which remained in use until 1 January 1970. Even in the 1960s auctioneers at country sales would move the bidding on in half-crowns. The bid between five and ten shillings being always 'three half-crowns'. A double florin was minted in 1887 but was not popular. Guineas were not minted after 1813. In the eighteenth century half, third, and quarter guineas were also minted. Two and five guinea coins belonged to an earlier age.
Up to the present
The historical UK currency of pounds shillings and pence disappeared on 15 February 1971. That date - called D-Day at the time in a strange echo of the popular name for the invasion of France in World War II - saw the start of the UK's first decimal coinage. From then on the pound was divided into 100 new pennies worth 2.4 pence. The ancient plural of 'pence' was retained (the two have always run in parallel, the plural for the coins usually being 'pennies' and for an amount being generally 'pence'). However, the symbol for the new penny was 'p' rather than 'd' and small amounts of money were soon referred to as so many 'pee' - 'twenty pee', '94 pee' etc. That usage still continues. The prefix 'new' disappeared from the language within a few years and was dropped from the coinage in 1982.
Decimalisation of the currency had been discussed on and off for more than a century. But in 1961 a Committee of Enquiry under Lord Halsbury was appointed to examine it again. Four years later the committee reported and proposed that the UK should decimalise its currency and the decision to do so, and how it would be done, was announced on 1 March 1966. The Decimal Currency Act was passed into law in 1967. As part of the changeover the Royal Mint was moved from its historic site near Tower Bridge in London to Llantrissant in South Wales. The ten pence and five pence coins (equivalent to the two shilling and one shilling pieces) were phased in from 1968 and a new seven sided fifty pence piece was issued in October 1969 to replace the ten shilling note which ceased to be legal tender on 22 November 1970. The halfpenny disappeared on 31 July 1969 and the half crown five months later on 31 December 1969. The last farthing had already disappeared from use. The last were dated 1956 and it was withdrawn in 1961.
After D-Day 15 February 1971 all accounting was done in decimal form. The remaining pre-decimal coinage continued to circulate but the old pennies and threepenny bits - which had no equivalent in the new system - ceased to be legal tender on 31 August 1971. The sixpence, which had an exact value of 2.5p, continued to circulate until 30 June 1980. The shillings and florins, which were identical in size to the new 5p and 10p coins, continued for much longer. In 1982 a new 20p piece, also with seven sides, appeared. The pound coin first appeared in 1983 and the one pound note disappeared on 11 March 1988, though Scottish banks continued to issue them into the 21st century. The decimal halfpenny vanished on 31 December 1984. A smaller 5p was issued in 1990 and the shilling finally disappeared on 31 December 1990 along with the original larger 5 pence coins. A similar reduction followed for the 10p in 1992 leading to the disappearance of the florin and the old 10p on 30 June 1993. From September 1992 the penny and two pence pieces were made from copper plated steel rather than bronze - though some 2p pieces were issued in bronze in 1998. The two types can be sorted with a magnet. In 1997 a �2 bimetallic coin was first issued (though special issue �2 coins to commemorate various events had been produced since since 1986). The 50p piece was reduced in size from 1997 and the larger version vanished on 28 February 1998.
Commemorative five pound pieces, silver in colour and similar in size to the old crown are also minted from time to time and although they are legal tender at face value the market is almost exclusively to collectors. The Royal Mint continues to issue gold sovereigns and a variety of other gold and silver coins to satisfy the market both for investment and for collectors. They can be bought direct from the Royal Mint or, if you want to pay more, through dealers.
Some of the Commonwealth countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, adopted a different approach to decimalisation, creating a new 'dollar' worth ten shillings which was divided into a hundred cents, each worth 1.2 old pennies. Their new currencies were introduced slightly before that of the UK. Ireland decimalised its punt at the same time as the UK, dividing it as the UK did into 100 pence. That currency was replaced on 1 January 2002 by the euro. For more on the euro click here.
Banknotes
The first paper money was issued by the Bank of England in the 1690s. But it was not widely used or trusted. Banknotes began to be issued in quantity in 1797 when an economic crisis stopped the Bank making payments in coins for more than �1. It issued the first �1 notes in March that year. Notes for �2, �5, �10, and �15 are also known. These notes continued until 1828 and values up to �1000 were issued in small numbers. They were all very simple, hand-signed and until 1808 numbered by hand as well. From 1817, after the troubles of the wars against Napoleon and France were over, the gold sovereign became used and trusted as the common unit for �1. For most people, whose weekly wages were less than �1, the sovereign more than fulfilled their needs. Wealthy people though needed higher value currency and from 1829, when the Bank stopped issuing �1 and �2 notes, it continued with the �5 note. Higher denominations were made, though they were rarer and very few have survived. In 1853 bank officials stopped signing the notes by hand and the signature was printed.
Throughout this period the design of the notes was simple. The ink was black, the paper white. The only decoration was the figure of Britannia in a small oval vignette at the upper left of the note. Although some details changed the design remained much the same until 1855. Then, the words Bank of England were moved to the top centre of the note in an elaborate typeface. Britannia remained top left but a new image within a new vignette was designed by the artist Daniel Maclise RA. The printing process was improved. The wording was also changed. Instead of the note promising to pay by name the Chief Cashier it promised to pay 'the bearer on demand' - a phrase still used on English banknotes. From this redesign onwards, the plain white note universally known from that time as 'a fiver', would look familiar for more than 100 years. It was eventually replaced with a more pictorial design in 1957.
During World War I the �1 note re-appeared, issued not by the Bank of England but by the Treasury. It was accompanied by a ten shilling note. Production continued after the war and five shilling and even half crown notes were also issued. These notes bore the head of the monarch, George V. In 1928 the Bank took over production of one pound and ten shilling notes in a new design - green for the pound and brown for the 10/- note. Britannia replaced the monarch's head which did not reappear until 1960. A �10 note was first issued in the modern era in 1964 followed by a �20 note in 1970 and a �50 note in 1981.
See the Royal Mint website for more information on coinage and the Bank of England for banknotes.
Coins v.1.511
| i don't know |
In which country can you find the Happy Valley Horse Racing Course? | Horse Racing in Hong Kong's Happy Valley
Horse Racing in Hong Kong's Happy Valley
Horse Racing in Hong Kong's Happy Valley
The ins and outs of horse racing in Hong Kong's Happy Valley
Happy Valley Racecourse. Copyright Rory Boland
By Rory Boland
Updated January 28, 2016.
Horse racing in Hong Kong is followed far more passionately than just about anywhere else in the world. Racetracks like Hong Kong’s Happy Valley are regularly packed to the rafters, boasting an electrifying atmosphere that is rarely replicated on other racetracks in England, France or the US. Expect enthusiastic gambling, enthusiastic cheering and plenty of beer to wash it all down with.
In all honesty, Hong Kong’s obsession with the horses is more an obsession with gambling, however with some of the world’s best tracks, world class race meets and a manic crowd a visit to the track is a must whether you want to gamble or not. Those who are used to the refined atmosphere at English meets, or the sober surroundings on American tracks will find the roaring Hong Kong crowd and humble approach an exciting shock to the system. The track is ringed by a bank of skyscrapers giving it a neon glow during night races and echoing the noise back on to the track.
continue reading below our video
Best Ride Sharing Apps of 2015
Happy Valley is simply one of the world’s greatest sporting spectacles.
Aside from the gambling and the racing, Happy Valley is very much a social affair. Beer tents and make shift hot-dog stands keep 40,000 people fed and watered, and much of the racetrack turns into the city’s biggest al-fresco bar. It's also cheap - far cheaper than the exorbitant prices charged in Lan Kwai Fong for a drop of beer.
Betting at Happy Valley
The owners of Happy Valley are The Hong Kong Jockey Club. They still hold a monopoly on racing and betting in the territory, a holdover from colonial days, and the HKJC is the territories largest taxpayer and charity. The organisations privileged status is thanks to the average six million plus bets placed on each meet, meaning a flutter for nearly every Hong Kong resident.You can find out how to navigate the many, many bets on offer with our Hong Kong betting guide.
Sha Tin vs Happy Valley racecourses
Happy Valley is head and shoulders above the other racetrack ( Sha Tin ) in Hong Kong . The track at Happy Valley is banked by a wall of skyscrapers and with almost all meetings set at night this crowd of buildings form a dazzling fence of neon for the evening’s excitement. Happy Valley also offers restaurants, bars, with some of the cheapest beer in the city, and a convivial mix of locals, expats and tourists. Entry to the ground is just HK$10.
When to Go
The Hong Kong racing season stretches from September to June. Race meetings are generally on Wednesday evenings in Happy Valley and Saturday afternoon in Sha Tin. You'll need to head to the stadium as road closures mean that public transport is almost packed with people. The best way to reach Happy Valley racecourse is on the Hong Kong tram which can be hopped on anywhere from Sheung Wan - Central - Wan Chai.
Betting
The minimum bet on races is a bargain $10, and all further bets are in multiples of this amount. You’ll find betting and form guide given out free at the track. There is usually around fifteen minutes between races when you can place a bet. You will find English speaking staff who can assit you if you need the rules of each individual bet explained.
| Hong Kong |
Which English King was married to Elizabeth Woodville from 1464 to 1483? | The Hong Kong Jockey Club
Causeway Bay Station, Exit A and walk to Racecourse (approximate 10 – 15 mins).
Urban taxis (Red color) can go to Happy Valley Racecourse.
The drop off points are The Hong Kong Racing Museum (near Entrance A, B, C, D), Members Main Entrance (near Entrance E, F1, F2) and Public Main Entrance (near Entrance G, Beer Garden, Grandstand).
Different bus lines have stops near Happy Valley Racecourse. Pleases click here for details.
Tram station (Leighton Road) and walk to Entrance A, B, C, D (approximate 7 mins). Happy Valley Terminal Station and walk to Entrance G (approximate 5 mins), to Entrance E, F1, F2 (approximate 7 mins)
Racing Event
| i don't know |
Which historical 17th century event was recorded by diarists samuel Pepys and John Evelyn who reecorded the events and their own reactions day by day? | SAMUEL PEPYS
A new biography gets inside the colorful, exuberant life of England's greatest diarist.
By Michael Dirda
Sunday, December 15, 2002; Page BW15
SAMUEL PEPYS
By Claire Tomalin
Knopf. 470 pp. $30
Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) kept his celebrated diary for only nine years, from 1660-1669, starting when he was 26. Written in shorthand � with the racier episodes related in a potpourri of languages ("mi mano was sobra her pectus, and so did hazer with grand delight") � the book wasn't transcribed into readable English until the 19th century and wasn't commonly available in its unbowdlerized entirety until 1970. Despite a history of puritanical editing, the diary quickly established a reputation as one of those naughty literary classics, like Chaucer's "Miller's Tale," Defoe's Moll Flanders and Wycherly's "The Country Wife."
Pepys, though married to the strong-willed, tempestuous, half-French Elizabeth, herself a beauty, does in fact regularly interfere with pretty serving girls, ladies' maids, tavern wenches, mainly by squeezing their breasts and pinching their bottoms. But there's nothing particularly erotic or even bawdy about his accounts of 17th-century sexual harassment.
He records a tumble with Betty Lane with the same strict accuracy as he does his pleasure in a production of "Hamlet" or the purchase of a keg of oysters. In every sense, Pepys is very much a man of accounts, in his work as a secretary to the Naval Board, in his close attention to his household funds and in his depiction of his own life.
Little wonder, then, that his days, no matter how full and varied, always seem to balance: A variant on "Up betimes and to the office" opens most of the entries, just as some form of the famous "And so to bed" closes them. Everything in between is noted in precise factual sentences: Even when printed as regularized English, the prose sounds like shorthand. Pepys may sometimes confess that he's sad or out of sorts, but he doesn't go maundering on and on about it, or larding his reflections with Latin quotations, as Montaigne or Sir Thomas Browne might. Instead he's a pointillist, quickly daubing in the elements of his daily life as a young careerist on the make in Restoration England.
Though watchful of the world around him and especially attentive to the miens of the men who might advance his career, Pepys also possesses an irrepressible gusto for life itself, and he works his hedonism hard: music-making, theater-going, flirting, drinking, paying social calls, reading, conversing and disputing with his wife. They're all scribbled down in his quicksilver jottings, a nonstop barrage of data, like individual frames of film that the reader joins together to achieve a cinematic sense of life zipping along at fast-forward.
No page of Pepys ever seems mediated or deliberative � he's essentially a "facts, just the facts" kind of writer. But even as the rapid notation and his run-on style ("And . . . and . . .") give his diary vivacity, they also sometimes frustrate: One hungers for expansiveness, quotation, detail, all those matters at which discursive prose normally excels. He keeps you wanting just a bit more than he delivers � one of the secrets, perhaps, of his perennial fascination. Just what, for example, were those erotic tricks by which Barbara Villiers, a k a Mrs. Palmer, a k a Lady Castlemaine, ensnared the king?
Not that Pepys, that ardent playgoer, didn't possess a flair for the dramatic or an eye for a well-put-together scene. The at first halting, uncertain progress of the Great Fire is underscored by his own tentativeness and confusion, succeeded by a burst of frenetic activity. He closely observes the understated drama of the royal barges landing at Whitehall, the King stepping ashore with the Queen and Lady Castlemaine watching and everybody pretending to ignore one another. Best of all may be the series of diary entries that recounts the aftermath of Pepys's involvement with Deb, his wife's maid. As Claire Tomalin says in her fine and engrossing biography, "I know of no other account of marital rage and jealousy to match this one." It opens with a mournful flourish in the middle of Pepys's write-up for Oct. 25, 1668:
"And at night W. Batelier comes and sups with us; and after supper, to have my head combed by Deb, which occasioned the greatest sorrow to me that ever I knew in this world; for my wife, coming up suddenly, did find me imbracing the girl con my hand sub su coats. . . . I wast at a wonderful loss upon it, and the girl also; and I endeavoured to put it off; but my wife was struck mute and grew angry, and as her voice came to her, grew quite out of order; and I do say little, but to bed; and my wife said little also, but could not sleep all night; but about 2 in the morning waked me and cried."
During the next weeks, Pepys's life becomes so hellish that he grows afraid to go home at night. Oddly, though, in spite of all the accusations and denials and general despair, the errant husband and his wronged wife have sex "more times since this falling-out then in I believe twelve months before � and with more pleasure to her then I think in all the time of our marriage before." Such are the strange byways of passion.
Because Pepys's diary spotlights his young manhood so brilliantly, it is easy to forget about his impoverished youth or the last thirty-odd years of his public life. Though Tomalin admires the diarist as an almost inadvertent genius ("the most ordinary and the most extraordinary writer you will ever meet"), she frames his self-portrait within the context of the times and his entire public career. To explain how a tailor's son rose to power as, roughly, a cabinet minister in charge of naval affairs, she must describe the Civil War, Cromwell, the machinations to restore Charles II and the impact of the plague. She details the system of patronage, bribes and quid pro quo that kept the Restoration's merry world spinning along. She shows how the older Pepys survived the Popish Plot � in which he was accused of being a Catholic rebel � and she discusses his interactions with the great men of the period: kings, aristocrats such as his patron the Earl of Sandwich, industrial magnates and eminent scholars (Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren, Hans Sloane). Not least, Tomalin reminds us of Pepys's physical stoicism: He endured painful and delicate surgery for kidney stones at 25, with a fair possibility of death, and worried for years that he was going blind. Because reading and writing eventually caused him such ocular distress, he abandoned his diary.
Not only an able biographer in the lively English style of Richard Holmes, Michael Holroyd and Victoria Glendinning, Claire Tomalin also possesses a particularly graceful and pleasing diction, a proper sense of measure (by no means is her subject a wholly admirable, let alone a heroic, figure) and a piquant willingness to express her own views: We are left in no doubt as to how reprehensible she finds Pepys's sophomoric groping and pursuit of young girls, nor how tough-minded his wife and his later "companion" Mary Skinner must have been to put up with him.
In itself highly agreeable reading, Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self should also lead one to either start on or return to this most irresistible, this most addictive, of English diaries. Expect a good time:
"It is strange what weather we have had all this winter; no cold at all, but the ways are dusty and the flyes fly up and down, and the rosebushes are full of leaves; such a time of the year as never was known in this world before here. This day, many more of the fifth monarchy men were hanged." �
Michael Dirda's email address is [email protected]. His online discussion of books takes place on Thursdays at 2 p.m. on washingtonpost.com.
FROM "SAMUEL PEPYS"
Samuel Pepys by John Hayls (1666)
Rachel Redford on Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self
Sunday November 10, 2002
Abridged 6hr 30min
Penguin �12.99
Pepys witnessed the execution of Charles I; the sufferings of a plague-stricken London in 1665, during which time he quadrupled his own fortune; Londoners fleeing their houses consumed by the Great Fire; the 'floating abattoirs' on board the ships in the Medway disaster during the Dutch Wars in 1667. He survived a horrific operation to remove a bladder stone the size of a tennis ball - and he was the greatest naval administrator in history. A biographer's dream.
With Pepys's gimlet eye for detail, the Diary dominates here: he records the poor performance in Parliament of the restored king as he read with lowered eyes, fiddling with his codpiece; the pigeons leaving their City roosts only when their wings singed during the Great Fire.
In his encoded recording of successes - and failures - with servant girls and women, he is not afraid to reveal his less admirable side. The jealous and angry clashes with his wife, whom he had married when she was barely 15, are spectacular. When fear for his eyes forced Pepys to give up the Diary, it was a form of death for him and, after 1669, the times inevitably seem less bright.
Jill Balcon's voice is exceptionally pleasing. She obviously enjoyed reading this fine biography and at the end the listener can sense the regret of both reader and writer that is all over.
Rachel Redford and Kim Bunce were winners in the category of Best Media Coverage at last month's Spoken Word Awards organised by the Spoken Word Publishers' Association
Samuel Pepys: the unequalled self, by Claire Tomalin
Diana Souhami assesses this leading light of Restoration England
05 October 2002
This boook is a great achievement and a huge pleasure. The "unequalled self" of the subtitle is from an essay by Robert Louis Stevenson commending the "unflinching sincerity" of self-disclosure in Pepys's diary. Pepys watched himself behaving well or badly and, for 10 years from 1660, wrote the details down. Claire Tomalin , in her turn, applies unflinching scrutiny to the whole of his life.
Her research is meticulous. For example, in her acknowledgments she thanks the Real Tennis Club of Cambridge for giving her the diameter (2in) of the real as opposed to modern tennis ball, which Pepys's kidney stone (removed in May 1658) equalled. Her description of his surgical process is awful in its vividness. Palliatives of oil of earthworms, cinnamon and chicory make matters worse. Such detail illuminates the book. Pepys recorded an incident in April 1664 when he chanced on his boss's wife, Lady Sandwich, as she sat on a chamber pot. She blushed, Pepys talked hastily. With Tomalin we revisit the scene as modern tourists. She invites us to be startled, amused and quickly to move on. She is keen to reveal everything there is to know about the inner man and his outer world.
Hers is an engaging juxtaposition of author and subject: a bookish, respectable 21st-century woman and a short, pop-eyed, 17th-century fellow in a periwig, who all too often had his hand up the skirts of a teenage maid, or was quarrelling with colleagues or wife. There are centuries of time to separate them. Shared humanity is their common ground.
Claire Tomalin , we are sure, does not spit black phlegm, go to executions, piss in a chamber pot or beat servants with a broom. But she is very loving to Pepys; not uxorial, more a devoted bodyguard. She is gutted that an early fictional work of his has been destroyed, and sympathises with his bladder problems. His energy "burns off blame, making it surprisingly hard to disapprove of him".
Her admiration for him is as a diarist of genius. This "secret masterpiece" places him, in her view, alongside Milton, Bunyan, Dickens and Proust. She describes him as "the most ordinary and extraordinary writer we will ever meet". Part of her intention is to direct her reader to his work.
Pepys began the diary on 1 January 1660, with the entry that his wife, Elizabeth, was not pregnant. He was 26, she was 19, and they had been married five years. It troubled him that they remained childless, even after attempts to combat infertility by drinking sage tea and changing the level of the bed so their feet were higher than their heads. Their marriage was at all times problematic. Both had tempers that flared to violent rows. She had some sort of vaginal boils; he, recurring gall stones. She suspected him of infecting her. His last entry was on 31 May 1669. In the preceding weeks his wife had found him with her maid, his "hand in her cunny". She threatened to shame him, waved red-hot fire tongs at him, kept him awake raging at him. He stopped the diary out of fear for his eyesight, and said that abandoning it was a form of death.
It had been his haven. He ruled the margins in red, wrote in ink with a quill pen, spaced the lines evenly, devised a shorthand for his sexual goings-on with tavern girls and chambermaids. His themes were his career, money, domestic experience, books, theatre, music, sex.
He lived through the confusion of England as a republic and the restoration of the monarchy. He rose from being a poor clerk to a "thriving condition" as a naval administrator. He covered events of huge impact. In the plague year of 1665 he proved immune to infected fleas, chronicled the death of Londoners, work, family quarrels, and his fondling of Mrs Bagwell and Sarah, the girl at the Swan Inn. In the days of the Great Fire, he buried his wine and Parmesan cheese, took his bags of gold, accounts and diary to a house in Bethnal Green, saw looting and a singed cat rescued from a chimney, and 400 streets reduced to smoking ruins.
He was with the fleet of ships that brought Charles II back, triumphant, from the Hague. He procured the "rich barge" to bring the king ashore and the musicians to fanfare him.
Pepys's diary is history and comedy, particular in its detail, universal in its range. Tomalin talks of the "bursting, disorganized, uncontrollable quality of his experience". Her achievement is to organise, control and give it context, without tarnishing its shine. All her excellent research is lit by Pepys's self-revelations. Her biography develops into a vivid chronicle of contemporary history seen through the all too human preoccupations of this ordinary, and extraordinary, man.
Diana Souhami's 'Selkirk's Island' won the Whitbread Biography Award.
Life beyond the diary
How can you write a biography of Samuel Pepys? Claire Tomalin lets the world's most famous diarist speak for himself
Joanna Griffiths
by Claire Tomalin
Viking �20, pp499
With the exception of Shakespeare, it's difficult to image a terrain more treacherous for the biographer than Samuel Pepys, who has achieved a status as the Ur-practitioner of diary-writing, a man for all occasions. The Pepys of the diaries needs no further drawing out - part Blackadder cameo, all high-octane innuendo; part Everyman - the ordinary put back into history. Writing in 1909, shortly after the birth of Pepysiana as we know it, Percy Lubbock suggested that 'his name expresses in our day, rightly or wrongly, as marked a conjunction of qualities as the name of Falstaff or Juan'.
At the other end of the century, a later biographer, Richard Ollard, recorded much the same popular impression of Pepys: 'The randy bewigged figure whose name, as a symbol of a slightly risque conviviality, has been appropriated by this wine-shipper or that restaurant. An irresistible air of bedroom farce clings to him.'
The energy of Pepys's diary adds to the sense of high-speed costume drama, starring a man rarely bored, who dashes from his work as an administrator for the Navy to the theatre, or to dancing lessons, or to the pub, where he drinks 'a great Quantity of Sack', and falls into a ditch on the way home.
He is a man of emphatic opinions, calling A Midsummer Night's Dream 'the most insipid ridiculous play that ever I saw in my life' and Twelfth Night 'silly'. His daily life unravels in a succession of quickfire sketches: 'She was a very drudging, working wench; only, she would be drunk'; 'I up with Mrs Pierce to Knipp, who was in bed; and we waked her and there I handled her breasts and did baiser la and sing a song.'
The major dilemma for his biographer lies in the seductive candour of the Pepys we find in the diary, combined with the comparative lack of information about Pepys from other sources. Pepys's glorious set pieces - the Great Fire of London, or the return of Charles II to England in 1660 - can be corroborated and contrasted; his versions of events in his own life cannot be.
Pepys, apart from the diary, is a shadowy figure, as relatively unknowable on either side of the nine-year period covered by the diaries as any other seventeenth-century official. As well, the iconic Pepys, synecdochal representative of all that is self-revelation, has been fashioned by a unique process. It was only in 1825, with the deciphering of his diary from shorthand, that Pepys the diarist was born. His is an unusual case, a man who passed from relative obscurity to hyper-visibility, acquiring a posthumous status as a lead actor in a period of history that knew him as an incidental character.
While the biographer's trade is in revealing the inner self of a public figure, with Pepys we already have Pepys's 'own unequalled self; still that entrancing ego of whom alone he cared to write', as Robert Louis Stevenson wrote. Claire Tomalin takes the subtitle to her fascinating biography from Stevenson, and it is less a rhetorical flourish than a statement of her strategy. She proposes that the 'self' of the diary is the best 'self' on offer: 'The diary carries him to the highest point as a hero of an altogether new kind.' Tomalin, importantly, is inclined to believe Pepys's account of himself: 'He allowed himself not a shred of dignity,' she suggests. Accepting the diary as a confession, Tomalin's main enterprise becomes one of explaining and assessing this 'inner Pepys' and displaying him in vivid historical context.
She follows the favoured protocol of past biographers, of thematising Pepys's diary under chapter headings: 'Families', 'Work', 'Jealousy,' 'Death and Plague'. 'Marriage'. She moves serenely through the eclectic frenzy of the diary, supplying an exemplary exercise in mania-management. Everything adds to the sense of order, gently imposed: maps are supplied, a list of principal figures, a family tree. And Tomalin fills in the gaps, starting with the humble origins, the early schooling at St Paul's, the scholarship to Magdalene College, Cambridge.
This places the Pepys of the beginning of the diary in an interesting light, a young man of 26, with a stall-seat at the Restoration, gained through a lucky family connection to Edward Montagu, later the Earl of Sandwich. 'A great Roundhead when I was a boy', he is now an enthusiast for 'the king... loved of all'. In this volte face, he follows many former Cromwellians, Montagu among them. Yet, as Tomalin writes: 'None of this meant he set aside his sceptical intelligence.' By 1666-7, Pepys is scribbling privately about the 'king who minds his pleasures so much' and his 'sad, vicious, negligent Court'.
Tomalin argues that Pepys's 'gift for comedy makes it easy for us to collude with him'; her reading of the diary is as a sort of saturnalia, 'turning the rigid oughts and ought nots of life upside down'. But her collusion is never blindly accepting and there are Pepysian poses she deflates. She is dismissive of Pepys's attempts at Restoration decadence: 'Pepys's own adventures, so frankly recorded, have given him a great reputation with posterity, but the truth is he had not much sexual confidence,' she writes.
Pepys's indiscretions pale into insignificance when compared with the libertine excesses of the Restoration court, where young blades 'out-swilled Bacchus', and 'swived more whores more ways than Sodom's walls/ E'er knew', as Rochester probably wrote. In comparison, Pepys looks like a latent Puritan struggling to chase the pack, furtively reading smutty French novels, and hunting out his own belles filles with mixed emotions, of 'fear, sweaty panic and relief'.
When Pepys moves offstage with his decision to stop writing the diary in 1669, Tomalin's account becomes less vivid, despite her scrupulous research. She moves cogently through the diary-less years, towards a useful history of the first deciphering of the diary. But the diary is the lifeblood of the book; by accepting this from the start, Tomalin dismisses the complexities that dogged earlier biographers. At times, her annotated renarration of the diaries leaves the reader missing the ebullient prose of the original. Tomalin might have allowed Pepys's voice to appear, unmediated, more often, without losing her authority as guide.
But hers is one solution to the difficulties of writing a life of Pepys and she develops it persuasively. It produces a biography which is notable for its generosity to the Pepysian fan. Her conclusion returns the focus to the Pepys of popular lore: 'Both the most ordinary and the most extraordinary writer you will ever meet.'
Live Life in the Moment, and Relish Every Detail
By MICHIKO KAKUTANI
Illustrated. 470 pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $30.
Samuel Pepys, you could say, was the first modern man.
More than three centuries ago, when his contemporaries in England were keeping journals about their religious devotions, political beliefs or travels, Pepys was anatomizing himself in his Diaries with unblinking, ribald candor. Centuries before confessional autobiographies and television talk shows laid bare the modern psyche, this diligent civil servant, who eventually would become one of Britain's most eminent naval administrators, was dissecting his own pleasure-loving nature, laying bare his lusts, his ambitions, his avarice and the ups and downs of his tempestuous marriage, even as he was chronicling the extraordinary public events (from the fallout of the Restoration to the ravages of the plague and the Great Fire of 1666) that were remaking 17th-century London.
Less programmatic than Rousseau, more irreverent than Montaigne, Pepys created a self on paper that was part Falstaff, part Pickwick, part Warren Beatty in "Shampoo." By turns incorrigible and endearing, practical and romantic, shameless and courageous, Pepys possessed an endless curiosity about himself, convinced that his own personality, as Claire Tomalin writes in her exemplary new biography, was "not merely a legitimate but a valuable and glorious subject for exploration."
In "Samuel Pepys: The Unequaled Self," Ms. Tomalin, the author of a masterly biography of Jane Austen, has written the best work on Pepys since Robert Louis Stevenson's classic essay, published in 1881. Her writing is as supple and lively as Pepys's own, and by fleshing out the backdrop to his Diary writings, she has created the perfect bookend to his own rollicking self-portrait.
Like many readers, she is clearly charmed by Pepys, occasionally appalled by his shameless catting about (bedding his wife's maids and a host of other women, while professing to be disgusted by the sexual profligacy of others), but in the end won over by his candor and refusal to rationalize his behavior. The Pepys who emerges from this book, not surprisingly, is very much the Pepys of the Diary, though in this case the bold outlines of his character are subtly shaded in with additional details and colors.
In Ms. Tomalin's portrait he is a "lecher and liar," as he himself realized, but also "a skeptic and a humanist": a hypocrite and climber, but also a practical man of the world, capable of enormous bravery and pluck (living with chronic pain from kidney stones and undergoing a horrifying operation without anesthesia to remove one) and a dogged survivor, who somehow managed to surf decades of political upheaval.
"Pepys's life was a drama from start to end," Ms. Tomalin writes. "It had its ordeals by sickness, passion, fire, bereavement, imprisonment, false accusation and revolution, and it was played out against the most disturbed years in England's history, a period as intellectually thrilling as it was dangerous and bloody." Pepys had too much energy, however, "to let tragedy be the mode of his life for long," and "he was too much of an individualist, with a sense of his own destiny to pursue." Pepys's youthful bouts of illness left him with a ferocious ability to live in the present moment: to grab what happiness and pleasure he could, even as plague and political cacophony raged around him.
As Ms. Tomalin observes: "More than once he says in the course of the Diary that it is right to enjoy the world while you can, because there will be times when you will not be able to. His authentic self is always so taken up with the immediate that he is quite unconcerned with glorifying his part in defending his country, and much more interested in conveying the texture and character of the world in which he is perpetually meeting new and exciting people and hearing and doing surprising things."
Ms. Tomalin does a nimble job of narrating the bildungsroman that was Pepys's life: his childhood as the son of a tailor and wash maid; his passionate pursuit of and marriage to a 14-year-old girl named Elizabeth, who would become his sparring partner and muse; his rapid rise, thanks to talent and lucky patronage, from lowly clerk to intimate of the powerful; and his evolution from youthful republican to diligent servant of the monarchy.
She gives us novelistic portraits of Pepys's lovers and patrons and friends, conjuring up the noisy, populous world he inhabited in 17th-century London. And she briskly and authoritatively sketches in the history of these tumultuous times, times in which being on the wrong side, in politics or religion, could mean arrest and execution. The paradox of his career, Ms. Tomalin notes, was that Pepys, a parliamentarian by temperament, "found himself trapped on the wrong side, professionally bound to kings whose ambition was doomed and patronage poisoned."
In 1669, as his eye problems worsened, Pepys put aside his Diary, leaving readers of his masterpiece suddenly stranded, with only parliamentary records, naval papers and occasional letters and notes to chart the rest of his life. Ms. Tomalin deftly fills in those remaining years, connecting the emotional dots while supplying the reader with the same compelling mix of the private and public, the momentous and trivial that animated Pepys's masterpiece.
Illustrated. 470 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. $30.
'Samuel Pepys': The Man Behind the Diaries
By CHARLES McGRATH
Who remembers Samuel Pepys anymore? Of all the dead white males who used to throng the anthologies and the English lit syllabus, Pepys (1633-1703) is now among the deadest, relegated to footnotes and to trivia questions about the correct pronunciation of his name. (It rhymes with cheeps.) In today's literary climate, there are lots of reasons for benching Pepys -- he was a political chameleon, nasty to the servants, and a serial groper and philanderer -- but the most compelling may be that he's such an anomaly. He comes out of nowhere -- writing only for himself, in a form of his own invention -- and he doesn't lead anywhere either. By the time his work was discovered, a century later, he was a curiosity but not an ''influence.'' Yet the decline in Pepys's reputation only makes Claire Tomalin 's engaging new biography all the more remarkable: she not only brings him back to vibrant life, but makes a powerful case that he's more central, more ''relevant,'' than we ever imagined.
Pepys had two great accomplishments. He was the creator, in effect, of the modern British Navy, and to this day naval historians so revere him that they regard the other Pepys, the literary one, as an embarrassment and a distraction. He was also a compulsive diarist. Starting on New Year's Day in 1660 (when he was 26), he faithfully wrote down, in a shorthand code, a day-by-day account of everything he saw, felt or heard for the next nine years. The completed diary fills six 282-page notebooks; it's the longest, most personal account we have of life in the 17th century, and also an invaluable eyewitness account of some of the most seismic events in English history: the Restoration (Pepys was in the boat that went to fetch Charles II from the Netherlands), the plague of 1665, the Great Fire the following year and the Dutch raids the year after that. Bracketing the diary are the years of the Civil War and the Protectorate (Pepys as a schoolboy watched the king's execution) and, later, the Glorious Revolution of 1688, during which Pepys, who remained a staunch Jacobite, was briefly imprisoned on suspicion of treason. Few literary figures have lived through more interesting, or more treacherous, times.
Pepys, as Tomalin points out, was hardly the first person to write a diary, but most earlier diaries were written for a specific purpose -- usually religious (as an aid to spiritual bookkeeping) or to record travel and sightseeing. It's not really clear what prompted Pepys to begin his diary, unless it was just a vague intimation that he was living on the eve of great events, but the diary quickly became its own purpose and justification. Pepys kept track of everything: his assignations, his finances, his business deals, his conversations with the king (and erotic dreams about the queen), his hangovers, his bowel movements and ejaculations, his fears and hopes and imaginings, his frequent tiffs with his wife.
Borrowing a phrase from Robert Louis Stevenson (who read the diary after it was decoded and published in close to a full version in 1879), Tomalin subtitles her book ''The Unequalled Self,'' and suggests that over the course of the diary we can watch the evolution of something like a modern version of selfhood. This is certainly true in the sense that Pepys held nothing back, but he's also the least reflective and self-conscious diarist imaginable. We get none of the soul-searching, the self-examination -- the sense of a personality under construction -- that turns up, say, in Boswell's journals, just a generation or two later. There's something almost childlike in Pepys's essential self-delight and in his undifferentiated avidity for experience.
Nor is Pepys a particularly great prose stylist, certainly not by 17th-century standards, which prized cleverness and ornament. The diary contains numerous set pieces -- such as the descriptions of the coronation of Charles II (where Pepys got so drunk he passed out and woke up in his own ''spew''), of the fire and the plague -- which he clearly took some time and trouble over. But there are great stretches that are written in, well, diaryese: up early and to work . . . away to My Lord So-and-So's . . . dine with Sir Such-and-Such . . . conversation with Mr. Somebody or other . . . was mighty merry . . . and so on, until at the end of a long day he closes with his trademark phrase ''and so to bed.'' Except for Tomalin and the Pepys professionals, it's safe to say, few people recently have read all six volumes straight through. (If you want to try, they're on the Internet, as part of the Gutenberg project; there is also a convenient abridgment, edited by Robert Latham.) For a long time, the sexy bits were expurgated, and most of them turn out to have been written in a kind of code-within-the-code, a pidgin of French, Latin and Spanish that today reads like the fevered jottings of a horny and nerdy high schooler. (Pepys was raised as a Puritan, we need to remember.) Here he is on Nov. 16, 1667, talking about riding with a servant girl in a coach, and how after great effort he succeeded in making her ''tener mi cosa in her mano while mi mano was sobra su pectus, and so did hazer with great delight.'' Elsewhere he is always trying to ''toca'' someone's ''jupes'' or thighs, or else attempting to ''poner'' his ''main'' someplace it doesn't belong, as on the awful day when his wife found him feeling up her maid. ''I was at a wonderful loss upon it,'' Pepys wrote, ''and the girl also.''
But the seeming artlessness, and even occasional crudeness, of the diaries turn out to be their greatest strength. Pepys was not a brilliant thinker, or even an especially good shaper of experience, but he was a superb noticer, and picked up on things that others overlooked -- the king's dog, for example, relieving himself in the bottom of the Royal Barge; or the pigeons, during the Great Fire, who were ''loath to leave their houses, but hovered about the windows and balconies till they were some of them burned their wings, and fell down.'' In short, he was a great reporter, at a time when reporting as we know it hadn't really been invented, and his writing, direct and unmediated, has the virtue of instant credibility. Reading Pepys we intuitively sense that we're getting the genuine version, a true feeling for what life really was like back then.
Tomalin's last book was a biography of Jane Austen, about whom we know next to nothing. Here she has the opposite problem -- Pepys's is one of the best documented lives ever -- and she has solved it by adopting, for the most part, a thematic rather than a chronological approach, with individual chapters devoted to his marriage, his work, his relationship with the king, his career in Parliament, his membership in the Royal Society and so on. This results in occasional repetition, and requires a couple of awkward flashbacks or leaps forward; some of Tomalin's summarizing, moreover, comes at the expense of actual quotation. You don't always hear as much of Pepys himself as you would like, especially on two of his favorite subjects, music and the theater.
On the other hand, Tomalin is a brilliant summarist, with a Pepys-like gift of her own for evoking the sights, sounds and smells of 17th-century London, and she has performed an invaluable service by so patiently and carefully sifting through mounds of documentation in order to bring us back the good stuff. She has restored to us the whole Pepys, not just the young man who wrote the diary, and we can now follow the full trajectory of his life, including the many political scrapes the shrewd older bureaucrat had to dodge. (He had made a lifelong enemy of the Earl of Shaftesbury, for example, who never tired of trying to smear him.) Tomalin also reveals that after the death of his wife, Pepys carried on a 33-year affair with a younger woman named Mary Skinner; though semi-secret, the relationship proved in many ways more satisfying and less fraught than his marriage. (Surprisingly, for someone who slept around so much, Pepys never fathered any children, possibly because of a horrific kidney-stone operation he underwent as a young man.)
In Tomalin's telling, Pepys turns out to be the first modern success story: a poor but talented and ambitious young man who, by dint of luck, connections and hard work, rises to the top of his profession. He becomes, in Tom Wolfe's phrase, a ''Master of the Universe'' -and takes both pride and immense and infectious delight in all the perks that come with that exalted state: the money, the apartment, the clothes, the meals, the girlfriends, the rich and important connections.
Pepys's father was a barely literate tailor, his mother a laundress, and it's doubtful that he would have got on at all in life were it not for the intervention of a wealthy cousin, Edward Montagu (later the Earl of Sandwich), who saw to it that he got an education and eventually a job as clerk in Cromwell's government. Montagu was an ardent Puritan and republican, one of Cromwell's right-hand advisers, but as the Rump Parliament fell apart after Cromwell's death, he secretly and expeditiously began negotiations with the exiled Prince Charles. When the moment was right, he changed his stripes and became a royalist. Most of England eagerly did the same, including Montagu's 26-year-old protege; it was a moment, Tomalin suggests, comparable to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the cold war.
Montagu was given a peerage and appointed Master of the King's Wardrobe; he got Pepys an appointment with the Navy Board. This was the single luckiest stroke of Pepys's life, and it was the making of him. The navy at that time was the biggest industry and the biggest employer in all of England, and Pepys proved to be brilliant at his job, the first naval administrator to keep accurate and useful records and to codify standards and procedures. He was, even in today's terms, a workaholic; by 17th-century standards he was a marvel of energy and efficiency. Most of his peers worked to live; Pepys lived to work, and the diary is full of accounts of early rising and long hours, of getting up in the middle of the night to rush back to the office. The job came with a house, a good salary and, just as important, an opportunity not for bribes, exactly (though he accepted those too), but for ''considerations.'' Pepys was shrewd with a pound, and soon became well off.
Some of his money he spent on himself, on clothes and wigs. (He was one of the first Englishmen to adopt the French custom of wearing a peruke, which explains why in his surviving portraits he always has on an enormous and weighty-looking hairpiece.) He poured even more money into home improvements; his house, on Seething Lane, was usually filled with joiners, plasterers, painters, upholsterers and floor-layers, all of whose comings and goings are faithfully noted in the diary. As he got on in the world, Pepys took up dancing, and even hired a private teacher (who flirted so shamelessly with Mrs. Pepys that it drove him mad with jealously). He gave lavish dinner parties and was a regular at court, where the king joked with him and called him by name. In his spare time he called on his reliable old flames Betty Lane and Mrs. Bagwell, the wife of a ship's carpenter, and also tried his luck with any serving girl or housemaid who came within range.
And all the while he was writing it down. Most of us, at one time or another, have imagined ourselves as actors in the drama (or sitcom) of our own lives. Pepys had the nerve to cast himself as the central player in an epic -- the story not only of his life but of his times -- and it's a story that fascinated him every bit as much as it fascinates us. He abandoned the diary when he was 36 because he was worried about his eyesight. He twice made a stab at starting up again, but these later diaries have none of the energy of the original. ''Something essential was missing,'' Tomalin writes, ''some grit that had caused him to produce his pearl.'' Or it may be that by then he had arrived, and there was nothing left to prove. Being one of the most important men in London wasn't just a thrilling part to play -- it was who he had become.
Charles McGrath is the editor of the Book Review.
Samuel Pepys did not, in fact, tell us everything
by Philip Hensher
The Diary of Samuel Pepys
edited by Robert Latham and William Matthews
University of California Press
In October 24, 1662, a man sat down to dinner in his house in London with his wife. They were in a very good mood; that morning the man had found it hard to get out of bed to go to work, and the two of them had indulged in a good long lecherous dawdle between the sheets, dozing, pawing, and lazily romping. It was a Friday, and our Londoner turned up at the office late and shouted at his subordinates about their bookkeeping. By midafternoon he was putting himself outside a gigantic dinner; it was an odd sort of dish he was eating, a stew of tripe with mustard, but he was enjoying it a great deal. Maybe it wasn't really all that delicious, but it was exactly the same dish that he had recently eaten at a very grand dinner party. So they ate the lot.
Dinners were eaten all across the world on October 24, 1662, but it is fair to say that only the Recording Angel knows, or could ever know, about more than half a dozen of them. This dinner we do know about: we know what they ate, why they ate it, why they enjoyed it, why they were in a good mood with each other. And we happen to know lots of other things about the circumstances in which they sat and ate tripe: how much money they had at that moment, what their house looked like, how good their health was.Not one of these circumstances could be considered important in any obvious way; each has the quality, instead, of being interesting, which is much stranger and much harder to achieve. We know about the socially aspiring dish of tripe and the randy morning because the man wrote it all down.
Commentators on Samuel Pepys always ask why he suddenly abandoned his Diary in 1669, but the much bigger question is this: Why did he begin it? Why, for nearly ten years, did he record, in rich detail, the circumstances and the events of his life? On the surface there is an explanation. The Diary begins at a time in English history that was obviously of great moment: Cromwell's Commonwealth was collapsing and the exiled King Charles II was preparing to return. Pepys was close to the center of events, and in a position to observe the players in an extraordinary drama; in the years to follow he became a figure of considerable power and authority. To that extent his contemporaries would have understood exactly why he should set down a record of events.
It is important to remember, however, that the seventeenth and, indeed, the eighteenth century knew absolutely nothing of Pepys's Diary. Written in shorthand, none of which was deciphered until the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was not published in full until after World War II. (The Diary of Samuel Pepys, edited by Robert Latham and William Matthews, is the best edition now available.) The Diary would in fact almost certainly have baffled Pepys's contemporaries; there is no precedent and no parallel for what Pepys actually did. Others did something superficially similar; among works that are still read, perhaps the closest are the court memoirs of Lord Hervey and those of Saint-Simon. Like Pepys, these men found themselves in a position to observe powerful figures intimately; also like Pepys, both were driven by an urge to expose the failures and weaknesses they saw in princes. But there the resemblance stops. Saint-Simon and Hervey automatically referred to themselves in the third person, and it wouldn't have occurred to either of them to tell us what he had for dinner. They wrote decades after Pepys, but they could never have understood what Pepys was doing.
Pepys didn't explain his purpose, and perhaps he, too, found his urge inexplicable. If, like Saint-Simon's detailed journal of the last years of Louis XIV's court and the Regency, the Diary is in part a romance of public life, the great bulk of it, and its greatest appeal, is on the tripe-and-mustard level. The oddest fact about the Diary becomes apparent when one sets it not against other journals of historical record but against journals that explore the self, whether in this period or subsequently: Pepys wrote a great deal about himself, as many of his contemporaries wrote about themselves, privately or publicly; but his considerations and dramatizations of his consciousness and behavior have almost no spiritual or mystical aspect. Even John Evelyn's diary, which is very engaging, never escapes from the temptation to moralize. Religious questions, one feels, became urgent for Pepys only when they took on a political or a social significance�as perhaps they did when his enemies in the House of Commons started calling him a practicing Roman Catholic.
Pepys was pretty well the only writer at this time who demonstrated that there was such a thing as a secular, worldly way to interrogate an individual life and an individual character; the difference between the self-analysis in Pepys and that in, say, the Religio Medici of Sir Thomas Browne is huge. To come to Pepys after laboriously assembling an appreciation for Browne is to have the sensation of coming out of a ramshackle and dusty provincial museum into a brilliantly sunlit and crowded street.
From the archives:
"Bozzy's Life" (September 2001)
A dazzling portrait of James Boswell as a literary artist. By Miranda Seymour
he biggest oddity in Pepys, and the real core of his undying fascination, is something one doesn't pretend to be able to explain. He wrote endlessly about himself, about his life, about his house and his friends and his ambitions. He examined himself, and he reported exactly what he had done each day, even if he had only eaten some tripe or seen a play. (The reader should know that in exploring that particular day in October of 1662 I took a passage completely at random. Pepys was interested in everything, and everything in the Diary is interesting.) One concludes that he was deeply absorbed by his own life and character, but the Diary is the opposite of solipsistic. Set it next to Boswell's journals, or Benjamin Haydon's, and the difference is immediately apparent. Pepys seems to have been focused primarily on the world, the external circumstances of his society, and in the Diary the "I" strikes us as a character like any other. Just as in Gulliver's Travels, or Defoe, or Dickens, or Proust, no special privilege or indulgence is permitted to the wielder of the first person singular; we feel that Pepys watched himself quite neutrally.
To our eyes, London in 1660 would seem a little city. Its western edge was marked by Goring House, where Buckingham Palace is now; building stopped short of modern-day Oxford Street to the north, and London had yet to expand substantially south of the Thames. The Tower of London was the easternmost point. The society of this little city had a kind of unity and, despite a rigid caste system, an intimacy; royalty and the upper aristocracy were conspicuous presences. The minute and insignificant details, the relaxed and unimpressed way in which he unflinchingly recorded the foibles and mannerisms and the wanderings in and out of the greatest of men, somehow combine to give an accurate impression of the rhythms and scale of Pepys's London. Every other great evocation of London is for some reason misleading; it is startling to look at early maps of the metropolis after reading Pope, or Blake, or De Quincey, or even Dickens, and see how quickly the town gave way to fields. Pepys's London, on the other hand, seems exactly the size it really was, and from that one can draw the correct conclusion that here we have a writer who can be trusted.
If the Diary is from one point of view an absolutely faithful account of a long-lost society, it is nevertheless not antiquarian in style or appeal. Repeatedly, Pepys strikes us as a great realist novelist, born centuries too early. In part this is down to the subject of the Diary�the story of a smart young man clambering up in society by means of his wits and charm. It is not at all a seventeenth-century subject but one for Thackeray or Balzac. Pepys's commitment to recording the totality of experience would not really be matched until Ulysses and the diaries of Virginia Woolf. A chronology could be drawn up of the moments when the English novel entered successive rooms in the ordinary bourgeois house: in the nineteenth century it ventured out of the drawing room into the kitchen, and then into the bedroom, and at the beginning of the twentieth century into the bathroom and the privy. It was a slow process of annexation. Pepys, long before, had gone everywhere, and had told us everything. Virginia Woolf wrote once in her diary that "if the British spoke openly about W.C's, & copulation, then they might be stirred by universal emotions." Yes, indeed, the reader of Pepys may conclude.
A passion for details, however insignificant or undignified, is what seems to take Pepys out of his time. There are many celebrated instances of this curious quality in him, and it is worth saying that in most cases the observations would have seemed grossly indecorous to his contemporaries. One of the Diary's most magnificent set pieces is the return of Charles II. Pepys was in one of the boats in the flotilla. "I went, and Mr. Mansell and one of the King's footmen, with a dog that the King loved (which shit in the boat, which made us laugh and me think that a King and all that belong to him are but just as others are)." The incontinent dog is a brilliantly improper presence in an account of a great historical occasion, and exactly the sort of thing Gogol would use to great effect. The interesting thing about this passage, which occurs very early in the Diary, is that one can see a certain loss of nerve; Pepys was torn between his instincts and the literary dictates of the time. No one else would even have mentioned the dog, but Pepys drew a not very convincing moral from it in a nod to propriety. That nervousness quickly disappears before the wonderful confidence of the Diary, which lies in Pepys's certainty that his observations were diverting on their own terms.
The two sections of the Diary that readers always remember are the accounts of the Great Plague, in 1665, and the Great Fire, in 1666. The passages proceed by the novelist's technique of amassing tiny, exact observations; and like the greatest nineteenth-century novelists, Pepys always gives the sense that he could go on looking after most people would have preferred to close their eyes. Sometimes it could be Conrad writing�as when, for instance, Pepys walked through London at the height of the plague and wrote, "But now, how few people I see, and those walking like people that had taken leave of the world." The section on the Great Fire is a justly celebrated tour de force, and again, in its extraordinary and unprecedented technique, leaps the centuries into something that trembles on the verge of the high Dickensian manner. There is no distance at all between the following famous observation and the description of the Gordon Riots in Barnaby Rudge:
Everybody endeavouring to remove their goods, and flinging into the River or bringing them into lighters that lay off. Poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into boats or clambering from one pair of stair by the water-side to another. And among other things, the poor pigeons I perceive were loath to leave their houses, but hovered about the windows and balconies till they were some of them burned, their wings, and fell down.
From a seventeenth-century perspective, everything here is a deplorable breach of literary manners: the undignified interest in inessentials, the failure to assert any kind of moral about people's scrabbling after their possessions, and the eccentric, unpolished syntax ("till they were some of them burned, their wings, and fell down"). Not until Dickens would anyone else exploit the expressive potential of syntax like this, or demonstrate that the reader won't really feel the human horror of a catastrophe until he has been shown how the poor pathetic pigeons behaved.
It is worth stressing Pepys's astonishing modernity, since he has somehow acquired the reputation of a cozy read of mild, olde worlde charm. His brisk, vivid, clean style often surprises first-time readers: "But Lord, what a Hypocrite-like face she made to tell it me," he groaned about some boring anecdote Lady Batten told him. If that is not a modern sentence, it is certainly the sentence of a writer with a modern ambition�to write as men talk. His story, too, seems a modern one, and his preoccupations�lechery, food, money, and music�are much the same as ours; his technique and his way with a really funny story resemble Gogol's much more than any of his contemporaries'. Even more modern than Gogol is the story of Pepys's getting so drunk after the coronation that he was sick all over himself, which is exactly like listening to an account of some undergraduate debauchery.
Of course, it will not do to treat Pepys entirely as our contemporary, and sometimes one realizes with a jolt that he was not very much like us at all. On June 21, 1662, he apparently spent much of the day whipping his houseboy for drinking the whey of the milk, and signed off by complaining how tired his arm was when he went to bed. He was alarmingly attracted by public hangings. His interests in general seem so worldly that it is always astonishing when one realizes that Pepys, like everyone else in his day, took religion very seriously. And his life was lived in circumstances so different from ours that the stylistic modernity of the Diary is rather misleading; in particular, there is no conceivable way that any man of Pepys's time could have the same sanguine view of his health that a man today has. All his life Pepys celebrated the anniversary of a successful operation to remove a "stone" from his bowels. That he recorded the intimate details of his illnesses and his wife's appalling genital sores is evidence not of an obsession with illness but simply of the way people thought at a time when medicine had not advanced greatly beyond Aristotle.
The sense of someone like us, of a universal quality, in Pepys is really only half the story. The Diary is not just an intimate, observant record of an individual life but a grand political drama told by a significant player. Of great writers in English, Pepys is, after Disraeli and John Buchan, among the most important in this sense. His was a brilliant career: he reformed and rationalized the navy, and established the basis for the formidable fighting force of the next 250 years. There are telling glimpses of Pepys's ruthless professionalism in the Diary�his labors over accounting procedures, his contempt for any sign of slackness or incompetence whether in his junior clerks, in his superiors, or in the King (the running commentary on the King's embarrassing inability to rise to any formal occasion is on its own worth the price of admission). He must have been terrifying; when a subordinate started whining about staying late at the office, Pepys had no compunction in resorting to threats and blackmail, saying mildly how surprised he was, having always heard great things about the gentleman's assiduity when he was working for the late regicides.
Although Pepys's contemporaries would not have been surprised to learn that so important and influential a man had recorded the events of his life, they would have found it odd that what posterity values in his journal is trivial things. In that sense, perhaps, they would have been better readers of him than we are; they would have valued much in the Diary that we pass over.
Some writers' lives are so closely bound to a classic account that any modern biographer starts at a disadvantage. Biographers of Johnson, of Rousseau, of Berlioz, have to live with an impossible competitor. Pepys's life falls very firmly into this category, even though the Diary covers only nine years of it. If anyone can overcome this great difficulty, it is Claire Tomalin . For some reason Englishwomen are unrivaled in the field; Hilary Spurling, Diana Souhami, Victoria Glendinning, and many others may look at the genre and be reminded of what Quintilian said about the Romans and satire: "Satura quidem tota nostra est."
From the archives:
"A Writer Who Is Good for You" (January 1998)
Lee Siegel reviews biographies of Jane Austen by Claire Tomalin and David Nokes. No more elaborate recommendation is needed than Tomalin's name. In her previous biographies she has set out the lives of some very disparate figures with unfailing patience and an imaginative sympathy that verges on the uncanny; her lives of Mary Wollstonecraft, Katherine Mansfield, the actress Mrs. Jordan, are all unforgettable, and her last biography, a life of Jane Austen, was a breathtaking feat. Any life of Austen must be written on terrifyingly slender evidence, like a life of Shakespeare; this one gave readers the dizzying impression of standing behind Austen's desk, observing her at the moment of creation.
Tomalin's Samuel Pepys faces the opposite problem. We know pretty well what Pepys was doing every day from 1660 to 1669, and everything confirms that his account is not just accurate and truthful in almost every respect but guilty of very few omissions. Subsequently, too, Pepys was so prominent a figure that an enormous body of evidence about his life and career survives. All this gives a biographer enough material for a work like Arthur Bryant's three-volume biography from the 1930s�the sort of heart-sinking groaner that might as well begin with the sentence "Call me magisterial." Claire Tomalin 's life, on the other hand, is a magnificent triumph. Her research has been not just scrupulously thorough but dazzlingly imaginative.
The single most impressive thing about this fresh, serious book is that after finishing it, one suddenly reflects that at no moment did one ask the question that ought, surely, to hang over any biography of Pepys: "What is this really adding to what the Diary tells us?" It is impossible to believe that a biographer could expect to do anything more than fill in the events of Pepys's life up to 1660 and generally summarize and concur with his account of 1660 to 1669 (which is the part of his life any reader will be most interested in). The later events must be told, but after the death of his wife, Elizabeth, most of what we know about him involves his work, with only occasional tantalizing glimpses of the familiar unbuttoned personality.
The brilliance of Tomalin's previous biographies has lain in their unfailingly tactful and plausible speculations on sometimes very limited evidence. Indeed, one starts to think that what fascinates and tempts her most is gaps and absences�what her subjects have not spoken and will not speak about. The pre- and post-Diary phases of Pepys's life, which obviously require such speculation, are brilliantly believable in this book, particularly when Tomalin feels her way toward an idea of what Pepys's relations were like with his post-1670 companion, Mary Skinner, and draws the outlines of Skinner's character. It was the longest relationship of Pepys's life, but we know almost nothing about it. Tomalin puts together a few scraps of evidence, tentatively and imaginatively explores the implications, and then stops, admitting the impropriety of venturing any further. It is supremely respectful and convincing.
That fascination and expert resourcefulness in dealing with gaps, with the unspoken, with the unrecorded, yields an absolutely stunning stretch when we come to the great challenge for the biographer: the years of the Diary itself. She draws back from narrative and instead supplies a very satisfying blend of biography, literary analysis, and expansion of the ideas, assumptions, and beliefs in the Diary. There is a series of perceptive insights into the way Pepys structured a story; there are isolated explorations of the way Pepys wrote about the King and other individual actors, and returned to themes, such as jealousy, illness, and marriage; there are proper, serious arguments with Pepys's habitual behavior of the sort in which every reader will occasionally indulge. But the most inspired passages in this biography are explorations of absences. In particular, Tomalin is drawn to contemplate the unheard voices of Pepys's women; the letters Elizabeth wrote, which are lost, are held up to us like shining Christmas parcels, never to be opened. In one wonderful chapter the lives of three overlooked women, all named Jane, are assembled from just enough scattered fragments to reconstruct their voices, and to provide what a biographer ought to long for�a new perspective from which to observe and consider the subject's behavior. In a bold, angry flight of the imagination, Tomalin sees exactly what Pepys must have looked like to these shadowy and transient players in the drama of his life. One of them was a clever and confident servant, condemned to a constrained existence; she and another Jane were unwelcome recipients of Pepys's sexual attention. Most readers of the Diary lazily go along with Pepys's version of himself as an amateurish fumbler, always comically frustrated in his attempts at seduction. But in these portraits and in another, that of Betty Michell, Tomalin coldly refuses this cheerful image, and constructs the situation from the woman's point of view. She grimly recounts how Betty Michell helplessly endured Pepys's insistent assaults; she had no alternative if so powerful and influential a man insisted, and both she and her husband must have known that their lives might depend on Pepys's continuing good will. Tomalin has shored up just enough ground on which to stand and look at the man with someone else's eyes. It is a prodigious feat of sympathy, and of clear, cold analysis.
Here, and throughout this biography, we get the exhilarating sense that we were mistaken after all. Pepys did not, in fact, tell us everything, despite appearances. An ordinarily accomplished biographer might aim as high as stripping Pepys of his cozy fireside reputation and showing us a young man on the make, with anxieties and ordinary human worries�and Tomalin does all this extremely well. But it takes an exceptional biographer to go so confidently beyond the apparent totality of daily experience presented in Pepys's Diary.
Journal Of A London Life
In his famous diary, Samuel Pepys observed everything from the Great Fire of 1666 to his own trips to the bathroom
By Matthew Price
Matthew Price is a writer in Brooklyn.
November 10, 2002
SAMUEL PEPYS: The Unequalled Self, by Claire Tomalin . Knopf, 470 pp., $30.
An intimate, candid record of a man and his city, "The Diary of Samuel Pepys" is strikingly modern. When he began scribbling on Jan. 1, 1660, Pepys was setting out into unknown territory. As English biographer Claire Tomalin writes in her engaging new life, "Pepys started off wanting to write something without quite knowing what it was."
There were other diarists, but what distinguishes him are his keen forays onto the terrain of his own personality. The Pepys of the diary was a spectator not only of the crazed hurly-burly of Restoration England, but also of the flawed grandeur of his character. He did not try to hide his imperfections; there were simply too many. Yet far from putting us off him, his flaws make him all the more likable. Rare is the reader who isn't charmed by his playful curiosity, or moved by his searching self-appraisals.
The diary mixes the trivial and the profound, from the great events of the 1660s - the plague of 1665, the great fire of 1666 - to the minute particulars of Pepys' life. "Just about every aspect of his behavior is set out, from his working practices and his professional and moral struggles to his bowel movements and ejaculations," Tomalin notes. (Little made him blush.) His great subject was himself, but the diary is not simply an act of vanity. While Pepys resides firmly at the center, all around him swirl kings and courtiers, barmaids and beggars, clerks and cads. He writes a portrait of an age. One of the great Londoners of all time, his pages teem with London life; how fitting that he lived for several years on Seething Lane.
In Tomalin, Pepys has found an ideal biographer. Judicious and nonjudgmental, she is clearly fond of her subject. In an age of bloated literary biography, her narrative is lean and concise without feeling the least bit skimpy. This is in no small part due to Tomalin's efficient style; her prose has both vividness and economy. Still, any biographer of Pepys has her work cut out for her: The diary covers only 10 years of its author's long life. (He died at 70.) Though Tomalin has made good use of Pepys' voluminous official papers and other sources, her narrative of his later years lacks some of the vibrancy of her account of the 1660s, the decade of the diary.
Pepys was born in 1633, just off Fleet Street, in the heart of bustling London. His father was a tailor; his mother a washerwoman. Though his parents were of humble standing, the Pepys name was actually distinguished. Through family connections, the young Pepys secured a place at a grammar school outside of London, where he stayed for about a year. After returning to London to finish his schooling, Pepys entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, in 1651. The record of these years is somewhat scant: Tomalin has had to guess in a few places. But her command of the complex politics of the era, which profoundly influenced Pepys' fortunes, is impressive.
Pepys grew up during the fraught years of the English Civil War (1642-1651), when the forces of Oliver Cromwell fought against those of Charles I, who was overthrown. The young Pepys was no royalist; he welcomed Cromwell's reign. He had family connections to the new regime: His cousin, Edward Montagu (later Lord Sandwich), was a rising star in Cromwellian circles. After his graduation, Pepys went into service as a private secretary for his cousin, around 1655; that year, he also met and married Elizabeth St. Michel, an Anglo-French girl some seven years his junior. In 1656, he took on a second job as a clerk in the Exchequer.
Young and gainfully employed, he ran with a gang of fellow clerks, whom he dubbed the "old Crew." They caroused in taverns and debated politics in coffee houses. A man of pleasure, Pepys took delight wherever he found it. He also had a keen eye for the ladies, which drove poor Elizabeth into rages. (The diary is, among other things, a pained record of his marital flare-ups, which were frequent.) "He got pleasure from the chase itself, stealing a kiss, touching a ... thigh, getting his hand under a petticoat," Tomalin writes. As a seducer, however, he was often a failure. By Tomalin's account (she does the math), during the diary years, he succeeds with only three or four women - out of some 20.
The year 1660, when Pepys' diary opens, was a watershed not only for England, but for Pepys himself. A new king - Charles II - sat on the throne, and the 27-year-old Pepys moved into a new position as clerk on the Navy Board. Pepys' subsequent success there would be his second claim to fame: A great reformer and brilliant planner, he was the primary architect of the modern British navy. Yet he never took to the sea. He was an organizer, not an adventurer: "The romance of the navy came to him not through wind, water and tides but through papers, contracts and ledgers, rows of figures and dockyards visits."
The 1660s were largely a decade of professional triumph for Pepys. The diary shows a man of enormous industry - he is almost always at work (though he finds a lot of time to lay in bed, too). He was an intimate in the court of the king and an adviser to his brother, the Duke of York. But two public calamities - plague and fire - were a double blow to the city. Pepys' accounts of these two events are justly famous; he was a natural journalist. Amid disaster, Pepys thrived. At the height of the plague, he notes on July 31, 1665, "Thus we end this month ... with the greatest glut of content that I ever had."
During these years, Pepys found himself caught up in many political intrigues. Former Cromwellians were compelled to make their peace with the new king. The political groupings were extremely fluid; allegiances were quickly made, then broken. Pepys was initially able to navigate these currents deftly; but anti-Catholic sentiment - and office politics - would nearly ruin him.
In the early '70s, he took a seat in Parliament, where he was menaced by his great nemesis, the aptly named Lord Shaftesbury, who harried Pepys for his connections to the Catholic Duke of York. In a crushing reversal, his house on Seething Lane, which survived the great fire, burned in 1673. (Thankfully, he was able to rescue the six volumes of the diary.) Pepys lived on until the end of the century, but we lose focus of him somewhat without his great diary, which ends on May 31, 1669.
Any biographer, like all of Pepys' readers, must wish that he had kept on going. Reading of his later years, one cannot help but recall a few of the last, sad words of his diary, for any Pepysian the saddest he ever wrote: "And thus ends all that I doubt I shall ever be able to do with my own eyes in the keeping of my journall."
The most famous civil servant ever
(Filed: 22/09/2002)
Max Hastings reviews Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self by Claire Tomalin
We know more about a government servant of the 17th century than about any other man who ever lived, not excluding Churchill, Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy. We are familiar with Samuel Pepys's bowel movements and emotions, his human relationships and infidelities, the fluctuations of his finances, and the vagaries of his professional fortunes.
The diary which he kept from 1660 to 1669 is an enchanting monument to vanity. Pepys was fascinated by himself. Each night as he wrote, he held a mirror to his own feelings and reactions, as well as to his doings. The diary, as Claire Tomalin puts it, "allows us to experience the world from inside his skin, and for all its huge, Shakespearean cast of characters, it is always a rhapsody on himself at the centre".
Pepys was born in 1633, son of a London tailor who lived off Fleet Street. He might have remained one of countless millions of extras in history but for a chain of accidents. There was just enough money in the family, and brains in this scholarship boy, to enable him to be educated at St Paul's and Magdalene College, Cambridge. He was a cousin of the Montagus, whose principal ornament, Edward, became a successful soldier for Parliament in the Civil War, emerged from it as a rising man, and remained one through the rule of Cromwell and into that of Charles II - with Pepys clerking at his coat tails.
In 1658, against the odds, Pepys survived the unspeakable operation for removal of a stone, which Tomalin describes vividly. The patient was bound, and a probe was inserted through his penis to locate the offending body. An incision was then made, the stone - as big as a tennis ball, in Pepys's case - was grasped with pincers and extracted. The patient, fainting with shock and pain - having suffered the experience without anaesthesia - afterwards endured weeks of suspense, to discover whether infection would kill him.
One theory about medical practice until the 19th century is that patients fared better in the early days of any month, if they were operated upon soon after a surgeon's instruments received their monthly wash. But Pepys was opened on March 26 and lived to celebrate the anniversary of the happy day for ever afterwards - and to record it.
The final miracle about his life was, of course, that his journal survived to be discovered 200 years later, published first in bowdlerised form and finally triumphantly in the 1970s in an unexpurgated edition.
The challenge for a biographer of Pepys is to better the account he has given of himself to history. The early chapters of Tomalin's book are obliged, inevitably, to make frequent play with the words "he must . . . ", to explore the geography and history of the world in which her subject grew up, filling the gaps in known facts. She does this very well, painting a convincing picture of rural Huntingdon, where he spent part of his boyhood with relations, of Civil War England, of 17th-century government clerking.
We know from his own words that Pepys attended, and applauded, Charles I's execution. But no man so joyfully self-indulgent could much have relished the cultural constraints of the Commonwealth. He welcomed the Restoration, the revival of his beloved theatre and of music, even if he deplored the decadence of Charles II and his court.
Thereafter, he rose with his Montagu patron - elevated to Lord Sandwich - and ultimately became Secretary of the Navy. It is impossible to assert that he was a pillar of moral or political courage, but the very banality of his trimming to maintain his career gives it charm. He rose to play a critical role in the development of the Royal Navy by passionate commitment and industry.
Not surprisingly, Tomalin's narrative shifts into much higher gear amid the years of the Diary. But she sets Pepys's experience in perspective with a sure touch, especially in writing of his marriage. I had always been inclined to regard his wife Elizabeth as a tiresome woman. This book persuades me first, that the storms and vacillations of the marriage were no worse than most, and second that Pepys's love for Elizabeth remained unbroken until her early death, even amid the pathos of his love for their servant girl Deb.
One of the most important influences of Pepys upon many of us is to render vivid the fear of God. Any man who lived through the Civil War, the Restoration, the Plague, the Great Fire, the Dutch bombardment of the Medway, the Catholic persecutions and the ministrations of the 17th-century medical profession was granted good and persistent reasons to invoke the mercy of a higher Being.
Even after the Diary ends, a biographer is on good ground, because by 1669 Pepys had become sufficiently a public figure to feature in state documents and in such private ones as Evelyn's diary. The eclipse of the Montagus and the rise of anti-Catholic fever swept Pepys from office, though he defended himself with skill and energy against the unjust charges of his enemies.
One accusation he could not shrug off, however, was that of hypocrisy. Pepys often inveighed against corruption, and indeed could claim credit for introducing to the Navy examinations for officers and a small degree of promotion by merit. But he had made himself a modestly rich man entirely through bribes and presents from Navy suppliers and those eager for advancement. Most notoriously, he enjoyed an affair with poor Mrs Bagwell at the incitement of her husband, an uncommonly cynical naval carpenter.
Tomalin declares, surely rightly, that the Diary is one of the critical texts of the English language. Pepys's genius in examining his own character and experience was matched by his boundless curiosity about science, the arts, and the entire world in which he lived. His reporting of the Great Fire is one of the great set-pieces of historical narrative and of course he played his own part by being the first to carry news of the conflagration to the King.
One suspects that if the Diary had continued, melancholy would have become a dominant theme in Pepys's later years. He suffered many setbacks, frustrations and even persecutions. He enjoyed the long companionship of Mrs Mary Skinner. We do not know why they did not marry. He became President of the Royal Society, and was much beloved by his friends. But he lacked the consolation of children, even if in his younger days he had not wanted them. William III had no use for such a prominent Stuart government servant. Many of his old fiends and colleagues pre-deceased him.
Tomalin tells the tale with all the skill she has shown in her earlier literary biographies. Her book should sit beside the peerless 10-volume edition of the Diary in every house where Pepys is revered. His faults and limitations are those of most of us, which is why the man, as well as his writing, inspires our love.
Max Hastings's new book, 'Editor', will be published next month by Macmillan.
M A G D A L E N E C O L L E G E
C A M B R I D G E
S A M U E L P E P Y S
The most famous diarist of them all
by Robert Latham
The best known of all the graduates of Magdalene is probably Samuel Pepys, who made his name immortal by his diary. He made a unique contribution to our national history by his work as a naval administrator, and he bequeathed to the College its greatest treasure - his library, a unique collection of 3,000 books and manuscripts, still preserved as he left it.
Samuel Pepys was born in Salisbury Court off Fleet Street in London, on 23 February 1633. His father, John, was a tailor who came from a family of good yeomen stock long-settled in Cambridgeshire. Pepys's Elizabethan great grandfather had married well and acquired the manor of Cottenham. Pepys was a boy of ability and, after a short spell during the Civil War at the grammar school in Huntingdon, he was sent to St Paul's School and thence, with a leaving Exhibition, to Magdalene in 1651. Here he was awarded a scholarship and took his degree in 1654. Possibly he meant to become a lawyer, but seeing the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of a republic, another career opened up for him.
Edward Montague, a distant relative, had become a Councillor of State under the Cromwellian Protectorate. He took Pepys into his service as a secretary. Shortly afterwards Pepys acquired a clerkship in the Exchequer. This job gave him a little money, and he married Elizabeth St Michel in 1655. In 1658 he moved to a house in Axe Yard, off King Street, near to the palace of Whitehall.
It was in this house that Pepys started to write his diary, at the age of 27. He was 36 when fear of losing his eyesight forced him to end it. In June 1660 he was appointed Clerk of the Acts to the Navy Board, a key post in what was probably the most important of all government departments - the royal dockyards.
Pepys's diary is not so much a record of events as a re-creation of them. Not all the passages are as picturesque as the famous set pieces in which he describes Charles II's coronation or the Great Fire of London, but there is no entry which does not, in some degree, display the same power of summoning back to life the events it relates.
Pepys's skill lay in his close observation and total recall of detail. It is the small touches that achieve the effect. Another is the freshness and flexibility of the language. Pepys writes quickly in shorthand and for himself alone. The words, often piled on top of each other without much respect for formal grammar, exactly reflect the impressions of the moment. Yet the most important explanation is, perhaps, that throughout the diary Pepys writes mainly as an observer of people. It is this that makes him the most human and accessible of diarists, and that gives the diary its special quality as a historical record.
Instead of writing a considered narrative, such as would be presented by the historian or biographer or autobiographer, Pepys shows us hundreds of scenes from life - civil servants in committee, MP's in debate, concerts of music, friends on a river outing. Events are jumbled together, sermons with amorous assignations, domestic tiffs with national crises.
The diary's contents are shaped also by another factor - its geographical setting. It is a London diary, with only occasional glimpses of the countryside. Yet as a panorama of the seventeenth-century capital it is incomparable, more comprehensive than Boswell's account of the London a century later because Pepys moved in a wider world. As luck would have it, Pepys wrote in the decade when London suffered two of its great disasters - the Plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of the following year. His descriptions of both - agonisingly vivid - achieve their effect by being something more than superlative reporting; they are written with compassion. As always with Pepys it is people, not literary effects, that matter.
The rest of Pepys's life after the spring of 1669 - some 34 years - is not recorded in the diary. To some extent it is recorded in history. He was Secretary to the Admiralty in 1673, and in the same year became a Member of Parliament. He commanded the naval organisation during the Dutch War of 1672-74, and was responsible for some important developments after it - a shipbuilding programme of unprecedented dimensions, and the introduction of half-pay for officers which, together with other reforms, laid the basis for a professional naval service for the first time in English history. He was President of the Royal Society from 1684-86.
Most of his leisure he now spent on his library. He intensified his search for books and prints, setting himself a target of 3000 volumes. Pepys and his library clerk devised a great three-volumed catalogue; collated Pepysian copies with those in other collections; adorned volume upon volume with exquisite title pages written calligraphically by assistants; pasted prints into their guard-books; and inserted indexes and lists of contents.
The work was in sight of completion by the time that his health began to deteriorate seriously in 1700, with renewed attacks of the stone. Only a handful of books remained to be bought to complete the scheme. In 1701 he moved to Clapham, where he died two years later, on 26 May 1703, his life's work done.
The library survives at Magdalene - to which it was bequeathed under stipulations that ensure that its contents remain intact and unaltered. It is still housed in the glazed bookcases that Pepys had had made for it by dockyard joiners over the years, and still arranged in the order in which he and his heir had left it. In the first of the bookcases, on the back row of the second shelf, are the volumes of the diary.
Pepys earned his place in history by his work for the navy, but perhaps these diary volumes, and the library containing them, are his most eloquent memorials. They speak, as no other relics can, of the man himself.
This brief monograph was one of the last from the pen of Robert Latham, who died early in 1995. He was a Fellow of Magdalene from 1972 to 1984 and an Honorary Fellow from 1984 to 1995. Few works of twentieth-century British scholarship can have evoked such pleasure as the Robert Latham and William Matthews edition of Samuel Pepys's Diary. Started in 1950, the new edition took more than 30 years to complete. Sir Arthur Bryant described the edition as "complete perfection", and Richard Crossman asserted that "the editors have achieved the impossible".
Pepys bio celebrates his everyday life
Reviewed by Carey Harrison
By Claire Tomalin
KNOPF; 448 PAGES; $30
Modern man, that peculiarly self-conscious, self-important person, has many celebrated and disputed origins. His birth has been traced in Shakespeare's work and in Rousseau's; you could argue that spiritual modernity began as late as the teachings of Freud or as early as the teachings of Jesus, with his emphasis on individual salvation. But few can dispute that in the annals of European literature, modern man raises his head and bawls in the modest person of Samuel Pepys of London, 17th century civil servant, husband, adulterer and diarist.
In Pepys' journal, private life becomes a stage on which, as Pepys shamelessly testifies, no emotion is too fleeting, no incident too trivial to record. With Pepys the invention of the modern diary takes place before our eyes, signifying something more momentous than all the private journals that preceded it. Now it is Pepys' fumbling quotidian self, uncensored, unimproved, that is the story, both the motive and the plot, not the events that our diarist encounters. Our diarist is the event, and humankind is locked toward a future where anonymity is failure.
In Claire Tomalin 's biography, "Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self," we are fortunate to have a wonderfully gifted and experienced author to play anti- Pepys and lead us through Pepys' world without undue authorial intrusion. On display throughout this magisterial book are Tomalin's thorough knowledge of her subject and the England he lived in, along with an elegance and concision that few historians could match.
Yet what defies explanation, even for a commentator as canny and well- informed as Tomalin, is the leap into the future made by a largely unremarkable 17th century Englishman, a leap of the spirit comparable in its way to the discoveries of Newtonian physics. Although Sir Isaac was one of the indubitable geniuses of history, no one could make such a claim for Sam Pepys. Indeed, Pepys' place in history, as the advance guard of a transformation in the idea of an individual life and its significance, is all the more startling for being a leap into the future of confessional writing made by a person with no remarkable tale to tell. Pepys was no explorer, no adventurer, no Casanova tallying seductions like home-run statistics. His terra incognita was the ordinary, his treasure the particulars of domestic life amid the stink and turmoil of a 17th century London house, painstaking accounts of domestic rows, quarrels at work, extramarital dalliances -- all chronicled in greater profusion and candor than ever before.
As ordinary as his life was, as the head of a prosperous London household, Pepys was hardly a 17th century everyman. Only the few were literate, and Pepys had risen from modest but well-connected beginnings through his own quick wits and aptitude for book learning. Ill health, often the doorway to introspection, dogged him from childhood onward. In a city where most children perished in infancy, Pepys' very survival is testimony to his dynamism. It brought him, in time, a measure of security and influence as a successful civil servant, and it placed him where he loved to be, in the swim among London's notables at a time of vivid events and vivid characters.
Cromwell and his Puritan revolution rose and fell in Pepys' lifetime, and the restoration of the royal court parted the waves of English life once more. Some die-hards sank with their cause, while others, such as Pepys, graduated seamlessly from youthful radical to practical politician. As a schoolboy, Pepys witnessed the beheading of Charles I, and as a grown man he attended Charles II's resumption of the throne. His insider's view of the century's leading lights is fascinating and convincing, yet this isn't why we read Pepys.
Nor are the details of 17th century domestic life Pepys' chief legacy. Historians, antiquarians and the insatiably curious can glean most of these facts elsewhere, from fellow diarists, from letters, paintings and other sources. No, we read Pepys with greedy fascination, holding our breath as if granted a glimpse into another world, for the sweet candor of his love life, for its comic failures, for its wonderfully reassuring witness to the perennial features of love and lust.
Day by day, his confessions reassure us that neither we nor Dr. Freud invented the inner toils and the tyranny of our passions; as he annotates his erotic misadventures, Pepys' use of linguistic disguises -- shorthand and mangled foreign words -- reminds us of the timeless embarrassments of the truth; while the fact that he cannot resist recording his private affairs, regardless of success or failure, reflects the vanity that makes us modern and consoles us. Here is the godfather of peccadilloes, our progenitor in narcissism. You have to love Samuel Pepys. He is us.
Carey Harrison's novels include "Egon" and "Richard's Feet."
Samuel Pepys After the Famous Diary
by Rob Hardy -- 07/10/2002
Samuel Pepys is well-known among historians for his illuminating diary. But he lived for many years after he penned his last entry -- what happened to him? This continuing story is now told in Samuel Pepys: A Life.
Stephen Coote
Samuel Pepys : A Life
The biographer of Samuel Pepys has an enormous problem. Pepys himself has given a huge block of information in his famous diary. It illuminates his life from age 27 to 36, in twelve massive volumes, and contains amazing reporting about Restoration England. Pepys was on hand to describe the plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of London, which he did with unforgettable vividness and feeling. He knew the day to day life of the court of Charles II, the taverns of fleet street, and the prostitutes of London. He had some sort of amorous endeavor almost daily, enjoying serving girls, prostitutes, and neighbors' wives, in a recreational fashion that might fit the image of a modern rock star. The detail about outside events is profuse, but Pepys's emotional candor is throughout the amazing foundation of the work. He was writing for himself, and would have been shocked to find his work a classic. This was a man who knew himself well, and put himself on the page, both pleased with his delights and openly (to his diary) embarrassed by his own hypocrisy when, for example, he is jealous of his wife's flirting with her dancing master while he knew it only took small temptation for him to be false to her -- repeatedly.
It is almost certainly true that we would not remember Pepys without the diary. He was, simply, a competent and often brilliant civil servant, even though he was involved in epochal and dramatic governmental changes. He did, however, live for thirty-four years after he had written his last diary entry, and so our picture of him is imbalanced. Stephen Coote has written a new biography, Samuel Pepys: A Life (Palgrave), to correct the distorted picture Pepys unknowingly gave us. It is no small feat that Coote has been able to give almost as lively account of the years without the diary as the years so memorably recorded within it. Pepys was the son of a London tailor who performed a social rise that was almost unimaginable in his time. He was educated in St. Paul' s School, and afterwards at the then-unfashionable Magdalene College in Cambridge (now the repository for his magnificent library and diary). He became assistant to a relative, Edward Montagu, the head of Cromwell's navy. Montagu was to become the Earl of Sandwich, turning Royalist and doing his part to effect the Restoration. Pepys had signed on to the right master; he rose within demanding naval administrative jobs to become secretary of the Admiralty Board in 1673, a post he held for almost two decades. Pepys was simply brilliant at his job. He had been raised Puritan, and although he loved his pleasures, he also loved order, efficiency, control, and domination. He found the navy, especially the process of procuring ships and stores for them, full of corruption, and did what he could to bring responsibility and reliability to it. He had a magnificent command of facts and figures, and his opponents time and again were unable to stop his innovations because he could marshal insurmountable data and arguments for his cause. Some of his innovations were small but useful; no one else is on record as starting the business lunch, but Pepys took his clerks home with him, "by that means I having opportunity to talk to them about business, and I love their company very well." Some innovations shook the navy to its foundations, such as insisting that even a member of the upper class who bought himself an officership in the navy would have to serve a term as midshipmen and pass an examination.
Such innovations invariably rubbed some people the wrong way, as did his strong loyalty to the crown. The Whigs, using whatever tools they could, encouraged fear of Catholic domination via the "Popish Plot," a stew of dangerous lies about how Catholics had invaded the government at all levels. In their attack on the king, Pepys was labeled as a Papist, lost his offices, and was actually imprisoned in the Tower of London for a year. His accusers said he was a closet Catholic who displayed openly such papist trash as crucifixes in his home, and that he had declared that the Protestant religion had "come out of Henry VIII's codpiece." It was Pepys's ability, which he had perfected in his years of naval administration, to gather massive quantities of exculpatory information that enabled him to expose and explode the case against him brilliantly. Pepys wrote of the Plot atmosphere, "Such is the credulity of this unhappy age that no accumulation of evidence can be too much to support the most obvious truth." He recovered his post at the Admiralty, but the "Glorious Revolution" toppled James II and put Pepys into permanent retirement.
He had plenty to do. He was a widower, and it is sad that we don't know just what sort of sexual shenanigans his single status had enabled him to carry on. He had stopped his diary because of eye strain. Probably he had nothing more than a bad case of astigmatism, but his eye problems were severe enough that blindness was always a fear, and he thought writing secretly in his diary was straining them. He did keep up a correspondence that tells something of his latter years. He was busy for the most part building up his fine library, but he was also the president of the Royal Society, and Newton's Principia was printed with Pepys's imprimatur on its title page. He bought a microscope to study the flea. He collected prints, and he continued to enjoy playing music, a life-long love second only to wenching.
As Coote says, after the diary, Pepys wrote even private memoranda which would "show him as a public figure. The artist had, perforce, given way to the bureaucrat." His enormous service to the navy would have been what Pepys would have wanted to be remembered for, but his diary has made him immortal. Coote has diligently pursued ancient administrative documents as well as letters to give a bigger picture (even if it is not possible to examine the years after the diary with any hope of Pepys's detail), and has placed him within some of the most complex decades of English history. His explanations of the forces of history in the time are excellent, and his comprehensive portrait of the diarist and the bureaucrat gives us in full one of the most fascinating figures of English history.
A singular life
Claire Tomalin 's exceptional biography of civil servant, royal adviser and diarist extraordinaire Samuel Pepys
By Stuart Sherman. Stuart Sherman is an associate professor of English at Fordham University and author of "Telling Time: Clocks, Diaries, and English Diurnal Form, 1660-1795," which is mostly about S
December 29, 2002
By Claire Tomalin
Knopf, 470 pages, $30
Three hundred years ago next May, Samuel Pepys died near London after a phenomenally productive life of seven decades. During one of them, the 1660s, when he was in his late 20s and early 30s, he kept a diary reckoned by many as the first and best in the long history of that wildly variegated genre: about 11/4 million words, narrating 3,429 days in exuberant and unbroken succession.
That proportion--one decade diarized amid seven lived--poses problems for any would-be biographer. At its Greek root, "biography" means life-writing, and Pepys was a pioneer in the craft, setting down in prose at once plain, precise and passionate a running counterpoint of public events and private intimacies. Attending the coronation of the new King Charles II, he rejoiced in the costumes and protocols, in "the pleasure of the sight of these glorious things," but celebrated so hard and drank so much that when he woke up the next morning, "I found myself wet with my own spewing.
Thus," he concludes, "did the day end, with joy everywhere."
Sturdily staying put in London during the year-long depradations of the bubonic plague, Pepys noted with surprise that in his personal life (work, wealth, friendships) he was enjoying "the greatest glut of content that I ever had; only, under some difficulty because of the plague, which grows mightily upon us." A year later he tracked almost street by street the annihilatory progress of London's Great Fire, where "with one's face in the wind you were almost burned with a shower of firedrops--this is very true," and "we saw the fire as only one entire arch of fire from this to the other side of the bridge, and in a bow up the hill, for an arch of above a mile long. It made me weep to see it."
Between these Big Moments he sustained a narrative of more routine experience (meals, marriage, music, theater, politics, commerce, colleagues, clothes, gossip), couched in language that continually points up his capacity to savor all experiences twice over, to live them out and then write them down with (in the diary's recurrent phrase) "great pleasure."
Confronted with this plethora, what's a biographer to do? How far should this single, spectacularly documented decade be permitted to dominate the account, and to overshadow the more scantily chronicled others?
In "Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self," Claire Tomalin , accomplished biographer of writers Mary Wollstonecraft and Jane Austen, and actresses Ellen Ternan and Dora Jordan, solves the problems of Pepysian biography by a design different from any predecessor's. She devotes fully half her page count to the decade of the diary, and she makes the choice pay off plentifully.
It is in many ways justified by the facts alone. As diarist, Pepys timed things well. Setting down his first entry on New Year's Day 1660, he guessed right from the outset that the coming years would prove pivotal for his country and himself. The restoration of the monarchy, after years of civil war, regicide and Puritan rule, brought a shift, in culture as well as clothing, from Puritan black and white to continental color, a recrudescence of the great pleasures (plays, parties, science, shopping, sex) that pervade the diary.
Pepys promptly acquired the means for pursuing them. A well-connected cousin who had helped orchestrate the king's return drew Pepys early into the new government. There, by dint of diligence, cunning and a passion for particulars, he became (in a phrase that pleased him) "a very rising man," ascending from near-penury at the diary's start to prosperity and power at its end. The intoxicated onlooker at the coronation couldn't have guessed that within five years he would become one of the king's most astute advisers and one of the chief administrative architects (tough, efficient, obsessive) of the British navy, which would in turn, over the course of the ensuing century, shape and sustain the empire. Tomalin rings these changes skillfully, making clear what an important cusp the Restoration was, how sharply it ushered Pepys, and many of his contemporaries, "into what feels like the modern world."
There are at least two ways to grasp whole so huge a document as Pepys' diary. One is to read it straight through, more or less as Pepys wrote it (though he sometimes backtracked to make revisions): an ongoing life story whose outcome is endlessly deferred, since tomorrow is always another day. The other approach is to work the index (which, in the definitive edition, takes up a volume of its own), gathering together all the diary's data on one topic or one person, in order to tease out links, implications, trajectories of emotion that may have eluded even Pepys himself. Tomalin balances both methods but proves matchlessly adroit at the second. She devotes some chapters to straight narrative (of the plague year, of the fire), others to subtle reckoning of specific themes: Pepys' relations with the king; his habits and rhythms of work; his interest in science; even his relationship (in the chapter's intriguing title) with "Three Janes"--three very different women of that name with whom Pepys sustained three very different friendships.
Tomalin's triumph of collation comes in her account, spanning several chapters, of Pepys' marriage: the imprudent but abiding love match, sealed at a church wedding when the groom was 22 and his penniless French bride, Elizabeth St. Michel, had just turned 15; the ensuing exasperations and jealousies (on both sides), and the infidelities (on his), which beset the union but didn't break it. Tomalin, long skilled in the close reading of complex lives, manages to reconstruct from Pepys' words not only his own experience but also Elizabeth's, and even to surmise persuasively the feelings of the other women Pepys pursued. Extending sympathy and critique in every direction, Tomalin makes good on her pronouncement that the diary's "great achievement is to map the tidal waters of marriage, where the waves of feeling ebb and flow from hour to hour and month to month." No biographer before has drawn up the Pepyses' tide charts as exactly and as feelingly as Tomalin does here. Later in the book, working from more scattered evidence, Tomalin offers a similarly nuanced, moving account of the decline in Pepys' power, pleasures and health (though not his acuity and curiosity) during his final years.
At other times, Pepys' signal gets somewhat muffled in transmission. Tomalin occasionally paraphrases or summarizes the diary where she might more profitably quote it. And her emphasis, from her curious subtitle onward, on Pepys' "enthusiasm for himself" can be misleading. Though Pepys, as she shows, is perhaps without peer as a near-scientific observer and recorder of his own experience, behavior and emotions, the self operates a little differently, and in a way less prominently, in his diary than in many that came later. He is no self-psychoanalyst. He spends very little ink on introspection; he rarely lets himself get lost in the labyrinth of psychological cause and effect. Pepys treats the self as not maze but lens, as a means of seeing the world more acutely, of taking it in--to his mind, to his manuscript--more powerfully.
The pleasures of sight pervade the diary. Early on, Pepys praises a boy he knows who "like myself, is with child [i.e., bursting as though pregnant with curiosity] to see any strange thing"; often when Pepys encounters some new strange thing, he abducts it onto his page by means of a simple, fervent exclamation: "But Lord! to see . . . " whatever it is he has freshly seen. In "Finnegans Wake," James Joyce worked the near-inevitable pun on the diarist's name as it is commonly pronounced: he called Pepys "Peeps."
In the end, Pepys stopped writing the diary because he feared, mistakenly, that he was going blind, and that his nightly work in the manuscript's minuscule shorthand cipher was hastening his loss of sight. He wrote, in the final paragraph, that to make this ending cost him "almost as much as to see myself go into my grave." Still, in that phrase, the privilege of sight persists past blindness and death. Who, after all, will provide this posthumous seeing? It's tempting to guess that Pepys is envisioning not a celestial afterlife but an earthly one, achieved by means of ink and paper. Decades later, he bequeathed his diary to the library of his alma mater, along with the shorthand textbooks to help in its deciphering. Surely, eventually, someone would (as several did) see, decode, transcribe and perhaps even publish the text, inviting other readers to make of it what they might.
Tomalin has made much, and produced a book teeming, like the diary, with clarity, momentum and great pleasure. She has supplied the second-sharpest pair of eyes, the second-richest skein of words, to witness and assess this astonishing life. The sharpest and richest, as Joyce's pun implies and as Tomalin confirms on every page, belonged to the diarist himself.
He was born in London, above the shop, just off Fleet Street, in Salisbury Court, where his father John Pepys ran a tailoring business, one of many serving the lawyers living in the area. The house backed on to the parish church of St. Bride's, where all the babies of the family were christened and two were already buried in the churchyard; when he was a man, Pepys still kept the thought in his mind of "my young brothers and sisters" laid in the ground outside the house of his youth. Salisbury Court was an open space surrounded by a mixture of small houses like John Pepys's and large ones, once the abodes of bishops and ambassadors, with gardens; it was entered through narrow lanes, one from Fleet Street opposite Shoe Lane, another in the south-west corner leading into Water Lane and so down to the Thames and river steps fifty yards below. The south-facing slope above the river was a good place to live; people had been settled here since Roman times, and when Pepys was born in 1633 a Christian church had stood on the spot for at least five hundred years. A block to the east was the Fleet River, with the pink brick crenellated walls of Bridewell rising beside it; it had been built as a palace by King Henry VIII and deteriorated into a prison for vagrants, homeless children and street women, known to the locals as "Bridewell Birds." A footbridge spanned the Fleet between Fleet Street and Ludgate Hill, and from St. Bride's you could look across its deep valley-much deeper then than it is today-with houses crammed up both sides in a maze of courts and alleys, to old St. Paul's rising on its hill above the City.
This was the western edge of the City, and Pepys's first playground. The City was proud of being the most populous in the world; it had something like 130,000 inhabitants, and in the whole country there were only about five million. If you went west from Salisbury Court along Fleet Street, you came to the gardens of the Temple lawyers, with their groves of trees, formal beds and walks, and further west along the Strand you were out of the City, on the way to Whitehall and Westminster. To the east was the only bridge-London Bridge, almost as old as St. Bride's Church, with its nineteen arches and its spikes on which traitors' heads were stuck-and then the Tower. The river, without embankments, was very wide, with a sloping shore at low tide, a place for children to explore; and the great houses of the aristocracy were strung along the riverside, each with its own watergate. The best way to get about fast in London was by boat.
The Pepys house centred round the shop and cutting room, with their shelves, stools and drawers, cutting board and looking-glass. At the back the kitchen opened into a yard, and in the cellar were the washing tubs and coal hole, with a lock-up into which troublesome children or maids might be put for punishment. The stairs to the living quarters went up at the back. Timber-framed, tall and narrow, with a jetty sticking out over the street at the front, set tight against its neighbours, with a garret under the steeply pitched roof: this was the pattern of ordinary London houses. On the first floor the parlour doubled as dining room. Above there were two bedrooms, each with a small closet or study opening off it, and high beds with red or purple curtains. In one of these Pepys was born and spent his first weeks. Older children, maids and apprentices slept on the third floor-Pepys mentions "the little chamber, three storeys high"-or in the garret, or in trundle beds, kept in most of the rooms, including the shop and the parlour; sometimes they bedded down in the kitchen for warmth.
In one of the bedrooms was a virginals, the neat, box-like harpsichord of the period. John Pepys was musical: he played the bass viol, and his eldest daughter, six-year-old Mary, could have started at the keyboard by the time Sam was born. Singing and musical instruments-viol, violin, lute, virginals, flageolet (a recorder of sorts)-were an essential part of family life, and music became the child's passion.Music was not only in the family but literally in the air for many months during the first year of Sam's life. It came from one of the large houses in Salisbury Court, in which a young and ambitious lawyer, Bulstrode Whitelocke, was preparing a masque to be performed before King Charles and his queen. Whitelocke and Edward Hyde, together representing the Middle Temple, had joined with members of the other three Inns of Court in a plan to celebrate Candlemas in a great masque to be produced before the Court at Whitehall, and Whitelocke, who had some skill as a composer, was in charge of the music. He assembled a large group of singers, including some from the Queen's Chapel, and "caused them all to meet in practise at his house in Salisbury Court where he . . . had sometimes 40 lutes, besides other instruments and voices, in consort together." The noise must have been terrific. On the day of the performance, 2 February 1634, three weeks before Pepys's first birthday, the masquers, in costumes of silver, crimson and blue, some riding plumed horses draped in cloth of silver, some carrying flaming torches, processed along Holborn and Chancery Lane, through Temple Bar to Charing Cross and so to the Banqueting House. Inigo Jones was the designer, and the poet Thomas Carew wrote the words.The event was such a success that Queen Henrietta Maria asked for a repeat performance at the Merchant Taylors' Hall in the City. This was done, and gave "great contentment to their Majesties and no less to the Citizens, especially the younger sort of them." It may be too much to imagine the infant Pepys held up to enjoy the festivities among the many Londoners agog at the sound of the music and the brilliant show of the young lawyers; but music, theatre, celebration, processions, ritual and fine clothes delighted him throughout his life.
A tailor's family was likely to be well dressed. There was a looking-glass upstairs, in which the children could look at themselves in imitation of the customers below and make themselves fine with scraps of cloth. But clothes, fine or plain, were hard to keep clean in London. Every household burnt coal brought from Newcastle by sea in its fireplaces and cooking ranges. So did the brewers and dyers, the brick-makers up the Tottenham Court Road, the ubiquitous soap and salt boilers. The smoke from their chimneys made the air dark, covering every surface with sooty grime. There were days when a cloud of smoke half a mile high and twenty miles wide could be seen over the city from the Epsom Downs. Londoners spat black. Wall hangings, pictures and clothes turned yellow and brown like leaves in autumn, and winter undervests, sewn on for the season against the cold, were the colour of mud by the time spring arrived. Hair was expected to look after itself; John Evelyn made a special note in his diary in August 1653 that he was going to experiment with an "annual hair wash." But every house, every family enjoyed its own smell, to which father, mother, children, apprentices, maids and pets all contributed, a rich brew of hair, bodies, sweat and other emissions, bedclothes, cooking, whatever food was lying about, whatever dirty linen had been piled up for the monthly wash, whatever chamber pots were waiting to be emptied into yard or street. Home meant the familiar reek which everyone breathed. The smell of the house might strike a new maid as alien, but she would quickly become part of the atmosphere herself. When Pepys wrote of his "family," meaning not blood relations but everyone who lived in his household-the Latin word familia has this sense-we understand that, as a group sharing the same rooms, they also comfortably shared the same smell.
His mother was a connoisseur of dirty linen, having worked as a washmaid in a grand household before her marriage. It was not a bad preparation for eleven children in fourteen years; the babies followed one another so fast that she was always either nursing or expecting one, and each made its contribution to the monthly washing day. Samuel was her fifth, hardly more than a year after John. Paulina and Esther, who preceded him, were both dead before he was born, but by the time he was five there would be four more, Thomas, Sarah, Jacob and Robert, of whom only Tom would live to grow up. God's system was inefficient and depressing. A doc- tor writing in 1636 regretted that humans did not reproduce like trees, without the "trivial and vulgar way of coition."This was Sir Thomas Browne. He might have added a further expression of regret at the wearing out of so much health and happiness, but he failed to, and instead overcame his distaste at the triviality of the act often enough to father twelve children on his wife. Pepys's mother must have been always busy, tired, distracted or grieving for the deaths of his brothers and sisters when he was a child: soon worn out, physically and emotionally.
Pepys's birthday was on 23 February and his baptism by the vicar of St. Bride's, James Palmer, is recorded on 3 March 1632/3, "Samuell sonn to John Peapis wyef Margaret."The same year, in October, the queen gave birth across town at St. James's Palace to her second son, James. After his christening, he was given the title of duke of York. He had a staff of officials paid to rock his cradle; and, unthinkable as it would have seemed then, he was destined to become one of Sam Pepys's close associates. Another boy who grew up to influence Sam's life, Anthony Ashley Cooper, was also living off Fleet Street, in Three Cranes Court, from 1631 to 1635. Sam's brother Tom was born in the summer of 1634, making a trio of little Pepys boys, John, Sam and Tom, and a sister Sarah the following summer. Other tailoring families in the district produced playmates. There were the Cumberlands, also in Salisbury Court, with three boys, Richard and his younger brothers William and John; Richard would go to school with Pepys later, and to college, and become a bishop. Another tailor, Russell, in St. Bride's Churchyard, was landlord to a bachelor scholar, poet and schoolmaster, John Milton, who had his eight-year-old nephew Johnny living with him when Pepys was six. Here was an outstanding and conveniently placed teacher; but there is no sign that the tailor's sons took any lessons with him.
Who did teach the little Pepys children? The learned and leisured John Evelyn coached his eldest son into reading and writing at the age of two, but John Pepys, who had left his native Cambridgeshire for London at fourteen to be apprenticed, was only just literate himself, and if his wife could write at all she left no trace of it. Manuals for parents of the period recommended they should start their children's education at home by playing with them at mealtimes or when sitting by the fire before they started school; but John and Margaret Pepys were unlikely readers of manuals. The household must have been in a perpetual scramble between babies and apprentices, and what energy there was to spare was for music-making. Sam put nothing on record about early lessons. Instead he recalled boys' games in the backyard; being carried by one of his father's workers into one of the Temple Halls, to see the law students gambling with dice at Christmas; and street activities such as "beating the bounds," when the children of the parish went in procession, carrying broomsticks and shepherded by the constable and churchwarden, had water poured over them from the windows of their neighbours and were playfully beaten before being rewarded with bread and cheese and a drink-the whole ancient ritual intended to fix the limits of their own parish in their memories.
Contemporary books of manners for children give some idea of what was expected of them at home. There was advice on how to set the table for family dinner, with trenchers (wooden plates), napkins, salt and bread; glasses should be placed well away from the edge of the table to avoid knocking them off. Children should not crumble their bread into "mammocks" but cut it up properly; salt was taken with the knife, and they should not overload their spoons with "pottage," which might spill on the cloth. A polite child would volunteer to remove and fold up the cloth after the meal, and bring a jug of water, basin and towel for parents to wash their hands. Since there was no dining room in the Pepys household, only a folding table in the parlour, meals can rarely have risen to such elegance; but it was something to which Sam paid attention later in life, when he could hardly bring himself to eat food served by a woman with greasy hands, and was sharp with his wife about the presentation of dinner in his own house. Children were also told to keep their clothes in decent order at all times:
Let not thy privy members be Layd open to be view'd It is most shamefull and abhord, Detestable and rude.
Four adjectives seem a lot for one small privy member, but children had to be given a sense of its sinfulness.
When he was six, in 1639, his closest brother, seven-year-old John, fell ill and died. Two years later a second John was born, never much liked by Sam, perhaps because he missed the first so much; but he had a strong sense of duty towards his siblings. He was now top of the hierarchy, as the eldest boy in the family. Tom, who was closest to him, was not clever; he learnt to write but not much better than his father, and he struggled with a speech impediment; Sam was always protective towards him. Mary, at twelve, was almost grown up, one of the solid loving presences in his world; but Mary failed to grow up. When she was thirteen, at Christmas 1640, a year after John's death, she sickened and died. The next year Sarah, who had reached five, followed her to the grave; so did the family maid Barbara. Sam was left with only Tom, besides the two new babies, Paulina, or Pall the second, born in October 1640, just before Mary's death, and John the second.
| Great Fire of London |
In which country can you find Moonee Valley Horse Racing Course? | Great Fire of London : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
This article is about the 1666 fire of London. For other "Great Fires", see List of historic fires ; for other notable fires in London, see Early fires of London and Second Great Fire of London .
Detail of painting from 1666 of the Great Fire of London by an unknown painter, depicting the fire as it would have appeared on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September from a boat in the vicinity of Tower Wharf . The Tower of London is on the right and London Bridge on the left, with St. Paul's Cathedral in the distance, surrounded by the tallest flames.
The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666. [1] The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman City Wall . It threatened, but did not reach, the aristocratic district of Westminster , Charles II 's Palace of Whitehall , and most of the suburban slums . [2] It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St. Paul's Cathedral , and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated that it destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's ca. 80,000 inhabitants. [3] The death toll from the fire is unknown and is traditionally thought to have been small, as only six verified deaths were recorded. This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle-class people were not recorded anywhere, and that the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims, leaving no recognisable remains.
The Great Fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor) on Pudding Lane , shortly after midnight on Sunday, 2 September, and it spread rapidly west across the City of London. The use of the major firefighting technique of the time, the creation of firebreaks by means of demolition, was critically delayed due to the indecisiveness of the Lord Mayor of London , Sir Thomas Bloodworth . By the time large-scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night, the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm which defeated such measures. The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City. Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires. The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch, England's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War ; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of lynchings and street violence. On Tuesday, the fire spread over most of the City, destroying St. Paul's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten Charles II's court at Whitehall , while coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously mobilising. The battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors: the strong east winds died down, and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to halt further spread eastward.
The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming; significant scapegoating occurred for some time after the fire. Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Despite numerous radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire. [4]
Contents
London in the 1660s
Central London in 1666, with the burnt area shown in pink.
By the 1660s, London was by far the largest city in Britain, estimated at half a million inhabitants, which was more than the next fifty towns in England combined. [5] Comparing London to the Baroque magnificence of Paris, John Evelyn called it a "wooden, northern, and inartificial congestion of Houses," and expressed alarm about the fire hazard posed by the wood and about the congestion. [6] By "inartificial", Evelyn meant unplanned and makeshift, the result of organic growth and unregulated urban sprawl . A Roman settlement for four centuries, London had become progressively more overcrowded inside its defensive City wall . It had also pushed outwards beyond the wall into squalid extramural slums such as Shoreditch , Holborn , and Southwark and had reached far enough to include the independent City of Westminster . [7]
By the late 17th century, the City proper—the area bounded by the City wall and the River Thames —was only a part of London, covering some 700 acres (2.8 km2; 1.1 sq mi), [8] and home to about 80,000 people, or one sixth of London's inhabitants. The City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs, where most Londoners lived. The City was then as now the commercial heart of the capital, and was the largest market and busiest port in England, dominated by the trading and manufacturing classes. [9] The aristocracy shunned the City and lived either in the countryside beyond the slum suburbs, or in the exclusive Westminster district (the modern West End ), the site of Charles II 's court at Whitehall. Wealthy people preferred to live at a convenient distance from the traffic-clogged, polluted, unhealthy City, especially after it was hit by a devastating outbreak of bubonic plague in the Plague Year of 1665.
The relationship between the City and the Crown was very tense. During the Civil War , 1642–1651, the City of London had been a stronghold of Republicanism , and the wealthy and economically dynamic capital still had the potential to be a threat to Charles II, as had been demonstrated by several Republican uprisings in London in the early 1660s. The City magistrates were of the generation that had fought in the Civil War, and could remember how Charles I's grab for absolute power had led to that national trauma. [10] They were determined to thwart any similar tendencies of his son, and when the Great Fire threatened the City, they refused the offers Charles made of soldiers and other resources. Even in such an emergency, the idea of having the unpopular Royal troops ordered into the City was political dynamite. By the time Charles took over command from the ineffectual Lord Mayor, the fire was already out of control.
Panorama of the City of London in 1616 by Claes Visscher. Note the tenement housing on London Bridge (far right), a notorious death-trap in case of fire, although much had been destroyed in an earlier fire in 1632.
Advertisements
Charles II .
The City was essentially medieval in its street plan, an overcrowded warren of narrow, winding, cobbled alleys. It had experienced several major fires before 1666, the most recent in 1632. Building with wood and roofing with thatch had been prohibited for centuries, but these cheap materials continued to be used. [11] The only major stone-built area was the wealthy centre of the City, where the mansions of the merchants and brokers stood on spacious lots, surrounded by an inner ring of overcrowded poorer parishes whose every inch of building space was used to accommodate the rapidly growing population. These parishes contained workplaces, many of which were fire hazards— foundries , smithies , glaziers '—which were theoretically illegal in the City, but tolerated in practice. The human habitations intermingled with these sources of heat, sparks, and pollution were crowded to bursting point and their construction increased the fire risk: the typical six- or seven-storey timbered London tenement houses had " jetties " (projecting upper floors): they had a narrow footprint at ground level, but would maximise their use of land by "encroaching", as a contemporary observer put it, on the street with the gradually increasing size of their upper storeys. The fire hazard posed when the top jetties all but met across the narrow alleys was well perceived—"as it does facilitate a conflagration, so does it also hinder the remedy", wrote one observer [12] —but "the covetousness of the citizens and connivancy [that is, the corruption] of Magistrates" worked in favour of jetties. In 1661, Charles II issued a proclamation forbidding overhanging windows and jetties, but this was largely ignored by the local government. Charles' next, sharper, message in 1665 warned of the risk of fire from the narrowness of the streets and authorised both imprisonment of recalcitrant builders and demolition of dangerous buildings. It too had little impact.
The river front was important in the development of the Great Fire. The Thames offered water for firefighting and the chance of escape by boat, but the poorer districts along the riverfront had stores and cellars of combustibles which increased the fire risk. All along the wharves, the rickety wooden tenements and tar paper shacks of the poor were shoehorned amongst "old paper buildings and the most combustible matter of Tarr , Pitch , Hemp , Rosen , and Flax which was all layd up thereabouts." [13] London was also full of black powder , especially along the river front. Much of it was left in the homes of private citizens from the days of the English Civil War, as the former members of Cromwell 's New Model Army still retained their muskets and the powder with which to load them. Five to six hundred tons of powder were stored in the Tower of London at the north end of London Bridge . The ship chandlers along the wharves also held large stocks, stored in wooden barrels.
17th century firefighting
"Firehooks" used to fight a fire at Tiverton in Devon , England, 1612.
Advertisement for a comparatively small and manoeuvrable seventeenth-century fire engine on wheels: "These Engins, (which are the best) to quinch great Fire; are made by John Keeling in Black Fryers (after many years' Experience)."
Fires were common in the crowded wood-built city with its open fireplaces, candles, ovens, and stores of combustibles. There was no police or fire department to call, but London's local militia , known as the Trained Bands , was at least in principle available for general emergencies, and watching for fire was one of the jobs of the watch , a thousand watchmen or "bellmen" who patrolled the streets at night. [14] Self-reliant community procedures for dealing with fires were in place, and were usually effective. Public-spirited citizens would be alerted to a dangerous house fire by muffled peals on the church bells, and would congregate hastily to fight the fire. The methods available for this relied on demolition and water. By law, the tower of every parish church had to hold equipment for these efforts: long ladders, leather buckets, axes, and "firehooks" for pulling down buildings (see illustration right). [15] Sometimes taller buildings were levelled to the ground quickly and effectively by means of controlled gunpowder explosions. This drastic method of creating firebreaks was increasingly used towards the end of the Great Fire, and modern historians believe it was what finally won the struggle. [16]
Failures in fighting the fire
London Bridge, the only physical connection between the City and the south side of the river Thames, was itself covered with houses and had been noted as a deathtrap in the fire of 1632. By dawn on Sunday these houses were burning, and Samuel Pepys , observing the conflagration from the Tower of London, recorded great concern for friends living on the bridge. [17] There were fears that the flames would cross London Bridge to threaten the borough of Southwark on the south bank, but this danger was averted by an open space between buildings on the bridge which acted as a firebreak . [18] The 18 foot (5.5 m) high Roman wall enclosing the City put the fleeing homeless at risk of being shut into the inferno. Once the river front was on fire and the escape route by boat cut off, the only exits were the eight gates in the wall. During the first couple of days, few people had any notion of fleeing the burning City altogether: they would remove what they could carry of their belongings to the nearest "safe house", in many cases the parish church, or the precincts of St. Paul's Cathedral, only to have to move again hours later. Some moved their belongings and themselves "four and five times" in a single day. [19] The perception of a need to get beyond the walls only took root late on the Monday, and then there were near-panic scenes at the narrow gates as distraught refugees tried to get out with their bundles, carts, horses, and wagons.
The crucial factor which frustrated firefighting efforts was the narrowness of the streets. Even under normal circumstances, the mix of carts, wagons, and pedestrians in the undersized alleys was subject to frequent traffic jams and gridlock. During the fire, the passages were additionally blocked by refugees camping in them amongst their rescued belongings, or escaping outwards, away from the centre of destruction, as demolition teams and fire engine crews struggled in vain to move in towards it.
Demolishing the houses downwind of a dangerous fire by means of firehooks or explosives was often an effective way of containing the destruction. This time, however, demolition was fatally delayed for hours by the Lord Mayor's lack of leadership and failure to give the necessary orders. [20] By the time orders came directly from the King to "spare no houses", the fire had devoured many more houses, and the demolition workers could no longer get through the crowded streets.
The use of water to extinguish the fire was also frustrated. In principle, water was available from a system of elm pipes which supplied 30,000 houses via a high water tower at Cornhill , filled from the river at high tide, and also via a reservoir of Hertfordshire spring water in Islington . [21] It was often possible to open a pipe near a burning building and connect it to a hose to play on a fire, or fill buckets. Further, Pudding Lane was close to the river. Theoretically, all the lanes from the river up to the bakery and adjoining buildings should have been manned with double rows of firefighters passing full buckets up to the fire and empty buckets back down to the river. This did not happen, or at least was no longer happening by the time Pepys viewed the fire from the river at mid-morning on the Sunday. Pepys comments in his diary that nobody was trying to put it out, but instead they fled from it in fear, hurrying "to remove their goods, and leave all to the fire." The flames crept towards the river front with little interference from the overwhelmed community and soon torched the flammable warehouses along the wharves. The resulting conflagration not only cut off the firefighters from the immediate water supply from the river, but also set alight the water wheels under London Bridge which pumped water to the Cornhill water tower; the direct access to the river and the supply of piped water failed together.
London possessed advanced fire-fighting technology in the form of fire engines , which had been used in earlier large-scale fires. However, unlike the useful firehooks, these large pumps had rarely proved flexible or functional enough to make much difference. Only some of them had wheels, others were mounted on wheelless sleds. [22] They had to be brought a long way, tended to arrive too late, and, with spouts but no delivery hoses, had limited reach. [23] On this occasion an unknown number of fire engines were either wheeled or dragged through the streets, some from across the City. The piped water that they were designed to use had already failed, but parts of the river bank could still be reached. As gangs of men tried desperately to manoeuvre the engines right up to the river to fill their reservoirs, several of the engines toppled into the Thames. The heat from the flames was by then too great for the remaining engines to get within a useful distance; they could not even get into Pudding Lane.
Development of the fire
The personal experiences of many Londoners during the fire are glimpsed in letters and memoirs. The two most famous diarists of the Restoration , Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) and John Evelyn (1620–1706), recorded the events and their own reactions day by day, and made great efforts to keep themselves informed of what was happening all over the City and beyond. For example, they both travelled out to the Moorfields park area north of the City on the Wednesday—the fourth day—to view the mighty encampment of distressed refugees there, which shocked them. Their diaries are the most important sources for all modern retellings of the disaster. The most recent books on the fire, by Tinniswood (2003) and Hanson (2001), also rely on the brief memoirs of William Taswell (1651–82), who was a fourteen-year-old schoolboy at Westminster School in 1666.
After two rainy summers in 1664 and 1665, London had lain under an exceptional drought since November 1665, and the wooden buildings were tinder-dry after the long hot summer of 1666. The bakery fire in Pudding Lane spread at first due west, fanned by an eastern gale .
Sunday
Approximate damage by the evening of Sunday, 2 September. [24]
"It made me weep to see it." Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) painted by John Hayls in 1666, the year of the Great Fire.
A fire broke out at Thomas Farriner's bakery in Pudding Lane a little after midnight on Sunday, 2 September. The family was trapped upstairs, but managed to climb from an upstairs window to the house next door, except for a maidservant who was too frightened to try, and became the first victim. [25] The neighbours tried to help douse the fire; after an hour the parish constables arrived and judged that the adjoining houses had better be demolished to prevent further spread. The householders protested, and the Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Bloodworth , who alone had the authority to override their wishes, was summoned. When Bloodworth arrived, the flames were consuming the adjoining houses and creeping towards the paper warehouses and flammable stores on the river front. The more experienced firefighters were clamouring for demolition, but Bloodworth refused, on the argument that most premises were rented and the owners could not be found. Bloodworth is generally thought to have been appointed to the office of Lord Mayor as a yes man , rather than for any of the needful capabilities for the job; he panicked when faced with a sudden emergency. [26] Pressed, he made the often-quoted remark "Pish! A woman could piss it out", and left. After the City had been destroyed, Samuel Pepys, looking back on the events, wrote in his diary on 7 September 1666: "People do all the world over cry out of the simplicity [the stupidity] of my Lord Mayor in general; and more particularly in this business of the fire, laying it all upon him."
On Sunday morning, Pepys, who was a senior official in the Navy Office, ascended the Tower of London to view the fire from a turret , and recorded in his diary that the eastern gale had turned it into a conflagration. It had burned down several churches and, he estimated, 300 houses, and reached the river front. The houses on London Bridge were burning. Taking a boat to inspect the destruction around Pudding Lane at close range, Pepys describes a "lamentable" fire, "everybody endeavouring to remove their goods, and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that lay off; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into boats, or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water-side to another." Pepys continued westward on the river to the court at Whitehall , "where people come about me, and did give them an account dismayed them all, and word was carried in to the King. So I was called for, and did tell the King and Duke of Yorke what I saw, and that unless his Majesty did command houses to be pulled down nothing could stop the fire. They seemed much troubled, and the King commanded me to go to my Lord Mayor from him, and command him to spare no houses, but to pull down before the fire every way." Charles' brother James, Duke of York , offered the use of the Royal Life Guards to help fight the fire. [27]
A mile west of Pudding Lane, by Westminster Stairs, young William Taswell, a schoolboy who had bolted from the early morning service in Westminster Abbey , saw some refugees arrive in hired lighter boats, unclothed and covered only with blankets. [28] The services of the lightermen had suddenly become extremely expensive, and only the luckiest refugees secured a place in a boat.
The fire spread quickly in the high wind. By mid-morning on Sunday, people abandoned attempts at extinguishing the fire and fled; the moving human mass and their bundles and carts made the lanes impassable for firefighters and carriages. Pepys took a coach back into the city from Whitehall, but only reached St. Paul's Cathedral before he had to get out and walk. Handcarts with goods and pedestrians were still on the move, away from the fire, heavily weighed down. The parish churches not directly threatened were filling up with furniture and valuables, which would soon have to be moved further afield. Pepys found Mayor Bloodworth trying to coordinate the firefighting efforts and near to collapse, "like a fainting woman", crying out plaintively in response to the King's message that he was pulling down houses. "But the fire overtakes us faster then [ sic ] we can do it." Holding on to his civic dignity, he refused James' offer of soldiers and then went home to bed. [29] King Charles II sailed down from Whitehall in the Royal barge to inspect the scene. He found that houses were still not being pulled down, in spite of Bloodworth's assurances to Pepys, and daringly overrode the authority of Bloodworth to order wholesale demolitions west of the fire zone. [30] The delay rendered these measures largely futile, as the fire was already out of control.
By Sunday afternoon, 18 hours after the alarm was raised in Pudding Lane, the fire had become a raging firestorm which created its own weather. A tremendous uprush of hot air above the flames was driven by the chimney effect wherever constrictions such as jettied buildings narrowed the air current and left a vacuum at ground level. The resulting strong inward winds did not tend to put the fire out, as might be thought: [31] instead, they supplied fresh oxygen to the flames, and the turbulence created by the uprush made the wind veer erratically both north and south of the main, easterly, direction of the gale which was still blowing.
In the early evening, with his wife and some friends, Pepys went again on the river "and to the fire up and down, it still encreasing." They ordered the boatman to go "so near the fire as we could for smoke; and all over the Thames, with one's face in the wind, you were almost burned with a shower of firedrops." When the "firedrops" became unbearable, the party went on to an alehouse on the south bank and stayed there till darkness came and they could see the fire on London Bridge and across the river, "as only one entire arch of fire from this to the other side of the bridge, and in a bow up the hill for an arch of above a mile long: it made me weep to see it." Pepys described this arch of fire as "a bow with God's arrow in it with a shining point."
Monday
The London Gazette for 3 September–10 September, facsimile front page with an account of the Great Fire. Click on the image to enlarge and read.
By dawn on Monday, 3 September, the fire was principally expanding north and west, the turbulence of the firestorm pushing the flames both further south and further north than the day before. [32] The spread to the south was in the main halted by the river, but had torched the houses on London Bridge, and was threatening to cross the bridge and endanger the borough of Southwark on the south bank of the river. Southwark was preserved by a pre-existent firebreak on the bridge, a long gap between the buildings which had saved the south side of the Thames in the fire of 1632 and now did so again. [33] The fire's spread to the north reached the financial heart of the City. The houses of the bankers in Lombard Street began to burn on Monday afternoon, prompting a rush to get their stacks of gold coins, so crucial to the wealth of the city and the nation, to safety before they melted away. Several observers emphasise the despair and helplessness which seemed to seize Londoners on this second day, and the lack of efforts to save the wealthy, fashionable districts which were now menaced by the flames, such as the Royal Exchange —combined bourse and shopping mall—and the opulent consumer goods shops in Cheapside . The Royal Exchange caught fire in the late afternoon, and was a smoking shell within a few hours. John Evelyn, courtier and diarist, wrote:
“
The conflagration was so universal, and the people so astonished, that from the beginning, I know not by what despondency or fate, they hardly stirred to quench it, so that there was nothing heard or seen but crying out and lamentation, running about like distracted creatures without at all attempting to save even their goods, such a strange consternation there was upon them. [34]
”
Evelyn lived four miles (6 km) outside the City, in Deptford , and so did not see the early stages of the disaster. On Monday, joining many other upper-class people, he went by coach to Southwark to see the view that Pepys had seen the day before, of the burning City across the river. The conflagration was much larger now: "the whole City in dreadful flames near the water-side; all the houses from the Bridge, all Thames-street, and upwards towards Cheapside, down to the Three Cranes, were now consumed". [35] In the evening, Evelyn reported that the river was covered with barges and boats making their escape piled with goods. He observed a great exodus of carts and pedestrians through the bottleneck City gates, making for the open fields to the north and east, "which for many miles were strewed with moveables of all sorts, and tents erecting to shelter both people and what goods they could get away. Oh, the miserable and calamitous spectacle!" [35]
Approximate damage by the evening of Monday, 3 September.
John Evelyn (1620–1706) in 1651.
Suspicion soon arose in the threatened city that the fire was no accident. The swirling winds carried sparks and burning flakes long distances to lodge on thatched roofs and in wooden gutters , causing seemingly unrelated house fires to break out far from their source and giving rise to rumours that fresh fires were being set on purpose. Foreigners were immediately suspect due to the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War . As fear and suspicion hardened into certainty on the Monday, reports circulated of imminent invasion , and of foreign undercover agents seen casting "fireballs" into houses, or caught with hand grenades or matches. [36] There was a wave of street violence. [37] William Taswell saw a mob loot the shop of a French painter and level it to the ground, and watched in horror as a blacksmith walked up to a Frenchman in the street and hit him over the head with an iron bar. The fears of terrorism received an extra boost from the disruption of communications and news as facilities were devoured by the fire. The General Letter Office in Threadneedle Street , through which post for the entire country passed, burned down early on Monday morning. The London Gazette just managed to put out its Monday issue before the printer's premises went up in flames (this issue contained mainly society gossip, with a small note about a fire that had broken out on Sunday morning and "which continues still with great violence"). The whole nation depended on these communications, and the void they left filled up with rumours. There were also religious alarms of renewed Gunpowder Plots . As suspicions rose to panic and collective paranoia on the Monday, both the Trained Bands and the Coldstream Guards focused less on firefighting and more on rounding up foreigners, Catholics, and any odd-looking people, and arresting them or rescuing them from mobs, or both together.
The inhabitants, especially the upper class, were growing desperate to remove their belongings from the City. This provided a source of income for the able-bodied poor, who hired out as porters (sometimes simply making off with the goods), and especially for the owners of carts and boats. Hiring a cart had cost a couple of shillings on the Saturday before the fire; on the Monday it rose to as much as £40, a small fortune (equivalent to over £4000 in 2005). [38] Seemingly every cart and boat owner within reach of London made their way towards the City to share in these opportunities, the carts jostling at the narrow gates with the panicked inhabitants trying to get out. The chaos at the gates was such that the magistrates ordered the gates shut on Monday afternoon, in the hope of turning the inhabitants' attention from safeguarding their own possessions to the fighting of the fire: "that, no hopes of saving any things left, they might have more desperately endeavoured the quenching of the fire." [39] This headlong and unsuccessful measure was rescinded the next day.
Even as order in the streets broke down, especially at the gates, and the fire raged unchecked, Monday marked the beginning of organised action. Bloodworth, who as Lord Mayor was responsible for coordinating the fire-fighting, had apparently left the City; his name is not mentioned in any contemporary accounts of the Monday's events. [40] In this state of emergency, Charles again overrode the City authorities and put his brother James, Duke of York , in charge of operations. James set up command posts round the perimeter of the fire, press-ganging any men of the lower classes found in the streets into teams of well-paid and well-fed firefighters. Three courtiers were put in charge of each post, with authority from Charles himself to order demolitions. This visible gesture of solidarity from the Crown was intended to cut through the citizens' misgivings about being held financially responsible for pulling down houses. James and his life guards rode up and down the streets all Monday, rescuing foreigners from the mob and attempting to keep order. "The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire", wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September. [41]
On the Monday evening, hopes were dashed that the massive stone walls of Baynard's Castle , Blackfriars , the western counterpart of the Tower of London , would stay the course of the flames. This historic royal palace was completely consumed, burning all night. [42]
A contemporary account said that, that day or later, King Charles II in person worked manually to help to throw water on flames and to help to demolish buildings to make a firebreak .
Tuesday
Tuesday, 4 September, was the day of greatest destruction. [43] The Duke of York's command post at Temple Bar , where The Strand met Fleet Street , was supposed to stop the fire's westward advance towards the Palace of Whitehall. Making a stand with his firefighters from the Fleet Bridge and down to the Thames, James hoped that the River Fleet would form a natural firebreak. However early on Tuesday morning the flames jumped over the Fleet, driven by the unabated easterly gale, and outflanked them, forcing them to run for it. There was consternation at the palace as the fire continued implacably westward: "Oh, the confusion there was then at that court!" wrote Evelyn.
Working to a plan at last, James' firefighters had also created a large firebreak to the north of the conflagration. It contained the fire until late afternoon, when the flames leaped across and began to destroy the wide, affluent luxury shopping street of Cheapside .
Everybody had thought St. Paul's Cathedral a safe refuge, with its thick stone walls and natural firebreak in the form of a wide, empty surrounding plaza. It had been crammed full of rescued goods and its crypt filled with the tightly packed stocks of the printers and booksellers in adjoining Paternoster Row . However an enormous stroke of bad luck meant that the building was covered in wooden scaffolding, undergoing piecemeal restoration by a then relatively unknown Christopher Wren . The scaffolding caught fire on Tuesday night. Leaving school, young William Taswell stood on Westminster Stairs a mile away and watched as the flames crept round the cathedral and the burning scaffolding ignited the timbered roof beams. Within half an hour, the lead roof was melting, and the books and papers in the crypt caught with a roar. "The stones of Paul's flew like grenados , the melting lead running down the streets in a stream, and the very pavements glowing with fiery redness, so as no horse, nor man, was able to tread on them", reported Evelyn in his diary. The cathedral was quickly a ruin.
During the day, the flames began to move due east from the neighbourhood of Pudding Lane, straight against the prevailing east wind towards Pepys' home on Seething Lane and the Tower of London with its gunpowder stores. After waiting all day for requested help from James' official firefighters, who were busy in the west, the garrison at the Tower took matters into their own hands and created firebreaks by blowing up houses in the vicinity on a large scale, halting the advance of the fire.
Wednesday
James, Duke of York, later James II .
The wind dropped on Tuesday evening, and the firebreaks created by the garrison finally began to take effect on Wednesday, 5 September. [44] Pepys walked all over the smouldering city, getting his feet hot, and climbed the steeple of Barking Church , from which he viewed the destroyed City, "the saddest sight of desolation that I ever saw." There were many separate fires still burning themselves out, but the Great Fire was over. Pepys visited Moorfields , a large public park immediately north of the City, and saw a great encampment of homeless refugees, "poor wretches carrying their good there, and every body keeping his goods together by themselves", and noted that the price of bread in the environs of the park had doubled. Evelyn also went out to Moorfields, which was turning into the main point of assembly for the homeless, and was horrified at the numbers of distressed people filling it, some under tents, others in makeshift shacks: "Many [were] without a rag or any necessary utensils, bed or board... reduced to extremest misery and poverty." [45] Evelyn was impressed by the pride of these distressed Londoners, "tho' ready to perish for hunger and destitution, yet not asking one pennie for relief."
Fears of foreign terrorists and of a French and Dutch invasion were as high as ever among the traumatised fire victims, and on Wednesday night there was an outbreak of general panic in the encampments at Parliament Hill , Moorfields and Islington . A light in the sky over Fleet Street started a story that 50,000 French and Dutch immigrants, widely rumoured to have started the fire, had risen and were marching towards Moorfields to finish what the fire had begun: to cut the men's throats, rape the women, and steal their few possessions. Surging into the streets, the frightened mob fell on any foreigners they happened to encounter, and were, according to Evelyn, only "with infinite pains and great difficulty" [46] appeased and pushed back into the fields by the Trained Bands, troops of Life Guards, and members of the court. The mood was now so volatile that Charles feared a full-scale London rebellion against the monarchy. Food production and distribution had been disrupted to the point of non-existence; Charles announced that supplies of bread would be brought into the City every day, and safe markets set up round the perimeter. These markets were for buying and selling; [47] there was no question of distributing emergency aid.
Deaths and destruction
James Shirley
The LONDONERS Lamentation, a broadside ballad published in 1666 giving an account of the fire, and of the limits of its destruction. Click on the image to enlarge and read.
Only a few deaths from the fire are officially recorded, and deaths are traditionally believed to have been few. Porter gives the figure as eight [48] and Tinniswood as "in single figures", although he adds that some deaths must have gone unrecorded and that, besides direct deaths from burning and smoke inhalation , refugees also perished in the impromptu camps. [49] Hanson takes issue with the idea that there were only a few deaths, enumerating known deaths from hunger and exposure among survivors of the holocaust, "huddled in shacks or living among the ruins that had once been their homes" in the cold winter that followed, including, for instance, the dramatist James Shirley and his wife. Hanson also maintains that "it stretches credulity to believe that the only papists or foreigners being beaten to death or lynched were the ones rescued by the Duke of York", that official figures say very little about the fate of the undocumented poor, and that the heat at the heart of the firestorms, far hotter than an ordinary house fire, was enough to consume bodies fully, or leave only a few skull fragments. The fire, fed not merely by wood, fabrics, and thatch, but also by the oil, pitch, coal, tallow, fats, sugar, alcohol, turpentine, and gunpowder stored in the riverside district, melted the imported steel lying along the wharves ( melting point between 1,250 °C (2,300 F) and 1,480 °C (2,700 F)) and the great iron chains and locks on the City gates (melting point between 1,100 °C (2,000 F) and 1,650 °C (3000 F)). Nor would anonymous bone fragments have been of much interest to the hungry people sifting through the tens of thousands of tons of rubble and debris after the fire, looking for valuables, or to the workmen clearing away the rubble later during the rebuilding. Appealing to common sense and "the experience of every other major urban fire down the centuries", Hanson emphasises that the fire attacked the rotting tenements of the poor with furious speed, surely trapping at the very least "the old, the very young, the halt and the lame" and burying the dust and ashes of their bones under the rubble of cellars; making for a death toll not of four or eight, but of "several hundred and quite possibly several thousand." [50]
The material destruction has been computed at 13,500 houses, 87 parish churches, 44 Company Halls, the Royal Exchange , the Custom House , St. Paul's Cathedral, the Bridewell Palace and other City prisons, the General Letter Office , and the three western city gates, Ludgate , Newgate , and Aldersgate . [51] The monetary value of the loss, first estimated at £100,000,000 in the currency of the time, was later reduced to an uncertain £10,000,000 [52] (over £1 billion in 2005 pounds). [53] Evelyn believed that he saw as many as "200,000 people of all ranks and stations dispersed, and lying along their heaps of what they could save" in the fields towards Islington and Highgate . [52]
Aftermath
Approximate damage by the evening of Tuesday, 4 September. The fire did not spread significantly on Wednesday, 5 September.
Ludgate in flames, with St. Paul's Cathedral in the distance (square tower without the spire) now catching flames. Oil painting by anonymous artist, ca. 1670.
The Monument to the Great Fire of London to commemorate the Great Fire of London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren
An example of the urge to identify scapegoats for the fire is the acceptance of the confession of a simple-minded French watchmaker, Robert Hubert , who claimed he was an agent of the Pope and had started the Great Fire in Westminster. [54] He later changed his story to say that he had started the fire at the bakery in Pudding Lane. Hubert was convicted, despite some misgivings about his fitness to plead , and hanged at Tyburn on 28 September 1666. After his death, it became apparent that he had not arrived in London until two days after the fire started. [55] These allegations that Catholics had started the fire were exploited as powerful political propaganda by opponents of pro-Catholic Charles II's court, mostly during the Popish Plot and the exclusion crisis later in his reign. [56]
Abroad the Great Fire of London was seen as a Divine retribution, the Lord punishing the English for Holmes's Bonfire , the burning of a Dutch town three weeks earlier during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
In the chaos and unrest after the fire, Charles II feared another London rebellion. He encouraged the homeless to move away from London and settle elsewhere, immediately issuing a proclamation that "all Cities and Towns whatsoever shall without any contradiction receive the said distressed persons and permit them the free exercise of their manual trades." A special Fire Court was set up to deal with disputes between tenants and landlords and decide who should rebuild, based on ability to pay. The Court was in session from February 1667 to September 1672. Cases were heard and a verdict usually given within a day, and without the Fire Court, lengthy legal wrangles would have seriously delayed the rebuilding which was so necessary if London was to recover. Encouraged by Charles, radical rebuilding schemes for the gutted City poured in. If it had been rebuilt under some of these plans, London would have rivalled Paris in Baroque magnificence (see Evelyn's plan on the right). The Crown and the City authorities attempted to establish "to whom all the houses and ground did in truth belong" in order to negotiate with their owners about compensation for the large-scale remodelling that these plans entailed, but that unrealistic idea had to be abandoned. Exhortations to bring workmen and measure the plots on which the houses had stood were mostly ignored by people worried about day-to-day survival, as well as by those who had left the capital; for one thing, with the shortage of labour following the fire, it was impossible to secure workmen for the purpose. Apart from Wren and Evelyn, it is known that Robert Hooke , Valentine Knight and Richard Newcourt proposed rebuilding plans.
With the complexities of ownership unresolved, none of the grand Baroque schemes for a City of piazzas and avenues could be realised; there was nobody to negotiate with, and no means of calculating how much compensation should be paid. Instead, much of the old street plan was recreated in the new City, with improvements in hygiene and fire safety: wider streets, open and accessible wharves along the length of the Thames, with no houses obstructing access to the river, and, most importantly, buildings constructed of brick and stone, not wood. New public buildings were created on their predecessors' sites; perhaps the most famous is St. Paul's Cathedral and its smaller cousins, Christopher Wren's 50 new churches .
On Charles' initiative, a Monument to the Great Fire of London , designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke , was erected near Pudding Lane. Standing 61 metres tall and known simply as "The Monument", it is a familiar London landmark which has given its name to a tube station . In 1668 accusations against the Catholics were added to the inscription on the Monument which read, in part:
“
Here by permission of heaven, hell broke loose upon this Protestant city.....the most dreadful Burning of this City; begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the Popish faction...Popish frenzy which wrought such horrors, is not yet quenched...
”
Aside from the four years of James II 's rule from 1685 to 1689, the inscription remained in place until 1830 and the passage of the Catholic Emancipation Act . [57]
Another monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner in Smithfield , marks the spot where the fire stopped. According to the inscription, the fact that the fire started at Pudding Lane and stopped at Pye Corner was an indication that the Fire was evidence of God's wrath on the City of London for the sin of gluttony .
The Great Plague epidemic of 1665 is believed to have killed a sixth of London's inhabitants, or 80,000 people, [58] and it is sometimes suggested, as plague epidemics did not recur in London after the fire, [59] that the fire saved lives in the long run by burning down so much unsanitary housing with their rats and their fleas which transmitted the plague. Historians disagree as to whether the fire played a part in preventing subsequent major outbreaks. The Museum of London website claims that there was a connection, [60] while historian Roy Porter points out that the fire left the most insalubrious parts of London, the slum suburbs, untouched. [61] Alternative epidemiological explanations have been put forward, along with the observation that the disease disappeared from almost every other European city around the same time. [59]
See also
Thomas Vincent - a Puritan minister's eyewitness account
Notes
^ All dates are given according to the Julian calendar . Note that when recording British history it is usual to use the dates recorded at the time of the event. Any dates between 1 January and 25 March have their year adjusted to start on the 1 January according to the New Style .
^ Porter, 69–80.
| i don't know |
In which country can you find the cities of Salta, Corrientes and Rosario? | Flight Time from Salta, Argentina to Corrientes, Argentina
find a flight to Corrientes, Argentina
Flying time from Salta, Argentina to Corrientes, Argentina
The total flight duration from Salta, Argentina to Corrientes, Argentina is
1 hour, 24 minutes
.
This assumes an average flight speed for a commercial airliner of 500 mph, which is equivalent to 805 km/h or 434 knots. It also adds an extra 30 minutes for take-off and landing. Your exact time may vary depending on wind speeds.
If you're planning a trip, remember to add more time for the plane to taxi between the gate and the airport runway. This measurement is only for the actual flying time. You should also factor in airport wait times and possible equipment or weather delays. If you're trying to figure out what time you'll arrive at the destination, you may want to see if there's a time difference between Salta, Argentina and Corrientes, Argentina .
The calculation of flight time is based on the straight line flight distance from Salta, Argentina to Corrientes, Argentina ("as the crow flies"), which is about 449 miles or 722 kilometers.
Your trip begins in Salta, Argentina.
It ends in Corrientes, Argentina.
Your flight direction from Salta, Argentina to Corrientes, Argentina is Southeast (116 degrees from North).
The flight time calculator measures the average flight duration between points. It uses the great circle formula to compute the travel mileage.
Salta, Argentina
| Argentina |
What 9 letter word is used to describe someone watches or clocks? | Argentina Map / Geography of Argentina / Map of Argentina - Worldatlas.com
Print this map
Argentina was populated by scattered groups of Indians when the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci arrived in 1502; he was followed in 1516 by Juan Díaz de Solís of Spain ; he was quickly killed by Indians and his expedition failed.
Over the next few decades the Spanish continued their quest to build settlements here, but most were temporary and quickly abandoned, as the indigenous Indians continued to fiercely resist the presence of Europeans.
Spain was persistent, and eventually prevailed, as a permanent settlement was finally established near present-day Buenos Aires in 1580.
200 years later the Spanish combined their influences in Argentina , Bolivia , Paraguay and Uruguay into the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. It was a shaky coalition at best, and collapsed outright when Napoleon successfully invaded Spain and overthrew the Spanish monarchy.
During this short-lived era, Buenos Aires was transformed into a flourishing port and commercial center as exports of regional products (especially cattle) brought huge revenues into the city.
In 1816, local upstarts proclaimed their immediate independence from the remnants of the Spanish Crown; royalists vigorously objected, and it took civil war to defeat them.
At the end of that war, anarchy prevailed, and when General Juan Manuel de Rosas was elected governor of the Buenos Aires Province in 1829, some level of peaceful coexistence returned as he combined all of the regional factions and provinces into one - The Argentine Confederation.
Rosas was overthrown in 1852 by revolutionists, and for many years to come Argentina would experience border disputes, hostile invasions and regional wars. Near the end of the 19th century civilian rule brought some levels of peace, and Europeans (by the millions) mostly Spaniards and Italians, emigrated to this (land of promise) and as the 20th century began, a new Argentina emerged as one of the leading nations of South America.
Then, the guaranteed-to-fail military coup concept returned to Argentina; and all would collapse over time, including the rule of Juan Peron, and his powerful wife Eva (Evita). The last traces of military leadership faded away after Argentina's defeat at the hands of the British, during the Falkland Island's War .
Since democracy returned in 1983, this country has survived its share of economic, political and social problems, and today in Argentina, democracy is alive and well.
Trending on WorldAtlas
| i don't know |
What is the second Christian name of sarah, Duchess of York? | Sarah, Duchess of York | Royalty Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Sarah, Duchess of York
This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia ( view authors )
Sarah
15 October 1959 (1959-10-15) (age 57)
Marylebone, London, England
Charity patron, spokesperson, writer, film producer, television personality
Religion
Anglican (Church of England)
Sarah, Duchess of York (Sarah Margaret; née Ferguson; born 15 October 1959) is a British charity patron, spokesperson, writer, film producer, television personality and member of the British Royal Family . She is the former wife of Prince Andrew, Duke of York , to whom she was married from 1986 to 1996. She is often popularly referred to as "Fergie", a common nickname for people named Ferguson.
The Duchess is the younger daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Susan Barrantes (née Wright), both now deceased. Her children, Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie of York , are respectively fifth and sixth in the line of succession to the thrones of 16 independent Commonwealth realm states.
Contents
Edit
Sarah Margaret Ferguson is the second daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and his first wife, Susan Mary Wright. Sarah's older sister is Jane Ferguson Luedecke, a public relations executive now living and working in Australia. After Sarah's parents divorced in 1972, her mother married polo player Hector Barrantesd and moved to Trenque Lauquen in the Argentine pampas. Sarah stayed at the 480-acre (1.9 km2) Dummer Down Farm at Dummer, Hampshire, her father's home since age 8. Major Ferguson remarried and had three more children.
Education
Sarah attended a senior boarding school that specialised in ballet.
Career
After finishing a course at Queen's Secretarial College at the age of eighteen, Sarah went to work in a public relations firm in London. Later she worked for an art gallery, and then a publishing company.
Personal life
During her marriage, the tabloid press ridiculed the Duchess after her weight climbed to 15 stone 10 pounds (100 kg) (220 lbs) labeling her unflattering as the "Duchess of Pork".
Engagement and marriage
See Engagement of Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson and Wedding of Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson
On 17 March 1986, Prince Andrew , (the second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and fourth in line to the throne) and Sarah Ferguson announced their engagement, having met at a party at Windsor Castle the previous year.
After securing the Queen's permission (which is required by a British law, the Royal Marriages Act 1772 , for children of the monarch) Andrew and Sarah were married in Westminster Abbey on 23 July 1986. The Queen bestowed the title Duke of York upon Prince Andrew, and as his new wife Sarah automatically assumed her husband's royal and ducal status and became Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York. With her marriage, she attained the rank of Princess of the United Kingdom , which was lost upon her divorce.
Separation and divorce
Edit
By 1991, the marriage was in trouble, and the couple had drifted apart. While her husband was away on naval or royal duties, the Duchess was frequently seen in the company of other men, notably Texan multimillionaire Steve Wyatt. Prince Andrew and the Duchess of York finally announced their separation on 19 March 1992.
In August 1992, surreptitiously-taken photographs of the Duchess sunbathing topless with John Bryan, an American financial manager, were published in the British tabloid Daily Mirror. The Duchess endured widespread public ridicule contributing to her further estrangement from the British Royal Family . After four years of official separation, the Duke and Duchess announced the mutual decision to divorce in 1996.
Children
The couple became parents on 8 August 1988 with the birth of daughter, Beatrice .
Their second child, another daughter, Eugenie , was born on 23 March 1990.
After the divorce
Edit
After her divorce, the British tabloids became critical of Sarah's notably open extravagance and lifestyle. The Duchess has asserted that she declined to press for a large divorce settlement, in order to maintain cordial relations with the British Royal Family; her actual settlement included £350,000 in cash provided by the Queen which had no restrictions on its use and £500,000 provided by the Queen for purchase of a home without restriction. In addition, Sarah was not compelled to sign confidentiality agreements as part of her marital dissolution, allowing her to profit by writing of her former life in the Royal family; this paved the way for her to receive £2.2 million from writing her (first) autobiography. Sarah became a U.S. spokesperson for Weight Watchers International in 1997, a contractual relationship that concluded in 2008. Sarah's other commercial interests have included endorsement and product development for Wedgwood china and Avon. She is also a public speaker represented by agencies such as The National Speakers Bureau. Sarah's speeches cover subjects ranging from empowerment and personal growth to health advocacy and international charity.
Sarah was scheduled to meet with her Chances for Children charity at the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001, but her limousine arrived at the area late as charity staffers were waiting for Sarah at the lobby. American Airlines Flight 11 hit the North Tower seconds before Sarah and her entourage arrived, and immediately they left along with Chances for Children staffers.
Until 2004, the Duke of York and his former wife shared the family’s home, Sunninghill Park in Berkshire. That same year, the Duke moved to the refurbished Royal Lodge , previously the home of his grandmother , who resided there until her death in 2002. In 2007, the Duchess rented Dolphin House , and became next door neighbors with her ex-husband. In 2008, a fire broke out at Dolphin House causing Sarah to vacate the premises and move into Royal Lodge with her former husband, the Duke of York.
According to some sources, Duchess had split her divorce settlement with her mother and had also contributed financially to the upkeep of the Barrantes ranch in Argentina.
In 2009, Sarah participated in a much-criticized ITV "experiment" in which Sarah joined families in a council estate (public housing) to provide advice to them on proper living. She stayed for ten days in Northern Moor, a suburb area in Wythenshawe, Manchester, England, and the result was The Duchess on the Estate, transmitted on ITV1 on 18 August 2009. It was considered a "hatchet job". A previous, similar television venture, "The Duchess In Hull" in which Sarah advised lower-income families on proper diet and behavior received similar criticism. Subsequent to the "cash for access" scandal (see next section,) Sarah was not among the 1,900 people who received an invitation to the 2011 wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton .
Cash for Access
Edit
In May 2010, Sarah was filmed by News of the World offering access to Prince Andrew for £500,000 by Mazher Mahmood, an undercover reporter posing as an Indian businessman. On the video made as a documentary source for the story, which is publicly available, Sarah is heard to say that "£500,000 when you can, to me, open doors". She is seen taking away a briefcase containing US$40,000 in cash. Exposure surrounding the incident increased Sarah's public profile and notoriety. For instance, Sterling Publishers substantially increased the print run of Ashley Learns About Strangers, the Duchess's latest book for children; however, the notoriety did not translate into additional book sales. Sarah excused her behavior in an interview with Oprah Winfrey by saying that that she had been drinking prior to soliciting the cash, and was "in the gutter at that moment".
Further debt problems
Edit
In April 2010, a claim against the Duchess was made by Davenport Lyons, a London firm of solicitors, for a reported £200,000 in unpaid legal fees. It was reported in August 2010 that the Duchess might declare voluntary bankruptcy with debts of £5 million, though other sources have suggested she owes about £2 million.
In March 2011 it was reported that Jeffrey Epstein had helped the Duchess avoid bankruptcy by paying off some of her debts. The payments were reportedly made after intervention from the Duke of York.
In the Summer of 2011, "Finding Sarah" aired on the OWN network. Sarah recorded this 8 part series for the network to record her journey of finding herself again. Several times throughout the show, a re-marriage to Prince Andrew was not ruled out in her future plans.
Criminal Charges and International Arrest Warrant
Edit
On Friday January 13, 2012 the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Turkey issued an international arrest warrant for her. She had traveled to Turkey in 2008 and covertly filmed a Turkish State Orphanage. The Turkish authorities alleged that the Duchess made a false declaration when entering the country (in relation to her motives for visiting Turkey), trespassed into a Turkish Government institution and also invaded the privacy of children. If convicted, she faces 22 years imprisonment. Turkey and Britain have an extradition treaty, however, Home Office officials have stated "Under UK extradition law a judge must order the discharge of [an extradition request] if it is not an offense under UK law and in the country requesting extradition. In this case there is no offense in UK law so there will be no extradition". Turkish Ministry of Justice officials have stated that they will issue an International Interpol arrest warrant for the Duchess thus preventing her from traveling abroad to countries which have an extradition treaty with Turkey.
On the 17th of January 2012, the Duchess cancelled her planned trip to the United States of America for fear of being arrested and extradited to Turkey. Turkey and the United States of America are two NATO allies who have a broadly defined extradition treaty. It has been reported that the Duchess has cancelled all trips abroad for fear of being arrested and extradited to Turkey. Turkey has recently as part of its bid to join the European Union been incorporated into the European justice framework and accordingly has extradition treaties with many countries within Europe.
Turkey maintains that the Duchess distorted information about the orphanage and utilized an isolated incident in a smear campaign against the Republic of Turkey. Turkey invited international human rights organizations to inspect any orphanage of its choosing in order to show its transparency in relation to the issue.
Charity work
Edit
1993, the Duchess founded Children in Crisis based in London with the support of two current trustees: Grahame Harding and Paul Szkiler. Over the years, Children in Crisis has grown to help over 250,000 children annually in 10 countries around the world.
2003, she joined the American Cancer Society at a congressional briefing. Sarah, Duchess of York, was a founding supporter of The American Cancer Society’s Great American Weigh In, an annual campaign (modeled after the Society’s Great American Smoke Out) aimed at raising awareness of the link between excess weight and cancer.
2004, Sarah, Duchess of York, was named the official spokesperson of SOS Children's Villages - USA; she is no longer affiliated with this charity.
2005, Sarah, Duchess of York, was named a global ambassador for Ronald McDonald House; she is no longer affiliated with this charity.
2006, Sarah, Duchess of York, established The Sarah Ferguson Foundation based in Toronto, which derives funds from Sarah's commercial work and private donations with the aim of supporting charities internationally that serve children and families in dire need. Included under this umbrella organization is her patronage of several British charities, including Mental Disability Rights International, the Teenage Cancer Trust, and the Motor Neurone Disease Association.
2010, she became a supporter of The Mullany Fund, whose aim is to support UK students wishing to study medicine or physiotherapy.
Books
Budgie the Little Helicopter books and 1994 animated children’s television series:
1989, Budgie the Little Helicopter
1989, Budgie at Bendick's Point
1991, Budgie and the Blizzard
1992, The Adventures of Budgie
1993, Budgie Goes to Sea
1996, Budgie's Book of Colors
1995, Travels with Queen Victoria
1996, My Story (autobiography)
Guest editor on BBC Radio 4 Today program.
Regular contributor to BBC Radio 2’s prime time lifestyle show Steve Wright.
Previously co-produced and served as presenter in a documentary for BBC television called In Search of the Spirit.
Hosted an 8-part panel talk show on Britain’s SkyOne television in 1998.
Appeared in an episode of the Vicar of Dibley.
Traveled to Romania and Turkey for the documentary, Duchess and Daughters: their secret mission, shown on ITV1 on 6 November 2008, investigating poor treatment and conditions in children's institutions in those two countries.
5 March 2009 – The Graham Norton Show, BBC Two.
18 August 2009 – The Duchess on the Estate, ITV1 (about Northern Moor, Manchester).
1 September 2009 – Loose Women, ITV1.
In the United States:
Special correspondent to the NBC Today Show, with regular "From the Heart" segments that profile inspiring Americans who make extraordinary contributions to others despite formidable personal obstacles.
Substitute host for CNN’s Larry King Live.
Substitute host for ABC's The View.
Appeared as herself in the episode "The One with Ross's Wedding" of popular American sitcom Friends.
Appeared as herself in The Celebrity Apprentice.
Appeared on The Tyra Banks Show, talking about her work with Weight Watchers and her personal style.
Appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show on 11 May 2011.
Appeared on mini-series on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, Finding Sarah: From Royalty to the Real World, in June 2011. Talks about her struggles through life with family and finances.
Titles, styles, honors, and arms
15 October 1959 – 23 July 1986: Miss Sarah Margaret Ferguson
23 July 1986 – 30 May 1996: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York
30 May 1996 – 21 August 1996: Her Royal Highness Sarah, Duchess of York
21 August 1996 – present: Sarah, Duchess of York
Sarah's full title during her marriage was: Her Royal Highness The Princess Andrew Albert Christian Edward, Duchess of York, Countess of Inverness, Baroness Killyleagh.
Immediately after her divorce she retained the style Her Royal Highness ; however on 21 August 1996 letters patent were issued which removed the title from divorced former wives of princes. She remained titled Sarah, Duchess of York in keeping with the standard form of address for former wives of peers. After divorce she was no longer a British princess but remained a duchess .
| The Margaret |
Which African country's flag is mainly light blue and has a large white star in the centre? | Sarah Ferguson - Duchess - Biography.com
Sarah Ferguson
Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson is the ex-wife of Britain's Prince Andrew and is also a children's book author and film producer.
IN THESE GROUPS
Sarah Ferguson - Royal Wedding (TV-14; 0:27) An inside look at the royal wedding between Sarah Ferguson and Prince Andrew.
Synopsis
Born on October 15, 1959 in London, England, Sarah Ferguson married Britain’s Prince Andrew in 1986. The couple divorced ten years later amidst much media tumult. Ferguson has since written children’s books, served as a Weight Watchers representative and done film production work. She has continued to be the object of media scrutiny, having been taped allegedly selling access to her ex-husband.
Early Years
Duchess Sarah Margaret Ferguson was born on October 15, 1959, in London, England. The second daughter of Major Ronald Ivor Ferguson, Sarah had a privileged English upbringing, attending private boarding school and becoming an accomplished horseback rider. Her father worked as manager of the Prince of Wales' polo team, so Sarah was acquainted with members of the Royal Family from a young age. Her parents divorced when she was 13 and after graduating from secretarial college, Sarah worked for a public relations firm, an art gallery and a publishing company.
Duchess of York
In 1985, Sarah met Prince Andrew, the Duke of York. The couple married the following year in Westminster Abbey and had two children, Beatrice and Eugenie. Dubbed "Fergie" by the press, Sarah was often criticized for her extravagant lifestyle and outspoken manner. Marriage trouble began to plague the couple, which is often attributed to Prince Andrew's long trips away while serving in the Royal Navy. In 1992, the couple separated, eventually divorcing in 1996 but continuing to live together in separate living quarters.
The Duchess of York hosted her own short-lived talk show and appeared in a string of commercials during the 1990s for Weight Watchers. She is the author of an autobiography, some dieting guides and several children's books.
Fact Check
We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us !
Citation Information
| i don't know |
Which African country's flag is mainly red in colour and has a green interlocking star in the centre? | Flags of Every Country
Follow us...
Flags of Every Country
Tweet
This map shows Flags of every country in the world.
Flag description produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time the entry was written. The flags of independent states are used by their dependencies unless there is an officially recognized local flag. Some disputed and other areas do not have flags.
Note: Flag description from CIA Factbook and Flag image from Wikipedia.
Last updated:
Abkhazia
Afghanistan
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other two bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam
note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them
Akrotiri
the flag of the UK is used
Albania
red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBERG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-1478); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shkypetars," which translates as "sons of the eagle"
Algeria
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the colors represent Islam (green), purity and peace (white), and liberty (red); the crescent and star are also Islamic symbols, but the crescent is more closed than those of other Muslim countries because the Algerians believe the long crescent horns bring happiness
American Samoa
blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a war club known as a "Fa'alaufa'i" (upper; left talon), and a coconut fiber fly whisk known as a "Fue" (lower; right talon); the combination of symbols broadly mimics that seen on the US Great Seal and reflects the relationship between the United States and American Samoa
Andorra
three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other two so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection
note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem
Angola
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty, black the African continent, the symbols characterize workers and peasants
Anguilla
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with a turquoise-blue field below; the white in the background represents peace; the blue base symbolizes the surrounding sea, as well as faith, youth, and hope; the three dolphins stand for endurance, unity, and strength
Antarctica
Antarctica has no official flag as it is not a nation nor is it ruled by a single government or body. The Antarctic Treaty Organization adopted a flag in 2002 and is used as an unofficial symbol of the continent. Also, several unofficial designs have been proposed.
Antigua and Barbuda
red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band; the sun symbolizes the dawn of a new era, black represents the African heritage of most of the population, blue is for hope, and red is for the dynamism of the people; the "V" stands for victory; the successive yellow, blue, and white coloring is also meant to evoke the country's tourist attractions of sun, sea, and sand
Argentina
Three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May; There are multiple interpretations on the reasons for those colors: the blue colors represent the clear skies; the sun symbol commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810 during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence; the sun features are those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun. The flag was created by Manuel Belgrano.
Armenia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red recalls the blood shed for liberty, blue the Armenian skies as well as hope, and orange the land and the courage of the workers who farm it
Aruba
blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner; the star represents Aruba and its red soil and white beaches, its four points the four major languages (Papiamento, Dutch, Spanish, English) as well as the four points of a compass, to indicate that its inhabitants come from all over the world; the blue symbolizes Caribbean waters and skies; the stripes represent the island's two main "industries": the flow of tourists to the sun-drenched beaches and the flow of minerals from the earth
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Australia
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars
Austria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red; the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world; according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered; upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed; the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner
Azerbaijan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon is an Islamic symbol, while the eight-pointed star represents the eight Turkic peoples of the world
Bahamas, The
three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; the band colors represent the golden beaches of the islands surrounded by the aquamarine sea; black represents the vigor and force of a united people, while the pointing triangle indicates the enterprise and determination of the Bahamian people to develop the rich resources of land and sea
Bahrain
red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam
note: until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag
Bangladesh
green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh
Barbados
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the band colors represent the blue of the sea and sky and the gold of the beaches; the trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)
Belarus
red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red band color recalls past struggles from oppression, the green band represents hope and the many forests of the country
Belgium
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the vertical design was based on the flag of France; the colors are those of the arms of the duchy of Brabant (yellow lion with red claws and tongue on a black field)
Belize
blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland of 50 mahogany leaves; the colors are those of the two main political parties: blue for the PUP and red for the UDP; various elements of the coat of arms - the figures, the tools, the mahogany tree, and the garland of leaves - recall the logging industry that led to British settlement of Belize
note: Belize's flag is the only national flag that depicts human beings; two British overseas territories, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands, also depict humans
Benin
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) with a vertical green band on the hoist side; green symbolizes hope and revival, yellow wealth, and red courage
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Bermuda
red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to settling of Bermuda
note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue
Bhutan
divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side; the dragon, called the Druk (Thunder Dragon), is the emblem of the nation; its white color stands for purity and the jewels in its claws symbolize wealth; the background colors represent spiritual and secular powers within Bhutan: the orange is associated with Bhuddism, while the yellow denotes the ruling dynasty
Bolivia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land
note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag
Bosnia and Herzegovina
a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia
Botswana
light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center; the blue symbolizes water in the form of rain, while the black and white bands represent racial harmony
Bouvet Island
the flag of Norway is used
Brazil
green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth; the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)
British Indian Ocean Territory
white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown (the symbols of the territory) centered on the outer half of the flag; the wavy stripes represent the Indian Ocean; although not officially described, the six blue stripes may stand for the six main atolls of the archipelago
British Virgin Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful); the islands were named by COLUMBUS in 1493 in honor of Saint Ursula and her 11 virgin followers (some sources say 11,000) who reputedly were martyred by the Huns in the 4th or 5th century; the figure on the banner holding a lamp represents the saint, the other lamps symbolize her followers
Brunei
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; yellow is the color of royalty and symbolizes the sultanate; the white and black bands denote Brunei's chief ministers; the emblem includes five main components: a swallow-tailed flag, the royal umbrella representing the monarchy, the wings of four feathers symbolizing justice, tranquility, prosperity, and peace, the two upraised hands signifying the government's pledge to preserve and promote the welfare of the people, and the crescent moon denoting Islam, the state religion; the state motto "Always render service with God's guidance" appears in yellow Arabic script on the crescent; a ribbon below the crescent reads "Brunei, the Abode of Peace"
Bulgaria
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue
note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed
Burkina Faso
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance,and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Burma
design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation
Burundi
divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below); green symbolizes hope and optimism, white purity and peace, and red the blood shed in the struggle for independence; the three stars in the disk represent the three major ethnic groups: Hutu, Twa, Tutsi, as well as the three elements in the national motto: unity, work, progress
Cambodia
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors
note: only national flag to incorporate an actual building in its design
Cameroon
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the "star of unity"
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Canada
two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol; the official colors of Canada are red and white
Cape Verde
five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red)
Cayman Islands
a blue field, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a crest with a pineapple, representing the connection with Jamaica, and a turtle, representing Cayman's seafaring tradition, above a shield bearing a golden lion, symbolizing Great Britain, below which are three green stars (representing the three islands) surmounting white and blue wavy lines representing the sea and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS
Central African Republic
four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band; banner combines the Pan-African and French flag colors; red symbolizes the blood spilled in the struggle for independence, blue represents the sky and freedom, white peace and dignity, green hope and faith, and yellow tolerance; the star represents aspiration towards a vibrant future
Chad
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice
note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
Chile
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence
note: design was influenced by the US flag
China
red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China
Christmas Island
territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed, the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island
note: the flag of Australia is used for official purposes
Clipperton Island
the flag of France is used
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Colombia
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valour and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity
note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center
Comoros
four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Nzwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by Comoros)
note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
sky blue field divided diagonally from the lower hoist corner to upper fly corner by a red stripe bordered by two narrow yellow stripes; a yellow, five-pointed star appears in the upper hoist corner; blue represents peace and hope, red the blood of the country's martyrs, and yellow the country's wealth and prosperity; the star symbolizes unity and the brilliant future for the country
Congo, Republic of the
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; green symbolizes agriculture and forests, yellow the friendship and nobility of the people, red is unexplained but has been associated with the struggle for independence
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Cook Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the outer half of the flag
Coral Sea Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Costa Rica
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk toward the hoist side of the red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky, opportunity, and perseverence, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and vibrancy of the people
note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed
Cote d'Ivoire
three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; orange symbolizes the land (savannah) of the north and fertility, white stands for peace and unity, green represents the forests of the south and the hope for a bright future
note: similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France
Croatia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions, they are (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Cuba
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texas
note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
Curacao
on a blue field a horizontal yellow band somewhat below the center divides the flag into proportions of 5:1:2; two five-pointed white stars - the smaller above and to the left of the larger - appear in the canton; the blue of the upper and lower sections symbolizes the sky and sea respectively; yellow represents the sun; the stars symbolize Curacao and its uninhabited smaller sister island of Klein Curacao; the five star points signify the five continents from which Curacao's people derive
Cyprus
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities
note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed
Czech Republic
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
note: is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia; uses the Pan-Slav colors inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Denmark
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign
note: the shifted design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
Dhekelia
the flag of the UK is used
Djibouti
two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center; blue stands for sea and sky and the Issa Somali people; green symbolizes earth and the Afar people; white represents peace; the red star recalls the struggle for independence and stands for unity
Dominica
green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a Sisserou Parrot, unique to Dominica, encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes); green symbolizes the island's lush vegetation; the triple-colored cross represents the Christian Trinity; the yellow color denotes sunshine, the main agricultural products (citrus and bananas), and the native Carib Indians; black is for the rich soil and the African heritage of most citizens; white signifies rivers, waterfalls, and the purity of aspirations; the red disc stands for social justice
Dominican Republic
a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by a laurel branch (left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon; in the shield a bible is opened to a verse that reads "Y la verdad nos hara libre" (And the truth shall set you free); blue stands for liberty, white for salvation, and red for the blood of heroes
Ecuador
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice
note: similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms
Egypt
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band
El Salvador
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water, as well as peace and prosperity
note: similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
Equatorial Guinea
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice); green symbolizes the jungle and natural resources, blue represents the sea that connects the mainland to the islands, white stands for peace, and red recalls the fight for independence
Eritrea
red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country
Estonia
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun
Ethiopia
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia
note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996
European Union
a blue field with 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged in a circle in the center; blue represents the sky of the Western world, the stars are the peoples of Europe in a circle, a symbol of unity; the number of stars is fixed
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT
Faroe Islands
white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); referred to as Merkid, meaning "the banner" or "the mark," the flag resembles those of neighboring Iceland and Norway, and uses the same three colors - but in a different sequence; white represents the clear Faroese sky as well as the foam of the waves; red and blue are traditional Faroese colors
Fiji
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the blue symbolizes the Pacific ocean and the Union Jack reflects the links with Great Britain; the shield - taken from Fiji's coat of arms - depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George; the four quarters depict stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove
Finland
white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter
France
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the "ancient French color" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas
note: the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands
French Guiana
unofficial, local flag: On 29 January 2010, the General Council (departmental council) unilaterally adopted a flag of French Guiana, but it has not been recognized by the regional council. Green represents the forests, yellow represents gold and other minerals of the region, while the red star represents socialism.[1] The flag is identical with the one of pro-independence trade union UGT and also MDES.
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
French Polynesia
two red horizontal bands encase a wide white band in a 1:2:1 ratio; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue and white wave pattern depicting the sea on the lower half and a gold and white ray pattern depicting the sun on the upper half; a stylized red, blue, and white ship rides on the wave pattern; the ship has a crew of five represented by five stars that symbolize the five island groups; red and white are traditional Polynesian colors
note: similar to the red-white-red flag of Tahiti, the largest of the islands in French Polynesia, which has no emblem in the white band; the flag of France is used for official occasions
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
the flag of France is used
Gabon
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue; green represents the country's forests and natural resources, gold represents the equator (which transects Gabon) as well as the sun, blue represents the sea
Gambia, The
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green; red stands for the sun and the savannah, blue represents the Gambia River, and green symbolizes forests and agriculture; the white stripes denote unity and peace
Georgia
white rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; although adopted as the official Georgian flag in 2004, the five-cross flag design appears to date back to the 14th century
Germany
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field
Ghana
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band
Gibraltar
two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean
Greece
nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors; the exact shade of blue has never been set by law and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time
Greenland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white; the design represents the sun reflecting off a field of ice; the colors are the same as those of the Danish flag and symbolize Greenland's links to the Kingdom of Denmark
Grenada
a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars stand for the seven administrative divisions, with the central star denoting the capital, St. George; yellow represents the sun and the warmth of the people, green stands for vegetation and agriculture, and red symbolizes harmony, unity, and courage
Guadeloupe
unofficial, flag the banner of the arms of Pointe-à-Pitre, the island's main city, is seldom used to represent the whole island. The flag has a black field with a yellow sun and a green sugar cane, and a blue stripe with yellow fleurs-de-lis on the top.
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Guam
territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, a proa or outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; the proa is sailing in Agana Bay with the promontory of Punta Dos Amantes, near the capital, in the background; blue represents the sea and red the blood shed in the struggle against oppression
note: the US flag is the national flag
Guatemala
three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) representing liberty and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles signifying Guatemala's willingness to defend itself and a pair of crossed swords representing honor and framed by a laurel wreath symbolizing victory; the blue bands stand for the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea and the sea and sky; the white band denotes peace and purity
Guernsey
white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed cross of William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross; the red cross represents the old ties with England and the fact that Guernsey is a British Crown dependency; the gold cross is a replica of the one used by Duke William of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings
Guinea
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; red represents the people's sacrifice for liberation and work; yellow stands for the sun, for the riches of the earth, and for justice; green symbolizes the country's vegetation and unity
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the reverse of those on the flags of neighboring Mali and Senegal
Guinea-Bissau
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; yellow symbolizes the sun; green denotes hope; red represents blood shed during the struggle for independence; the black star stands for African unity
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanian flag
Guyana
green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border between the yellow and the green; green represents forest and foliage; yellow stands for mineral resources and a bright future; white symbolizes Guyana's rivers; red signifies zeal and the sacrifice of the people; black indicates perseverance
Haiti
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength); the colors are taken from the French Tricolor and represent the union of blacks and mulattoes
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Holy See (Vatican City)
two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band; the yellow color represents the pope's spiritual power, the white his worldly power
Honduras
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue, with five blue, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water and the peace and prosperity of its people
note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band
Hong Kong
red with a stylized, white, five-petal Bauhinia flower in the center; each petal contains a small, red, five-pointed star in its middle; the red color is the same as that on the Chinese flag and represents the motherland; the fragrant Bauhinia - developed in Hong Kong the late 19th century - has come to symbolize the region; the five stars echo those on the flag of China
Hungary
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country
Iceland
blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors represent three of the elements that make up the island: red is for the island's volcanic fires, white recalls the snow and ice fields of the island, and blue is for the surrounding ocean
India
three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation
note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
Indonesia
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity
note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
Iran
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band; green is the color of Islam and also represents growth, white symbolizes honesty and peace, red stands for bravery and martyrdom
Iraq
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise temporary replacement for the Ba'athist Saddam-era flag
note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script, Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band
Ireland
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; officially the flag colors have no meaning, but a common interpretation is that the green represents the Irish nationalist (Gaelic) tradition of Ireland; orange represents the Orange tradition (minority supporters of William of Orange); white symbolizes peace (or a lasting truce) between the green and the orange
note: similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red
Isle of Man
red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (triskelion), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used; the flag is based on the coat-of-arms of the last recognized Norse King of Mann, Magnus III (r. 1252-1265); the triskelion has its roots in an early Celtic sun symbol
Israel
white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag; the basic design resembles a Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which is white with blue stripes; the hexagram as a Jewish symbol dates back to medieval times
Italy
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard
note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of red and green, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green
Jamaica
diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island's natural resources
Jan Mayen
the flag of Norway is used
Japan
white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center
Jersey
white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of the flag; in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red shield with three lions in yellow; according to tradition, the ships of Jersey - in an attempt to differentiate themselves from English ships flying the horizontal cross of St. George - rotated the cross to the "X" (saltire) configuration; because this arrangement still resembled the Irish cross of St. Patrick, the yellow Plantagenet crown and Jersey coat of arms were added
Jordan
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I
Kazakhstan
a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future
Kenya
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom
Kiribati
the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the Pacific ocean; the white stripes represent the three island groups - the Gilbert, Line, and Phoenix Islands; the 17 rays of the sun represent the 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba (formerly Ocean Island); the frigate bird symbolizes authority and freedom
Korea, North
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star; the broad red band symbolizes revolutionary traditions; the narrow white bands stands for purity, strength, and dignity; the blue bands signify sovereignty, peace, and friendship; the red star represents socialism
Korea, South
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field; the Korean national flag is called Taegukki; white is a traditional Korean color and represents peace and purity; the blue section represents the negative cosmic forces of the yin, while the red symbolizes the opposite postive forces of the yang; each trigram (kwae) denotes one of the four universal elements, which together express the principle of movement and harmony
Kosovo
centered on a dark blue field is the geographical shape of Kosovo in a gold color surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc; each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks
Kuwait
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side; colors and design are based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I; green represents fertile fields, white stands for purity, red denotes blood on Kuwaiti swords, black signifies the defeat of the enemy
Kyrgyzstan
red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of a "tunduk" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt; red symbolizes bravery and valor, the sun evinces peace and wealth
Laos
three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band; the red bands recall the blood shed for liberation; the blue band represents the Mekong River and prosperity; the white disk symbolizes the full moon against the Mekong River, but also signifies the unity of the people under the Pathet Lao, as well as the country's bright future
Latvia
three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon; the flag is one of the older banners in the world; a medieval chronicle mentions a red standard with a white stripe being used by Latvian tribes in about 1280
Lebanon
three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band; the red bands symbolize blood shed for liberation, the white band denotes peace, the snow of the mountains, and purity; the green cedar tree is the symbol of Lebanon and represents eternity, steadiness, happiness, and prosperity
Lesotho
three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; the colors represent rain, peace, and prosperity respectively; centered in the white stripe is a black Basotho hat representing the indigenous people; the flag was unfurled in October 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence
Liberia
11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the stripes symbolize the signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence; the blue square represents the African mainland, and the star represents the freedom granted to the ex-slaves; according to the constitution, the blue color signifies liberty, justice, and fidelity, the white color purity, cleanliness, and guilelessness, and the red color steadfastness, valor, and fervor
note: the design is based on the US flag
Libya
plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)
Liechtenstein
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band; the colors may derive from the blue and red livery design used in the principality's household in the 18th century; the prince's crown was introduced in 1937 to distinguish the flag from that of Haiti
Lithuania
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red; yellow symbolizes golden fields, as well as the sun, light, and goodness; green represents the forests of the countryside, in addition to nature, freedom, and hope; red stands for courage and the blood spilled in defense of the homeland
Luxembourg
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field)
Macau
green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in the center of the arc and two smaller on either side; the lotus is the floral emblem of Macau, the three petals represent the peninsula and two islands that make up Macau; the five stars echo those on the flag of China
Macedonia
a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia
Madagascar
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side; by tradition, red stands for sovereignty, green for hope, white for purity
Malawi
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), black, and green; a white sun disc is centered on the black band, its surrounding 45 white rays extend partially into the red and green bands; black represents the native peoples, red the blood shed in their struggle for freedom, and green the color of nature; the sun represents Malawi's economic progress since attaining independence
Malaysia
14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the flag is often referred to as Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory); the 14 stripes stand for the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal government; the 14 points on the star represent the unity between these entities; the crescent is a traditional symbol of Islam; blue symbolizes the unity of the Malay people and yellow is the royal color of Malay rulers
note: the design is based on the flag of the US
Maldives
red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag; red recalls those who have sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, the green rectangle represents peace and prosperity, and the white crescent signifies Islam
Mali
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea
Malta
two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red; according to legend, the colors are taken from the red and white checkered banner of Count Roger of Sicily who removed a bi-colored corner and granted it to Malta in 1091; an uncontested explanation is that the colors are those of the Knights of Saint John who ruled Malta from 1530 to 1798; in 1942, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to the islanders for their exceptional bravery and gallantry in World War II; since independence in 1964, the George Cross bordered in red has appeared directly on the white field
Marshall Islands
blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes; blue represents the Pacific Ocean, the orange stripe signifies the Ralik Chain or sunset and courage, while the white stripe signifies the Ratak Chain or sunrise and peace; the star symbolizes the cross of Christianity, each of the 24 rays designates one of the electoral districts in the country and the four larger rays highlight the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje, and Ebeye; the rising diagonal band can also be interpreted as representing the equator, with the star showing the archipelago's position just to the north
Martinique
the flag of France is used
Mauritania
green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the gold color stands for the sands of the Sahara
Mauritius
four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents the blood shed for independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island
Mayotte
unofficial, local flag with the coat of arms of Mayotte centered on a white field, above which the name of the island appears in red capital letters; the main elements of the coat of arms are a blue upper half with white upturned crescent moon and a red lower half with two yellow ylang-ylang flowers, supported on either side by a white seahorse, and set above a scroll with the motto RA HACHIRI (We are Vigilant)
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Mexico
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a catus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City
note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of red and green, and does not have anything in its white band
Micronesia, Federated States of
light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the stars represent the four island groups of Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap
Moldova
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with whom Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag does not display any coat of arms
note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia
Monaco
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners
note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red
Mongolia
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity
Montenegro
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
Montserrat
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the arms feature a woman in green dress, Erin, the female personification of Ireland, standing beside a yellow harp and embracing a large dark cross with her right arm; Erin and the harp are symbols of Ireland reflecting the territory's Irish ancestry; blue represents awareness, trustworthiness, determination, and righteousness
Morocco
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian gulf; the pentacle represents the five pillars of Islam and signifies the association between God and the nation; design dates to 1912
Mozambique
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book; green represents the riches of the land, white peace, black the African continent, yellow the country's minerals, and red the struggle for independence; the rifle symbolizes defense and vigilance, the hoe refers to the country's agriculture, the open book stresses the importance of education, and the star represents Marxism and internationalism
Namibia
a wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a yellow, 12-rayed sunburst; the lower fly-side triangle is green; red signifies the heroism of the people and their determination to build a future of equal opportunity for all; white stands for peace, unity, tranquility, and harmony; blue represents the Namibian sky and the Atlantic Ocean, the country's precious water resources and rain; the yellow sun denotes power and existence; green symbolizes vegetation and agricultural resources
Nauru
blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; blue stands for the Pacific Ocean, the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru
Navassa Island
the flag of the US is used
Nepal
red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (Nepal's national flower) and is a sign of victory and bravery, the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two right triangles are a combination of two single pennons (pennants) that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains while their charges represented the families of the king (upper) and the prime minister, but today they are understood to denote Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon represents the serenity of the Nepalese people and the shade and cool weather in the Himalayas, while the sun depicts the heat and higher temperatures of the lower parts of Nepal; the moon and the sun are also said to express the hope that the nation will endure as long as these heavenly bodies
note: Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square
Netherlands
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; the colors were those of WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, who led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish sovereignty in the latter half of the 16th century; originally the upper band was orange, but because it tended to fade to red over time, the red shade was eventually made the permanent color; the banner is perhaps the oldest tricolor in continuous use
Netherlands Antilles
white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the colors reflect those of the Netherlands; the five stars represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten
New Caledonia
the flag of France is used
New Zealand
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation
Nicaragua
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water
note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
Niger
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people
note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band
Nigeria
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green; the color green represents the forests and abundant natural wealth of the country, white stands for peace and unity
Niue
yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large star on a blue disk in the center and a smaller star on each arm of the bold red cross; the larger star stands for Niue, the smaller stars recall the Southern Cross constellation on the New Zealand flag and symbolize links with that country; yellow represents the bright sunshine of Niue and the warmth and friendship between Niue and New Zealand
Norfolk Island
three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band; green stands for the rich vegetation on the island, and the pine tree - endemic to the island - is a symbol of Norfolk Island
note: somewhat reminiscent of the flag of Canada with its use of only two colors and depiction of a prominent local floral symbol in the central white band
Northern Mariana Islands
blue, with a white, five-pointed star superimposed on a gray latte stone (the traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a wreath; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the star represents the Commonwealth; the latte stone and the floral head wreath display elements of the native Chamorro culture
Norway
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors recall Norway's past political unions with Denmark (red and white) and Sweden (blue)
Oman
three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band; white represents peace and prosperity, red recalls battles against foreign invaders, and green symbolizes the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility
Pakistan
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
Palau
light blue with a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist side; the blue color represents the ocean, the disk represents the moon; Palauans consider the full moon to be the optimum time for human activity; it is also considered a symbol of peace, love, and tranquility
Palestinian territories
the flag is constituted of three equal horizontal bands (black, white, and green from top to bottom) overlaid by a red chevron issuing from the hoist. The flag is almost identical to that of the Baath Party, and very similar to the flags of Jordan, and Western Sahara, all of which draw their inspiration from the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule (1916–1918).
Panama
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center; the blue and red colors are those of the main political parties (Conservatives and Liberals respectively) and the white denotes peace between them; the blue star stands for the civic virtues of purity and honesty, the red star signifies authority and law
Papua New Guinea
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered; red, black, and yellow are traditional colors of Papua New Guinea; the bird of paradise - endemic to the island of New Guinea - is an emblem of regional tribal culture and represents the emergence of Papua New Guinea as a nation; the Southern Cross, visible in the night sky, symbolizes Papua New Guinea's connection with Australia and several other countries in the South Pacific
Paraguay
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words PAZ Y JUSTICIA (Peace and Justice)); red symbolizes bravery and patriotism, white represents integrity and peace, and blue denotes liberty and generosity
note: the three color bands resemble those on the flag of the Netherlands; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Saudi Arabia
Peru
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace
Philippines
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star; blue stands for peace and justice, red symbolizes courage, the white equal-sided triangle represents equality; the rays recall the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain, while the stars represent the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897
note: in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top
Pitcairn Islands
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the green, yellow, and blue of the shield represents the island rising from the ocean; the green field features a yellow anchor surmounted by a bible (both the anchor and the bible were items found on the HMS Bounty); sitting on the crest is a Pitcairn Island wheelbarrow from which springs a slip of miro (a local plant)
Poland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field
note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
Portugal
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of those defending the nation
Puerto Rico
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; the white star symbolizes Puerto Rico; the three sides of the triangle signify the executive, legislative and judicial parts of the government; blue stands for the sky and the coastal waters; red symbolizes the blood shed by warriors, while white represents liberty, victory, and peace
note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
Qatar
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side; maroon represents the blood shed in Qatari wars, white stands for peace; the nine-pointed serrated edge signifies Qatar as the ninth member of the "reconciled emirates" in the wake of the Qatari-British treaty of 1916
note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted
Réunion
does not have a separate official flag.
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Romania
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1861 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed
note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
Russia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors
Rwanda
three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band; blue represents happiness and peace, yellow economic development and mineral wealth, green hope of prosperity and natural resources; the sun symbolizes unity, as well as enlightenment and transparency from ignorance
Saint Barthelemy
the flag of France is used
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the upper third of the shield depicts a white plover (wire bird) on a yellow field; the remainder of the shield depicts a rocky coastline on the left, offshore is a three-masted sailing ship with sails furled but flying an English flag
Saint Kitts and Nevis
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red; green signifies the island's fertility, red symbolizes the struggles of the people from slavery, yellow denotes year-round sunshine, and black represents the African heritage of the people; the white stars stand for the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, but can also express hope and liberty, or independence and optimism
Saint Lucia
blue, with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border; the blue color represents the sky and sea, gold stands for sunshine and prosperity, and white and black the racial composition of the island (with the latter being dominant); the two major triangles invoke the twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton), cone-shaped volcanic plugs that are a symbol of the island
Saint Martin
the flag of France is used
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
a yellow three-masted sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a blue background with scattered, white, wavy lines under the ship; a continuous black-over-white wavy line divides the ship from the white wavy lines; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the blue on the main portion of the flag symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean and the stylized ship represents the Grande Hermine in which Jacques Cartier "discovered" the islands in 1536
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern, which stands for Vincent; the diamonds recall the islands as the "Gems of the Antilles"; blue conveys the colors of a tropical sky and crystal waters, yellow signifies the golden Grenadine sands, and green represents lush vegetation
Samoa
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue represents freedom, and white signifies purity
San Marino
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively
Sao Tome and Principe
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; green stands for the country's rich vegetation, red recalls the struggle for independence, and yellow represents cocoa, one of the country's main agricultural products; the two stars symbolize the two main islands
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia
green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932; the flag is manufactured with differing obverse and reverse sides so that the Shahada reads - and the sword points - correctly from right to left on both sides
note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Paraguay
Senegal
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea
Serbia
three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; a white Cyrillic letters "S" (written like Latin "C") in each quarter stands for the phrase "Only Unity Saves the Serbs"; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Seychelles
five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side; the oblique bands are meant to symbolize a dynamic new country moving into the future; blue represents sky and sea, yellow the sun giving light and life, red the peoples' determination to work for the future in unity and love, white social justice and harmony, green the land and natural environment
Sierra Leone
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and blue; green symbolizes agriculture, mountains, and natural resources, white represents unity and justice, and blue the sea and the natural harbor in Freetown
Singapore
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle; red denotes brotherhood and equality; white signifies purity and virtue; the waxing crescent moon symbolizes a young nation on the ascendancy; the five stars represent the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality
Sint Maarten
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays the Sint Maarten coat of arms; the arms consist of an orange-bordered blue shield prominently displaying the white court house in Philipsburg, as well as a bouquet of yellow sage (the national flower) in the upper left, and the silhouette of a Dutch-French friendship monument in the upper right; the shield is surmounted by a yellow rising sun in front of which is a Brown Pelican in flight; a yellow scroll below the shield bears the motto: SEMPER PROGREDIENS (Always Progressing); the three main colors are identical to those on the Dutch flag
note: the flag somewhat resembles that of the Philippines, but with the main red and blue bands reversed; the banner more closely evokes the wartime Philippine flag
Slovakia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red derive from the Pan-Slav colors; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Slovenia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands
Solomon Islands
divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green; blue represents the ocean; green the land; and yellow sunshine; the five stars stand for the five main island groups of the Solomon Islands
Somalia
light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; the blue field was originally influenced by the flag of the UN, but today is said to denote the sky and the neighboring Indian Ocean; the five points of the star represent the five regions in the horn of Africa that are inhabited by Somali people: the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland (which together make up Somalia), Djibouti, Ogaden (Ethiopia), and the Northern Frontier District (Kenya)
South Africa
two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes; the flag colors do not have any official symbolism, but the Y stands for the "convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead in unity"; black, yellow, and green are found on the flag of the African National Congress, while red, white, and blue are the colors in the flags of the Netherlands and the UK, whose settlers ruled South Africa during the colonial era
note: the South African flag is the only national flag to display six colors as part of its primary design
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion rampant, holding a torch; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a Macaroni penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the crest, and below the shield on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the Lion Protect its Own Land)); the lion with the torch represents the UK and discovery; the background of the shield, blue and white estoiles, are found in the coat of arms of James Cook, discoverer of the islands; all the outer supporting animals represented are native to the islands
South Ossetia
Spain
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century
note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre
Sri Lanka
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a dark red rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels; the lion represents Sinhalese ethnicity, the strength of the nation, and bravery; the sword demonstrates the sovereignty of the nation; the four bo leaves - symbolizing Buddhism and its influence on the country - stand for the four virtues of kindness, friendliness, happiness, and equanimity; orange signifies Sri Lankan Tamils, green the Sri Lankan Moors; dark red represents the European Burghers, but also refers to the rich colonial background of the country; yellow denotes other ethnic groups; also referred to as the Lion Flag
Sudan
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents Sudan itself (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity
Suriname
five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band; red stands for progress and love; green symbolizes hope and fertility; white signifies peace, justice, and freedom; the star represents the unity of all ethnic groups; from its yellow light the nation draws strength to bear sacrifices patiently while working toward a golden future
Svalbard
the flag of Norway is used
Swaziland
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally; blue stands for peace and stability, red represents past struggles, and yellow the mineral resources of the country; the shield, spears, and staff symbolize protection from the country's enemies, while the black and white of the shield are meant to portray black and white people living in peaceful coexistence
Sweden
blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors reflect those of the Swedish coat of arms - three gold crowns on a blue field
Switzerland
red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339)
Syria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); identical to the former flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; the current design dates to 1980
note: similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band
Taiwan
red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays; the blue and white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895; it was later adopted as the flag of the Kuomintang Party; blue signifies liberty, justice, and democracy; red stands for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationaliam, white represents equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays of the sun are those of the months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours)
note: somewhat resembles the flag of Burma
Tajikistan
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic word "seven" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness
Tanzania
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean
Thailand
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life; white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism; blue stands for the monarchy
note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed
Timor-Leste
red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle; yellow denotes the colonialism in Timor-Leste's past; black represents the obscurantism that needs to be overcome; red stands for the national liberation struggle; the white star symbolizes peace and serves as a guiding light
Togo
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people; green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture; yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Tokelau
a yellow stylized Tokelauan canoe on a dark blue field sails toward the manu - the Southern Cross constellation of four, white, five-pointed stars at the hoist side; the Southern Cross represents the role of Christianity in Tokelauan culture and symbolizes the country's navigating into the future, the color yellow indicates happiness and peace, and the blue field represents the ocean on which the community relies
Tonga
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross reflects the deep-rooted Christianity in Tonga; red represents the blood of Christ and his sacrifice; white signifies purity
Trinidad and Tobago
red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side to the lower fly side; the colors represent the elements of earth, water, and fire; black stands for the wealth of the land and the dedication of the people; white symbolizes the sea surrounding the islands, the purity of the country's aspirations, and equality; red symbolizes the warmth and energy of the sun, the vitality of the land, and the courage and friendliness of its people
Tunisia
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a succesor state to the Ottoman Empire
Turkey
red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for the Turks, as well as being traditional symbols of Islam; according to legend, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkmenistan
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life
note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags
Turks and Caicos Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and displays a conch shell, a spiny lobster, and Turks Head cactus - three common elements of the islands' biota
Tuvalu
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow, five-pointed stars on a blue field symbolizing the nine atolls in the ocean
Uganda
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side; black symbolizes the African people, yellow sunshine and vitality, red African brotherhood; the crane was the military badge of Ugandan soldiers under the UK
Ukraine
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky
United Arab Emirates
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side; the flag incorporates all four Pan-Arab colors, which in this case represent fertility (green), neutrality (white), petroleum resources (black), and unity (red); red was the traditional color incorporated into all flags of the emirates before their unification
United Kingdom
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, and British overseas territories
United States
13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; the blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship; red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its nickname of Old Glory
note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
the flag of the US is used
Uruguay
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil)
note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag
Uzbekistan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white stars shifted to the hoist on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam; the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar
Vanuatu
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow; red represents the blood of boars and men, green the richness of the islands, and black the ni-Vanuatu people; the yellow Y-shape - which reflects the pattern of the islands in the Pacific Ocean - symbolizes the light of the Gospel spreading through the islands; the boar's tusk is a symbol of prosperity frequently worn as a pendant on the islands; the fern fronds represent peace
Venezuela
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band; the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence; in 2006, President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc - a decision that sparked much controversy
Vietnam
red field with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center; red symbolizes revolution and blood, the five-pointed star represents the five elements of the populace - peasants, workers, intellectuals, traders, and soldiers - that unite to build socialism
Virgin Islands
white field with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows a yellow eagle holding an olive branch in its right talon and three arrows in the left with a superimposed shield of seven red and six white vertical stripes below a blue panel; white is a symbol of purity, the letters stand for the Virgin Islands
Wake Island
| Morocco |
Which English town is the home of te comic-strip character, Andy Capp? | Flag description. The World Factbook. 2008
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary
note: the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)
American Samoa
blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the outer side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club
Andorra
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features a quartered shield
note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem
British Virgin Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)
Brunei
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red
note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center
note: uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Burundi
divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band
note: only national flag to incorporate an actual building in its design
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band
note: uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Cape Verde
five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars, each representing one of the islands, is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side
Cayman Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS
Chad
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red
note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
Chile
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve independence
note: design was influenced by the US flag
Colombia
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red
note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center
Comoros
four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by Comoros)
note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
Costa Rica
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk on the hoist side of the red band; above the coat of arms a light blue ribbon contains the words, AMERICA CENTRAL, and just below it near the top of the coat of arms is a white ribbon with the words, REPUBLICA COSTA RICA
Cote d'Ivoire
three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green
note: similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France
Cyprus
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities
note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag has a white field with narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which is centered a red crescent and red five-pointed star
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
note: identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia
Denmark
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
note: the shifted design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
Dominica
green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)
Dominican Republic
a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by an olive branch (left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon
Egypt
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; design is based on the Arab Liberation flag and similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band
El Salvador
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
Equatorial Guinea
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)
Eritrea
red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle
France
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution; the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, Luxembourg, and Netherlands; the official flag for all French dependent areas
French Polynesia
two narrow red horizontal bands encase a wide white band; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue and white wave pattern on the lower half and a gold and white ray pattern on the upper half; a stylized red, blue, and white ship rides on the wave pattern; the French flag is used for official occasions
Grenada
a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven administrative divisions
Guam
territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag
Guatemala
three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath
Honduras
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band
Iran
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band
Iraq
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script, Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; design is based upon the Arab Liberation colors; Council of Representatives approved this flag as a compromise temporary replacement for Ba'athist Saddam-era flag
Ireland
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red
Isle of Man
red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used
Montserrat
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross
Morocco
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian gulf; design dates to 1912
Mozambique
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
Netherlands
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; one of the oldest flags in constant use, originating with WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, in the latter half of the 16th century
Netherlands Antilles
white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten
Paraguay
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)
Peru
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
Philippines
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top; representing peace and justice) and red (representing courage); a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side represents equality; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays, each representing one of the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star representing the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897; in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top
Pitcairn Islands
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
a yellow sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a dark blue background with yellow wavy lines under the ship; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the flag of France is used for official occasions
San Marino
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
Sao Tome and Principe
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia
green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932
Slovakia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red superimposed with the coat of arms of Slovakia (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine surmounting three blue hills); the coat of arms is centered vertically and offset slightly to the hoist side
Slovenia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, with the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries); the seal is in the upper hoist side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands
South Africa
two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion centered; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the shield, and below it on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the Lion Protect its Own Land)
Spain
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar
Sri Lanka
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels
United Kingdom
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, and British overseas territories
United States
13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico
Wallis and Futuna
unofficial, local flag has a red field with four white isosceles triangles in the middle, representing the three native kings of the islands and the French administrator; the apexes of the triangles are oriented inward and at right angles to each other; the flag of France, outlined in white on two sides, is in the upper hoist quadrant; the flag of France is the only official flag
Yemen
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band
| i don't know |
Which English city is the setting for the comic Viz character Sid the Sexist? | Couchtripper :: View topic - Viz Comics
Viz Comics
Posted: Fri Oct 19, 2007 12:38 am Post subject: Viz Comics
Here are the issues in rars - you will need winrar or similar software to extract.
issues 151-175 - download rar
Once extracted, you'll need the Comic Book Reader to view the files, which you can get HERE for Windows. For other devices search for "Comic Book Reader".
"I just bought the CD advertised in a recent Viz with issues 26-40 on it and your scans blow them out of the water. Wish I'd saved my cash now." - a happy visitor
many thanks to dextrovix, Jay, Trelard, Ian, Leon, smellofmints, and Priestfan for sending some issues along with jacksprat and oohaah for checking mistakes. If you want to help by adding other stuff that isn't featured, send an email or pm
This playlist has all the videos that were previously in this post.
'Viz - The Rock n Roll Years'
is an extended radio feature about the comic... well worth a listen
Chris Donald on episode 201 of 'The Museum Of Curiosity'
Founder won't be celebrating Viz's 30th birthday
Oct 25 2009
Coreena Ford, Sunday Sun
Viz may be celebrating its 30th birthday this week but its founder, Chris Donald, will be taking a back seat as no longer having any involvement doesn�t bother him one bit. Chris, who lives near Alnwick, Northumberland, first came up with the adult magazine with his pal Jim Brownlow back in 1979, dishing out copies of their first edition at a gig in Gosforth, Newcastle.
He and his brothers Simon and Steve helped to flesh out characters like Sid the Sexist and Biffa Bacon from the bedroom of their home in Jesmond, Newcastle, before moving into their own studio. And the laughter organ�s characters like Eight Ace, the Fat Slags and the Pathetic Sharks soon ensured it was selling more than a million copies an issue � almost toppling the UK�s bestselling magazine of the time, the Radio Times. However, Chris quit as editor in 1999 . . . and says he�s never looked back.
He said: �It�s odd to think that Viz is 30 years old. When me and Jim Brownlow started putting the first edition together in 1979 it was only intended as a one-off. We did it for a joke, to amuse our mates. We didn�t think it would last a week. I�ve not been involved with Viz for the last 10 years. I still keep in touch with the people at the comic, but I�ve not done anything for their anniversary issue or their recent books. Although I did lend them a bunch of old cartoons for the London exhibition. I don�t think I�ll be going to see it. I have an allergy to London, and I�ve seen all the cartoons before. I don�t miss Viz at all. I wasn�t happy doing the same thing over and over again. It was like being on a treadmill. I�ve got a real treadmill now. It�s more fun, and I�m losing weight. I left Viz because I wanted to try something different. I worked in a bookshop for five years, then I got sick of that. I�ve recently started drawing cartoons again, for the QI TV show�s 2010 annual. I�ve got enthusiasm to last me until Christmas, then I don�t know what I�ll do next. Sit in the park and drink cider perhaps. I�m planning my own little celebration in Newcastle to mark the 30th anniversary. Just a handful of mates, a few strippers and a Transit van full of lager, perhaps. Nothing too fancy.�
The current editorial team � Simon Thorp, Graham Dury and Davey Jones � are marking Viz�s birthday, which falls on Tuesday, with an exhibition in London at the Cartoon Museum. And they�ll also be heading North for several book signings, of their 30th anniversary edition and their two new books, the news annual �Council Gritter� and the �Magna Fartlet�. The trio will be at HMV in Newcastle on Thursday and at Waterstone�s in Gateshead on Saturday, and they�ll also return to the region, to the Borders store at Silverlink, North Tyneside, on November 7.
As the team look forward to � hopefully � another 30 years of filthy gags and crude characters, Chris lets us have a sneak peak at the early days of Viz, through a series of snaps taken behind the scenes. Over the years, a raft of stars took part in spoof photo love-stories, posters and adverts, from Alexei Sayle to Peter Cook.
Rude Britannia at The Tate
A new exhibition at Tate Britain explores the British tradition of irreverence, from Viz comic to political satirist Gerald Scarfe.
One of Britain�s rudest institutions is based in the genteel coastal town of Tynemouth, near Newcastle. This is the current home of Viz comic, founded in 1979, infamous for such characters as The Fat Slags, Johnny Fartpants, foul TV presenter Roger Mellie and Buster Gonad, and now a central attraction of Tate Britain�s new exhibition of British comic art, Rude Britannia.
�People are often surprised by how civilised the office is,� says genial production manager Stevie Glover, ushering me into an elegant townhouse to meet editor/artists Simon Thorp, Graham Dury and Davey Jones, and designer Wayne Gamble. �I think the local residents� association were originally worried that we�d erect a giant neon arse on the side of the building.�
There are no such decorations in view but the Viz office is crammed with pop culture ephemera and beautifully hand-drawn storyboards depicting bawdy antics. �For the Tate exhibition, we�re creating a ten-foot tall comic sprouting out of the floor, featuring characters like The Fat Slags and a Letterbocks page,� says Dury. �We�ve also done a Roger Mellie-style comment for each of the art exhibits.�
Rude Britannia�s exhibits will also draw suggestive connections between different media and eras, from William Hogarth�s irreverent illustrations of 18th-century society to seaside postcards and modern designs including Grayson Perry�s ceramics and Sarah Lucas�s provocative visual puns. Surreal comedian Harry Hill curates the show�s Absurd room, while legendary cartoonist Gerald Scarfe oversees the political satire section.
�The exhibition isn�t setting out a singular tradition, it�s exploring comedy through graphic arts and other media, and trying to tell a bigger story,� explains Tate curator Martin Myrone. �Society has become much more accommodating of low art alongside high art. Each room is going to feel very different but these are also works that seemed to chime together as an ensemble.� While saucy humour is fondly regarded as part of British tradition, Myrone is wary of getting too cosy in Rude Britannia. �Ultimately, it�s a celebration but there are undertones we do need to question within the jokes,� he argues. �Should we be laughing at this? Does political satire actually change anything?�
The Viz team, meanwhile, are happy with their Bawdy category. �We�ve never really bothered with politics except in a very broad �they�re all liars� sense,� says Thorp. �Whenever we try to do politics, it soon moves into �pants-down� and farting jokes,� adds Dury.
The venerable Scarfe�s take on politics certainly hasn�t been any safer, as his section of the exhibition should demonstrate. �My position is that anything is questionable,� he says jovially. �I did a cartoon about the Pope in The Sunday Times recently and got shoals of letters. I once drew Mary Whitehouse being screwed by Rupert Bear and she sued me � but to my amazement it�s in the Tate now. My drawings have really been about the things I can�t stand: fear; abuse; everything that�s wrong with the world. That�s why they�re grotesque. I�ve been lucky to have a platform to rail about them. Humour is quite a destructive weapon and if you can�t have a sense of humour, then it�s a pretty grim world.�
The public definition of �rudeness� changes all the time; are British audiences shocked by anything any more? �There probably aren�t as many storms about transgressions now,� concedes Thorp. �Even kids� telly is a lot ruder. Johnny Fartpants seemed quite ground-breaking at the time � or wind-breaking. I don�t think we�d deliberately try to provoke anybody. We�ve always said that if something made you laugh first and then wince it was all right but if you winced first and chuckled afterwards, it�s probably beyond the pale.�
The team agree that Viz�s humour is fuelled by its Britishness. �A lot of the comics we were inspired by, like The Dandy and The Beano from decades ago, don�t exist abroad,� points out Jones. �And maybe Geordie characters like Biffa Bacon or Tasha Slappa wouldn�t be as good if they spoke standard English. People do write in asking for translations.� The fundamental question remains, though: is Viz art? The editors reply in unison: �Naaah!� �It is artier than a pile of bricks, though,� adds Thorp thoughtfully. �It�s cheaper too.�
Happy 30th birthday Viz
17 October 2009
spectator.co.uk
Some night soon on the peaceful back streets of Bloomsbury, you might want to keep an eye out for two young ladies from the north for whom the term �muffin top� might have been invented. They will be extremely drunk, laughing like open drains and displaying unsuitable underwear. They will be looking for romance. They are known widely as the �Fat Slags�.
Sandra and Tracey are two of the Hogarthian figures that populate the pages of Viz, a distinctly adult comic. It is now celebrating an anniversary that few children�s comics ever see: 30 years of scatalogical, frequently obscene cartoons. To celebrate this birthday, the normally decorous Cartoon Museum in Bloomsbury is staging a special Viz exhibition. The Fat Slags will be there, alongside a sweary parade of characters who have, over the past few decades, provided a most unflattering reflection of modern British society. Among these are: Sid the Sexist; Roger Mellie, the Man On The Telly; Mrs Brady, Old Lady; Finbarr Saunders and his Double Entendres; Millie Tant And Her Radical Conscience; Billy The Fish; Major Misunderstanding. All are drawn in a richly detailed style reminiscent of every comic you grew up with. Viz also has a raucously funny letters page, and a ceaselessly ingenious �Top Tips� advice column (�Catch moths using a mousetrap baited with a jumper� was one recent suggestion).
But the genius of the comic throughout the years has been its unflinching and rather unforgiving approach to various forms of antisocial behaviour. From benefits fraud to unreconstructed sexism to alcoholism to tiresome green posturing, Viz characters are quite often vividly irredeemable. The comic�s founder Chris Donald once disingenously described the Fat Slags� ceaseless promiscuity as �unbecoming�.
For long-term fans, it is a shock to think that Viz started as far back as Margaret Thatcher�s first term as prime minister in 1979. �We still get a few young readers,� says co-editor and prolific cartoonist Simon Thorp drily. �That is, people in their late thirties and upwards.� Thorp has been with the comic since 1985. The Viz office, just outside Newcastle, comprises himself and his fellow cartoonists Graham Dury and Davy Jones, plus Stevie, their office manageress, and their designer Wayne. For a publication so comically ferocious, its monthly gestation is very equable. They all sit around on sofas �discussing what they watched on television�; ideas come up; and if one person writes a script, then the other will draw the strip for it. Thorp says that the only real editorial requirement is that the stuff that makes them all laugh loudest goes in. And despite language that would make a horse retch, Viz is embraced snugly in the bosom of the comedy establishment. For instance, the veteran comic genius Barry Cryer is a huge fan, and once took the Viz team out to a pub � accolades really do not come higher.
Take another look, though, and some of the strips seem � unless this is my imagination � surprisingly right-wing, as opposed to simply anarchic. One regular is �8-Ace�, a frequently incontinent alcoholic made to live in his shed by his understandably violent wife. Ace�s sporadic attempts to find gainful work are always scuppered by his remorseless daily consumption of eight tins of extra-strength �Ace� lager. Then there is �Tasha Slapper� and �Tasha�s Mum� who seem to be emblems of a Jeremy Kyle culture � caterwauling, pathologically selfish, and again frequently drunken. It is all prime Iain Duncan Smith material.
Elsewhere, in Mrs Brady Old Lady�s latest adventure, the formidable old bag is seen diddling her disability allowance and then, having fooled the benefits inspector, refereeing a football match. Meanwhile, the Fat Slags � and their various paramours � are rarely seen in any form of legitimate employment. In other words, the implication of these recurring strips is that the welfare state as it stands is often being played for a patsy by feckless, irredeemable monsters.
Add to this the nauseatingly right-on monologues of spoiled, mollycoddled Student Grant, and the insanely politically correct diatribes from lesbian Millie Tant and... well, it is certainly not Guardian territory. Indeed, traditional Guardian readers are also traduced in the �Modern Parents� strip, in which a pair of sanctimonious, ill-tempered eco-hypocrites bully their poor children out of mass-produced toys, TV-watching and meat-eating.
But Simon Thorp recoils from this suggestion of right-wingery like a cat squirted with lemon juice. �No, I don�t think we are right-wing,� he protests. �I don�t even know where we stand on the Lisbon Treaty.� He also says that Viz tries to be even-handed with politicians, in the sense that �we lash out at everybody�. �We once included Stephen Pound�s name for some reason in a word-search puzzle which was themed around �large organs�,� he says. �He sent us a box of chocolates.� Thorp also cites the long-running Viz character Baxter Basics MP � who as the name implies, came into being at the end of John Major�s premiership, �but then flipped to being New Labour�.
The circulation might not be quite what it was 20 years ago � there was a point when Viz was outselling Radio Times, with a million copies per issue � but Thorp is aware of just how loyal long-term Viz readers are. The forthcoming 30th anniversary issue features the return of such old favourites as Roger Irrelevant and Finbarr Saunders. �Some characters have continual appeal because they reflect the times,� Thorp says. �Billy the Fish (half-fish, half-goalkeeper, Viz�s surreal answer to Roy of the Rovers) will be competing on Strictly Come Dancing.�
Perhaps average Viz readers now resemble the three-bearded real-ale bores who sometimes appear in the comic. Every time I see someone chortling away at it, it�s a middle-aged man in a jacket and tie. Oh, hold on. That�s me as well. �We have had people reading us for a very long time. And convicts,� Thorp adds helpfully. �We had a plaintive letter from a convict recently complaining that he couldn�t get Viz in his prison. We sent him an issue with the proviso that on his release, he must never offend again. We always look out for our incarcerated clientele.�
Thorp is thrilled about the forthcoming Cartoon Museum exhibition. His own favourite artists are H.M. Bateman and Pont. �Pont...� he says wistfully. �I only wish I had that subtlety. It�d have to be an accident.� Too modest! In truth, the needle-sharp satire of Viz � combined with the important fact that it is consistently, howlingly funny � means that it has more than earned its place in the comic pantheon.
The Viz exhibition is at the Cartoon Museum, Little Russell St, London WC1, from 4 November.
Roger Mellie, It's Him Off The Telly
October 27, 2009
Jo Couzens,
Sky News
Roger Mellie talks to Sky News Online on Viz's 30th birthday and reveals which Sky presenter he thinks most closely resembles him.
Q. Who do you admire at the moment on telly?
A. It's got to be Brucie, hasn't it? What a pro, still going after all those years at the top. Amazing. Getting a bit long in the tooth now, and that's definitely a wig, but I only hope I look as good when I reach that age.
Q. How popular do you think you are with today's audience?
A. In this business you have to keep re-inventing yourself for each new generation. You've got to keep in touch with all the latest fads and crazes that the kids are getting "into". That's what my new show Roger Mellie's Groovy Hula-Hoop Barbecue (Sky One) is all about.
Q. Which Sky News presenter do you think is most like you, and why?
A. Definitely Eamonn Holmes, because like me, he (the rest of this answer has been omitted on legal advice).
Q. Who in the media would be your ideal date?
A. Apart from Fiona Bruce, you mean? You know, I've always thought that Janet Street-Porter was the most fascinating woman in the media. She's got the most amazing mind - she's witty, clever, well-informed, and she's got a strong personality and knows exactly what she wants. But have you seen the state of her? Bloody hell. So, if I had to pick my ideal date, it would probably be someone with big knockers like Krystle off Page Three.
Q. What would be your perfect night out?
A. When you're a celebrity, you're forever running the gauntlet of the paparazzis' cameras. Whatever you do, it's difficult to stay out of the public eye. So I've recently joined an exclusive club where I can relax and be myself without getting splashed all over the tabloids in the morning. It's very discreet, tucked away under some railway arches in Acton and the dancers do this trick with ping-pong balls that would make your eyes water.
Q. Have you got any new TV shows in the pipeline?
A. Yeah, we've always got a few irons in the fire. In fact, my production company's got a few things in development with Sky at the moment, as it happens. Television has been dumbing down a lot recently, so we're trying to redress the balance a bit, come up with some more intellectually-demanding programme formats. Topless Paintball Question Time with Diane Abbott has just got the green light, and we've got high hopes for Kerry Katona's Sky at Night.
Q. Are you planning to write any more books?
A. I'll let you into a little secret. Us celebrities don't actually write our own bestsellers - we're far too busy. For example, it's a well known fact that Jordan gets someone else to type all her books out for her - she just comes up with the ideas. I've taken that process one step further. Someone else thinks up my ideas and does the writing.
Q. Are you still working with Tom?
A. Who? You mean the bloke with the beard and the specs? Oh yeah, me and Tom go back years. We met on the set of my first show, Family Fart-Tunes, 30 years ago, and he's been with me at FTV ever since, through thick and thin. Sadly, though, I had to make him redundant last week. I'm having my office refitted and it was either Tom or the iridescent tiles in my en-suite bathroom. They really are beautiful tiles.
Q. Sky notices you have a Twitter page and a Facebook page. What do you think of the latest social networking tools?
A. I don't really know the first thing about computers, to be honest - I'm no Stephen Fry! Though funnily enough, I met him last week in the BBC canteen, as it happens. Shorter than he looks on the telly and smelled very strongly of TCP. Hang on, I tell a lie, that was Moira Stuart.
Q. Would you consider working for Sky News?
A. Yeah, why not? I'm not proud. Is Paul Ross not available or something?
Q. What advice do you have for someone wanting to get into television work?
A. It's the hardest game in the world, it really is. The competition is so fierce. My advice to any young women who want to get into television is to get in touch with me, Roger Mellie, c/o FTV Television Centre, Fulchester. I'll happily do what I can to give them a leg up, and keep my eye out out for any openings, so to speak.
Viz Comic takes over the Guardian
On the occasion of its 30th birthday, Britain's fourth or fifth funniest comic does its business - Warf! Warf! � all over our pages. Check the images below for our exclusive Viz strips
Justin Quirk
The Guardian,
7 November 2009
This month sees the 30th anniversary of "the magazine that's not as funny as it used to be". Viz, Chris Donald's foul-mouthed comic, evolved from a 12-page fanzine hawked around Newcastle's pubs into one of the country's highest-selling titles, shifting over a million copies an issue with celebrity fans ranging from David Bowie to Simon Bates. Since that 1990 peak, sales have declined to around the 100,000 mark; however, the comic which first posed the then-unanswered question "Morrissey; pop genius or twat?" is still going strong as it enters its fourth decade.
Viz's influence on British comedy has been profound. Its squalid brand of anarchy and self-referential surrealism is present in everything from Mitchell and Webb and The League Of Gentlemen to Little Britain and The Daily Mash. And while its writers resist serious analysis, Viz's most overlooked quality has always been a furious intelligence.
As its numerous, pathetic imitators (Smut, Zit, Brain Damage etc) proved, a comic cannot survive on profanity alone and Viz strips like Biffa Bacon, Sid The Sexist and The Fat Slags tell you more about the national character than many literary heavyweights. In a tongue-in-cheek documentary, Auberon Waugh suggested that "if the future generations look back on the literature of the age, they'll more usefully look to Viz than they would, for instance, the novels of Peter Ackroyd or Julian Barnes, because Viz has a genuine vitality of its own which comes from the society which it represents". His favourite strip was The Bottom Inspectors, by the way.
The classic premise of situation comedy has always been that of a man trapped in his surroundings; and this is the case in Viz's finest strips, the characters poignantly locked in a doomed cycle by their giant testicles, religious fervour, undiagnosed autism, painful haemorrhoids, and terminal stupidity. Writer Graham Dury claims a core readership of "the well educated, the unemployed and people in prison" and Viz speaks to the parts of Britain that have a simmering and instinctive dislike of the rich, the show-offs, the moronic and the vain.
Viz has been entirely prescient about where our culture is going. Once, its obsession with third-rate celebrities, Roger Mellie's endless ideas for cheap television ("I've got an idea, Tom � Celebrity Shit Bucket!"), dishonest overselling, and ludicrously hyperbolic real-life stories seemed like flights of fancy. Now, they look like the vast majority of the modern media.
"We pride ourselves on the fact you're no cleverer when you've read Viz," says Dury. "You might have had a few laughs, but you've not learnt anything." If that really is the case, then the fault lies with the reader, not the comic.
BBC Magazine
23rd August 2004
Viz comic has become a national institution and, after 25 years, is taking to the stage at the Edinburgh festival. Is it finally respectable? In the 25 years since Viz comic first appeared, Sid the SExist, one of its most enduring characters, has spectacularly failed in the pursuit to which he has single-mindedly committed himself: having sex. Yet it almost didn't happen like that, says Simon Donald, who started the comic with his brother Chris.
When they set out to find a serious publishing deal, Sid's crass exploits did not raise a smile with the suits at one of Britain's magazine publishing giants. "They wanted Sid the Sexist to be Sid the Smooth Talker. They were offended by the fact he was politically incorrect," says Simon Donald pr�cising a letter from one of the big publishers. It was 1985 and PC - political correctness - had taken hold everywhere from council chambers to student unions.
Viz, an irreverent, sordid, at times outrageously offensive skit on the traditional British kids' comic, already had a thriving teenage readership in its native Newcastle. bThe next step was to go nationwide, and so the hunt for a big backer. The publisher in question, home to the sort of titles Viz had set out to lampoon, was looking for the next big thing. But it wasn't to be.
The letter detailing the company's objections to Sid and just about everything else in the Viz repertoire is recited and entertainingly dissected as part of a show at this week's Edinburgh Fringe. Called Swearing is Both Big and Clever it is a potted history of the comic which the late Auberon Waugh predicted would be more usefully reflected on by future literary scholars than the novels of Peter Ackroyd or Julian Barnes.
At the show's helm will be Simon Donald and Viz artist Alex Collier, both of whom have recently loosened their ties to the comic to pursue other projects. Pondering the upcoming show, Donald returns to the letter. "They couldn't stand the humour or the language, or the irreverence," says Donald, with the aplomb of someone who is still having the last laugh. "They said a great deal of our stories appeared not to have a recognisable ending. They wanted us to stop using four-letter words, be more political, develop a story about Maggie Thatcher." A strip entitled Sex and the Beatles, in which the mop tops are accused of having sex with their wives, caused particular anguish, he recalls.
Eventually, Donald and his pals found a publisher who granted them full editorial freedom, with the one proviso that they stayed within the law.
Viz's merciless ridiculing of stars and stereotypes, laced with much anarchic iconoclasm, proved the perfect antidote in an era of PC student politics and emerging celebrity culture. By the early 90s sales topped more than a million per issue, and Donald and co saw the money come rolling in. But the great minds behind characters like Those Pathetic Sharks - a strip about pernickety sharks who prefer ice lollies to human flesh - found swimming in the big sea of magazine publishing lured some serious predators.
Donald cites a parody of an old Ready Brek advert which showed a child glowing warmth and the line "Central heating for children". Viz recreated the ad with a vagrant toting a well-known premium strength lager and changed the line to "Central Heating for Tramps", inadvertently drawing the rebuke of the brewer's lawyers.
Given its reputation for poking abuse, one might feel a pang of sympathy for the poor Viz defamation lawyer. Not a bit of it, according to Donald, who says the comic relies on a loophole which permits "low abuse", ie plain non-libellous insults. Viz has only ever made two apologies - one after it ran a strip about gipsies, and got a letter from the United Nations alleging racism.
"We didn't mean to offend. It doesn't look good on our record to be accused of racism," says Donald, who despite his record, is not averse to serious reflection. The other apology followed a misunderstanding about a celebrity who subsequently died from cancer. After a "cease and desist" letter from the company Viz hit back with a strip about a "miserable Scottish git" called DC Thomson. Not to be outdone, Thomson sharpened its knives and resurrected one of its old strips, the Jocks Versus the Geordies, as a means of mocking Viz's comic strips.
Despite carving a handsome living out of parodying comics, Donald clearly retains great affection for the likes of Topper, Buster and Whizzer and Chips, which have shut down in the past 25 years. But he concedes Viz's warts and all approach has, in some small way, contributed to a changing market. "The world's constantly changing so we must have had a part in it in some small way. It certainly isn't one of our achievements that we shut down all the comics we grew up reading ourselves."
As for respectability, Viz has followed a familiar comedic trajectory, � la Monty Python or Billy Connolly, from outsider to institution. Donald is flattered by the Python analogy. "To paraphrase Quentin Crisp," he says, "if we're accepted now, it's not because we've changed, it's the establishment that's changed."
Viz whizzes
The Evening Chronicle
Aug 26 2004
The Viz comic is celebrating its 25th anniversary this year. Jamie Diffley meets the men who are still keeping its readers laughing. It must be a stressful life at a magazine which sells more than 130,000 copies per issue. Publishers on your back, deadlines looming, stories to finish. By the way when is the next deadline? "Don't know," is the instant chorus reply from three of the five staff who make up the current team of one of Newcastle's finest exports - Viz.
The chorus comes from designer Wayne Gamble, cartoonist Davey Jones and Simon Thorp, who along with Graham Dury is joint editor. Graham is away when we visit - in Cornwall apparently - as is Stevie Glover, editorial manager and, in the words of Simon, the rock. "She would know the deadline," he says. "She's good at the sensible side of things. If we were Princess Di she would be our Paul Burrell."
The next deadline (we learn later on by virtue of a quick check) is not for another three weeks. No need to panic then. Anyway, after a quarter of a century you'd think the comic is such a well-oiled machine that deadlines would become insignificant. With only 10 issues to produce every year it would make sense to everyone to have issues ready to go to print as and when required. To work in advance as it were.
"I still like the idea of getting one in the bag, so to speak," says Simon, known to the rest as Thorpy. "When one deadline is over it would be good to work steadily towards the next one but after so long it still doesn't happen. It's a shame because it would make things easier for us all, but the way we work is quite chaotic. However, we still get things done."
Viz is not just a North East institution but a national one. From the early days of a glorified fanzine produced in founder, Chris Donald's Jesmond bedroom, it went on to sell more than a million and still shifts a healthy 138,000 plus copies per issue. It gave us legendary characters like the un-PC Sid the Sexist, the half-man half-fish goalkeeper Billy and the man-mad Fat Slags. The comic spawned a host of imitators, most of which fell by the wayside and for a while itself suffered a huge dip in form.
But recent subscriptions have almost doubled since the beginning of 2003 and with a host of events planned to celebrate its silver anniversary there is a buzz about the comic again. One collector's edition of old favourites is already in the shops and there's a 25th anniversary edition due out in October. There are two books set for release, one by original founder Chris Donald, and there is talk of a celebrity bash in London to mark the occasion. Back at the office, things remain the same if a little busier of late. "We try to ignore what's happening in the outside world," said cartoonist Davey Jones. "The publishers try to push the business side of it on us but we do our best not to listen. We just get on with it."
Dennis Publishing Ltd owns half of the magazine, with the rest owned between Simon, Graham and Davy and Chris Donald, who quit the comic as editor in 1999. The writers have full creative freedom over the contents, which are decided in the comic's conference room. This is the creative heart of the publication, where scripts are scribbled on note pads and drawings doodled on whatever comes to hand. Staff thrash out ideas on the two battered sofas that sit in the middle of the room, surrounded by mountains of past issues, scores of irreverent books, a table football game and a dartboard.
Most top magazines employ researchers to try and pin down their core audience to boost their sales. Readers are canvassed, focus groups consulted and the results presented to editorial staff in a stuffy boardroom on an overhead projector. The brains behind Viz don't believe in focus groups. "We talk about it between ourselves and if it makes us laugh, we'll go with it," said Simon. "It's a collaborative process where we just bounce things around. If it doesn't make us laugh we bin it." It's a bold marketing strategy but it's one that works. Fortunately for them the Great British public is tickled by the idea of a vibrating goat which has a bum for a face.
The rest of the Viz office, set in Milburn House, close to St Nicholas' Cathedral, in Newcastle City Centre, is just as chaotic as the conference room. A framed gallery of the 100+ issues line one of the walls while a huge poster, mocking the merits of Skegness (too rude to print here but very funny) dominates another wall. Viz memorabilia is littered around. T-shirts, mugs, calendars. Even the remains of a Sid the Sexist Easter egg. In the middle of the room are the three drawing boards where the stories come to life.
Simon is responsible for Billy the Fish, Farmer Palmer and Mrs Brady among others. Davey concentrates on the one-off specialist cartoon strips (the aforementioned vibrating bum-faced goats was one of his) while Graham's hand is the one behind the Fat Slags. From there Wayne takes over as page designer, laying out the final product on computer. The finished article is then electronically sent to the printers in Essex. Always on time despite the apparent haphazard nature. "We used to send it by train in the old days but we missed it once and had to drive it all the way down," remembers Simon. "We were told it had to be there before midnight and we just made it. We handed over this package to the printer and he put it down on a table. It didn't get done until three days later anyway."
Simon first became involved with Viz in 1984. Originally from Pontefract, in West Yorkshire, he was an art student at Aberystwyth University, when he replied to an advert on the back of Private Eye for cartoonists. Although he was aware of the comic, he had never read it. In 1984 Viz wasn't available in too many places outside the North East. He moved to Newcastle to work full-time on the growing business just before it moved from Chris Donald's bedroom to offices in Portman Terrace, Jesmond, and watched it become the biggest selling humour magazine in the early 90s.
In 2000 they moved to their current premises, which they call Fulchester House, after the fictional town where Billy the Fish plays his football. Throughout the changes Simon tries to keep the same approach to the humour which made it a success in the first place. They have resisted suggested changes from a variety of publishers, including a push to move them to London. "I couldn't imagine living and working in London," protests Simon. "It's horrible. If we had have gone we probably wouldn't exist today. We probably would have all been murdered."
Cult comic Viz goes glossy
MediaWeek,
21 September 2001
Cult adult comic Viz is undergoing its first significant format change since it was launched twenty years ago. In a bid to boost its on-shelf appeal, future issues will take on changes including a bigger size format, a stiff and glossier cover and better quality paper inside the comic. Publisher IFG said the changes were part of an overall strategy to consolidate its men's titles, including Bizarre Magazine and Fortean Times, to create the strongest men's magazine publishing house in the UK.
In typical Viz style, commercial manager Will Watt said: "We've been talking for a while with the lads at Viz about making it bigger and stiffer as we're confident that these sort improvements will attract new and lapsed readers."
Viz gives Fat Slags the elbow
John Plunkett
The Guardian,
19 October 2004
The publishers of Viz magazine have axed the Fat Slags, one of its most infamous cartoon strips, after their big screen adaptation was branded the worst British film ever made. Sandra and Tracey, two sex-mad north country factory workers from 69 Shit Street, Fulchester, will make their last appearance in the magazine's 25th anniversary issue, which is out next week.
"I'm sorry to say that the Fat Slags are no more," said Graham Dury, the editor of Viz. "After seeing this crass and ill-conceived film I just don't feel like drawing them again. It was crap from start to end, there are no laughs to be had and it bears no relation to the comic strip on which we have worked so hard to make a success."
The Fat Slags first appeared in Viz 15 years ago. The big screen version, which stars Sophie Thompson and Smack the Pony's Fiona Allen, follows them on a trip to London where they help an American media tycoon, who is brain damaged after insulting the Dalai Lama. The movie was universally panned by critics in tabloids and broadsheets alike. "Crass, demeaning and thoroughly depressing, I would sooner recommend you scoop out your eyes with teaspoons than watch this," said Wendy Ide in the Times.
"There may still be some diehard Viz aficionados who'll love every second of this film - but I'm one and I didn't," said Johnny Vaughan in the Sun, while the Guardian's Peter Bradshaw concluded: "It has plenty of gross-out stuff, but chucked in with an eerie lack of enjoyment or conviction. Depression seeps out of the screen like carbon monoxide." "First they said that Mad Cows was the worst British film ever made. Then they said Sex Lives of the Potato Men was. Now the hot topic among connoisseurs of bad films will be: is Fat Slags worse than Cows and Potato Men combined?" asked Cosmo Landesman in the Sunday Times.
The film adaptation also starred Geri Halliwell, Naomi Campbell, Angus Deayton and former EastEnder Michael Greco. The Dalai Lama was played by Pink Panther star Bert Kwouk. Privately Viz executives are furious that the film has been made at all - when the magazine was sold to Dennis Publishing the film rights were retained by the magazine's former owner, John Brown Publishing. As a result, the Viz editorial team had no control over the film and were "appalled" by the end result.
The Fat Slags' creator and former Viz editor Simon Donald said it was "embarrassing". "Even the most idiotic, misguided teenage moron will not get a laugh out of this truly irredeemable crock of horseshit," he said. They believe that it will damage the reputation of the magazine and decided the only option was to distance themselves by killing the two ladies off.
Mr Dury said: "As far as we are concerned the Fat Slags has already been made by Alan Clarke. His [1986] film Rita, Sue and Bob Too is the best film you could hope to make of the Fat Slags. This version was crap from start to end."
Within weeks of their debut in 1989, the Fat Slags were recruited in an advertising campaign for Tennent's lager. At the time, a Guardian column said they "stood out [in Viz] as the most appalling and the funniest strip, perhaps because they contain a hint of truth and tragedy. They're gluttonous and amoral and they'll shag anyone who's good for a bag of chips."
Fat Slags was directed by Ed Bye, who also directed Kevin and Perry Go Large. The big screen version of Harry Enfield's comic creation, Kevin the Teenager, was a hit at the box office and took �9m in the UK in its first three weeks on release. Back to top
Posted: Sun Feb 16, 2014 2:56 am Post subject:
issues 151-175 added - thanks again to dextrovix for his efforts
Previous updates
23rd March - issues 111-150 added
6th March - complete downloads up to issue 110 available in first post. Thanks to dextrovix
2012
25th June - issues 93 and 97 added, thanks to PriestFan
21st May - issues 68 and 89 added, thanks to PriestFan
2nd May - issues 58 and 65 added, thanks to PriestFan for sending his scans
2011
19th September - issues 54 and 105 added - thanks to smellofmints for sending his scans
10th August - issues 98 and 147 added
6th August - 4 specials added to the bottom of the list
22nd May - issue 57 added - thanks to Ian for sending it
2nd Apr - issues 52 and 53 added
30th Mar - issues 29 and 30 added
25th Mar - issues 27 and 28 fixed - thanks to oohahh for letting me know of the problem. Also, streaming players added for audio files...
19th Feb - issues 25 and 26 added
10th Feb - issues 20 and 23 added
22nd Jan - issues 18 and 19 added
8th Jan - issues 15 and 16 added
2010
December 23rd - issues 1-14 added. Thanks to Leon for the uploads (he's sent all missing issues up to 55). I've tidied them up, got rid of the age-fading and improved the definition.
October 12th - issues 183, 184, 185, 186 added
April 5th - Issues 80, 81, 82, 83 added
March 28th - Issues 115, 118, 124 and 130 added
March 23rd - Issues 17, 21, 22, 24 added thanks to uploads by Trelard. He's also supplied a few of the specials, but I'll add them when I've got a few more to include. Back to top
Display posts from previous:
| Newcastle |
In the context of clothing what type of clothing is a Leghorn? | Oop North - TV Tropes
Oop North
You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account
Share
Cheer up, Ian, at least you don't live in Luton...
"Up North,
Where the beer is best!
Up North,
Where you don't wear a vest!
Up North,
Ah, I'll say it again,
Up North!"
— Fivepenny Piece: Up North
Northern England. To those of the metropolitan southeast in particular, a strange and alien place full of salt-of-the-earth lower-class types who talk funny , notable only for football, pop music and flat caps . To some Londoners, this is anywhere north of the M25, the motorway surrounding Greater London, forgetting about The Midlands note (another popular informal boundary between the North and South (with The Midlands again being lumped in with the North) is an imaginary line drawn from the Wash to the Bristol channel. Northerners, however, draw it from the Humber Estuary to the Dee Estuary, excluding the unloved Midlands which are lumped in with the South). Geographically, the North is usually classed as Cheshire, Greater Manchester , Yorkshire, Merseyside , Lancashire, Durham, Tyne & Wear, Northumberland , Cumbria and parts of Lincolnshire and Derbyshire.
It's less crowded than southern England, but not half as rich or full of TV bosses. The media sometimes portray a stereotypical place of urban deprivation, coal mines and men in flat caps. Expect stories about working-class struggle, unemployment, crime, alcoholism, and old men having humorous adventures . There may well be trouble at t'mill . The setting of many a Kitchen Sink Drama .
Northerners are sometimes held in the same low regard as Australians and Texans for being too loud, proud and generally insufferable, like in At Last The 1948 Show 's Four Yorkshiremen sketch . But surveys have shown that Northern accents (particularly Yorkshire) are thought to be the most "trustworthy", thanks to the no-nonsense stereotype. The North of England often vocally supports the Labour Party, especially concerning trade unions (think of all those coal mines, steel mills, and so on). Express praise for Margaret Thatcher at your own risk .
The trope name reflects a northern pronunciation
of "up North" in the phrase is "Ee, it's grim oop North ".note Incidentally, "ee" sounds like a cross between "aye" and "hey" and "oop" rhymes internally with "foot" not "soup" While living Oop North is certainly no joke, it should not be confused with the Grim Up North .
, where two blokes from Manchester—a United fan and a City fan —describe how horrible their lives would be if they were born on the other side, even though they have more in common than they think.
Comic Books
Several of the stories in Viz , as the comic originated in Newcastle; most notably the character of Sid The Sexist.
John Constantine is originally from Liverpool. Furthermore, a large number of issues are about John making attempts to come to terms with what happened in Newcastle.
Dan Dare 's batman Digby hails from Wigan. Dan himself is from Manchester.
Jack Staff is set in Castleford, Yorkshire.
In Witchblade , a former wielder of the Witchblade Katarina Godliffe was from a farm near York in North Yorkshire.
Comic Strips
Andy Capp — and his grand-daughter Mandy Capp — are from the North-East. Andy has evolved since the 1950's as the archetypical Geordie ne'er-do-well. His son Buster Capp was for a time the lead feature in a children's comic (Buster was created for the eponymous comic; Andy and Flo did occasional cameo parts). It is implied that Buster grew up and married, as the third generation of the Capp family is attitudinal single mother Mandy, whose exploits are now a Daily Mirror comic strip. Mandy has children...
Hardcastle Industries, one of Alex's clients in the Alex comic strip, is based in the fictional Nothern town of Grimley. Alex had to move there for a time, leading to a lot of 'fish out of water' jokes about a London banker trying to adjust to life in the industrial north.
The very funny comics of Bill Tidy, most notably The Fosdyke Saga (which used to appear in the Daily Mirror) and The Cloggies (in Private Eye) were firmly based Up North. The Cloggies obviously was a team of clog-dancers, while The Fosdyke Saga told the story of the Fosdykes, a Lancashire family who by a stroke of luck inherited Salfords biggest tripeworks and took place between the turn of the century and the 1930s; usually Sir Jos Fosdyke's three sons were busy travelling around the world on various tripe-related quests and stunts.
A successor strip The Last Chip Shop in England documented the Resistance movement against fast food which in a dystopic Britain was trying to drive all the competition out of existence. the Fast Food Corporation was a double Shout-Out against both Americanised fast food chains, and a Southern government colluding with them to drive Northern tradition into extinction.
Films — Animation
Wallace & Gromit . Its precise setting was kept mysterious for a while, but was eventually revealed to be Wigan in Lancashire — the Yorkshire-Lancashire rivalry was referenced in A Matter of Loaf and Death when Gromit makes a solid attempt at throwing an about-to-explode bomb across the Yorkshire border. Though in truth, it was shown in A Grand Day Out that the setting was Wigan, just had to keep an eye out for it.
Aardman's other famous work, Chicken Run , is set in Yorkshire.
Films — Live-Action
Threads , the ultimate horror show of nuclear war takes place entirely in Sheffield and the surrounding towns. All the actors are pretty much native to the area, and the programme needs captions just so the rest of the country can make out what the hell everyone is saying. A joke at the time (probably started by a Southerner) held that the film had been set in Sheffield so they didn't have to spend any money building sets to depict it after the nuclear attack.
The Full Monty , in which a bunch of sacked steel workers have to turn to stripping to survive. By the way, that's a comedy (albeit a frequently dark one ) and a pretty good one as well.
Whistle Down the Wind depicts both the rural and urban North.
Both are rather depressing.
Billy Elliot , a story about a young Northern boy who takes up ballet and tries to hide it from his gruff father. It turns out that, although other men in the town have a problem with men doing ballet, his father is just glad his son has found a way to avoid spending his life working in a coal mine, like he did.
The film Get Carter is set Oop North in Newcastle, which is portrayed as a grim, crime-ridden city.
Also, the famous car park scene is set in Gateshead, just across the Tyne from Newcastle.
And apparently, no hospitals until you go hundreds of miles down south to London.
Oh there were plenty, the hard part was finding pretty nurses with a deep interest in strange, hairy men.
Billy Liar , filmed in and around Bradford and Leeds, just as they were in the process of pulling down all the depressing Victorian slums and replacing them with... er... depressing modern tower-blocks.
Brassed Off concerns the (fictional) Grimley Colliery Band, from a (fictional) area of The North. The plot deals with a brass band (very Northern) made up of miners (also quite Northern) being made redundant (again, Northern) by the managers (definitely Southern, from the one example seen on screen).
24 Hour Party People , the semi-fictional account of Manchester's Factory Records and that city's regeneration.
Also Control , the Ian Curtis biopic, which naturally filmed in a lot of the same places.
Kes , written by a man from Barnsley, South Yorkshire, is set there. True to form, everyone speaks Tyke, wears a flat cap and the place is crapsack.
With possible exception of flat caps... Truth in T.V.
Kinky Boots is set in Northampton, played as the boring, bankrupt small town representing the endangered values of Charlie's father, and which the fashionable fiancée desperately tries to leave or convert to flats. While the people are very nice, they're a bit small-minded about their new co-worker, a drag queen from London.
Strange really, as Northampton is about as midland as you can get. It's actually less than a hundred miles from London.
There's even an argument about it.
Lola: Lola doesn't do North.
Lola: No, Charlie. Tottenham Court Road is the Midlands.
Mercer, Cutlet Beckett's right had man from Pirates of the Caribbean , has a heavy Mancunian accent.
The Damned United , based as it is on the true story of Brian Clough's management of Leeds United in The '70s .
Countess Lisl von Schlaf, in For Your Eyes Only passes herself off as a German noblewoman, until she and James Bond get alone together; as her nightie starts slipping, so does her Germanic accent. Bond guesses she's from Manchester. She answers, "Close, Liverpool." This scene is the Trope Namer for Ooh, Me Accent's Slipping via paraphrased dialogue.
In A Hard Day's Night , Ringo skips out of the studio to roam London on his own - when a policeman shouts at him for hurling a brick in the river he shouts back "Southerner!". Meanwhile the band's manager frets on Ringo's potential misdeeds, what with his being "released on the unsuspecting South".
Speaking of The Beatles , there's also the film Across the Universe by Julie Taymor. The protagonist, Jude, is from Liverpool, and as such, is poor, wears a flatcap and works at the shipyard. Also, his heavy accent is what brings Max's attention to him, as he asks him "Where is that accent from?" when they first meet.
In Monty Python's The Meaning of Life the second Miracle of Birth sketch is set in the Third World, i.e. Yorkshire. Right after the baby is born via a stork dropping it down the chimney, the father comes home and announces that the mill is closed.
In Monty Python and the Holy Grail , the same Python, Yorkshire native Michael Palin , deliberately plays the King of Swamp Castle as a grasping, avaricious Northern stereotype, complete with broad accent.
Educating Rita , set in Liverpool, filmed in Dublin.
Bridesmaids has some very stereotypical low-class Northerner roommates living with the main character in a Milwaukee (in the U.S.) apartment.
One's played by a Londoner using his own accent, the other by an Australian attempting to match his. Neither is using a Northern accent.
The French film Welcome To The Sticks ( Bienvenue Chez Les Chtis ) is all about a Southern Frenchman forced to move to the Northern part of France, nicknamed "The Sticks", and learning about how it isn't as bad as the rumours made it out to be.
Italy has a similar trope, where the largely agricultural south of the country views itself as the poor-but-virtuous real Italy set against those flash rich soft bastards in the industrial North. The MAFIA is viewed as Southern Italy's embodied sense of resentment and anger against the rich North (vide the Godfather series)
Robin Hood (2010) has Russell Crowe attempt a Northern accent, although the fact that he often wandered into Irish was mocked in the UK. Also, the Northern Lords speak with strong Northern accents (unrealistic for the time as they would all have been Norman French, but never mind).
Formula 51, filmed and set in Liverpool.
Liam is set in 1930s Liverpool, showing the titular character preparing for his First Communion when his father loses his job, his sister becomes a maid to a wealthy Jewish family, and his father and brother turn to disparate ideologies (fascism and socialism) in response to the family's economic decline.
Neville Longbottom from the Harry Potter movies has a Northern accent, due to Matt Lewis being from West Yorkshire.
The documentary Made in Sheffield is all about the many post punk and New Wave Music artists that came from the northern city of Sheffield, including the Human League, Heaven 17, and Pulp.
Four Lions is set and filmed mostly in Sheffield. Omar works as a security guard at Meadowhall. The hospital scene is the main entrance of the Northern General Hospital.
Lock, Stock & Two Smoking Barrels features Gary and Dean, two petty criminals from Liverpool with thick Scouse accents. The exchange they have with the cockney Barry the Baptist pretty much sums up the whole North/South divide.
Barry the Baptist: Fucking Northern monkeys!
Dean: I hate these fucking Southern fairies!
Literature
Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell references the North-South rivalry by having the North ruled by a king of Faerie and only conditionally united with the South until his return.
Sgt. Shadwell of Good Omens is in some ways a very sour Northerner, resentful of Southern England. Unfortunately, his accent makes him completely impossible to place, and he has accused Scots of being Southerners.
He's referred to in the book as hating all Southerners, and by inference to be standing on the North Pole.
Additionally, the demon Crowley asserts early on in the book that Manchester was his greatest work.
Neither he nor his angelic counterpart Aziraphale took responsibility for Milton Keynes , but they both reported it as a win for their side.
Although Wuthering Heights is set in the North and most of the characters were born and lived their lives there, the character of Joseph is significant in that he's written with a thick and an almost impenetrable Yorkshire accent (that contains several words and turns of language that today no longer exist) that no other character in the novel shares.
Catherine Cookson's novels (and thus the telefilm adaptations thereof) are almost exclusively set deep in the heart of this trope, specifically Northumberland.
The Plague Dogs , a Darker And Grittier sequel ( book and film ) to Richard Adams ' Watership Down , is set in England's Lake District.
In Joan Aiken's Wolves Of Willoughby Chase and successive sequels, as well as Midnight Is A Place , Blastburn is a northern 'satanic' mill-town apparently sited in Yorkshire. At one point in the cycle it has broken off from the south and is ruled by a succession of sinister relatives of Dido and Is Twite. Although the series is set in an alternate timeline where the Stuarts maintained their succession and the Hanoverians exist as rebels trying to blow King James III up, most of the early Victorian tropes are there in spades.
Mrs. Whitlow, the indefatigable housekeeper of the Unseen University in Discworld is implied to have this accent.
Though she usually puts on what she thinks is a "posh" accent when talking to the wizards.
Lancre is partly based on rural Lancashire (with added geographynote whereas Lancashire is rugged and hilly by the standards of England, Lancre is set in the Discworld equivalent of the Himalayas ), a county known for its witches. Terry Pratchett used some names from historic witch trials for some of the Lancre witches.
Sheepridge, birthplace of Dick Simnel in Raising Steam : he and his mother speak in Northern dialect.
In the book of Layer Cake , a chapter is actually entitled "Oop North" and recounts the drug dealing protagonist and his associates (all Londoners) going to a meeting with their Northern associates. He frequently refers slightingly to "scousers" and portrays the residents of the region as a bunch of savages.
"Scouser" is a common nickname for people from Liverpool though, and "scouse" for their accent and dialect.
Yet another Terry Pratchett example is Blackbury, the City of Adventure in the Johnny Maxwell Trilogy , heavily implied to be Oop North and explicitly so in the TV adaptation of Johnny and the Bomb. The name, as well as being an Incredibly Lame Pun , is a portmanteau of Blackburn and Bury which are two large towns in Lancashire.
Frances Hodgson Burnett's classic The Secret Garden is very specifically set on the Yorkshire moors, complete with characters speaking in the distinctive dialect of the region.
James Herriot 's eponymous novels, set in the fictional town of "Darrowby" (in actuality Thirsk and surrounding areas), deal nearly exclusively with farmers from the Yorkshire Dales. Expect many strong Yorkshire accents, along with the appropriate phonetic spelling, thick enough to cut with a knife. That part of England is now so closely associated with Herriot that the local tourist authorities named it "Herriot Country".
Author Bill Bryson , who lived in the area for many years, points out that the pre-WWII Yorkshire accent, as found in the Herriot books, is a very different thing from the current incarnation. To his American ears, the older dialect sounded almost like a different language altogether.
Herriot himself states as much, complaining that radio and TV all but destroyed the native dialect, and he only knows a few old men speaking it. The chapter about his arrival into Darrowby doesn't depict him having much difficulty with pronunciation... but the local terminology, on the other hand... Would you understand a farmer saying he "has a cow wot wants borin' out. She's nobbut going on three cylinders. if we don't do summat she'll go wrang in 'er ewer, won't she? Don't want felon, do we?"Translation I got a cow with a blocked teat, need it cleared out. If we don't do something, she'll have problems with the udder. We don't want mastitis, right?
The Sarah Caudwell novel The Sibyl in her Grave features a bank director with a very pronounced Lancashire accent, which is commented on numerous times by various people. Most of them talk about how remarkable it is he's risen to his prominent position what with the disadvantages he must have had. The gentleman is actually very well educated with a First from Oxford and quite capable of speaking with a Southern accent, but found that other Englishmen were more inclined to trust him with the Northern accent. Then he kept it and started exaggerating it - and the "provincial Northerner" persona - to make fun of a snobbish coworker he particularly disliked, but no one ever realised it was a joke.
In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince , Spinner's End is in the north, around 200 miles from London; the descriptions are evocative of old textile towns like Rochdale, Stockport, Brighouse, and Halifax. Which side of the Pennines it's on is a matter of debate, with equally convincing arguments. An essay
on the Harry Potter Lexicon by Claire M. Jordan states: "Of these locations, the Manchester/Salford area is probably the most likely. (In the movies Snape speaks with a West London accent [because Alan Rickman is originally from Hammersmith] and therefore can't be used to prove or disprove this theory.)
asserts that based on the details given in the books, Neville Longbottom and his relatives appear to be from Lancashire.
In the UK audio books, Stephen Fry gives Tonks a strong Yorkshire accent.
All of which leads to a certain Fridge Logic : if all wizards spend their early adolescence at the same boarding school, they should all have the same accent. This was part of the point of boarding school for the British well-to-do in the nineteenth century. (Yes, even if they're originally from Ireland, Scotland or Yorkshire.)
Hard Times is set up north. This being Charles Dickens of course, an author who was about as Northern as Mick Jagger, it's believed he had to look up the dialect in a book to make sure he got the Lancashire accent and slang right . Only the poor, uneducated people spoke this way though.
Elizabeth Gaskell's 1855 novel North and South is one of the earliest modern examples to contrast the differences between the (newly) industrializing North and wealthier South.
Learoyd, one of Rudyard Kipling 's Soldiers Three, is a Yorkshireman.
Peter Tinniswood's series of books about the very Northern Brandon family are classics of Northern humour. A Touch of Daniel and its three successor novels are deliberately vague about whether the Brandons and their world are in Yorkshire or Lancashire and combine the idea of the taciturn grim North with mordant observational humour. note Although the TV adaptation I Didn't Know You Cared very definitely places them in Yorkshire. The first three books are set in the late 1960's and 1970's; the fourth, Call It A Canary, catches up with Carter Brandon in his forties in the entirely different world of the 1980's. Here he is unemployed due to Thatcher's destruction of the north and its heavy industries, a theme Tinniswood uses with real anger and satirical fire. Carter Brandon's descent into despair after the heavy engineering trade - all he knows - vanishes, is a microcosm of the death of heavy manufacturing industry in the North at the hands of a remote government serving only its electorate in the south. To those who remember the optimistic young introvert of the early books, this comes as a shocking postscript.
George Eliot 's novel The Mill on the Floss is set in a fictional Lincolnshire community.
Unnatural Issue begins on a Yorkshire manor, complete with servants speaking in "broad Yorkshire" accents.
Fred Dibnah (below for TV work) is immortalized in Terry Pratchett 's Raising Steam as railway engineer Dick Simnel.
"The Northlands" (north of Mossflower) in Brian Jacques' [1] series.
Where the Blake sisters in The Pearl and the Carnelian hail from. Neither is overjoyed by it.
Live-Action TV
Brass . Parodies the trope to within an inch of its life sending up a number of northern stereotypes and genres. Including Agatha Christie , D.H. Lawrence, Brideshead Revisited, working class vs ruling class and so on.
Coupling . Though Jeffery is supposedly Welsh, Richard Coyle is from Sheffield, and his Northern accent becomes more noticable in later series.
Frasier . Daphne Moon's from Manchester.note Actress Jane Leeves, by contrast, is from the Sussex town of East Grinstead. Her accent is not easily identified as Manchester by anybody familiar with the area and Daphne's siblings speak with accents ranging from RP to Scottish.
Last of the Summer Wine , the longest-running sitcom in the world, about a group of pensioners living in Yorkshire.
Open All Hours , about a miserly shopkeeper, also set in Yorkshire (although Ronnie Barker, from Bedfordshire, and David Jason from London provide very unconvincing Yorkshire accents).
Coronation Street , a very long-running Soap Opera about working-class people set and filmed in (Greater) Manchester...
Hollyoaks , a Soap Opera about young people set in Chester (but filmed in Liverpool)...
Brookside , a Soap Opera about a housing estate in Liverpool (filmed in a purpose-built housing estate, in Liverpool)
Emmerdale , a Soap Opera about people in rural Yorkshire (and filmed in Yorkshire!)...
All Creatures Great and Small plus any other versions of James Herriot's books. NB this is the rural north so there are some differences.
The three Red Riding films, which deal with murder and police corruption in Ripper-haunted Seventies Yorkshire.
Harry Enfield's character Buggerallmoney, a Self-Parody of his Cockney character Loadsamoney. When Enfield did a live show in which he was required to play the character in front of an audience of actual Northerners, he called up one of the editors of the aforementioned Viz comic for coaching on getting the accent right. According to Enfield, the show went well, but at the end of the night he asked the audience how his accent had been, and every one of them shouted back "SHITE!"
Four of the core characters from Auf Wiedersehen, Pet ; Oz, Dennis and Neville (from Newcastle) and Moxey (from Liverpool).note The three Geordies were played by genuine Geordies (Jimmy Nail, Tim Healy, and Kevin Whately), but Moxey was played by Hertfordshire native Christopher Fairbank.
Spender , about a Northern detective played by proud Geordie Jimmy Nail.
The Likely Lads , a pair of Geordies.note Though they were played by two northerners, neither were Geordies - Rodney Bewes was a Yorkshire native, while James Bolam grew up in Sunderland. Also the sequel, Whatever Happened To The Likely Lads?
The miniseries Blackpool and its sequel, Viva Blackpool (both were shown under the name Viva Blackpool in the US).
The 2006/7 BBC series Life on Mars is set in a 1973 Manchester that may or may not be entirely imaginary.
Ashes to Ashes is set in London, but three of the Mancunian characters from its parent show, most notably Gene Hunt, appear in this show.
The Ninth Doctor's accent in Doctor Who (since it is Christopher Eccleston 's natural one). This despite him being an alien, which is explained thusly: "lots of planets have a North!"
Parodied ruthlessly in Dead Ringers .
Christopher Eccleston: Because I am from the north! Not that I like to go on about it. But I'm part of the north, my heart is in the north, and when I bleed, I bleed northern blood! I am the north made flesh! But you know, like I said, I don' like to go on 'bout it.
In the alternate history universe of "Turn Left", Donna and many other residents of the South of England are forced to move to the North of England after fallout from an attack on London leaves much of the south irradiated. It gets worse .
Some woman in Leeds: Used to be a nice family in number 29! They missed one mortgage payment, just one, and they got booted out, all for you lot!
Donna: Don't get all chippy with me, Vera Duckworth! Pop your clogs on and go and feed t'whippets!
This accent was also a trait of the First Doctor's companion, Dodo Chaplet.
Eleventh and Twelfth Doctor companion Clara speaks with Jenna Coleman's Lancashire accent.
The 2013 episode "The Crimson Horror" takes place in Victorian Yorkshire, and much to the Doctor's joy there is in fact trouble at t'mill.
The bleak provincial city of Grimble, where Rumpole of the Bailey defended a couple of cases.
Judge Oliphant is a transplanted Northerner living and working in London.
The children's series Byker Grove is set around a Newcastle youth club. Byker is a real area of Newcastle.
Michael from I'm Alan Partridge is Geordie. The actor playing him is not, but nails the very, very specific accent.
Waterloo Road is set in Rochdale, a town that is part of Greater Manchester. Or Lancashire if you ask the locals.
The Columbo episode "Etude in Black" features a Northern English car mechanic living in Hollywood and specialising in foreign and classic cars. John Cassavetes plays the murderer of the week and invokes stereotype by patronisingly addressing the mechanic in the "What ho, old chap! Don't you know?"-type drawl characteristic of an American actor having trouble with a British accent.
Anything and everything involving Peter Kay, whose observational comedy (as seen in Phoenix Nights and Max And Paddys Road To Nowhere , as well as his stand-up routines) draws heavily on the culture of the North-West of England.
Badger was set in Northumberland (about as far Oop North as you can get).
Despite attempt to appear more exotic, Howard Moon is "clearly from Leeds". He's occasionally described as Northern in an insulting tone, or it's said that it's the origin of his unsophisticated behavior, despite the fact that Howard is an upright, mild-mannered kind of guy. Julian Barratt, the actor who plays Howard, is also from Leeds.
Gunn-Sar from the Blake's 7 episode "Power" is a barbarian leader with a Yorkshire accent despite being from another planet in the far future. Still, it made a change from the usual cavemen speaking with posh accents .
Jeremy Clarkson of Top Gear is from Doncaster, but went native as a southerner and rarely brings out his original accent. The phenomenon of "more northern than thi" (as in Good Omens above) was also referenced in the Polar Special, as they approached the magnetic north pole:
Clarkson: We are now the most northern people in the world!...well apart from Michael Parkinson, obviously.
Whether he had any 'original' accent at all. More upper-middle class people tend to have quite neutral accents fairly similar to what Clarkson has now. For example Michael Palin is from Sheffield, but doesn't have any kind of stereotype "northern" accent (although, like Clarkson, he does a good impression of that accent). Or think of Jessica Jane Clement from The Real Hustle ... ... (ok, you can stop thinking now ), who has a bit of a Yorkshire accent at times.
When The Boat Comes In , with a lot of Geordies.
David Lister from Red Dwarf is from Liverpool (as is the actor who portrays him, Craig Charles).
Parodied on A Bit of Fry and Laurie , with a Northerner ( Hugh Laurie ) who is determined to prove to a Londoner ( Stephen Fry ) that the North is actually quite civilized, thank you very much. This prompts the Londoner to mess with him by claiming that Londoners have developed eternal life by drinking petrol.
The League of Gentlemen is set in the fictitious Northern English town of Royston Vaseynote The birth name of Northern comedian Roy "Chubby" Brown
. They play up all the stereotypes of podunk rurality, although it's worth noting that the creators themselves are Northerners.
On Chef! , Cyril was an uncultured Northerner. His finishing-school educated daughter Renee, however, spoke with a really posh accent. Lenny Henry 's character mocked both Cyril for having a Northern accent, and Renee for not having one.
on Flying Circus , with the oft-seen trope of the father rejecting his son for betraying his background and pursuing a different life ... only the father's profession is writing plays for the London theatre, and the son's betrayal consisted of moving to Yorkshire to become a coal miner.
Graham Chapman: Hampstead wasn't good enough for you, was it? You had to go poncin' off to Barnsley! You and your coal-mining friends!
Even funnier in that the entire sketch is an inverse "Billy Elliot" Plot , with the father wearing shirtsleeves and braces and speaking with a Yorkshire accent, while his son wears a suit and tie ("It's the only thing I own besides the coveralls!")
Claude Rains from Heroes is from Blackpool, according to the show's PrimaTech Files website, but he has Christopher Eccleston 's Salford accent. Eccleston is like the poster boy for this trope.
The Beiderbecke Affair was set in Leeds, Yorkshire, although one of the protagonists was a Geordie.
Big Al: I've got nothing against Geordies, except that they're not from Yorkshire. It's not as though I was letting a Londoner in.
Queer as Folk (the UK original version) was set in Manchester, around the Canal St area.
In the 1989 TV 'mockumentary' "Norbert Smith: A Life," the actor being profiled, Norbert Smith (played by Harry Enfield) appears in a kitchen-sink drama entitled "It's Grim Up North," which runs through just about every cliche of the council-estate/Angry Young Man dramas of the period, including out-of-wedlock pregnancy, bitter family rowing, women in head scarves, and ugly flowered wallpaper.
The Ripping Yarns episode "The Testing of Eric Olthwaite" is a parody Coming-of-Age Story about a boy in Yorkshire who's so boring (obsessed with rainfall and shovels) that his family leaves him.
Both Martha Costello, the main character of Silk , and her trainee, Nick Slade, are from the north, although it's never specified where. They're frequently pitted against Martha's rival, who comes from Cambridge, and his trainee, the daughter of a London judge.
Bill Oddie of The Goodies , born in Rochdale (a sattelite town of Manchester), would often play up his Northernness, for instance in the episode where he introduced the world to Ecky Thump, the Lancashire art of self-defense (consisting of hitting people over the head with a black pudding). There's also this bit from the I'm Sorry I'll Read That Again version of Othello:
Bill Oddie: 'Ow do, ah am Oh-thello.
David Hatch: What kind of a Moor is that?
Bill Oddie: A Yorkshire Moor !
Tim Brooke-Taylor, the personification of an upper-class soft southern Nellie in the Goodies, is also (just about) from Oop North: his family still run the Brooke-Taylor legal practice in Buxton, Derbyshire (a place which is pretty much at the otherwise ill-defined southern border of "the North". Shading into the Midlands, places like Glossop and Buxton just about squeak in. But Leek and Derby, just down the road, are unanimously considered as being in the Midlands).
A lot of Victoria Wood's television work was based in the North, as Wood herself was from the Manchester suburb of Prestwich (her frequent collaborator Julie Walters is originally from Birmingham, though).
Mister Winterbottom in Dinner for One is a stereotypical Northerner (with a stereotypically Northern name).
The Pilgrimage of Grace in Season 3 of The Tudors ... the differences in accents between the rebels and the Powers That Be down south were striking. Also helps illustrate how old this trope is too.
The original UK version of Shameless (UK) is set in the fictional council estate Chatsworth in Stretford, Greater Manchester.
Game of Thrones has to have more Northern English accents in it than any American production of anything, ever. Justified, since Westeros is more or less a Fantasy Counterpart Culture of Medieval England, northern Westeros is Oop North. Appropriately enough, it's (mostly) the characters from the northern part of Westeros that have northern (usually Yorkshire) accents. The only major Northman general who speaks in RP is the Token Evil Teammate Roose Bolton.
The farther up north the series goes, the thicker the accent, so wildlings from north of the wall have a much thicker Northern accent than the Starks and the other Northmen. Theon Greyjoy, the Starks' ward, also has a Northern accent despite being an Ironborn, to indicate his Going Native .
Downton Abbey is set around an Earl, his family, and his servants, who live on an estate in North Yorkshire. Rightfully, most of the upper-class and middle-class characters speak with RP accents, with servants being locals with Yorkshire accents.
The series creators went to great lengths to ensure that the the actors playing the servants had proper local accents; most are Northerners and a plurality are from Yorkshire. Siobhan Finneran even matches her character's history: like O'Brien, she's of Irish descent but born in Northern England.
Father Peter Clifford from Ballykissangel is a Manchester native transplanted to Ireland.
The TV adaptation of Peter Tinniswood's Brandon family trilogy, I Didn't Know You Cared, very definitely places the Brandon family's world as being in Yorkshire. (as above, the source novels were deliberately vague about the location being Lancashire or Yorkshire.) Sheffield was used extensively for filming and local nuances were introduced, for eg the Sheffield Green final sports paper.
Caroline Aherne's character of Mrs Merton, elderly Northern lady given a chat show, was very firmly based in the North Cheshire town of Stockport. Stockport is right in the top-right-hand corner of the county and is bisected by the Lancashire- Cheshire border which runs right through the town.note NOBODY in Stockport writes their address as "Stockport, Greater Manchester". But that's a different grievance . Opening credits to the short lived spin-off show Mrs Merton and Malcolm (Malcolm, played by Craig Cash, is her adult son) were conclusively identified as being in the Heaton Norris district of Stockport, claimed as Mrs Merton's home patch, and the yardstick for everything good and Northernnote People with local knowledge can confidently pin Mrs Merton down to one particular street, based on the opening credits to her shows. A subsequent Aherne/Cash comedy, Early Doors, about a grim, grim, pub called the Grapes and its clientele, is also very clearly set in Heaton Norris. (local references...). This is so marked that by about episode two, a Heaton Norris pub called The Hope, a truly grim place, closed down for a major refit and refurbishment, as the brewery company seemed to believe this was the pub being featured in the show. Caroline Aherne has been thought of in some circles as the spiritual sucessor to Peter Tinniswood.
Great Night Out is set in Edgeley, near the Stockport County ground and a Brick Joke is the despairing loyalty of its fans for a crap team. The brick finally drops in the last episode, where the underachieving Stockport County play a cup-tie, at home, against mighty neighbours Manchester United. And despite the fans' hope of a miracle, are slaughtered seven-nil.
The Royle Family , set in the sprawling wastes of Wythenshawe, the largest council estate in Britain.
Pioneering 1960s and 1970s police drama Z Cars is set in a fictional division of the Lancashire Constabulary.
Phoenix Nights is set in Bolton and was filmed in Farnworth, Lancashire. Peter Kay himself is from Bolton and his comedy routines often revolve around life Oop North.
His latest TV comedy, Car Share, is very vaguely set in and around Manchester. People recognising the streets and roads travelled by two people going to and from work have said it looks like one Hell of a commute.
The Lakes is really set Oop North - the Lake District of Cumbria is about as far Oop North as you can get in England before you start seeing people in kilts. This drama-mystery revolved around sexual and violent goings-on under the surface of a rural lakeside community.
In The Flesh is set in the fictional town of Roarton, Lancashire.
Deathcore band Bring Me The Horizon are also from Sheffield.
Human League and Heaven 17: Also from Sheffield.
Joy Division and New Order , usually thought of as being from Manchester, technically from Macclesfield and Salford - which, admittedly, is a borough of Greater Manchester but is a separate city.
My Dying Bride , Paradise Lost , and Anathema , the so-called 'Peaceville Three,' are from Halifax, West Yorkshire (first two) and Liverpool.
Before and during World War 2, there were Gracie Fields and George Formby. The latter was the subject of a hilarious Peter Sellers sketch, the All-England George Formby Championship.
AC/DC 's vocalist, Brian Johnson, is from Gateshead on Tyneside. Before AC-DC, he was in a band called Geordie.
who's become something of a Youtube hit.
Karl Pilkington is also famously from Manchester. Many of his anecdotes include the many eccentric folk there.
Hollywood actress Joanne Whalley-Kilmer is originally from Stockport.
Comedienne Diane Morgan from Mock the Week and talking head "Philomena Cunk" on Screenwipe is from Bolton and has quite a thick Bolton accent
.
A Blackpool native, Jenna Coleman has a mild Lancashire accent.
Ant and Dec are both from Newcastle and were on Byker Grove . When they had fellow Geordie Cheryl Fernandez-Versini on as a guest for one of their sketches, Ant jokes that the three of them understood each other perfectly and if anyone else couldn't, that was too bad.
| i don't know |
"The English word ""wig"", referring to an artificial hairpiece, is a shortened form of which word for the same object?" | Grammarphobia: Blog | Grammarphobia - Part 21
In a jiffy
June 3rd, 2013
Q: I was packing my latest manuscript in a Jiffy bag when I thought of a question for my go-to word guys. What is a jiffy?
A: It’s an instant or a moment, which doesn’t describe the amount of time we’ve taken to get to your question. Sorry, but our in-box has been overflowing lately.
The Oxford English Dictionary describes “jiffy” as a colloquial noun of “origin unascertained,” and defines it as “a very short space of time.”
The OED says the word is seen “only in such phrases as in a jiffy,” but it later notes the use of “jiffy” in the names of padded bags and other products.
The first Oxford citation is from Baron Munchausen’s Narrative of His Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia (1785), by Rudolf Erich Raspe: “In six jiffies I found myself and all my retinue … at the rock of Gibralter.”
The Chambers Dictionary of Etymology speculates that the word might have been “spontaneously coined” by Raspe, a German librarian, writer, and scientist.
The full phrase “in a jiffy” was first recorded (with the spelling jeffy) in Grose’s Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (1796): “It will be done in a jeffy: it will be done in a short space of time, in an instant.”
In the 1950s, “Jiffy” showed up in trademarked names for a padded envelope, a book bag, and a peat pot for sowing seeds. The first Jiffy Lube opened in Ogden, Utah, in the 1970s, and franchises followed … in a jiffy.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
A “media” event
May 31st, 2013
Q: My college professor took points off my term paper because I used “media” as a singular noun in the phrase “the impact media has on society.” He insists that “media” is plural. I disagree and I hope you can help me with my predicament.
A: Your professor hasn’t kept up with current usage.
The word “media” has been in transition in recent years. Lexicographers (that is, dictionary editors) now accept its use as a singular collective noun that can be accompanied by either a singular or a plural verb, depending on the context.
It’s singular when “media” refers to the communications industry as a whole. But it’s plural when “media” refers to communications outlets or forms of expression (that is, radio, TV, print, and so on).
That might be a good rule of thumb for you to use. If you mean “media” in the sense of “industry,” use it with a singular verb; if you mean “media” in the sense of “outlets,” use it with a plural verb.
Here’s how Pat explains this in the new third edition of her grammar and usage book Woe Is I :
“As for media, it’s singular when you mean the world of mass communications, which is most of the time. The media was in a frenzy. But it’s occasionally used as a plural to refer to the individual kinds of communication. The media present were TV, radio, newspapers, and the blogosphere. The singular in that sense is medium. The liveliest medium of all is the blogosphere.”
And here’s a passage from Origins of the Specious , our book about language myths and misconceptions:
“The term ‘media,’ incidentally, can be either singular or plural. Any purists who claim it’s only plural should take a look at an up-to-date dictionary. ‘Media’ is singular when it refers to the world of mass communication as a whole (‘The media is obsessed with celebrity trials’). It’s plural for the people in this world (‘The media are packed into the courtroom like sardines’) or for the types of communication (‘The media at the trial include radio, TV, and the blogosphere’). Who are the holdouts who insist that ‘media’ is strictly plural? Ironically, many of them are members of the media who haven’t heard the news.”
We might add that the evolution of “media” is similar to that of other words derived from Latin plurals. Among the words that were considered plural when they entered English but have become accepted over the years as singular nouns are “ephemera,” “erotica,” “stamina,” “agenda,” “trivia,” “insignia,” “candelabra,” and more recently “data” (as we noted in a post two years ago).
Now “media” has joined the club. So “media has” is correct in the context of that sentence from your term paper.
As we wrote on our blog three years ago, “Both The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) recognize that ‘media’ can be treated as either singular or plural.”
We’ve checked more recent versions of each dictionary—the fifth edition of American Heritage and a later printing of Merriam-Webster’s.
Merriam-Webster’s says that “media” is plural when it means “members of the mass media,” but that it can be either singular or plural in construction when it means “mass media.” It says the singular usage has been around since the 1920s and originated in the field of advertising.
American Heritage has this usage note about “the media” as a singular noun:
“Media also occurs with the definite article as a collective term that refers to the communities and institutions behind the various forms of communication. In this sense, the media means something like ‘the press.’ Like other collective nouns, it may take a singular or plural verb depending on the intended meaning. If the point is to emphasize the multifaceted nature of the press, a plural verb may be more appropriate: The media have covered the trial in a variety of formats. Quite frequently, however, media stands as a singular noun for the aggregate of journalists and broadcasters: The media has not shown much interest in covering the trial.”
Nevertheless, the dictionary adds, “many people still think of media predominantly as a plural form,” and consequently “it will be some time before the singular use of media begins to crowd out the plural use in the manner of similar Latin plurals, such as agenda and data.”
Your professor is among those who still regard “media” as exclusively plural. But in fact, usage has changed.
We’re not sure, though, that we can help you with your predicament. By all means, show him our answer. But sticklers tend to stickle, never mind evidence to the contrary.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
“Other” wise
May 30th, 2013
Q: A colleague and I are arguing over this quote: “An 88-year-old man was killed and three others injured.” I say “others,” as a pronoun, must refer to 88-year-old men in this construction. My colleague says it effectively means three other people. The injured were not all 88-year-old men. Which of us is right?
A: Your colleague is right. In cases like this, “others” doesn’t mirror its exact antecedent (“88-year-old men”). Here the plural pronoun simply means additional people.
Among its various functions, the word “other” can be an adjective. Examples: “other charges” … “other drivers” … “other 88-year-old men.” As an adjective, “other” modifies the noun that follows.
But “other” can also be a pronoun, in which case it stands alone instead of modifying a noun. Examples: “Who is the other?” (singular) … “Let’s wait for the others” (plural) … “Others were injured” (plural).
The Oxford English Dictionary says that as a pronoun, “other” (or “others” in the plural) can mean “another person, someone else, anyone else” as well as another person “of a kind specified or understood contextually.”
In the example you mention (“An 88-year-old man was killed and three others injured”), the writer is obviously using “others” in the looser sense of other people.
The OED has written examples of this usage going back to early Old English, but here are a few more recent ones:
“Others indeed may talk.” (From the philosopher George Berkeley’s Alciphron, 1732.)
“If one has too much in consequence of others being wronged, it seems to me that the divine voice which tells us to set that wrong right, must be obeyed.” (From George Eliot’s novel Middlemarch, 1872.)
“He had always worked in places where others had established the English corner before he came.” (From Graham Greene’s novel England Made Me, 1935.)
Your question points up a possible usage problem. If “others” can refer to people in general as well as people of a specific kind, it can sometimes be misunderstood.
If all the victims in your example are indeed 88 years old, the writer should be more precise in the wording: “Four 88-year-old men were victims—one was killed and the others were injured.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
The tip of my fingers?
May 29th, 2013
Q: I remember hearing the country song “The Tip of My Fingers” when I was a young’un in Upstate South Carolina 50 years ago. I’m old enough to know by now, but shouldn’t that be “Tips”? Thank y’all very much.
A: As we’ve written before on the blog , song writers are allowed a lot of leeway in the way they use English.
Bill Anderson wrote “The Tip of My Fingers” and released it as a single under that title in 1960. And we won’t fault him for it, even though most people would say “tips of my fingers.”
But the original title has apparently bothered some of the artists who’ve recorded the tune over the years.
It’s been recorded by Hank Snow, Eddy Arnold, Jean Shepard, and others—sometimes under the original title and sometimes as “The Tips of My Fingers.”
In fact, singers haven’t always pronounced the title the way it reads on the record label or album cover.
For instance, on the album Roy Clark Sings The Tip of My Fingers (1963), Clark very distinctly says “tips,” and so do his backup singers.
So you’re in good company if the original title bugs you.
Here’s an excerpt from Teresa Brewer’s 1966 recording of the song (she says “tip”):
I reached out my arms and I touched you
With soft words I whispered your name.
I held you right on the tip of my fingers
But that was as close as I came.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
A loaded question
May 28th, 2013
Q: I recently came across this quote from the Mormon lawman Porter Rockwell: “I never shot at anybody, if I shoot they get shot! He’s still alive, ain’t he?” That got me to thinking. You shoot an arrow, not the bow, but you shoot a gun, not the bullet. A friend of mine says he shoots targets. I’m confused.
A: The verb “shoot” has a lot of flexibility. It can be used intransitively—that is, without a direct object. Example: “He likes to go into the woods and shoot.”
But “shoot” can also be used transitively—with a direct object. When we’re talking about weapons, the transitive verb “shoot” can mean to discharge, to let fly, or to hit.
Consequently, it can have a variety of objects. You can “shoot” (that is, discharge) a gun, bow, slingshot, or catapult. You can “shoot” (let fly) a bullet, arrow, spear, javelin, or similar projectile. And finally, you can “shoot” a target.
All of these senses of the verb are recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary and have been around for hundreds of years.
By the way, that last sense of the word—to “shoot” a target—implies that the target was hit. But “shoot at” means only to fire in a particular direction.
We’ll have something to say later about Orrin Porter Rockwell, a colorful and controversial Mormon figure from the Wild West.
But first let’s look at the life of “shoot,” a verb with an interesting history, and not just in weaponry.
Its ancestors were old Germanic words that meant to go swiftly or suddenly, to rush or fly—yes, like an arrow from a bow.
It was first recorded in Old English in the ninth century in reference to the shooting of arrows, according to citations in the OED.
But other Old English examples use the term in a wider sense that reflects its earlier Germanic roots—to dart swiftly from one place to another.
So at the root of the word is the sense of moving quickly, and this ancestry explains the many ways in which “shoot” is used today.
For example, meteors “shoot” across the night sky, rafters “shoot” the rapids, and a toboggan “shoots” down a slope. A racehorse “shoots” from the gate, then “shoots” ahead of the pack.
A golfer “shoots” a birdie,” while a basketball player “shoots” a basket. Grownups “shoot” pool or dice, and children “shoot” marbles. If the kids are growing fast, they’re said to “shoot” up.
Plants in spring send out new “shoots” (a noun usage). Rays of the sun “shoot” through the clouds, and on a more prosaic note, product sales “shoot” up.
An indiscreet person “shoots off” his mouth or “shoots” himself in the foot, while an ambitious colleague “shoots” for success.
To lock a door a night, we “shoot” a bolt into its fastening. And if we don’t look where we’re going, our feet “shoot” out from under us (after which we experience “shooting” pains).
With that, we’ve “shot our bolt.” In case you’re curious (even if you’re not), the “bolt” in this old proverb is a thousand-year-old word for a short, blunt arrow fired from a cross-bow.
In olden days, there was a similar expression, “a fool’s bolt is soon shot.” The lesson: conserve your ammunition.
In case any readers are wondering about that quote you mention, Porter Rockwell was, among other things, a gunfighter, a deputy US marshal, and a bodyguard to the Mormon leader Joseph Smith Jr.
Rockwell was arrested in St. Louis in March of 1843 in connection with an attempt to kill Lilburn Boggs, a former governor of Missouri, the year before. (In 1838, as governor, Boggs issued an executive order evicting Mormons from the state.)
A grand jury found that there wasn’t enough evidence for an indictment on the charge of attempted murder, but Rockwell was tried in December of 1843 for trying to escape.
He supposedly made his comments at that trial, where he was found guilty and sentenced to five minutes in jail, according to Enemy of the Saints, a biography of Boggs by Robert Nelson.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Theories of relativity
May 24th, 2013
Q: Is a group of people a ”which” or a “who”? Here’s the sentence I have in mind: “It has only been studied in chronic alcoholics, which [or who] have reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis.” Please help!
A: In modern English the relative pronoun “which” isn’t generally used in reference to people. This wasn’t always so, however. Depending on when you lived, the use of “which” has been relative.
Until the 19th century, according to citations in the Oxford English Dictionary, “which” was used in relative constructions to refer to a person or people already mentioned.
(A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause: “I finally found my keys, which I’m always losing,” or “He’s the man that got away.”)
Here are two 19th-century examples from the OED:
“Dugald Stewart, one of the greatest men which Scotland has produced”—1836, from James Grant’s Random Recollections of the House of Lords. (Today, “that” or “whom” would be used instead.)
“The wounded, which were carried past, … never failed to salute the Emperor”—1841, from Archibald Alison’s History of Europe, From 1789 to 1815. (Today, “who” would be used.)
But here’s a much older and more familiar example. In the original 1549 edition of the Book of Common Prayer, the Lord’s Prayer begins, “Our father, whyche art in heauen ….”
In the 1928 edition of the Book of Common Prayer, however, “who” was substituted for “which” to reflect modern usage.
Contrary to popular opinion, the relative pronoun “that” can often be used in place of “who.”
As we wrote on the blog in 2007 and 2006 , “that” can properly refer to either a person or a thing, despite a common misconception that it’s only for things.
We could stop here, but your question touches on another problem: “that” versus “which,” and the kinds of relative clauses they introduce. We’ve discussed this subject on the blog too, in 2010 and 2008 .
In modern American usage, the preference is to use “which” and “that” to introduce different kinds of relative clauses—“which” for inessential information (set off within commas), and “that” for essential information.
This means that in general, American writers use “which” for clauses whose information could be plucked out and still leave behind a sensible sentence (they’re called nonrestrictive or nondefining clauses).
And “that” is generally used for clauses whose information is essential and can’t be dropped (these are restrictive or defining clauses).
Many British writers use “which” for both kinds of clauses.
In the example you mention, the clause is nonrestrictive and would call for “which” if it didn’t refer to people: “It has only been studied in computer simulations, which [not that] show reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis.”
But since it does refer to people, you’ll want to use “who” instead: “It has only been studied in chronic alcoholics, who [not which] have reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis.”
In a restrictive clause, you could use either “that” or “who,” as in this sentence: “It has only been studied in patients who [or that] have reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis.”
By the way, we’re not saying “which” can never used to refer to humans—just not, for the most part, as a relative pronoun.
As The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.) says, “which” can be used an as ordinary pronoun in place of “any of the things, events, or people designated or implied.”
Examples would be “Which of you is going?” … “Even after viewing the lineup, he couldn’t say which was the perpetrator.” … “Which is the better candidate, John or Mary?”
“Which” can also be used as an adjective in reference to people: “Which guy did she end up marrying?”
Finally, in case you’d like to brush up on “who” versus “whom,” we recently ran a roundup on how to use the two pronouns.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Earth angles
May 23rd, 2013
Q: I love your blog, but I just want to point out an easily fixed typo in your posting about why English is a Germanic language. In the seventh paragraph of your answer, you refer to “the earth’s population.” The word “Earth” requires capitalization.
A: We’re glad you like the blog, but this isn’t a mistake. We properly used “earth” as a common noun.
As The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.) says, “In nontechnical contexts the word earth, in the sense of our planet, is usually lowercased when preceded by the or in such idioms as ‘down to earth’ or ‘move heaven or earth.’ ”
“When used as the proper name of our planet, especially in context with other planets,” the Chicago Manual adds, “it is capitalized and the is usually omitted.”
Other standard references agree.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.), for example, says the word is often capitalized when it stands alone and refers to “the third planet from the sun.” Otherwise, it’s lowercased.
So unless you’re using it in a strictly astronomical sense (as in “the moons of Jupiter, Saturn, and Earth”), the word is lowercased. In fact, it’s sometimes lowercased even when used in reference to the planet.
As Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage explains, “The names of planets other than our own are invariably capitalized, but earth is more often than not lowercased.”
The usage guide goes on to say that the name is more likely to be capitalized when it appears with the names of the other planets, as in “the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth.”
Another guide, Garner’s Modern American Usage (3rd ed.) says, “In reference to the planet we live on, earth is usually preceded by the and is not capitalized. The sun and the moon are treated the same way.”
Garner’s gives this example: “a full moon occurs when the sun and moon are on opposite sides of the earth.”
But “when Earth is referred to as a proper noun,” the usage guide says, “it is capitalized and usually stands alone.”
Garner’s gives this example from an article about the dwarf planet Quaoar: “It’s about one-tenth the size of Earth and orbits the sun every 288 years.”
The Old English word eorthe, which first showed up in in Beowulf around 725, could refer to the ground, the soil, or the earth, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology. The modern spelling appeared in the last half of the 1500s.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
A matter of course
May 22nd, 2013
Q: In texting me, my daughter used the phrase “of course” (spelling it “of coarse,” naturally), which got me to thinking. How is it that we use “course” to refer to something in a positive manner (as in “of course”) as well as to a path, a route, or a plan—from a “concourse” to an “obstacle course” to a “course of study”?
A: The phrase “of course” means something akin to “naturally” or “it goes without saying.” When we say something occurred “of course,” we mean it was only to be expected, or that it was in the normal course of events.
And that last phrase, “in the normal course of events,” is a clue to the etymology of the phrase “of course.”
Our word “course” came into English in the late 13th century, and for several hundred years it was spelled without an “e” at the end, like the French word it came from (cours).
The French got it from Latin, in which cursus means a race, a journey, a march, or a direction. The Latin noun comes from the verb currere, to run.
John Ayto’s Dictionary of Word Origins notes that a wide range of English words is derived from currere, including “current,” “courier,” and “occur.”
In English, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the noun “course” originally meant an onward movement in a particular path, or the action of running or moving onward.
Consequently, “course” has long been used to mean a customary or habitual succession of things, or a part of such a series.
It has also been used for hundreds of years to mean the place or time where the series has its “run,” as well as the natural order or the ordinary manner of proceeding.
This notion—of a habitual path or a prescribed series of things—explains a great many uses of “course” in English.
To mention a few, it explains why the parts of a meal are “courses,” why a flowing stream is a “watercourse,” why a normal event happens “in due course,” why an orderly ship maintains a certain “course,” why we let nature or the law “take its course,” and why colleges offer “courses” of study and doctors prescribe “courses” of treatment.
It also explains how “racecourse” and “golf course” got their names. And it explains why women in the 16th through the 19th centuries called their menstrual periods their “courses.”
The phrase we’re getting to, “of course,” came along in the mid-16th century, according to citations in the OED.
In the early 1540s it was used both as an adjective to mean “natural” or “to be expected” (as in the phrase “a matter of course”) and as an adverb to mean “ordinarily” or “as an everyday occurrence” (as in “the cake was of course homemade”).
By the early 19th century, “of course” was being used to qualify entire sentences or clauses, according to OED citations. And that’s how we generally use it today.
Oxford’s earliest example of this usage is from John Dunn Hunter’s Memoirs of a Captivity Among the Indians of North America (1823):
“She made some very particular inquiries about my people, which, of course, I was unable to answer.”
This later example is from a bit of dialogue in Charles Dickens’s novel Oliver Twist (1838): “ ‘You will tell her I am here?’ … ‘Of course.’ ”
We now take the phrase “of course” for granted, but it had some competition over the centuries.
It’s proved more durable than several variants with the same meaning—“upon course,” which was first recorded in this sense in 1619, “on course” (1677), and “in course” (1722).
In other words, its survival was not necessarily a matter of course.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Program notes
May 21st, 2013
Q: Why do fund raisers on public radio ask for help with the “programming,” rather than the “programs”? I’ve always thought of broadcast programming as the act of scheduling or arranging programs. What are your thoughts?
A: We checked a half-dozen British and American dictionaries about the use of the word “programming” in its broadcasting sense. The results? The trend seems to be toward using “programming” broadly to mean the programs as well as the arranging of the programs.
For example, the fourth edition of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines “programming” in the broadcast sense as the “designing, scheduling, or planning of a program, as in broadcasting.”
But the new fifth edition of American Heritage adds another sense: “Broadcast programs considered as a group: the network’s Thursday night programming.”
The other American dictionary we consult the most, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.), has this definition: “the planning, scheduling, or performing of a program.”
Among British references, the Collins English Dictionary has only one definition—the one you’re peeved about: “television programmes collectively.”
But another British source, the Macmillan English Dictionary, defines it more broadly as both “the planning and development of television or radio programmes” as well as “the programmes that a particular television or radio station broadcasts.”
What do we think? We feel it’s OK to use either “programming” or “programs” to refer collectively to shows on radio or TV.
The use of the word “programming” in the broadcast sense first showed up in the mid-1920s, according to published references in the Oxford English Dictionary.
However, the term has been used since the 1890s for the writing of program notes and the scheduling of programs for events or performances.
You may be surprised that the noun “program” has been around since the 1600s, according to written examples in the OED.
At first, it meant a notice displayed in public, then a written preface or commentary, and later a planned series of activities or events.
The OED’s first example of “program” used in the sense of a broadcast presentation is from the March 10, 1922, issue of Variety:
“Among the theatres which will provide acts exclusively for the ‘Star’s’ radio programs are the Shubert, Orpheum … Royal and 12th streets.”
English adopted the word from programma, late Latin for a proclamation or edict, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, but the ultimate source is the classical Greek word for a written public notice.
Why is the word spelled “program” in the US and “programme” in the UK? You can blame the French—or, rather Francophile Brits—for the UK spelling.
The word used to be spelled “program” on both sides of the Atlantic, according to the OED, but in Britain the “influence of French programme led to the predominance of this spelling in the 19th cent.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Is “go viral” going viral?
May 20th, 2013
Q: Why are so many things going viral? Pictures of cute puppies or kittens or kids may be widely seen on YouTube, but “viral”? An ugly image, and it’s wildly overused. Thanks for letting me get this off my chest. And now you can move on to your next complainer.
A: The verbal phrase “go viral” may be going viral these days, but we kind of like the imagery: the rapid spread of a YouTube video likened to a virus running amok.
The noun “virus” has been around in one sense or another since the 1300s, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. It comes from a classical Latin term for a poisonous secretion, a malignant quality, and animal semen, among other things.
When it entered English sometime before 1398, the OED says, the noun referred to either semen or pus, but it later came to mean any infectious substance in the body.
It wasn’t until the early 20th century, though, that the term was used in its modern medical sense, which Oxford defines this way:
“An infectious, often pathogenic agent or biological entity which is typically smaller than a bacterium, which is able to function only within the living cells of a host animal, plant, or microorganism, and which consists of a nucleic acid molecule (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat, often with an outer lipid membrane.”
In the 1970s, according to published references in the OED, the word “virus” took on its familiar figurative sense in computing:
“A program or piece of code which when executed causes itself to be copied into other locations, and which is therefore capable of propagating itself within the memory of a computer or across a network, usually with deleterious results.”
OED citations indicate that the adjective “viral” first showed up in the late 1940s and the verbal phrase “go viral” in the late 1980s.
The adjective was used at first in the medical sense. A 1948 citation from a medical work, for example, refers to “viral agents.”
By the late 1980s, the OED says, the adjective was being used in the marketing sense to describe the “rapid spread of information (esp. about a product or service) amongst customers by word of mouth, e-mail, etc.”
A Sept. 31,1989, article in PC User, for example, describes the “viral marketing” of Macintosh computers.
The OED’s earliest citation for “go viral,” the usage you’ve asked about, is from How to Get Stupid White Men Out of Office (2004), a collection of accounts by young people who influenced elections:
“Their petition also went viral, gathering half a million signatures in a few weeks.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Yeah, no
May 17th, 2013
Q: We North Queenslanders are considered rednecks even by Australian standards. I thought I’d pass on an example of English usage in this part of the world: Yeah, no, as in “Yeah, no, they should’ve won in the last quarter.”
A: We’ve written on the blog about “yeah,” but we haven’t looked into “yeah, no” until now.
Others, however, have studied this conversational response, which is used by both Americans and Australians.
In fact, Australians may use it, more—at least there’s been more written about “yeah, no” by language scholars in Australia.
A 2004 article in The Age, a Melbourne newspaper, quoted the Australian linguist Kate Burridge as saying, “It’s not going to disappear. It’s always hard to predict with language change, but it looks like its use is on the increase.”
The author of the Melbourne article, Bridie Smith, pointed out that English speakers aren’t alone in this usage, since “Germans use a similar ‘ja nein’ and the South Africans ‘ya nay.’ ”
“In Australia,” Smith wrote in 2004, “where the phrase has become entrenched in the past six years, ‘yeah no’ can mean anything from ‘yes, I see that, but can we go back to the earlier topic’ to an enthusiastic ‘yes, I can’t reinforce that point enough.’ ”
The meaning of “yeah, no” depends on its context, Smith says. She quotes Dr. Burridge, the linguist, as saying: “It can emphasise agreement, it can downplay disagreement or compliments, and it can soften refusals.”
Burridge and a colleague, Margaret Florey, published a paper in the Australian Journal of Linguistics in 2002 entitled “ ‘Yeah-no He’s a Good Kid’: A Discourse Analysis of Yeah-no in Australian English.”
An abstract of the paper said that as of 2002, “Yeah, no” was relatively new in Australian English and served many functions. It kept a conversation rolling, helped with “hedging and face-saving,” and indicated agreement or disagreement.
Since then, American linguists and language watchers have taken note of “yeah, no” in the US.
Linguists have discussed it on the American Dialect Society’s mailing list. And articles have been written by Stephen Dodson for Language Hat , by Mark Liberman for the Language Log , and by Ben Yagoda for the Chronicle of Higher Education .
Even presidents of the United States aren’t immune. When a radio interviewer in 2011 asked Bill Clinton how he felt about being spoofed on TV comedy shows, Yagoda writes, “The former president replied, ‘Oh yeah, no I thought a lot of the Saturday Night Live guys were great.’ ”
Liberman surveyed the speech databases in the Linguistic Data Consortium , and found that “in all the cases that I looked at, the yeah and the no seem be independently appropriate in the context of use, even if the sequence seems surprising when viewed in merely semantic terms.”
In one comment on the ADS list, the lexicographer Jonathan Lighter quoted a former New York City police detective as saying on CNN: “Yeah, no, you’re right!”
Lighter added: “There it seems to mean, ‘Yes indeed, and no, I wouldn’t think of contradicting you.’ ”
But it can also mean disagreement, as in this tweet a few months ago about horror movies: “yeah no i hate blood and guns and stuff like that.”
PS: Readers of the blog have reported sightings (or, rather, hearings) of the usage in New Zealand, in South African English as well as Afrikaans, and in Danish.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Between times
May 16th, 2013
Q: On the morning news the other day, a reporter said a fire was “between 30 to 50 feet” from something, instead of “between 30 and 50” or “from 30 to 50.” This usage is very common now, but incorrect unless the rules have changed since I was in school.
A: No, English usage hasn’t changed for constructions like these. The word “between” here is accompanied by the conjunction “and” (as in “between X and Y”), while “from” requires the preposition “to” (“from X to Y”).
You’re right, though, that many people confuse these two constructions, so “between” ends up with “to” while “from” ends up with “and.”
We found many examples of the mangled constructions by googling “between 30 to 50” and “from 30 and 50.”
Here’s an example from a Cleveland Clinic tweet : “Why are men between 30 to 50 years of age at the highest rate of suffering from an Achilles tendon rupture?”
And here’s one from the website of the Flagstaff Cruisers Car Club: “Our membership ranges from 30 and 50 proud and dedicated members each year.”
In her grammar and usage book Woe Is I , Pat writes about another problem with “between” and “from”—whether they introduce singular nouns or plural ones. Here’s what she wrote:
“OK, it’s not something that’s been keeping you awake nights. But it comes up all the time. The question: When a noun follows between or from, is it singular or plural? The elevator stalled between the ninth and tenth [floor or floors], stranding the boss from the first to the third [week or weeks] in August. See what I mean? A small problem, perhaps, but a common one.
“The answer: Between is followed by a plural noun, and from is followed by a singular one: The elevator stalled between the ninth and tenth floors, stranding the boss from the first to the third week in August.”
The book also offers these examples of the proper way to use “between” and “from” in the constructions you’ve asked about:
“Veronica said she lost her charm bracelet somewhere between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh streets. Archie searched every inch of pavement from Thirty-third to Thirty-seventh Street before realizing that she had been in a cab at the time.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Let’s rustle up an answer
May 15th, 2013
Q: The other day, I asked my office manager to order me new business cards. Her answer: “Sure, I’ll rustle up some for you.” So where in the world does “rustle up” come from?
A: The verb “rustle” dates back at least as far as the 14th century, and it may have its roots in the early days of Old English.
It originally meant—and still means—to move about with a rustling sound, or as the Oxford English Dictionary puts it, “to make a soft, muffled crackling sound when moving.”
The OED says the origin of the word is uncertain, but it’s probably imitative—that is, “rustle” probably imitates the sound it describes.
The dictionary suggests that it may possibly be related to a “small group of very poorly attested Old English words” that refer to making noises: hristan, for example, meant to make a noise, and hrisian meant to shake or rattle.
Over the years, the verb “rustle” took on many different meanings in connection with making noises while moving around. People as well as things noisily rustled “about,” “in,” “through,” “to,” “up,” and so on.
In the 19th century, however, “rustle” took on several colloquial senses in the United States, including the one you’re asking about. Here are the new meanings and their first citations in the OED:
● to stir or rouse oneself into action: “Get up, rouse and rustle about, and get away from these scores” (1835, The Partisan, a novel by William Gilmore Simms).
● to search for food, forage: “Cattle and horses rustled in the neighbouring cane-brake” (1835, The Rambler in North America, a travel book by Charles Joseph Latrobe).
● to acquire, gather, provide something: “He nailed my thumb in his jaws, and rostled up a handful of dirt & throwed it in my eyes” (1844, Spirit of the Times, a weekly newspaper in New York City).
● to move quickly: “ ‘Rustle the things off that table,’ means clear the table in a hurry” (1882, The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine).
● to gather people or animals: “I just told Billy … that it wasn’t any use for me to take her through … and he could rustle up some one to finish my drive” (1883, Our Deseret Home, by W. M. Eagan).
● to round up and steal cattle, horses, etc.: “He and Turner … went to Coppinger’s pasture, intending to kill the negro Frank, and ‘rustle’ six head of fat cattle, then in Coppinger’s pasture” (1886, Texas Court of Appeals Reports).
The sense that you’ve asked about (to acquire, gather, provide something) is defined more fully in the OED:
“To acquire or gather, typically as a result of searching or employing effort or initiative, and in response to a particular need; to provide (a person) with something urgently required; to hunt out; (freq. in later use) to put together (a dish or meal). Now usu. with up.”
Now, it’s time for us to take a break and rustle up some grub!
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Problems, problems
May 14th, 2013
Q: Many people use “problematic” to mean “posing a problem,” as Frank Luntz did when he told a group of college students that Rush Limbaugh and right-wing talk radio were “problematic” for the Republican Party. Isn’t this usage problematic?
A: Luntz, a Republican political consultant and pollster, made his comment on April 22, 2013, to students at the University of Pennsylvania, his alma mater.
He said Limbaugh, Mark Levin, and other conservative radio personalities were “problematic” for Republicans and “destroying” their ability to connect with more voters.
Is this usage problematic—that is, questionable? We don’t think so.
Luntz was using “problematic” as an adjective meaning “presenting a problem or difficulty,” a usage that’s been around since the early 1600s.
In addition, “problematic” (or “problematics”) has been used as a noun since the late 1800s, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
Here’s how the OED defines the adjective: “Of the nature of a problem; constituting or presenting a problem or difficulty; difficult to resolve; doubtful, uncertain, questionable.”
And this is how the dictionary defines the noun: “A thing that constitutes a problem or an area of difficulty, esp. in a particular field of study.”
English adopted the adjective “problematic” from the French problématique, which was derived via Latin from the Greek problematikos (pertaining to a problem).
John Ayto’s Dictionary of Word Origins notes that problema, the Greek word for “problem,” combines the prefix pro, or forward, with the verb ballein, or throw (source of the English word “ballistic”).
“Things that are ‘thrown out’ project and can get in the way and hinder one,” Ayto says, “and so problema came to be used for an ‘obstacle’ or ‘problem’—senses carried through into the English problem.”
If you’d like to read more, we discussed “problematic” and the older adjective “problematical” in a posting five years ago.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Death, the great intensifier
May 13th, 2013
Q: I find the death imagery in a sentence like “I love her to death” to be inappropriate and grotesque. I’d be thrilled (though not to death) if you would write something about this on the blog.
A: We’re sorry to disappoint you, but you won’t be thrilled by our answer. We don’t find the usage inappropriate or grotesque.
In fact, it has a long history, going back to the 1300s, though it’s often used negatively, not positively as in your example.
We’ve checked a half-dozen standard dictionaries and all of them list the use of “to death” in this sense as standard English for excessively or extremely.
The Oxford English Dictionary says the phrase “to death” (or “to dead”) has been used since the Middle Ages to intensify verbs of feeling or adjectives.
The OED defines the phrase in this sense as “to the last extremity, to the uttermost, to the point of physical or nervous exhaustion, beyond endurance.”
The dictionary’s earliest written example is from Cursor Mundi, a Middle English poem written sometime before 1400: “Herodias him hated to ded.”
And here’s an example from John Dryden’s 1672 play The Conquest of Granada: “I’m sad to death, that I must be your Foe.”
The common verbal phrase “to do something to death” showed up in Victorian times, according to published references in the OED.
Oxford’s earliest written example is from Recaptured Rhymes (1882), a collection of verse from the Saturday Review by the British writer Henry Duff Traill: “I am also called Played-out and Done-to-death, / And It-will-wash-no-more.”
The most recent citation is from an April 16, 1965, article in the New Statesman that describes a tune as “mercilessly done to death by countless performers.”
Although all the OED citations for the intensifier use it in a negative sense, we often see “to death” used positively and see nothing wrong with using the phrase for doing something intensely positive—like loving someone to death!
In case you’re wondering, the word “death” first showed up in Old English around 725 in Beowulf, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.
It ultimately comes from reconstructed Proto-Germanic and Indo-European words for the act of dying.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
The singularity of Mother’s Day
May 10th, 2013
Q: Which is correct, Mother’s Day or Mothers’ Day? I have a customer who wants to use the name as an imprint on promotional gifts for the holiday. I think of Mother’s Day as singular possessive, my mother, but in this case is it correct?
A: We also think it’s Mother’s Day, and so do the six standard dictionaries we checked—three American and three British.
More to the point, Anna Jarvis, the woman primarily responsible for the modern holiday honoring mothers, thought so as well, according to a dissertation by the historian Katharine Antolini.
In “Memorializing Motherhood: Anna Jarvis and the Defense of Her Mother’s Day,” Antolini says Jarvis wanted the singular possessive to emphasize that the day was to honor one’s own mother, not mothers in general.
As for common usage, “Mother’s Day” is the overwhelming favorite, according to Google searches, but you’ll find many examples of the plural-possessive “Mothers’ Day” and the apostrophe-free “Mothers Day.”
Although the modern holiday originated in the US in the early 20th century, people have been celebrating mothers in one way or another since ancient times.
The specific term “Mother’s Day,” however, didn’t show up in print until the 19th century. The earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary is from the June 3, 1874, issue of the New York Times:
“ ‘Mother’s Day,’ which was inaugurated in this City on the 2d of June, 1872, by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, was celebrated last night at Plimpton Hall by a mother’s peace meeting.” (We’ve gone to the Times archive to expand on the citation.)
The OED points out that Howe saw Mother’s Day not as a day to honor mothers (the modern sense) but as a “day on which mothers met to advocate peace, as by the dissolution of a standing army, etc.”
Howe, an abolitionist and social activist, is perhaps best known for writing the lyrics to “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” (The music is from the song “John Brown’s Body.”)
Like Howe, Anna Jarvis’s mother—Ann Marie Reeves Jarvis—was an activist who organized women for various social causes.
After the death of her mother on May 9, 1905, Anna Jarvis organized several “Mother’s Day” services and began a campaign, with the help of the Philadelphia retailer John Wanamaker, to make Mother’s Day a national holiday.
The first two services—on May 12, 1907, and May 10, 1908—were held at Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia, where Jarvis’s mother had taught Sunday school.
The national campaign got off to a bumpy start. On May 9, 1908, Senator Elmer Burkett, a Nebraska Republican, introduced a resolution to recognize the following day as Mother’s Day.
But as an article in the May 10, 1908, issue of the New York Times reports, the resolution inspired “a number of witty sallies” in the Senate and was referred to the Judiciary Committee where “it will be permitted to sleep peacefully.”
Interestingly, Burkett’s resolution used the plural possessive, according to an OED citation from the Congressional Record for May 9, 1908: “Resolved, That Sunday, May 10, 1908, be recognized as Mothers’ Day.”
Jarvis pressed ahead with her Mother’s Day campaign, writing letters and sending pamphlets to public officials. Two years after the Burkett resolution was put to rest, she had her first victory.
In 1910, William Glasscock, the Governor of West Virginia, proclaimed the second Sunday in May as Mother’s Day, and soon the holiday spread to other states.
In 1912, Jarvis trademarked the phrases “Mother’s Day” and “second Sunday in May,” and established the Mother’s Day International Association to promote the holiday around the world.
On May 8, 1914, the US Congress passed a law designating the second Sunday in May as Mother’s Day, and on May 9, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation declaring the first national Mother’s Day.
The American holiday inspired Mother’s Day observances around the world, but the date of the celebration varied from country to country.
In Britain, for example, where the holiday is also called Mothering Sunday (a name with roots in a religious ceremony dating back to the 16th century), it’s celebrated on the fourth Sunday in Lent.
A final note: Anna Jarvis, who was childless, began campaigning in the 1920s against the commercialization of Mother’s Day. She denounced confectioners, florists, and other commercial interests that she accused of gouging the public.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Is “offshore of” off-putting?
May 9th, 2013
Q: Several times recently I’ve come across the usage “offshore of” in copy I’m editing. It sounds dead wrong to my ears, but I’m having difficulty explaining why to my client. Can you clarify?
A: You’re right in thinking that the “of” is unnecessary in a phrase like “offshore of Cuba.”
But we don’t think this redundancy is a hanging offense, since the use of “offshore” as a preposition is relatively new, and many people seem to be uncomfortable with it.
When “offshore” is used as a preposition, it means “off the shore or coast of,” according to the Oxford English Dictionary. So the “of” is already built in.
As we’ve written before on our blog , “offshore” has been used as both an adverb and an adjective since the great seafaring days of the 18th century.
The use of the word as a preposition, however, dates from only the 1960s, according to published examples in the OED.
Here are Oxford’s citations, and note that “offshore” is not accompanied by “of” in any of them.
1967: “Atlantic refining and Phillips Petroleum have announced the first discovery of natural gas in the Gulf of Sirte offshore Libya.” (From the journal Ocean Industry.)
1988: “This year’s Fireball Nationals … were held offshore Durban over Easter.” (From a South African journal, Sailing Inland & Offshore.)
1995: “A ground ice ridge or stamukha off-shore Sakhalin Island.” (From the Lamp, a magazine for Exxon shareholders.)
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) says the first known use of the preposition is from 1965, but it doesn’t give the source. M-W similarly defines the preposition “offshore” as meaning “off the shore of.”
Although “of” is unnecessary with the preposition “offshore,” many people prefer to tack it on anyway.
A Google search turned up hundreds of thousands of such usages—“offshore of San Diego,” “offshore of Nome,” “offshore of Captiva Island,” “offshore of Plymouth, MA.,” “offshore of the Bahamas,” and so on.
This isn’t surprising. To many ears, the use of “offshore” as a freestanding preposition— “The plane crashed offshore Nantucket”—may seem uncomfortably abrupt.
English speakers are more used to a construction like “off the coast of Nantucket” or “off the shore of Nantucket.”
Perhaps that’s why “offshore of Nantucket” feels more natural to many speakers.
Update [May 22, 2013]: After we posted this entry, the linguist and lexicographer Ben Zimmer reported several earlier uses of “offshore” as a preposition, including one that beats the OED and Merriam-Webster’s sightings by a decade.
Writing on the American Dialect Society’s discussion list, Zimmer reported this finding, from the December 1955 issue of Gas Age: “… the company has filed an application with the FPC for a certificate of necessity to build a submarine gas pipe line offshore the Coast of Louisiana from the Sabine River to the coast of the state of Mississippi.”
Then another contributor to the ADS list, Garson O’Toole, unearthed this World War II usage from a June 1942 issue of the State Times in Baton Rouge, La: “Lt. (j. g.) Robert Connel Taylor son of Mr. and Mrs. D. H. Taylor of this city, is recuperating at the naval hospital at Pearl Harbor from wounds received during the bombing of Midway preceding the great air-naval battle offshore the island, a letter received by his parents today disclosed.”
Thanks, Ben and Garson!
May 8th, 2013
Q: Can you tell me what’s “stereo” about the adjective “stereotypical”?
A: The combining form “stereo-” that shows up in such words as “stereotype” and “stereophonic” is derived from stereos, a classical Greek word meaning solid.
John Ayto’s Dictionary of Word Origins says the first English compound noun formed from this word element, “stereometry,” showed up in the 16th century as a mathematical term for the measurement of solid or three-dimensional objects.
English borrowed “stereotype” in the late 18th century from French, where it was an adjective that meant printed by means of a solid plate of type.
In English, the word began life as a noun for a method of printing in which a solid plate (originally of metal and later of paper or plastic) is formed from a mold of composed type, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.
In the mid-19th century, “stereotype” took on the figurative sense of something fixed or perpetuated without change.
And in the early 20th century, the word took on the familiar, modern sense of a preconceived and oversimplified idea of someone or something.
The earliest example in the Oxford English Dictionary of this usage is from a 1922 essay by Walter Lippmann in the journal Public Opinion:
“A stereotype may be so consistently and authoritatively transmitted in each generation from parent to child that it seems almost like a biological fact.”
Interestingly, the adjective you’ve asked about, “stereotypical,” didn’t show up until the mid-20th century, according to published references in the OED.
The earliest citation is from the July 1949 issue of Commentary: “The stereotypical Negro, the unstinting giver.”
But Oxford has entries for two earlier adjectives: “stereotypic,” which first showed up in print in 1801, and “stereotyped,” which appeared in 1849. These two words initially referred to the printing process, but later took on figurative meanings.
You didn’t ask, but we’ll tell you what “stereo-” is doing in “stereophonic,” an adjective that appeared in the 1920s.
Remember, the combining form originally meant solid or three-dimensional when it showed up in the 16th century.
In “stereophonic,” it refers to the lifelike or three-dimensional sound created by having two or more speakers.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Genitively speaking
May 7th, 2013
Q: I’m confused by a passage in your “Sui genitive!” post about when to use a singular noun and when to use a plural in adjectival phrases: “two-dollar word” vs. “Thirty Years’ War.”
A: Here’s the relevant passage from our Aug. 10, 2010, post about adjectival phrases (we’ll set it off in italics).
Normally, nouns used with numbers to form adjectival phrases are singular, as in “two-inch rain,” “three-year-old boy,” “two-dollar word,” “eight-volume biography,” and “four-star restaurant.”
However, where a plural noun is used by tradition to form such a phrase, it’s generally followed by an apostrophe, as in “the Thirty Years’ War” and “the Hundred Years’ War.”
What we mean is that adjectival phrases consisting of a number plus a noun (like “thirty-year” and “two-dollar”) are normally formed with a singular noun (“year,” “dollar”).
This is true whether the noun being modified by the adjectival phrase is singular or plural.
Hence expressions like “thirty-year mortgages” and “two-dollar words.” We don’t say “thirty-years mortgages” and “two-dollars words.” The noun that’s part of the adjectival phrase stays singular.
Now for the “however” exception we mention in our earlier post.
Sometimes a phrase like this becomes plural, loses its hyphen, and gains an apostrophe. An example is “six dollars’ worth” (instead of “six-dollar worth”).
Here the phrase is being used in the genitive case. (If the genitive seems possessive, that’s because the possessive is one of its forms.)
The genitive is used in a handful of expressions, many of them involving numbers, that have developed by tradition or convention.
The genitive is used, for instance, when the noun “worth” is modified by a numerical phrase, as in “five cents’ worth” or “three days’ worth” or “two cups’ worth.”
Ask yourself, How much worth? The worth “of five cents” or “of three days” or “of two cups.” The apostrophe signifies that an unspoken “of” is involved here.
The genitive is also used when the noun “experience” is modified with a numerical phrase, as in “20 years’ experience.” How much experience? The experience “of 20 years.” Again, the apostrophe signifies an unspoken “of.”
The “of” (whether present or not) is also characteristic of possessives. Possession is sometimes indicated with an apostrophe and sometimes with “of.” Examples: “the boy’s feet” … “the feet of the boy.”
As we said, one function of the genitive is to denote possession. However, the definition of “possession” is sometimes hazy, as with “the river’s edge” (or “the edge of the river”). This is why “genitive” is a wider term than “possessive” alone.
With genitive phrases, whether they include numbers or not, you can usually picture an imaginary “of,” as in these examples:
“two weeks’ pay” … the pay of two weeks
“six hours’ time” … the time of six hours
“for convenience’ sake” … for the sake of convenience
“three days’ work” … the work of three days
“a summer’s day” … a day of summer
“for old times’ sake” … for the sake of old times
“in harm’s way” … in the way of harm
“at wits’ end” … at the end of one’s wits
These genitive constructions are different from simple adjectival phrases. They have a different kind of relationship with the noun they modify (as we discussed in that blog entry).
A special note about names of wars. The names for historical events are handed down by tradition—sometimes you’ll see a hyphen and sometimes not.
That accounts for why we see both “the Thirty Years’ War” (a genitive usage for “a war of thirty years”), and “the Six-Day War” (a simple adjectival phrase).
Historical names like these develop through common usage, and not according to grammatical rules.
To sum up, when numbers are used in modifying phrases, MOST of the modifiers will be singular and hyphenated: “Senators serve six-year terms” (note the singular “year”).
But when the phrase isn’t merely adjectival, but functions as a genitive—as if it owns, or possesses, the noun it modifies—then drop the hyphen and use an apostrophe:
“He has six years’ experience in the Senate.” (Imagine it as “the experience OF six years.”)
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
The “poke” in “slowpoke”
May 6th, 2013
Q: In Rohinton Mistry’s novel A Fine Balance, a father tells his son that “slow coaches” get left behind. He uses “slow coach” the way I’d use “slowpoke.” Which term is more popular? And where does “slowpoke” come from?
A: Both terms refer to a slow or idle person, and both showed up in the 19th century—“slow coach” first in the UK and “slowpoke” soon after in the US.
So it’s not surprising to find “slow coach” used in Mistry’s novel about four people thrust together in a cramped apartment in India. The author himself was born and brought up in India, where English is of the British variety.
Which term is more popular? “Slowpoke” (or “slow poke”) by far, with 2.2 million hits on Google compared with 443,000 for “slowcoach” (or “slow coach”).
But a lot depends on where you live. “Slowcoach” shows up more often in the UK and Commonwealth countries. “Slowpoke” is seen more often in the US. (Most of the standard dictionaries we’ve checked prefer the single-word versions of these terms.)
The Oxford English Dictionary describes “slowpoke” as “colloq., chiefly U.S.” However, most of the OED’s citations for the term are from British writers.
The earliest Oxford citation for “slowpoke” is from John Russell Bartlett’s Dictionary of Americanisms (1848): “ ‘What a slow poke you are!’ A woman’s word.”
But the next citation is from an 1877 British glossary of words used in East Yorkshire: “Slaw-pooak … a dunce; a driveller.” (In Old English, slaw means obtuse or dull.)
The most recent OED example is from Salman Rushdie’s 1981 novel Midnight’s Children: “Come on, slowpoke, you don’t want to be late.”
The OED’s earliest citation for “slowcoach” is from Charles Dickens’s first novel, The Pickwick Papers (1837):
“What does this allusion to the slow coach mean? … It may be a reference to Pickwick himself, who has … been a criminally slow coach during the whole of this transaction.”
The term “slowcoach” is clearly a figurative use of a literal phrase for a slow-moving vehicle. So where does “slowpoke” come from?
The OED raises the possibility that the second half of the compound may be derived from apooke, a Virginia Algonquian term for tobacco that literally means “thing for smoking.”
The dictionary says the English word “poke” used in this sense referred to “a plant (of uncertain identity) used by North American Indians for smoking; the dried leaves of this plant.”
“Plants with which poke has been identified,” Oxford adds, “include a lobelia (Lobelia inflata), pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea), and wild tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), all also called Indian tobacco.”
The dictionary, in its “slowpoke” entry, points the reader to its entry for the tobacco sense of “poke,” but it doesn’t speculate about any connection between the two words.
If there is a connection, perhaps the term for a slow-burning or slow-igniting wild tobacco may have been used figuratively to mean a slow-moving person.
A more likely etymology, we think, is that “poke” here is derived from “poky” and “poking,” adjectives meaning, among other things, slow or dawdling.
Those two adjectives are derived in turn from the verb “poke,” which can mean to potter about or dawdle away.
The OED’s first citation for “poke” used in this sense is from one of our favorite books, Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility (1811): “Lord bless me! how do you think I can live poking by myself?”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Parsing the Preamble
May 3rd, 2013
Q: I’m puzzled by this phrase from the Preamble: “in order to form a more perfect union.” What part of speech is “in order to”? It looks like a preposition. But how can the verb “form” be an object of a preposition? I struggle with this.
A: You’ve raised an interesting Constitutional question. The short answer is that “in order to” is an idiomatic phrase that might be translated “so as to” and is followed by a verb.
As to what parts of speech are in play here, we think you can regard “in order to form” and similar constructions in two different ways:
(1) “In order to” is a compound preposition that has a bare infinitive (“form”) as its object.
(2) “In order” is a compound preposition that has a “to” infinitive (“to form”) as its object. The “to” here isn’t actually part of the infinitive, as we’ve written before on the blog .
In our opinion, arguing for one view over the other would be splitting hairs.
“In order” may not look like a preposition, but it functions like one, resembling “so as.” And as we’ll explain later, an infinitive can indeed be the object of a preposition.
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language has an explanation that agrees with our option #2 above. Cambridge describes “in order” as a preposition followed by either a “to” infinitive or by a clause starting with “that.”
The “in order that” construction, according to Cambridge, “is somewhat more formal and considerably less frequent” than one with the “to” infinitive.
And “in order that” requires the use of more words. As Cambridge notes, it often calls for “a modal auxiliary,” such as “might” or “can.”
Take a sentence like “I left work early in order that I might go to the gym.” It’s much wordier than “I left work early in order to go to the gym.” (In fact, as we’ve written before on the blog , you can often drop “in order” and be even less wordy!)
The Cambridge Grammar adds that the subjunctive mood is sometimes used with “in order that,” giving this example: “The administration had to show resolve in order that he not be considered a lame-duck president.” (Note the subjunctive “be.”)
But getting back to “in order to,” we were surprised to find only one standard dictionary that analyzes how the phrase functions as a part of speech.
The Collins English Dictionary calls “in order to” a preposition that is followed by an infinitive. Collins defines the phrase as meaning “so that it is possible to.”
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language (5th ed.) simply say the phrase means “for the purpose of.”
But that definition is problematic on a literal level, since you can’t swap one expression for the other.
“For the purpose of” is followed by a gerund, like “forming,” while “in order to” is followed by an infinitive, like “form.” (A gerund ends in “-ing” and acts like a noun.)
The Oxford English Dictionary says “in order to” is used “with infinitive expressing purpose.” It defines the phrase as meaning “so as to do or achieve (some end or outcome).”
The OED’s first example of the usage is from the 1609 Douay translation of the Bible: “These are they that speak to Pharao, king of Egypt, in order to bring out the children of Israel from Egypt.”
A less lofty example is this caption from a 1994 issue of Food and Wine magazine: “True risotto must be stirred continuously in order to develop its unique texture.”
You expressed some doubt as to whether a verb can be the object of a preposition.
As we wrote on the blog in 2010 , an infinitive as well as a gerund can be a direct object. We’ve also written about bare versus “to” infinitives several times, including posts in 2009 and 2013 .
We’ll add here that it’s not unusual for an infinitive—bare or not—to be the object of a preposition. For example, in all of these sentences, infinitives (both bare and with “to”) are the objects of prepositions:
“He can do everything but cook” … “She had no choice except to lie” … “I’d rather starve instead of steal” … “We have better things to do than to argue” …”They were about to leave” … “He opened his mouth as if to speak.” (When used in this way, “as if” has a prepositional function, according to Cambridge.)
Finally, a Constitutional footnote. In case you’re bothered by the Founders’ use of “more perfect” in that passage from the Preamble, take a look at our post on the subject .
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Who-whomery
May 2nd, 2013
Q: Could you provide 100 examples of the correct use of “who” vs. “whom”? Most authorities explain the principles, but don’t provide enough examples. Also, is it “First … Second … Third” or “Firstly … Secondly … Thirdly” in a prose list of things?
A: First (or firstly), we’ll answer your second question. As we explained in a posting a few years ago, both versions are OK.
Now for “who” versus “whom,” a subject we’ve often discussed on the blog.
We won’t give you 100 examples, just a handful of typical sentences in which “who” and “whom” are used correctly, followed by the relevant rules, plus links to the posts in which we discuss them.
(1) “Nathan wouldn’t tell Miss Adelaide whom he invited to his crap game.”
Rule: If it’s an object, it’s “whom.” Don’t be misled by extraneous information—strip the sentence down mentally and rearrange to find the subject, verb, and object of the relevant clause: “he invited whom.” ( May 12, 2012 )
(2) “Nathan invited only guys who he thought played for high stakes.”
Rule: If it’s a subject, it’s “who.” Don’t be misled by extraneous information—strip the clause down to “who played for high stakes.” ( May 12, 2012 )
(3) “It involves all girls, of all races and backgrounds, many of whom are held back by societal barriers.”
Rule: Don’t be confused by “of whom” in phrases like “many of whom,” “several of whom,” “most of whom,” “all of whom,” “few of whom,” “one of whom,” and so on. The subject in such a phrase is what precedes “of.” ( Aug. 5, 2012 )
(4) “Who does the manager think will be the most efficient employee, she or he?” … “This is the friend who I said wanted to meet you.”
Rule: Don’t be misled by information that comes between subject and verb. In the examples, “who” is the subject of the verbs “will” and “wanted.” ( May 12, 2012 )
(5) “Give it to whoever needs it.”
Rule: When the pronoun is the subject of a verb (“needs” in this case), it’s “who” (or “whoever”), even when it directly follows a preposition. The object of the preposition isn’t the pronoun; it’s a clause in which the pronoun is the subject. ( Sept. 1, 2008 )
(6) “Who else was there for me to talk to?”
Rule: The main clause in this sentence—“Who else was there”—is an interrogative clause with “who” as its subject. The additional information afterward doesn’t change that. ( April 18, 2013 )
Now for some wiggle room:
(7) “Who [or Whom] did you go to the movies with?” … “Who’s [or Whom is] the letter from?” In these sentences, “whom” is grammatically correct but “who” may be used informally.
Rule: At the beginning of a phrase or clause, “whom” can be grammatically correct but unnatural in everyday usage. In such cases, “who” can be used. We don’t recommend this after a preposition, though, as in “That depends on whom you ask.” ( Nov. 18, 2010 )
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Alternating currents
May 1st, 2013
Q: I’m an Australian television producer. I keep seeing “alternate” used instead of “alternative,” as in, “If you would like to choose an alternate date and time, please contact our office.” Is the battle lost? Is “alternate” now an alternative for “alternative”?
A: American dictionaries now consider the adjective “alternate” an acceptable substitute for “alternative.” So in the US it’s not incorrect to speak of an “alternate date and time.”
But British dictionaries generally observe the traditional distinction between these two words. We’ve checked four British dictionaries and only one (Collins) lists “alternative” without qualification among the definitions of “alternate.”
In the US, “alternate” has increasingly taken over territory once reserved for “alternative.” If you’ve noticed this in Australia too, it could mean that the tendency is drifting to other English-speaking countries as well.
The history of these two words, however, isn’t as clear-cut as some people think.
The Oxford English Dictionary’s earliest citation for the adjective “alternative,” dating from 1540, uses the term to mean “alternate.” And the OED’s entry for the adjective “alternate” has citations going back to 1776 for the word used to mean “alternative.”
Oxford describes this “alternative” sense of “alternate” as “Chiefly N. Amer.” However, the dictionary’s three earliest citations are from British sources.
Despite the fuzzy origins of these two words, usage guides in both the US and the UK traditionally have recommended separate meanings for “alternate” and “alternative”—both as nouns and as adjectives.
Typically, “alternate” has been used to mean one after the other (or by turns), while “alternative” has been used to mean one instead of the other.
In her grammar and usage book Woe Is I , Pat illustrates this with a couple of sentences: “Walking requires alternate use of the left foot and the right. The alternative is to take a taxi.”
And of course people in the US as well as the UK still commonly use “alternate” and “alternative” in those senses.
But some broader uses developed in the US during the 20th century, and they’re accepted today in American English.
A good example is the use of “alternate” as an adjective to mean something like “substitute,” as in “We took an alternate route to Plainfield.”
In discussing this use “of alternate where alternative might be expected,” Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage cites examples going back to the 1930s, and says the citations “begin to show up in some numbers in the 1940s and 1950s.”
In fact the Book-of-the-Month Club, with its “alternate selections,” has been routinely using the adjective this way for more than half a century.
And as a noun, too, “alternate” is commonly used in the US to mean a substitute, as in “He’s an alternate on the jury,” or “Rogers was sent into the game as an alternate,” or “The commission has five regular members and three alternates.”
“Alternative” has taken on some new roles too. As an adjective, for example, it’s often used to mean antiestablishment or out of the mainstream, as in “alternative school,” “alternative medicine,” “alternative newspaper,” and so on.
One meaning of “alternative,” however, hasn’t changed—the noun that means “other choice.” Think of sentences like “You leave me no alternative” (or Pat’s example, “The alternative is to take a taxi”).
Getting back to your original question, it appears that Americans are increasingly using “alternate” when they want an adjective and “alternative” when they want a noun.
As the Merriam-Webster’s usage guide explains, “alternative is becoming more and more a noun, and the adjective appears to be in the process of being replaced (at least in American English) by alternate.”
Fowler’s Modern English Usage (rev. 3rd ed.), edited by R. W. Burchfield, makes a similar observation.
In American English during the 20th century, Burchfield notes, the adjective “alternate” has “usurped some of the territory of alternative in its ordinary sense” of one instead of another.
So, Burchfield says, “A route, a material, a lyric, etc., can be described as ‘alternate’ rather than (as in the UK) ‘alternative.’”
The usage you mention—“an alternate date and time”—is further evidence of the same trend.
But try not to think of this as a battle lost! Think of it as another step in the evolution of English usage. After all “usage” means exactly that—the way words are used.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
The well-coordinated modifier
April 30th, 2013
Q: What do you call a string of noun phrases that share the same noun? Example: “The English, French, and math teachers all have lunch together.”
A: A construction like “English, French, and math teachers” is simply a noun (“teachers”) modified by several adjectives (“English,” “French,” “math”).
Grammatically, it’s not regarded as a string of noun phrases (“English teachers,” “French teachers,” “math teachers”) from which the repetition has been removed.
What, you ask, is a construction like this called?
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language would describe it as a head noun (“teachers”) with coordinate modifiers (“English,” “French,” and “math”).
In discussing this kind of construction, Cambridge uses the examples “new and used cars” and “London and Oxford colleges.” In each phrase, two “coordinate modifiers” apply to a single noun.
Coordination works the other way too. You can have two or more “coordinate nouns” with a single modifier. Cambridge illustrates this with the examples “new cars and trucks,” and “London schools and colleges.”
The principle here is clear, even if the terminology is a bit dense.
When a modifier plus a noun form what Cambridge calls “a composite nominal”—like “used cars”—the authors say that “the component parts can enter separately into relations of coordination.”
This means that the modifier can be joined by other modifiers, or the noun can be joined by other nouns.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
On the lam
April 29th, 2013
Q: Some time ago I wrote you to recommend an essential book for someone in your trade: How the Irish Invented Slang, by Daniel Cassidy. There you will find, among many hundred entries, his view of the derivation of “lam” from the Irish word leim. Alas, Danny has since died, and his extraordinary achievement has not been properly recognized. I feel sure that if you look through his book you will be inspired to extend at least his scholarly life.
A: You won’t like what we have to say. This book sounds like a lot of fun, but perhaps there’s more fun in it than truth.
Cassidy’s book, which won an American Book Award for nonfiction in 2007, maintains that American slang is teeming with words of Irish origin—“jazz,” “spiel,” “baloney,” “nincompoop,” “babe,” and “bunkum,” to mention only a few.
But many of his claims have been disputed by linguists and lexicographers because they’re based merely on phonetic similarities.
The critics include Grant Barrett , a lexicographer and dictionary editor who specializes in slang, and Mark Liberman , a linguist who has called Cassidy’s book an “exercise in creative etymology.”
Cassidy himself has acknowledged that he based his etymologies on phonetic similarities. A New York Times interviewer wrote in 2007 about the inspiration that led to the book:
“Mr. Cassidy’s curiosity about the working-class Irish vernacular he grew up with kept growing. Some years back, leafing through a pocket Gaelic dictionary, he began looking for phonetic equivalents of the terms, which English dictionaries described as having ‘unknown origin.’ ”
The article continues: “He began finding one word after another that seemed to derive from the strain of Gaelic spoken in Ireland, known as Irish. The word ‘gimmick’ seemed to come from ‘camag,’ meaning trick or deceit, or a hook or crooked stick.”
“Buddy,” as Cassidy told the interviewer, sounded like bodach (Irish for a strong, lusty youth); “geezer” resembled gaosmhar (wise person); “dude” was like duid (foolish-looking fellow), and so on. He thus compiled lists of American slang words that sounded as if they came from Irish, and based his book on them.
But in doing serious etymology, one has to do more than show that words in one language sound or look like those in another. A superficial resemblance might provide a starting point, but it shouldn’t be the conclusion.
A more authoritative approach would be to apply the academic standards that a lexicographer or a comparative linguist would use, supporting one’s case with documented evidence from written records.
Let’s focus on the phrase you mention—“on the lam.”
Cassidy suggests an etymology of “lam” in a passage about an Irish-American gambler named Benny Binion: “Benny went on the lam (leim, jump), scramming to Vegas with two million dollars in the trunk of his maroon Cadillac.”
So Cassidy is proposing that “lam” in this sense is derived from the Irish leim. But other than that parenthetical note, he offers no evidence for the suggested etymology.
It’s true that leim (pronounced LAY-im) is Irish Gaelic for “jump” or “leap.” It’s similar to nouns with the same meaning in other Celtic languages (llam in Welsh, lam in Breton and Cornish, lheim in Manx Gaelic, leum in Scottish Gaelic), and it shows up in many Irish place names.
But we haven’t found a single other source that connects the Irish leim with the American slang term “lam,” meaning to run away. Not one.
If there were any truth in Cassidy’s assertion, etymologists and lexicographers would have picked up on it by now.
Slang scholars still describe the origin of the “lam” in “on the lam” as unknown, and they would be only too happy to discover it.
Several theories have been proposed over the years: (1) that “lam” is short for “slam”; (2) that it’s from “lammas,” a mid-19th century British slang word meaning to run off; and (3) that it’s from the verb “lam” (to beat), used like “beat” in the older phrase “beat it.”
The last theory is the most commonly proposed—that the slang “lam” comes from the verb meaning to beat.
As the Oxford English Dictionary explains, “lam” has had this meaning (to “beat soundly” or “thrash”) since Shakespeare’s day. The earliest citations in writing come from the 1590s.
In the late 19th century, the OED says, this verb “lam” acquired a new meaning in American slang—“to run off, to escape, to ‘beat it.’ ”
Oxford’s earliest citation for the slang verb is from Allan Pinkerton’s book Thirty Years a Detective (1886), in a reference to a pickpocket:
“After he has secured the wallet he will … utter the word ‘lam!’ This means to let the man go, and to get out of the way as soon as possible.”
The following year, the OED says, the word started appearing as a noun to mean “escape” or “flight.” Oxford’s earliest example here is from an 1897 issue of Appleton’s Popular Science Monthly: “To do a lam, meaning to run.”
Over the next few decades, according to slang dictionaries, to run or escape was to “lam,” “do a lam,” “make a lam,” “lam it,” “go on the lam,” “take a lam,” “take it on the lam,” and “be on the lam.”
Similarly, the OED says, a fugitive or somebody on the run was called a “lamster” (1904; also spelled “lamaster” and “lammister”).
It’s not hard to see how the “lam” that means to beat it might have descended from the “lam” that means to beat.
Since Old English, as the OED says, to “beat” has been “said of the action of the feet upon the ground in walking or running.”
This use of “beat,” according to Oxford, has given us phrases like “beat the streets,” “beat a path,” “beat a track,” and so on. In the 17th century, to “beat the hoof,” or “beat it on the hoof,” was to go on foot.
The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang says the phrase “beat it” (to clear out, go in a hurry), was first recorded in 1878, when it appeared in A. F. Mulford’s Fighting Indians in the 7th United States Cavalry:
“The Gatling guns sang rapidly for a few seconds, and how those reds, so boastful at their war dance the night before, did ‘beat it!’ ”
So the slang use of “beat it” was around before “lam” (to beat) acquired its extended slang meaning (to run or beat it).
But we haven’t discussed where the earlier “lam” came from. Etymologists believe it’s derived from the Old Norse lemja (to flog or to cripple by beating). However, an even earlier source has been suggested, one that’s older than writing.
The linguist Calvert Watkins, writing in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, identifies the source of “lam” and “lame” (both verb and adjective) as an Indo-European root that’s been reconstructed as lem-, meaning “to break in pieces, broken, soft, with derivatives meaning ‘crippled.’ ”
This Indo-European root developed into prehistoric Proto-Germanic words that have been reconstructed as lamon (weak limbed, lame) and lamjan (to flog, beat, cripple), according to Watkins and to the lexicographer John Ayto in his Dictionary of Word Origins.
Other authorities, including the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, say the Indo-European lem– also has descendants outside the Germanic languages, including an adjective in Old Irish and Middle Irish, lem (“foolish, insipid”).
The modern Irish equivalent, leamh, is similarly defined (“foolish, insipid, importunate”) in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, by Alexander McBain.
This is a different word entirely from the Irish leim (jump), which McBain says was leimm in Old Irish.
We mentioned above that leim can be found in many Irish place names.
To mention just a few, there are Limavady (the Irish name is Leim an Mhadaidh, or “leap of the dog”); Lemnaroy (Leim an Eich Ruaidh, “leap of the reddish horse”); and Leixlip (Leim an Bhradain, “leap of the salmon”).
This last one is an interesting case. Leixlip is on the river Liffey, which is rich in salmon. The town’s original name came from Old Norse, lax hlaup (“salmon leap”).
In the 1890s, when Leixlip adopted an Irish name, it chose Leim an Bhradain (“leap of the salmon”), a direct translation of the Old Norse. Of course, the Vikings who settled there in the Dark Ages may have used a Norse translation from Irish. Who knows?
Some etymological questions may never be settled for sure. That doesn’t mean scholarly methods can’t be used to make an educated guess. Still, uneducated guesses are made all the time because people are so eager to know.
Woody Allen once satirized this desperate need to know. In a humorous essay called “Slang Origins,” from his book Without Feathers (1972), he wrote:
“How many of you have ever wondered where certain slang expressions come from? Like ‘She’s the cat’s pajamas,’ or to ‘take it on the lam.’ Neither have I. And yet for those who are interested in this sort of thing I have provided a brief guide to a few of the more interesting origins. …
“ ‘Take it on the lam’ is English in origin. Years ago, in England, ‘lamming’ was a game played with dice and a large tube of ointment. Each player in turn threw dice and then skipped around the room until he hemorrhaged. If a person threw seven or under he would say the word ‘quintz’ and proceed to twirl in a frenzy. If he threw over seven, he was forced to give every player a portion of his feathers and was given a good ‘lamming.’ Three ‘lammings’ and a player was ‘kwirled’ or declared a moral bankrupt. Gradually any game with feathers was called ‘lamming’ and feathers became ‘lams.’ To ‘take it on the lam’ meant to put on feathers and later, to escape, although the transition is unclear.
“Incidentally, if two of the players disagreed on the rules, we might say they ‘got into a beef.’ This term goes back to the Renaissance when a man would court a woman by stroking the side of her head with a slab of meat. If she pulled away, it meant she was spoken for. If, however, she assisted by clamping the meat to her face and pushing it all over her head, it meant she would marry him. The meat was kept by the bride’s parents and worn as a hat on special occasions. If, however, the husband took another lover, the wife could end the marriage by running with the meat to the town square and yelling, ‘With thine own beef, I do reject thee. Aroo! Aroo!’ If a couple ‘took to the beef’ or ‘had a beef’ it meant they were quarreling.”
We think there’s a lesson here—and some lessons come with a laugh. The human mind abhors a vacuum. When the most advanced methods of scholarship can’t (or haven’t yet) come up with definitive answers, then answers will be invented.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Myself abuse
April 26th, 2013
Q: One of my favorite books on English, A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage, says “myself” may always be used where the rules of grammar require “I” but people traditionally prefer “me.” However, another of my favorite books, Woe Is I, says one should not use “myself” if either “I” or “me” will work. Your thoughts?
A: A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage, by Bergen and Cornelia Evans, is a favorite with us, too, and over all it holds up remarkably well for a usage guide written in the ’50s. But in its entry on the use of “myself,” it begins to show its age.
We agree (and so does Pat’s book Woe Is I ) with much of what the Evanses say about “myself.” But we disagree with them that “myself” may always be used instead of “I” or “me” after “than” and the verb “be.”
The issue here is what to do when there’s a conflict between the formal rules of English grammar and the usual practice of it.
In the 1950s, many usage authorities looked askance at a sentence like “She’s prettier than me” and insisted on “She’s prettier than I,” never mind that most speakers of English used “me” rather than “I” in that construction.
Similarly, many usage authorities of the ’50s condemned a sentence like “It’s me,” and insisted on “It’s I” or “It is I,” even though English speakers generally preferred “me.”
Torn between the formal rules and common practice, the Evanses offer this advice: “Myself may always be used where the formal rules of grammar require I but me is the traditionally preferred form.”
But times have changed. Usage authorities these days generally accept “me” in the examples above, making it unnecessary to use a clunky substitute like “myself.”
As we wrote on the blog back in 2008, most lexicographers and grammarians treat “than” as a legitimate preposition in constructions like “no man was more qualified than me” or “I’m taller than her.”
We’ve seen a similar evolution in the use of object pronouns after linking verbs, as in constructions like “it’s me” and “that’s him.”
In a posting written two years ago, we say the belief that a nominative pronoun (like “I”) should be used after the verb “be” came from a convention of Latin grammar. Today the choice between “I” and “me” in this situation is regarded as one of style—formality versus informality—rather than one of correctness.
In short, you can now confidently use the more natural “me” without apologetically resorting to “myself.” And that’s what we recommend.
As we say in another blog entry , reflexive pronouns like “myself” are normally used for emphasis (“I offered to do it myself”) or to refer to a subject already named (“He feels good about himself”).
But many people use “myself” for another purpose. They substitute it for “I” or “me” simply because they’re not sure which is right.
When this is the case, the speaker’s confusion generally shows, as in “Wendy and myself will plan the party” or “The bank sold the house to my husband and myself.”
Sentences like those reveal a weak grasp of English. “Wendy and I” is a better subject, and “my husband and me” is a better object.
Reflexive pronouns are best used for emphasis or to refer back to a subject. Otherwise, “I” or “me” is almost always better than “myself.”
So if you’re using “myself” merely because you’re inclined toward “me” but think it’s wrong, think again. Have a little more faith in “me.”
We’re not saying that “myself” is never a good alternative to “I” or “me.”
For example, you might use “myself” deep into a sentence when an ordinary pronoun would seem to get lost. Example: “There were a hundred people at the lecture—half the English class, a dozen friends of the speaker, most of the faculty, and myself.”
Or you might use a reflexive to add a specific and more emphatic reference to a general subject, as in “An old fuddy-duddy and inveterate nit-picker like myself.”
But before using “myself,” one should at least know what the traditional alternative is, then decide which is preferred for reasons of style, euphony, and the intended degree of formality.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
April 25th, 2013
Q: Can one use the word “cohorts” to describe the individuals in a “cohort”?
A: The noun “cohort” can refer either to a group or to an individual within the group, as we wrote on our blog back in 2007.
So “the gang leader and his cohorts” would be a correct usage.
As we noted in that post, the English noun “cohort” originally meant a band of soldiers. It has a long etymological history as a military term dating back to Roman times.
In Caesar’s day, a “century” (centuria in Latin) was a unit of 100 Roman soldiers, commanded by a “centurion.”
Six centuries, or 600 soldiers (the exact numbers varied at different times in antiquity), constituted a “cohort” (cohors in Latin).
And 100 cohorts, or 6,000 men, made up a “legion” (from the Latin verb legere, to gather).
So “century,” “cohort,” and “legion” corresponded roughly to our modern “company,” “battalion,” and “regiment” (our regiments are not so large).
But in English, “cohort” has pretty much lost its military meaning and gone civilian. It’s used loosely to mean either a group or an individual.
Some sticklers still insist, though, that “cohort” should refer only to a group because of the word’s classical origins.
However, a usage note in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.) says “the use of cohort in reference to individuals has become so common, especially in the plural, as to overshadow the use in the singular to refer to a group.”
More than two-thirds of the dictionary’s usage panel accept this sentence: “The cashiered dictator and his cohorts have all written their memoirs.”
In a post a couple of years ago, we discussed a theory (though an unlikely one) that “cohort” is the source of the word “cahoots,” as in “the thieves were in cahoots.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Hat tricks
April 24th, 2013
Q: Have you ever answered this question: Where does “hat trick” come from? It’s really common and yet no one I know, not even my husband (a huge sports fan and an English major!), can tell me the origin of the phrase.
A: No, to our great surprise, we haven’t answered that question. So here goes.
The term “hat trick” originated among cricket players in 19th-century England, according to the Oxford English Dictionary and other sources.
A bowler was said to score a “hat trick” for taking “three wickets by three successive balls,” the OED says.
Supposedly, this feat was called a “hat trick” because it entitled the bowler “to be presented by his club with a new hat or some equivalent,” Oxford explains.
The term first appeared in print, the OED says, in a sporting annual called John Lillywhite’s Cricketers’ Companion (1877):
“Having on one occasion taken six wickets in seven balls, thus performing the hat-trick successfully.”
This later example is from an 1882 issue of a London newspaper, the Daily Telegraph: “He thus accomplished the feat known as the ‘hat trick,’ and was warmly applauded.”
The use of the term spread in the early 1900s—first to horseracing, where a jockey scored a “hat trick” for riding three winners, sometimes in a day and sometimes in succession.
The usage then spread to sports in which three goals could be scored in a single game.
Oxford’s first non-cricketing sports example is from a racing story in the Daily Chronicle of London (1909):
“It is seldom that an apprentice does the ‘hat trick,’ but the feat was accomplished by … an apprentice.” (The young jockey won races on horses named Soldier, Lady Carlton, and Hawkweed.)
Here in the US, “hat trick” is perhaps most familiar in hockey. The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang quotes a 1949 sports dictionary that defined the phrase this way:
“Hat trick. … In ice hockey it is achieved by a player scoring three goals in a game, and the term is used similarly in goal games such as soccer and lacrosse.”
But “hat trick” has occasionally been used in baseball as well. A 1950 sports story in the New York Times, quoted by Random House, included this definition: “In baseball, hitting a single, double, triple and home run in one game.”
The term is by no means confined to sports, however. By mid-century, it was being used to apply to any kind of three-fold victory.
The OED cites this 1958 quotation from the Economist: “The Tories are excited because it looks as if they may flout all precedents and complete a hat-trick of wins.”
Random House includes quotations dating from 1951 for “hat trick” used to describe triple feats in politics, book publishing, the auto industry, and classical music.
But to the best of our knowledge, the old custom of awarding a new hat to the happy victor is no longer observed.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Should we watch our language?
April 23rd, 2013
Q: My question concerns your recent article about the origins of “Johnny-come-lately.” How is this grammar? You should watch your language!
A: As the banner on our website indicates, we answer questions on “grammar, etymology, usage, and more.”
Many of our readers write in to ask about the origins of various expressions and slang terms.
Others ask about problems in grammatical structure—sequence of tenses, problems with pronoun case, and so on.
Still others write us with questions about spelling, pronunciation, punctuation, and plural formation, and ask about how such usages developed.
A reader of the blog once asked us why we use the term “grammarphobia,” not “grammarphilia,” in the name of our website.
As we said in a posting six years ago, the name of the website comes from the subtitle of Pat’s 1996 book, Woe Is I : The Grammarphobe’s Guide to Better English in Plain English.
The website, like the book, tries to explain grammar (and other language issues) in terms that won’t intimidate grammarphobes, and won’t turn off grammarphiles.
By the way, we can’t take credit for coining either “grammarphobe” or “grammarphobia.”
Steven Pinker uses “grammarphobe” in his 1994 book The Language Instinct: “And who can blame the grammarphobe, when a typical passage from one of Chomsky’s technical works reads as follows?”
(The passage that follows includes terms like “L-markers,” “chain coindexing,” and “head-head agreement.”)
As for “grammarphobia,” we’ve found examples of the usage in two words (“grammar phobia”) or hyphenated (“grammar-phobia”) dating back to the 1920s and ’30s.
The single-word version (“grammarphobia”) showed up in print in the mid-1990s, about 10 years before we began using it on our website.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Is there a “their” there?
April 22nd, 2013
Q: I love your Language Myths page. It’s so refreshing to see language mavens allow English some wiggle room! However, I still cringe at some current trends, like the use of the plural pronoun “they” with a singular subject. I don’t have the heart to recalibrate my internal editor to accept this change. I’d love to hear what you think about it.
A: This is a tough one, but you shouldn’t recalibrate your inner editor just yet.
Almost everyone it seems (especially in speech, if not in writing) uses “they/them/their” at some time or another in reference to a singular, indefinite someone. We occasionally catch ourselves in the act.
What’s indisputably true is that anyone who uses these plurals in this way is using at best casual, informal English. In formal, grammatically correct English, these are third-person plural pronouns, inappropriate in reference to a singular.
We’ve written about this subject many times on our blog, including a post in 2008 and another in 2011 . We’ve also written an article about it for the New York Times.
The plural pronouns “they,” “them,” and “their” were often used as indefinite singulars centuries ago, and are quite commonly used that way today in informal (some would say substandard) English. But in formal English, they’re restricted to the plural.
And anyone who wants to be correct without resorting to “he/she” or some variant can always recast the sentence and make the antecedent plural. Instead of “Every parent loves his or her (or their) child,” make it “All parents love their children.”
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.) labels “they” as a “usage problem” when “used to refer to the one previously mentioned or implied, especially as a substitute for generic he.”
The dictionary gives this sentence as an example: “Every person has rights under the law, but they don’t always know them.”
In an excellent usage note, American Heritage explains that the “use of an ostensibly plural pronoun such as they, them, themselves, or their with a singular antecedent dates back at least to 1300.”
Over the years, the dictionary says, “such constructions have been used by many admired writers, including William Makepeace Thackeray (‘A person can’t help their birth’), George Bernard Shaw (‘To do a person in means to kill them’), and Anne Morrow Lindbergh (‘When you love someone you do not love them all the time’).
“The practice is so widespread both in print and in speech that it generally passes unnoticed,” AH continues. “Forms of they are useful as gender-neutral substitutes for generic he and for coordinate forms like his/her or his or her (which can sound clumsy, especially when repeated frequently). Nevertheless, many people avoid using forms of they with a singular antecedent out of respect for traditional pronoun agreement.”
The dictionary says most of its usage panel “still upholds the practice of traditional pronoun agreement, but in decreasing numbers.”
“In our 1996 survey, 80 percent rejected the use of they in the sentence A person at that level should not have to keep track of the hours they put in,” AH adds. “In 2008, however, only 62 percent of the Panel still held this view, and by 2011, just 55 percent disapproved of the sentence Each student must have their pencil sharpened.”
In 2008, the dictionary notes, a majority of the panel “accepted the use of they with antecedents such as anyone and everyone, pronouns that are grammatically singular but carry a plural meaning. Some 56 percent accepted the sentence If anyone calls, tell them I can’t come to the phone, and 59 percent accepted Everyone returned to their seats.”
American Heritage’s conclusion:
“The trend, then, is clear. Writers who choose to use they with a singular antecedent should rest assured that they are in good company—even if a fair number of traditionalists still wince at the usage. For those who wish to adhere to the traditional rule, one good solution is to recast the sentence in the plural: People at that level should not have to keep track of the hours they put in.”
In other words, write around the problem. We hope this helps, though it’s probably not as clear-cut an answer as you’d like.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Let’s play ball
April 19th, 2013
Q: Given the start of the baseball season, it occurs to me that “play ball” is a rather interesting expression. Your thoughts?
A: Now that you mention it, the expression “play ball” is interesting. The “ball” is what’s being batted around, and “ball” here also happens to be the clipped name of the game.
In the US, “play ball” generally means “play baseball,” though the usage is often heard in connection with football, basketball, and other sports.
In fact, the phrase or various versions of it had been around for hundreds of years before any American stepped on the mound and threw the ball toward home plate.
In the early days, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the expression simply referred to a game played with a ball.
But you asked about baseball, so let’s consult Paul Dickson, who (in the words of a Washington Times book review) “may be baseball’s answer to Noah Webster or, at the very least, William Safire.”
The Dickson Baseball Dictionary (3rd ed.) defines “play ball!” as “the command issued by the plate umpire to start a game or to resume action. It’s sometimes abbreviated to a simple order of ‘play!’ ”
Dickson quotes (from the Boston Globe on May 13, 1886) what may be the first use of the baseball phrase in newsprint:
“McKeever held a long discussion with Pitcher Harmon about signs. The crowd got impatient; one man yelled ‘Get a telephone!’ while the umpire ordered them to ‘play ball.’ ”
The phrase certainly caught on, showing up a few years later in James Maitland’s The American Slang Dictionary (1891): “Play ball (Am.), go on with what you are about.”
The expression appeared more colorfully in a poem, “The Umpire,” in the July 27, 1893, issue of the Atchison (Kan.) Daily Globe:
“With features rigid as a block of stone, / He cries, ‘Play ball!’ ”
But apart from its use by umpires, Dickson says, “play ball” has a special meaning to baseball fans. It’s the “emblematic phrase for the start of any baseball game, from Opening Day to the opener of the World Series.”
The dictionary credits the pitcher Cy Young with the first use of the term in this sense, in 1905. It adds this quotation by a former baseball commissioner, Peter Ueberroth, some 80 years later:
“The best words—the most fun words—in our language are ‘play ball.’ Those words conjure up home runs and strikeouts, extra innings and double plays. … ‘Play ball’ is what baseball is all about—its call to arms—and there isn’t a baseball fan … who isn’t a little excited over the beginning of a new season.” (From USA Today, 1986.)
The OED says the word “ball” in “play ball” is a noun meaning “a game played with a ball (esp. thrown or pitched with the hand).”
Today in the US, as we’ve said, the phrase refers to baseball, but it predates baseball by several centuries.
The expression was first recorded in the Middle Ages as “play at the ball,” which was later clipped to “play at ball” and finally to “play ball.”
The OED’s earliest citation is from a description of St. Cuthbert in a medieval manuscript (circa 1300):
“With younge children he pleide atthe bal.” (Here we’ve changed two Middle English characters to “y” and “th.”)
An abbreviated version of the phrase first appeared in Nicholas Breton’s poem A Floorish Upon Fancie (1577):
“And let him learne to daunce, to shoote, and play at ball, / And any other sporte, but put him to his booke withall.”
During the 17th century, both “play at the ball” and “play at ball” were used. The modern form, “play ball,” finally emerged in the mid-18th century.
The OED cites an example from John Brickell’s The Natural History of North Carolina (1737). In a passage describing Native American games, Brickell writes: “Their manner of playing Ball is after this manner.”
The expression “to play ball” acquired another meaning in the early 20th century—to act fairly or cooperate.
The OED’s first example is from a 1903 novel, Back to the Woods, by Hugh McHugh (pen name of George Hobart): “Well, if Bunch should refuse to play ball I could send the check back to Uncle Peter.”
But the Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang has a citation from a slightly earlier novel, Edward Waterman Townsend’s Chimmie Fadden & Mr. Paul (1902):
“He’ll give him de time of his life if he’ll sign up to play ball wit him whenever he’s wanted.”
Today, many of our most familiar expressions (or clichés, if you prefer), come from ball games of one kind or another. Here’s a sampling of figurative uses of sports terms, with their earliest recorded appearances, all from either the OED or Random House.
● “keep the ball rolling”—to maintain a momentum, 1770
● “keep (or have) one’s eye on the ball”—to be careful or alert, 1907
● “home run”—a great success, 1913
● “have something (or a lot) on the ball”—to be capable, 1936 (a reference to throwing a speedy or deceptive pitch, a sense first recorded in 1911)
● “carry the ball”—to assume responsibility, 1924
● “run with the ball” or “take the ball and run with it”—to take control, 1926
● “from out in left field”—from out of nowhere, 1930s (a subject we discuss on the blog)
● “on the ball”—accurate or alert, 1939
● “drop the ball”—to fail at something, 1940
● “curveball”—something tricky and unexpected, 1944
● “throw a curve”—to do something tricky and unexpected, 1953
● “that’s the way the ball bounces”—that’s life, 1952
● “ballpark”—approximate (adjective), 1957
About that “Donate” button …
April 19th, 2013
If you’re a regular reader of The Grammarphobia Blog, you may have noticed that “Donate” button over there on the right. Yes, we’re asking for your help.
The two of us, besides writing all our own content for the blog, bear the expenses of web design, support, and maintenance.
We also pay the costs of doing our research, including keeping our standard dictionaries and other reference books up to date, and paying for annual subscriptions to the Oxford English Dictionary and other online resources.
We consider what we do a form of journalism and we value our objectivity, so we don’t accept advertising. If you like what we do and would like to help support the blog, please click the “Donate” button. No contribution is too small!
If you get our posts by email or an RSS reader, you’ll have to go to the actual blog to find the “Donate” button.
Thank you.
Whodunit? Oscar Wilde!
April 18th, 2013
Q: This one throws me for a loop: “Who else was there for me to talk to?” My gut tells me that “who” is correct, but I have a nagging feeling that “whom” may be. Can you set me straight?
A: Go with your gut!
“Who” is the right word here. It not only sounds and feels natural, but it just happens to be grammatically correct as well.
(This is generally the case. As we’ve said before, any usage that sounds stiff and unnatural to an educated ear is probably a mistake.)
The sentence you’ve asked about (“Who else was there for me to talk to?”) has an interesting history, which we’ll get to later. For now, let’s look at why it’s right.
The main clause in this sentence—“Who else was there”—is an interrogative clause with “who” as its subject. The additional information afterward doesn’t change that.
Often when we’re puzzled by a “who/whom” problem, it helps to substitute another set of pronouns. So let’s recast the sentence with “he/him.”
It’s easy to see that “He was there for me to talk to” is right, and that “Him was there for me to talk to” is wrong. “He” is a subject pronoun (like “who”), while “him” is an object (like “whom”).
Simplifying a problem sentence also helps to clarify it. We can simplify the question, and its answer, like this: “Who was there to talk to? … He was there to talk to.”
In fact, we can simplify it even further by dropping the ending, since it doesn’t affect the subject: “Who was there? … He was there.”
We can invent a number of sentences with the same grammatical construction: “Who else was there for her to dream of … for them to worry about … for mom to cook for … for the children to play with … for him to prey upon .. for me to learn from?”
The fact that the underlined passages end in prepositions doesn’t change the case of the subject, “who.”
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language regards passages like those as “to-infinitivals containing a subject,” and says these “are always introduced by the subordinator for.” (Note that while Cambridge uses the term “subject” here, the pronouns used are object pronouns.)
Now for a brief footnote. The sentence you used as an example has a literary history. It appears in The Letters of Oscar Wilde, edited by Rupert Hart-Davis and published in 1962.
Here’s the passage, from a letter Wilde wrote in 1891 to a young actor of his acquaintance:
“Has Gerald Gurney forgiven me yet for talking to no one but you that afternoon? I suppose not. But who else was there for me to talk to?”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
I got this
April 17th, 2013
Q: My question is about the ubiquitous “I got this,” as in the title of Jennifer Hudson’s memoir. I thought this was a fairly recent usage, but I’ve heard it used on two different current TV shows set in the ’80s. When did this expression come into the language?
A: Jennifer Hudson, a Grammy Award-winning singer and Academy Award-winning actress, uses those words in the title of a 2011 song as well as her 2012 memoir.
The construction “I got this” is often used (as Hudson uses it) in a slangy, idiomatic way to mean “I can take care of this” or “I have this under control.”
Strictly speaking, “I got this” is a past-tense construction (as in “I got a new car last spring”). The technically correct form in reference to the present would be either “I’ve got this” or “I have this.”
But let’s not get technical about idiomatic English. Baseball outfielders, for example, aren’t stopping to check their grammar as they run to catch a fly ball (“I got it!”).
We can’t find any scholarly discussion of the history of “I got this” used in the sense Jennifer Hudson is using it, so we can’t give you a lot of exact citations from the 1980s.
But we did find a few close examples in Google Book searches, including this exchange from Nam, an oral history of the Vietnam War that was published in 1983:
“ ‘This one is mine.’
“ ‘Nah, I got this one. You got the last one.’ ”
Of course, there’s a difference between “I got this,” which refers to a general situation, and the more specific “I got this one,” which refers to a particular object. But they’re close.
We’ll end with a few lines from Hudson’s song:
(I got this)
| Wig |
Which English novelist is probably best remembered for his 1957 novel Room At the Top? | Grammarphobia: Blog | Grammarphobia - Part 21
In a jiffy
June 3rd, 2013
Q: I was packing my latest manuscript in a Jiffy bag when I thought of a question for my go-to word guys. What is a jiffy?
A: It’s an instant or a moment, which doesn’t describe the amount of time we’ve taken to get to your question. Sorry, but our in-box has been overflowing lately.
The Oxford English Dictionary describes “jiffy” as a colloquial noun of “origin unascertained,” and defines it as “a very short space of time.”
The OED says the word is seen “only in such phrases as in a jiffy,” but it later notes the use of “jiffy” in the names of padded bags and other products.
The first Oxford citation is from Baron Munchausen’s Narrative of His Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia (1785), by Rudolf Erich Raspe: “In six jiffies I found myself and all my retinue … at the rock of Gibralter.”
The Chambers Dictionary of Etymology speculates that the word might have been “spontaneously coined” by Raspe, a German librarian, writer, and scientist.
The full phrase “in a jiffy” was first recorded (with the spelling jeffy) in Grose’s Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (1796): “It will be done in a jeffy: it will be done in a short space of time, in an instant.”
In the 1950s, “Jiffy” showed up in trademarked names for a padded envelope, a book bag, and a peat pot for sowing seeds. The first Jiffy Lube opened in Ogden, Utah, in the 1970s, and franchises followed … in a jiffy.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
A “media” event
May 31st, 2013
Q: My college professor took points off my term paper because I used “media” as a singular noun in the phrase “the impact media has on society.” He insists that “media” is plural. I disagree and I hope you can help me with my predicament.
A: Your professor hasn’t kept up with current usage.
The word “media” has been in transition in recent years. Lexicographers (that is, dictionary editors) now accept its use as a singular collective noun that can be accompanied by either a singular or a plural verb, depending on the context.
It’s singular when “media” refers to the communications industry as a whole. But it’s plural when “media” refers to communications outlets or forms of expression (that is, radio, TV, print, and so on).
That might be a good rule of thumb for you to use. If you mean “media” in the sense of “industry,” use it with a singular verb; if you mean “media” in the sense of “outlets,” use it with a plural verb.
Here’s how Pat explains this in the new third edition of her grammar and usage book Woe Is I :
“As for media, it’s singular when you mean the world of mass communications, which is most of the time. The media was in a frenzy. But it’s occasionally used as a plural to refer to the individual kinds of communication. The media present were TV, radio, newspapers, and the blogosphere. The singular in that sense is medium. The liveliest medium of all is the blogosphere.”
And here’s a passage from Origins of the Specious , our book about language myths and misconceptions:
“The term ‘media,’ incidentally, can be either singular or plural. Any purists who claim it’s only plural should take a look at an up-to-date dictionary. ‘Media’ is singular when it refers to the world of mass communication as a whole (‘The media is obsessed with celebrity trials’). It’s plural for the people in this world (‘The media are packed into the courtroom like sardines’) or for the types of communication (‘The media at the trial include radio, TV, and the blogosphere’). Who are the holdouts who insist that ‘media’ is strictly plural? Ironically, many of them are members of the media who haven’t heard the news.”
We might add that the evolution of “media” is similar to that of other words derived from Latin plurals. Among the words that were considered plural when they entered English but have become accepted over the years as singular nouns are “ephemera,” “erotica,” “stamina,” “agenda,” “trivia,” “insignia,” “candelabra,” and more recently “data” (as we noted in a post two years ago).
Now “media” has joined the club. So “media has” is correct in the context of that sentence from your term paper.
As we wrote on our blog three years ago, “Both The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) recognize that ‘media’ can be treated as either singular or plural.”
We’ve checked more recent versions of each dictionary—the fifth edition of American Heritage and a later printing of Merriam-Webster’s.
Merriam-Webster’s says that “media” is plural when it means “members of the mass media,” but that it can be either singular or plural in construction when it means “mass media.” It says the singular usage has been around since the 1920s and originated in the field of advertising.
American Heritage has this usage note about “the media” as a singular noun:
“Media also occurs with the definite article as a collective term that refers to the communities and institutions behind the various forms of communication. In this sense, the media means something like ‘the press.’ Like other collective nouns, it may take a singular or plural verb depending on the intended meaning. If the point is to emphasize the multifaceted nature of the press, a plural verb may be more appropriate: The media have covered the trial in a variety of formats. Quite frequently, however, media stands as a singular noun for the aggregate of journalists and broadcasters: The media has not shown much interest in covering the trial.”
Nevertheless, the dictionary adds, “many people still think of media predominantly as a plural form,” and consequently “it will be some time before the singular use of media begins to crowd out the plural use in the manner of similar Latin plurals, such as agenda and data.”
Your professor is among those who still regard “media” as exclusively plural. But in fact, usage has changed.
We’re not sure, though, that we can help you with your predicament. By all means, show him our answer. But sticklers tend to stickle, never mind evidence to the contrary.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
“Other” wise
May 30th, 2013
Q: A colleague and I are arguing over this quote: “An 88-year-old man was killed and three others injured.” I say “others,” as a pronoun, must refer to 88-year-old men in this construction. My colleague says it effectively means three other people. The injured were not all 88-year-old men. Which of us is right?
A: Your colleague is right. In cases like this, “others” doesn’t mirror its exact antecedent (“88-year-old men”). Here the plural pronoun simply means additional people.
Among its various functions, the word “other” can be an adjective. Examples: “other charges” … “other drivers” … “other 88-year-old men.” As an adjective, “other” modifies the noun that follows.
But “other” can also be a pronoun, in which case it stands alone instead of modifying a noun. Examples: “Who is the other?” (singular) … “Let’s wait for the others” (plural) … “Others were injured” (plural).
The Oxford English Dictionary says that as a pronoun, “other” (or “others” in the plural) can mean “another person, someone else, anyone else” as well as another person “of a kind specified or understood contextually.”
In the example you mention (“An 88-year-old man was killed and three others injured”), the writer is obviously using “others” in the looser sense of other people.
The OED has written examples of this usage going back to early Old English, but here are a few more recent ones:
“Others indeed may talk.” (From the philosopher George Berkeley’s Alciphron, 1732.)
“If one has too much in consequence of others being wronged, it seems to me that the divine voice which tells us to set that wrong right, must be obeyed.” (From George Eliot’s novel Middlemarch, 1872.)
“He had always worked in places where others had established the English corner before he came.” (From Graham Greene’s novel England Made Me, 1935.)
Your question points up a possible usage problem. If “others” can refer to people in general as well as people of a specific kind, it can sometimes be misunderstood.
If all the victims in your example are indeed 88 years old, the writer should be more precise in the wording: “Four 88-year-old men were victims—one was killed and the others were injured.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
The tip of my fingers?
May 29th, 2013
Q: I remember hearing the country song “The Tip of My Fingers” when I was a young’un in Upstate South Carolina 50 years ago. I’m old enough to know by now, but shouldn’t that be “Tips”? Thank y’all very much.
A: As we’ve written before on the blog , song writers are allowed a lot of leeway in the way they use English.
Bill Anderson wrote “The Tip of My Fingers” and released it as a single under that title in 1960. And we won’t fault him for it, even though most people would say “tips of my fingers.”
But the original title has apparently bothered some of the artists who’ve recorded the tune over the years.
It’s been recorded by Hank Snow, Eddy Arnold, Jean Shepard, and others—sometimes under the original title and sometimes as “The Tips of My Fingers.”
In fact, singers haven’t always pronounced the title the way it reads on the record label or album cover.
For instance, on the album Roy Clark Sings The Tip of My Fingers (1963), Clark very distinctly says “tips,” and so do his backup singers.
So you’re in good company if the original title bugs you.
Here’s an excerpt from Teresa Brewer’s 1966 recording of the song (she says “tip”):
I reached out my arms and I touched you
With soft words I whispered your name.
I held you right on the tip of my fingers
But that was as close as I came.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
A loaded question
May 28th, 2013
Q: I recently came across this quote from the Mormon lawman Porter Rockwell: “I never shot at anybody, if I shoot they get shot! He’s still alive, ain’t he?” That got me to thinking. You shoot an arrow, not the bow, but you shoot a gun, not the bullet. A friend of mine says he shoots targets. I’m confused.
A: The verb “shoot” has a lot of flexibility. It can be used intransitively—that is, without a direct object. Example: “He likes to go into the woods and shoot.”
But “shoot” can also be used transitively—with a direct object. When we’re talking about weapons, the transitive verb “shoot” can mean to discharge, to let fly, or to hit.
Consequently, it can have a variety of objects. You can “shoot” (that is, discharge) a gun, bow, slingshot, or catapult. You can “shoot” (let fly) a bullet, arrow, spear, javelin, or similar projectile. And finally, you can “shoot” a target.
All of these senses of the verb are recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary and have been around for hundreds of years.
By the way, that last sense of the word—to “shoot” a target—implies that the target was hit. But “shoot at” means only to fire in a particular direction.
We’ll have something to say later about Orrin Porter Rockwell, a colorful and controversial Mormon figure from the Wild West.
But first let’s look at the life of “shoot,” a verb with an interesting history, and not just in weaponry.
Its ancestors were old Germanic words that meant to go swiftly or suddenly, to rush or fly—yes, like an arrow from a bow.
It was first recorded in Old English in the ninth century in reference to the shooting of arrows, according to citations in the OED.
But other Old English examples use the term in a wider sense that reflects its earlier Germanic roots—to dart swiftly from one place to another.
So at the root of the word is the sense of moving quickly, and this ancestry explains the many ways in which “shoot” is used today.
For example, meteors “shoot” across the night sky, rafters “shoot” the rapids, and a toboggan “shoots” down a slope. A racehorse “shoots” from the gate, then “shoots” ahead of the pack.
A golfer “shoots” a birdie,” while a basketball player “shoots” a basket. Grownups “shoot” pool or dice, and children “shoot” marbles. If the kids are growing fast, they’re said to “shoot” up.
Plants in spring send out new “shoots” (a noun usage). Rays of the sun “shoot” through the clouds, and on a more prosaic note, product sales “shoot” up.
An indiscreet person “shoots off” his mouth or “shoots” himself in the foot, while an ambitious colleague “shoots” for success.
To lock a door a night, we “shoot” a bolt into its fastening. And if we don’t look where we’re going, our feet “shoot” out from under us (after which we experience “shooting” pains).
With that, we’ve “shot our bolt.” In case you’re curious (even if you’re not), the “bolt” in this old proverb is a thousand-year-old word for a short, blunt arrow fired from a cross-bow.
In olden days, there was a similar expression, “a fool’s bolt is soon shot.” The lesson: conserve your ammunition.
In case any readers are wondering about that quote you mention, Porter Rockwell was, among other things, a gunfighter, a deputy US marshal, and a bodyguard to the Mormon leader Joseph Smith Jr.
Rockwell was arrested in St. Louis in March of 1843 in connection with an attempt to kill Lilburn Boggs, a former governor of Missouri, the year before. (In 1838, as governor, Boggs issued an executive order evicting Mormons from the state.)
A grand jury found that there wasn’t enough evidence for an indictment on the charge of attempted murder, but Rockwell was tried in December of 1843 for trying to escape.
He supposedly made his comments at that trial, where he was found guilty and sentenced to five minutes in jail, according to Enemy of the Saints, a biography of Boggs by Robert Nelson.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Theories of relativity
May 24th, 2013
Q: Is a group of people a ”which” or a “who”? Here’s the sentence I have in mind: “It has only been studied in chronic alcoholics, which [or who] have reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis.” Please help!
A: In modern English the relative pronoun “which” isn’t generally used in reference to people. This wasn’t always so, however. Depending on when you lived, the use of “which” has been relative.
Until the 19th century, according to citations in the Oxford English Dictionary, “which” was used in relative constructions to refer to a person or people already mentioned.
(A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause: “I finally found my keys, which I’m always losing,” or “He’s the man that got away.”)
Here are two 19th-century examples from the OED:
“Dugald Stewart, one of the greatest men which Scotland has produced”—1836, from James Grant’s Random Recollections of the House of Lords. (Today, “that” or “whom” would be used instead.)
“The wounded, which were carried past, … never failed to salute the Emperor”—1841, from Archibald Alison’s History of Europe, From 1789 to 1815. (Today, “who” would be used.)
But here’s a much older and more familiar example. In the original 1549 edition of the Book of Common Prayer, the Lord’s Prayer begins, “Our father, whyche art in heauen ….”
In the 1928 edition of the Book of Common Prayer, however, “who” was substituted for “which” to reflect modern usage.
Contrary to popular opinion, the relative pronoun “that” can often be used in place of “who.”
As we wrote on the blog in 2007 and 2006 , “that” can properly refer to either a person or a thing, despite a common misconception that it’s only for things.
We could stop here, but your question touches on another problem: “that” versus “which,” and the kinds of relative clauses they introduce. We’ve discussed this subject on the blog too, in 2010 and 2008 .
In modern American usage, the preference is to use “which” and “that” to introduce different kinds of relative clauses—“which” for inessential information (set off within commas), and “that” for essential information.
This means that in general, American writers use “which” for clauses whose information could be plucked out and still leave behind a sensible sentence (they’re called nonrestrictive or nondefining clauses).
And “that” is generally used for clauses whose information is essential and can’t be dropped (these are restrictive or defining clauses).
Many British writers use “which” for both kinds of clauses.
In the example you mention, the clause is nonrestrictive and would call for “which” if it didn’t refer to people: “It has only been studied in computer simulations, which [not that] show reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis.”
But since it does refer to people, you’ll want to use “who” instead: “It has only been studied in chronic alcoholics, who [not which] have reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis.”
In a restrictive clause, you could use either “that” or “who,” as in this sentence: “It has only been studied in patients who [or that] have reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis.”
By the way, we’re not saying “which” can never used to refer to humans—just not, for the most part, as a relative pronoun.
As The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.) says, “which” can be used an as ordinary pronoun in place of “any of the things, events, or people designated or implied.”
Examples would be “Which of you is going?” … “Even after viewing the lineup, he couldn’t say which was the perpetrator.” … “Which is the better candidate, John or Mary?”
“Which” can also be used as an adjective in reference to people: “Which guy did she end up marrying?”
Finally, in case you’d like to brush up on “who” versus “whom,” we recently ran a roundup on how to use the two pronouns.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Earth angles
May 23rd, 2013
Q: I love your blog, but I just want to point out an easily fixed typo in your posting about why English is a Germanic language. In the seventh paragraph of your answer, you refer to “the earth’s population.” The word “Earth” requires capitalization.
A: We’re glad you like the blog, but this isn’t a mistake. We properly used “earth” as a common noun.
As The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.) says, “In nontechnical contexts the word earth, in the sense of our planet, is usually lowercased when preceded by the or in such idioms as ‘down to earth’ or ‘move heaven or earth.’ ”
“When used as the proper name of our planet, especially in context with other planets,” the Chicago Manual adds, “it is capitalized and the is usually omitted.”
Other standard references agree.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.), for example, says the word is often capitalized when it stands alone and refers to “the third planet from the sun.” Otherwise, it’s lowercased.
So unless you’re using it in a strictly astronomical sense (as in “the moons of Jupiter, Saturn, and Earth”), the word is lowercased. In fact, it’s sometimes lowercased even when used in reference to the planet.
As Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage explains, “The names of planets other than our own are invariably capitalized, but earth is more often than not lowercased.”
The usage guide goes on to say that the name is more likely to be capitalized when it appears with the names of the other planets, as in “the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth.”
Another guide, Garner’s Modern American Usage (3rd ed.) says, “In reference to the planet we live on, earth is usually preceded by the and is not capitalized. The sun and the moon are treated the same way.”
Garner’s gives this example: “a full moon occurs when the sun and moon are on opposite sides of the earth.”
But “when Earth is referred to as a proper noun,” the usage guide says, “it is capitalized and usually stands alone.”
Garner’s gives this example from an article about the dwarf planet Quaoar: “It’s about one-tenth the size of Earth and orbits the sun every 288 years.”
The Old English word eorthe, which first showed up in in Beowulf around 725, could refer to the ground, the soil, or the earth, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology. The modern spelling appeared in the last half of the 1500s.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
A matter of course
May 22nd, 2013
Q: In texting me, my daughter used the phrase “of course” (spelling it “of coarse,” naturally), which got me to thinking. How is it that we use “course” to refer to something in a positive manner (as in “of course”) as well as to a path, a route, or a plan—from a “concourse” to an “obstacle course” to a “course of study”?
A: The phrase “of course” means something akin to “naturally” or “it goes without saying.” When we say something occurred “of course,” we mean it was only to be expected, or that it was in the normal course of events.
And that last phrase, “in the normal course of events,” is a clue to the etymology of the phrase “of course.”
Our word “course” came into English in the late 13th century, and for several hundred years it was spelled without an “e” at the end, like the French word it came from (cours).
The French got it from Latin, in which cursus means a race, a journey, a march, or a direction. The Latin noun comes from the verb currere, to run.
John Ayto’s Dictionary of Word Origins notes that a wide range of English words is derived from currere, including “current,” “courier,” and “occur.”
In English, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the noun “course” originally meant an onward movement in a particular path, or the action of running or moving onward.
Consequently, “course” has long been used to mean a customary or habitual succession of things, or a part of such a series.
It has also been used for hundreds of years to mean the place or time where the series has its “run,” as well as the natural order or the ordinary manner of proceeding.
This notion—of a habitual path or a prescribed series of things—explains a great many uses of “course” in English.
To mention a few, it explains why the parts of a meal are “courses,” why a flowing stream is a “watercourse,” why a normal event happens “in due course,” why an orderly ship maintains a certain “course,” why we let nature or the law “take its course,” and why colleges offer “courses” of study and doctors prescribe “courses” of treatment.
It also explains how “racecourse” and “golf course” got their names. And it explains why women in the 16th through the 19th centuries called their menstrual periods their “courses.”
The phrase we’re getting to, “of course,” came along in the mid-16th century, according to citations in the OED.
In the early 1540s it was used both as an adjective to mean “natural” or “to be expected” (as in the phrase “a matter of course”) and as an adverb to mean “ordinarily” or “as an everyday occurrence” (as in “the cake was of course homemade”).
By the early 19th century, “of course” was being used to qualify entire sentences or clauses, according to OED citations. And that’s how we generally use it today.
Oxford’s earliest example of this usage is from John Dunn Hunter’s Memoirs of a Captivity Among the Indians of North America (1823):
“She made some very particular inquiries about my people, which, of course, I was unable to answer.”
This later example is from a bit of dialogue in Charles Dickens’s novel Oliver Twist (1838): “ ‘You will tell her I am here?’ … ‘Of course.’ ”
We now take the phrase “of course” for granted, but it had some competition over the centuries.
It’s proved more durable than several variants with the same meaning—“upon course,” which was first recorded in this sense in 1619, “on course” (1677), and “in course” (1722).
In other words, its survival was not necessarily a matter of course.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Program notes
May 21st, 2013
Q: Why do fund raisers on public radio ask for help with the “programming,” rather than the “programs”? I’ve always thought of broadcast programming as the act of scheduling or arranging programs. What are your thoughts?
A: We checked a half-dozen British and American dictionaries about the use of the word “programming” in its broadcasting sense. The results? The trend seems to be toward using “programming” broadly to mean the programs as well as the arranging of the programs.
For example, the fourth edition of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines “programming” in the broadcast sense as the “designing, scheduling, or planning of a program, as in broadcasting.”
But the new fifth edition of American Heritage adds another sense: “Broadcast programs considered as a group: the network’s Thursday night programming.”
The other American dictionary we consult the most, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.), has this definition: “the planning, scheduling, or performing of a program.”
Among British references, the Collins English Dictionary has only one definition—the one you’re peeved about: “television programmes collectively.”
But another British source, the Macmillan English Dictionary, defines it more broadly as both “the planning and development of television or radio programmes” as well as “the programmes that a particular television or radio station broadcasts.”
What do we think? We feel it’s OK to use either “programming” or “programs” to refer collectively to shows on radio or TV.
The use of the word “programming” in the broadcast sense first showed up in the mid-1920s, according to published references in the Oxford English Dictionary.
However, the term has been used since the 1890s for the writing of program notes and the scheduling of programs for events or performances.
You may be surprised that the noun “program” has been around since the 1600s, according to written examples in the OED.
At first, it meant a notice displayed in public, then a written preface or commentary, and later a planned series of activities or events.
The OED’s first example of “program” used in the sense of a broadcast presentation is from the March 10, 1922, issue of Variety:
“Among the theatres which will provide acts exclusively for the ‘Star’s’ radio programs are the Shubert, Orpheum … Royal and 12th streets.”
English adopted the word from programma, late Latin for a proclamation or edict, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, but the ultimate source is the classical Greek word for a written public notice.
Why is the word spelled “program” in the US and “programme” in the UK? You can blame the French—or, rather Francophile Brits—for the UK spelling.
The word used to be spelled “program” on both sides of the Atlantic, according to the OED, but in Britain the “influence of French programme led to the predominance of this spelling in the 19th cent.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Is “go viral” going viral?
May 20th, 2013
Q: Why are so many things going viral? Pictures of cute puppies or kittens or kids may be widely seen on YouTube, but “viral”? An ugly image, and it’s wildly overused. Thanks for letting me get this off my chest. And now you can move on to your next complainer.
A: The verbal phrase “go viral” may be going viral these days, but we kind of like the imagery: the rapid spread of a YouTube video likened to a virus running amok.
The noun “virus” has been around in one sense or another since the 1300s, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. It comes from a classical Latin term for a poisonous secretion, a malignant quality, and animal semen, among other things.
When it entered English sometime before 1398, the OED says, the noun referred to either semen or pus, but it later came to mean any infectious substance in the body.
It wasn’t until the early 20th century, though, that the term was used in its modern medical sense, which Oxford defines this way:
“An infectious, often pathogenic agent or biological entity which is typically smaller than a bacterium, which is able to function only within the living cells of a host animal, plant, or microorganism, and which consists of a nucleic acid molecule (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat, often with an outer lipid membrane.”
In the 1970s, according to published references in the OED, the word “virus” took on its familiar figurative sense in computing:
“A program or piece of code which when executed causes itself to be copied into other locations, and which is therefore capable of propagating itself within the memory of a computer or across a network, usually with deleterious results.”
OED citations indicate that the adjective “viral” first showed up in the late 1940s and the verbal phrase “go viral” in the late 1980s.
The adjective was used at first in the medical sense. A 1948 citation from a medical work, for example, refers to “viral agents.”
By the late 1980s, the OED says, the adjective was being used in the marketing sense to describe the “rapid spread of information (esp. about a product or service) amongst customers by word of mouth, e-mail, etc.”
A Sept. 31,1989, article in PC User, for example, describes the “viral marketing” of Macintosh computers.
The OED’s earliest citation for “go viral,” the usage you’ve asked about, is from How to Get Stupid White Men Out of Office (2004), a collection of accounts by young people who influenced elections:
“Their petition also went viral, gathering half a million signatures in a few weeks.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Yeah, no
May 17th, 2013
Q: We North Queenslanders are considered rednecks even by Australian standards. I thought I’d pass on an example of English usage in this part of the world: Yeah, no, as in “Yeah, no, they should’ve won in the last quarter.”
A: We’ve written on the blog about “yeah,” but we haven’t looked into “yeah, no” until now.
Others, however, have studied this conversational response, which is used by both Americans and Australians.
In fact, Australians may use it, more—at least there’s been more written about “yeah, no” by language scholars in Australia.
A 2004 article in The Age, a Melbourne newspaper, quoted the Australian linguist Kate Burridge as saying, “It’s not going to disappear. It’s always hard to predict with language change, but it looks like its use is on the increase.”
The author of the Melbourne article, Bridie Smith, pointed out that English speakers aren’t alone in this usage, since “Germans use a similar ‘ja nein’ and the South Africans ‘ya nay.’ ”
“In Australia,” Smith wrote in 2004, “where the phrase has become entrenched in the past six years, ‘yeah no’ can mean anything from ‘yes, I see that, but can we go back to the earlier topic’ to an enthusiastic ‘yes, I can’t reinforce that point enough.’ ”
The meaning of “yeah, no” depends on its context, Smith says. She quotes Dr. Burridge, the linguist, as saying: “It can emphasise agreement, it can downplay disagreement or compliments, and it can soften refusals.”
Burridge and a colleague, Margaret Florey, published a paper in the Australian Journal of Linguistics in 2002 entitled “ ‘Yeah-no He’s a Good Kid’: A Discourse Analysis of Yeah-no in Australian English.”
An abstract of the paper said that as of 2002, “Yeah, no” was relatively new in Australian English and served many functions. It kept a conversation rolling, helped with “hedging and face-saving,” and indicated agreement or disagreement.
Since then, American linguists and language watchers have taken note of “yeah, no” in the US.
Linguists have discussed it on the American Dialect Society’s mailing list. And articles have been written by Stephen Dodson for Language Hat , by Mark Liberman for the Language Log , and by Ben Yagoda for the Chronicle of Higher Education .
Even presidents of the United States aren’t immune. When a radio interviewer in 2011 asked Bill Clinton how he felt about being spoofed on TV comedy shows, Yagoda writes, “The former president replied, ‘Oh yeah, no I thought a lot of the Saturday Night Live guys were great.’ ”
Liberman surveyed the speech databases in the Linguistic Data Consortium , and found that “in all the cases that I looked at, the yeah and the no seem be independently appropriate in the context of use, even if the sequence seems surprising when viewed in merely semantic terms.”
In one comment on the ADS list, the lexicographer Jonathan Lighter quoted a former New York City police detective as saying on CNN: “Yeah, no, you’re right!”
Lighter added: “There it seems to mean, ‘Yes indeed, and no, I wouldn’t think of contradicting you.’ ”
But it can also mean disagreement, as in this tweet a few months ago about horror movies: “yeah no i hate blood and guns and stuff like that.”
PS: Readers of the blog have reported sightings (or, rather, hearings) of the usage in New Zealand, in South African English as well as Afrikaans, and in Danish.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Between times
May 16th, 2013
Q: On the morning news the other day, a reporter said a fire was “between 30 to 50 feet” from something, instead of “between 30 and 50” or “from 30 to 50.” This usage is very common now, but incorrect unless the rules have changed since I was in school.
A: No, English usage hasn’t changed for constructions like these. The word “between” here is accompanied by the conjunction “and” (as in “between X and Y”), while “from” requires the preposition “to” (“from X to Y”).
You’re right, though, that many people confuse these two constructions, so “between” ends up with “to” while “from” ends up with “and.”
We found many examples of the mangled constructions by googling “between 30 to 50” and “from 30 and 50.”
Here’s an example from a Cleveland Clinic tweet : “Why are men between 30 to 50 years of age at the highest rate of suffering from an Achilles tendon rupture?”
And here’s one from the website of the Flagstaff Cruisers Car Club: “Our membership ranges from 30 and 50 proud and dedicated members each year.”
In her grammar and usage book Woe Is I , Pat writes about another problem with “between” and “from”—whether they introduce singular nouns or plural ones. Here’s what she wrote:
“OK, it’s not something that’s been keeping you awake nights. But it comes up all the time. The question: When a noun follows between or from, is it singular or plural? The elevator stalled between the ninth and tenth [floor or floors], stranding the boss from the first to the third [week or weeks] in August. See what I mean? A small problem, perhaps, but a common one.
“The answer: Between is followed by a plural noun, and from is followed by a singular one: The elevator stalled between the ninth and tenth floors, stranding the boss from the first to the third week in August.”
The book also offers these examples of the proper way to use “between” and “from” in the constructions you’ve asked about:
“Veronica said she lost her charm bracelet somewhere between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh streets. Archie searched every inch of pavement from Thirty-third to Thirty-seventh Street before realizing that she had been in a cab at the time.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Let’s rustle up an answer
May 15th, 2013
Q: The other day, I asked my office manager to order me new business cards. Her answer: “Sure, I’ll rustle up some for you.” So where in the world does “rustle up” come from?
A: The verb “rustle” dates back at least as far as the 14th century, and it may have its roots in the early days of Old English.
It originally meant—and still means—to move about with a rustling sound, or as the Oxford English Dictionary puts it, “to make a soft, muffled crackling sound when moving.”
The OED says the origin of the word is uncertain, but it’s probably imitative—that is, “rustle” probably imitates the sound it describes.
The dictionary suggests that it may possibly be related to a “small group of very poorly attested Old English words” that refer to making noises: hristan, for example, meant to make a noise, and hrisian meant to shake or rattle.
Over the years, the verb “rustle” took on many different meanings in connection with making noises while moving around. People as well as things noisily rustled “about,” “in,” “through,” “to,” “up,” and so on.
In the 19th century, however, “rustle” took on several colloquial senses in the United States, including the one you’re asking about. Here are the new meanings and their first citations in the OED:
● to stir or rouse oneself into action: “Get up, rouse and rustle about, and get away from these scores” (1835, The Partisan, a novel by William Gilmore Simms).
● to search for food, forage: “Cattle and horses rustled in the neighbouring cane-brake” (1835, The Rambler in North America, a travel book by Charles Joseph Latrobe).
● to acquire, gather, provide something: “He nailed my thumb in his jaws, and rostled up a handful of dirt & throwed it in my eyes” (1844, Spirit of the Times, a weekly newspaper in New York City).
● to move quickly: “ ‘Rustle the things off that table,’ means clear the table in a hurry” (1882, The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine).
● to gather people or animals: “I just told Billy … that it wasn’t any use for me to take her through … and he could rustle up some one to finish my drive” (1883, Our Deseret Home, by W. M. Eagan).
● to round up and steal cattle, horses, etc.: “He and Turner … went to Coppinger’s pasture, intending to kill the negro Frank, and ‘rustle’ six head of fat cattle, then in Coppinger’s pasture” (1886, Texas Court of Appeals Reports).
The sense that you’ve asked about (to acquire, gather, provide something) is defined more fully in the OED:
“To acquire or gather, typically as a result of searching or employing effort or initiative, and in response to a particular need; to provide (a person) with something urgently required; to hunt out; (freq. in later use) to put together (a dish or meal). Now usu. with up.”
Now, it’s time for us to take a break and rustle up some grub!
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Problems, problems
May 14th, 2013
Q: Many people use “problematic” to mean “posing a problem,” as Frank Luntz did when he told a group of college students that Rush Limbaugh and right-wing talk radio were “problematic” for the Republican Party. Isn’t this usage problematic?
A: Luntz, a Republican political consultant and pollster, made his comment on April 22, 2013, to students at the University of Pennsylvania, his alma mater.
He said Limbaugh, Mark Levin, and other conservative radio personalities were “problematic” for Republicans and “destroying” their ability to connect with more voters.
Is this usage problematic—that is, questionable? We don’t think so.
Luntz was using “problematic” as an adjective meaning “presenting a problem or difficulty,” a usage that’s been around since the early 1600s.
In addition, “problematic” (or “problematics”) has been used as a noun since the late 1800s, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
Here’s how the OED defines the adjective: “Of the nature of a problem; constituting or presenting a problem or difficulty; difficult to resolve; doubtful, uncertain, questionable.”
And this is how the dictionary defines the noun: “A thing that constitutes a problem or an area of difficulty, esp. in a particular field of study.”
English adopted the adjective “problematic” from the French problématique, which was derived via Latin from the Greek problematikos (pertaining to a problem).
John Ayto’s Dictionary of Word Origins notes that problema, the Greek word for “problem,” combines the prefix pro, or forward, with the verb ballein, or throw (source of the English word “ballistic”).
“Things that are ‘thrown out’ project and can get in the way and hinder one,” Ayto says, “and so problema came to be used for an ‘obstacle’ or ‘problem’—senses carried through into the English problem.”
If you’d like to read more, we discussed “problematic” and the older adjective “problematical” in a posting five years ago.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Death, the great intensifier
May 13th, 2013
Q: I find the death imagery in a sentence like “I love her to death” to be inappropriate and grotesque. I’d be thrilled (though not to death) if you would write something about this on the blog.
A: We’re sorry to disappoint you, but you won’t be thrilled by our answer. We don’t find the usage inappropriate or grotesque.
In fact, it has a long history, going back to the 1300s, though it’s often used negatively, not positively as in your example.
We’ve checked a half-dozen standard dictionaries and all of them list the use of “to death” in this sense as standard English for excessively or extremely.
The Oxford English Dictionary says the phrase “to death” (or “to dead”) has been used since the Middle Ages to intensify verbs of feeling or adjectives.
The OED defines the phrase in this sense as “to the last extremity, to the uttermost, to the point of physical or nervous exhaustion, beyond endurance.”
The dictionary’s earliest written example is from Cursor Mundi, a Middle English poem written sometime before 1400: “Herodias him hated to ded.”
And here’s an example from John Dryden’s 1672 play The Conquest of Granada: “I’m sad to death, that I must be your Foe.”
The common verbal phrase “to do something to death” showed up in Victorian times, according to published references in the OED.
Oxford’s earliest written example is from Recaptured Rhymes (1882), a collection of verse from the Saturday Review by the British writer Henry Duff Traill: “I am also called Played-out and Done-to-death, / And It-will-wash-no-more.”
The most recent citation is from an April 16, 1965, article in the New Statesman that describes a tune as “mercilessly done to death by countless performers.”
Although all the OED citations for the intensifier use it in a negative sense, we often see “to death” used positively and see nothing wrong with using the phrase for doing something intensely positive—like loving someone to death!
In case you’re wondering, the word “death” first showed up in Old English around 725 in Beowulf, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.
It ultimately comes from reconstructed Proto-Germanic and Indo-European words for the act of dying.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
The singularity of Mother’s Day
May 10th, 2013
Q: Which is correct, Mother’s Day or Mothers’ Day? I have a customer who wants to use the name as an imprint on promotional gifts for the holiday. I think of Mother’s Day as singular possessive, my mother, but in this case is it correct?
A: We also think it’s Mother’s Day, and so do the six standard dictionaries we checked—three American and three British.
More to the point, Anna Jarvis, the woman primarily responsible for the modern holiday honoring mothers, thought so as well, according to a dissertation by the historian Katharine Antolini.
In “Memorializing Motherhood: Anna Jarvis and the Defense of Her Mother’s Day,” Antolini says Jarvis wanted the singular possessive to emphasize that the day was to honor one’s own mother, not mothers in general.
As for common usage, “Mother’s Day” is the overwhelming favorite, according to Google searches, but you’ll find many examples of the plural-possessive “Mothers’ Day” and the apostrophe-free “Mothers Day.”
Although the modern holiday originated in the US in the early 20th century, people have been celebrating mothers in one way or another since ancient times.
The specific term “Mother’s Day,” however, didn’t show up in print until the 19th century. The earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary is from the June 3, 1874, issue of the New York Times:
“ ‘Mother’s Day,’ which was inaugurated in this City on the 2d of June, 1872, by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, was celebrated last night at Plimpton Hall by a mother’s peace meeting.” (We’ve gone to the Times archive to expand on the citation.)
The OED points out that Howe saw Mother’s Day not as a day to honor mothers (the modern sense) but as a “day on which mothers met to advocate peace, as by the dissolution of a standing army, etc.”
Howe, an abolitionist and social activist, is perhaps best known for writing the lyrics to “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” (The music is from the song “John Brown’s Body.”)
Like Howe, Anna Jarvis’s mother—Ann Marie Reeves Jarvis—was an activist who organized women for various social causes.
After the death of her mother on May 9, 1905, Anna Jarvis organized several “Mother’s Day” services and began a campaign, with the help of the Philadelphia retailer John Wanamaker, to make Mother’s Day a national holiday.
The first two services—on May 12, 1907, and May 10, 1908—were held at Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia, where Jarvis’s mother had taught Sunday school.
The national campaign got off to a bumpy start. On May 9, 1908, Senator Elmer Burkett, a Nebraska Republican, introduced a resolution to recognize the following day as Mother’s Day.
But as an article in the May 10, 1908, issue of the New York Times reports, the resolution inspired “a number of witty sallies” in the Senate and was referred to the Judiciary Committee where “it will be permitted to sleep peacefully.”
Interestingly, Burkett’s resolution used the plural possessive, according to an OED citation from the Congressional Record for May 9, 1908: “Resolved, That Sunday, May 10, 1908, be recognized as Mothers’ Day.”
Jarvis pressed ahead with her Mother’s Day campaign, writing letters and sending pamphlets to public officials. Two years after the Burkett resolution was put to rest, she had her first victory.
In 1910, William Glasscock, the Governor of West Virginia, proclaimed the second Sunday in May as Mother’s Day, and soon the holiday spread to other states.
In 1912, Jarvis trademarked the phrases “Mother’s Day” and “second Sunday in May,” and established the Mother’s Day International Association to promote the holiday around the world.
On May 8, 1914, the US Congress passed a law designating the second Sunday in May as Mother’s Day, and on May 9, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation declaring the first national Mother’s Day.
The American holiday inspired Mother’s Day observances around the world, but the date of the celebration varied from country to country.
In Britain, for example, where the holiday is also called Mothering Sunday (a name with roots in a religious ceremony dating back to the 16th century), it’s celebrated on the fourth Sunday in Lent.
A final note: Anna Jarvis, who was childless, began campaigning in the 1920s against the commercialization of Mother’s Day. She denounced confectioners, florists, and other commercial interests that she accused of gouging the public.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Is “offshore of” off-putting?
May 9th, 2013
Q: Several times recently I’ve come across the usage “offshore of” in copy I’m editing. It sounds dead wrong to my ears, but I’m having difficulty explaining why to my client. Can you clarify?
A: You’re right in thinking that the “of” is unnecessary in a phrase like “offshore of Cuba.”
But we don’t think this redundancy is a hanging offense, since the use of “offshore” as a preposition is relatively new, and many people seem to be uncomfortable with it.
When “offshore” is used as a preposition, it means “off the shore or coast of,” according to the Oxford English Dictionary. So the “of” is already built in.
As we’ve written before on our blog , “offshore” has been used as both an adverb and an adjective since the great seafaring days of the 18th century.
The use of the word as a preposition, however, dates from only the 1960s, according to published examples in the OED.
Here are Oxford’s citations, and note that “offshore” is not accompanied by “of” in any of them.
1967: “Atlantic refining and Phillips Petroleum have announced the first discovery of natural gas in the Gulf of Sirte offshore Libya.” (From the journal Ocean Industry.)
1988: “This year’s Fireball Nationals … were held offshore Durban over Easter.” (From a South African journal, Sailing Inland & Offshore.)
1995: “A ground ice ridge or stamukha off-shore Sakhalin Island.” (From the Lamp, a magazine for Exxon shareholders.)
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) says the first known use of the preposition is from 1965, but it doesn’t give the source. M-W similarly defines the preposition “offshore” as meaning “off the shore of.”
Although “of” is unnecessary with the preposition “offshore,” many people prefer to tack it on anyway.
A Google search turned up hundreds of thousands of such usages—“offshore of San Diego,” “offshore of Nome,” “offshore of Captiva Island,” “offshore of Plymouth, MA.,” “offshore of the Bahamas,” and so on.
This isn’t surprising. To many ears, the use of “offshore” as a freestanding preposition— “The plane crashed offshore Nantucket”—may seem uncomfortably abrupt.
English speakers are more used to a construction like “off the coast of Nantucket” or “off the shore of Nantucket.”
Perhaps that’s why “offshore of Nantucket” feels more natural to many speakers.
Update [May 22, 2013]: After we posted this entry, the linguist and lexicographer Ben Zimmer reported several earlier uses of “offshore” as a preposition, including one that beats the OED and Merriam-Webster’s sightings by a decade.
Writing on the American Dialect Society’s discussion list, Zimmer reported this finding, from the December 1955 issue of Gas Age: “… the company has filed an application with the FPC for a certificate of necessity to build a submarine gas pipe line offshore the Coast of Louisiana from the Sabine River to the coast of the state of Mississippi.”
Then another contributor to the ADS list, Garson O’Toole, unearthed this World War II usage from a June 1942 issue of the State Times in Baton Rouge, La: “Lt. (j. g.) Robert Connel Taylor son of Mr. and Mrs. D. H. Taylor of this city, is recuperating at the naval hospital at Pearl Harbor from wounds received during the bombing of Midway preceding the great air-naval battle offshore the island, a letter received by his parents today disclosed.”
Thanks, Ben and Garson!
May 8th, 2013
Q: Can you tell me what’s “stereo” about the adjective “stereotypical”?
A: The combining form “stereo-” that shows up in such words as “stereotype” and “stereophonic” is derived from stereos, a classical Greek word meaning solid.
John Ayto’s Dictionary of Word Origins says the first English compound noun formed from this word element, “stereometry,” showed up in the 16th century as a mathematical term for the measurement of solid or three-dimensional objects.
English borrowed “stereotype” in the late 18th century from French, where it was an adjective that meant printed by means of a solid plate of type.
In English, the word began life as a noun for a method of printing in which a solid plate (originally of metal and later of paper or plastic) is formed from a mold of composed type, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.
In the mid-19th century, “stereotype” took on the figurative sense of something fixed or perpetuated without change.
And in the early 20th century, the word took on the familiar, modern sense of a preconceived and oversimplified idea of someone or something.
The earliest example in the Oxford English Dictionary of this usage is from a 1922 essay by Walter Lippmann in the journal Public Opinion:
“A stereotype may be so consistently and authoritatively transmitted in each generation from parent to child that it seems almost like a biological fact.”
Interestingly, the adjective you’ve asked about, “stereotypical,” didn’t show up until the mid-20th century, according to published references in the OED.
The earliest citation is from the July 1949 issue of Commentary: “The stereotypical Negro, the unstinting giver.”
But Oxford has entries for two earlier adjectives: “stereotypic,” which first showed up in print in 1801, and “stereotyped,” which appeared in 1849. These two words initially referred to the printing process, but later took on figurative meanings.
You didn’t ask, but we’ll tell you what “stereo-” is doing in “stereophonic,” an adjective that appeared in the 1920s.
Remember, the combining form originally meant solid or three-dimensional when it showed up in the 16th century.
In “stereophonic,” it refers to the lifelike or three-dimensional sound created by having two or more speakers.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Genitively speaking
May 7th, 2013
Q: I’m confused by a passage in your “Sui genitive!” post about when to use a singular noun and when to use a plural in adjectival phrases: “two-dollar word” vs. “Thirty Years’ War.”
A: Here’s the relevant passage from our Aug. 10, 2010, post about adjectival phrases (we’ll set it off in italics).
Normally, nouns used with numbers to form adjectival phrases are singular, as in “two-inch rain,” “three-year-old boy,” “two-dollar word,” “eight-volume biography,” and “four-star restaurant.”
However, where a plural noun is used by tradition to form such a phrase, it’s generally followed by an apostrophe, as in “the Thirty Years’ War” and “the Hundred Years’ War.”
What we mean is that adjectival phrases consisting of a number plus a noun (like “thirty-year” and “two-dollar”) are normally formed with a singular noun (“year,” “dollar”).
This is true whether the noun being modified by the adjectival phrase is singular or plural.
Hence expressions like “thirty-year mortgages” and “two-dollar words.” We don’t say “thirty-years mortgages” and “two-dollars words.” The noun that’s part of the adjectival phrase stays singular.
Now for the “however” exception we mention in our earlier post.
Sometimes a phrase like this becomes plural, loses its hyphen, and gains an apostrophe. An example is “six dollars’ worth” (instead of “six-dollar worth”).
Here the phrase is being used in the genitive case. (If the genitive seems possessive, that’s because the possessive is one of its forms.)
The genitive is used in a handful of expressions, many of them involving numbers, that have developed by tradition or convention.
The genitive is used, for instance, when the noun “worth” is modified by a numerical phrase, as in “five cents’ worth” or “three days’ worth” or “two cups’ worth.”
Ask yourself, How much worth? The worth “of five cents” or “of three days” or “of two cups.” The apostrophe signifies that an unspoken “of” is involved here.
The genitive is also used when the noun “experience” is modified with a numerical phrase, as in “20 years’ experience.” How much experience? The experience “of 20 years.” Again, the apostrophe signifies an unspoken “of.”
The “of” (whether present or not) is also characteristic of possessives. Possession is sometimes indicated with an apostrophe and sometimes with “of.” Examples: “the boy’s feet” … “the feet of the boy.”
As we said, one function of the genitive is to denote possession. However, the definition of “possession” is sometimes hazy, as with “the river’s edge” (or “the edge of the river”). This is why “genitive” is a wider term than “possessive” alone.
With genitive phrases, whether they include numbers or not, you can usually picture an imaginary “of,” as in these examples:
“two weeks’ pay” … the pay of two weeks
“six hours’ time” … the time of six hours
“for convenience’ sake” … for the sake of convenience
“three days’ work” … the work of three days
“a summer’s day” … a day of summer
“for old times’ sake” … for the sake of old times
“in harm’s way” … in the way of harm
“at wits’ end” … at the end of one’s wits
These genitive constructions are different from simple adjectival phrases. They have a different kind of relationship with the noun they modify (as we discussed in that blog entry).
A special note about names of wars. The names for historical events are handed down by tradition—sometimes you’ll see a hyphen and sometimes not.
That accounts for why we see both “the Thirty Years’ War” (a genitive usage for “a war of thirty years”), and “the Six-Day War” (a simple adjectival phrase).
Historical names like these develop through common usage, and not according to grammatical rules.
To sum up, when numbers are used in modifying phrases, MOST of the modifiers will be singular and hyphenated: “Senators serve six-year terms” (note the singular “year”).
But when the phrase isn’t merely adjectival, but functions as a genitive—as if it owns, or possesses, the noun it modifies—then drop the hyphen and use an apostrophe:
“He has six years’ experience in the Senate.” (Imagine it as “the experience OF six years.”)
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
The “poke” in “slowpoke”
May 6th, 2013
Q: In Rohinton Mistry’s novel A Fine Balance, a father tells his son that “slow coaches” get left behind. He uses “slow coach” the way I’d use “slowpoke.” Which term is more popular? And where does “slowpoke” come from?
A: Both terms refer to a slow or idle person, and both showed up in the 19th century—“slow coach” first in the UK and “slowpoke” soon after in the US.
So it’s not surprising to find “slow coach” used in Mistry’s novel about four people thrust together in a cramped apartment in India. The author himself was born and brought up in India, where English is of the British variety.
Which term is more popular? “Slowpoke” (or “slow poke”) by far, with 2.2 million hits on Google compared with 443,000 for “slowcoach” (or “slow coach”).
But a lot depends on where you live. “Slowcoach” shows up more often in the UK and Commonwealth countries. “Slowpoke” is seen more often in the US. (Most of the standard dictionaries we’ve checked prefer the single-word versions of these terms.)
The Oxford English Dictionary describes “slowpoke” as “colloq., chiefly U.S.” However, most of the OED’s citations for the term are from British writers.
The earliest Oxford citation for “slowpoke” is from John Russell Bartlett’s Dictionary of Americanisms (1848): “ ‘What a slow poke you are!’ A woman’s word.”
But the next citation is from an 1877 British glossary of words used in East Yorkshire: “Slaw-pooak … a dunce; a driveller.” (In Old English, slaw means obtuse or dull.)
The most recent OED example is from Salman Rushdie’s 1981 novel Midnight’s Children: “Come on, slowpoke, you don’t want to be late.”
The OED’s earliest citation for “slowcoach” is from Charles Dickens’s first novel, The Pickwick Papers (1837):
“What does this allusion to the slow coach mean? … It may be a reference to Pickwick himself, who has … been a criminally slow coach during the whole of this transaction.”
The term “slowcoach” is clearly a figurative use of a literal phrase for a slow-moving vehicle. So where does “slowpoke” come from?
The OED raises the possibility that the second half of the compound may be derived from apooke, a Virginia Algonquian term for tobacco that literally means “thing for smoking.”
The dictionary says the English word “poke” used in this sense referred to “a plant (of uncertain identity) used by North American Indians for smoking; the dried leaves of this plant.”
“Plants with which poke has been identified,” Oxford adds, “include a lobelia (Lobelia inflata), pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea), and wild tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), all also called Indian tobacco.”
The dictionary, in its “slowpoke” entry, points the reader to its entry for the tobacco sense of “poke,” but it doesn’t speculate about any connection between the two words.
If there is a connection, perhaps the term for a slow-burning or slow-igniting wild tobacco may have been used figuratively to mean a slow-moving person.
A more likely etymology, we think, is that “poke” here is derived from “poky” and “poking,” adjectives meaning, among other things, slow or dawdling.
Those two adjectives are derived in turn from the verb “poke,” which can mean to potter about or dawdle away.
The OED’s first citation for “poke” used in this sense is from one of our favorite books, Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility (1811): “Lord bless me! how do you think I can live poking by myself?”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Parsing the Preamble
May 3rd, 2013
Q: I’m puzzled by this phrase from the Preamble: “in order to form a more perfect union.” What part of speech is “in order to”? It looks like a preposition. But how can the verb “form” be an object of a preposition? I struggle with this.
A: You’ve raised an interesting Constitutional question. The short answer is that “in order to” is an idiomatic phrase that might be translated “so as to” and is followed by a verb.
As to what parts of speech are in play here, we think you can regard “in order to form” and similar constructions in two different ways:
(1) “In order to” is a compound preposition that has a bare infinitive (“form”) as its object.
(2) “In order” is a compound preposition that has a “to” infinitive (“to form”) as its object. The “to” here isn’t actually part of the infinitive, as we’ve written before on the blog .
In our opinion, arguing for one view over the other would be splitting hairs.
“In order” may not look like a preposition, but it functions like one, resembling “so as.” And as we’ll explain later, an infinitive can indeed be the object of a preposition.
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language has an explanation that agrees with our option #2 above. Cambridge describes “in order” as a preposition followed by either a “to” infinitive or by a clause starting with “that.”
The “in order that” construction, according to Cambridge, “is somewhat more formal and considerably less frequent” than one with the “to” infinitive.
And “in order that” requires the use of more words. As Cambridge notes, it often calls for “a modal auxiliary,” such as “might” or “can.”
Take a sentence like “I left work early in order that I might go to the gym.” It’s much wordier than “I left work early in order to go to the gym.” (In fact, as we’ve written before on the blog , you can often drop “in order” and be even less wordy!)
The Cambridge Grammar adds that the subjunctive mood is sometimes used with “in order that,” giving this example: “The administration had to show resolve in order that he not be considered a lame-duck president.” (Note the subjunctive “be.”)
But getting back to “in order to,” we were surprised to find only one standard dictionary that analyzes how the phrase functions as a part of speech.
The Collins English Dictionary calls “in order to” a preposition that is followed by an infinitive. Collins defines the phrase as meaning “so that it is possible to.”
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language (5th ed.) simply say the phrase means “for the purpose of.”
But that definition is problematic on a literal level, since you can’t swap one expression for the other.
“For the purpose of” is followed by a gerund, like “forming,” while “in order to” is followed by an infinitive, like “form.” (A gerund ends in “-ing” and acts like a noun.)
The Oxford English Dictionary says “in order to” is used “with infinitive expressing purpose.” It defines the phrase as meaning “so as to do or achieve (some end or outcome).”
The OED’s first example of the usage is from the 1609 Douay translation of the Bible: “These are they that speak to Pharao, king of Egypt, in order to bring out the children of Israel from Egypt.”
A less lofty example is this caption from a 1994 issue of Food and Wine magazine: “True risotto must be stirred continuously in order to develop its unique texture.”
You expressed some doubt as to whether a verb can be the object of a preposition.
As we wrote on the blog in 2010 , an infinitive as well as a gerund can be a direct object. We’ve also written about bare versus “to” infinitives several times, including posts in 2009 and 2013 .
We’ll add here that it’s not unusual for an infinitive—bare or not—to be the object of a preposition. For example, in all of these sentences, infinitives (both bare and with “to”) are the objects of prepositions:
“He can do everything but cook” … “She had no choice except to lie” … “I’d rather starve instead of steal” … “We have better things to do than to argue” …”They were about to leave” … “He opened his mouth as if to speak.” (When used in this way, “as if” has a prepositional function, according to Cambridge.)
Finally, a Constitutional footnote. In case you’re bothered by the Founders’ use of “more perfect” in that passage from the Preamble, take a look at our post on the subject .
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Who-whomery
May 2nd, 2013
Q: Could you provide 100 examples of the correct use of “who” vs. “whom”? Most authorities explain the principles, but don’t provide enough examples. Also, is it “First … Second … Third” or “Firstly … Secondly … Thirdly” in a prose list of things?
A: First (or firstly), we’ll answer your second question. As we explained in a posting a few years ago, both versions are OK.
Now for “who” versus “whom,” a subject we’ve often discussed on the blog.
We won’t give you 100 examples, just a handful of typical sentences in which “who” and “whom” are used correctly, followed by the relevant rules, plus links to the posts in which we discuss them.
(1) “Nathan wouldn’t tell Miss Adelaide whom he invited to his crap game.”
Rule: If it’s an object, it’s “whom.” Don’t be misled by extraneous information—strip the sentence down mentally and rearrange to find the subject, verb, and object of the relevant clause: “he invited whom.” ( May 12, 2012 )
(2) “Nathan invited only guys who he thought played for high stakes.”
Rule: If it’s a subject, it’s “who.” Don’t be misled by extraneous information—strip the clause down to “who played for high stakes.” ( May 12, 2012 )
(3) “It involves all girls, of all races and backgrounds, many of whom are held back by societal barriers.”
Rule: Don’t be confused by “of whom” in phrases like “many of whom,” “several of whom,” “most of whom,” “all of whom,” “few of whom,” “one of whom,” and so on. The subject in such a phrase is what precedes “of.” ( Aug. 5, 2012 )
(4) “Who does the manager think will be the most efficient employee, she or he?” … “This is the friend who I said wanted to meet you.”
Rule: Don’t be misled by information that comes between subject and verb. In the examples, “who” is the subject of the verbs “will” and “wanted.” ( May 12, 2012 )
(5) “Give it to whoever needs it.”
Rule: When the pronoun is the subject of a verb (“needs” in this case), it’s “who” (or “whoever”), even when it directly follows a preposition. The object of the preposition isn’t the pronoun; it’s a clause in which the pronoun is the subject. ( Sept. 1, 2008 )
(6) “Who else was there for me to talk to?”
Rule: The main clause in this sentence—“Who else was there”—is an interrogative clause with “who” as its subject. The additional information afterward doesn’t change that. ( April 18, 2013 )
Now for some wiggle room:
(7) “Who [or Whom] did you go to the movies with?” … “Who’s [or Whom is] the letter from?” In these sentences, “whom” is grammatically correct but “who” may be used informally.
Rule: At the beginning of a phrase or clause, “whom” can be grammatically correct but unnatural in everyday usage. In such cases, “who” can be used. We don’t recommend this after a preposition, though, as in “That depends on whom you ask.” ( Nov. 18, 2010 )
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Alternating currents
May 1st, 2013
Q: I’m an Australian television producer. I keep seeing “alternate” used instead of “alternative,” as in, “If you would like to choose an alternate date and time, please contact our office.” Is the battle lost? Is “alternate” now an alternative for “alternative”?
A: American dictionaries now consider the adjective “alternate” an acceptable substitute for “alternative.” So in the US it’s not incorrect to speak of an “alternate date and time.”
But British dictionaries generally observe the traditional distinction between these two words. We’ve checked four British dictionaries and only one (Collins) lists “alternative” without qualification among the definitions of “alternate.”
In the US, “alternate” has increasingly taken over territory once reserved for “alternative.” If you’ve noticed this in Australia too, it could mean that the tendency is drifting to other English-speaking countries as well.
The history of these two words, however, isn’t as clear-cut as some people think.
The Oxford English Dictionary’s earliest citation for the adjective “alternative,” dating from 1540, uses the term to mean “alternate.” And the OED’s entry for the adjective “alternate” has citations going back to 1776 for the word used to mean “alternative.”
Oxford describes this “alternative” sense of “alternate” as “Chiefly N. Amer.” However, the dictionary’s three earliest citations are from British sources.
Despite the fuzzy origins of these two words, usage guides in both the US and the UK traditionally have recommended separate meanings for “alternate” and “alternative”—both as nouns and as adjectives.
Typically, “alternate” has been used to mean one after the other (or by turns), while “alternative” has been used to mean one instead of the other.
In her grammar and usage book Woe Is I , Pat illustrates this with a couple of sentences: “Walking requires alternate use of the left foot and the right. The alternative is to take a taxi.”
And of course people in the US as well as the UK still commonly use “alternate” and “alternative” in those senses.
But some broader uses developed in the US during the 20th century, and they’re accepted today in American English.
A good example is the use of “alternate” as an adjective to mean something like “substitute,” as in “We took an alternate route to Plainfield.”
In discussing this use “of alternate where alternative might be expected,” Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage cites examples going back to the 1930s, and says the citations “begin to show up in some numbers in the 1940s and 1950s.”
In fact the Book-of-the-Month Club, with its “alternate selections,” has been routinely using the adjective this way for more than half a century.
And as a noun, too, “alternate” is commonly used in the US to mean a substitute, as in “He’s an alternate on the jury,” or “Rogers was sent into the game as an alternate,” or “The commission has five regular members and three alternates.”
“Alternative” has taken on some new roles too. As an adjective, for example, it’s often used to mean antiestablishment or out of the mainstream, as in “alternative school,” “alternative medicine,” “alternative newspaper,” and so on.
One meaning of “alternative,” however, hasn’t changed—the noun that means “other choice.” Think of sentences like “You leave me no alternative” (or Pat’s example, “The alternative is to take a taxi”).
Getting back to your original question, it appears that Americans are increasingly using “alternate” when they want an adjective and “alternative” when they want a noun.
As the Merriam-Webster’s usage guide explains, “alternative is becoming more and more a noun, and the adjective appears to be in the process of being replaced (at least in American English) by alternate.”
Fowler’s Modern English Usage (rev. 3rd ed.), edited by R. W. Burchfield, makes a similar observation.
In American English during the 20th century, Burchfield notes, the adjective “alternate” has “usurped some of the territory of alternative in its ordinary sense” of one instead of another.
So, Burchfield says, “A route, a material, a lyric, etc., can be described as ‘alternate’ rather than (as in the UK) ‘alternative.’”
The usage you mention—“an alternate date and time”—is further evidence of the same trend.
But try not to think of this as a battle lost! Think of it as another step in the evolution of English usage. After all “usage” means exactly that—the way words are used.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
The well-coordinated modifier
April 30th, 2013
Q: What do you call a string of noun phrases that share the same noun? Example: “The English, French, and math teachers all have lunch together.”
A: A construction like “English, French, and math teachers” is simply a noun (“teachers”) modified by several adjectives (“English,” “French,” “math”).
Grammatically, it’s not regarded as a string of noun phrases (“English teachers,” “French teachers,” “math teachers”) from which the repetition has been removed.
What, you ask, is a construction like this called?
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language would describe it as a head noun (“teachers”) with coordinate modifiers (“English,” “French,” and “math”).
In discussing this kind of construction, Cambridge uses the examples “new and used cars” and “London and Oxford colleges.” In each phrase, two “coordinate modifiers” apply to a single noun.
Coordination works the other way too. You can have two or more “coordinate nouns” with a single modifier. Cambridge illustrates this with the examples “new cars and trucks,” and “London schools and colleges.”
The principle here is clear, even if the terminology is a bit dense.
When a modifier plus a noun form what Cambridge calls “a composite nominal”—like “used cars”—the authors say that “the component parts can enter separately into relations of coordination.”
This means that the modifier can be joined by other modifiers, or the noun can be joined by other nouns.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
On the lam
April 29th, 2013
Q: Some time ago I wrote you to recommend an essential book for someone in your trade: How the Irish Invented Slang, by Daniel Cassidy. There you will find, among many hundred entries, his view of the derivation of “lam” from the Irish word leim. Alas, Danny has since died, and his extraordinary achievement has not been properly recognized. I feel sure that if you look through his book you will be inspired to extend at least his scholarly life.
A: You won’t like what we have to say. This book sounds like a lot of fun, but perhaps there’s more fun in it than truth.
Cassidy’s book, which won an American Book Award for nonfiction in 2007, maintains that American slang is teeming with words of Irish origin—“jazz,” “spiel,” “baloney,” “nincompoop,” “babe,” and “bunkum,” to mention only a few.
But many of his claims have been disputed by linguists and lexicographers because they’re based merely on phonetic similarities.
The critics include Grant Barrett , a lexicographer and dictionary editor who specializes in slang, and Mark Liberman , a linguist who has called Cassidy’s book an “exercise in creative etymology.”
Cassidy himself has acknowledged that he based his etymologies on phonetic similarities. A New York Times interviewer wrote in 2007 about the inspiration that led to the book:
“Mr. Cassidy’s curiosity about the working-class Irish vernacular he grew up with kept growing. Some years back, leafing through a pocket Gaelic dictionary, he began looking for phonetic equivalents of the terms, which English dictionaries described as having ‘unknown origin.’ ”
The article continues: “He began finding one word after another that seemed to derive from the strain of Gaelic spoken in Ireland, known as Irish. The word ‘gimmick’ seemed to come from ‘camag,’ meaning trick or deceit, or a hook or crooked stick.”
“Buddy,” as Cassidy told the interviewer, sounded like bodach (Irish for a strong, lusty youth); “geezer” resembled gaosmhar (wise person); “dude” was like duid (foolish-looking fellow), and so on. He thus compiled lists of American slang words that sounded as if they came from Irish, and based his book on them.
But in doing serious etymology, one has to do more than show that words in one language sound or look like those in another. A superficial resemblance might provide a starting point, but it shouldn’t be the conclusion.
A more authoritative approach would be to apply the academic standards that a lexicographer or a comparative linguist would use, supporting one’s case with documented evidence from written records.
Let’s focus on the phrase you mention—“on the lam.”
Cassidy suggests an etymology of “lam” in a passage about an Irish-American gambler named Benny Binion: “Benny went on the lam (leim, jump), scramming to Vegas with two million dollars in the trunk of his maroon Cadillac.”
So Cassidy is proposing that “lam” in this sense is derived from the Irish leim. But other than that parenthetical note, he offers no evidence for the suggested etymology.
It’s true that leim (pronounced LAY-im) is Irish Gaelic for “jump” or “leap.” It’s similar to nouns with the same meaning in other Celtic languages (llam in Welsh, lam in Breton and Cornish, lheim in Manx Gaelic, leum in Scottish Gaelic), and it shows up in many Irish place names.
But we haven’t found a single other source that connects the Irish leim with the American slang term “lam,” meaning to run away. Not one.
If there were any truth in Cassidy’s assertion, etymologists and lexicographers would have picked up on it by now.
Slang scholars still describe the origin of the “lam” in “on the lam” as unknown, and they would be only too happy to discover it.
Several theories have been proposed over the years: (1) that “lam” is short for “slam”; (2) that it’s from “lammas,” a mid-19th century British slang word meaning to run off; and (3) that it’s from the verb “lam” (to beat), used like “beat” in the older phrase “beat it.”
The last theory is the most commonly proposed—that the slang “lam” comes from the verb meaning to beat.
As the Oxford English Dictionary explains, “lam” has had this meaning (to “beat soundly” or “thrash”) since Shakespeare’s day. The earliest citations in writing come from the 1590s.
In the late 19th century, the OED says, this verb “lam” acquired a new meaning in American slang—“to run off, to escape, to ‘beat it.’ ”
Oxford’s earliest citation for the slang verb is from Allan Pinkerton’s book Thirty Years a Detective (1886), in a reference to a pickpocket:
“After he has secured the wallet he will … utter the word ‘lam!’ This means to let the man go, and to get out of the way as soon as possible.”
The following year, the OED says, the word started appearing as a noun to mean “escape” or “flight.” Oxford’s earliest example here is from an 1897 issue of Appleton’s Popular Science Monthly: “To do a lam, meaning to run.”
Over the next few decades, according to slang dictionaries, to run or escape was to “lam,” “do a lam,” “make a lam,” “lam it,” “go on the lam,” “take a lam,” “take it on the lam,” and “be on the lam.”
Similarly, the OED says, a fugitive or somebody on the run was called a “lamster” (1904; also spelled “lamaster” and “lammister”).
It’s not hard to see how the “lam” that means to beat it might have descended from the “lam” that means to beat.
Since Old English, as the OED says, to “beat” has been “said of the action of the feet upon the ground in walking or running.”
This use of “beat,” according to Oxford, has given us phrases like “beat the streets,” “beat a path,” “beat a track,” and so on. In the 17th century, to “beat the hoof,” or “beat it on the hoof,” was to go on foot.
The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang says the phrase “beat it” (to clear out, go in a hurry), was first recorded in 1878, when it appeared in A. F. Mulford’s Fighting Indians in the 7th United States Cavalry:
“The Gatling guns sang rapidly for a few seconds, and how those reds, so boastful at their war dance the night before, did ‘beat it!’ ”
So the slang use of “beat it” was around before “lam” (to beat) acquired its extended slang meaning (to run or beat it).
But we haven’t discussed where the earlier “lam” came from. Etymologists believe it’s derived from the Old Norse lemja (to flog or to cripple by beating). However, an even earlier source has been suggested, one that’s older than writing.
The linguist Calvert Watkins, writing in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, identifies the source of “lam” and “lame” (both verb and adjective) as an Indo-European root that’s been reconstructed as lem-, meaning “to break in pieces, broken, soft, with derivatives meaning ‘crippled.’ ”
This Indo-European root developed into prehistoric Proto-Germanic words that have been reconstructed as lamon (weak limbed, lame) and lamjan (to flog, beat, cripple), according to Watkins and to the lexicographer John Ayto in his Dictionary of Word Origins.
Other authorities, including the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, say the Indo-European lem– also has descendants outside the Germanic languages, including an adjective in Old Irish and Middle Irish, lem (“foolish, insipid”).
The modern Irish equivalent, leamh, is similarly defined (“foolish, insipid, importunate”) in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, by Alexander McBain.
This is a different word entirely from the Irish leim (jump), which McBain says was leimm in Old Irish.
We mentioned above that leim can be found in many Irish place names.
To mention just a few, there are Limavady (the Irish name is Leim an Mhadaidh, or “leap of the dog”); Lemnaroy (Leim an Eich Ruaidh, “leap of the reddish horse”); and Leixlip (Leim an Bhradain, “leap of the salmon”).
This last one is an interesting case. Leixlip is on the river Liffey, which is rich in salmon. The town’s original name came from Old Norse, lax hlaup (“salmon leap”).
In the 1890s, when Leixlip adopted an Irish name, it chose Leim an Bhradain (“leap of the salmon”), a direct translation of the Old Norse. Of course, the Vikings who settled there in the Dark Ages may have used a Norse translation from Irish. Who knows?
Some etymological questions may never be settled for sure. That doesn’t mean scholarly methods can’t be used to make an educated guess. Still, uneducated guesses are made all the time because people are so eager to know.
Woody Allen once satirized this desperate need to know. In a humorous essay called “Slang Origins,” from his book Without Feathers (1972), he wrote:
“How many of you have ever wondered where certain slang expressions come from? Like ‘She’s the cat’s pajamas,’ or to ‘take it on the lam.’ Neither have I. And yet for those who are interested in this sort of thing I have provided a brief guide to a few of the more interesting origins. …
“ ‘Take it on the lam’ is English in origin. Years ago, in England, ‘lamming’ was a game played with dice and a large tube of ointment. Each player in turn threw dice and then skipped around the room until he hemorrhaged. If a person threw seven or under he would say the word ‘quintz’ and proceed to twirl in a frenzy. If he threw over seven, he was forced to give every player a portion of his feathers and was given a good ‘lamming.’ Three ‘lammings’ and a player was ‘kwirled’ or declared a moral bankrupt. Gradually any game with feathers was called ‘lamming’ and feathers became ‘lams.’ To ‘take it on the lam’ meant to put on feathers and later, to escape, although the transition is unclear.
“Incidentally, if two of the players disagreed on the rules, we might say they ‘got into a beef.’ This term goes back to the Renaissance when a man would court a woman by stroking the side of her head with a slab of meat. If she pulled away, it meant she was spoken for. If, however, she assisted by clamping the meat to her face and pushing it all over her head, it meant she would marry him. The meat was kept by the bride’s parents and worn as a hat on special occasions. If, however, the husband took another lover, the wife could end the marriage by running with the meat to the town square and yelling, ‘With thine own beef, I do reject thee. Aroo! Aroo!’ If a couple ‘took to the beef’ or ‘had a beef’ it meant they were quarreling.”
We think there’s a lesson here—and some lessons come with a laugh. The human mind abhors a vacuum. When the most advanced methods of scholarship can’t (or haven’t yet) come up with definitive answers, then answers will be invented.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Myself abuse
April 26th, 2013
Q: One of my favorite books on English, A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage, says “myself” may always be used where the rules of grammar require “I” but people traditionally prefer “me.” However, another of my favorite books, Woe Is I, says one should not use “myself” if either “I” or “me” will work. Your thoughts?
A: A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage, by Bergen and Cornelia Evans, is a favorite with us, too, and over all it holds up remarkably well for a usage guide written in the ’50s. But in its entry on the use of “myself,” it begins to show its age.
We agree (and so does Pat’s book Woe Is I ) with much of what the Evanses say about “myself.” But we disagree with them that “myself” may always be used instead of “I” or “me” after “than” and the verb “be.”
The issue here is what to do when there’s a conflict between the formal rules of English grammar and the usual practice of it.
In the 1950s, many usage authorities looked askance at a sentence like “She’s prettier than me” and insisted on “She’s prettier than I,” never mind that most speakers of English used “me” rather than “I” in that construction.
Similarly, many usage authorities of the ’50s condemned a sentence like “It’s me,” and insisted on “It’s I” or “It is I,” even though English speakers generally preferred “me.”
Torn between the formal rules and common practice, the Evanses offer this advice: “Myself may always be used where the formal rules of grammar require I but me is the traditionally preferred form.”
But times have changed. Usage authorities these days generally accept “me” in the examples above, making it unnecessary to use a clunky substitute like “myself.”
As we wrote on the blog back in 2008, most lexicographers and grammarians treat “than” as a legitimate preposition in constructions like “no man was more qualified than me” or “I’m taller than her.”
We’ve seen a similar evolution in the use of object pronouns after linking verbs, as in constructions like “it’s me” and “that’s him.”
In a posting written two years ago, we say the belief that a nominative pronoun (like “I”) should be used after the verb “be” came from a convention of Latin grammar. Today the choice between “I” and “me” in this situation is regarded as one of style—formality versus informality—rather than one of correctness.
In short, you can now confidently use the more natural “me” without apologetically resorting to “myself.” And that’s what we recommend.
As we say in another blog entry , reflexive pronouns like “myself” are normally used for emphasis (“I offered to do it myself”) or to refer to a subject already named (“He feels good about himself”).
But many people use “myself” for another purpose. They substitute it for “I” or “me” simply because they’re not sure which is right.
When this is the case, the speaker’s confusion generally shows, as in “Wendy and myself will plan the party” or “The bank sold the house to my husband and myself.”
Sentences like those reveal a weak grasp of English. “Wendy and I” is a better subject, and “my husband and me” is a better object.
Reflexive pronouns are best used for emphasis or to refer back to a subject. Otherwise, “I” or “me” is almost always better than “myself.”
So if you’re using “myself” merely because you’re inclined toward “me” but think it’s wrong, think again. Have a little more faith in “me.”
We’re not saying that “myself” is never a good alternative to “I” or “me.”
For example, you might use “myself” deep into a sentence when an ordinary pronoun would seem to get lost. Example: “There were a hundred people at the lecture—half the English class, a dozen friends of the speaker, most of the faculty, and myself.”
Or you might use a reflexive to add a specific and more emphatic reference to a general subject, as in “An old fuddy-duddy and inveterate nit-picker like myself.”
But before using “myself,” one should at least know what the traditional alternative is, then decide which is preferred for reasons of style, euphony, and the intended degree of formality.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
April 25th, 2013
Q: Can one use the word “cohorts” to describe the individuals in a “cohort”?
A: The noun “cohort” can refer either to a group or to an individual within the group, as we wrote on our blog back in 2007.
So “the gang leader and his cohorts” would be a correct usage.
As we noted in that post, the English noun “cohort” originally meant a band of soldiers. It has a long etymological history as a military term dating back to Roman times.
In Caesar’s day, a “century” (centuria in Latin) was a unit of 100 Roman soldiers, commanded by a “centurion.”
Six centuries, or 600 soldiers (the exact numbers varied at different times in antiquity), constituted a “cohort” (cohors in Latin).
And 100 cohorts, or 6,000 men, made up a “legion” (from the Latin verb legere, to gather).
So “century,” “cohort,” and “legion” corresponded roughly to our modern “company,” “battalion,” and “regiment” (our regiments are not so large).
But in English, “cohort” has pretty much lost its military meaning and gone civilian. It’s used loosely to mean either a group or an individual.
Some sticklers still insist, though, that “cohort” should refer only to a group because of the word’s classical origins.
However, a usage note in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.) says “the use of cohort in reference to individuals has become so common, especially in the plural, as to overshadow the use in the singular to refer to a group.”
More than two-thirds of the dictionary’s usage panel accept this sentence: “The cashiered dictator and his cohorts have all written their memoirs.”
In a post a couple of years ago, we discussed a theory (though an unlikely one) that “cohort” is the source of the word “cahoots,” as in “the thieves were in cahoots.”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Hat tricks
April 24th, 2013
Q: Have you ever answered this question: Where does “hat trick” come from? It’s really common and yet no one I know, not even my husband (a huge sports fan and an English major!), can tell me the origin of the phrase.
A: No, to our great surprise, we haven’t answered that question. So here goes.
The term “hat trick” originated among cricket players in 19th-century England, according to the Oxford English Dictionary and other sources.
A bowler was said to score a “hat trick” for taking “three wickets by three successive balls,” the OED says.
Supposedly, this feat was called a “hat trick” because it entitled the bowler “to be presented by his club with a new hat or some equivalent,” Oxford explains.
The term first appeared in print, the OED says, in a sporting annual called John Lillywhite’s Cricketers’ Companion (1877):
“Having on one occasion taken six wickets in seven balls, thus performing the hat-trick successfully.”
This later example is from an 1882 issue of a London newspaper, the Daily Telegraph: “He thus accomplished the feat known as the ‘hat trick,’ and was warmly applauded.”
The use of the term spread in the early 1900s—first to horseracing, where a jockey scored a “hat trick” for riding three winners, sometimes in a day and sometimes in succession.
The usage then spread to sports in which three goals could be scored in a single game.
Oxford’s first non-cricketing sports example is from a racing story in the Daily Chronicle of London (1909):
“It is seldom that an apprentice does the ‘hat trick,’ but the feat was accomplished by … an apprentice.” (The young jockey won races on horses named Soldier, Lady Carlton, and Hawkweed.)
Here in the US, “hat trick” is perhaps most familiar in hockey. The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang quotes a 1949 sports dictionary that defined the phrase this way:
“Hat trick. … In ice hockey it is achieved by a player scoring three goals in a game, and the term is used similarly in goal games such as soccer and lacrosse.”
But “hat trick” has occasionally been used in baseball as well. A 1950 sports story in the New York Times, quoted by Random House, included this definition: “In baseball, hitting a single, double, triple and home run in one game.”
The term is by no means confined to sports, however. By mid-century, it was being used to apply to any kind of three-fold victory.
The OED cites this 1958 quotation from the Economist: “The Tories are excited because it looks as if they may flout all precedents and complete a hat-trick of wins.”
Random House includes quotations dating from 1951 for “hat trick” used to describe triple feats in politics, book publishing, the auto industry, and classical music.
But to the best of our knowledge, the old custom of awarding a new hat to the happy victor is no longer observed.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Should we watch our language?
April 23rd, 2013
Q: My question concerns your recent article about the origins of “Johnny-come-lately.” How is this grammar? You should watch your language!
A: As the banner on our website indicates, we answer questions on “grammar, etymology, usage, and more.”
Many of our readers write in to ask about the origins of various expressions and slang terms.
Others ask about problems in grammatical structure—sequence of tenses, problems with pronoun case, and so on.
Still others write us with questions about spelling, pronunciation, punctuation, and plural formation, and ask about how such usages developed.
A reader of the blog once asked us why we use the term “grammarphobia,” not “grammarphilia,” in the name of our website.
As we said in a posting six years ago, the name of the website comes from the subtitle of Pat’s 1996 book, Woe Is I : The Grammarphobe’s Guide to Better English in Plain English.
The website, like the book, tries to explain grammar (and other language issues) in terms that won’t intimidate grammarphobes, and won’t turn off grammarphiles.
By the way, we can’t take credit for coining either “grammarphobe” or “grammarphobia.”
Steven Pinker uses “grammarphobe” in his 1994 book The Language Instinct: “And who can blame the grammarphobe, when a typical passage from one of Chomsky’s technical works reads as follows?”
(The passage that follows includes terms like “L-markers,” “chain coindexing,” and “head-head agreement.”)
As for “grammarphobia,” we’ve found examples of the usage in two words (“grammar phobia”) or hyphenated (“grammar-phobia”) dating back to the 1920s and ’30s.
The single-word version (“grammarphobia”) showed up in print in the mid-1990s, about 10 years before we began using it on our website.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Is there a “their” there?
April 22nd, 2013
Q: I love your Language Myths page. It’s so refreshing to see language mavens allow English some wiggle room! However, I still cringe at some current trends, like the use of the plural pronoun “they” with a singular subject. I don’t have the heart to recalibrate my internal editor to accept this change. I’d love to hear what you think about it.
A: This is a tough one, but you shouldn’t recalibrate your inner editor just yet.
Almost everyone it seems (especially in speech, if not in writing) uses “they/them/their” at some time or another in reference to a singular, indefinite someone. We occasionally catch ourselves in the act.
What’s indisputably true is that anyone who uses these plurals in this way is using at best casual, informal English. In formal, grammatically correct English, these are third-person plural pronouns, inappropriate in reference to a singular.
We’ve written about this subject many times on our blog, including a post in 2008 and another in 2011 . We’ve also written an article about it for the New York Times.
The plural pronouns “they,” “them,” and “their” were often used as indefinite singulars centuries ago, and are quite commonly used that way today in informal (some would say substandard) English. But in formal English, they’re restricted to the plural.
And anyone who wants to be correct without resorting to “he/she” or some variant can always recast the sentence and make the antecedent plural. Instead of “Every parent loves his or her (or their) child,” make it “All parents love their children.”
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.) labels “they” as a “usage problem” when “used to refer to the one previously mentioned or implied, especially as a substitute for generic he.”
The dictionary gives this sentence as an example: “Every person has rights under the law, but they don’t always know them.”
In an excellent usage note, American Heritage explains that the “use of an ostensibly plural pronoun such as they, them, themselves, or their with a singular antecedent dates back at least to 1300.”
Over the years, the dictionary says, “such constructions have been used by many admired writers, including William Makepeace Thackeray (‘A person can’t help their birth’), George Bernard Shaw (‘To do a person in means to kill them’), and Anne Morrow Lindbergh (‘When you love someone you do not love them all the time’).
“The practice is so widespread both in print and in speech that it generally passes unnoticed,” AH continues. “Forms of they are useful as gender-neutral substitutes for generic he and for coordinate forms like his/her or his or her (which can sound clumsy, especially when repeated frequently). Nevertheless, many people avoid using forms of they with a singular antecedent out of respect for traditional pronoun agreement.”
The dictionary says most of its usage panel “still upholds the practice of traditional pronoun agreement, but in decreasing numbers.”
“In our 1996 survey, 80 percent rejected the use of they in the sentence A person at that level should not have to keep track of the hours they put in,” AH adds. “In 2008, however, only 62 percent of the Panel still held this view, and by 2011, just 55 percent disapproved of the sentence Each student must have their pencil sharpened.”
In 2008, the dictionary notes, a majority of the panel “accepted the use of they with antecedents such as anyone and everyone, pronouns that are grammatically singular but carry a plural meaning. Some 56 percent accepted the sentence If anyone calls, tell them I can’t come to the phone, and 59 percent accepted Everyone returned to their seats.”
American Heritage’s conclusion:
“The trend, then, is clear. Writers who choose to use they with a singular antecedent should rest assured that they are in good company—even if a fair number of traditionalists still wince at the usage. For those who wish to adhere to the traditional rule, one good solution is to recast the sentence in the plural: People at that level should not have to keep track of the hours they put in.”
In other words, write around the problem. We hope this helps, though it’s probably not as clear-cut an answer as you’d like.
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
Let’s play ball
April 19th, 2013
Q: Given the start of the baseball season, it occurs to me that “play ball” is a rather interesting expression. Your thoughts?
A: Now that you mention it, the expression “play ball” is interesting. The “ball” is what’s being batted around, and “ball” here also happens to be the clipped name of the game.
In the US, “play ball” generally means “play baseball,” though the usage is often heard in connection with football, basketball, and other sports.
In fact, the phrase or various versions of it had been around for hundreds of years before any American stepped on the mound and threw the ball toward home plate.
In the early days, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the expression simply referred to a game played with a ball.
But you asked about baseball, so let’s consult Paul Dickson, who (in the words of a Washington Times book review) “may be baseball’s answer to Noah Webster or, at the very least, William Safire.”
The Dickson Baseball Dictionary (3rd ed.) defines “play ball!” as “the command issued by the plate umpire to start a game or to resume action. It’s sometimes abbreviated to a simple order of ‘play!’ ”
Dickson quotes (from the Boston Globe on May 13, 1886) what may be the first use of the baseball phrase in newsprint:
“McKeever held a long discussion with Pitcher Harmon about signs. The crowd got impatient; one man yelled ‘Get a telephone!’ while the umpire ordered them to ‘play ball.’ ”
The phrase certainly caught on, showing up a few years later in James Maitland’s The American Slang Dictionary (1891): “Play ball (Am.), go on with what you are about.”
The expression appeared more colorfully in a poem, “The Umpire,” in the July 27, 1893, issue of the Atchison (Kan.) Daily Globe:
“With features rigid as a block of stone, / He cries, ‘Play ball!’ ”
But apart from its use by umpires, Dickson says, “play ball” has a special meaning to baseball fans. It’s the “emblematic phrase for the start of any baseball game, from Opening Day to the opener of the World Series.”
The dictionary credits the pitcher Cy Young with the first use of the term in this sense, in 1905. It adds this quotation by a former baseball commissioner, Peter Ueberroth, some 80 years later:
“The best words—the most fun words—in our language are ‘play ball.’ Those words conjure up home runs and strikeouts, extra innings and double plays. … ‘Play ball’ is what baseball is all about—its call to arms—and there isn’t a baseball fan … who isn’t a little excited over the beginning of a new season.” (From USA Today, 1986.)
The OED says the word “ball” in “play ball” is a noun meaning “a game played with a ball (esp. thrown or pitched with the hand).”
Today in the US, as we’ve said, the phrase refers to baseball, but it predates baseball by several centuries.
The expression was first recorded in the Middle Ages as “play at the ball,” which was later clipped to “play at ball” and finally to “play ball.”
The OED’s earliest citation is from a description of St. Cuthbert in a medieval manuscript (circa 1300):
“With younge children he pleide atthe bal.” (Here we’ve changed two Middle English characters to “y” and “th.”)
An abbreviated version of the phrase first appeared in Nicholas Breton’s poem A Floorish Upon Fancie (1577):
“And let him learne to daunce, to shoote, and play at ball, / And any other sporte, but put him to his booke withall.”
During the 17th century, both “play at the ball” and “play at ball” were used. The modern form, “play ball,” finally emerged in the mid-18th century.
The OED cites an example from John Brickell’s The Natural History of North Carolina (1737). In a passage describing Native American games, Brickell writes: “Their manner of playing Ball is after this manner.”
The expression “to play ball” acquired another meaning in the early 20th century—to act fairly or cooperate.
The OED’s first example is from a 1903 novel, Back to the Woods, by Hugh McHugh (pen name of George Hobart): “Well, if Bunch should refuse to play ball I could send the check back to Uncle Peter.”
But the Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang has a citation from a slightly earlier novel, Edward Waterman Townsend’s Chimmie Fadden & Mr. Paul (1902):
“He’ll give him de time of his life if he’ll sign up to play ball wit him whenever he’s wanted.”
Today, many of our most familiar expressions (or clichés, if you prefer), come from ball games of one kind or another. Here’s a sampling of figurative uses of sports terms, with their earliest recorded appearances, all from either the OED or Random House.
● “keep the ball rolling”—to maintain a momentum, 1770
● “keep (or have) one’s eye on the ball”—to be careful or alert, 1907
● “home run”—a great success, 1913
● “have something (or a lot) on the ball”—to be capable, 1936 (a reference to throwing a speedy or deceptive pitch, a sense first recorded in 1911)
● “carry the ball”—to assume responsibility, 1924
● “run with the ball” or “take the ball and run with it”—to take control, 1926
● “from out in left field”—from out of nowhere, 1930s (a subject we discuss on the blog)
● “on the ball”—accurate or alert, 1939
● “drop the ball”—to fail at something, 1940
● “curveball”—something tricky and unexpected, 1944
● “throw a curve”—to do something tricky and unexpected, 1953
● “that’s the way the ball bounces”—that’s life, 1952
● “ballpark”—approximate (adjective), 1957
About that “Donate” button …
April 19th, 2013
If you’re a regular reader of The Grammarphobia Blog, you may have noticed that “Donate” button over there on the right. Yes, we’re asking for your help.
The two of us, besides writing all our own content for the blog, bear the expenses of web design, support, and maintenance.
We also pay the costs of doing our research, including keeping our standard dictionaries and other reference books up to date, and paying for annual subscriptions to the Oxford English Dictionary and other online resources.
We consider what we do a form of journalism and we value our objectivity, so we don’t accept advertising. If you like what we do and would like to help support the blog, please click the “Donate” button. No contribution is too small!
If you get our posts by email or an RSS reader, you’ll have to go to the actual blog to find the “Donate” button.
Thank you.
Whodunit? Oscar Wilde!
April 18th, 2013
Q: This one throws me for a loop: “Who else was there for me to talk to?” My gut tells me that “who” is correct, but I have a nagging feeling that “whom” may be. Can you set me straight?
A: Go with your gut!
“Who” is the right word here. It not only sounds and feels natural, but it just happens to be grammatically correct as well.
(This is generally the case. As we’ve said before, any usage that sounds stiff and unnatural to an educated ear is probably a mistake.)
The sentence you’ve asked about (“Who else was there for me to talk to?”) has an interesting history, which we’ll get to later. For now, let’s look at why it’s right.
The main clause in this sentence—“Who else was there”—is an interrogative clause with “who” as its subject. The additional information afterward doesn’t change that.
Often when we’re puzzled by a “who/whom” problem, it helps to substitute another set of pronouns. So let’s recast the sentence with “he/him.”
It’s easy to see that “He was there for me to talk to” is right, and that “Him was there for me to talk to” is wrong. “He” is a subject pronoun (like “who”), while “him” is an object (like “whom”).
Simplifying a problem sentence also helps to clarify it. We can simplify the question, and its answer, like this: “Who was there to talk to? … He was there to talk to.”
In fact, we can simplify it even further by dropping the ending, since it doesn’t affect the subject: “Who was there? … He was there.”
We can invent a number of sentences with the same grammatical construction: “Who else was there for her to dream of … for them to worry about … for mom to cook for … for the children to play with … for him to prey upon .. for me to learn from?”
The fact that the underlined passages end in prepositions doesn’t change the case of the subject, “who.”
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language regards passages like those as “to-infinitivals containing a subject,” and says these “are always introduced by the subordinator for.” (Note that while Cambridge uses the term “subject” here, the pronouns used are object pronouns.)
Now for a brief footnote. The sentence you used as an example has a literary history. It appears in The Letters of Oscar Wilde, edited by Rupert Hart-Davis and published in 1962.
Here’s the passage, from a letter Wilde wrote in 1891 to a young actor of his acquaintance:
“Has Gerald Gurney forgiven me yet for talking to no one but you that afternoon? I suppose not. But who else was there for me to talk to?”
Check out our books about the English language
Share this:
I got this
April 17th, 2013
Q: My question is about the ubiquitous “I got this,” as in the title of Jennifer Hudson’s memoir. I thought this was a fairly recent usage, but I’ve heard it used on two different current TV shows set in the ’80s. When did this expression come into the language?
A: Jennifer Hudson, a Grammy Award-winning singer and Academy Award-winning actress, uses those words in the title of a 2011 song as well as her 2012 memoir.
The construction “I got this” is often used (as Hudson uses it) in a slangy, idiomatic way to mean “I can take care of this” or “I have this under control.”
Strictly speaking, “I got this” is a past-tense construction (as in “I got a new car last spring”). The technically correct form in reference to the present would be either “I’ve got this” or “I have this.”
But let’s not get technical about idiomatic English. Baseball outfielders, for example, aren’t stopping to check their grammar as they run to catch a fly ball (“I got it!”).
We can’t find any scholarly discussion of the history of “I got this” used in the sense Jennifer Hudson is using it, so we can’t give you a lot of exact citations from the 1980s.
But we did find a few close examples in Google Book searches, including this exchange from Nam, an oral history of the Vietnam War that was published in 1983:
“ ‘This one is mine.’
“ ‘Nah, I got this one. You got the last one.’ ”
Of course, there’s a difference between “I got this,” which refers to a general situation, and the more specific “I got this one,” which refers to a particular object. But they’re close.
We’ll end with a few lines from Hudson’s song:
(I got this)
| i don't know |
Which English actor played the title role in the 19768 family film Blackbeard's Ghost? | Blackbeard's Ghost (1968) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
On the Carolina coast, Godolphin College's new track coach lodges at Blackbeard's Inn, run by the Daughters of the Buccaneers who claim to be descendants of the notorious pirate and who risk losing their hotel to the local mobster.
Director:
From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
a list of 38 titles
created 24 Dec 2012
a list of 24 titles
created 21 Jan 2014
a list of 32 titles
created 17 Aug 2015
a list of 46 titles
created 25 Sep 2015
a list of 48 titles
created 10 months ago
Search for " Blackbeard's Ghost " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Fran Garrison's all in a tizzy because her prize Dachshund, Danke, is having pups, and she has hopes of one of the pups becoming a champion. But at the vet's, her husband Mark is talked ... See full summary »
Director: Norman Tokar
A woman is kidnapped. While in captivity, she manages to send a message out with a wandering cat. The cat's owner calls the FBI. The FBI tries to follow the cat. Jealous boyfriends and nosy... See full summary »
Director: Robert Stevenson
A race car driver becomes a champion with a Volkswagen Beetle with a mind of its own.
Director: Robert Stevenson
Frederick Bolton has to solve two problems. First, his boss has instructed him to come up with a reasonable campaign to promote a new product, a stomach pill named "Aspercel" - by tomorrow.... See full summary »
Director: Norman Tokar
A lawyer makes an interesting discovery that could affect his chances of getting elected to office.
Director: Robert Stevenson
Professor Dooley takes home a duck from his research laboratory as a toy for his son, but soon finds out that it lays golden eggs.
Director: Vincent McEveety
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.4/10 X
When John Baxter inherits a ski resort in the Rocky Mountains, he quits his job in New York and moves the family west to run it. Only to find that the place is a wreck. But together they ... See full summary »
Director: Norman Tokar
In 19th century England, young Mary Grant and her brother, Robert, embark on a dangerous quest to find their missing father, a sea captain who vanished somewhere along the Chilean coast.
Director: Robert Stevenson
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.5/10 X
Herbie, the Volkswagen Beetle with a mind of its own, is racing in the Monte Carlo Rally. Unbeknownst to Herbie's driver, thieves have hidden a cache of stolen diamonds in Herbie's gas tank, and are now trying to get them back.
Director: Vincent McEveety
A college professor invents an anti-gravity substance which a corrupt businessman wants for himself.
Director: Robert Stevenson
Two would-be safe-crackers 'sort of' kidnap the two grandchildren of millionaire J. W. Osborne. In a story somewhat reminiscent of O. Henry's The Ransom of Red Chief, the ransom amount ... See full summary »
Director: Norman Tokar
When Professor Brainard experiments further on Flubber derivatives, he gets in trouble and only his students can help.
Director: Robert Stevenson
Edit
Storyline
In this comedy, Peter Ustinov is the famous pirate's ghost that returns to our time. Blackbeard has been cursed by his last wife who was a notorious witch, so that he will never die. The only way to "break" the curse is to do (for once in his life) a good act. Is the famous pirate able to do something good? Written by Chris Makrozahopoulos <[email protected]>
EVERYBODY cracks up...when the Jolliest Roger of them All pops into the 20th Century! See more »
Genres:
8 February 1968 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Le fantôme de Barbe Noire See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Actor Peter Ustinov portrayed the character of the pirate Blackbeard as a rolly and rompous person and much different to the way the personage was characterized in the movie's source novel by Ben Stahl . See more »
Goofs
When Blackbeard takes a bottle of rum from the bar, Miss Scowcroft can't see him but she should see the bottle floating in the air. See more »
Quotes
For He's a Jolly Good Fellow
(uncredited)
(Buffalo, New York) – See all my reviews
Watching Blackbeard's Ghost yesterday put me in mind of the late Robert Newton and his portrayal of Blackbeard in a classic film from the Fifties. Had Mr. Newton not died of chronic alcoholism in 1957, I'm sure he would have been the Disney studio's choice to play Blackbeard.
With Robert Newton not being available, the studio got another actor famous for a bravura performance, that of Nero and Quo Vadis. Who'd have thought that Peter Ustinov would have gotten another role that called for flamboyant overacting. Ustinov's Blackbeard is a combination of Newton's Blackbeard and his own Nero. And he dominates the film completely.
Dean Jones who was Disney's major leading man at the time who played the roles Kurt Russell was too young for, borrows a great deal from that other actor, who's career Disney rejuvenated, Fred MacMurray. In fact the similarities between this and Absent Minded Professor and Son of Flubber are too obvious to be missed.
Still those were two pretty funny films and Blackbeard's Ghost is in a great tradition.
Dean Jones is the new track coach at Godolphin College and he stays at the inn that's run by the descendents of the crew of none other than Edward Teach better known as Blackbeard. But they are a harmless bunch of senior citizens led by Elsa Lanchester. Yet that inn is coveted by gangster Joby Baker who's bought the mortgage.
Jones finds a faded piece of paper in an old bedwarmer and it's a spell that makes the ghost of old Blackbeard visible to him only. After that Jones plays straight man to a hilarious Ustinov. Blackbeard and is doings cause some romantic problems for Jones with Suzanne Pleshette, but in Disney tradition in the end the old buccaneer sets everything to right and escapes the limbo he's consigned to.
For Peter Ustinov fans, this is a must. You can see it in his face and his performance how much of a good time Ustinov was having with this part. It will translate into your enjoyment as well.
13 of 14 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Peter Ustinov |
Which northern city shares it's name with the surname of the singer who reached number one in the UK pop charts on January 15th 1988? | YTS - Blackbeard"s Ghost (1968) Download YIFY movie torrent
Info: Parental Guide for all the movies will be republished soon. Thank you for understanding!
Synopsis
In this comedy, Peter Ustinov is the famous pirate's ghost that returns to our time. Blackbeard has been cursed by his last wife who was a notorious witch, so that he will never die. The only way to "break" the curse is to do (for once in his life) a good act. Is the famous pirate able to do something good?
In this comedy, Peter Ustinov is the famous pirate's ghost that returns to our time. Blackbeard has been cursed by his last wife who was a notorious witch, so that he will never die. The only way to "break" the curse is to do (for once in his life) a good act. Is the famous pirate able to do something good?
Parental Guide
| i don't know |
Which Scottish novelist is probably best remembered for his 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows? | Kenneth Grahame - The Wind in the Willows 1 | The Wind In The Willows | Rat
The Wind in the Willows
Grahame, Kenneth
About Grahame:
Kenneth Grahame (July 20, 1859 – July 6, 1932) was a British writer,most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. He also wrote The Reluctant Dragon, which wasmuch later adapted into a Disney film.
Also available on Feedbooks for Grahame:
•
This work is available for countries where copyright is Life+70 and in the USA.
Note:
This book is brought to you by Feedbooks http://www.feedbooks.com Strictly for personal use, do not use this file for commercial purposes.
2
1
THE RIVER BANK
The Mole had been working very hard all the morning, spring-cleaninghis little home. First with brooms, then with dusters; then on ladders andsteps and chairs, with a brush and a pail of whitewash; till he had dust inhis throat and eyes, and splashes of whitewash all over his black fur, andan aching back and weary arms. Spring was moving in the air above andin the earth below and around him, penetrating even his dark and lowlylittle house with its spirit of divine discontent and longing. It was smallwonder, then, that he suddenly flung down his brush on the floor, said'Bother!' and 'O blow!' and also 'Hang spring-cleaning!' and bolted out of the house without even waiting to put on his coat. Something up abovewas calling him imperiously, and he made for the steep little tunnelwhich answered in his case to the gaveled carriage-drive owned by an-imals whose residences are nearer to the sun and air. So he scraped andscratched and scrabbled and scrooged and then he scrooged again andscrabbled and scratched and scraped, working busily with his little pawsand muttering to himself, 'Up we go! Up we go!' till at last, pop! hissnout came out into the sunlight, and he found himself rolling in thewarm grass of a great meadow.'This is fine!' he said to himself. 'This is better than whitewashing!' Thesunshine struck hot on his fur, soft breezes caressed his heated brow,and after the seclusion of the cellarage he had lived in so long the carolof happy birds fell on his dulled hearing almost like a shout. Jumping off all his four legs at once, in the joy of living and the delight of springwithout its cleaning, he pursued his way across the meadow till hereached the hedge on the further side.'Hold up!' said an elderly rabbit at the gap. 'Sixpence for the privilegeof passing by the private road!' He was bowled over in an instant by theimpatient and contemptuous Mole, who trotted along the side of thehedge chaffing the other rabbits as they peeped hurriedly from theirholes to see what the row was about. 'Onion-sauce! Onion-sauce!' he
3
| Kenneth Grahame |
Which famous stage musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Weber contains the numbers Rolling Stock and Call Me Rusty? | the illustrators of The Wind in the Willows | Tattered but still lovely | LibraryThing
the illustrators of The Wind in the Willows
Tattered but still lovely
Join LibraryThing to post.
This topic is currently marked as "dormant"—the last message is more than 90 days old. You can revive it by posting a reply.
1 2wonderY
Edited: Sep 19, 2013, 11:39am
I've set myself the task of looking at all of the artists who have ever illustrated The Wind in the Willows and keeping notes. (I do go off on strange tangents.)
My daughter recently cleaned her shelves and gave me back Michael Hague 's version. It's not quite the one that I remember as perfect, so I'm on a quest.
There are other groups on LT that might be more appropriate, but I haven't found one that feels like home more than here. So please indulge me.
The list is a long one, and I'm ordering several at a time from the library.
I am first going to dismiss Robert J. Lee , who contributed his version to a Dell Yearling publication in 1969. The cover color drawing
is much different from the black & white sketches inside. The cover drawing is acceptable and interesting, but the others are poorly rendered, not catching proper characterizations, and are mostly long shots which just barely hint at the storyline.
edited because I found Lee's original cover, which shows what I'm talking about;
Edited: Nov 6, 2013, 2:19pm
Paul Bransom gives us ten black & white pieces published in 2005 by The Modern Library
I find it odd they would use a photograph on the cover, but oh well...
Bransom's characters are true renderings of real animals, and are mostly only clothed in their own fur. Mole does seem to be wearing boots when running through the woods at night; and oddly, the Sea Rat is clothed while Ratty is not.
In chapter 4 the winter drawing has artistic merit, being a lovely rendering of the Otter against a snowbank. But why spend the effort on a minor character?
The picture of Toad in the dungeon with the gaoler's daughter is quite funny. "He lay prostrate in his misery on the floor." Toad is on his back with legs in the air, very characteristically dramatic.
link
But otherwise, as rendered, character is difficult to portray. There is very little detail of background and even of props, which are scarce.
And I'm editing here because upon further research, I find that Bransom did these pieces in color and they can be found here.
Another cover that contains this art is
by Charles Scribner, and Bransom was one of the first illustrators, first published in 1913. His background is technical drawing and he specialized in drawing animals from life at the zoo, which explains his take on the characters.
Sep 17, 2013, 10:15am
Please feel free to insert your evaluations of the illustrations too.
I forgot to mention that the Modern Library edition also includes a short bio of Grahame and a seven page introduction with notes by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson .
Edited: Oct 21, 2013, 1:40pm
Sterling Publications issued a nice small hardback, also in 2005, with scratchboard etchings by Scott McKowen .
Although these are of a nice quality, they are simply portraits of the four main characters and
a weasel. The portraits are full length, and each is clothed, but lack any other background or details.
The cover is the only color illustration, and the notes say that they were digitally added.
I love the cover illustration, but the portraits inside lack a certain something. Badger's portrait doesn't capture his immense presence; Mole looks slightly ridiculous in glasses and two-toned shoes. Ratty's portrait does in fact capture the sportsman who messes about in boats.
**rubs hands**
Now we get to a good one.
Inga Moore is a lavish illustrator, and though her tiny action sketches aren't usually very interesting, her full page spreads are sometimes gasp-worthy.
Candlewick Press published the US edition in 2003
but the images are copyrighted 1996 and have been in UK editions of abridged versions since then. This is an abridged version too, which is my only complaint.
This webpage serves up some of the best pages. Her use of light and mist are exceptional.
7 2wonderY
Sep 17, 2013, 12:30pm
Oh, one of the features I should comment on is how the main characters are depicted compared to humans and other animals. For instance, some artists keep the true size proportions, so they are handling an enormous horse in The Open Road. Others upsize the animals to approximate human proportions.
More after lunch.
8 2wonderY
Sep 17, 2013, 3:41pm
Moore's characters are sized like human children to the human adults and to their environment. Bransom attempts to keep real-life sizes, so this
looks a bit ridiculous.
There is nothing to make a comparison with in McKowen's drawings, and Lee's vary, as you might expect with a careless artist.
9 Bjace
Sep 17, 2013, 5:32pm
I thought I read somewhere that Arthur Rackham illustrated Wind in the Willows at one point in time. Has anyone ever seen that?
>9 Bjace:
Yes, Rackham is on my list. Haven't ordered it yet.
Looking for more online illustrations of Inga Moore, I found an interview where she tells that she never went to art school, because of a withering remark from a Latin teacher. Also, she admits to not being able to let The Wind in the Willows go, and has begun writing a sequel. Something to look forward to!
Edited: Sep 23, 2013, 1:19pm
By the way, I got my worklist from the Kenneth Grahame Society:
http://www.kennethgrahamesociety.net/illustrators.htm
correction - my original list was comprised of "other contributor" names from LibraryThing work page. I finally printed the above list out and I see that I need to create a spreadsheet. I've also started a folder collecting pictures by particular scene, so that I can look at them side by side.
Edited: Dec 24, 2013, 9:57am
Here's another cover for the Inga Moore book:
This is perhaps not abridged, as the other states that it is on the cover.
And here's another
18 2wonderY
Sep 18, 2013, 10:12am
No. The book was first published in 1908, with only a frontispiece by W. Graham Robertson . Paul Bransom 's drawings were published in 1913. Ernest H. Shepard had Grahame's blessings, but they were not published until 1931, after Grahame's death.
Sep 18, 2013, 10:24am
I've always thought of the Ernest H. Shepard version as the "classic" to which others are compared.
OT, Has anyone read any of the sequels?
20 2wonderY
Sep 18, 2013, 11:06am
I've read Return to the Willows , published last year, written by Jacqueline Kelly . I loved it. It has an intrusive narrator who makes side remarks in footnotes.
27 2wonderY
Sep 19, 2013, 9:38am
Before I leave Inga Moore, I wanted to share the most outstanding plate in the book, but I couldn't find it online, so I had to scan and upload it.
I just love the perspective and the dreaminess it evokes.
After looking at her pictures, I go outside and see the hills through her lens and their beauty is more apparant.
28 2wonderY
Sep 19, 2013, 10:53am
After a thorough search of my library's catalog, I see that I'm going to have to do some online searching for images. My list of illustrators has 29 names, and 12 of those are not in the Ohio library system. I'm most sad about missing Harry Hargreaves and Charles Van Sandwyk 's complete works. Van Sandwyk did 85 illustrations for the Folio Society edition. I've seen samples of his work on Pinterest. They are very nice!
Edited: Sep 19, 2013, 11:52am
I'm starting to look at Michael Hague 's version today.
One item I noted is that he offers a respectful reference back to Bransom's title page art:
using the same tree construction in several pictures.
Rackham and Van Sandwyk do this as well, from my brief looks at them.
I love some of Hague's work. His Alphabears is precious, and my family has spent lots of time enjoying those pictures. But some of these just seem too cartoon-y.
His best pages, and there are four of them, are the interiors lit by the fire in the fireplace. They are crowded with animals and the colors are rich, the details are cozy, and you can almost feel the warmth of the fire. link and link
30 2wonderY
Sep 19, 2013, 11:35am
I decided that as I can, I'm going back and add links to some of the pictures that I reference but don't post in the thread.
Sorry if this confuses the reading for you, but I think it will add value to the notes overall.
31 2wonderY
Edited: Sep 19, 2013, 12:03pm
BTW, there are 550 covers loaded on the work page, and that, of course doesn't include any abridgements not combined in with the main work.
Many repeats, but still quite a collection to gaze upon.
32 2wonderY
Edited: Sep 19, 2013, 3:50pm
While Moore seems best at sunlight and haze, I think Hague excells in low light scenes. One of his best two page spreads (which I can't find online for you) is the riverside picnic at the end of the day. It evokes how a long day in the sun and in good company makes one want to dawdle till dark to prolong the pleasure.
But here's another picture
33 diana.n
Sep 19, 2013, 6:05pm
The Wind in the Willows is one of my favorite books, and I prefer the Bransom illustrations. I like their naturalism. Generally, I don't love Rackham's style, but they are lovely for this work. Of the other earlier versions, I enjoy Payne's, too.
Thanks for the link to the other illustrators. I did not know Tasha Tudor had illustrated an edition. The Hargreaves' are pretty, too.
Regarding Hague, I wore out his illustrated edition of Andersen's fairy tales as a child, and those are too beautiful in my memory for me to like his other works.
There are different annotated editions of TWinTW in circulation, but the one edited by Annie Gauger , and from the Norton company's line of special editions, is the best. It has an extensive discussion of the various illustrators.
34 2wonderY
Sep 20, 2013, 5:27pm
Oh. that is good to know! I must see if my library has that. what a resource! Thank you Diana!
36 2wonderY
Edited: Nov 14, 2013, 9:25am
I did a chapter comparison in the Moore edition. She skips The Piper at the Gates of Dawn and Wayfarers All entirely, and combines the two last chapters into a re-named chapter The Return of Toad. I'll have to see whether those are included in any other editions she illustrates.
I'm looking at Helen Ward 's work now.
I'm dissatisfied with her renderings. They are quite stylized, with profile heads crowding most of the pictures, and very little action indicated.
I ordered another of her books from the library. I'm enraptured by her version of The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse . Her artwork, her conceptual take, her sly humor, are all superlative. I wonder if it's a matter of loving one story and not the other, or if Aesop's story shows her more mature work. (it was published last year.) I highly recommend it.
The only plate in WitW that I really like is this one -
and still, it's a bit stiff.
Her book is also a bit off because the artwork is on different paper, and the double sided plates are bound into the book at regularly paced page counts. So the picture might not correspond with the part of the story being read.
(see comment #78 below, for my re-evaluation of Ward.)
37 2wonderY
Edited: Sep 28, 2013, 2:28pm
I had a few minutes yesterday to stop in the used book store and I found three illustrators, two who weren't even on my list. I guess the abridgements and adaptations are too numerous to keep track of.
John Worsley illustrated Tales from the Wind in the Willows , which appears to be one chapter at a time in smaller storybooks. His work is reminiscent of Helen Ward , but with less grace. His best is a long shot of the river at sunset. Nice mood and mauvey colors.
Mole's nose is obnoxiously long and prominent. It dominates his face without being cute like the real animal. Ratty's face is too snub and his teeth stick out.
A nice touch - Otter is wearing swim trunks when he emerges from the water at the picnic.
Another note on Worsley. "Wind in the Willows is a 60's Children's TV show, brought to our television screens ... John Worsley did all the paintings for the show, a total of 550 of them." So he is quite the expert on the stories.
Lorna Tomei illustrated the adaptation by Malvina Vogel as one of the Great Illustrated Classics. I recommend you pass these by while holding your nose.
The black & white line drawings are extremely derivative, but so ill-conceived. Rat looks like a monkey from behind and a prosperous self-satisfied burgher from the front.
Badger looks like a cat. Mole is butt ugly! (not evident from the cover) He's wears a bowler hat and spats. And while Tomei is trying to depict fur on his head, it looks more like whiskers in the wrong places, because she gives him a clean shaven face.
ugly!
Let's talk about footwear. Only Toad wears spats or two-toned shoes. I can think of only three four appropriate foot styles for Rat - boots, sneakers/boaters or bare feet. Slippers indoors by the fire. Mole would wear something modest and conservative. And he certainly wouldn't look so self-satisfied with his lapels in hand. Wrong gesture, Lorna.
And I figured out why Mole sometimes wears glasses - his eyesight is so poor.
The tree style I showed in >29 2wonderY: bugged me, because it's so distinctive and I couldn't recall anything about them. My daughter helped me to research it. Those are pollarded trees.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollarding
The highlight of the visit was walking out with a 1940 edition with Arthur Rackham plates. The clerk was visibly upset that it hadn't been priced as a rare and vintage book. Those locked case items start at $60. This one was priced $3.
40 2wonderY
Sep 25, 2013, 10:10am
I thought I'd better go back to the beginning, so I'm looking at Ernest H. Shepard today. The liner notes of the 1991 Charles Scribner's edition
say:
"When he was first asked to make black-and-white drawings for the story, Ernest Shepard visited Kenneth Grahame at his home. There he walked along the riverbank making sketches and seeing where the houses of the animals might be. "I love these little people," Grahame said. "Be kind to them." And later - "I'm glad you made them real." The story has become virtually inseperable from Shepard's delightful pictures. Nearly forty years later Ernest Shepard added color to all of his pictures for The Wind in the Willows, and now they appear in full color for the first time in an American edition."
(The colorized version was actually copyrighted in 1970.)
So, yes, this is more definitive than Bransom's earlier work. Shepard first defined the characters, what they might wear, the setting, which scenes are essentials. I see that everyone since has had to measure against Shepard for validity. His map on the endpapers lays out the real deal.
That said, these pictures don't do a whole lot for me. They are quick sketches all. I prefer many of the later illustrators, while recognizing the debt they owe to him.
41 2wonderY
Edited: Jan 16, 2014, 10:53am
John Patience is on my list, but my library has only one board book. He is most famous for the Fern Hollow series, most assuredly directly inspired by The Wind in the Willows. He has illustrated a lot of the classics, all pretty much using the same cartoon style.
In his case, Ratty looks like a cat in most of the illustrations, but all the other animals look fine. Rat also wears a white porkpie hat, which I don't like. Otter wears an old fashioned full body swimsuit. There's an occasional nice detail, and I like Rat's house.
The board book is, of course, greatly abridged. No mention of who did the re-write, but the last sentence inadvertantly might give the wrong impression of Mole and Rat's relationship in today's world: "After supper Mole went to sleep with his new-found friend, the river lapping outside his window." The earliest copyright I find on Patience's versions is 1986.
42 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 30, 2013, 4:18pm
Taking a quick look at the Kenneth Grahame Society list, I see Paul Henning illustrated chapters 2 & 5 in short picture books in 1946 and 1947. It's unlikely I will run across these books.
His technique was to arrange puppets and props in a small stage-set and photograph them.
-This- is his page at KGS, showing a few pages.
I've enjoyed this storybook style with other fairytales, and this is interesting, but not wonderful. Cosgrove Hall stop-action films is, of course, at the top of this short pile.
Sep 25, 2013, 4:14pm
The next name on the list is Ralph Pinto , who illustrated an edition for Avon Library
The society has none of his artwork saved, and my library system gives me two other folktale titles, but not WitW.
A Google and a Pinterest search only gave me the cover image.
Crossing him off the list.
44 Osbaldistone
Edited: Sep 26, 2013, 1:32am
I'll start with the unabridged BBC audio tapes, narrated by Sir Michael Hordern , with the cover illustration by John Burningham . Ordered the tapes through a bookstore in Scarborough while on holiday in the area. Couldn't find them anywhere in the US. Quite nice, but good cassette players are getting hard to find.
Os.
45 Osbaldistone
Edited: Sep 26, 2013, 1:16am
I love Arthur Rakham. Barnes and Noble put out a nice set of cloth-bound classics in a pocket size, including WITW with Rackham's illustrations. Here are the field-mice carolers, just in from the cold. I bought three copies, and have carried one in my back pocket all over west Yorkshire and across Mull and Iona. It's pretty tattered, but I have two more in case I wear this one out.
Os.
46 Osbaldistone
Edited: Sep 26, 2013, 1:31am
Walmart was so proud of this one, that they printed a bargain price image across it, and didn't identify the illustrator.
Os.
47 Osbaldistone
Edited: Sep 26, 2013, 1:35am
Alan Bennett adapted WITW for the stage in the 1980s, and here is a 1991 publication with a cover illustration in water-color by Mark Entwistle (one of my favorite family names - I didn't know Ents could whistle).
Os.
48 Osbaldistone
Sep 26, 2013, 1:39am
David K. Stone illustrated this edition. Not the best artist, but he does a fine job of getting the story into his illustrations. This is from the chapter "Wayfarers All"
Os.
49 Osbaldistone
Sep 26, 2013, 1:52am
I have a reprint of the 1908 Charles Scribner's Sons edition with the iconic Ernest Shepard illustrations. I love this image of Ratty and Mole, freezing just outside Badger's place, while Badger shuffles to the door in carpet slippers that were a bit "down in the heel". Note Badger's library! I could live here.
Os.
Edited: Sep 26, 2013, 1:05pm
Glad you've dropped in Os!
I really like Entwistle's dreamy watercolour.
And Shepard's view of Badger's entryway. I've got my virtual image collection set up by type of view, so that I can look at variations side by side. I can see I need to add a subfolder for underground cut-away views.
Edited: Sep 26, 2013, 9:36am
I had to share this reviewer's article:
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/aug/13/messing-about-with-the-wind...
discussing two annotated versions (and I've got the Gauger version in hand!)
Michael Dirda appears to be a lover of WitW. He seems to know it inside and out, and has this to say:
"Yet is it really for children at all? Yes, its Riverbank characters are anthropomorphized animals—Mole, Rat, Badger, Otter, and Toad—and yes, E.H. Shepard’s famous illustrations (1931) are as gently winsome as those he drew for A.A. Milne’s Winnie-the-Pooh books in the 1920s. Nonetheless, to read The Wind in the Willows aloud to a little boy or girl can be disillusioning. Except for the misadventures of the self-dramatizing Toad, there’s really not much action and the mood music of Grahame’s prose sometimes bores the fidgety young."
I've experienced this - I tried to read it aloud at a Pajama Evening at the library and found it just didn't work.
Later in the article, Dirda exclaims "Really, what could be more…middle-aged?...While The Wind in the Willows certainly has the appearance of a children’s book, this masterpiece nonetheless tends to be most deeply affecting to those past forty."
I have to agree. It's a book whose charms grow as the reader ages.
52 diana.n
Edited: Sep 26, 2013, 3:26pm
>45 Osbaldistone: I love doing that, too, with my set of 'traveling' books, plus with books that are what Anne Fadiman termed "You are there" readings. It makes the reading experience even more special for me.
>46 Osbaldistone: Aww, I miss the Wal-mart 2 for $1 classics. They were cheaply made and had a foul glue odor, but the covers usually were interesting. You could score a passel of good reads for $5 and then drop them off at your library when you were finished. Plus, they were unabridged!
I haven't trolled the Wal-mart book section for many years. I wonder if they still manufacture them?
Sep 26, 2013, 11:56am
Drat! I don't have Gauger's annotated book with me - left it on the couch.
I was excited that, in order to put Toad's fascination with automobiles in perspective, there is an entry discussing other motor car literature of the times. There were perhaps half a dozen title discussed which I can add to my "motoring romances" list.
Before I return the John Patience board book, I wanted to note that I was charmed by the way he framed the prose on each page. It's a simple two line border, but with a couple of leaves growing into the top corners and the lower corners are decorated with cameos of what might be found in the larger picture. For instance, the picture up in >41 2wonderY: has a dragonfly in one corner and an upended duck's butt merging into the water surrounding the prose box.
54 2wonderY
Sep 26, 2013, 2:48pm
Liz, the librarian remarked yesterday that Michel Plessix isn't the illustrator I'm looking for. She's right. Plessix is a comic book illustrator and he seems to have spent quite a lot of effort re-making Le vent dans les saules , as it's known in France.
His backgrounds and details are lovely. Rat looks ridiculous though. The tone of the exchanges among the friends is much harsher, and the dialogue balloons are all over the place and difficult to follow who is saying what and in what sequence. None of Grahame's words remain.
Pity.
Edited: Sep 26, 2013, 3:28pm
>51 2wonderY: re: is it for children?
I discovered WITW when I was in my early 30s. It had been in my library for 5-10 years, but it wasn't until my reading 'maturity' allowed me to enjoy the 'day in the life' type stories of ordinary people that I started WITW as a bedtime reading book for myself. It was a nice edition with Arthur Rackham 's color and B&W illustrations. 10 years later, WITW was bedtime reading for my children, but to be honest, partly because the dreamy tone helped them wind down and go to sleep.
I combined that with the habit of making up my own rat, mole, badger stories whenever we were driving any distance, and those had the kind of action in them that kept the car-seat trapped toddlers engaged. Now that they're teenagers, and have never read WITW themselves, I suspect they have memories of WITW stories that aren't even in the book.
Bedtime for the kids was mostly from the Inga Moore illustrated edition, which I believe is absolutely the best for the pre-school and elementary age. As often as I read those stories, whenever I got to the point of turning the page to that fabulous image of the great battle at Toad Hall, I would slow down, hold the page corner, and wait (enjoying the nervous excitement in their faces) and then suddenly turn the page and read the battle description quickly and energetically. Of course, this didn't help anyone go to sleep, but it sure was fun.
One more story related to "is it for children" - I was sitting in a pub in Oban one afternoon, reading my ratty (not Ratty) pocket copy of WITW, and a pastor was sitting across from me working on a short message to deliver to a group at an evening gathering. I had just started WITW at page one when the pastor sat back with a frustrated expression. I asked what was wrong and he said he was looking for some new way to tie some kind of everyday experience to the story of Martha and Mary (when Martha was working hard in the kitchen while Mary was sitting at Jesus' feet, listening). I smiled, and showed him my notes which I had just written in the margin of page 1 (Mole and his spring housecleaning >>> "Hang spring-cleaning!". I had written "Martha and Mary?" We both laughed, and he asked me if I would be willing to open his meeting by reading the first page or so of WITW, and he built his message on that opening.
WITW is one of those works that has stories within stories, and what you get out of it changes as you change. I read it over every so often, and find that it applies to my life differently in some way nearly every time. In this regard, I consider it a part (small as it is) of the world of 'wisdom literature'. And the general wisdom tends to be - don't take things so seriously; be a good, dependable friend; you can count on your friends; and have a cup of tea once in awhile and relax.
Os.
56 Osbaldistone
Sep 26, 2013, 3:25pm
I highly recommend this work - it's a collection of poems related to WITW by Allen Johnson, Jr. , with illustrations for each by Roger Michell that suit the WITW settings quite well (including, 2wonderY, a great cutaway of Badger's entire mansion-cave home in the Wild Wood), accompanying a long poem called "Lost City".
>54 2wonderY:
I've never believed that there is any need for an abridged, or adaption of, WITW. The language is not that out of date. If, by abridged, one means not all chapters are present (as with some of the Inga Moore editions), that's fine. Most chapters stand alone quite well anyway. And, if you're concerned about keeping a child's attention, you can read the chapters that grab them. But abridging and adapting just seems like a way to make money of of WITW and get your name on the work.
Now, the stage plays are a different matter.
Os.
Sep 26, 2013, 3:42pm
Thanks, 2wonderY for creating this thread, and all the work you've put into displaying your collection.
I just dropped in yesterday, and now I'm dropping out for 4 days. I'll be without electronic communications until Monday!
I have one or two more illustrators to share, but it will have to till my return.
Os.
Sep 26, 2013, 3:50pm
>55 Osbaldistone: Lovely, thank you for sharing. TWitW is a wise work, indeed.
I didn't read it until I was in my 30s, either. I don't think the tone of the stories would have struck a chord with me at a different point in my life. (But, I don't have proof of that since I'd never even attempted it at a different reading phase).
E.g., I don't think I would have related to the elegiac tone of "Dulce Domum" when I was in my 20s, nor to the wistful longing of "Wayfarers All." Now that I've had a few years' more experiences, including leaving a city I loved, and deciding to stay put in another instead of traveling again, I feel those chapters keenly. Coincidentally, or perhaps not, the visceral response I had to TWitW occurred around the time I was re-developing my religious faith. It's a story of simpler times and a simpler faith in the goodness of the world, but it also retains a complexity of emotion that raises it from twee to artful, I think.
I also don't think I would have liked Toad when I was younger. But, after going off on my own madcap adventure at the age of 30, I got more out his character. And I recognize my own strong personality in his fierce loyalty. I think part of the charm of reading the book as an adult was that I didn't feel the need to box myself in as one of the characters, the way children who are learning to self-identify do. I already was old enough to know that I have a little bit each of Ratty and Toad in me, and a whole lot of Mole. And I was old enough to be okay with that.
To the general question, "Is this book for children?", I always find that a strange way to view things. Most kids' books are written by adults. Sure, picture books or early readers are for kids, but they have a charm for adults, too. (I can't tell you how much love I have for the Frances and Jenny Linsky books, and I didn't read those growing up.) We can find something to which we relate in a well-written book at any age/stage of life.
I suspect most adults who write novels for children, such as TWitW or Winnie the Pooh, really are writing out of nostalgia for their own childhood--so of course, we adults who have our own wisp of longing can relate, too.
It's the same nostalgia that drives me to mix a Suicide on Opening Day every spring and toast not only MLB, but that awkward kid I was--the one who couldn't hit or field or pitch but who loved the sport just as much as the jock who could. I just add rum to my drink now that I'm old enough.
A good story is a good story, no matter the age level at which it is aimed. I cringe, though, when I look at what is marketed to teens and young adult readers today. I know we had bad series fiction when I was a kid, and I survived reading it without my brain turning to mush, but . . . A Clockwork Princess as literary fiction? Really, amazon and Barnes and Noble?
Edited: Sep 26, 2013, 8:54pm
diana.n , like, LIKE your post!
I read The Wind in the Willows at a fairly young age, by snitching/borrowing my older sister's copy. I loved the stories on a primary level. Upon reading it again as an adult, the deeper meanings become evident, and I can enjoy it for the subtlties I missed as a child.
Thanks for the covers, everyone. I have just discovered that I don't own a bound copy with the Ernest H Shepard illustrations. I need to fix that, NOW... :)
Edited: Sep 27, 2013, 7:23pm
More notes about the characters as drawn by Michel Plessix .
Grahame clearly states in the first chapter that Ratty has "A brown little face, with whiskers. A grave round face, with the same twinkle in its eye that had first attracted his notice. Small neat ears and thick silky hair." Plessix' Rat is more mouse-like. He also never exhibits the warm and caring nature which is so singularly him.
Toad is okay, but his eye-ridges are used occasionally for expressions of sternness and wrath that I don't associate with Toad. Mole is more juvenile than I think appropriate. Badger lacks sufficient reserve and gravitas. Otter plays a much larger part in this version.
I have to say he does justice to the dining hall mess that the weasels and stoats have created. It looks like a Peter Spier mess.
I'm starting my examination of Robert Ingpen 's work now. I thought I would like it a lot more than I do, because his cover is very nice!
but his full page pictures are dark and fuzzy, with little detail. His inset pieces are much better.
Going back to character, one of the items that bothers me is that Ingpen's Badger wears an old red rugby shirt. He seems much more proper than that. And he dislikes crowds. I doubt he was ever a team sportsman.
Any other opinions on details like this?
64 jnwelch
Sep 27, 2013, 3:57pm
>51 2wonderY: What a good article, Ruth! Thanks for posting the link. The writer was clever to remember that Moly was the name of the magical herb Odysseus used to resist Circe.
I love the WITW excerpt at the end. Mmm, a plate of warm, buttered toast.
Has anyone posted the Inga Moore illustrations?
A theater company here in Chicago, called City Lit, successfully put on a musical Wind in the Willows . It was very good.
65 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 30, 2013, 4:24pm
Yes, I think we're unanimous in double thumbs up for Inga Moore. There's a link to some of her illustrations in post #6.
I shopped at Salvation Army today and found a Toad sweater! Seriously! It's deep olive green wool, and it has raised knobs like warts all along the shoulders and arms. It couldn't be more perfect for my mood.
I watched an animated cartoon version done in Australia by Burbank Films, released in 1988.
en español
much more fun!
The outside scenery was gorgeous at the beginning of the film. Unfortunately, that was the only positive. The rest was slap-dash pretty awful. Rat was very scruffy looking, and Toad's voice was just too annoying. Lot's of the dialog was changed. I fast forwarded through the second half.
To complete the careless handling, the publicity department misspelled Grahame's last name on the cover blurb.
66 diana.n
Sep 28, 2013, 3:50pm
>62 fuzzi: Thanks, fuzzi ! I think the Dover Thrift Editions version of TWitW has the Shepard illustrations, if you don't mind a cheap version. It looks like an anniversary edition is available, too.
I've read quite a few books, as an adult, that I missed as a child. Most just have struck me as good books and I enjoyed reading them. But a few have hit me as either, "I'm glad I read this for the first time now," or, "I really wish I had read this as a child."
The Narnia books are in the latter category. I just can't, as an adult, find the magic in them. I'm quite certain it would have been there when I was a kid. Maybe I'll try them again in a few years and at least find Half Magic in them!
But probably the book that struck me the most as "Wow! I wish I'd known about this sooner" is Elizabeth Marie Pope 's The Perilous Gard . I adored it when I read it as an adult. I can tell from the visceral reaction I had to it, even in my thirties, that I would have found much to which I could relate as a 10- or 13-year old. Who knows?: Maybe it even would have rescued me from my "Disney Sleeping Beauty" phase a year or two early. ;)
Edited: Sep 28, 2013, 3:56pm
I see that Dover's Calla Editions line is publishing TWitW this fall with Justin Todd's paintings:
I don't particularly like Todd's take. The characters' gestures seem very mechanically-rendered and static, so to speak. And the paintings seem obviously for a children's book, if that makes sense.
Still, if anyone does like his illustrations, the Calla Editions line of books always are very well done and the paper used is of high-quality (unlike their Thrift Editions).
I like Todd's cover art.
I watched the Masterpiece Theatre live version today. Wow! I'm a fan!!
Poop-poop!
Unfortunately, Badger is the smallest actor of the four, but his presence makes up for it. Casting was wonderful, the acting was superb. Photography was magical at times. And Ratty can carry off a casual gentleman's attire, no problem. He carries a slightly dilapidated straw hat that's perfect. It's not one of those straight edge boaters. It suits him just right.
I'm glad the makeup indicators were small. Mole's nose is slightly elongated and pointy, and he wears a fur-like jackets sometimes. Ratty has a moustache that tapers off into a few whiskers that are not over the top. Badger's got the grey and white hair and his own facial magic.
I could wish that the same crew would have done the entire story. The Mole-Rat friendship is not fully told, as the action revolves around Toad.
76 2wonderY
Oct 11, 2013, 1:43pm
I'm in Kentucky, on the ridgetop, and I have room to spread the books out and compare scenes from one to the next, but internet access is in town. So my notes have to travel in between.
This local library had one choice of illustrators - Peter Barrett - who's edition came out in 1987. It's a smallish book and has detailed half-page pencil sketches at the top of each chapter, and 8 color plates scattered in the book, not necessarily where the text might match.
My book also has a cover painting showing Mole and Rat first seeing each other across a very narrow stream.
This cover shows one of his color plates:
I like his characters. Ratty is wearing appropriately casual boating togs.
His nature details are beautifully rendered, and he does a great job capturing seasonal nuances. You feel as if you've experienced what he's portraying.
One of his best plates shows the mice packing up their summer belongings preparing to move to winter quarters. It's very engaging, and I haven't seen anyone else do it so nicely.
Edited: Oct 11, 2013, 6:09pm
I like that picture/cover as well.
Here's one I snagged off the web:
Edited: Oct 13, 2013, 4:05pm
Yeah, you can actually feel the temperature and the breeze.
I’ve got twelve of the illustrators in front of me, and I’ve looked at a few more (dismissively, if I recall correctly), so I’m attempting a spreadsheet documenting the standard scenes and what might stand out as especially good or particularly awful. For example, I’ve noted 3 versions of the map – Shepard, Hague and Foreman, so far. I’d swear though that I’ve seen another.
I’m reevaluating my feelings about Helen Ward . There is really only one picture that turns me off – it’s the load of police and pursuers in the second train chasing after Toad. It’s the one that is too stylized for my taste.
Her characters are all more than acceptable, and they dominate the frame. But she manages to get both Rat’s and Mole’s sitting rooms just right, with details that speak of their interests and character and station in life. She pays particular attention to the script and faithfully records the details. For instance, her picnic spread is the most lavish.
Though her illustrations are few, I’m starring half of them as getting it perfectly and nicely right.
79 2wonderY
Edited: Oct 22, 2013, 12:36pm
Found the fourth map. Robert Ingpen does an aerial view of the territory at the beginning of chapter 1 that covers most of the features in the maps. There are no labels, but his intention is clear. It’s a full two pages.
Ingpen really only does justice to Toad. He does an excellent Toad; very charmingly drawn in a dress. (Mole looks good in the dress and bonnet too.) But, oddly, you never see the range of emotions and expressions that other illustrators manage. In chapter 8, Toad is shackled in a corner of his cell, and merely looks perplexed. Remembering Bransom ‘s woebegone Toad, I have to subtract points here.
Ingpen suffers from continuity issues. Toad changes size in relation to the other characters. He is Badger-sized while Mole and Rat are removing his motoring togs, and crouches like a real toad, with Rat swarming on top.
link
Ratty’s clothing changes from one panel to the next. In Dulce Domum, he goes from rolled up shirt sleeves and white porkpie hat to no hat, to sweater and visored green hat, all on the same walk. Come to that, Ratty is the most changeable. The skinny long limbed hay-seed Rat predominates, but occasionally there is a more compact mouse-like Rat.
His Badger is well rendered bodily, but he does insist on that rugby shirt and a posture where Badger is resting most of his weight on his left leg, which conveys a more casual Badger than is appropriate. Badger is the de facto squire in this community. His bearing should be slightly more formal. I think Ingpen got Badger to his liking precisely once and just made slight variations from page to page. The end papers treat you to some of the artist’s concept pencil drawings, which reinforces that impression.
I do particularly like Badger’s kitchen, but I can’t decide whether I like Rat’s. Ratty’s kitchen has some nicely rendered tree roots along the ceiling, but the layout seems too stagey, and lacks adequate furniture. There is the occasional random drawing of props, done with great care (a pile of weapons, for example) and then human characters, like the boat woman, are just represented with a smudgy blur.
His exteriors are mostly dark and moody, without the botanical detail of other illustrators. Except for his cover illustration depicting willows, his trees are bare, his colors are autumn or very early spring before leaf out.
(my first notes about Ingpen are up in #63.)
With a name like Inkpen, being an illustrator must have been a given.
Also, no A Breeze in the Willows.
It's a sad day.
eta - Trying a different spelling for Mark Entwisle. This IS the correct spelling, but Entwisle created the poster and the program cover for Bennett's stage production, he did not illustrate any version of the book.
Oct 22, 2013, 7:07am
Drat! I meant to bring the Gauger Annotation with me today.
Diana, what appeals to you about Windham Payne's illustrations? He's way at the bottom of my list.
86 guido47
Oct 23, 2013, 4:26pm
Who ever said LT is a 'free site'? Just 'cos of this thread I have ordered A breeze in the willows
Umm. did I get carried away?
87 2wonderY
Oct 23, 2013, 5:09pm
I've saved a few scans of Michael Foreman 's efforts for comparison's sake, but I'm not at all attracted to his rapid cartoon-y style.
The only innovation Foreman adds is Mole sometimes wears a miner's helmet and light. First when he tumbles out into the sunshine in chapter 1 and then on the way to battle.
Foreman must have loved Inga Moore's out of the boat picture (see it up in comment #27), because his version is very nearly the same, without her detail.
No! I'm totally enjoying myself. I'm even starting a list of illustrators of the translations.
The internet will supply all of our visual desires if we're just patient enough.
(Looking at Eric Kincaid 's work at present. I'm surprised at how uneven his output quality is. Also was disappointed in another of Inga Moore 's titles.)
Edited: Nov 14, 2013, 9:33am
Still trying to decide how to rate Kincaid. (see comment #101 for further thoughts.)
In the meanwhile, I ordered a couple of slimmer versions. Troll Illustrated Classics put out a coloring book-sized retelling by Diane Ashachik and illustrated by Laura Lydecker
Firstly, Ashachik dumbs it down considerably, eliminating a lot of the magical phrasing, covering only 6 chapters, the skeleton of the story so to speak.
Lydecker has one or two joyful pages - Mole emerging into the spring, and her boats on the water are nicely done. But otherwise, her art is basic and copies what has already been done by better artists. Her interiors are spare and Ratty looks a lot like a fox.
This one gets kicked to the curb, but not harshly, because Lydecker does not offend.
92 2wonderY
Edited: Nov 14, 2013, 9:30am
I've been researching my next illustrator this morning and trying to pull her versions out of the combination morass on Grahame's page.
Beverley Gooding illustrated three chapters of the book for Methuen from 1979 to 1981 or so. Each was published hardback seperately, and then in softcover too. Information is scarce about her, so I can't find whether other chapters were planned but not executed.
It's a shame we only have the three.
I'm looking at Mole's Christmas
and it is so well done.
Her animals, though they are fully equipped with clothes and furnishings, are real sized compared to the rest of the world. So they are much smaller than the sheep, they stand on the windowsill in the village, and climb a tree stump in the woods, by using shelf fungi as steps.
The pictures are rich with botanic detail and Mole's forecourt (shown in cut-away view) is precisely cozy and classical, just as Grahame discribes it. I haven't seen anyone else get it quite right yet.
I'l try to post at least one more picture, her images are nearly impossible to find online. Her nighttime snow scenes are very lovely, with moonlight drenching everything and creating nice shadows.
Oh - and the text is the full chapter, not abridged - another star for that!
And i've ordered the other two from the library.
93 jnwelch
Oct 31, 2013, 12:55pm
Darn, the library says I'm maxed out on holds. That Beverley Gooding Mole's Christmas looks and sounds charming.
94 mysterymax
Edited: Nov 2, 2013, 12:37pm
I have a Kenneth Grahame copy too, but it isn't either of the pictures shown here. I also have this which I though you might enjoy. This is just one of my two Wind in the Willows board games.
My brain is quite on backwards today, I meant to say I have a John Worsley (illus.) copy of my book. Aargh!
95 fuzzi
Nov 2, 2013, 11:03am
Ruth, what a delightful version you posted in post 92. Oh, if I only had a grandchild to give it to...
Edited: Nov 5, 2013, 12:03pm
Researching Methuen & Co., or Methuen Publishing,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuen_Publishing
Kenneth Grahame was in their "stable" along with A. A. Milne , and many other well-knowns.
They've issued and re-issued the book in may ways over the years, relying on Ernest Shepard 's illustrations a lot, but also publishing the Paul Henning and Beverley Gooding chapters. Henning (of the puppets) did Dulce Domum, under the title Sweet Home.
They also published First Whisper of The Wind in the Willows
edited by Elspeth Grahame, in 1944.
98 2wonderY
Nov 4, 2013, 1:02pm
As I said, Justin Todd 's version isn't in my library system, but Amazon lets you peek into his version:
http://www.amazon.com/The-Wind-Willows-Calla-Editions/dp/1606600443/ref=sr_1_1?i...
I do like his cover (the picnic spread is generous and the water is lovely) and the endpapers are interersting, with the willow branches forming a covered tunnel.
But he loses me at the frontispiece. Although his tree technique is interesting, his "place" looks more like a southern bayou than the English countryside.
And not enough interesting going on.
Nov 4, 2013, 7:17pm
Ruth, that's a wonderful lament, thank you!
I have similar feelings over modern versions of the Bible...passages removed and changed to "make it easier to read"...and I ask, "why?"
I'm sharing the lament. :)
100 2wonderY
Nov 5, 2013, 12:32pm
The Open Road : from The Wind in the Willows and Wayfarers All , Beverley Gooding versions, arrived at my home last night.
The item that glares out at my eyes is the white and blue striped rugby shirt that Ratty is always wearing. That's what he's got on under his coat in Mole's Christmas , and that seems to be Gooding's uniform for him. Though Mole wears tops, pants and shoes, and the Sea Rat wears sweater & pants, Rat and Toad get by with just upper body coverings.
The animals dimensions stretch a bit in The Open Road, child-sized compared to the horse and caravan, as opposed to closer to true size in Mole's Christmas.
Again, botanic detail is lovely. but Gooding seems to pass up opportunities. The auto/caravan encounter is missing, though there is a full page picture righting the caravan. And the inside of Toad's boathouse is nice.
I'm not particularly impressed with Toad. He's nicely patterned, but lacks ebulliance and color.
Gooding also passes on field mice activities in Wayfarers All. Most of the illustrations cover the Sea Rat's stories. They're fine, but not emotionally engaging. The other half of the pictures are Ratty pensively wandering his small world, and those are the best of the book.
So, slightly disappointed. Mole's Christmas is her best of the three, by far. It is precise, engaging and completely charming.
101 2wonderY
Edited: Nov 6, 2013, 1:52pm
In spite of my text editing gripe, I've decided that I like Eric Kincaid 's illustrations. For the most part.
His cover:
is indicative of his strengths and weaknesses.
His Badger is possibly the best so far. (just behind Cosgrove Hall.) Mole is fine, but Ratty's face varies - sometimes looking like a lion cub, sometimes a fox, and then other times like a water rat. (Seems a common issue.) Toad looks sickish ocassionally, but is usually okay.
He manages to convey emotional warmth among the friends. Although some scenes lack that special oomph, there are other that are worth gazing at and some that make me smile. His winter woods scenes are his best. He takes the time to illustrate "snow-castles and snow-caverns had sprung up out of nowhere in the night," something missed by everyone else. The hedgehogs are adorable little guys and the lead-up to and the battle at Toad Hall are very nice and a bit unique. Badger is wearing an old campaign hat like Teddy Roosevelt's. And it suits him.
Here are a few pictures from Kincaid's web page:
102 2wonderY
Edited: Nov 7, 2013, 4:33pm
I've been avoiding rating Arthur Rackham , as I was afraid they might be inferior to my expectations. Rackham is one of the greats of illustration, and I stand in awe of some of his work. The plates in my copy don't do justice. They seem washed out somewhat. Ah, well. For $3, what can one expect?
Here's his KGS page.
Chapter headings get pen & ink sketches which don't add much, but the color pictures are wonderful! There are twelve of them, which should give us one for each chapter, but that's not how it works out.
The River Bank gets three. The Open Road is possibly my favorite, as it shows Mole companionably chatting with the old grey horse, because" he'd complained that he'd been frightfully left out of it." The horse has its head cocked attentively toward Mole. No one else has managed to capture this nicety so well.
Badger and Toad appear only twice, but very satisfyingly. Badger is hosting the coldhungrytired duo of unexpected guests. They are all clad in Badger-sized robes and slippers.
Toad is being dressed by the gaoler's daughter surrounded by the dark stone of his cell. The last two chapters don't get any color pages, which makes me very sad. The last picture is Toad’s brief encounter with the gypsy. I’m not sure why everyone includes a picture of this. Funny thing – the gypsy is nearly identical across all illustrators.
I have only two complaints. Ratty is too dapper in a white linen suit and two toned shoes. (But you’ve heard that one already before.) And Mole is drawn just a bit too dark and rough. He looks more fierce than a cute little mole actually does.
Rackham’s trees are iconic. They have faces and personalities. In Wayfarers All, three of them are having a conversation just beyond the busy mice. That’s another favorite of mine. Rackham does justice to all of the hurly-burly busy-ness of the mice.
Hmmm. Looking at his prints on Pinterest , they all seem to have the same color reproduction issues.
Googling images shows at least two color plates that my 1940 edition lacks. I don't have Pan, and there appears to be another of Toad languishing in his cell wearing stripes.
I'm going home and immerse myself in the Rackhams that I do have.
104 jnwelch
Edited: Nov 8, 2013, 11:37am
Individually, some of the Rackham ones are great, as shown on that link page you posted, but there's something about them collectively that doesn't enchant me. They're almost "muddy" in my eyes, and there's too much sameness in the colors.
I was trying to think of an illustrator who hasn't done The Wind in the Willows yet, but I'd love to see him/her try. One who comes to mind is Jon Muth , who did the Zen Shorts book and others with that wonderful panda.
105 2wonderY
Nov 8, 2013, 12:04pm
Yes, ocassionally, his colors are very rich though. I'm wondering if the technology of his materials or the reproduction of them was a problem.
106 Keeline
Edited: Nov 14, 2013, 12:29pm
For a dozen years from 1988 to 2000 I managed a bookstore that specialized in old children's books. The name of it was The Prince and the Pauper Collectible Children's Books in San Diego, California, USA. We had 30,000-60,000 out of print and collectible editions of books that we though adults would remember or otherwise collect. In serving our clients' interests, I found myself doing a lot of research. It was not unusual to have a single-title collector come in or contact us to seek out as many variations as possible of illustrated editions for an individual story.
One of the ways I assisted with this was to use reference volumes like United States Catalog and, for 1928 and later, Cumulative Book Index from H.W. Wilson. These very large and heavy reference volumes listed books that were first published in a given edition within the year or couple of years covered by that volume. They also featured entries by author, title, and subject in a single alphabetic sequence. Hence, one could use them not only to find editions of titles like Wind in the Willows but also subjects like Horses -- Fiction and Stories. By going through the volumes from earliest (1899) to most recent one could make up useful bibliographies for titles, authors, and subjects. It was also possible to note the original selling price for books, a clue to first printing identification of the jacket is still present. Initially I used the volumes at San Diego State University but later we had our own set which cost a fortune to have shipped to us and we had to build some very heavy duty shelving for them in my office. I couldn't have such a set at home but I miss not having access to them. A few volumes of this are scanned on Archive.org but the files are so big as to make them hard to use with efficiency.
Another thing I did at the bookstore was to begin a collection of books that inspired Disney films and TV programs. I assembled quite a selection and this included, of course, some copies of Wind in the Willows for their film The Adventures of Ichabod and Toad combining Ichabod Crane in one story and Mr. Toad in another. This also led to the popular ride at Disneyland (still there) and Walt Disney World (now gone) called Mr. Toad's Wild Ride.
Here are a few editions still in my collection. The first American printing (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908) has only a frontispiece illustration signed "G. R." that looks like a bookplate:
This is a 1925 reprint (date on title page) with illustrations by Nancy Barnhart. There is a secondary copyright date of 1913 (as well as the 1908 date) so I think the illustrations may come from that year:
My Ernest Shepard copy of 1933 appears to be a first U.S. printing with corresponding dates (same date on title page and copyright) and the original dust jacket with a "$1.00" price on the flap. Shepard was already known for his illustrations for Milne's stories and poems about Christopher Robin and Winnie the Pooh.
When I was researching the book to Disney film connections, I learned that they secured film rights for not only the novel (or short story collection) of Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame but also the published play called Toad of Toad Hall by A.A. Milne. This is a first U.S. printing from 1929 in a price-clipped dust jacket:
This is the Big Golden Book version based on the film. It doesn't survive well and my copy has the spine damaged as is typical. Someday perhaps I can find a really nice copy.
Since this is a long thread, I have used the small versions of the cover images. Larger ones are available if you click on the links and go to the book page and view the image modal via the magnifying glass icon on the lower right of the image on the book detail page.
James
Nov 14, 2013, 1:00pm
Very interesting, James. I'll be watching for the 'fix' of that cover that is not showing up. :(
Is this the frontispiece of your 1908 edition?
GR would be Graham Robertson.
109 2wonderY
Edited: Nov 19, 2013, 4:29pm
The only sources for Wyndham Payne 's pictures are in the Gauger annotated edition and random webpages like the one at KGS .
I dislike these pictures as much as I do Robert Lee's. Payne puts animal heads on human bodies and dresses them in strange outfits that have very little to do with character or story. (Mole wears plaid knickers and hose, sometimes with a cut-away coat. He puts them all in tuxedos in the final chapter, and Ratty wears a monacle and smokes a cigar!) (And Badger looks more like a bear or a dog.) Expressions are harsh and sharp. His best picture is the Mice packing in Wayfarers All, and even there, they all look like they want to snap at each other.
And yellow (orange in some versions) with the black illustration is perhaps the least attractive color for this story. Well, red might be worse.
Nov 19, 2013, 4:28pm
I've got a pile of single chapter publications I'm trying to organize into a semblance of order.
I followed a link from the Kenneth Grahame Society to http://childscapes.com/
Fuzzi, they have an article page on My Bookhouse sets.
Edited: Nov 19, 2013, 11:36pm
Ooh, thanks!
They messed up, though, I think. They claim the red series has 12 books, and it doesn't. It has 7, I just counted my set.
I'd love some of those prints, though...
113 2wonderY
Edited: Nov 21, 2013, 3:05pm
I really do need to return Gauger's Annotated to the library. I've got a ton of other materials on the way. As I've spent time in it, I've come to like Shepard's work more and more. The last illustrator to consider in this edition is Nancy Barnhart .
I really like her Badger, and Toad is mostly spot-on. But she does Mole a disservice, making his head round, with small close-set eyes, an abreviated snout and a rather ugly mouth. In some pictures, Ratty looks like his twin.
But then, she does a very lovely profile of the Sea Rat lounging on board a ship with sea and cliffs in the distance.
Her interiors are dim and simple. She has enough detail to be pleasing, and her colours are rich, saturated in an antique way.
There are just a couple of examples of her chapter tailpieces, but they appear as charming as Rackham's.
Here's her page at KGS.
114 2wonderY
Nov 21, 2013, 3:12pm
I've been carrying Patrick Benson around for a while too, but I decided I need to look at his illustrations for William Horwood too. (sequels) He's done a map as endpapers too.
I'm hoping to find some colorized illustrations. His pen & inks are greatly improved with color, if the cover is an indicator.
Edited: Dec 3, 2013, 12:17pm
Hi, I'm back.
Pixie O’Harris confuses me. She seems to have a narrow range of excellence. If you search the name on Pinterest you get multiple images from Pearl Pinkie and Sea Greenie and one really gorgeous black & white mermaid. There are a few other titles represented. One reminds me of Kate Greenaway’s work. Another is a very awkward Alice’s Adventures . There is only one WITW illustration – the picnic scene.
Like Wyndham Payne , her clothed animal bodies sometimes stretch to human, lanky dimensions and are no longer appealing. They become anyoldbody wearing a cartoon animal head. But then, on the next page, Ratty will be stretched out in the grass bare-pawed or there will be several adorable sketches of Portly.
She chooses some different costumes. Toad is arrayed in duster, long gloves and goggles, which makes sense, but then he wears a very conservative suit in other scenes. Badger is usually wearing lederhosen (Why?), and in chapter 11, O’Harris goes too far - his disarray is a raggedy pair of overalls without a shirt. Slovenly! Ratty’s loud striped jacket would be better on Toad, but Moley is disserved most, having to wear what looks like casual court dress – white stockings, tight black breeches and a low black pump shoe.
While she uses lots of botanic specimens, they don’t blend well with the landscape. And her interiors are sketchy, almost amateur. She definitely has good days/bad days.
I almost wish she’d skipped re-interpreting Carroll and Grahame.
I rated Payne a -1 for getting everything wrong, Robert Lee a -0- for being careless and slipshod. O’Harris gets a 2. No, make that a 3.
Oh, and here's her page at KGS.
Dec 3, 2013, 8:00am
PS: I've ordered A Breeze in the Willows and am eagerly looking for it in the mail.
>104 jnwelch:
An illustrator who hasn't yet, but would be great ...
I just realized today that would be Jane Pinkney . I was giving Margaret Greaves credit, but she's a writer, not the illustrator.
120 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 4, 2013, 11:03am
Received Beyond the Wild Wood from the library. which is a 1982 abridged version of Peter Green 's biography of Kenneth Grahame published in 1959.
Lovely photos!! Both portraits and landscapes.
Recommend!
121 maggie1944
Dec 4, 2013, 10:59am
Ruth, I thought I'd drop in to let you know I'm lurking about in this thread. I wish I had time to spend some real quality moments looking at all the links, but you know…. Hawaii calls. I am spending today taking photographs, and will not have much on line time; nevertheless, I love this thread and your discussions.
Also, am curious how your place in the hills is coming along. I've lost track of your thread about it and wonder if you could post a link here?
I hope your Thanksgiving was wonderful and that the run up to the holidays is filled with much joy!
Dec 4, 2013, 11:09am
JEALOUS!! of Hawaii trip!
The cold season has put a big slow-down to my ridgetop adventures, but the thread is in Gardens & Books.
Holidays are looking good. Some family issues seem to be resolving. You go and have a GREAT trip and tell us all about it when you return.
Dec 5, 2013, 1:01pm
Working on Dick Cuffari 's contributions today.
His Kenneth Grahame Society page shows three of the five color illustrations in my copy of the book. The rest of the illustrations are simple, but nice, line drawings.
His badger is pretty wonderful, on the cover picture:
I might sound quibbly if I say the spats look awkward.
There are no surprises. His characterizations all fall in with my expectations. Nothing clashes and it's a totally acceptable rendition.
125 2wonderY
Dec 6, 2013, 9:35am
Yes, I think he took his lead directly from what had already been done. Nothing wrong with that. Others have done it with more style - staying within the old groove but playing improv along side.
I tried to read A Fresh Wind in the Willows by Dixon Scott . Didn't particularly like it. It was faithful to characters, but it lacked the great phrasing of the original and seemed just more re-hashing of Toad's childishness (up until the last chapter when Toad shines.)
Ended just skimming. Starting The Willows at Christmas and have better hopes for it.
matthewmason
Edited: Jan 9, 2014, 9:21pm
So it appear there might be a steampunk illustrated version of the book, titled Steam in the Willows . Do with that what you will.
Dec 6, 2013, 4:20pm
Jerry,
Most of the covers are already available from the Work page. It just takes time and patience to locate the right one. I do scan and add covers as needed.
I try to locate the inside artwork online somewhere because I haven't found a photo storage site I like since my old one went out of business.
I am accumulating my own collection of scans so that I can look at them side by side according to the particular scene.
Thanks for the heads up on Krista Brennan's work, Matthew! It looks interesting.
129 maggie1944
Dec 6, 2013, 4:47pm
2wonderY…. which photo storage site did you use previously? I used Flickr with a good deal of comfort and happiness and then they went and changed it. I need to get outta there. And I'm stuck right now having forgotten how to post things here.
Do you have a link to some directions on how to post my own photographs, and things I might find online that I'd like to bring here? I need to print them and hang them on my bathroom mirror so I won't forget how to do it again. Sgh. I just love the "short term memory loss" which seems to have settled into my brain, to stay.
130 .Monkey.
Dec 6, 2013, 5:57pm
If anyone is interested in a really great, but paid, photo storage option, I'd be glad to give a link (which would also provide a discount); I've been using the same place for over 8yrs now, no complaints!
>129 maggie1944: <img src="URL OF IMAGE" />
(And you get the URL by right-clicking and "get image source" or however your browser phrases it.)
Edited: Dec 6, 2013, 7:52pm
Karen, I use shutterfly.com for photo storage.
I suffer from CRS ("Can't Remember Stuff"), so I have "favorited" the first post in this thread:
I also have "favorited" other posts in that thread that have information like how to link to an individual post.
For those who want to know:
1. To "favorite" a post, click on the link "More" at the bottom of the post. Choose "Add to favorites". It will now show up highlighted yellow.
2. To access your favorite posts, click on the "Talk" tab at the top of the page. On the left side are a bunch of links. Choose the "Favorite messages" link, and voila! There will be all the messages you've added to "favorites".
Dec 6, 2013, 10:34pm
>129 maggie1944: Do you have a link to some directions on how to post my own photographs
Go to your profile page, and click on "Your member gallery" on the right sidebar. Then, in the list on the left, you will find a link called "Add another picture". The rest should be self explanatory, but you should make it a point to decide if you want the image in your member gallery or a junk drawer. I use the junk drawer for images that are not particularly interesting except for a specific post, and my memeber gallary for images that might be of interest to the casual visitor (though sometimes I forget to select one, and I end up with junk the my member gallery).
I don't know when I'll get a "gallery full" message.
To get the link to an image for inserting into a post, go to the correct gallery, click on the desired image, and then (in Chrome, at least) you can right click on the image and copy the URL to your clipboard so it can be pasted into your post...like this:
<img src="http://pics.cdn.librarything.com/picsizes/56/a2/56a24cdd06af5f8636a44764167434b41716b42.jpg" width=400>
Merry Christmas
137 2wonderY
Dec 11, 2013, 12:06pm
Got my copy of The Breeze in the Willows and am finding it delightful. Biggest disappointment is the smallish size. Did I get a gift sized version? It's about 7.5" square. Some of those drawings would be better appreciated with younger eyes than mine! Will try my magnifying light.
That type of poetry is the sort that I imagine Ratty is always thinking up.
One of the re-tellings has Ratty regularly asking Mole for words that rhyme with something or other. Though Grahame never mentions that, I'd bet it would be one of the things that would happen all the time in their friendship. I'll look up which version and post it tomorrow.
The Wind in the Willows : A Fine Welcome
which doesn't touchstone, because it is blended into the main title (GRRR - a task for tomorrow) is a very simplified version by Susan Hill and illustrated (surprisingly) by Michael Hague .
I guess he had more thoughts on the matter. His illustrations here are simplified to accord with the simplification of the story, but are still charming.
Since Hill adds the rhyming give and take and a few other new details, this is more a riff on the original rather than just an abridgement.
I like it.
eta: Two drawings in particular charm me - the first and the last. Moley's living quarters conform to a real mole's home in some respects - there are multiple levels and mushrooms growing on the slope up to the door, which is reached with a short ladder at the top. I've seen a couple other takes on that ( Roger Michell has a short tunnel up - AND a skylight cupola!!!). Hague's last picture is the friends in silhouette against a series of green hills going off into the distance.
139 2wonderY
Dec 12, 2013, 11:04am
Did someone else seperate Susan Hill's book out of WITW last night? Ya shoulda told me before I plowed through the whole editions list, but Thank You!
Looking for something else, I stumbled upon this scholarly article by Seth Lerer .
Lerer did 'the other' annotated WITW, which I haven't laid hands on yet.
Title of the article is
Style and the Mole: Domestic Aesthetics in "The Wind in the Willows"
You can read the entire article on-line after a simple registration as an independant researcher.
He quotes Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch 's opinion on the changes in prose after 1914. (There seem to be a lot of cut-offs in the world marked by WW1.)
Fuzzi, he goes into a detailed discussion of Dulce Domum right away.
Enjoy.
141 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 13, 2013, 2:46pm
I ran across a name not on my longish list, and, sadly, not available from my library system.
Anna Leplar did an unabridged version in 2004:
thanks fuzzi!
Leplar appears to specialize in illustrating bible stories, but she's also done several fairy tales and classics.
I like her water!
142 JerryMmm
Edited: Dec 12, 2013, 3:37pm
I checked, and there is no Dutch translation of her WitW version as far as I can find, only the bible stories.
Unabridged text I see via bookfinder.
Dec 13, 2013, 9:50am
I'm in LOOOVE!
I've been ordering single chapter books, and got around to really looking at The River Bank : from The wind in the willows , illustrated by Adrienne Adams .
I'm sure I've seen her work before, as she was very prolific, illustrating her own books and for authors like Rumer Godden . But the beauty of her work really hits you when you google-search images. Creative and poetic! And then you look at her author picture and just completly melt.
Her images are not all perfection. Her interior pictures have an unsatisfying sketchiness - not enough detail. But her plant and animal life depictions are so rich!
She may have been the original depicter of the boat upset from an underwater perspective. And then we're treated to Moley hanging his wet clothes on a tree afterward. We also see Moley wandering in the spring meadow with plantlife towering above him. My only edit would be to broaden his expression of happiness and surprise. Her characterizations, while not wildly wonderful, are still spot-on.
Very too bad she didn't illustrate any more of the chapters! I may try to own this one, and I'll be checking out more of her work.
148 2wonderY
Edited: Mar 20, 2014, 11:31am
Since I’m stuck at home this weekend with a disabled car, I’m hoping to plow through a pile of library books and maybe address the growing pile of WITW titles.
I’m ready to dismiss Mary Alice Baer who illustrated the first and second chapter heavily edited and shortened by Janet Palazzo-Craig , The Adventures of Mole, Rat, and Toad , from 1982.
The best I can say is that they are energetic.
You know, there are ways to stand out from the crowd beyond dressing these characters oddly. Ratty is not too bad, though he’s burdened with saddle shoes. But Moley has to wear a floppy duster coat and an oversized slouch-hat with a wide floppy brim. Toad is supposedly trying to dress as a gypsy. He’s togged out in a loud shirt and vest, trousers tucked into knee high laced boots and sporting a red bandana on his head.
She does give Moley an appropriately blissful expression on his first outside excursion. Tipping the boat and the dunking in the river are well enough done. The old grey horse, in accord with the extra energy, looks more like a race horse.
Palazzo-Craig has left very little of Grahame’s prose.
see also thread #221 for another chapter reviewed.
149 2wonderY
Dec 14, 2013, 1:15pm
Lulu Delacre illustrated the full text chapter 2, The Open Road in 1985. According to her wiki page, she never did other chapters.
There are two very nice pictures – Ratty tickling the a-dabbling ducks under the water. The water and fleeing minnows are lovely. There is also a moody night boat scene I like.
The animals though are shaped wide and squat but with very long splayed feet. Moley is no more than a wide teardrop shape with pink tipped nose always pointing to the sky. Ratty pouts and frowns through the whole chapter and I’d call him Mouse if I didn’t know better. A very cute and cuddly mouse.
150 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 14, 2013, 1:24pm
At the used book sale last month, I picked up John Patience ’s board book version of The Open Road.
Can't locate an image just now. May try later.
I like this one less than his The River Bank (see entry 41 above.) I think perhaps because I enjoy this part of the story less. Toad mostly makes me impatient. Patience’s drawings are uniformly adequate, there’s just no particular sparkle to them. Ratty still looks more like a lion cub, Moley is pleasantly done.
151 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 14, 2013, 1:28pm
There is very little to be said about Ann Iosa ’s contributions. She has done a basic cartoon version to accompany an easy reader adaptation by Laura Driscoll .
They are workman-like acceptable, but don’t stand out in any way. Home Sweet Home is probably the best of the set, depicting a cheerful lot of mice children around the table.
152 2wonderY
Edited: Sep 9, 2014, 9:21am
I’ve mentioned John Worsley up at the top. He painted 550 illustrations for a television series of WITW in the 60s. At some point, six of the chapters have been paired with his art for publication.
I’m looking at Home Sweet Home and The Further Adventures of Toad . Perhaps it’s the small size of the reproductions, but Toad’s story has no appeal. Home Sweet Home survives the reduction in scale. It is, after all, a cozy story. Moley with his nose up, trying to pick up that tantalizing scent, against a snowy purple sky. Ratty covered in cobwebs but grinning, with bottles of beer under his arms. The diminuitive carolers crowded onto the settee, answering Moley’s eager questions.
edited to replace a gone ebay image with another of the Worsley set.
153 JerryMmm
Dec 14, 2013, 8:13pm
#145 is Dutch, not German. It's available on the national library system here, but not the local one, so it would cost me reservation costs.
When you've exhausted your local resource, lemme know, and I'll see if I can get it.
158 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 18, 2013, 3:40pm
In passing, I'll point out a Scottish illustrator who will be under-appreciated, because she did the art for some board books.
159 BonnieJune54
Dec 16, 2013, 9:21pm
I quite like those. Moley has a nice mix of wonder and trepidation. Their personalities and relationships show nicely. I just read The Wind in the Willows for what I think was the first time and thoroughly loved it.
160 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 17, 2013, 10:54am
Yes, I like her a lot too. She seems to have done the whole book back in the 70s or early 80s and they've been re-cycled in British editions of re-tellings over the years. Her images are scarce on-line, but I added a couple of reference pages to her author page. One entry says WITW was her favorite assignment of all time, and it shows.
ps: I didn't mean to make that third picture so big.
161 JerryMmm
Dec 17, 2013, 12:08pm
you can go back and edit it, put in height="500" inside the img tag, after the url bit. (put a space between url and height).
For you Willows fanatics, I discovered The Gospel in the Willows
Synopsis
This beautiful book, which may be used as a daily devotional through Lent or any other period of the year, reopens Kenneth Grahame's classic children's novel The Wind in the Willows for a new audience. Combining a daily reading from the literary classic with a gospel passage, a short meditation by Leslie Francis and a prayer, The Gospel in the Willows takes us on a journey through the Christian life, exploring themes such asThe Call, Shaking the Dust, Finding Acceptance, Divided Loyalties, Real Repentance, Facing Temptation, The Lost Son and Accepting Release.The much-loved characters of Mole, Rat and Toad become the perfect allegory for the grand adventure of faith, from our terrifying first steps into and beyond the riverbank, to the challenges, temptations and triumphs that await us as we journey into the world, with Jesus by our side.
Edited: Dec 20, 2013, 6:41am
The Kenneth Grahame Society is more active on their FaceBook page nowadays:
https://en-gb.facebook.com/pages/Kenneth-Grahame-Society/320770334685402
They've also been busy publishing a couple of related books
The Wind in the Willows Short Stories , being the best 12 stories entered in a competition sponsored by the Society a few years back.
and A Bibliography of the Works of Kenneth Grahame available through Amazon and Lulu. The book contains around 150 colour illustrations of book covers from many of the editions and miscellaneous items of related material.
Both Wishlisted.
>156 2wonderY: (re: Three Men in a Boat )
Yes, I read it about three years back. Quite nice, and probably a good match for WITW fans - lazy days, messing about in boats, a bit more incompetence on the part of all parties. Kind of a mix of rat and mole with Bertie Wooster. I think you can see my review here .
Os.
168 2wonderY
Dec 24, 2013, 7:23am
There. Just cleaned up Jerome K. Jerome 's page. Entirely a walk in the park compared to Kenneth Grahame .
169 fuzzi
Edited: Dec 24, 2013, 8:50am
Thank you Ruth. I might tackle Kenneth Grahame . I've been working on Lee Strobel 's works page, and that was a mess!
Edited: Dec 24, 2013, 9:14am
Fuzzi,
I'm working on it a little bit at a time, as I collect the various adaptations from the library. Unless you have the books in front of you, it's best not to mess with it. For instance, I'm looking at Jane Carruth 's abridgements now. She's got six titles, and some of them are the same as chapter titles in the original, but they don't necessarily correspond one to one. Her The River Bank actually covers chapters 1 and 2. I'm seperating accordingly and adding disambiguation notes as I go.
The re-tellings (same story, no original language remaining) I'm shifting main author to the re-teller, with Grahame given credit for "original story," and filling in work-to-work relationships.
There are so many short titles lacking isbns and other data, that it'll never be perfect.
Dec 24, 2013, 9:30am
It never will be perfect, we just try to get it as close as we can.
Since you've got the books, I will leave this cleaning up to your most capable self. :)
172 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 31, 2013, 2:58pm
I finally have all of The Wind in the Willows Library in front of me, adapted by Jane Carruth , with illustrations by Rene Cloke . Cloke seems to have excelled in fairy-tale illustrations, and is easily found on Pinterest in that capacity. Her images here have their charms, obvious just from the covers. The best renditions are of Otter, who wears no clothing, but is sleekly and faithfully drawn, down to the webbed feet. Badger sports a wildly paisley-pattern robe when at home, and his larder is mouth-wateringly depicted. The other animals are cute and cuddly, though Rat looks more like a squirrel than a rat. There are some nice details, like the picnic basket resting on a ledge under water. Her trees are always interested in the action, and there is a satisfying amount of botanic detail represented. Otherwise, the landscapes and interiors are bland. Though two-toned shoes (red & white! for Ratty) are evident, Cloke also allows them to wear boots and Moley has a pair of wooden clogs.
These are nice. I don't know why the books are numbered contrary to the original storyline.
That is the best Wild Toad in the Drivers Seat I've seen!! Laughed out loud.
Thank you so much for sharing that.
181 2wonderY
Edited: Jan 7, 2014, 4:13pm
It occurs to me that it's just as valid to review the illustrator of a sequel, so here I'll talk about Clint Young , who does the illustrations in Return to the Willows by Jacqueline Kelly .
Of course, some of the iconic scenes are absent from this body, but there is still a rowboat long shot and a battle scene, as, of course, the weasels and stoats continue to make trouble.
Young's technique is unusual, as his characters seem to have 3 dimensions, and fur actually appears soft. I researched how it's done, and found it interesting. This page is an interview showing many of the pages in the book, with sketches to finished page. Young is primarily a special effects (FX) artist for the film industry.
That explains why his woods scenes are so nice and mythic.
His character portraits are extremely well done. My favorite is of Humphrey, Toad's nephew, who arrives in a school uniform and wears Harry Potter glasses which magnify his already bulging eyes. I second that with a sweet and soft profile of Moley. I've not seen him drawn more sympathetically. Badger's is especially nice too.
Each chapter heading has a small art piece. Here's one I particularly like -
Though an audio book would dispense with the art, I'm hoping one is made, as Kelly has done such a fine job with narrator's voice. This is a worthy heir and sequel to the classic.
Edited: Jan 7, 2014, 12:56pm
Wow! Love his work.
I have to admit, I prefer the sketches to the pictures with color. Why? Because you lose some detail when you add the color:
184 2wonderY
Edited: Jan 8, 2014, 8:52pm
I'm looking at a few abridgements now. Don Daily 's books seem to cluster in abridgements of the classics published by Courage Books. This one
is heavily, but respectfully, abridged, re-told by G. C. Barrett . There are 9 short chapters, and the story moves along well.
Daily's pictures are enthusiastic, with lots of fun exaggeration and clever details. Toad wears a rosebud of lipstick and his dress has more flounces than you can count. The sun beams with barely contained good wishes. Tree roots and limbs are sturdy and aggressive.
Minor complaint - Badger appear too young and lacks the gravitas and authority which is his.
Moderate complaint - The boys are always arrayed as Edwardian dandies. Mole has been assigned a bowler hat.
Main complaint - This is as ugly a Mole as I've seen. You know, moles are pretty animals, what is so hard?! Daily's Mole looks like a dark snowman with a broken carrot nose. It's hard to ignore, and it spoils the rest of it for me.
Edited: Jan 10, 2014, 7:06pm
Despite the handsome binding of the Dalmation Press Classics for Children series,
the contents are pretty cheesy. These are corporate rip-offs of famous names. The abridgement is by Clay Stafford and the inside B&W line drawings are by Nick Price . Don't use the cover image to judge, as that is by two other artists altogether - Laura Fernandez and Rick Jacobson.
All twelve chapters are present, but there is little space allowed for a leisurely enjoyment of Grahame's riches.
It's difficult to decide thumbs up or thumbs down, because some scenes are really nicely done - the mice carolers around the supper table, Toad at the barge-woman's washtub. The sketches have vigor.
But
Otter is huge with a chunky snout. No sleekness.
Pan looks jarringly like a pixie-ish 1960's hippy elf.
And poor Moley!! Remember Lulu Delacre's raindrop shape? Repeated here, but more grotesque. Mole has no indication of fur and his exaggerated misshapen snout makes him look like a slug or a worm or some sea creature.
I'll try to scan an example next week.
Hmmm. Nick Price illustrations on Pinterest are much nicer than these. Dalmation Press seems to have ill-used his talents. Makes my judgement against the publisher even more severe.
Edited: Jan 10, 2014, 6:52pm
The third abridgement this week is a much happier specimen.
Stella Maidment 's and illustrator Graham Philpot 's efforts are well done!!
There are 6 chapters and an 8 page illustrated introduction to the characters, and they manage to capture the generous spirit of the original.
Full spread color cartoons alternate with smaller black & white silhouettes, rather reminiscent of Arthur Rackham, but with a modern dash of Jan Pieńkowski .
While Mole at first has a blackened snout like a dogs, Philpot eventually corrects that error. One of the nicest features is that the animals limbs are anatomically correct. You will note that Don Daily allowed for this also to a degree, but here it is lovingly done. Mole has paddle-like hands with heavy digger nails. Rat has delicate rodent paws.
Ratty is allowed to wear yachting sweaters, boat shoes and a commodore's hat. He has a pea coat and yellow galoshes for winter wear, and goes about Moley's kitchen in sock feet. Their wet clothes hang on a proper wooden drying rack near the fire.
Inside the snugly attactive gypsy caravan, there is a thunder mug in the corner. Mole and Rat have left their clothes tidily near their respective bunks, while Toad's apparal is left in a messy heap where he undressed. And you can almost hear the hiss of the gas lamp hung from a ceiling hook.
Prepared to dislike it on principle, I'm an enthusiastic fan.
Edited: Jan 10, 2014, 10:22pm
Pan looks like a refugee from the Fabulous Freak Bros...
And I LOVE LOVE LOVE (191)!
194 skullduggery
Jan 13, 2014, 8:37pm
What a delightful thread! Thank you so much 2WonderY for sharing your thoughts and the sample illustrations. I have only just joined this group and now will have to scurry around to find out if there are similar posts on other books that I love!
I have an embarrassingly large number of WITW editions, but I do hope you are able to track down a copy of the Folio Society edition with the Charles Van Sandwyk illustrations. Of all the copies I've read, the CVS one is my favourite (and I do have the Shepard, Moore, Hague, Ingpen and Foreman versions to compare). If you are interested in more information about this edition, I can recommend a couple of great articles, both of which have some of his illustrations as well:
- The Alcuin Society did an interview with CVS about his thoughts in preparing for and illustrating the book: http://www.alcuinsociety.com/amphora/143/Sandwyk.html
- And The Book Blog have done a nice review of the book itself: http://thebookblog.com/review/the-wind-in-the-willows
If you are looking for it second hand, just make sure you don't accidentally pick up the earlier FS publication which was illustrated by James Lynch (easily my least favourite of every edition I've seen).
Let me know if you'd like me to add any illustrations from any of these, or if you are still working your way towards them at a later date!
Edited: Jan 13, 2014, 8:57pm
Glad you found us, skullduggery !
Nice article by The Alcuin Society! I especially liked this quote:
“But with a book, you have the choice of working with lovely papers, binding—all the lovely organic tangible parts that are really exciting. ...
Please share/post any illustrations that your heart desires...
Thanks for sharing those links, skullduggery, and so glad you joined us.
Do please start whatever threads you want on your fascinations.
Edited: Jan 15, 2014, 1:02pm
Very quick dismissal of shaped board books by Ottenheimer Publishers:
http://www.librarything.com/series/The+Wind+in+the+Willows+Shaped+Board+Books
They lack any value whatsoever. And accordingly, no illustrator or re-teller is even mentioned. (They're hiding their heads in shame.)
We know already that board books can have lovely attributes, as we've looked at John Patience and Maggie Downer 's contributions.
These really suck.
How's the loading time for the thread? Shall we stay here or make a continuation? I'd kinda like to keep it all in one place if it's not too cumbersome.
Edited: Mar 20, 2014, 11:17am
One more today.
Ladybird Classics has Joan Collins writing adaptations of classics. (possibly not the same Joan Collins you thought of.)
There are nine very short chapters, and a couple have no illustrations.
i wasn't prepared to think very highly of this rendition, but opening to the first page, I found this:
and I melted. Ain't he cute?!
Some of the pictures are nothin' much, but this one
is also excellent. Good detail and vibrant colors.
ETA: I realized I hadn't given the artist credit. It's Cliff Wright and I know him from a book on fantasy illustration, and love his work.
200 .Monkey.
Jan 15, 2014, 6:35pm
Not that it's really an excuse, but given the very young age board books are intended for, I can understand why many that are specially created for the format (rather than merely having some of the illustrations of a version picked out & adapted for use) would be a bit sub-par. At that age a child is really only noticing bright colors and objects, great illustrations will be completely lost on them.
Edited: Jan 16, 2014, 7:38am
Ruth, we're at 200 posts...I agree, let's move to a new thread!
Jan 16, 2014, 8:43am
"great illustrations will be completely lost on them."
Oh, I disagree with you. We shouldn't be working to the lowest denominator, but offering rich examples of illustration so as to allow their eyes to be trained. I've sat with many young toddlers and examined pictures in great detail.
203 2wonderY
Edited: Jan 16, 2014, 12:23pm
I don't want to move to another thread unless it's painful to load this one. I'm not having any troubles yet.
I discovered an ancillary title:
by Charles Scribner's Sons cooperating with Methuen the year copyright ended on the original book.
Ernest Shepard black & white sketches throughout along with snippets of the story.
The recipes are very simple, and are cunningly divided into 5 sections
Food For Staying At Home
Food For Staying In Bed
Food For The Storage Cupboard
Food For Excursions
Food For Celebrations.
Many are named plainly, but then there's the ocassional Riverside Sandwich and Toad Hall Trifle.
eta the author link: Arabella Boxer , whose name is famous in England. I'm glad to make her acquaintance.
204 2wonderY
Jan 18, 2014, 11:50am
I think I want to own the above book. I don't cook much anymore, but these are very pleasant sounding easy meals. It would help to have a British interpreter for a few items. Like "syrup" Is that maple syrup or something else?
I think I want to try Bubble and Squeak, but not Herrings in Oatmeal, which isn't as bad as it sounds - using oatmeal flakes to coat the fish.
Toad-in-a-Bad-Hole made me smile.
205 .Monkey.
Jan 18, 2014, 12:09pm
If I had to guess, I'd say syrup in a British recipe would imply golden syrup, but without any other info, it could probably be any of several things.
206 Cynfelyn
Jan 18, 2014, 12:10pm
In Britain Syrup = Lyle's Golden Syrup (pretty much like "Beanz Meanz Heinz"). There are loads of pictures on Google. My tin of Lyle's describes the contents as "partially inverted refiners syrup".
The http://www.lylesgoldensyrup.com/syrups.php site says "Lyle's Golden Syrup hasn't changed in 127 years and is still made the same way it was all those years ago. The secret to Lyle's is the perfect blend of sugar molecules, which are continually refined throughout the process. This ensures that the highest quality standards are met for consumers to enjoy the sweet glistening syrup that they know and love. For those of you who are scientifically minded ... the sucrose molecule splits in half to give glucose and fructose sugars. This inverted syrup is blended back with the original syrup to give a partially inverted syrup. The secret of Lyle's Golden Syrup is the final blend of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which allows the syrup to be so thick and velvety without crystallizing."
So, an industrial product, but you could probably use maple syrup at a pinch.
210 2wonderY
Edited: Jan 28, 2014, 8:37am
I found it! The library book had gotten lost under of a stack of my own books which I hadn’t budged for a while. Whew! I was beginning to think I might have to pay the replacement cost. No one else here has too many books at home, eh?
I read the book and I’m still digesting the differences between Horwood and Grahame. It’s a novel rather than a series of tales, and so developed a larger plot and more characters. But I won’t review it here. Patrick Benson ’s pen & ink illustrations are mostly just adequate, nothing to write home about. They don’t add much to the experience with a couple of exceptions. Miss Bugle’s parlour is gloriously decorated in the text, and Benson’s sketch is supportive. He also does justice to the portraits confrontation downstairs in the library. The book has occasional glossy color illustrations which I found much superior to the pen & inks. I particularly enjoyed two – Mole helping Toad as scullery maid and then Mole and Toad trying to escape from the coal cellar.
ETA: THE LINK to Benson's KGS page which shows some creditable pen and ink drawings from the original book, which he illustrated in 1994.
I thought I would mention an experience I had in my "Usual/Favourite" local book store.
I usually drop in every other day.
Well a Mum and her 12 yo. daughter mentioned they wanted a copy of
"The Wind in the Willows".
Of course I followed the customers, lead by my favourite staff member, to the "chrildens" section.
They had 2 "works". One a $10 paperback. And One a $40 hard back, with illustrations by Robert Ingpen
I really should get some sort of commission for the better (more expensive) work.
Seriously, that is a JOKE
I did like "Ingpen"'s illustrations.
Does anyone know anything about him?
Guido.
>213 fuzzi:
Funny you should link to that, as my next review is A Wind in the Willows Christmas illustrated by ... Michael Hague . This version of the chapter Dulce Domum has a very friendly "note on the text" in which the editor clearly points out the paragraphs (5 of them) that have been abridged; probably for clarity as a stand alone publication. These are typical Hague illustrations, more complex than those he did for Susan Hill (see #138 on this thread) but different from his treatment of the entire book. (see #29) I haven't remembered to set them side by side yet, but Rat and Mole seem more juvenile in character here; rounder, cuddlier.
There are several nice features.
Mole End is in the Arts and Crafts style, with beams, woodwork, lighting, furniture, fireplaces all conforming, but with tree roots also winding about walls and ceilings, ocassionally being used architecturally - as a stair rail, for instance.
An interior shot of Mole's courtyard has a lovely set of stairs dug out up to the entrance hole.
The mice are just out-and-out adorably cute - big eyed and expressive. One little guy falls fast asleep at the supper table, noggin on the table and spoon still clutched in hand.
The title page has a holly branch frame in green ink.
ps: interestingly, there are 3 variations of the fireplace throughout the book, two with inglenook, one without.
Edited: Jan 29, 2014, 1:13pm
Guido, you done the right thing!
Every library, but particularly one being built for a child, should have the classics in hardcover. Paperbacks just don't have the sense of importance needed to allow the love relationship to develop.
218 2wonderY
Edited: Jan 29, 2014, 5:34pm
Y'know, after scanning some of Hague's pictures, I'm fairly certain he was paying tribute to Beverley Gooding (see #92) or at least pulling inspiration from her version. His Mole & Rat stand on a windowsill in town, perch on a tree stump in the woods. His Ratty with laden beer bottles reminds me of John Worsley 's but the mice all perched in the inglenook seats is Gooding again.
ETA- The other bonus Hague offers on this book is a completely different illustration for the cover which shows the boys singing carols with the young male mice, while the girl mice trim a christmas tree at the other end of the room.
219 2wonderY
Jan 30, 2014, 2:46pm
Yup, His Christmas book is significantly different from his full text illustrations. In the 1980 book, Mole End is typically Olde English hearthside,with a kettle hanging, an oven built in the brick, warming pans and other acoutrements hanging here and there, a grandfather clock, braided rug, slant-top desk, knick-knacks scattered about. Mole and Rat are full size in town, and more adult to the mice children. There is one sleepy-head conked out on the rug. Mole has a "Bless This End" motto above the fireplace.
I like his attention to lighting on the walk through the woods. Everything just glows from moonlight on the snow.
220 2wonderY
Edited: Jan 30, 2014, 5:53pm
I like this next illustrator so well that I tried to contact the publisher, but apparently they only hold the rights, and their website is not up to date. My inquiry bounced.
Joanne Moss illustrated the full text in 2000, and some of her art is used for this 2001 very abbreviated Storytime Classic. It’s a good abridgement by Janet Allison Brown , as far as it goes. Six chapters in 14 2-page spreads. The mood and characters are intact, though the story is gone too soon.
Moss is the one who shines here. It’s so obvious that these friends enjoy each other. Badger is especially well done. He is truly the older wiser gentleman. His kitchen and other rooms are full of provision, but neatly so. Everyone gets to wear appropriate casual gentlemans’ wear, even at the dinner at the end. In fact, there are some lovely waistcoats being worn around the table, and it’s the stoats and weasels serving the dinner who have to endure peguin suits. The last two page spreads are especially well placed, as both depict the dining room of Toad Hall – the grand battle and then the celebratory dinner.
Moss does the boat upset from underwater, and it’s interesting because the water surface at the top of the page is not visible except where the boat intersects.
I particularly like her Wild Wood and the scene where Badger is admonishing Toad. Toad is scrunched up on the sofa in stripey sock feet, clutching red cushions against his chest.
Mole and Rat are sweetly done. Mole’s whiskers kind of explode in a happy bloom from his snout.
I cannot find Moss's full text on this side of the pond. If anyone from Europe has a line on it, I'd appreciate.
HERE's her page at KGS.
Edited: Feb 7, 2014, 1:22pm
I want to return this next one as soon as possible. Ick!
More Adventures with Mr. Toad by Janet Palazzo-Craig .
I'm calling it a waste.
Palazzo-Craig re-tells chapters 6 and 8 here. She re-writes nearly everything, using the story's skeleton and the ocassional phrase to hang it on. Why??? Is this an improvement to toss Grahame's classic phrasing?
Mary Alice Baer's illustrations add nothing to the treasury of riches in our chest.
Nothing new or charming is on offer. Badger is pretty vanilla, lacking particular age and dignity. He is clad in knickers and a matching walking jacket, but is also shod in rubber gardening shoes. Rat also wears knickers and ....golf shoes!!! The only idea that works is that Toad's suit is green.
222 2wonderY
Feb 25, 2014, 11:39am
I lost steam on the project during that very cold weather. Several books came in from the library interloan, but they were all repeats.
The catalog hasn't been working properly, and kicking it hasn't helped, so I developed a new strategy. 96 print entries on eight pages. I've ordered whatever I didn't recognize on the first two pages. We'll go along from there.
Edited: Mar 3, 2014, 9:09pm
I finally got a few new versions from the library.
Treasury of Illustrated Classics (2004) is a pedestrian adaptation by Nicole Vittiglio , including all 12 chapters, done on cheap paper, with occasional black and white drawings by Tim Davis .
The drawings don’t add to the story. Rat has angular features, Toad looks like a 2-dimensional cutout, and Moley is again butt-ugly.
Mary Jane Begin ( her KGS page ) created 36 pieces to illustrate WITW in 2002. There is one full page picture per each chapter, a small chapter beginning detail picture, and a chapter end-piece.
I like the medium and the colors, but the characters are eerily similar to Tim Davis’ interpretation.
DK Young Classics hired Sally Grindley to shorten and present six chapters, with Eric Copeland illustrating.
DK adds value with inserted visual footnotes within the text and a three page spread offering photos of the real rivers edge animals. That is surprisingly helpful in appreciating the illustrations.
The characters are portrayed adequately and appropriately; but some of the pictures suffer from a muddiness caused by too many dark watercolor strokes.
Didn't really like any of the three.
Odd pieces are still drifting in.
I'm looking at Scholastic Junior Classics
adapted by Ellen Miles and "illustrated" by Steven Smallman. I don't appreciate either's efforts. Smallman's black & white sketches are muddy and completely derivative from other artist's ideas. Not one speck of merit. Oh bother! I do like the cover art! But that was done by Hala Wittwer.
Mar 8, 2014, 3:40pm
I came across the Classic Starts adaptation at a peddler’s mall
and sat down in a nearby rocker and took some notes. This is probably meant to be used in a classroom, as there are several pages of reflective questions at the back of the book. It’s a small format hardcover and feels good in the hand and uses good quality paper and binding.
Rather than the original 12 chapters, this book has 17 chapters, with several of the originals split in two. The adaptation is authored by Martin Woodside , and some educational expert has a few pages justifying the simplification of language.
Jamel Akib is the illustrator, though I’m uncertain whether the two available covers can be attributed to him. He is limited to 10 pencil sketches, only five of them whole page. Despite that, he does a rather creditable job. Mostly, the pictures are the standards you would expect, no surprises, not much stands out. You’re probably getting tired of me complaining of these artists who over-dress our guys. Here, they wear suits, waistcoats and bow-ties, not too obnoxious. Badger and Mole are spot-on, and Toad is acceptable. Rat’s head is blocky, and more human than rat-like. Eh. The last two sketches are my favorites here. The last one is the crew emerging from the trap door in Toad Hall kitchen. The one before that is a good caricature of the ferret with the club at Toad Hall gate. That one made me smile.
Mar 9, 2014, 1:03pm
Bummer...I tried to find the illustrations by Jamel Akib , but came up empty.
You keep right on telling us about other editions of TWITW! I, for one, enjoy them. :)
232 2wonderY
Edited: Mar 16, 2014, 5:42pm
I’ve been reading a few pages every evening of Beyond the Wild Wood , Grahame’s biography by Peter Green . It’s been hard slogging because Green reads almost everything as tragic. Quite a downer!
He’s right; Grahame was deprived of parents early, was unable to go to college as he desperately wished, and was shoehorned into clerical work which didn’t suit his temperament. And then later, he made a poor choice of spouse and his son’s issues grew in severity till ending in tragedy. HOWEVER, as I know from personal experience, periodic sorrow does not equate to a sad existence. Grahame made a successful career, was able to travel and have large spans of leisure-time, associated with some of the freshest, most fun people of the time, and had more than moderate success as a writer. Not too bad. My sense, despite Green, is that Grahame enjoyed himself more than most people are able.
Not having read Kenneth Grahame's earlier works yet, I’m unable to comment there, but Green does a creditable job of discussing the influences, characters, locales and themes of The Wind in the Willows. Those few chapters were fun to read, and worth reading again. I'll be referring to them here in the next week.
Edited: Mar 19, 2014, 3:13pm
Researching today, I came upon this celebration of "varmints."
238 2wonderY
Edited: Mar 27, 2014, 9:20am
I was excited to find a new illustrator. The back book jacket says: “The best classics deserve to be made contemporary.” I’m not sure what is meant by that, but I was willing to be thrilled. The cover is in rich and deep blues with umbels of flowers glowing silvery with moonlight.
for the full dustjacket: http://saahub.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/wind_willows_cvr_hb_jkt_.jpg
David Roberts ’ 2012 edition gives one plenty to examine. He is surely creative and innovative. There are lots of details to appreciate. I really like his interiors and his objects, like the kitchen tools and the picnic spread. He does a nice underwater view of the boat upset and the tunnel trip into Toad Hall.
But (and you knew there was a but) I can’t like his characters. They are all shaped funny, with massive rotund bodies on miniscule legs tapering down to even tinier feet. Poor Badger has a huge bum, wears a lavender! cardigan and a green & white polkydot neck scarf, and lacks gravitas and authority. He appears ready to tippy-toe across the stage. Mole has a purple (plum) face, year-round wears a balaclava and red pointy shoes. Toad has hair, usually parted down the middle, but occasionally it stands straight up. Ratty is my least favorite rendition. His face is squashed flat and his whiskers droop in a fashionable moustache and his front teeth are prominent. Except for his looong skinny tail he looks more like a beaver. Okay, I may like Otter even less. Otter wears a cheesy moustache and a pomaded hairdo with a spit-curl.
Dag-nab! Roberts is creative and complex!
I like the way birds and rabbits and bees and accessories spill over the page. I like the chapter heading graphics, especially chapter 8. I love all the details and detritus – the teapots, sugar tongs, trivets, etc. etc.
I love the Toad Hall interiors with their sometimes outlandish furnishings and stunning art work.
I like the landscapes, especially the way the light falls between the trees along the river. Toad Hall’s exterior is imposing. The moonlit scene on the cover is stunning, but the caravan is awful, just a bloated yellow object.
I don’t like Rat’s parlour, with its soaring art deco walls, but his cabana style porch is genius.
Pan’s chapter is missing, but Pan can still be spotted several times if you’re quick.
The hedgehogs are adorable, with their prickles penetrating their clothes.
I just can’t reconcile to his cavalier treatment of the crew, especially Ratty. Ratty is just all wrong, and seems handicapped expressing his emotions.
Roberts is well worth a long look. There is much to appreciate and debate here.
239 2wonderY
Edited: Mar 27, 2014, 11:10am
This link will probably expire, because it's an ebay offer. But meanwhile you can examine a few of the illustrations in great detail with the zoom-in feature.
This is the first Folio Society edition, illustrated by James Lynch .
eta the link: http://www.ebay.com/itm/Folio-Society-The-Wind-In-The-Willows-Kenneth-Grahame-Ja...
247 2wonderY
Edited: Apr 1, 2014, 8:31am
The sun is shining as brightly as it can, but the wind is keeping it too cold to get outside and dig. Waiting for it to warm up, I'll give my impressions of the film Mr. Toad's Wild Ride .
The jacket blurb is right, this is a classic Disney tale. It's a serious corruption of the original story. The weasels begin by excavating the field containing Mole End, and Mole wanders around trying to get someone - anyone - to take his dilemma seriously. Everyone brushes him off as if the loss of home is not a big deal, if you're a humble mole.
Written by Terry Jones . Directed by Terry Jone . Oh, and starring Terry Jones as Toad. It's really his vehicle. Everyone else is just along for the ride. The weasel musical number was okay, but on the whole, I give it a C- or a D.
I haven't had much exposure to Monty Python.
ETA: Some of the photography was pretty nice. The moment when Mole meets the river was lovely. It almost promised to develop the river as a full character. Also, the actor playing Ratty was so obviously a man who has led a dissipated life. You can't erase those lines, those eyes - and it was out of character for Grahame's gentle Rat.
248 SaintSunniva
Edited: May 3, 2014, 1:19am
Just saying hello and I am continuing to enjoy this thread, although I have nothing new to contribute: I have the small-sized, tiny-print Methuen that my mother read to us over fifty years ago, and a slightly newer version in hardcover (with a preface by Charles Scribner), both with Shepherd's illustrations. But after saying I had nothing new...I found Toad of Toad Hall, a Play from Kenneth Grahame's Book in my library. Has it been mentioned yet? It has an illustrated cover of Shepherd's drawings, but no illustrations in the text.
249 JerryMmm
Apr 2, 2014, 11:53am
I just got a version for Stage 3 (1000 headwords), whatever that actually means, from the library, with an illustrator you haven't mentioned yet.
251 2wonderY
Apr 2, 2014, 12:57pm
I think I've been unsuccessful finding both of those, though Langley has a few pictures on the KGS site:
and nicely, they don't repeat those on Langley's website.
I DO like his Ratty! What a handsome fellow, if a trifle too somber.
Tell us what you think of McCafferty. S/he seems not readily available in my corner of the world.
252 MrsLee
Apr 2, 2014, 1:28pm
I skimmed through this thread a few days ago, can't remember, did anyone mention Mr. Toad's Wild Ride at Disneyland? Not sure who the artists were for the conception, but it has always been one of my favorite rides there. The first time I rode it, and realized that at the end of a child's ride, you are shot into Hell, well, how could you not love that?
Edited: Apr 2, 2014, 1:57pm
Does it look like the cartoon book that Disney published?
Everybody cozy? Found the snacks table? Good!
This won't take long.
Chick-fil-A had Maggie Downer illustrate some of their other adaptations, but not this one. Too bad! Instead, Isidre Mones was drafted. Her claim to fame is the children’s Tonka truck series.
Isidre’s illustrations are just adequate. Nothing new, nothing exciting. She wastes opportunities. It’s mostly run of the mill. For once though, Ratty is done satisfactorily and comfortably. Again a minor complaint for giving Badger too casual a look and betraying his reclusiveness on the cover picture. Saddle shoes? Badger would never! And inside he is portrayed with a shoelace come undone. Out of character.
The best picture is of the team emerging from the tunnel into the butler’s pantry. Each is wearing one piece of armor and Badger’s is a Kaiser Wilhelm helmet, which suits.
262 2wonderY
Apr 29, 2014, 12:29pm
Cleaning up Grahame's page today and found this series of sequels, corresponding to episodes of the Cosgrove-Hall television series:
263 JerryMmm
May 28, 2014, 2:41pm
It took some time to come to me, but then I got a lovely antique book from the library:
It's the Dutch translation of The Wind in the Willows from 1930, it looks unabridged, all chapters (on cursory inspection) are there - I just finished the original KG+AS one), with several illustrations throughout:
I'll scan them all for you. Have to be careful, it's a special library book.
270 2wonderY
Jun 9, 2014, 10:25am
I had skipped Graham Percy because I couldn't find a copy of his book, but I stumbled upon him for my next project, looking at The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse. I found his work middle of the pack, okay, but slightly boring, and decided to look at what images I could find.
His page at the Kenneth Grahame Society confirms my impression of his work.
It's bland. There is some nice detail in the background, but his characters are human shaped with animal heads. Not charming at all. His pencilled colors almost put me to sleep.
The Kirkus review agreed with me: "Despite the attractive large format of this pleasant complete edition of the 1908 classic, the illustrations seem bland in comparison with either the lively wit of Ernest Shepard's drawings or Rackham's elegant and endearing detail. Percy does evoke the serenity of the English landscape and cozy interiors in his carefully designed full-color plates, while the characters come affably to life in his detailed drawings. There's a more contemporary flavor here, too, though costume and settings are appropriately Edwardian. Not a primary purchase, but a nice supplementary interpretation."
Just to be complete, here's the best of the three pictures:
273 2wonderY
Edited: Jun 22, 2014, 8:06am
Holly Hannnon illustrated four chapters retold by Andrea Stacy Leach , each bound separately in large format hardcovers. These two have worked as a team with at least half a dozen Aesop fables as well.
The abbreviated text is acceptable and keeps some of the good stuff.
There is charm to the pictures, and Hannon portrays some of the iconic scenes very satisfactorily. She doesn't miss Mole's delight in the spring day. In Home Sweet Home, she shows the progress from abandoned, cold and musty dark house back to warm cheery and hospitable home. Her boat overturning scene is lots of fun, her water treatment is very good
and soggy Mole on the riverbank on the next page may be my favorite.
274 2wonderY
Edited: Jun 22, 2014, 8:25am
Somewhere above is a phone app. I don't remember if it's THIS ONE for the iPad. The art work is by Steve Dooley, and I highly approve of his characters!!
Jun 22, 2014, 8:29am
Looking for cover images this morning, I stumbled upon this magazine article of miniaturist, David Hearn's work.
He is quoted "During the 45 years I have made approximately 200 houses (never kept a count of the grand total), but in that total are 5 Ratties Houses, 3 Moles, 2 Badgers."
There are example photos of several of these about mid-way down the page. I especially like how he's done Mole End.
276 fuzzi
Edited: Jun 22, 2014, 8:48am
>273 2wonderY: yes, and no. I don't think the illustrations are "too" cutsey, or that the illustrations diminish them.
Love your thread. I've been really busy and have not updated my own, but I will. :)
Addendum: >275 2wonderY: I love, what craft, art! Too bad the link to houses for sale is not working...not that I could afford one!
277 2wonderY
Jun 26, 2014, 1:18pm
note to self: The David Roberts book lacks chapter 7 and need to be pulled from the main edition and disambigged.
278 2wonderY
Jun 30, 2014, 10:30am
I came across this photo on Pinterest and had to look very close to determine whether it was photography or illustration. The rest of his set of Water Voles is enchanting as well. They reminded me so much of Paul Bransom 's drawings, I just had to share them with you.
294 2wonderY
Nov 18, 2014, 12:22pm
I nearly forgot to mention that I acquired the 1995 animated film narrated by Vanessa Redgrave at the Trinity Book Sale. I still have a VCR, so I was able to view it and it is lovely.
The beginning and ending sequences are live human actors on the river in a tiny steam boat. The camera loves the scenery, and so do the un-named animation team.
--------
I saw this cover recently, and had to order it from the library:
Don Daily died in 2002. This version just came out this year. There doesn't seem to be much difference in illustrations from the version rated in >184 2wonderY: above. I'd have to do a side by side to be sure.
However, the new text adaptation stinks. And my cover says 'The Classic Edition' which is a downright lie. There are 9 chapters, and some of the best classic dialogue has been chopped. In very tiny print, (appropriate, as I'd be embarassed too!) is the adapter, Elizabeth Encarnacion .
And unfortunately, it's already been swept into the main work. I'll be trying to separate it out, but it won't stick, I'm sure. Many buyers and sellers don't discriminate adequately. When a work is so chopped, it's a shame to put the original author's name as author. Mr. Grahame would be horrified at what is attributed to him nowadays.
Dec 9, 2015, 2:31pm
2 illustrations. They are from a job lot of art works that I am sorting.
I think these likely to be for 'plates' rather than books but possibly same artist as the book version.
Real pleasure to handle these!
There are more book illustrations - will post names.
298 2wonderY
Edited: Dec 9, 2015, 2:44pm
New member, Mark, is asking for help identifying the illustrator. I've spent some time brushing up on my posts above and can't find who it might be, though they are maddeningly familiar looking.
I thought Eric Kincaid at first, and then Joanne Moss . But neither is just right.
Help!
I wonder if they are different illustrators. Look at the variations in Moley's costume and his hands, and most especially, the size of their feet.
299 JerryMmm
Dec 9, 2015, 2:47pm
Heh, I just finished going through the thread cause they looked familiar to me too. Then I started drifting off thinking it would be so nice to have a webpage with only mole, and a page with only ratty, and one with certain signature scenes...
The technique, particularly of the bottom one, looks very recent.
300 MarkHomer
Dec 9, 2015, 2:48pm
They would have originated from the 'artist' agency. It is where art work is presented for use in books/ceramics/posters ect... They will be professional and 'worthy' of the status of producing the work for purpose. Thanks for assistance.
301 MarkHomer
Dec 9, 2015, 2:57pm
Names I have come across in this 'batch': Dick Twinney, Linda Worral, Norman Rockwell, John Finnie, R.D Gillion.
| i don't know |
The 43 mile long Llangollen Canal links the town of Llangollen to which Civil Parish situated in Cheshire? | Canal Walking Routes - with Walking maps
Aire Valley Towpath
16 miles (26 km)
Follow the Leeds & Liverpool Canal and the River Aire from Leeds to Bingley on this waterside cycle or walk. The route follows NCN route 66 and passes Kirkstall Abbey, Bramley Fall, Rodley, Calverley Woods, Apperley Bridge, Thackley, Shipley, Hirst Wood and Dowley Gap with both countryside and urban sections to enjoy.
Highlights on the route include the fascinating Saltaire Village World Heritage Site . Here you will find the grade II listed Victoria Hall and Salt's Mill with its shops, cafes and galleries.
Also of interest is Kirkstall Abbey . This medieval Cistercian abbey is set in beatutiful parkland and is well worth a visit if you have time.
Ashby Woulds Heritage Trail
4 miles (6 km)
This lovely short cycle and walking trail runs from Measham near Ashby-de-la-Zouch to Moira along a disused railway path. The path passes old Donisthorpe Colliery site, which is now a Woodland Park and Conkers - a forest-based attraction with a number of activities to enjoy. There is also a pleasant waterside section along the Ashby-de-la-Zouch canal.
Ashton Canal
6 miles (9.5 km)
Enjoy a waterside walk or cycle along this 6 mile long canal in Manchester. The canal runs from central Manchester to Ancoats,�Bradford-with-Beswick, Clayton, Openshaw, Droylsden, Fairfield and Audenshaw before finishing at Ashton-under-Lyne where it meets the Huddersfield Narrow Canal . Walkers and cyclists can enjoy the whole route along the towpath. National Cycle Network Route 60 runs along the first section of the canal and a local cycle route takes you the rest of the way. Along the way you'll pass 18 locks, Manchester City Football Stadium, Manchester Velodrome and Philips Park. You can take short detours from the canal to visit some nearby attractions too. For example at Audenshaw you could head just south of the canal and visit Debdale Park and enjoy a walk around Gorton Reservoir. At the velodrome you can take a short trip north of the canal and visit Clayton Vale where there is a nature reserve with miles of walking trails and some great mountain bike trails.
To extend your walk you can continue along the Huddersfield Narrow Canal in Ashton-under-Lyne. The canal leaves Manchester and heads into the lovely countryside of the Peak District and Pennine Hills before finishing at Huddersfield.
Aylesbury Ring
31 miles (50 km)
This circular walk takes you on a tour of the Aylesbury Vale. The path starts and ends in Wendover first heading towards Great Kimble and then onto Dinton where you will find the impressive Dinton Hall. The route continues to Eythrope, crossing the River Thame and passing Eythrope Park and Eythrope Manor House. You continue through the countryside past Waddesdon, Hardwick and Long Marston before joining the Wendover Arm Canal near Aston Clinton for the final waterside stretch back to Wendover.
11 miles (18 km)
Take a stroll along the Baker Way from Chester to Delamere Forest on this pleasant, varied walk.
The walk starts at Chester railway station and heads east along the Shropshire Union Canal to Rowton. You then leave the canal and head through the countryside to Tarvin which is an excellent place to stop for a pub lunch. The final section of the walk takes you from Tarvin to the lovely Delamere Forest Park where the route finishes at Delamere Station.
This is a pleasant and fairly easy walk with waterside, countryside and woodland sections to enjoy.
Barnsley Canal
5 miles (8.5 km)
Enjoy a waterside walk or cycle along the Barnsley Canal on this easy route near Royston. This section of the canal follows National Cycle Network Route 67 from Shaw Bridge, near Royston, to Walton. The route runs for just over 5 miles passing Rabbit Ings Country Park , Wintersett Reservoir and the woodland of Haw Park. It's a peaceful area with a nice surfaced path ideal for a safe cycle or easy walk.
Rabbit Ings is located next to the canal at Royston and consists of 160 acres of wetland, woodland, grassland and ponds. It also has a mountain bike trail. You can also take a detour near Walton and visit Anglers Country Park . A cycle route runs around Cold Hiendley Reservoir and Wintersett Reservoir to the park.
Basingstoke Canal Walk
33 miles (53 km)
Follow the Basingstoke canal from Up Nately to Woodham, on this delightful waterside walk. The walk passes Fleet and Woking and includes regular views of the lovely Hampshire and Surrey countryside.
This interesting walking trail links three of England's most significant Battlefields:
Edgcote (1469) in Northamptonshire
Cropredy Bridge (1644) in Oxfordshire
Edgehill (1642) in Warwickshire
It runs from Chipping Warden, Northamptonshire and ends in Kineton, Warwickshire, passing through some beautiful countryside along the way.
The first section of the walk takes you from Chipping Warden to Upper Wardington. On the way you will pass the site of the Battle of Edgecote Moor which was fought during the Wars of the Roses in July 1469. The battle pitted the forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, against those of King Edward IV.
From Upper Wardington you continue west to Warmington, passing Cropedy where the Battle of Cropredy Bridge was fought on 29th June 1644 between a Parliamentarian army under Sir William Waller and the Royalist army of King Charles. This section also includes views of the Oxford Canal and the River Cherwell.
The final section then runs from Warmington to Kineton, passing through the beautiful Edghill Country Park . The park is set in the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and includes sixteen acres of mixed grass and primary Bluebell woodland. After passing through Ratley you soon come to the site of Battle of Edgehill. The battle was fought on Sunday, 23rd October 1642 and was the first pitched battle of the First English Civil War. Shortly after the walk then comes to at an end at the village of Kineton in Warwickshire.
The Battlefields Trust Website has a wealth of information on this route and the history of the Battlefields of Britain.
Beeches Way
16 miles (25 km)
Follow the Beeches Way through the Chilterns AONB from the River Thames at Cookham to the Grand Union Canal at West Drayton.
You start off at Cookham and head east to the wooded Burnham Beeches Nature Reserve. The reserve covers over 500 acres with a network of great woodland trails. There's also ponds, grassland, heathland with wildlife which includes Exmoor Ponies. The walk then passes through Fulmer before a lovely stretch through Black Park Country Park and Langley Park Country Park . The final stretch takes you around the lakes in Colne Valley Regional Park before finishing on the Grand Union Canal at West Drayton.
Birmingham and Fazeley Canal
15 miles (24 km)
Enjoy a walk or cycle along the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal from the city centre of Birmingham to the town of Fazeley in Staffordshire. Along the way there's lots of pretty locks, old bridges, nature reserves and wildlife to look out for.
You start off at Old Turn Junction�near the�National Indoor Arena in Birmingham and head through Aston and Tyburn where you pass close to Pype Hayes Park . The large park has 100 acres to explore with a lake, ornamental gardens and woodland. It's just north of the canal at Tyburn and worth a short detour. Just next to the park there is the pretty Plantsbrook Nature Reserve which consists of open water, wetland, woodland and meadow.
You leave the city and head through Minworth and Cudworth before coming to the splendid Kingsbury Water Park . The 600 acre country park is a major highlight on the route. It consists of 15 lakes with miles of good cycling and walking trails to try.
The final section takes you from Kingsbury Water Park to the town of Fazeley near Tamworth. On the way you'll pass Middleton Lakes RSPB reserve�with 400 acres to explore. It's a great place for wildlife watching with common pochard,�tufted duck�and�smew to look out for.
At Fazeley you have the option of continuing along the canal towards Whittington and Lichfield. This section passes Hopwas Woods which is good for mountain biking.
National Cycle Network route 535 runs through Aston so this is the best section for those on a bike.
Bishop Bennet Way
32 miles (52 km)
The Bishop Bennet Way is a shared walking and cycling path running from Beeston in Cheshire to Wirswall on the Shropshire borders.
The route starts at the 13th century Beeston Castle and proceeds through Milton Green, Churton and Shocklach where you will pass the Grade I listed Norman church. You continue to Grindley Brook where you cross the Shropshire Union Canal shortly before finishing at Wirswall near Whitchurch.
For cyclists please note that a mountain bike is required for this route as there are some fairly rugged off road sections.
Bollin Valley Way
25 miles (40 km)
Follow the River Bollin from Macclesfield to Partington on this delightful waterside walk through Greater Manchester and Cheshire.
The walk starts at the Macclesfield Riverside Park and follows the river through Prestbury, Wilmslow, Hale and Bowdon to Partington on the Manchester Ship Canal.
On the route you will pass the 18th century Grade II listed Mottram Hall and National Trust owned Dunham Massey Hall . This Georgian House is set in a magnificent 121-hectare (300-acre) deer park and boasts Britain's largest winter garden.
As well as the River Bollin there are also views of the Bridgwater Canal and a short final section along the Manchester Ship Canal into Partington.
Bolton Rotary Way Footpath
50 miles (80 km)
Enjoy industrial heritage, reservoirs, historic estates, memorials and country parks on this circular walk around Bolton. The walk visits Adlington, West Houghton, Blackrod and Farnworth. Walk highlights include Jumbles and Rivington Reservoirs, Blackleath Country Park and a waterside stretch along the Leeds & Liverpool canal.
Bridgewater Way
38 miles (61 km)
A walk along the Bridgewater canal, through Cheshire, Greater Manchester and on into Lancashire. The route passes Salford, Trafford, Manchester, Warrington and Halton.
When complete the Bridgewater Way will also be open to cyclists.
Bronte Way
44 miles (71 km)
Follow the Bronte Way through Lancashire and Yorkshire and visit many of the places associated with writings and lives of the Bronte Sisters.
Highlights on the walk include:
Gawthorpe Hall - visited by Charlotte Bronte on several occasions, Gawthorpe Hall is the start point of the walk
Wycoller Country Park - Wycoller Hall is believed to have inspired Ferndean Manor in Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre".
Top Withens - the inspiration for the location of Wuthering Heights
Ponden Hall - situated near the village of Stanbury it inspired Thrushcross grange in Wuthering Heights.
Haworth - this Yorkshire village is where the Bronte sisters wrote many of their works and includes the Haworth Parsonage Museum
Thronton - birthplace of the Brontes
Oakwell Hall - inspiration for 'Fieldhead' in Charlotte Bronte's novel Shirley and also the end point of the route
Bronte Waterfall
-this beautiful waterfall is located in Bronte Country near Haworth. It was a popular with the Bronte sisters who loved visiting the waterfall. There is a pretty little bridge called Bronte Bridge next to the falls.
As well as the interesting places above the walk also passes some beautiful scenery including Ponden and Leeming Reservoirs, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and Penistone country park.
Bude Marshes
3 miles (5 km)
This delightful local nature reserve in Bude is a great escape from the busy seaside town centre. You can enjoy a stroll along the Bude canal tow path with views of the River Neet. An off road National Cycle Network route runs along the opposite side.
Habitats in the reserve include reed bed, wet grassland, woodland and willow carr.� You can look out for a variety of birds from the bird hide, while otters can also been seen around the canal and river.
Calder and Hebble Navigation Canal
6 miles (9 km)
This section of the Calder and Hebble Navigation Canal runs along National Cycle Network route 66 from Sowerby Bridge to Brighouse. It's a nice easy, traffic free ride along the towpath with some lovely views of the Calder Valley countryside and the River Calder. Walkers can also enjoy this section of the canal.
The route starts in Sowerby Bridge and heads to Copley. Just after Copley you have the option of heading north along the Halifax arm into Halifax. This route continues to Elland, where you'll pass Elland Park Wood where there are some nice woodland trails. The final section takes you into Brighouse passing Brookfoot Ski Lake on the way.
The Rochdale Canal also passes through Sowerby Bridge so you can pick this up to continue your exercise. It heads to Hebden Bridge through Mytholmroyd with some cycling sections along National Cycle Route 66.
6 miles (10 km)
Follow the Caldon Canal through the beautiful River Churnet Valley on this easy walk in Staffordshire.
The walk starts at the lovely Froghall Wharf where you will find a good sized car park. You then pick up the canal towpath and head to Cheddleton before finishing at Deep Hayes Country Park . Along the way you will pass some attractive woodland which is worth exploring with a small detour. For example the Consall Nature Park is located just to the west of the canal near Consall Forge. It has miles of nice walking trails and is easy to access from the route.
Also of interest is the Churnet Valley Steam Railway which runs alongside the canal. One option would be to catch the train back from Cheddleton to Kingsley & Froghall Station.
The canal runs along some of the prettiest countryside in Staffordshire with views of the River Churnet, pretty locks and arched stone bridges to enjoy. You'll also pass villages and hamlets such as the delightful Consall Forge where you can stop for refreshments at the canalside Black Lion Inn. There's great outdoor seating with views of the canal and the passing steam trains.
The route follows the Staffordshire Way long distance trail so there is scope for continuing your walk towards Leek and Ladderedge Country Park. Deep Hayes Country Park at the end of the walk is also well worth exploring.
Capital Ring
78 miles (126 km)
This 78 mile circular walk takes you on a tour through London passing many of its most famous landmarks and through some of its most attractive parks and green areas.
The route officially starts at Woolwich foot tunnel by the Thames Barrier and first heads south passing through Eltham, Beckenham and Tooting Bec Common before reaching Wimbledon with its famous common and windmill. You continue through Richmond deer park to Richmond where a pleasant stretch along the Thames takes you past the popular gardens at Kew. Soon after you join the Grand Union Canal for more pleasant waterside walking, passing Brentford and Hanwell on your way to Harrow. The route then turns east passing Brent Reservoir, Wembley Stadium, Hampstead and Finsbury Park. The final section takes you through the delightful Lee Valley Park, through Stratford and back to the Woolwich foot tunnel.
Celandine Route
12 miles (19 km)
Follow the River Pinn from Pinner to Cowley on this nice easy waterside walk through west London. The walk starts at Pinner tube station and follows the river through Ruislip and Hillingdon before finishing on the Grand Union Canal at Cowley.
Look out for flora and fauna on the walk including Kingfishers and Treecreepers and the Lesser Celandine flowers after which the walk is named.
Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation
16 miles (26 km)
Follow the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation Canal from Chelmsford to Maldon on this easy, waterside walk in Essex. The canal takes you through some lovely Essex countryside, passing a series of pretty locks, a number of reservoirs and the villages of Little Baddow and Ulting. At Little Baddow you can find a number of nice woodland trails in Blake's Wood, Lingwood Common and Danbury Common. The village and commons are located just to the south of the canal and contain�214 acres of heath, gorse and coppice. The final section of the canal takes you along the Heybridge Basin in Maldon, with views of the National Trust owned Northey Island. There are great views over the estuary of the�River Blackwater to the nature reserve.
This nice easy walk follows six historic canals through Cheshire, Greater Manchester and Staffordshire.
The canal towpaths you will follow include:
Trent and Mersey Canal - Kidsgrove to Preston Brook
Bridgewater Canal - Preston Brook to Castlefield
Rochdale Canal - Castlefield to Ducie Street
Ashton Canal - Ducie Street to Portland Basin
Peak Forest Canal - Portland Basin to Marple
Macclesfield Canal - Marple to Kidsgrove
The route passes through some lovely, peaceful countryside but also has some urban sections, making for a varied and interesting walk. The route is well waymarked with a blue and white disc.
The videos below show the sections along the Rochdale canal in Manchester and along the Peak Forest Canal at Marple.
Chichester Canal
7 miles (12 km)
Enjoy a lovely waterside stroll along the Chichester Canal on this easy walk in Sussex. The walk begins in the centre of Chichester (near the train station and cathedral) following the canal towpath to Birdham Pool with its pretty boating marina.
Although this is categorised as a walking route, cyclists can also enjoy the first section of the towpath from Chichester to Hunston.
Claude Duval Bridleroute
63 miles (102 km)
This shared walking and cycle path runs from Quainton, near Aylesbury in Oxfordshire to Great Barrington in the Cotswolds.
This route is named after the well-known local highwayman, Claude Duval. It starts at Quainton and passes Stratton Audley, Bicester and Bucknell before crossing the Oxford Canal near Woodstock. The route then heads towards Chipping Norton and then Spelsbury where you join the River Evenlode for a short waterside stretch to Ascott d'Oyley. You then head onto Great Barrington via Fifield.
For cyclists a hybrid or mountain bike is required for this route. This is a fairly challenging route but with some fabulous Cotswolds scenery to enjoy.
13 miles (21 km)
Take in the stunning scenery of the Colne Valley on this circular footpath through Kirklees in Yorkshire.
The walk begins and ends at Golcar, passing Linthwaite,Slaithwaite and Marsden on the way. The path includes a waterside stroll along the Huddersfield Narrow Canal at the start, a stretch through Slaithwaite Moor and views of the picturesque Butterley Reservoir near Netherley. There are some challenging climbs on this walk but you are rewarded with fabulous views of the Colne Valley.
7 miles (11 km)
Follow the Colne Valley Trail from Uxbridge to Rickmansworth and enjoy riverside and canalside walking or cycling.
The trails follows the Grand Union Canal and the River Colne while also passing a series of pretty Lakes including Lynsters, Stocker's and Batchworth Lake. The trail finishes at Batchworth Lake by the car park in Rickmansworth.
41 miles (66 km)
Follow a series of delightful waterways from Framilode to Lechlade on this waterside walk through Gloucestershire.
The walk starts at Framilode, next to the River Severn and follows the Stroudwater Canal and the River Frome to the market town of Stroud. You continue to Sapperton, following the River Frome and the Thames and Severn Canal. A wooded section through Hayley Wood follows before coming to Kemble where you will pass the source of the River Thames.
From Kemble you head to the village of Siddington and then on to South Cerney where you will pass the fabulous Cotswold Water Park which boasts 150 lakes, Nature Reserves and plenty of options for refreshment.
The final section takes you through the countryside towards Kempsford, passing the River Colne and the Fairford/Lechlade section of the Cotswold Water Park before arriving at the finish point at Lechlade.
There's much to enjoy on this walk with several waterside sections along various canals, rivers and lakes. There are also a series of quaint Cotswold villages with ancient churches, historic watermills and pretty waterside pubs for refreshment.
Coventry Canal
38 miles (61 km)
Enjoy waterside cycling and walking along the 38 mile long Coventry Canal towpath. Walkers can follow the whole of the route while cyclists can enjoy lovely sections through Coventry and from Marston Junction to Nuneaton.
The canal runs from the centre of Coventry to Fradley Juction, passing through Bedworth, Nuneaton, Atherstone, Polesworth and Tamworth.
Highlights along the canal include the vibrant�Coventry Canal Basin with its shops, businesses and art gallery. You'll also pass the splendid Hartshill Country Park which has miles of footpaths and wonderful views over the Anker Valley. There's also some wonderful countryside to enjoy and a series of artworks by local�artists on the Arts Trail from the Basin to Hawkesbury Junction. At the end of the route at Fradley Junction there is a nature reserve with excellent bird watching opportunities.
The canal links with the Ashby-de-la-Zouch canal just north of Bedworth and with the Trent and Mersyet Canal at the end of the route at Fradley Juction near Lichfield.
Coventry Way
40 miles (64 km)
This walk circles the countryside around Coventry taking you through some fine Warwickshire countryside and a series of interesting villages.
The walk starts at Meriden and heads towards Kenilworth with its impressive castle - described by architectural historian Anthony Emery as the 'finest surviving example of a semi-royal palace of the later middle ages, significant for its scale, form and quality of workmanship'. You then head towards Stoneleigh and the fascinating Grade I listed Stoneleigh Abbey . With 690 acres of parkland and overlooking the River Avon the abbey is well worth a visit.
From Stoneleigh you continue to Wolston where you follow the River Avon to Bretford and then onto Brinklow. Here you join the Oxford Canal towards Bedworth. The final section leads back to Meriden passing Birchley Hays wood and Corley Moor on the way.
28 miles (45 km)
This circular walk takes you through the countryside and villages surrounding Crewe and Nantwich.
You start off at Coppenshall just north of Crewe and first head to Weston. This section takes you past Sandbach Flashes wetlands (good for bird watching) and also the tudor house at Haslington.
From Weston you head towards Acton passing Hough Common, Wybunbury and Austerson. Highlights on this section include Shrewbridge Lake and Dorfold Hall Jacobean mansion. You will also cross the River Weaver and the Shropshire Union Canal.
The final section takes you back to Coppenshall from Acton, passing Henhull and Church Minsall on the way. This section also includes a pleasant section along the towpath of the Shropshire Union Canal.
Cromford Canal
5 miles (8 km)
Enjoy a waterside stroll along the Cromford Canal on this easy walk in Derbyshire. This section of the canal runs from Cromford to Ambergate and is designated as a Biological�Site of Special Scientific Interest�and a�Local Nature Reserve. The walk passes the Leawood Pump House by the aqueduct over the River Derwent and a series of pretty bridges. You'll also pass Shining Cliff Woods and enjoy lovely views of the Derwent Valley. The walk makes use of the Derwent Valley Heritage Way so you could continue along this long distance walking route to extend your walk.
The canal is located just a few miles south of Matlock.
Cross Bucks Way
24 miles (38 km)
Travel from Stratton Audley in Buckinghamshire to Linslade, near Leighton Buzzard along the Cross Bucks Way. The route meanders through the Buckinghamshire countryside passing Hillesden, Winslow and Hollingdon before a pleasant waterside stretch along the Grand Union Canal takes you to Linslade.
21 miles (34 km)
Take a walk along the Delamere Way and visit Delamere Forest Park and the Trent & Mersey Canal.
The path starts in Frodsham and heads south to Delamere Forest with its 2,400 acres of mixed deciduous and evergreen woodland and Blakemere Moss - a lake around 1�km in length.
You then turn north towards Acton Bridge before crossing the River Weaver at Dutton Lock and then the Trent & Mersey Canal shorty after. The final section takes you through Hatton and past Appleton Reservoir before finishing at Stockton Heath in Warrington.
Downs Link
36 miles (58 km)
This is a terrific walking or cycling path running from St Martha's Hill to Shoreham-by-Sea and linking the North and South Downs National Trails.
You start on St Martha's Hill will terrific views of the Surrey countryside before heading south to Cranleigh along the Wey and Arun Canal. The path continues to Rudgwick and then onto the delightful Southwater Country Park. The next stage takes you to Henfield and then onto Bramber with its ruined castle. The final stage runs along the River Adur taking you to Shoreham-by-Sea.
Dudley Canal
4 miles (6 km)
Follow the Dudley Canal from Warren's Hill Park to Leasowes Park on this waterside walk through Blackheath and Halesowen in Birmingham. The route makes use of the Monarch's Way long distance footpath to link these two lovely open spaces.
The walk starts at the car park at Warren's Hall Country Park in Sandwell. You then head through the park with it's ponds, canals, grassland and small wooded areas. It's a lovely start to the walk with the park's footpaths leading to the canal. On the way you'll pass Cobb's Engine House. The eye catching building is a�scheduled ancient monument�and a Grade II listed building built around 1831. It housed a stationary steam pump used to pump water from Windmill End Colliery and other mines in the area.
After passing through the park you pick up the canal path and head south through Old Hill and Coombeswood to Halesowen. Here the route finishes at the splendid Leasowes Park. The historically significant park consists of 141 acres of woodland, grassland, streams, waterfalls and large ponds. If you keep following the Monarch's Way south past the park you'll soon come to the atmospheric remains of Halesowen Abbey. The abbey is owned by English Heritage and was originally founded in 1215 under a grant from King�John of England.
Ebury Way
3 miles (5 km)
This is an easy short cycle and walking route ideal for families. It runs along NCN route 61 and a dismantled railway line from Ricksmanworth to Watford and passes through a variety of habitats, including open moor, woodland, and wetlands. The trail crosses a number of waterways including the rivers Colne, Chess and Gade and the Grand Union Canal.
Please click here for a pdf guide from watford council
17 miles (27 km)
Follow the Eddisbury way from Frodsham to Burwardsley on this walk through Cheshire.
You start by the River Weaver at Frodsham and head south to Kelshall, passing through Manley Common and skirting the edge of Delamere Forest. You then head to Duddon before crossing the Shropshire Union Canal and finishing at Burwardsley next to the Peckforton Hills.
Erewash Canal
12 miles (19 km)
Follow the Erewash canal through south Derbyshire on this waterside cycling and walking route. The canal runs from Trent Lock near Long Eaton to the Langley Mill (Great Northern) basin. You can follow the towpath all the way on your bike or on foot. It's a nice easy route that runs for about 12 miles so it's a good family cycle ride or long walk. On the way you'll pass old mills, pretty locks and a number of stone bridges. The areas around Nutbrook Junction and Trowell Marsh are nature reserves where you can look out for a wide variety of wildlife. There's also nice views of the River Erewash and the surrounding countryside. The canal forms part of the larger Erewash Valley Trail so it's easy to extend your exercise on this circular route.
You start off at Trent Lock on the border of�Derbyshire, Leicestershire�and�Nottinghamshire. It's a major canal junction where several significant waterways meet including the River Soar, the�Trent and Mersey Canal, the�River Trent�and the Erewash Canal. The canal then weaves its way through the town of Long Eaton to Sandiacre. You continue north to�Ilkeston, passing Gallows Inn, before finishing at�Langley Mill at the basin of the Erewash Canal.
You can virtually follow part of the route along the canal from Trent Lock by clicking on the google street view link below.
To continue your walking in the area you can visit the lovely Attenborough Nature Reserve which is located near the start of the canal at Long Eaton. You can follow the Trent Valley Way along the River Trent to reach the reserve.
The canal also forms part of the Nutbrook Trail Cycle Route which runs up to Shipley Country Park on a dismantled railway line.
Exe Valley Ride
7 miles (11 km)
This lovely easy ride or walk follows the River Exe, the Exeter Canal and NCN route 2 from Exeter to Exminster.
Highlights include Exeter's attractive quay, views of the Exe esutaury and the Riverside Valley Park.
Please click here for more information on this route.
Exe Valley Way
45 miles (72 km)
The walk starts in Starcross on the banks of the River Exe Estuary and heads through through Powderham Deer Park and then along the Exter canal to Exeter.
The next section continues along the River Exe to Tiverton via Thorverton and Bickleigh.
The final section takes you from Tiverton into the Exmoor National Park where you will pass through Dulverton before the finish at Hawkridge in Somerset.
For an excellent guide to this walk please click here
Five Churches Walk
10 miles (16 km)
Visit five historic churches on this circular walk in South Rotherham. Much of the walk follows ancient footpaths and bridleways, visiting the picturesque villages of Wales, Harthill, Thorpe Salvin, South Anston and Todwick where you can see some of Rotherham’s finest church architecture. There also views of the Chesterfield canal and the ruins of Thorpe Hall to enjoy on this interesting walk.
Forth and Clyde Canal
35 miles (56 km)
Follow the towpath of the Forth and Clyde Canal from Bowling to Falkirk on this super cycling and walking route. The route follows National Cycle Network Routes 7 and 754 so is well signed throughout. At Falkirk you can link up with the Union Canal which will take you into Edinburgh. As such you can cross central Scotland from Glasgow to Edinburgh on traffic free canalside paths.
You start off at the Bowling Basin�near to Bowling train station on the Glasgow suburban line. The path then heads through Clydebank and the outskirts of Glasgow, crossing the four-arched 120 metre long Kelvin Aqueduct and the Kelvin Walkway as you go. From the Aqueduct you continue to the town of Kirkintilloch�passing Cadder, Bishopbriggs, a Roman Fort and the pretty Possil Loch on the way.
From Kirkintilloch�you continue to the nearby town of Kilsyth, passing along the River Kelvin and Dumbreck Nature Reserve.
The final leg runs from Kilsyth to Falkirk, passing Bonnybridge and the Antonine Wall - a Roman turf and stone fortification bisecting Scotland. On the outskirts of Falkirk you'll come to the Falkirk Wheel - this rotating�boat lift connects the�Forth and Clyde Canal�with the�Union Canal lifting boats from the basin to the aqueduct 24 metres above. See the video below for a full description of this fascinating tourist attraction.
After the Falkirk Wheel you complete the trip by passing along the canal into Falkirk and finishing at Falkirk train station.
Glastonbury Canal
5 miles (8 km)
Follow the Glastonbury Canal through the Somerset Levels on this waterside walk through the Avalon Marshes. You'll pass through a series of lovely nature reserves with lots of wildlife and beautiful scenery to look out for.
The walk starts at the Canal wharf in Glastonbury and heads west towards Glastonbury Heath and the Ham Wall Nature Reserve . The reserve has lovely waterside paths and wildlife such as otters, dragonflies, butterflies, marsh harriers, water voles, bitterns and roe deer.
The canal continues through Shapwick Heath Nature Reserve with its reedbeds, wildflower meadows, fens and woods to explore.
10 miles (16 km)
This easy trail follows Glaze Brook from Pennington to Cadishead.
The trail starts in the lovely Pennington Flash Country Park in Leigh. This nature reserve has a 173 acre lake and is home to a variety of birdlife. You then follow Glaze Brook and Pennington Brook south to Glazebury and then onto Cadishead on the Manchester Ship Canal.
24 miles (39 km)
This circular walk takes you through the suburbs, countryside and villages around the city of Gloucester.
The walk starts at Gloucester's Victorian docks next to the Gloucester Waterways Museum which tells the story of England's canals and rivers. The walk then includes two consecutive waterside sections along the River Severn and the Gloucester and Sharpness canal, taking you to the village of Hardwicke. From Hardwicke the path takes you through some delightful Gloucestershire countryside and the villages of Upton St Leonards, Hucclecote and Churchdown. The walk finishes by passing Gloucestershire Airport and the village of Walham, before returning to the Gloucestershire docks.
Gloucester and Sharpness Canal
16 miles (26 km)
Enjoy cycling and walking along the towpath of this lovely canal in Gloucestershire. The whole of the route is suitable for walkers while cyclists can enjoy several sections as well. National Route 41 of the National Cycle Network�runs along the canal from Gloucester Docks to the outskirts of the city. There's also another section from Frampton Upon Severn to Shepherd's Patch.
The canal runs from Gloucester Docks to Sharpness with wonderful views of the Severn Estuary, the Forest of Dean and the Cotswolds. Route highlights include Gloucester Docks with its variety of shops, leisure facilities, marina and fascinating Gloucester Waterways Museum. You will also pass the wonderful Slimbridge Wetland Centre where you can see thousands of migrant birds. The route finishes at the dock of Sharpness Port which was opened in 1874.
The canal links nicely with the River Severn in several places so you have the option of picking up the Severn Way and continuing your walk.
Goyt Way
10 miles (16 km)
Follow the Goyt Way along the Peak Forest Canal and the River Goyt on this lovely waterside walk through Greater Manchester and Derbyshire.
The walk starts by Etherow Country Park Lake in Compstall and heads south through Marple and New Mills to Whaley Bridge. The first section through Marple follows the towpath of the Peak Forest Canal, passing pretty locks on the way. You then join the River Goyt to New Mills before picking up the Canal again near Whaley Bridge where the route finishes. The final section through New Mills passes the wonderful Torrs Riverside Park and Millennium Way , a beautiful river gorge with a fabulous 160 metre long walkway�elevated over the water.
Grafton Way
13 miles (21 km)
Follow the Grafton Way from Wolverton , Milton Keynes to Greens Norton in Northamptonshire. The walk starts following the Grand Union Canal to Cosgrove before heading into the countryside and passing the villages of Yardley Gobion, Paulerspury and Towcester.
Grand Union Canal Walk
145 miles (234 km)
Follow the towpath of Britain's longest canal from London to Birmingham on this fabulous waterside walk. You start in West London in a lively and attractive area with canalside bars and restaurants, before heading towards the Chiltern Hills, on through rural Northamptonshire and Warwickshire and into the Birmingham suburbs. Highlights include
Little Venice - the start of the walk in West London with trendy bars/cafes and historical old factories and warehouses
Iron Trunk Aqueduct - a magnificent Georgian structure, which carries the Grand Union Canal over the River Ouse, connecting the villages of Cosgrove and Wolverton
Willen Lake - Milton Keynes' most popular park with cycling, pedalos, mini-golf and a cafe.
Tring Reservoirs These four reservoirs in Tring are one of the best places for birdwatching in England.
Linford Lakes -this lovely nature reserve in Milton Keynes has a number of pretty lakes and ponds
Hatton Locks - located near Warwick, this flight delivers 21 locks in less than two miles
The Canal Museum - located at the lovely village of Stoke Bruerne the museum houses stories, films, collections and displays all about our waterways.
Cassiobury Park and Whippendell Woods are right next to the canal in Watford and are worth exploring if you have time.
24 miles (38 km)
This splendid waterside walk takes you from Tiverton in Devon to Taunton in Somerset.
The first section of the walk takes you from Tiverton to Greenham along the towpath of the Grand Western Canal. At Greenham you join the West Deane Way and the walk changes as you start following the dry bed of the canal. However, the waterside aspect continues as you also join the River Tone which takes you through Bradford on Tone and then onto the finish point in Taunton.
For more information on this lovely walk please click here
32 miles (52 km)
A lovely peaceful walk alongside the Grantham Canal from Grantham to Nottingham.
The walk takes you through through the glorious Vale of Belvoir and passes Woodsthorpe, Redmile, Harby, Hickling and the delightful country park at Cotgrave on the way.
Great Glen Way
73 miles (117 km)
Follow the Great Glen, running from Fort William in the west to Inverness in the east. The route is suitable for walkers and cyclists with a mountain bike or robust hybrid.
The stunning trail follows the Caledonian Canal and the shores of Loch Lochy, Loch Oich and Loch Ness with the mountains of the Ben Nevis range making a splendid backdrop. The route also passes Fort Augustus and includes several woodland sections, most notably through Creag nan Eun Forest.
The route is waymarked with a black hexagon thistle.
Greenwich to Cheshunt
21 miles (34 km)
Follow NCN route 1 on this pleasant ride or walk through north London into Hertfordshire. You start by the Thames at the Cutty Sark in Greenwich and crosses to the Isle of Dogs via the Greenwich tunnel. This section gives splendid views of the River Thames and Canary Wharf.
Shortly after leaving the Thames behind you will come onto the Lee Valley path which will take you along the Regent's canal and through Tower Hamlets and Victoria Park. You then join the River Lee near Lea Bridge for some more waterside riding. The off road path then takes you past various Reservoirs until you reach the lovely Lee Valley Park - London's largest open space. After going through the park you will soon pass close to Waltham Abbey in Essex before you arrive at the finish point at Cheshunt station next to Cheshunt lake.
35 miles (56 km)
This beautiful, challenging walk runs through the Peak District from Disley to Kidsgrove.
The walk begins at the train station at Disley and soon comes to the wonderful Lyme Park (video below) with its mansion house and Medieval deer park. You continue south passing the town of Bollington before climbing to the unusual structure of White Nancy and crossing the Saddle of Kerridge. From the elevated position above Bollington you can enjoy splendid views across the�Cheshire Plain, the mountains of�North Wales�to the west, the hills of�Shropshire�to the south and the�Pennines�to the north and east. The route continues to the lovely Tegg's Nose Country Park via Tower Hill. The views are truly dramatic from this former quarry site.
The next section takes you on towards Rushton Bank before climbing the Bosley Cloud - at 1,125�ft it's a challenging section but the views of Congleton, Macclesfield and Greater Manchester are magnificent.
The path continues to Mow Cop with its ruined castle, before you join the Macclesfield canal and then the Trent and Mersey Canal taking you to Kidsgrove.
Hertford Union Canal
1 miles (1.7 km)
Enjoy an easy, waterside walk or cycle along this canal in Tower Hamlets. It runs for about a mile, linking the Regent's Canal and the Lea Valley Walk . You'll pass a series of locks and bridges along the way. It runs alongside Victoria Park so there is scope for continuing your walk through the park or along the Regent's Canal.
Hillingdon Trail
19 miles (30 km)
Travel through North London along the Hillingdon trail and enjoy parkland, countryside and waterside walking along the Grand Union Canal.
The walk starts in Cranford Park and heads through the borough of Hillingdon passing West Ruislip and Harefield before finishing at Springwell Lock on the Grand Union Canal. There's much to enjoy on this walk including sections along the Grand Union Canal , the Yeading Brook and the delightful Ruislip Lido. Here you will find a reservoir with boating and sailing and the Ruislip Lido Railway which runs about one third of the distance around the reservoir.
Please click here for more information about this walk.
Huddersfield Broad Canal
4 miles (6 km)
Enjoy an easy stroll along the towpath of the Huddersfield Broad Canal on this walk in Huddersfield. The canal runs from the town centre of Huddersfield and heads north to Bradley, passing a series of locks and old mill buildings on the way. You start off at Aspley Basin and head past Turnbridge Lift Bridge and Deighton before finishing at Bradley near Brighouse. Near the end of the route you'll pass the historic 18th-century�Colne Bridge. The Grade II listed�stone-built arch bridge spans the�River Colne�between�Bradley�and�Kirkheaton.
At Bradley you can pick up the Kirklees Way long distance footpath to extend your walk. You could head north to Hartshead or east towards Fixby along the path. The canal links also with the Calder and Hebble Navigation Canal at Bradley.
In Huddersfield you can also pick up the Huddersfield Narrow Canal . It heads across the Pennines and the Peak District into Greater Manchester.
For cyclists National Route 69 runs parallel to the canal.
Huddersfield Narrow Canal
21 miles (33 km)
Follow the Huddersfield Narrow Canal from Greater Manchester into the Peak District on this easy waterside walk. The canal runs from Ashton-under-Lyne in Manchester to Huddersfield, passing lots of interesting towns and villages with some beautiful scenery to enjoy along the way. There's also historic mills, views of the Pennines and interesting museums to see.
You start off in Ashton-Under-Lyne and head east along the towpath to Stalybridge. The canal continues to Mossley where you have the option of taking a short detour to visit Hartside Pike . You can climb to the 19th century Hartshead Pike Tower for fabulous views over the Pennines.
The route continues north to Uppermill and Diggle before coming to the Standedge Tunnels. The canal tunnel was opened in 1811 and is the longest and highest canal tunnel in the United Kingdom. Here the route leaves the canal and picks up the Standedge Trail to take you across the Marsden Moor Estate �in the�Pennines. The estate is owned by the National Trust and consists of some lovely moorland scenery with valleys, peaks and crags. Look out for wildlife including golden plover, curlew, grouse and twite as you make your way over the hills.
The route rejoins the canal at the village of Marsden. It's a good place to stop for a rest with the Standedge Tunnel & Visitor Centre to explore. The centre has a good cafe, lots of information about the tunnels and organises underground boat trips. At Marsden there is also the option of taking a detour to visit Butterley Reservoir . This route continues along the canal to Slaithwaite and Linthwaite before finishing in Huddersfield. The canal then links with the Huddersfield Broad Canal which you can follow to Bradley. In Ashton-under-Lyne it links with the Ashton Canal which you can follow in central Manchester. It passes Manchester City Football Stadium and Manchester Velodrome before finishing at Manchester�Piccadilly.
Hyndburn Clog
31 miles (50 km)
A circular walk around Blackburn and Accrington in Lancashire, visiting a series of reservoirs and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.
Irwell Sculpture Trail
30 miles (48 km)
Follow the River Irwell on this splendid waterside walk through Greater Manchester and enjoy over 70 artworks by renowned artists.
The walk starts at Salford Quays and follows the trail north through Bury and Ramsbottom towards Bacup. The walk visits some lovely riverside country parks including Clifton Country Park and Burrs Country Park . You also pass Outwood Country Park where you can pick up the Outwood Trail . Another route highlight is a nice stretch along the Bury Canal where you'll pass the pretty Elton Reservoir .
The trail also visits a series of art galleries and museums including the Lowry and the East Lancashire Railway.
Ivanhoe Way
35 miles (56 km)
Travel through the setting of Sir Walter Scott's 19th century novel on this circular walk around Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire.
The path starts Ashby-de-la-Zouch and first heads to Moira where you will follow the Ashby Canal for a short stretch. The route continues passing Shackerstone, Coalville and Staunton Harold. Highlights on the path include the Ashby Canal, Cliff Hill Quarry and Staunton Harold Reservoir. Also look out for the National Trust owned Calke Abbey near the Staunton Harold Reservoir. This Grade I listed country house is slightly off the route but well worth a visit.
88 miles (141 km)
This walk follows the Jurassic limestone ridge from Banbury to Stamford passing through Northamptonshire,Oxfordshire and Lincolnshire.
The walk includes a stretch along the Oxford Canal from Banbury and another waterside stretch along the Grand Union Canal near Braunston. You will also enjoy fine views of the River Welland as you approach Stamford.
The route passes through a series of picturesque towns and villages including Wardington, Catesby, Braunston, Ashby St Ledgers (with its impressive Manor House),West Haddon and Middleton.
Please use the links below for handy pdf guides to the walk.
Kennet and Avon Canal Walk
76 miles (122 km)
A splendid waterside walk from the Thames at Reading, through Thatcham, Hungerford, Pewsey, Devizes, Bradford-on-Avon to Bath. Most of the walk follows the towpath making for an easy, relaxing walk.
The route of the Kennet & Avon Canal takes you through some of the nation's best loved landscapes, including West Berkshire - an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty - and the southern tip of the rolling Cotswolds. Highlights include the delightful Thatcham Nature Discovery Centre, Caen Hill Locks (video below), Cane Avoncliff Aqueduct, Claverton Pumping Station, numerous pretty canalside villages and the historic city of Bath.
King Alfreds Trail
9 miles (14 km)
Take a pad and pencil with you on this delightful circular walk around Pewsey and take brass rubbings of the engraved plaques along the route. The plaques have been developed by Wiltshire Walking for All and feature images of animals, insects and plants that you might see on the walk. The route also includes a pleasant waterside section along the Kennet and Avon Canal.
Good places to stop for refreshment include Pewsey Wharf and the pub by the village green at Wilcot.
10 miles (16 km)
This walk follows various brooks from Cheadle to Disley via Hazel Grove.
You start off at Abney Hall Park in Cheadle. The park has lovely grounds and the interesting Abney Hall built in 1847 and makes for a fine start point. From here you follow the Micker Brook to the grand Brammall Hall . Bramall Hall is one of Cheshire's grandest black and white timber-framed Tudor manor houses and also has 70 acres of beautiful parkland. The trail then joins the Lady Brook, following it to Poynton Park in Hazel Grove where you will walk alongside the attractive Poynton Lake. The final section takes you along Norbury Brook to Middlewood, before crossing the Macclesfield Canal and finishing at Disley.
Lambourn Valley Way
22 miles (35 km)
Travel from Oxfordshire into Berkshire along the Lambourn Valley Way and enjoy woodland, parkland and a series of quaint towns and villages.
The walk starts at the Bronze age fort at Uffington Castle and heads south, following the River Lambourn through Lambourn, Boxford and Speen before a lovely stretch along the Kennet and Avon Canal takes you into Newbury.
Lancaster Canal
57 miles (91 km)
Follow the Lancaster Canal from Preston, in Lancashire, to Kendal, in Cumbria, on this splendid waterside walk or cycle. From the canal there are fine views of the Silverdale Coast, the Forest of Bowland AONB and the lovely Wyre countryside. The route passes Garstang, Lancaster and Carnforth before finishing at Kendal.
Leeds and Liverpool Canal
126 miles (203 km)
Enjoy waterside cycling and walking along Britain's longest single canal. It runs for 126 miles across the Pennines, passing many villages, towns and cities with a fascinating heritage and industrial history. There are also umpteen pretty locks, viaducts and some wonderful countryside to enjoy.
Walkers can enjoy the whole route from Leeds to Liverpool, while there are several sections for cyclists too. If you are on a bike then you can follow Sustrans National Cycle Route 66 from the start at Leeds to just outside Silsden. There's another Sustrans section around Barnoldswick and from Nelson to Burnley in Lancashire. The section from Chorley to Adlington is also open to cyclists.
Highlights on the route include the impressive 5 rise locks at Bingley, Wigan Pier and the lovely Foulridge Reservoir in Colne. Near Burscough you'll pass the wonderful Martin Mere Nature Reserve where you can look out for otters, flamingos, beavers and thousands of water loving birds. You can also link up with the Rufford Branch of the canal and head to Rufford Hall.
Leeds to Shipley
12 miles (20 km)
This route follows the tow path of the Leeds Liverpool Canal from lock 1, where the canal joins the River Aire, to Shipley rail station
Limestone Link
36 miles (58 km)
Starting at Cold Ashton in St Catherine's Valley, Gloucestershire follow the Limestone Link from the Cotswolds to the Mendip Hills in Somerset.
The walk first heads south towards Batheaston where you join the River Avon and the Kennet and Avon Canal for a lovely waterside stretch to Monkton Coombe. You will also pass near to Little Solsbury Hill , made famous by the Peter Gabriel song 'Solsbury Hill'.
The second section of the path then takes you through the Mendip Hills AONB with fabulous views of the Chew Valley, the waterfall at Hallatrow and the final stretch through Burrington common the main highlights.
Llangollen Canal
49 miles (79 km)
Enjoy a waterside walk or cycle along the Llangollen Canal. The canal runs from Llangollen in Wales to�Hurleston near Nantwich in Cheshire. You can walk along the canal towpath from start to finish, while cyclists can enjoy the section from Llangollen to Chirk using National Cycle Network routes 85 and 84. This first section starts at the wonderful Horseshoe Falls just to the west of Llangollen. You then head through Llangollen to the wonderful Pontcysyllte Aqueduct where the canal�is carried over the valley of the�River Dee. The magnificent structure is the longest and highest aqueduct in�Britain�and a�World Heritage Site. There are wonderful views of the Dee valley from this major highlight on the route. You can explore the Aqueduct by clicking on the google street view link below.
You continue to Chirk where you will pass the National Trust owned Chirk Castle . The castle has award-winning gardens and a 460 acre estate to explore so is well worth the small detour from the canal.
The next section runs to Ellesmere passing Hindford and the pretty Frankton Locks on the way. At Frankton Junction you can pick up the Montgomery Canal which runs to Newton. When you reach Ellesmere you will pass close to the lovely Ellesmere Country Park where you can enjoy lakeside and woodland walks.
You continue east to Whitchurch passing the delightful Colmere Country Park , the Ellesmere Canal and Bettisfield on the way. The final section runs from Whitchurch to Hurleston passing Marbury (with its series of meres) and Wrenbury.
34 miles (54 km)
This figure of eight walk takes you on a tour of the beautiful scenery around Carnforth.
The trail takes in a series of waterways including the Lancaster Canal and the Rivers Lune, Hindburn, Wenning and Roeburn while also passing through several pretty towns and villages. Starting in Carnforth you will pass Swarthdale, Melling, Roeburndale, Hornby, Arkholme and Capernwray. You can also enjoy views of Morecambe Bay with the Cumbrian Mountains making a spectacular backdrop. Part of the walk also passes through the stunning Forest of Bowland AONB with its fabulous landscapes, woodland, hills and variety of wildlife.
Macclesfield to Marple - Middlewood Way
11 miles (18 km)
Follow the Middlewood Way - a lovely off road cycle and walking path running from Macclesfield to Marple and passing by the Macclesfield Canal.
24 miles (38 km)
This splendid walk takes you from the Shropshire/Cheshire border into Wales.
The path starts at Grindley Brook near Whitchurch and heads west to Penley in Wales, passing around the pretty Hanmer Mere on the way. You continue to Overton and then Erbistock where you join the River Dee and then the River Ceiriog to Chirk before the final waterside section leads to the finish point at Bronygarth.
This is a beautiful walk through some fabulous English and Welsh countryside. It also has several waterside streches along the two rivers with a stroll along the Llangollen Canal near Chirk to enjoy also.
22 miles (35 km)
This walk runs from Lymm to Runcorn, following the Bridgewater canal for much of the route.
The trail starts off on the canal at Spud Wood just outside Lymm. You then head through the pretty town and around Lymm Dam before rejoining the canal to Appleton Park where the trail takes you alongside Appleton Reservoir. A couple of pleasant woodland sections take you to Daresbury with the final leg passing through Runcorn and finishing on Runcorn Hill
Mid-Wilts Way
68 miles (109 km)
A 68-mile walking route that takes in some of Wiltshire’s finest countryside and downland areas. The walk runs from the village of Ham (near Inkpen) to Mere (near Warminster).
You will visit a series of pretty villages including Wilton, Wootton Rivers, Oare, Seend Cleeve, Keevil, Steeple Ashton, Bratton, Upton Scudamore, Horningham and Kingston Deverill. The walk includes several hill climbs with fabulous views of the Wiltshire countryside. This includes a climb to Cley Hill in the Cranborne Chase AONB. The hill is owned by the National Trust and commands great views over Wiltshire and Somerset.
There are also long waterside sections along the Kennet and Avon Canal and a section through Longleat Center Parcs towards the end of the walk.
The route is now officially open and has been waymarked with discrete MWW discs. The Visit Wiltshire website has some excellent downloadable guides . Please note the route has recently been extended so this link does not include the full current route.
20 miles (32 km)
Enjoy lakes, canals, woodlands and historic villages on this waymarked walk through the Worcestershire and Warwickshire countryside.
The walk begins at the Forehill picnic site, just outside Birmingham, and heads to Tanworth-in-Arden on country lanes and footpaths. This section of the walk passes the three man-made reservoirs at Earlswood lakes and the interesting Transport Museum at Wythall with its extensive collection of buses, battery electric vehicles and a miniature steam railway.
From Tanworth-in-Arden you continue east towards the village of Lapworth, passing the 17th century Umberslade Hall and Park on the way. The mansion is a a Grade II* listed building and is surrounded by parkland and lakes.
At Lapworth you join the Stratford Upon Avon Canal for a short waterside stretch which takes you to Kingswood Junction where the Stratford-upon-Avon Canal meets the Grand Union Canal. A short stroll from Kingswood takes you onto another major highlight on the walk, as you reach the moated manor house of Baddesley Clinton This medieval manor house dates from the 15th century and includes a pretty garden with lakeside walks.
The final section of the walk then takes you to Kenilworth, passing through the peaceful Hay Wood and the village of Wroxhall on the way. You finish at the impressive Kenilworth Castle described by architectural historian Anthony Emery as 'the finest surviving example of a semi-royal palace of the later middle ages, significant for its scale, form and quality of workmanship'. The castle dates from the 16th century and includes a beautiful Elizabethan Garden with a bejewelled aviary and marble fountain.
Millennium Way
41 miles (66 km)
Travel across the width of Staffordshire and visit Stafford, Colwich, Rugeley, Yoxall and Barton Under Needwood on this splendid walk. Much of the walk follows the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and the Trent & Mersey Canal making for a pleasant and fairly easy waterside walk.
Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal
37 miles (60 km)
Follow the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal from Brecon to Newport on this super waterside walking and cycling route. Walkers can enjoy the whole route along canal towpaths while cyclists can follow National Cycle Network routes 4, 47 and 49 from Newport to Pontypool. The cycle path is wide and well surfaced so it's a lovely, safe ride. The cycle section runs for about 12 miles.
The whole route runs from Brecon to Newport passing through the beautiful and dramatic scenery of the Brecon Beacons National Park. The first section runs from Brecon to Talybont-on-Usk via Pencelli. It's a 6.5 mile walk with views of the River Usk and the pretty Brynich Lock.
The canal continues to the delightful Llangynidr locks and then on to Cricklehowell and Abergavenny. There's an opportunity here to visit Abergavenny Castle Meadows and Linda Vista Gardens with a small detour from the canal.
The next section runs from Abergavenny to Pontypool, passing the noteworthy Goytre Wharf, with its historic limekilns.
The final section runs from Pontypool to Newport via Cwmbran. This section is open to cyclists. The route finishes in Newport near the castle.
Montgomery Canal
35 miles (56 km)
Enjoy easy waterside cycling and walking along the Montgomery Canal through Powys and Shropshire. The whole of the route can be walked while cyclists can enjoy the section from Newtown to Welshpool along National Cycle Network route 81. It's a great ride and suitable for families and people of all abilities.
Starting in Newtown you follow the River Severn towards Llanllwchaiarn and the start of the canal. You then follow the towpath north passing the Pwll Penarth Nature Reserve and a series of pretty villages including Abermule and Berriew where the canal is carried over the River Rhiw aqueduct. The route continues to Welshpool passing Powis Castle and the Llyn Coed y Dinas Nature Reserve. It's a super section of the canal with wildlife such as otters and water voles to look out for.
From Welshpool you continue north to Arddleen and Four Crosses where you cross the Vyrnwy Aqueduct. It's a highlight of the route with splendid views of the River Vyrnwy to enjoy.
The route continues through Pant and Maesbury Marsh before finishing at Frankton�Locks in Shropshire. Here you can pick up the Llangollen Canal and enjoy more waterside walking.
Neath Canal
3 miles (5 km)
This section of the Neath Canal makes for a lovely waterside cycle or walk. It runs along the National Cycle Network route from the parking area at Craig Nedd, Resolven to Glynneath. You'll pass pretty locks and bridges with views of the River Neath along the way.
New Lipchis Way
37 miles (60 km)
This is an exceptionally lovely walking trail that runs from Liphook, in Hampshire, to East Head at the entrance to Chichester Harbour. The path takes you through some of the loveliest parts of West Sussex including greensand ridges, Wealden river valleys, heathlands, high chalk downland and then finally the coastal plain at Chichester.
The first section of the walk runs from Liphook to Midhurst, passing through Woolbeding Common before a waterside section along the River Rother takes you to Midhurst.
From Midhurst you continue south through countryside and woodland to Singleton where you will find the fascinating Weald & Downland Open Air Museum . The museum covers 50 acres, with around 50 historic buildings dating from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, along with gardens, farm animals, walks and a lake.
The next section then takes you to Chichester, and includes a climb to the top of St Roche's hill where you can enjoy splendid views of the South Downs. Soon after you join a short easy section along a dismantled railway line through Lavant and onto the beautiful cathedral city of Chichester.
The final section then takes you along the Chichester Ship Canal and the Chichester Channel to West Wittering with splendid views of Chichester Harbour as you go.
Newry Canal
20 miles (32 km)
Enjoy a walk or cycle along the Newry Canal on this waterside route in Northern Ireland. The route follows National Cycle Network Route 9 along the canal towpath from Newry to Portadown. It's about 20 miles and makes for a nice, easy cycle or walk. The route passes a series of old stone bridges and pretty locks. The views of the surrounding countryside are great and you should also see lots of water loving wildlife along the way.
The route begins in Newry town centre and heads north to Jerretspass, Poyntzpass and Scarva before finishing in Portadown. Highlights on the route include Lough Shark and Brackagh Nature Reserve near Portadown. A good place for refreshments is the lovely village of Scarva. The canalside village is well known for its park with a bandstand and prize winning floral displays. You can enjoy a snack at the tea rooms and visitor centre.
At Portadown this route links with the Lough Neagh circuit which runs around the largest freshwater lake in Britain and Ireland.
North Cheshire Way
70 miles (113 km)
Starting at Hooton Station, near Ellesmere Port, follow the North Cheshire Way through Frodsham, Northwich, Knutsford and Wilmslow to the finish point at Disley. Highlights on the walk include:
A long riverside section along the River Weaver from Frodsham to Northwich.
Tatton Park, near Knutsford. This historical estate contains a mansion, Tatton Hall, a manor house dating from medieval times, Tatton Old Hall, gardens, a farm and a deer park of 2,000 acres.
A section alongside Manchester Airport near Wilmslow.
Following the River Bollin through the delightful Styal Country Park in Wilmslow
The wonderful Lyme Park (video below) with its mansion house and Medieval deer park. This can be found near Disley towards the end of the route
Canalside sections along the Shropshire Union Canal and the Maccesfield Canal
The walk is waymarked with a yellow arrow on a black disc.
Nottingham Canal
8 miles (13 km)
Enjoy a walk or cycle along this pretty canal in Nottingham. The route runs along the Erewash Valley Trail from Langley Mill to the outskirts of Nottingham. It's a nice flat ride which is ideal for families.
The route starts at Langley Mill and heads south to Cossal and Trowell. This area has now been declared as a nature reserve which attracts lots of dragonflies, damselflies and birdlife. On the�Trowell�section are the remains of Swansea bridge, one of the original stone bridges, which was built around 1793–95. From here you can see the original stone built lock keepers cottages.
The route finishes very close to Wollaton Park where you can extend your outing. The large country park consists of an exquisite Elizabethan mansion�surrounded by acres of parkland, woodland, lakes, formal gardens and the deer park.
The video below shows the Erewash Valley Trail which includes this section along the Nottingham Canal.
Nutbrook Trail
10 miles (16 km)
This easy cycling and walking trail runs from Long Eaton to Heanor along the Erewash Canal and a dismantled railway line. It runs for about 10 miles and is part of National Cycle Route 67. It's a great one for families or anyone looking for a safe, flat ride or walk.
The route starts in Long Eaton next to West Park and follows the Erewash Canal north through Sandiacre and Stapleford. It's a pleasant section along the canal towpath with pretty locks and old stone bridges.
Just after Stapleford you leave the canal and bear west toward Ilkeston along a dismantled railway line. You'll pass through the pretty Manor Floods Nature Reserve where there is a nice lake and lots of wildlife to look out for. The final section takes you through the lovely Shipley Country Park to the finish point at Heanor. It's a great park with 700 acres of woodland, lakes and parkland.
To extend your outing you could pick up the circular Erewash Valley Trail and further explore the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire countryside on your bike or on foot.
Oxford Canal Walk
77 miles (124 km)
Follow the Oxford Canal from Oxford to Coventry on this splendid waterside walk. You follow the towpath of the canal for the duration of the route meaning this is a fairly easy walk (providing you don't do at all at once!)
You will pass through Thrupp, Lower Heyford, Banbury, Cropredy, Braunston Turn and Rugby before finishing at Hawkesbury Junction in Coventry.
The peaceful south Midlands countryside, a series of pretty locks and several excellent canal side pubs make this walk a fantastic experience. Highlights include the delightful Port Meadow at the start of the route in Oxford, great views of the River Cherwell through Oxfordshire and the stunning gardens at Rousham Park .
Oxford Green Belt Way
52 miles (84 km)
The Oxford Green Belt Way was created by CPRE Oxfordshire to celebrate its 75th anniversary and 50 years of Oxford's Green Belt. The circular walk takes you through some lovely Oxfordshire countryside and historic villages, with peaceful waterside sections along the River Thames and the Oxford Canal.
The walk begins on the outskirts of Oxford and visits Horspath, Garsington, Abingdon, Kidlington and Beckley. There are excellent views of Oxford’s Dreaming Spires, Otmoor, Foxcombe Hill and Wytham Woods.
Attractions on the route include Harcourt Arboretum at Nuneham Courtenay. Here you will find a 10-acre woodland and a 37-acre meadow full of wild flowers.
The route passes the RSPB nature reserve at Otmoor where you can enjoy a nature trail and look out for thousands of wildfowl.
Near Horspath you will pass through Shotover Country Park with its ancient woodland, flowery meadows, marshes, ponds and bracken-covered slopes. You can climb Shotover Hill for wonderful views of the surrounding countryside.
There are also lovely waterside stretches along the River Thames, the Oxford Canal and around Farmoor Reservoir .
For those interested in history the 12th century ruined abbey at Godstow is also of note.
Peatlands Way
50 miles (80 km)
This waymarked circular walk takes you through the moorland and lowland raised bogs around the town of Thorne near Doncaster. The walk visits Crowle, Belton, Epworth, Haxey, Kirk Bramwith and Sykehouse. You will also cross the famous Thorne and Hatfield Moors, wildlife sites of national and European importance. The walk includes some easy waterside sections along the River Don and the New Junction Canal.
Pocklington Canal
9 miles (15 km)
Enjoy an easy waterside stroll along this lovely canal in East Riding of Yorkshire. The canal runs for about 9 miles from the town of Pocklington to East Cottingwith where it joins the River Derwent. It's an easy flat walk along the towpath with some delightful scenery to take in. Along the way you'll pass a number of locks and bridges with nice views of the surrounding countryside. The area is great for wildlife with part of the canal falling within the Lower Derwent Valley National Nature Reserve. Look out for swans, ducks, kingfishers and dragonflies.
The route starts just south of Pocklington town centre where Canal Lane meets York Road. It then passes Bielby, Melbourne and Storwood before finishing at Cottingwith Lock at East Cottingwith.
The Wilberforce Way runs along the canal so it's possible to extend your walk along this long distance footpath. It can be followed from the centre of Pocklington to start your walk.
Regent's Canal
9 miles (14 km)
Follow the Regent's canal through Regent's Park and Central London on this pleasant waterside cycling and walking route.
Starting at the Little Venice basin in Maida Vale, you follow the canal into Regent’s Park where you will find the famous Zoo. You then pass through Camden, with its popular market, before continuing towards the East End. The route then passes the revived Mile End Park with its arts pavilion, terraced gardens and green bridge with views of Canary Wharf. You finish at the River Thames at�Limehouse Basin.
River Wey Navigation
20 miles (32 km)
Follow the River Wey Navigation towpath from Godalming�to the River Thames at Weybridge on this super waterside walk. The whole of the route is suitable for walkers while cyclists can enjoy a super waterside section in Guildford.
You start off in Godalming�and pass Guildford, Sutton Park, Pyrford and Byfleet before finishing in Weybridge where you can pick up the Thames Path . There's lots of pretty Surrey countryside to see and a series of pretty locks and bridges on the way.
Route highlights include the delightful riverside nature reserve in Guildford and the wonderful Wisley Gardens near Woking. The route also links with the Wey South Path around Guildford.
Rochdale Canal
33 miles (53 km)
Follow the Rochdale canal from Manchester to Sowerby Bridge on this waterside route through Greater Manchester and Yorkshire. It starts in the city centre of Manchester and runs for about 33 miles through the Pennine Hills. The canal is an excellent way to see the Pennines without too much effort as the towpath is largely flat.
You start off in Manchester just to the north of Piccadilly train station at�the Castlefield�Basin. The canal then heads to Rochdale passing through Failsworth and Chadderton on the way. Near Rochdale you will pass the lovely Hollingworth Lake which is worth a small detour.
The route continues through Littleborough to Todmorden where there is the opportunity to visit Stoodley Pike . The challenging climb to the monument gives gives great views over the surrounding area.
The next section runs from Todmorden to Hebden Bridge giving wonderful views of Calderdale and the Pennine Hills. If you have time you could visit the wonderful Hardcastle Crags just north of Hebden Bridge. Here you will find streams, beautiful waterfalls and the fantastic Gibson Mill.
The final stretch runs from Hebden Bridge to Sowerby Bridge passing the pretty village of Mytholmroyd. The canal then joins the Calder and Hebble Navigation Canal which is also great for a walk or cycle. You can continue along the towpath to nearby Brighouse to extend your exercise.
The canal is excellent for cycling with National Cycle Network Route 66 running along the towpath for most of the way.
Royal Military Canal Path
27 miles (43 km)
This walking route runs from Pett Level to Seabrook along the Royal Military Canal. Constructed in the early 19th century as a defence against a possible invasion by Napoleon, the canal-side path now makes for a nice easy walk.
The route starts off on the coast at Pett Level and heads inland towards Winchelsea and then onto Rye. The path then heads to Hythe via Appledore before finishing at Seabrook just outside Hythe.
Highlights on the route include the lovely Rye Harbour Nature Reserve near Rye. The reserve includes saltmarsh, lagoons, grazing marsh, shingle and reedbeds. You can also visit the ruins of Henry VIII's Camber Castle. The Device Fort was built to protect the�Sussex�coast against French attack in the 16th century.
32 miles (51 km)
This is a popular walk that runs through Cheshire and Shropshire from Frodsham to Whitchurch.
The path starts in Frodsham and heads south to Delamere Forest with its 2,400 acres of mixed deciduous and evergreen woodland and Blakemere Moss - a lake around 1�km in length.
From Delamere you continue south towards Beeston Castle in Tarporley. With an exhibition detailing 4000 years of the castle's history and 40 acres of woodland trails, Beeston is a major attraction on the walk. Soon after you will come to Peckforton Castle, which is actually a country house built in the style of a medieval castle. It is now used as a luxury hotel.
The path then heads through the lovely Peckforton Hills , passing Bickerton and Hampton Green before joining the towpath of the Shropshire Union Canal to Grindley Brook and then onto the finish point at Whitchurch.
Sheerness Way
6 miles (9 km)
Opened in 2011 this super, circular cycle and walking route, follows a series of safe, traffic free paths around Sheerness on the Isle of Sheppey.
You will run along the attractive Isle of Sheppy coast and Sheerness beach, while there is also a pleasant waterside section along the Queenborough Lines or the canal bank as it is known locally.
This is a nice family cycle ride as it takes place on flat, off road paths. Walkers looking for an easy circular walk will also find it suitable.
The route is easily accessible, starting and finishing at Sheerness-on-Sea railway station.
Sheffield Canal
4 miles (6 km)
Follow the towpath of the Sheffield Canal on this waterside walk in Yorkshire. The canal runs from the Sheffield Canal Basin in the city centre to Tinsley, next to the Meadowhall centre. Along the way there are a number of locks and stone bridges. It's quite a narrow towpath so it's probably best suited for walkers. The canal featured in the opening scene of the 1997 film�The Full Monty.
The route starts at the attractive Victoria Quays in Sheffield. You then head north east through Attercliffe, passing the Don Valley Stadium on the way. You then pass Tinsley Locks before finishing at Meadowhall. The huge indoor shopping centre has plenty of restaurants�for refreshments at the end of your walk.
The River Don also runs to Meadowhall from the city centre so you could return along the Five Weirs Walk . This follows a waterside path along the river and is suitable for cyclists and walkers.
Solihull Way
19 miles (30 km)
Starting at Earlswood Lakes head through Solihull to Castle Bromwich Hall. The path first takes you over the Stratford Upon Avon Canal and then along the Grand Union Canal . You then pass through Elmdon Park and Sheldon Country Park and past Birmingham International Airport before finishing at the Jacobean Mansion at Castle Bromwich Hall.
23 miles (37 km)
The South Bucks Way runs from Coombe Hill near Wendover to Denham near Uxbridge.
You begin at the top of Coombe Hill with splendid views of the surrounding countryside and descend towards Great Missenden where you will pass the Abbey and join the River Misbourne. The route then follows the river through Amersham and Chalfont St Peter before joining the River Colne for the final stretch into Denham, where you finish by the Grand Union Canal.
South Cheshire Way
34 miles (55 km)
This is a splendid walk along canals and through wonderful Shropshire and Cheshire countryside from Grindley Brook, near Whitchurch, to Mow Cop near Congleton.
The walk starts on the Shropshire Union Canal at Grindley Brook and heads to Marbury passing alongside the tranquil Marbury Meres as you go. The next stage takes you towards Wrenbury and then onto Coole Pilate where you cross the Shropshire Union Canal.
The path continues passing Weston and Haslington before joining the Trent & Mersey Canal at Malkin's Bank for some waterside walking. At Thurlwood you leave the canal and head towards Little Moreton Hall . Owned by the National Trust the hall is a moated 15th-century half-timbered manor house. The final section then takes you onto the finish point at Mow Cop finishing near the castle.
Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal
46 miles (74 km)
Follow the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal from Stourport-on-Severn to Great Haywood on this easy waterside walking and cycling route. The walk starts at Stourport-on-Severn by the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Basin near to the River Severn. You then head north to Kidderminster with views of the River Stour as you go. You continue to Kinver where you could deviate from the path to visit the splendid Kingsford Country Park and Kinver Edge. The large area of woodland and heathland has miles of walking trails with wonderful views across the region.
The next section takes you through Wolverhampton, passing the National Trust owned Wightwick Manor Gardens and Valley Park Nature Reserve.
You continue to Stafford before the final stretch to Great Haywood Junction, passing the beautiful Shugborough Park on the way. The 900 acre estate is well worth visiting with its expansive parkland and stunning gardens. At Great Haywood the canal links with the Trent and Mersey Canal . You could extend your walk into the Trent Valley and the Cannock Chase AONB.
The whole of the route is open for walkers while cyclists can enjoy a super section from Stourport to Kidderminster along National Cycle Network Route 54. It's an excellent choice for a safe, waterside cycle.
Standedge Trail
12 miles (19 km)
A lovely circular walk through Kirklees. The path starts off at Marsden, near the railway station, and heads towards Diggle before turning round and returning to Marsden. The route passes near Black Moss and Redbrook Reservoir and includes a canal side stretch towards the end of the route.
Stourbridge Canal
3 miles (5.5 km)
Enjoy an easy waterside walk along this pretty canal in the West Midlands. The walk starts in the town of Stourbridge in the West Midlands and heads to Stourton Bridge in Staffordshire. Here the canal links with the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal . There's lots of pretty locks and some lovely countryside as you make your way into Staffordshire.
Stratford Upon Avon Canal
26 miles (42 km)
Enjoy waterside cycling and walking on this 26 mile canal which runs from Stratford Upon Avon to Birmingham. The whole route can be walked while cyclists can enjoy the sections from Stratford Upon Avon to Wilmcote at one end and through the outskirts of Birmingham at the other.
The route starts in the centre of Stratford Upon Avon and passes through a series of pretty villages before entering the outskirts of Birmingham and finishing in King's Norton. There's lots of pretty locks and some lovely Warwickshire countryside to enjoy. Around Solihull you'll pass close to Earlswood Lakes which is well worth a small detour. You'll also pass close to the lovely Baddesley Clinton . Here you will find a moated manor house surrounded by gardens and woodland. Also, around Kingswood the canal links up with the Grand Union Canal Walk so you can easily pick up another super canal trail.
Swansea Canal
4 miles (5.7 km)
Enjoy an easy waterside cycle or walk along the Swansea Canal and River Tawe. The route runs from Clydach�to�Pontardawe�along route number 43�of the�National Cycle Network. The route uses the canal towpath and a riverside trail, passing locks and bridges on the way. Look out for a variety of wildlife including otters, kingfishers, dippers, ducks, moths, butterflies and beetles.
Tame Valley Way
23 miles (37 km)
Follow the River Tame through Greater Manchester from Stockport to Denshaw on this waterside walk. The trail passes through Ashton-under-Lyne, Stalybridge and Mossley and includes woodland sections as well as the extended sections along the River Tame and Huddersfield Narrow Canal. Also of interest is Reddish Vale Country Park , which sits right on the River Tame.
Tavistock Canal
3 miles (4.5 km)
Enjoy a peaceful stroll along the towpath of the Tavistock Canal on this easy walk in West Devon. The route starts at Tavistock Wharf and heads through the outskirts of the town towards Crowndale Farm, passing West Bridge on the way. You continue to the pretty Shillamill Aqueduct before finishing at Lumburn where the canal meets the River Lumburn. Along the way you will pass pretty locks, canalside cottages and old stone bridges. There are also sections through woodland and great views of the surrounding Devon countryside.
If you'd like to continue your waterside walking in this area then you could head to the nearby Grenofen Bridge and visit Double Waters where the River Tavy meet the River Walkham. You could also pick up the West Devon Way which passes through Tavistock.
Templer Way
18 miles (29 km)
Follow the Templer Way from Haytor on Dartmoor to the seaport of Teignmouth via Newton Abbot. The walk includes a wooded section through Yarner Woods near the route start and also visits the delightful Stover Country Park . With 14 acres of woodland, heathland, grassland, lake and marsh and a substantial variety of wildlife it is a real highlight on the walk.
Shortly after passing Newton Abbot you will join the River Teign for a beautiful waterside section that leads to the finish point at Teignmouth.
The walk is named after the Templer family who constructed the Stover Canal and Tramway to transport granite from Haytor Quarry to the coast at Teignmouth.
Todmorden Centenary Way
22 miles (35 km)
This is a splendid circular walk through the beautiful Calder Valley in Yorkshire. The walk takes you across a series of atmospheric moors and past several lovely reservoirs, including Ramsden Clough and Warland reservoirs. There are also waterside sections to enjoy along the Rochdale Canal and a visit to Stoodley Pike . This 1,300ft hill includes the Stoodley Pike Monument at the summit. It was built in 1856 when peace was declared at the end of the Crimean War and is a major highlight on the walk.
95 miles (153 km)
Follow the Trent and Mersey Canal through Derbyshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire on this long distance waterside walk.
The route start at Shardlow near Long Eaton in Derbyshire and heads through Weston-on-Trent and Willington to Burton-Upon-Trent where you will pass the lovely Branston Water Park with its woodland, wetland and meadow. You continue to Alrewas where you will pass the National Memorial Arboretum . The Arboretum contains over 50,000 trees with nearly 300 memorials for the armed forces, civilian organisations and voluntary bodies who have played a part in serving the country.
The next stage takes you through Handsacre to Rugeley where you will pass the wonderful Cannock Chase Country Park . It's worth taking a short detour to explore the Cannock Chase AONB with miles of woodland walking and cycling trails, lakes, ponds and wildlife including deer and various birds to look out for.
You continue through the beautiful Trent Valley passing the National Trust Owned Shugborough Hall at Great Haywood. It is worth a visit with a grand hall, museum, kitchen garden, model farm and extensive parkland with follies, woodland and a Chinese House with two Chinese-style bridges.
The route continues through Weston to Stone before coming to the outskirts of Stoke-on-Trent where you will pass the splendid Trentham Gardens . Also in Stoke you will pass Westport Lake which is worth a small detour.
You continue north to Kidsgrove where you will find the �Grade II*�listed Rode Hall, surrounded by parkland and formal gardens. The hall and gardens are open to the public from April to September and are well worth a small detour from the canal.
The canal continues through Cheshire to Sandbach where you will pass close to the Watch Lane Flash Nature Reserve. Onward to Middlewhich and Northwhich where you will pass Marbury Country Park . It's a delightful area with magnificent Lime avenues, an Arboretum and the delightful Budworth Mere.
The final section takes you to Runcorn passing Barnton and Weaverham with views of the River Weaver. You finish near Runcorn where the Trent and Mersey Canal links with the Bridgewater Canal.
You can walk along the towpath for the whole route while cyclists can enjoy a long section through Stoke-on-Trent and a shorter section between Weston-on-Trent and Swarkstone.
Two Counties Way
56 miles (90 km)
Travel through Somerset and Devon on this beautiful walk from Taunton to Starcross. There is much to enjoy on this varied walk with peaceful waterside sections along the River Tone, the Grand Western Canal and the River Exe real highlights. Also stop for a visit at the lovely National Trust owned Killerton Estate . This 18th century house boasts a historic fashion exhibition and stunning gardens.
The route passes Wellington, Sampford Peverell, Tiverton, Bickleigh, Exeter and Powderham before finishing on the Exe Estuary at Starcross.
This lovely, easy walk links The Ridgeway National Trail and the Greensand Ridge Walk .
You start on Ivinghoe Beacon, with terrific views of the surrounding area, and head towards Slapton where you join the Grand Union Canal taking you to Leighton Buzzard.
Two Tunnels Greenway
11 miles (18.5 km)
This is a super, shared cycling and walking path making use of a disused railway path through Bath and the surrounding countryside. The path takes you through Bath and then on into some splendid Somerset countryside before following the Kennet and Avon Canal Towpath and the River Avon back into Bath.
Union Canal
31 miles (50 km)
Follow the Union Canal towpath from Falkirk to Edinburgh on this super, waterside cycling and walking route. The route follows National Cycle Network Routes 75 and 754 so is well signed throughout. At Falkirk you can link up with the Forth and Clyde Canal which will take you into Glasgow.
The route starts at Falkirk near the train station and follows the canal to Linlithgow, passing Polmont and Muiravonside Country Park . Here you will find 170 acres of woodland and parkland with views of the River Avon. Also in Linlithgow you'll pass the splendid Beecraigs Country Park which has miles of woodland cycling and walking trails. You can also enjoy a stroll around Linlithgow Loch .
The next section runs from Linlithgow to Ratho, passing farmland, woodland and the settlements of Broxburn, Winchburgh and Philpstoun. You also pass the Almond Aqueduct which carries the canal 23 metres above the wooded River Almond gorge. Not far from here you will find the pretty Almondell and Calderwood Country Park with peaceful woodland and a lovely waterside trail running along the River Almond.
The final section takes you from Ratho in Edinburgh. The first few miles take you through farmland before entering the suburbs of Edinburgh. You soon come to Slateford Aqueduct which carries the canal over the Water of Leith. It is the second largest aqueduct in Scotland at 180 metres long and 18 metres tall. The route ends at Lochrin Basin in the city centre of Edinburgh.
9 miles (14 km)
This is a terrific, challenging walk from Littleborough to Catley Lane Head, Rochdale.
The path begins at the lovely Hollingworth Lake and heads through Littleborough along the Rochdale Canal . The next section climbs to the beautiful Watergrove Reservoir which is a lovely place to stop for a picnic. You then pass Whitworth on your way to the splendid Healey Dell Nature Reserve. This attractive reserve sits in the Spodden Valley and right on the route. It is a real trail highlight with water mills, wildlife, picnic areas and the 1867 Healey Dell Viaduct. Shortly after the route finishes at Catley Lane Head.
Wey South Path
36 miles (58 km)
Follow the Wey River and the Wey and Arun Canal on this wonderful waterside walk through Surrey and Sussex. The route starts off in Guildford and heads south to Rowly and then onto Billinghurst with a section through Sidney Wood on the way. The walk continues towards Pulborough before passing through the delightful Amberley Wild Brooks wetland with its variety of interesting wildlife. The route then comes to an end near Amberley in Sussex.
Much of the walk follows canal side towpaths with footpaths and minor roads making up the remaining sections.
Wilts and Berks Canal
2 miles (3 km)
Enjoy a stroll along this pleasant section of the Wilts and Berks Canal in Swindon. The walk starts in the town centre and follows the canal towpath to West Leaze Farm. On the way you'll pass the River Ray and the Rushey Platt Nature Reserve where you can look out for the water-vole. The canal runs on to Melksham via Wootton Bassett and Chippenham. Near Chippenham there is a section of the National Cycle Network running from Pewsham to Lacock Abbey . You can see this on the video below.
Woking to West Byfleet
9 miles (14 km)
This easy cycle or walk follows the Basingstoke canal and NCN route 221 from Brookwood, near Woking, to West Byfleet.
You start at Pirbright Bridge, Brookwood and head east along the towpath through Woking and then onto the finish point at West Byfleet. With pretty locks and woodland views, this tree lined path makes for a nice relaxing ride or stroll. Also there are train stations at either end of the route making it easily accessible.
Worcester and Birmingham Canal
31 miles (50 km)
Follow the Worcester and Birmingham Canal from the vibrant centre of Birmingham, through the green hills of Worcestershire, to the cathedral city of Worcester. After leaving Birmingham you enter the countryside and will encounter a series of locks including Tarddebigge lock flight. With 30 locks in about 2 miles, Tarddebigge is the longest in the country, and also one of the steepest.
This is a nice easy waterside walk, suitable for all walkers.
| Hurleston |
Probably best remembered for his role as Charles Dreyfuss, the boss of Inspector Clouseau in the films A Shot in the Dark and The Return of the Pink Panther, which Czech born actor sadly passed away on September 27th 2012 aged 95 ? | The Chester and return from Blackwater Canal Boating Cruising Route
Cruising Notes
If you want to spend a day or so at Ellesmere, there are some lovely castles & stately homes within a short drive:
If you base yourself at Ellesmere on the first or last few days, Powis castle is only 25 miles away by car (30 minutes), this is the home to the Earls of Powis, and was built by the Welsh Princes in medieval times.
Also only about 30 minutes away from Ellesmere is another National Trust property- an 18th century Regency mansion.
Day 1
Turn left out of the marina and soon you will see why this area is known as the mini Lake District, as you pass some of Ellesmere's Meres (lakes). The largest mere is off to the north just before Ellesmere Tunnel, but after the tunnel you pass the small Blake Mere, then off to your right is Cole Mere. The Meres were carved out during the Ice Age.
The canal now passes through a very remote and underpopulated area, passing no villages for miles.
There is a lovely lift bridge past the Press Branch canal junction (keep left the canal to your right is a dead end)
Just past the lift bridge is Whixall Moss, a raised bog with rare insect and plant life, but there might be mosquitoes as well! The bog was also formed during the Ice Age. There are walks & cycle routes over Whixall Moss, see leaflets near bridges 44 & 45.
Stop near Platt Lane bridge 43.
It is 3 hours 20 minutes cruising to here & a good place to stop for the night.
Day 2
Another lift bridge is encountered at Bridge 42, and the Canal weaves its way through the quiet countryside until it reaches the town of Whitchurch, which is preceded by two lift bridges at 34 and 33. Another lift bridge marks the entrance to the Whitchurch Arm of the Canal, where you can moor to take the ½ mile walk to visit the town centre.
It is 2 hours cruising to here from Platt Lane bridge 43
Whitchurch is an old town dating from the Roman times and has some beautiful old houses of all periods in the town centre. There are lots of splendid pubs in the town, and shops & a swimming pool.
Worth a visit is St Alkmunds Church, built in 1713 on a hill, it has a stunning interior and is on a grand scale.
Leaving Whitchurch you travel up to the Grindley Brook Locks, these famous staircase locks have made this a canal monument.
The 3 staircase locks are closely followed by 3 more locks, a friendly lock-keeper is on hand to help from April-Oct 8.30 am to 18.30.
By the Locks is the Lockside Stores, selling local produce and with tea & coffee & snacks served in the adjacent cafe, which has internet access.
The Canal travels again through quiet countryside only interrupted by the occasional lock- the 2nd of which has a Pub called the Willeymoor Lock tavern, formally the Lock keepers cottage, it contains some fine Canal paintings.
½ mile south from Marbury Lock is the enchanting village of Marbury.
Further on is the village on Wrenbury, access can be reached from Bridge 20 or 19, about a ¼ mile walk. There are some thatched magpie cottages around the village green.
The Dusty Miller pub is by the Lift bridge and the Cotton Arms is just down the road from the Bridge.
It is just over 5 hours cruising from Whitchurch to here.
Day 3
From Wrenbury marina you will soon encounter a Lift bridge, if it is down you need to get your windlass out and let someone off the boat to open it up.
There are 3 locks at Baddiley but apart from that the countryside is flat, rich farmland.
You can moor up for refreshment aftera couple of hours cruising by Halls lane bridge 12, and take the track to Ravensmoor where you will find the Farmers Arms serving real ale & meals.
There are 2 locks at Swanley but no more until you reach the end of the Llangollen canal at Hurleston, where there are 4 in quick succession. Hurleston reservoir is off to the left.
Turn left at Hurleston junction onto the Shropshire Union Canal, you will follow the reservoir for a short while. At Barbridge you reach the junction of the Middlewich branch of the Shropshire Union, but you carry straight on and head towards Chester, you are joined by a busy road until it turns away at Calveley. There is a bar & grill at Barbridge.
At Bunbury Wharf, 2 staircase locks require thought before action, they are 14 feet wide like all subsequent locks between here and Chester. The village of Bunbury is 1 mile south west of the Locks and has stores, butcher & take away fish & chips & a couple of pubs.
Bunbury water mill is up the hill from Bunbury Wharf, & is open Easter-Sep & gives guided tours around its fully restored watermill.
You can moor up for the night at Beeston Broom Bridge 107, there is the Beeston castle Hotel here.
It is 7.25 cruising hours to here.
Day 4
From Wharton Lock is an excellent view of Beeston castle- a massive ruin dating back to the 14th century which is visible from 30 miles away. The castle was built by the Earl of Chester in 1337, & is situated on the top of a steep hill dominating the surrounding countryside. It is open April to September.
Beeston Castle is also known as the the formidable ‘Castle of the Rock’. Climb to the top of this impressive crag with incredible views over eight counties, from the Pennines to the Welsh mountains. Legend has it that Beeston still guards King Richard II’s lost treasure – maybe your family can find it? An exciting exhibition details the secrets of 4,000 years of Beeston Castle’s history, from Bronze Age settlement to Iron Age hill fort, the Castle itself was begun in 1225.
With over 40 acres of unspoiled woodland trails to explore and an abundance of wildlife Beeston Castle and Woodland Park makes for a truly exhilarating and enchanting day out for all the family.
The Canal continues through the flat but green Cheshire landscape, the Cheshire cycleway following the canal here, and continues all the way into Chester.
Off to the left by bridge 113 there is a pub- the Poachers Pocket.
Continue through the quiet countryside there are no stores until you get to Waverton where there is a shop.
Just past Waverton off to your left was the site of the Battle of Rowton Moor in 1645, where one of the last major battles of the Civil War took place, with the Parliamentarians beating the Royalists.
You are now on the outskirts of Chester and some of you may wish to moor up here and turn around at Christleton, near bridge 121, near the Cheshire Cat pub, thus saving 6 hours of cruising time to negotiate the 10 locks down into Chester and back. There is a very convenient Park & Ride here which can take you into the city of Chester in a few minutes.
It is 3 hours and 15 mins cruising to here.
CHESTER-
There is a wealth of things to do in this Roman City which can be seen on foot, because of the amazing survival of the old city wall. You can walk right round Chester on this superb footpath.
There has been a church on the site of The Cathedral for over 1,000 years originally a Saxon Minster then rebuilt as a Benedictine Abbey this magnificent building is a national treasure in the heart of the city. Visitors can view the Norman arches and Gothic columns and the medieval shrine of St. Werburgh. The Cloisters and Church form one of the most complete medieval monastic complexes in the country.
Handel gave his first public performance of the Messiah here in 1742.
Discover 1,000 of shops behind the façades of the black and white buildings, find high street brands to designer boutiques. Shop in Chester's Rows where 21st century stores thrive in a Medieval setting. Take home some Cheshire cheese which is one of the oldest recorded cheeses in British history and is even referred to in the Domesday Book.
Discover 2000 years of Chester life in the Grosvenor Museum see the impressive collection of Roman tombstones and displays depicting Roman Chester - look out for the Roman soldiers on the way. Discover the world of the famous naturalist Charles Kingsley and explore 'hands-on' the geology and natural history of the area. Also visit the Cheshire Military museum situated inside the tower of Chester castle. Little of the Castle remains but the 13th century tower is open to the public.
Grosvenor Park miniature Railway is one of Chester's premier attractions for 9-90 year olds!. Open April to Oct Sat Sun & school holidays, where you can experience this steam railway laid out in the Grosvenor Park amongst the ducks, moorhens & geese.
Lying outside the town is Chester Zoo is home to 7000 animals including some of the most endangered species on the planet.
Take a journey through the Butterfly house a 400sq meters tropical house and is home to more than
Day 5
| i don't know |
Wooley Edge and Markfield are service stations situated on which British motorway? | Woolley Edge Services (M1) - Motorway Services Guide
Motorway Services Guide » M1 Motorway » Woolley Edge Services (M1)
Woolley Edge Services (M1)
Woolley Edge Services is a motorway service station near Wakefield in England. The service station is located next to the M1 motorway in West Yorkshire and is accessed using motorway junction J38-39. The service station was opened in 1972 and is operated by Moto.
General Information
Road: M1, J38-39
Operator: Moto
Address: Moto Hospitality, Woolley Edge Motorway Services Area, Bramley Lane, Bretton, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF4 4LQ
Phone: 01924 830371
Facilities
Amenities: Children’s Play Area, Ecotricity Electric Vehicle Charging Point, Full Hou$e, Lucky Coin, Picnic Tables, Showers.
Restaurants: Burger King, Costa, Eat & Drink Co., Costa Express, Krispy Kreme.
Shops: M&S Simply Food (southbound only), WHSmith.
Parking is free for the first two hours.
Alternative Services on the M1
M1 – J11-12 | Dunstable, Bedfordshire, LU5 6HR
M1 Traffic
M1 J42 northbound exit | Northbound | Roadworks
Sat, 14 Nov 2015 13:37:39 GMT
On the M1 northbound exit slip at junction J42 , expect delays of up to 15 mins at peak times due to roadworks , from 7:54 am on 5 July 2013 to 11:59 pm on 28 January 2016.
M1 J19 northbound access | Northbound | Roadworks
Sat, 14 Nov 2015 13:37:55 GMT
On the M1 northbound entry slip at junction J19 , expect delays of up to 10 mins at peak times due to roadworks , from 6 am on 4 May 2015 to 6 pm on 28 November 2017.
M1 J19 southbound exit | Southbound | Roadworks
Sat, 14 Nov 2015 13:37:48 GMT
On the M1 southbound exit slip at junction J19 , expect delays of up to 10 mins at peak times due to roadworks , from 6 am on 4 May 2015 to 6 pm on 28 November 2017.
M1 northbound between J10 and J11 | Northbound | Roadworks
Sun, 29 Nov 2015 10:32:43 GMT
On the M1 northbound between junctions J10 and J12, expect delays of up to 15 mins at peak times due to roadworks closing two lanes, from 10 pm on 1 April 2015 to 5 am on 28 April 2017.
| M1 |
Which English music hall performer, who died in 1952, is probably best remembered for his 1922 song The Laughung Policeman? | Woodall services - Motorway Services Online, Woodall | service stations
Motorway Services Online
Two sites located between junctions, connected by an internal bridge.
Ratings
southbound only: Fone Bitz , Waitrose Main Amenities: Ecotricity electric vehicle charging point, Showers, Welcome Break Gaming , Meeting Room Motel: Days Inn book Forecourt: Shell (with: Autogas LPG), Select , Deli2go , Costa Express , Yorkshire Tea , Krispy Kreme
Parking Prices
First two hours free for all vehicles, after which HGVs, caravans and coaches must pay £24, or £26 to include a £9 meal voucher.
Prices can be paid in the shop with instructions in each car park. They are strictly enforced by ParkingEye .
Trivia
Refurbishment to the northbound services removed some of the partitions.
The larger southbound side is set around its food court, whereas northbound has the seating area set in the side of the building.
In the past this website used to describe the bridge between the two buildings, which is something quite temporary made permanent, as "nasty". We've now been told by a panel of experts that this is wrong, and that the correct description is "apocalyptic". The bridge, which is draughty and leaks, and for a long time did not connect to the building, has been reconnected to WHSmith.
Three possible sites were examined before the services were built: Killamash, Wales and Woodall. The main concern was the proximity to Sprotbrough . Forte wanted to build a hotel here from the outset, but were asked to back down as plans to widen the M1 meant the services could have had to be demolished and the Department did not want to allow the value to increase.
Originally the restaurant had orange settees with a brown, Scandinavian-style strip-wood ceiling. A screen sectioned off an area for lorry drivers.
Survey Results
Use with care. Outdated surveys have been included for interest only.
In May 2012, Visit England rated the northbound services as 2 stars and southbound as 3 stars. In August 2011, both sides received 3 stars.
In 2008 the services won a five star loo award.
In 2007, Woodall won a five star loo award. The petrol forecourt won four stars.
In 2006, the southbound petrol station won a five star loo award and the main building won four stars. The northbound site wasn't rated. In 2005 the southbound main building won a five star loo award.
Also in 2006, Holiday Which? rated the services at 3/5.
A 1978 government review described the services as "cramped and poor".
In 1977 Egon Ronay described the services as "poor", with the café being graded "moderate". He criticised the "sheer lack of imagination" in the menu, the dirty carpet, the heated food and the "cramped and uncomfortable" seating.
A service station inspector described the services as "extremely well kept" in 1975.
Alternatives
| i don't know |
By what name is the TV character Colt Seavers more famously known? | The Fall Guy (TV Series 1981–1986) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
The adventures of a film stunt performer who moonlights as a bounty hunter when movie work is slow.
Creator:
Fantastic Fest 2016 Interview: Lee Majors on Becoming Brock Williams for Ash Vs Evil Dead
2 October 2016 12:59 PM, -08:00 | DailyDead
a list of 29 titles
created 20 Apr 2013
a list of 40 titles
created 03 Jun 2014
a list of 23 titles
created 16 Nov 2014
a list of 22 titles
created 10 months ago
a list of 41 titles
created 2 months ago
Title: The Fall Guy (1981–1986)
7.1/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
1 win & 1 nomination. See more awards »
Photos
After a crippled test pilot is rebuilt with nuclear powered limbs and implants, he serves as a unique intelligence agent.
Stars: Lee Majors, Richard Anderson, Martin E. Brooks
Two brothers of disparate tastes and manners run a private detective agency.
Stars: Jameson Parker, Gerald McRaney, Mary Carver
After fully recovering from her near fatal bout of bionic rejection, Jaime Sommers, the first female cyborg, is assigned to spy missions of her own.
Stars: Lindsay Wagner, Richard Anderson, Martin E. Brooks
The adventures of two California Highway Patrol motorcycle officers.
Stars: Erik Estrada, Larry Wilcox, Robert Pine
The adventures of a Hawaii based private investigator.
Stars: Tom Selleck, John Hillerman, Roger E. Mosley
As part of a deal with an intelligence agency to look for his missing brother, a renegade pilot goes on missions with an advanced battle helicopter.
Stars: Jan-Michael Vincent, Alex Cord, Ernest Borgnine
The globe-trotting adventures of amateur detectives Jonathan and Jennifer Hart.
Stars: Robert Wagner, Stefanie Powers, Lionel Stander
After an astronaut/test pilot is catastrophically mutilated in a test plane crash, he is rebuilt and equipped with nuclear powered bionic limbs and implants.
Director: Richard Irving
The adventures of three sexy female private eyes.
Stars: Kate Jackson, Farrah Fawcett, Jaclyn Smith
Three vietnam veterans (Nick Ryder, Cody Allen and Murray Bozinsky) now work as private eyes in sunny southern California. Nick and Cody are the muscles and Murray is a computer wizard of ... See full summary »
Stars: Perry King, Joe Penny, Thom Bray
Accounts of visitors to a unique resort island in the Pacific Ocean that can fulfill literally any fantasy requested, but rarely turn out as expected.
Stars: Ricardo Montalban, Hervé Villechaize, Christopher Hewett
Four Vietnam vets, framed for a crime they didn't commit, help the innocent while on the run from the military.
Stars: George Peppard, Mr. T, Dwight Schultz
Edit
Storyline
Colt Seaver is a combination bounty hunter and stunt man. He drives a big GMC truck with a eagle painted on its hood. He chases after "bad guys" and returns them to the Los Angeles area. He has two companions, Howie and Jodie. These two companions usually follow Colt in his adventures and sometimes they are on there own. Written by CJ Lagos <[email protected]>
4 November 1981 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Stunts took their toll on the GMC trucks, so several different trucks were used during the show's initial run, causing some inconsistencies in episodes. For instance, the 1980 model truck in the pilot had two square headlights and a light tan interior. For the rest of the series, it almost always had the quad headlight configuration of 1981 and newer models, with a dark brown interior. The truck always appeared to be a long bed model, but a short bed model was used in a few episodes. After huge jumps destroyed several trucks, a jump truck was custom-built, with a mid-mounted engine and a reinforced frame and axles. See more »
Quotes
[opening segment of the series after the credits]
Colt Seavers : [narrating] This is the story of one of America's great unsung heroes. I mean you've seen him, but you never knew who he was. You've cheered for him and cried for him and women have wanted to die for him. But did he ever get any credit, or the girl? No! He's what we call the "Stuntman", and the reason I'm talking so fondly about him is, well because it's me, Colt Seavers. Anyway, picture work isn't wall-to-wall employment, so maybe you wonder how ...
| Fall Guy |
Which author was responsible for the series of short comic books Brigadier Gerard? | View Full Screen
ADVERTISEMENT
Our love of cars started right here. Movie and TV cars are literally the stuff of dreams. We're all let into theaters and plopped in front of the tube long before we're issued driver licenses.
Then we all dream of doing reverse 180s like Jim Rockford escaping thugs, or fleeing the po-po in a Shelby Mustang named Eleanor. We all want a best friend like KITT. And every orange Dodge Charger can fly, right?
These are the 100 movie and TV cars that built that passion.
100. The Monkees 1966 Pontiac GTO: Dean Jeffries turns a GTO into a massive T-Bucket with a blown engine. The TV show ran two seasons between 1966 and 1968.
99. Cannonball 1970 Pontiac Trans Am: Pure mayhem from the Death Race 2000 director. Based on the Cannonball race, it beat The Gumball Rally into theaters by a month in 1976.
98. Easy Rider Captain America Harley-Davidson: The ultimate biker road trip movie. Made in 1969. Made Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, Jack Nicholson, and they're Harley's icons.
97. Get Smart's 1965 Sunbeam Tiger: The spy car for the spy who isn't James Bond. Driven for seasons one and two (1965-'67), then replaced by a VW Karmann Ghia.
96. Diamonds Are Forever 1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1: James Bond rips Vegas apart in a great chase from 1971. Goes into an alley up on its right wheels, comes out on its left. So what.
95. The Saint 1962 Volvo P1800: From 1962-'69 Simon Templar (Roger Moore) showed up for no apparent reason in his white, British-built Volvo to help those in distress.
94. Days of Thunder 1990 #46 City Chevrolet Lumina: The movie that launched NASCAR's most successful decade. It was Cole Trickle's (Tom Cruise) Lumina that made good ol' boys cool.
93. Jurassic Park Ford Explorer: Self-driving, panorama glass roofs, high-tech information systems and the most iconic automotive paint job of the last 20 years.
92. Thelma and Louise 1966 Ford Thunderbird: Don't get too attached. The blue convertible meets its iconic end in this 1991 flick.
91. Stripes EM-50 Urban Assault Vehicle: Built off of a 1970's GMC Motorhome, the EM-50 Urban Assault Vehicle is the heavily armed recreational vehicle you need to bash through the Czech border.
90. Scooby-Doo 1969 Mystery Machine Van: Without the Mystery Machine, Fred, Daphne, Velma, Scooby and Shaggy go nowhere. They've been going since 1969. That's 42 years.
89. Speed Racer 1966 Mach 5: The Mach 5 was the first truly awesome Japanese car. The 52 original episodes ran between 1966 and 1968. Over time, they've gotten no better.
88. Hooper 1978 Pontiac Trans Am: Unlike Burt's other Trans Am exploits, this Pontiac is red, rocket-propelled and drives under falling smokestacks. Car is cool, but the rocket car gorge jump is a joke.
87. Green Hornet 1966 Black Beauty Imperial: Dean Jeffries modified two Imperials as the Hornet's ride in this short-lived 1966 TV series. Perfect with Bruce Lee as the driver. Also the one thing the 2011 movie got right.
86. Dumb and Dumber Mutt Cutts Van: Another one for the kids. Harry and Lloyd's van is the birthplace of the most annoying sound in the world. You're making it now, aren't you?
85. Ghostbusters 1959 Cadillac Ecto-1: Who you gonna call in the 1984 film? The Ghostbusters showed up in this modified Miller-Meteor Futura ambulance.
84. The Munsters 1964 Munster Coach: George Barris' shop used three Model T bodies and a 289 Ford V8 to construct this for the TV series that ran from 1964-'66.
83. The Munsters 1965 Drag-U-La: Built at George Barris' shop by Korky Korkes, the coffin-based Drag-U-La first appeared in the 1965 episode "Hot Rod Herman."
82. Family Matters BMW Isetta: Known as the "Urkel Car" BMW's Isetta gets a spot on this list, as it is perfectly cast. The Isetta is also No. 3 on our list of the 100 Worst Cars of All Time .
81. Fireball 500 1966 Plymouth Barracuda: In this 1966 film, Frankie Avalon used this Barris custom to tow Richard Petty's stock car. It was a Popular AMT model kit.
80. Miami Vice 1986 Ferrari Testarossa: Ferrari didn't like the black Daytona replica the 1984-'89 NBC series was using, so it provided two white Testarossas for Season Three.
79. Against All Odds 1984 Porsche 911 SC: This car and a Ferrari 308 GTSi race on L.A.'s Sunset Boulevard in an underrated 1984 film. Stunt coordinator Gary Davis doubled Jeff Bridges.
78. Against All Odds 1984 Ferrari 308 GTSi: In this great race action, the legendary stunt driver Carey Loftin drove the Ferrari. He was 68 years old at the time.
77. The Simpsons Canyonero: Sixty-five tons of American pride, the country-fried truck endorsed by a clown was ruled unsafe for city or highway driving.
76. Death Race 2000 1975 Shala-Vette: Dick Dean's VW-based kit twisted by Dean himself and Dean Jeffries for "Frankenstein." 1975's Death Race 2000 is the best Death Race.
75. Stingray 1965 Chevrolet Corvette: For two seasons (1985-'87) on NBC, if you needed help you called Nick Mancuso as "Ray" and he showed up in a black '65 Corvette Coupe.
74. Vega$ 1957 Ford Thunderbird: In this series Robert Urich played Dan Tanna, a Las Vegas detective who lived at the Desert Inn and drove a classic T-Bird from 1978-'81.
73. McQ 1973 Pontiac Trans Am SD455: One of the few cars John Wayne drove in a film. This green beast tours Seattle and is ultimately crushed in an alley.
72. Bad Boys 1993 Porsche 911 Turbo 3.6: Director Michael Bay used his own car as the lead vehicle in this 1995 movie. Wound up making Will Smith and Martin Lawrence movie stars.
71. Cars Lightning McQueen: Cars, released in 2006, isn't Pixar's best, but it has sold the most toys. Lightning McQueen is a cuddly version of a stock car.
70. Batman Begins 2005 Tumbler: The latest Batmobile is an amazing prop built for this 2005 film. Yes, it really drives even if it doesn't leap across buildings and rivers.
69. Two-Lane Blacktop 1970 Pontiac GTO Judge: This 1971 movie doesn't make much sense if you think about it. So don't think and appreciate the classic Pontiac muscle driven by Warren Oates.
68. Tucker: The Man and His Dream 1948 Tucker Torpedo: Great 1988 Francis Ford Coppola movie all about cars. Fully 21 of the 47 surviving Torpedoes were used in filming.
67. Cobra 1950 Mercury: Eddie Paul reportedly built four '50 Mercs for this 1986 Sylvester Stallone movie. The movie is lousy, but the car is outstanding.
66. American Graffiti 1958 Chevrolet Impala: It's Steve's car, but it's Terry the Toad who gets this ride in George Lucas' 1973 film about one summer night in 1962.
65. Rain Man 1949 Buick Roadmaster: The three stars of this 1988 drama are Dustin Hoffman, Tom Cruise and this big Buick convertible. Ten minutes to Wapner.
64. The Italian Job 2003 Mini Coopers: This movie introduced Americans to the concept of small cars being awesome. Charlize Theron behind the wheel didn't hurt, either. Thanks to an epic chase scene, more Minis have used the L,A. subway than residents.
63. The Italian Job 1968 Mini Coopers: Britain's greatest heist involves stealing gold through a traffic jam under and over Turin, Italy. Michael Caine was at his peak in 1969.
62. Casino Royale 2007 Aston Martin DBS: Few gadgets, but James Bond's DBS (a redressed DB9) performs a spectacular seven barrel rolls meeting its demise in the 2006 film.
61. The Living Daylights 1987 Aston Martin V8 Vantage: "Winterized" by Q into a hardtop, 007's Aston features missiles, skis and a rocket engine in the 1987 film.
60. Planes, Trains and Automobiles 1986 Chrysler Town & Country: The misery of travel exacerbated by renting a K-Car convertible in this 1987 film. It's eventually smashed between two semis and burns.
59. You Only Live Twice 1967 Toyota 2000GT Convertible: Not driven by Bond, but by Aki, a beautiful Japanese spy. Toyota never offered the 2000GT as a drop top. Two were made for the 1967 film.
58. Rebel Without a Cause 1949 Mercury: James Dean's ride in this 1955 drama of teen angst and delinquency. Released a month after Dean's death while driving a Porsche.
57. Miami Vice 1972 Ferrari Daytona Replica: It's a rebodied C3 Corvette. So what. This black car and Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight" made the show a hit in 1984.
56. Transformers 1976 Chevrolet Camaro "Bumblebee": Sure, Bumblebee became a 2010 Camaro in this 2007 megahit. But really, he was better off as the clapped-out '76 on Cragars.
55. Christine 1958 Plymouth Fury: It's a Mopar, so of course it's evil. John Carpenter's 1983 film is rumored to have destroyed more than 20 '58 Plymouths depicting Christine.
54. Fast & Furious 6: 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona: The movie is a monster hit and the Charger isn't bad either. What's not to love about this hugely modified Dodge Charger and its GM-sourced 430-horsepower 6.2-liter LS3. Read more on it here .
53. Fast Five 1969 Nissan Skyline GT-R: This gorgeous, worn-down car does nothing but drive through Rio and park. And with that alone, it steals the 2011 movie.
52. Iron Man 2008 Audi R8 : Product placement or not, it's the perfect car for genius Tony Stark (Robert Downey) to drive in this huge 2008 superhero hit.
51. Simon & Simon 1979 Dodge Power Wagon: From 1981-'89, this red pickup was detective Rick Simon's intimidating ride. All dull paint and big bumper.
50. 2 Fast 2 Furious 1998 Nissan Skyline GT-R: Forgive the neon lighting; it was 2003. The R34 is the best 2F2F car. The on-screen R34s ran with disconnected front differentials for drifting.
49. Better Off Dead 1967 Camaro: In this 1985 John Cusack film, it was the black Camaro that spoke the international language of love.
48. Le Mans 1970 Porsche 911S: In Steve McQueen's 1971 racing epic, the Porsche his character drives in the film's opening scenes is this 911S. It recently sold for $1.37 million.
47. The Fast and the Furious 1993 Toyota Supra Turbo: It beats a Ferrari on PCH. Then chases a motorcycle. And is given away to Vin Diesel at the end of this 2001 film.
46. Hollywood Knights 1957 Chevrolet: Popular Hot Rodding's then supercharged "Project X" is driven by Tony Danza in this 1980 film. The always yellow '57 was recently rebuilt by GM Performance.
45. Thunder Road 1950 Ford: Robert Mitchum's 1958 moonshine drama features this hot-rodded '50. It runs from the Feds, who have a '57 Chevy that grabs bumpers.
44. Risky Business 1981 Porsche 928: Four 928s were used in filming and two more in post-production. The 1983 movie made Tom Cruise a star. Who's the U-boat commander?
43. The Blues Brothers 1974 Dodge Monaco: The 13 different Dodges that portrayed the "Bluesmobile" in this 1980 film were bought from the California Highway Patrol. Hit it!
42. Route 66 1961 Chevrolet Corvette: GM put Martin Milner and George Maharis (then Glenn Corbett) in a new 'Vette every year for this road adventure series between 1960 and 1964.
41. The Italian Job 1967 Lamborghini Miura: Reportedly, the Miura wrecked here was already destroyed before filming. That doesn't make its fate any less painful to watch.
40. Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry 1969 Dodge Charger: Sometimes a '68 or a '69 in this 1974 movie, the Charger's explosive fame came in the explosive credits for TV's The Fall Guy.
39. 77 Sunset Strip T-Bucket: "Kookie" (Edd Byrnes) drove a wild T-Bucket actually built by Norm Grabowski on this 1959-'64 series. It defined '60s hot-rodding.
38. Bullitt 1968 Dodge Charger: This Dodge chased Steve McQueen's Mustang through San Francisco in this 1968 cop drama. Bad guys have been driving Chargers in movies ever since.
37. Corvette Summer 1973 Corvette: Converted to right-hand drive and drowned in overstyled fiberglass. Mark Hamill spends this 1978 movie getting it back after it's stolen.
36. Gone in 60 Seconds 1973 Mustang Mach 1: Toby Halicki wrote, directed, starred in and was the stunt driver for this 1974 chase film. What everyone remembers is Eleanor the Mustang.
35. The Gumball Rally 1972 Ferrari Daytona Spyder: "The first rule of Italian driving," says Raul Julia as he rips off the real Daytona Spyder's rearview mirror. "What's behind me is not important."
34. The Gumball Rally 1966 Shelby Cobra 427: Two genuine Cobras were used in this 1976 comedy that remains the best movie made about transcontinental street racing.
33. The Godfather 1941 Lincoln Continental: Sonny Corleone dies in a hail of machine gun fire outside his special Lincoln. It's the best car in this all-time-great 1972 movie.
32. Vanishing Point 1970 Dodge Challenger: 440 and a pistol-grip four-speed. The cops chasing Kowalski in this 1971 film don't know his first name. A '67 Camaro doubles the Dodge in the explosive climax.
31. Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 1910 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: Musical about a miraculous car based on an old Grand Prix racer. Has made car guys out of millions of kids since 1968.
30. Back to the Future 1981 DeLorean DMC-12: Doc Brown: "The way I see it, if you're gonna build a time machine into a car, why not do it with some style?" It is 1985's best movie.
29. Back to the Future 1985 Toyota 4x4 Xtra Cab Pickup Truck: The DeLorean may have been the star, but that black Toyota Pickup stole the show. Screw time travel; we want to take that truck up to the lake with Jennifer.
28. American Graffiti 1955 Chevy 210: Bob Falfa's '55 challenges John Milner's self worth. It's the same '55 from Two-Lane Blacktop, painted black and with Harrison Ford driving.
27. Two-Lane Blacktop 1955 Chevy 210: Solid front axle, 454 with tunnel ram, glass nose and deck lid, Plexiglas side windows; it was nasty in 1971 and it's nasty now.
26. The A-Team 1983 GMC Van: Fugitive mercenaries hide in a van with a big red stripe. But on NBC between 1983 and 1987 it made perfect sense. At least it did if you were 12.
25. The Fall Guy 1982 GMC Sierra: Stuntman/bounty hunter Colt Seavers (Lee Majors) always had to jump his big GMC pickup. The ABC TV series destroyed dozens between 1981 and 1986.
24. Batman Tim Burton's Batmobile: Consider this one a generational thing, but Tim Burton's Batmobile, piloted by Michael Keaton, is the armored, jet-turbine-powered stuff of dreams.
23. Take This Job and Shove It 1974 Ford F-250 Bigfoot: The 1981 movie, starring Robert Hays, is forgotten. But Bigfoot's appearance made monster trucks a big deal.
22. The California Kid 1934 Ford Coupe: This 1974 TV movie made the '34 Three-Window built by Pete Chapouris one of the most famous hot rods of all time. It's still beautiful.
21. Magnum, P.I. 1978 Ferrari 308 GTS: Thomas Magnum (Tom Selleck) drove three different red 308 GTSs through eight seasons on this Hawaii-based detective show from 1980-'88. ROBIN1.
20. National Lampoon's Vacation 1983 Wagon Queen Family Truckster: Clark Griswold's indignities start when he doesn't get the Sport Wagon he ordered in this 1983 film. Wally World, here we come.
19. Le Mans 1970 Ferrari 512S: By Ferrari standards, it wasn't a successful racer. But it looked spectacular running alongside Porsche 917s in Steve McQueen's 1971 racing film.
18. Le Mans 1970 Porsche 917K: The greatest Porsche of them all, running full speed down the Mulsanne Straight with McQueen at the wheel. Then he destroys it in a spectacular wreck.
17. The Cannonball Run 1980 Lamborghini LP400S: A black Lambo with Adrienne Barbeau and Tara Buckman aboard? Wicked. The great Brock Yates wrote this 1981 movie.
16. The Fast and the Furious 1970 Dodge Charger: The iconic car from this movie series is so intimidating that Vin Diesel is scared to drive it in the original film.
15. Ronin 1998 Audi S8: In John Frankenheimer's 1998 chase film, it's this big green sedan that does most of the pushing in its best chase.
14. Ferris Bueller's Day Off 1961 Ferrari 250 GT California: Yeah, the Ferrari in the 1986 movie was just a replica. But it's the first Ferrari many of us ever lusted after. You fellas have nothing to worry about. I'm a professional.
13. The Love Bug 1962 Volkswagen Beetle: A very good Disney movie that opened in 1968 and became the highest-grossing film of 1969. Herbie was a star from the start.
12. The Rockford Files 1974 Pontiac Firebird Esprit: P.I. Jim Rockford drove his tan coupe brilliantly between 1974 and 1980. He got a new one every year between 1974 and 1978. Made the reverse spin famous.
11. Starsky & Hutch 1975 Ford Gran Torino: The "striped tomato" may be the world's worst undercover cop car. But for four seasons on ABC from 1975-'79, it was awesome.
10. Batman 1955 Lincoln Futura Batmobile: George Barris' crew reworked and restyled an old Ford concept car into the great Batmobile for the campy 1966-'68 TV series. Turbines to speed.
9. Mad Max 1973 Ford XB Falcon: Australia's greatest export is George Miller's 1979 vision of a dystopian future, which includes the last of the V8 interceptors. Everyone wants a blower that can be turned on and off.
8. Gone in Sixty Seconds 1967 Shelby GT500: Steve Stanford designed this exaggerated GT500 "Eleanor" and it's been copied and copied ever since the 2000 movie hit.
7. Knight Rider 1982 Pontiac Trans Am: The Knight Industries Two Thousand (KITT) was a supercar that talked to David Hasselhoff for four seasons between 1982 and 1986. At least KITT didn't have to listen.
6. Bullitt 1968 Ford Mustang GT 390: Even before the legendary chase begins, it was dented and tough-looking. This Mustang has defined cool for more than 40 years.
5. American Graffiti 1932 Ford Coupe: When this movie appeared in 1973, street-rodding was almost dead. John Milner's yellow '32 five-window made it relevant again.
4. Smokey and the Bandit 1977 Pontiac Trans Am: 1977's second most popular film. But you couldn't buy a Millennium Falcon, and Pontiac dealers had plenty of T/As. Speedy car.
3. The Spy Who Loved Me 1977 Lotus Esprit: In this 1977 film, it's a Lotus that turns into a submarine. That's enough to make it the third greatest movie/TV car of all time.
2. Goldfinger 1963 Aston Martin DB5: The greatest James Bond car is fitted by Q with "modifications" for this 1964 movie. The standard against which all spy, movie and TV cars are judged. Last year it sold at auction for $4.6 million.
1. The Dukes of Hazzard 1969 Dodge Charger: More than 300 Chargers portrayed the General Lee during the series 145 episodes (1979-'86). Today it's the ultimate Hollywood star car. Yeeeeeeeeeeeeehaaaaaaaaaaaaw.
| i don't know |
"In which US state can you find the area named ""The Valley of the 10,000 Smokes""?" | Exploring the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes - Katmai National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)
Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
Exploring the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
Steam rises from the Novarupta lava dome in 1918. Novarupta remains one of the many worthwhile destinations in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
National Geographic Society Katmai expeditions photographs, Archives and Special Collections, Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage.
On June 6, 1912, a new volcano emerged on the Katmai landscape and forever altered this region. For 60 hours, a volcano later named Novarupta sent ash into the sky as high as 20 miles (30 km). Ash and pumice from the eruption also rushed down the Ukak River valley as pyroclastic flows and surges moving at more than 100 miles per hour (160 kilometers per hour).
The Ukak River valley was transformed into 40 square miles (64 square kilometers) of barren ash. Heat trapped in the ash took decades to cool. Any water buried by the ash or that percolated into it flashed into steam. The vents where the superheated steam emerged became the fumaroles that inspired the name Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
Today the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (i.e. the Valley) offers a chance to explore a landscape created by the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. The beauty, scale, wildness, and mystery of the Valley make it one of the best places in the world to study the violence of volcanic eruptions and experience the raw power of nature.
Destinations in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
The view from the Baked Mountain Huts is beautiful on sunny days, but they also provide shelter from the Valley's notoriously severe weather.
NPS/M. Fitz
Baked Mountain Huts
Originally constructed in 1965 by the University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, the Baked Mountain Huts still offer a centralized location from which to explore the area. Two, small plywood huts provide protection from howling winds, blowing pumice, rain, and snow.
Permits are not required, but a tent is always recommended in case you are unable to reach the huts or the huts are already full upon your arrival. However, huts should be shared by all who wish to stay in them. A three-sided outhouse with a magnificent view of Mt. Griggs is also available at the Baked Mountain huts.
The hike to the Baked Mountain huts is approximately twelve miles from the Valley Road and involves two river crossings, a bit of orienteering, and a final climb of about 800 feet (244 meters). If you choose to stay in the huts then pack out used toilet paper, garbage, and all food. Be aware that drinking water is normally not available at the huts after nearby snow fields melt in late spring and early summer.
The National Park Service does not maintain the huts, so please do your part to leave the huts in good condition. Remember to latch all shutters and doors closed to prevent additional damage to these structures. Pack out all garbage and belongings from the huts upon your departure and do not leave any refuse or food behind.
Most people entering the Valley do so by hiking along the base of the Buttress Range.
NPS/M. Fitz
Buttress Range
The western side of the Valley is bordered by this ridge. Along the Buttress Range, several small, inset alcoves provide water and inviting places to camp. Wildlife such as bears, ground squirrels, ptarmigan, and even caribou can be seen in this area. The crest of the Buttress Range is easily traversed along its length.
Several warm springs seep from the base of the recent lava flows from Trident Volcano.
NPS/M. Fitz
Katmai Pass and the Southwest Trident Lava Flows
Katmai Pass is one of the lowest points in the crest of the Aleutian Range in Katmai. It offers a relatively easy route between the Pacific Ocean and Bristol Bay watersheds. Until the 1912 eruption, a trail through Katmai Pass was frequently used by Alaska Natives as a trade route.
While the historic trail through the pass was buried by ash and pumice, the area still provides many places to explore. Hikers moving south through the pass can explore the lava flows from southwest Trident and the warm springs that seep from underneath them. Hikers moving north through the pass can imagine what Robert Griggs saw in 1916 when he first gazed upon the steaming valley. The summit of Observation Mountain, several miles south of the pass, offers amazing views of the Katmai River gorge and valley.
The Knife Creek Glaciers plunge down from the summits of Mount Katmai and Trident Volcano.
NPS/M. Fitz
Knife Creek Glaciers and the Mount Katmai Caldera
The lower slopes of the Knife Creek Glaciers are covered with as much as 6 feet (2 meters) of ash and pumice. Hikers can walk right up to the foot of and even on the glaciers, with caution.
Three thousand feet above the glaciers lays the caldera of Mount Katmai. The summit of Mount Katmai collapsed during the 1912 Novarupta eruption leaving a caldera more than 2000 feet (600 m) deep. All routes to the caldera require crossing glaciers with crevasses.
Reaching over 7500 feet in elevation, Mount Griggs is one of the tallest peaks in the Katmai region.
NPS/M. Fitz
Mount Griggs
This is the tallest mountain bordering the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. Ascents of Mount Griggs can be made from its relatively gentle western slopes. The final approach to the summit requires a tricky traverse of glaciers and a snow and ice covered knife-edged ridge. In late summer, water can be difficult to find near the base of Mount Griggs.
Waterfalls and glacially carved lava flows border the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes near the Mageik Lakes.
NPS/M. Fitz
Mageik Lakes
When explorers first entered the Valley, they found the toe of two glaciers occupying the basin where two beautiful, but distinct lakes sit today. Surrounded by cascading waterfalls, a muddy, silt-laden lake can be found where the Buttress Range meets the slopes of Mount Mageik and Mount Martin. Closer to Katmai Pass, a turquoise colored lake can be found.
The lava dome of Novarupta marks the center of a 1.5 mile (2 km) wide volcanic vent.
NPS
Novarupta
It is a mere bump on the Valley’s floor and rises only 200 feet (65 meters) above its surface, but despite its small size this volcanic dome marks the vent of the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. When explorers first entered the Valley, this was one of the hottest areas and the dome still wafts warm steam. Superheated jets of steam from nearby fumaroles cooked the surrounding ash and pumice and deposited kaleidoscopes of minerals. The area near Novarupta is the most colorful in the Valley.
Novarupta is located approximately 14 miles from the Windy Creek trailhead on the Valley Road and about two miles one way from the Baked Mountain Huts. Water draining from perennial snowfields is typically available near Novarupta, even in late summer.
River Crossings in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
You must approach river crossings in the Valley with caution. Rivers and streams are typically shallower and easier to cross at their widest margin. In flood conditions, deep gorges can be hidden (see inset).
NPS
The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes poses special challenges for backcountry travelers. Suspended volcanic ash and glacially-derived sediments in rivers often make water depths impossible to estimate, and most of the rivers in the Valley are confined to narrow gorges that are deceptively deep and swift. Hikers must be especially cautious when choosing a place to cross the Valley’s rivers and creeks. The River Lethe and Knife Creek, for example, can only be forded in a few places.
If you cannot find a safe crossing, then you should not attempt to cross. You may also need to wait a day or longer until lower water levels permit safe crossing. Follow these tips when crossing:
Watch the water’s surface and cross where you see small ripples, not waves.
Cross early in the morning when runoff from glaciers is low.
Release your pack’s belt buckle and loosen shoulder straps so you can drop your pack easily.
Wear shoes while crossing.
Allow yourself a retreat. Don’t commit to one route.
Use a hiking pole or stick to help steady yourself and gauge the water’s depth.
| Alaska |
Which African country lies directly south of Gibraltar? | Volcanoes of the United States [USGS]
Introduction
Few natural forces are as spectacular and threatening, or have played such a dominant role in shaping the face of the Earth, as erupting volcanoes. Volcanism has built some of the world's greatest mountain ranges, covered vast regions with lava (molten rock at the Earth's surface), and triggered explosive eruptions whose size and power are nearly impossible for us to imagine today. Fortunately, such calamitous eruptions occur infrequently. Of the 50 or so volcanoes that erupt every year, however, a few severely disrupt human activities. Between 1980 and 1990, volcanic activity killed at least 26,000 people and forced nearly 450,000 to flee from their homes.
Though few people in the United States may actually experience an erupting volcano, the evidence for earlier volcanism is preserved in many rocks of North America. Features seen in volcanic rocks only hours old are also present in ancient volcanic rocks, both at the surface and buried beneath younger deposits. A thick ash deposit sandwiched between layers of sandstone in Nebraska, the massive granite peaks of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, and a variety of volcanic layers found in eastern Maine are but a few of the striking clues of past volcanism. With this perspective, an erupting volcano is not only an exciting and awesome spectacle in its own right but a window into a natural process that has happened over and over again throughout Earth's history.
The Earth's crust, on which we live and depend, is in large part the product of millions of once-active volcanoes and tremendous volumes of magma (molten rock below ground) that did not erupt but instead cooled below the surface. Such persistent and widespread volcanism has resulted in many valuable natural resources throughout the world. For example, volcanic ash blown over thousands of square kilometers of land increases soil fertility for forests and agriculture by adding nutrients and acting as a mulch. Groundwater heated by large, still-hot magma bodies can be tapped for geothermal energy. And over many thousands of years, heated groundwater has concentrated valuable minerals, including copper, tin, gold, and silver, into deposits that are mined throughout the world.
The United States ranks third, behind Indonesia and Japan, in the number of historically active volcanoes (that is, those for which we have written accounts of eruptions). In addition, about 10 percent of the more than 1,500 volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years are located in the United States. Most of these volcanoes are found in the Aleutian Islands, the Alaska Peninsula, the Hawaiian Islands, and the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest; the remainder are widely distributed in the western part of the Nation. A few U.S. volcanoes have produced some of the largest and most dangerous types of eruptions in this century, while several others have threatened to erupt.
Scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) engage in a variety of research activities in order to reduce the loss of life and property that can result from volcanic eruptions and to minimize the social and economic turmoil that can result when volcanoes threaten to erupt. These activities include studies of the physical processes before, during, and after a volcanic eruption, assessments of volcano hazards, and public outreach to translate scientific information about volcanoes into terms that are meaningful to the public and public officials.
Monitoring volcanoes for signs of activity, another vital component, is carried out by USGS earth scientists at three volcano observatories, which were established to study active volcanoes in Hawaii (1912), the Cascades (1980), and Alaska (1988). These researchers record earthquakes, survey the surfaces of volcanoes, map volcanic rock deposits, and analyze the chemistry of volcanic gas and fresh lava to detect warning signs of impending activity and determine the most likely type of activity that will affect areas around a volcano. During the past 10 years, several warnings of eruptions were issued by the USGS and monitoring of recently active volcanoes in the United States was expanded. Predicting the time and size of volcanic eruptions, however, remains a difficult challenge for scientists.
Volcanoes and the Theory of Plate Tectonics
Volcanoes are not randomly distributed over the Earth's surface. Most are concentrated on the edges of continents, along island chains, or beneath the sea forming long mountain ranges. More than half of the world's active volcanoes above sea level encircle the Pacific Ocean to form the circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire." In the past 25 years, scientists have developed a theory--called plate tectonics--that explains the locations of volcanoes and their relationship to other large-scale geologic features.
According to this theory, the Earth's surface is made up of a patchwork of about a dozen large plates that move relative to one another at speeds from less than one centimeter to about ten centimeters per year (about the speed at which fingernails grow). These rigid plates, whose average thickness is about 80 kilometers, are spreading apart, sliding past each other, or colliding with each other in slow motion on top of the Earth's hot, pliable interior. Volcanoes tend to form where plates collide or spread apart, but they can also grow in the middle of a plate, as for example the Hawaiian volcanoes.
Hawaiian volcanoes
Few places on Earth allow closer or more dramatic views of volcanic activity than Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes on the island of Hawaii. Their frequent but usually nonexplosive eruptions make them ideal for scientific study. Kilauea's eruptions are so intensely monitored that scientists have assembled a detailed picture of the volcano's magma reservoir "plumbing" system and how it behaves before and during eruptions. Studies of these volcanoes and the surrounding ocean floor continue to improve our understanding of the geologic history of the Hawaiian Island chain and the ability of scientists to determine volcanic hazards that threaten island residents.
Eruptions of Hawaiian volcanoes are typically non-explosive because of the composition of the magma. Almost all of the magma erupted from Hawaii's volcanoes forms dark gray to black volcanic rock (called basalt), generally in the form of lava flows and, less commonly, as fragmented lava such as volcanic bombs, cinders, pumice, and ash. Basalt magma is more fluid than the other types of magma (andesite, dacite, and rhyolite). Consequently, expanding volcanic gases can escape from basalt relatively easily and can propel lava high into the air, forming brilliant fountains sometimes called "curtains of fire."
Lava, whether erupted in high fountains or quietly pouring out, collects to form flows that spread across the ground in thin broad sheets or in narrow streams. The fluid nature of basalt magma allows it to travel great distances from the vent (the place where lava breaks ground) and tends to build volcanoes in the shape of an inverted warrior shield, with slopes less than about 10 degrees. Volcanoes with this kind of profile are called shield volcanoes.
Hawaiian volcanoes erupt at their summit calderas and from their flanks along linear rift zones that extend from the calderas. Calderas are large steep-walled depressions that form when a volcano's summit region collapses, usually after a large eruption empties or partly empties a reservoir of magma beneath the volcano. Rift zones are areas of weakness within a volcano that extend from the surface to depths of several kilometers. Magma that erupts from the flank of a volcano must first flow underground through one of the volcano's rift zones, sometimes traveling more than 30 kilometers from the summit magma reservoir before breaking the surface.
Mauna Loa. Rising more than 9,000 meters from the seafloor, Mauna Loa is one of the world's largest active volcanoes; from its base below sea level to its summit, Mauna Loa is taller than Mount Everest. It has erupted 15 times since 1900, with eruptions lasting from less than 1 day to as many as 145 days.
The most recent eruption began before dawn on March 25, 1984. Brilliant lava fountains lit the night-time sky as fissures opened across the floor of the caldera. Within hours, the summit activity stopped and lava began erupting from a series of vents along the northeast rift zone. When the eruption stopped 3 weeks later, lava flows were only 6.5 kilometers from buildings in the city of Hilo. Mauna Loa erupts less frequently than Kilauea, but it produces a much greater volume of lava over a shorter period of time.
Kilauea Volcano. Kilauea's longest rift-zone eruption in historical time began on January 3, 1983. A row of lava fountains broke out from its east rift zone about 17 kilometers from the summit caldera; within a few months, the activity settled down to a single vent. Powerful fountaining episodes hurled molten rock 450 meters into the air and built a cone of lava fragments that quickly became the tallest landmark on the rift zone.
The eruption changed style abruptly in July 1986 when lava broke out through a new vent. Instead of regular episodes of high lava fountaining, lava spilled continuously onto Kilauea's surface. The steady outpouring of lava formed a lake of molten rock that became perched atop a small shield volcano. By June 1991, the shield was about 60 meters tall and 1,600 meters in diameter, and lava from the eruption had covered 75 square kilometers of forest and grassland, added 120 hectares of new land to the island, and destroyed 179 homes.
Although most of Kilauea's historical rift eruptions were much briefer, prolonged eruptive activity in the east rift zone from 1969 to 1974 formed a similar shield, Mauna Ulu (Hawaiian for "Growing Mountain"), and an extensive lava field on the volcano's south flank. The geologic record shows that such large-volume eruptions from the rift zones and the summit area, covering large parts of Kilauea's surface, have occurred many times in the recent past. In fact, about 90 percent of Kilauea's surface is covered with lava flows that are less than 1,100 years old.
Most eruptions at Kilauea can be viewed at close range, but a few historical eruptions were dangerously explosive. Fast-moving mixtures of ash and gas, called pyroclastic surges, raced across the summit area and into the southwest rift zone during an eruption in 1790. Footprints preserved in a layer of ash 30 kilometers southwest of the summit probably include those of a party of Hawaiian warriors and their families who were crossing the volcano when the eruption struck. An estimated 80 of the 250 people were killed by suffocating clouds associated with the pyroclastic surges. A smaller explosive eruption in 1924 from Halemaumau Crater in Kilauea summit caldera, which killed a photographer who was too close, hurled rocks weighing as much as 8 tons as far as 1 kilometer.
Cascade volcanoes
Volcanoes of the Cascade Range erupt far less frequently than Kilauea and Mauna Loa, but they are more dangerous because of their violently explosive behavior and their proximity to populated and cultivated areas in Washington, Oregon, and California. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in southwest Washington dramatically illustrated the type of volcanic activity and destruction these volcanoes can produce. Scientific studies of the eruption of Mount St. Helens and the eruptive histories of other Cascade volcanoes continue to improve public awareness and understanding of these potentially dangerous peaks.
In contrast to Kilauea, Cascade volcanoes erupt a variety of magma types that generate a wide range of eruptive behavior and build steepsided cones known as composite volcanoes. In addition to basalt, andesite and dacite magmas are common.
These magmas are so highly viscous, or sticky, that expanding volcanic gases cannot easily escape from them. This causes a tremendous build-up in pressure, often leading to extremely explosive eruptions. During such eruptions, magma is shattered into tiny fragments (chiefly ash and pumice) and ejected thousands of meters into the atmosphere or even the stratosphere. Under the force of gravity, sometimes these fragments sweep down a volcano's flanks at speeds of more than 100 kilometers per hour, mixing with air and volcanic gases to form pyroclastic flows. Rock fragments can also mix with water in river valleys to form lahars (volcanic debris flows and mudflows) that destroy everything in their paths.
Andesite and dacite magmas also erupt to form lava flows. Because these lavas are more viscous ("stickier") than basalt, they tend to form thicker flows that travel shorter distances from the vent; consequently, andesite and dacite lavas typically build tall cones with steep slopes of more than 20 degrees.
Mount Baker, Washington. Eyewitness reports of small ashy plumes and active steam vents on Mount Baker dating as far back as the mid-1800's were clear evidence that the ice-covered volcano had one of the most active geothermal systems among Cascade volcanoes. When new fumaroles and unusually dark vapor plumes appeared abruptly in March 1975, however, people in the Northwest became concerned about an impending eruption and possible avalanches and lahars from Sherman Crater, a vent just south of Mount Baker's summit. Despite a tenfold increase in the release of heat by the volcano during the next 12 months, which resulted in extensive changes to the ice cover in Sherman Crater and produced minor releases of ash, no eruption occurred. The thermal activity was not accompanied by earthquakes, which generally precede most eruptions, and since 1976, the volcano has not showed additional signs of activity.
The increased thermal activity between 1975 and 1976 prompted public officials and Puget Power to temporarily close public access to the popular Baker Lake recreation area and to lower the reservoir's water level by 10 meters. Significant avalanches of debris from the Sherman Crater area could have swept directly into the reservoir, triggering a disastrous wave that would have caused loss of life and damage to the reservoir.
Mount Rainier, Washington. Mount Rainier has not produced a significant eruption in the past 500 years, but scientists consider it to be one of the most hazardous volcanoes in the Cascades. Mount Rainier has 26 glaciers containing more than five times as much snow and ice as all the other Cascade volcanoes combined. If only a small part of this ice were melted by volcanic activity, it would yield enough water to trigger enormous lahars.
Mount Rainier's potential for generating destructive mudflows is enhanced by its great height above surrounding valleys and its "soft" interior. The volcano stands about 3,000 meters above river valleys leading from its base. Volcanic heat and ground water have turned some of the volcano's originally hard lava into soft clay minerals, thereby weakening its internal structure. These conditions make Mount Rainier extremely susceptible to large landslides. Several have occurred in the past few thousand years, one as recently as about 600 years ago. These landslides, apparently containing great volumes of water, quickly turned into lahars as they rushed down river valleys.
Mount St. Helens, Washington. The catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, was preceded by 2 months of intense activity that included more than 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam-blast) explosions, and the outward growth of the volcano's entire north flank by more than 80 meters. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake struck beneath the volcano at 08:32 on May 18, setting in motion the devastating eruption.
Within seconds of the earthquake, the volcano's bulging north flank slid away in the largest landslide in recorded history, triggering a destructive, lethal lateral blast of hot gas, steam, and rock debris that swept across the landscape as fast as 1,100 kilometers per hour. Temperatures within the blast reached as high as 300 degrees Celsius. Snow and ice on the volcano melted, forming torrents of water and rock debris that swept down river valleys leading from the volcano. Within minutes, a massive plume of ash thrust 19 kilometers into the sky, where the prevailing wind carried about 490 tons of ash across 57,000 square kilometers of the Western United States.
The well-documented landslide at Mount St. Helens has helped geologists to recognize more than 200 similar deposits at other volcanoes in the world, including several other Cascade peaks. Geologists now realize that large landslides from volcanoes are far more common than previously thought--seventeen such volcanic landslides have occurred worldwide in the past 400 years. Consequently, when scientists evaluate the types of volcanic activity that may endanger people, giant landslides are now included, in addition to other types of volcanic activity such as lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, and falling ash.
Following the 1980 explosive eruption, more than a dozen extrusions of thick, pasty lava built a mound-shaped lava dome in the new crater. The dome is about 1,100 meters in diameter and 250 meters tall.
Lassen Peak, California. Long before the recent activity of Mount St. Helens, a series of spectacular eruptions from Lassen Peak between 1914 and 1917 demonstrated the explosive potential of Cascade volcanoes. Small phreatic explosions began on May 30, 1914, and were followed during the next 12 months by more than 150 explosions that sent clouds of ash as high as 3 kilometers above the peak. The activity changed character in May 1915, when a lava flow was observed in the summit crater. A deep red glow from the hot lava was visible at night 34 kilometers away. On May 19, an avalanche of hot rocks from the lava spilled onto snow and triggered a lahar that extended more than 15 kilometers from the volcano.
The most destructive explosion occurred on May 21, when a pyroclastic flow devastated forests as far as 6.5 kilometers northeast of the summit and lahars swept down several valleys radiating from the volcano. An enormous ash plume rose more than 9 kilometers above the peak, and the prevailing winds scattered the ash across Nevada as far as 500 kilometers to the east. Lassen Peak continued to produce smaller eruptions until about the middle of 1917.
Alaskan volcanoes
The Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands have about 80 major volcanic centers that consist of one or more volcanoes. Recent violent eruptions have demonstrated that volcanic hazards do exist in some areas of Alaska, even though it is sparsely populated. Alaskan volcanoes have produced one or two eruptions per year since 1900. At least 20 catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions have occurred in the past 10,000 years; the awesome eruption of 1912 at Novarupta in the Katmai National Monument is the most recent. Scientists are particularly concerned about the volcanoes whose eruptions can affect the Cook Inlet region, where 60 percent of Alaska's population lives.
Redoubt Volcano. Redoubt Volcano erupted for the fourth time this century on December 14, 1989. Following several days of strong explosive activity, a series of lava domes grew in Redoubt's summit crater during the next four months. Most of the domes were destroyed by explosions or collapsed down the volcano's north flank. Some of these events triggered small pyroclastic flows that melted snow and ice on the volcano to form lahars in Drift River Valley, which empties into Cook Inlet 35 kilometers away.
Ash produced by the eruptions severely affected air traffic enroute to Anchorage, Alaska's largest city and a major hub of domestic and international commercial air traffic. Many domestic carriers suspended service to Alaska following major explosive events, and several international carriers temporarily rerouted flights around Alaska. On December 15, a jetliner enroute to Japan encountered an ash cloud while descending into Anchorage. The plane quickly lost power in all four engines and lost 4,000 meters in altitude before the pilots were able to restart the engines. The aircraft landed safely in Anchorage, but it sustained more than $80 million in damage.
Lahars generated during the eruption threatened an oil-storage facility located on the banks of Drift River. Oil is pumped from more than a dozen wells in Cook Inlet to the facility and then loaded onto tankers, which dock just offshore. A lahar on January 2 flooded part of the facility with nearly a meter of water, forcing its shutdown until workers could restore power. This and subsequent lahars prompted the Cook Inlet Pipeline Company to temporarily halt oil production from some oil wells and reduce the amount of oil stored at the facility between tanker loadings.
Augustine Volcano. One of the most active volcanoes in Cook Inlet is Augustine, whose symmetrical cone rises 1,254 meters above the sea. Since Captain James Cook discovered and named it in 1778, Augustine has erupted in 1812, 1883, 1935, 1963-64, 1976, and 1986. Curiously, the quiet intervals between these eruptions apparently have shortened from 70 to 10 years.
Augustine's 1986 eruption was similar to the pattern of events observed in 1976. After eight months of earthquake activity beneath the volcano, a violent explosion began on March 26. Billowing ash plumes rose more than 10 kilometers above the vent, pyroclastic flows sped down the volcano's flanks into the sea, and ash spread throughout Cook Inlet. A second stage began April 23, when lava began erupting near the volcano's summit and added about 25 meters to the top of the existing lava dome. Small pyroclastic flows accompanied growth of the dome.
Scientists were worried that this eruption might trigger a giant landslide from Augustine's steep upper cone, which could enter the sea to create a tsunami (powerful seismic sea wave). At least 12 landslides are known to have occurred at Augustine. The most recent slide took place at the onset of the 1883 eruption when a part of the volcano's summit collapsed into the sea. Within one hour, a tsunami as high as 9 meters crashed ashore on the coast of the Kenai Peninsula 80 kilometers away. No one was killed and property damage was only minor because the tsunami hit at low tide. Subsequent eruptions have rebuilt a steep cone of overlapping lava domes similar to the cone that existed just before the 1883 landslide.
Novarupta, Katmai National Monument. The largest eruption in the world this century occurred in 1912 at Novarupta on the Alaska Peninsula. An estimated 15 cubic kilometers of magma was explosively erupted during 60 hours beginning on June 6-- about 30 times the volume erupted by Mount St. Helens in 1980! The expulsion of such a large volume of magma excavated a funnel-shaped vent 2 kilometers wide and triggered the collapse of Mount Katmai volcano 10 kilometers away to form a summit caldera 600 meters deep and about 3 kilometers across. Extrusion of the lava dome, called Novarupta, near the center of the 1912 vent marked the end of the eruption.
Little was known about the spectacular effects of this great eruption until 1916, when a scientific expedition sponsored by the National Geographic Society visited the area. To their amazement, they found a broad valley northwest of Novarupta marked by a flat plain of loose, "sandy" ash material from which thousands of jets of steam were hissing. The eruption had produced pyroclastic flows that swept about 21 kilometers down the upper Ukak River valley. The thickness of the resulting pumice and ash deposits in the upper valley is not known but may be as great as 200 meters. In 1916, the deposits were still hot enough to boil water and form countless steaming fumaroles; hence the expedition named this part of the Ukak River the "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes."
Trident Volcano. Eruptions of andesitic lava flows between 1953 and 1960 built a new cone on Trident's southwest flank, adding yet another to the volcano's older complex of three overlapping cones (hence the name Trident). A huge cloud of rising ash was seen on February 15, 1953, in the direction of Katmai National Monument; 3 days later clear weather permitted U.S. Navy pilots to spot a blocky lava flow emerging from Trident's southwest flank. Slow extrusion of lava during the next 4 months built an irregularly shaped lava dome about 1.5 kilometers long and 600 meters tall. Trident continued to erupt intermittently through 1960, generating three lava flows as long as 4.5 kilometers from the same vent and numerous ash-producing explosive eruptions.
Mount Veniaminof. Mount Veniaminof is a massive composite volcano with a summit caldera about 8 kilometers in diameter. Since its formation about 3,700 years ago, the caldera has filled with ice to a depth of at least 60 meters. Between June 1983 and January 1984, a series of small explosions, lava fountains, and lava flows erupted from a small cinder cone within the caldera. The explosions hurled molten lava from the cinder cone, and lava flows melted a pit about 1.5 kilometers in diameter in the ice near the base of the volcano. Water from the melting ice formed a temporary lake.
Mount Spurr. The summit cone of Mount Spurr consists of a large lava dome built in the center of a horseshoe-shaped crater formed earlier by a large landslide. At the southern edge of this ancient crater is a younger, more active cone known as Crater Peak. Scientists have determined that Crater Peak is the source for at least 35 ash layers found in the Cook Inlet area, all of which were erupted in the past 6,000 years. Until recently, a warm turquoise-colored lake partially filled its crater.
A series of explosive eruptions from Crater Peak on June 27, 1992, generated ash plumes as high as about 14 kilometers, small pyroclastic flows that swept down the south and east sides of the cone, and small lahars. The reawakening of Crater Peak followed nearly a year of increased earthquake activity, which escalated further on June 26, less than 1 day before its first eruption. Not all of the explosive episodes were preceded by a change in seismicity beneath the volcano, a condition that required scientists to maintain a 24-hour watch for extended periods of time in order to issue sudden reports and warnings of eruptive activity. The west side of Cook Inlet received a light to moderate ashfall during the largest explosive episode on August 18; Anchorage was blanketed with about 3 millimeters of ash, causing the Anchorage International Airport to close for a few hours. During an eruption at night on September 17, a spectacular display of lightning and incandescent ballistics and pyroclastic flows were witnessed by hunters who camped about 18 kilometers to the southeast; a faint glow above Crater Peak was also visible from as far away as Anchorage.
Restless calderas
The largest and most explosive volcanic eruptions eject tens to hundreds of cubic kilometers of magma onto the Earth's surface. When such a large volume of magma is removed from beneath a volcano, the ground subsides or collapses into the emptied space, to form a huge depression called a caldera. Some calderas are more than 25 kilometers in diameter and several kilometers deep.
Calderas are among the most spectacular and active volcanic features on Earth. Earthquakes, ground cracks, uplift or subsidence of the ground, and thermal activity such as hot springs, geysers, and boiling mud pots are common at many calderas. Such activity is caused by complex interactions among magma stored beneath a caldera, ground water, and the regional buildup of stress in the large plates of the Earth's crust. Significant changes in the level of activity at some calderas are common; these new activity levels can be intermittent, lasting for months to years, or persistent over decades to centuries. Although most caldera unrest does not lead to an eruption, the possibility of violent explosive eruptions warrants detailed scientific study and monitoring of some active calderas.
Recently, scientists have recognized volcanic unrest at two calderas in the United States, Long Valley Caldera in eastern California and Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Whether unrest at these calderas simply punctuates long periods of quiet or is the early warning sign of future eruptions is an important but still unanswered question.
Long Valley Caldera, California. Long Valley Caldera lies on the eastern front of the Sierra Nevada, about 300 kilometers east of San Francisco. A huge explosive eruption about 700,000 years ago formed the caldera and produced pyroclastic flows that traveled 65 kilometers from the vent and covered an area of about 1,500 square kilometers. Ash from the caldera-forming eruption fell as far east as Nebraska. Within the past 40,000 years, eruptions have been restricted to a linear zone of vents, including the Mono-Inyo Craters Volcanic Chain, that extends about 50 kilometers north from the northwest part of the caldera.
This volcanic chain consists of many vents that have erupted in the past several thousand years. Eruptions from vents as recently as 550 years ago produced lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and ash, all of rhyolitic composition. Geologic mapping shows that some eruptions were preceded by ground cracking, suggesting that the ground was pulled apart or stretched as magma neared the surface.
Three moderate earthquakes south of the caldera and one beneath the caldera on May 25-26, 1980, marked the beginning of unrest that continues into the 1990's. Swarms of earthquakes beneath the caldera, changes in several hot springs, and the formation of new springs have occurred since 1980. Precise surveys have also shown that the central part of the caldera has risen by more than 50 centimeters since 1975. This unrest is probably related to the stretching (east-west extension) of the Earth's crust that is known to be occurring in the region around the caldera, and it probably also involves the rise of magma beneath the caldera. Scientists do not know if this unrest will lead to volcanic activity, but the geologically recent eruptions along the Mono-Inyo Craters Volcanic Chain suggest that future eruptions are possible.
Yellowstone Caldera, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Yellowstone Caldera is one of the largest and most active calderas in the world. The spectacular geysers, boiling hot springs, and mud pots that have made Yellowstone famous--and even the strikingly beautiful Grand Canyon of Yellowstone through which the Yellowstone River plunges--owe their existence to the tremendous volcanic forces that have affected the region during the past 2 million years. Cataclysmic eruptions 2.0, 1.3, and 0.6 million years ago ejected huge volumes of rhyolite magma; each eruption formed a caldera and extensive layers of thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The youngest caldera is an elliptical depression, nearly 80 kilometers long and 50 kilometers wide, that occupies much of Yellowstone National Park. The caldera is buried by several extensive rhyolite lava flows erupted between 75,000 and 150,000 years ago.
The Earth's crust beneath Yellowstone National Park is still restless. Precise surveys have detected an area in the center of the caldera that rose by as much as 86 centimeters between 1923 and 1984 and then subsided slightly between 1985 and 1989. Scientists do not know the cause of these ups and downs but hypothesize that they are related to the addition or withdrawal of magma beneath the caldera, or to the changing pressure of the hot ground water system above Yellowstone's large magma reservoir. Also, Yellowstone National Park and the area immediately west of the Park are historically among the most seismically active areas in the Rocky Mountains. Small-magnitude earthquakes are common beneath the entire caldera, but most are located along the Hebgen Lake fault zone that extends into the northwest part of the caldera. A magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurred along this zone in 1959.
Active Volcanoes: Windows into the Past
Molten rock has erupted onto the surface of the Earth throughout its 4.5-billion-year history. Although many of these ancient rocks were removed by erosion, volcanic deposits can be found beneath younger rocks in many parts of the United States. To a geologist, such long-lasting volcanic rocks look like those formed by today's active volcanoes. Many ancient volcanic rocks, however, change somewhat with time, as they become firmly consolidated, buried by younger deposits, and sometimes folded and faulted by the continuous shifting of the Earth's crust. Even minerals of volcanic rocks may change, if after burial they encounter high pressures and temperatures.
Most active volcanoes are built on older volcanic deposits erupted from ancient volcanoes, and visitors to the present-day volcanoes walk or drive across these products of past volcanism. For example, anyone driving across the Cascade Range, sunbathing at Waikiki, or fishing on the Alaska Peninsula is there because old volcanic rocks form the landscape.
One step further back in time from today's active volcanoes are people who picnic in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, enjoy the autumn colors in the Blue Ridge of Shenandoah National Park, and hike in the rugged Big Bend National Park of Texas. Many of the rocks in these areas were formed by eruptions or by intrusion of magma into the Earth's crust many millions of years ago. Because volcanic activity has been so important in shaping the Earth, watching active volcanoes today provides a window through which we can glimpse and reconstruct the early volcanic history of our planet.
As we increase our knowledge about volcanic processes, by studying volcanoes erupting today as well as those that have lain dormant for hundreds to thousands of years, we increase our ability to predict when and how volcanoes will erupt. Accurate predictions, presented in terms that are meaningful to public officials, will minimize the number of lives lost and the social and economic upheaval that an eruption can cause.
Glossary
Andesite A volcanic rock containing 53-63% silica with a moderate viscosity when in a molten state.
Ash Fragments less than 2 millimeters in diameter of lava or rock blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
Basalt A volcanic rock consisting of less than 53% silica with a low viscosity when in a molten state.
Caldera A large volcanic depression, commonly circular or elliptical when seen from above.
Composite volcano A steep-sided volcano composed of many layers of volcanic rocks, usually of high-viscosity lava and fragmented debris such as lahar and pyroclastic deposits.
Dacite A volcanic rock containing 63-68% silica with a high viscosity when in a molten state.
Dome A steep-sided mound that forms when viscous lava piles up near a volcanic vent. Domes are formed by andesite, dacite, and rhyolite lavas.
Fumarole A vent that releases volcanic gases, including water vapor (steam).
Lahar A flowing mixture of water and rock debris that forms on the slopes of a volcano, sometimes referred to as debris flow or mudflow. The term comes from Indonesia.
Lava Molten rock that erupts from a vent or fissure; see magma.
Magma Molten rock that contains dissolved gas and crystals, formed deep within the Earth. When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava.
Phreatic eruption A type of volcanic explosion that occurs when water comes in contact with hot rocks or ash near a volcanic vent, causing steam explosions.
Pumice A light-colored volcanic rock containing abundant trapped gas bubbles formed by the explosive eruption of magma. Because of its numerous gas bubbles, pumice commonly floats on water.
Pyroclastic flow A hot, fast-moving and high-density mixture of ash, pumice, rock fragments, and gas formed during explosive eruptions.
Pyroclastic surge Same process as pyroclastic flow but of much lower density.
Rhyolite A volcanic rock containing more than 68% silica with a very high viscosity when in a molten state.
Shield volcano A volcano shaped like an inverted warrior's shield with long gentle slopes produced by eruptions of low-viscosity basaltic lava.
Silica The molecule formed of silicon and oxygen (SiO2) that is the basic building block of volcanic rocks and the most important factor controlling the fluidity of magma. The higher a magma's silica content, the greater its viscosity or "stickiness."
Vent The opening at the Earth's surface through which volcanic materials (magma and gas) escape.
Volcano A vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma erupts and also the landform that is constructed by the erupted material.
Volcanic landslide The downslope movement of soil, rock debris, and sometimes glacial ice, with or without water, from the flank of a volcano.
The metric units used in this publication can be converted to English units by using the approximate conversions given below:
Length
Further Reading
Decker, Robert, and Decker, Barbara, 1989, Volcanoes: San Francisco, Freeman, 285 p. (An information-packed introduction to the study of volcanoes written in an easy-to-read style.)
Editors, 1982, Volcano: in the series Planet Earth, Alexandria, Virginia, Time-Life Books,176 p. (A well illustrated and readable general survey of volcanoes and their activity.)
McClelland, Lindsay, Simkin, Tom, Summers, Marjorie, Nielsen, Elizabeth, and Stein, T.C., editors, 1989, Global Volcanism 1975-1985: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 656 p. (A full account of volcanism on Earth based on eyewitness accounts from geologists and other scientists, reporters, travelers, and other keen observers.)
Simkin, Tom, Seibert, Lee, McClelland, Lindsay, Bridge, David, Newhall, Christopher, and Latter, J.H., 1981, Volcanoes of the World: Stroudsburg, Pa., Hutchinson Ross, 233 p. (A comprehensive regional directory of worldwide volcanic activity during the past 10,000 years; activity presented in table format.)
Tilling, R.l., 1982, Volcanoes: Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey general-interest publication, 46 p. (A general introduction for the nonspecialist to the study of volcanoes, with focus on the nature, types, workings, products, and hazards of volcanoes.)
Tilling, R.l., 1984, Eruptions of Mount St. Helens: Past, present, and future: Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey general-interest publication, 46 p. (A nontechnical summary, illustrated by many color photographs and diagrams, of the abundant scientific data available for the volcano, with emphasis on the catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, which caused the worst volcanic disaster in U.S. history.)
Tilling, R.l., 1987, Eruptions of Hawaiian volcanoes: Past, present, and future: Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey general-interest publication, 54 p. (A nontechnical summary, illustrated by color photographs and drawings, of the eruption history, style, and products of two of Hawaii's active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa.)
Wood, C.A., and Kienle, Jurgen, editors, 1990, Volcanoes of North America--United States and Canada: Cambridge University Press, 354 p. (A rich compilation of volcanoes and volcanic fields in North America that were formed in the past 5 million years; includes more than 250 entries prepared by leading experts in volcanology.)
This publication is one of a series of general interest publications prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide information about the earth sciences, natural resources, and the environment. To obtain a catalog of additional titles in the series "General Interest Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey," write:
U.S. Geological Survey
| i don't know |
What are salmon usually called during the first two years of their life? | Salmon Life Cycle | Stream Explorers
Salmon Life Cycle
Home » Go Fishing » Fish Facts » Salmon Life Cycle
Salmon Life Cycle
Salmon have a lifespan of three to eight years. Salmon are a kind of “super fish” that can live in both fresh water and salt water, and might travel hundreds or even thousands of miles over a lifetime! Salmon are born in fresh water and most live their adult lives in the ocean. Then they make an incredible upstream journey to spawn (lay eggs) in the same places that they were hatched. Only Kokanee salmon do not make this journey; they live their whole lives in a freshwater stream or lake.
spawn through hatch
At two to seven years old, salmon are ready to spawn. Some salmon lay eggs only once and other species spawn many times. In the fall, mature salmon change color, and return from the ocean to the spawning beds from where they were hatched. The amazing process begins with the female digging a hole in the gravel with her tail. A female salmon will lay a few thousand eggs in the hole that will be fertilized by the male fish. Eventually the new baby salmon hatch out of these eggs.
hatch through smolt/parr
Baby salmon, or alevins, first live under rocks and absorb nutrients from their attached yolk sac. Alevins continue to grow into fry. Eventually fry leave the protection of the rocks to live and grow in the current of the water. After about one year, the small fry, or smolt, follow the river to the ocean. They live at the mouth of the river where they undergo an amazing chemical change, or “smolting,” adjusting to life in salt water. As smolts continue to grow, salmon of all different species live together in schools, or groups, close to shore for safety. Finally, adult salmon go further out to sea to live their lives mostly alone.
journey home (once or repeat)
From two to six years of age, mature salmon will return to the waters where they were hatched to reproduce. To prepare for the long distance journey, salmon spend time at the mouths of the rivers where they smolted to feed and readjust to fresh water. Then salmon begin the demanding trip upstream home to spawn. Migration is extremely difficult. Salmon often have to navigate fish ladders in dams and other human created obstacles along the way. Almost all salmon will return to their birthplace once or more during a lifetime to spawn. (image courtesy of USDA NRCS)
| Parr |
Alice Perrers was the mistress of which English king? | Sockeye Salmon <em>(Oncorhynchus nerka)</em> :: NOAA Fisheries
about 5 years
Diet:
in freshwater, they feed on aquatic insects and plankton; in the ocean, they eat "amphipods" , "copepods" , squid, and some fishes
Behavior:
migrate from a marine environment into freshwater streams and rivers or lakes of their birth in order to mate; they spawn only once and then die;
females spawn in 3 to 5 "redds" (nests)
The size of an adult returning to spawn may measure up to 2.8 feet (86 cm) in length and weigh an average of 8 pounds (3.6 kg).
The adult spawners are unique in appearance. They typically turn bright red, with a green head; hence they are commonly called "red" salmon in Alaska. During the ocean and adult migratory phase, sockeye often have a bluish back and silver sides, giving rise to another common name, "bluebacks."
The name "sockeye" is thought to have been a corruption of the various Indian tribes' word "sukkai."
Adults migrate from a marine environment into freshwater streams and rivers or lakes of their birth in order to mate (called anadromy). They spawn only once and then die (called semelparity). Sockeye salmon exhibit a wide variety of life history patterns that reflect varying dependency on the freshwater environment. With the exception of certain river-type and sea-type populations, the vast majority of sockeye salmon spawn in or near lakes, where the juveniles rear for 1 to 3 years prior to migrating to sea. For this reason, the major distribution and abundance of large sockeye salmon stocks are closely related to the location of rivers that have accessible lakes in their watersheds for juvenile rearing.
Females spawn in 3 to 5 redds (nests) over a couple of days. Hatching usually occurs after 6 to 9 weeks. Most sockeye fry then rear in lakes where they feed on aquatic insects and "plankton" .
As the time for migration to the sea approaches for the anadromous forms, the juvenile loses its parr marks, which are a pattern of vertical bars and spots useful for camouflage. They then gain the dark back and light belly coloration used by fish living in open water. During this time their gills and kidneys begin to change so that they can process salt water. These "smolts" , as they are called, initially stay close to the shore and feed on insects and plankton. Once they move offshore, their diet turns mainly to "amphipods" , "copepods" , squid, and some fishes.
Most sockeye salmon stay at sea for 2 years, returning to spawn at about age 4, but some may be 5-6 years old when they spawn.
There are some sockeye that are non-anadromous, meaning that they spend their entire lives in freshwater. Non-anadromous Oncorhynchus nerka in the Pacific Northwest are known as "kokanee." Occasionally, a proportion of the juveniles in an anadromous sockeye salmon population will remain in their rearing lake environment throughout life and will be observed on the spawning grounds together with their anadromous siblings. Taxonomically, the kokanee and sockeye salmon do not differ.
Habitat
Sockeye spend approximately the first half of their life cycle rearing in lakes. The remainder of the life cycle is spent foraging in estuarine and marine waters of the Pacific Ocean.
Critical habitat was designated for the Snake River ESU on December 28, 1993 and for the Ozette Lake ESU on September 2, 2005.
Distribution
On the Pacific coast, sockeye salmon inhabit riverine, marine, and lake environments from the Klamath River and its tributaries north and west to the Kuskokwim River in western Alaska. As they generally require lakes for part of their life cycle, their distribution in river systems depends on the presence of usable lakes in the system, and thus can be more intermittent than for other Pacific salmon. On the Asian side of the Pacific Ocean, sockeye salmon are also found from the Anadyr River in Siberia south to Hokkaido, Japan.
Population Trends
They are the third most abundant of the seven species of Pacific salmon, after pink salmon and chum salmon . However, the Snake River ESU has remained at very low levels of only a few hundred fish, though there have been recent increases in the number of hatchery reared fish returning to spawn. Data quality for the Ozette Lake ESU makes differentiating between the number of hatchery and natural spawners difficult, but in either case the size of the population is small, though possibly growing. The status review [pdf] provides more detailed information.
Threats
various human-induced and natural factors, though there is no single factor solely responsible for this decline, given the complexity of salmon life history and ecosystem
Conservation Efforts
A variety of conservation efforts have been undertaken with some of the most common initiatives including captive-rearing in hatcheries, removal and modification of dams that obstruct salmon migration, restoration of degraded habitat, acquisition of key habitat, and improved water quality and instream flow.
he Pacific Coast Salmon Recovery Fund (PCSRF) was established by Congress in 2000 to support the restoration of salmon species. We oversee the Fund, and it is carried out by state and tribal governments.
Regulatory Overview
The threatened and endangered ESUs of sockeye salmon were listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on June 28, 2005. The Snake River ESU and Ozette Lake ESU had been previously listed in 1991 and 1999, but the listings were reaffirmed in 2005.
Critical habitat was designated for the Snake River ESU on December 28, 1993 and for the Ozette Lake ESU on September 2, 2005.
Taxonomy
| i don't know |
What were first used in the UK at the Chesterfield Stakes at Newmarket in 1965? | BBC SPORT | Funny Old Game | Happened on this day - 8 July
Sunday, 7 July, 2002, 23:03 GMT 00:03 UK
Happened on this day - 8 July
1990: Ferrari won their 100th Formula One race at the Paul Ricard circuit in France.
1965: Starting stalls were used for the first time in Britain in the Chesterfield Stakes at Newmarket.
1961: Angela Mortimer beat Christine Truman in the first all-British ladies' singles final at Wimbledon since 1914.
1889: The last bare-knuckle world heavyweight boxing contest took place. John L Sullivan beat Jake Kilrain over 75 rounds at Richburg, Mississippi.
See also:
| Starting gate |
Reggae superstar Bob Marley died in which year? | Newmarket Racing History - 1000 Guineas Classics Betting
Newmarket Racing History
Grand National 2014
Newmarket Racing History
Newmarket racing history dates all the way back to 1622, when the first documented race was run between Lord Salisbury and the Marquis of Buckingham, for a then very substantial prize of roughly £100.
Charles II and Newmarket Racing
In 1660, King Charles II recognised the potential of Newmarkets open heath and turf for riding and racing, built the Palace House, and moved his court there for visits each year. Charles IIs mistress, Neill Gwynn, lived in the town of Newmarket, which no doubt added to its appeal. You can visit the Palace House today in the town of Newmarket.
Charles II was sometimes nicknamed Old Rowley and rode a horse of the same name. Hence the name of the Rowley Mile Course, which has been home to the 1000 Guineas and the 2000 Guineas since they were first raced.
In 1665, Charles II used an Act of Parliament to declare that the Town Plate race should be run every year at Newmarket the first race run under written rules in Newmarket racing history, and still raced to this day. In 1671, Charles II himself rode in and won the Town Plate.
Newmarket Racing in the USA
Also in 1665, Charles IIs governor in New York built a race track and named it after the Kings favoured Newmarket. The Newmarket track in New York was the first race track ever constructed in the United States.
Start of Newmarket Racing Fixtures
In 1750, the Jockey Club started meeting at Newmarket to regulate horse racing in the UK. By the 1760s, Newmarket was home to several annual racing fixtures.
In 1809, the first 2000 Guineas was raced. Five years later, in 1814, the inaugural 1000 Guineas was run. With the two Guineas races, Newmarket Racecourse is host to the two earliest of the five British Classic races.
In October, 1839, the Cambridgeshire and Cesarewitch handicap races were added to the Newmarket fixture. They were joined in 1877 by the Champion Stakes.
Newmarket Racing History in the 1900s
During the 1900s, Newmarket Racecourse added several more firsts to its history. In 1929, it was the first racecourse to introduce the tote. In 1949, it was the first to introduce a photo finish camera at the winning line, and in 1965, it was the first to introduce starting stalls.
During both World War I and World War II, Newmarket Racecourse continued to host races the only racecourse in Britain to do so and all of the five Classic Races were run there. It also served as an RAF base.
Since the mid-1900s, Newmarket Racecourse has undergone substantial modernisation. In 2000, the Queen opened its imposing Millennium Grandstand. In 2007, Newmarket Racecourse embarked on a £10m redevelopment of the July Course.
Free Bets
| i don't know |
Which breakfast food is named after the Roman goddess of corn and agriculture? | Cereals
Cereals
"DISCLAIMER"
The information contained here is supplied for your interest only and further research may be required. I have gathered it from many sources over many years.
While I attempt to insure they are crossed referenced for accuracy, I take no responsibility for mistakes. Additions and/or corrections are most welcome.
CEREALS
'Ceres' the Roman Goddess of Agriculture
Cereals are in fact named after the Roman Goddess, who supposedly looked after all their agriculture. Cereals comprise of edible grains such as wheat, oats, corn and foods prepared from these grains. When agriculture (generally thought to have been started by women) first began about 7000 BC, cereals figured prominently - wheat and barley hailing from the middle east and corn from the Americas.
The starchy carbohydrates which are provided by cereals are essential in human nutrition. Rice is a staple diet for half the world's population, the remaining half cultivating the other cereals pending on climate and soil.
Cereals come from the cultivated grasses; pammacede. In addition there are other crops that are good providers of starch, such as tapioca and cassava meal from the root of the cassava plant and sago from the sago palm. Fecula or flour products also come from the roots of such plants as the lotus, arum lily, bracken, potato and other tubers.
From the cereal grasses we harvest the valuable grains which are actually the fruit of the plant and the way we use these grains depends on their individual structure and their behaviour as foodstuffs.
| Cereal |
What name is given to the painting medium that uses eggs? | Interesting Facts about Cereals - Statistics and Fun Information
Interesting Facts about Cereals
Fun and Interesting Facts about Cereals
History of breakfast cereals, as we know them today, is relatively short (circa 150 years) but there are still some interesting facts that could be told about them.
The cereal industry in the United States uses over 400 million kilograms of sugar per year.
Kellogg's Corn Flakes were eaten by astronauts aboard Apollo 11 which made the first landing on the Moon. The cereal was mixed with fruit and pressed into cubes to make them easier to eat in the conditions of zero gravity.
Term “cereals” comes from Ceres, ancient Roman goddess of agriculture.
Kellogg's breakfast cereals “Honey Smacks” and “Golden Crisp” have more than 50% sugar.
50% of Americans eat cereals for breakfast every day.
The first cereal was so-called “Granula”. It had to be soaked in water whole night before it could be prepared for eating.
Advertisement of cereals started targeting children after the Second World War.
Americans eat 50 kg of cereal per person every year or 160 bowls.
Today's breakfast cereals that are healthier are more often targeted at adults.
The most popular items sold in grocery stores are milk and carbonated beverages. After them come breakfast cereals.
The first mass-marketed commercial item to offer a prize was Corn Flakes.
One of the predecessors of breakfast cereal was popcorn which American colonists used to eat with cream and sugar.
Puffed cereal is made in pressure cookers. The first pressure cooker for this purpose was made from a converted cannon that was used in the Spanish-American war.
Breakfast cereals were invented in 19th century as an answer to a very unhealthy eating habits of the people of that time and as bland food that will calm the passions according to the Seventh-day Adventists which invented it.
Cheerios were first called “Cheerioats” but Quaker Oates complained so the name was changed in 1945.
Quaker Oats gave an interesting prize in their cereals in the 1950s. As an advertisement for their cereals and a CBS’s TV show “Sergeant Preston of the Yukon” they gave a deed of land for one square inch of Yukon land for every box top from their cereal.
John Draper (AKA Captain Crunch, named after Cap'n Crunch breakfast cereal mascot) used plastic whistle that was a prize in Cap'n Crunch breakfast cereal to make free phone calls in the 1970s.
Cereals are a rich source of fiber.
Kellogg's, General Mills, Post, and Quaker Oats are the four greatest manufacturers of breakfast cereals.
Fruit_Brute_Cereal "Fruit Brute” was a brand of cereals sold in 1970s by General Mills and later discontinued. Filmmaker Quentin Tarantino has some of the boxes of original “Fruit Brute” and he uses them in his films as a director's trademark.
The first company to have and advertisement on the Times Square billboard in New York was Kellogg's.
Battle Creek, Michigan is considered the "Cereal Capital of the World" because it is the hometown of Kellogg and Post, two of the four largest cereal manufacturers in the world.
The full name of “Cap'n Crunch” mascot is Horatio Magellan Crunch. His place of birth is Crunch Island in the Sea of Milk.
Over 2.7 billion packages of cereal are sold every year.
The first “monster cereal” produced by General Mills in the 1970s was “Count Chocula”. It is still produced today but it is sold only around Halloween.
One bushel of wheat (36 liters) can produce 53 boxes of breakfast cereals.
United States are only 4th in world-wide cereal consumption. Before them are Ireland, England and Australia.
© 2017 - History of Cereals | Contact
| i don't know |
Who wrote the novel 'The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo'? | The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Millennium Series): Stieg Larsson: 9780307949486: Amazon.com: Books
Editorial Reviews
Amazon.com Review
Amazon Best of the Month, September 2008 : Once you start The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, there's no turning back. This debut thriller--the first in a trilogy from the late Stieg Larsson--is a serious page-turner rivaling the best of Charlie Huston and Michael Connelly . Mikael Blomkvist, a once-respected financial journalist, watches his professional life rapidly crumble around him. Prospects appear bleak until an unexpected (and unsettling) offer to resurrect his name is extended by an old-school titan of Swedish industry. The catch--and there's always a catch--is that Blomkvist must first spend a year researching a mysterious disappearance that has remained unsolved for nearly four decades. With few other options, he accepts and enlists the help of investigator Lisbeth Salander, a misunderstood genius with a cache of authority issues. Little is as it seems in Larsson's novel, but there is at least one constant: you really don't want to mess with the girl with the dragon tattoo. --Dave Callanan
--This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
| Stieg Larsson |
Rabbinic and Sephardic are denominations of which religion? | New book in The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo Milennium trilogy will be published | Daily Mail Online
comments
A fourth book in the Millennium series will be published in 2015, despite author Stieg Larsson passing away nine years ago.
The book will see a new writer taking on Larsson’s mantle to continue the story of journalist Mikael Blomkvist and his sidekick Lisbet Salander - The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo.
The Millennium trilogy was published posthumously and became a world-wide success which made it onto the silver screen twice, both in Sweden and Hollywood.
The Girl Who Sold Out? Swedish publishers Nordstedt has announced that there will be a fourth book in The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo series which saw its heroine translated onto the screen by Noomi Rapace in 2008
Publishers Nordstedt have chosen an author for book four and is planning on releasing it in 2015, on the tenth anniversary of the first book, The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo.
‘There will be a new novel. We have thought about it for a while,’ publishing manager Eva Gedin told Aftonbladet.
RELATED ARTICLES
Share this article
Share
All three books in the Millennium series were published after Stieg Larsson’s death and he never got to experience the immense success of his work, which was turned into a Hollywood film in 2011 with Bond-actor Daniel Craig as Mikael Blomkvist and Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander.
Eva Gabrielsson, Stieg Larsson's partner of 32 years, was shocked to find out about the new book.
'I think it is a bit greedy. It's already a billion-pound industry,' she told Aftonbladet.
'It is distasteful to try to make more money.'
The Man With The Golden Pen: Stieg Larsson died in 2004 after suffering a heart attack walking up seven flights of stairs to his office and never saw his work published
The Millennium trilogy was published posthumously and quickly became a bestseller in Europe and the U.S.
The Girl With The Actual Book: Eva Gabrielsson, Stieg Larsson's partner of 32 years, has hit back at the new book calling the publishers 'greedy' and maintain she still has Stieg's original script for a fourth book - which will not be part of the new release
Eva has previously confirmed that she has the laptop which contains the first half of a fourth book, written by Stieg Larsson before his death.
However, she says publishers Nordstedt have not had access to the original script and will have to start from scratch with a new book.
Ms Gabrielsson and Stieg Larsson met as teenagers in their home town of Umea during a protest against the Vietnam war. They were together for more than three decades but although Stieg proposed in 1983, they never married.
As a result of the nature of his work as a journalist and editor of anti-fascist magazine Expo, Stieg and Eva both received death threats and not registering their partnership was a precaution to ensure their home would be harder to find in official records.
Steig Larsson died from a heart attack in 2004 when he had to walk up seven flights of stairs to his office when the lift broke.
The Girl On The Silver Screen: Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander in the popular Hollywood version of the film
The only resemblance of a will was one written in the 70s promising all his money to the Communist Worksers’ Party in Umea. It was never witnessed and was dismissed.
The rights to his work, the revenue from the books and the subsequent film deals in Sweden and in Hollywood, as well as half of the flat the couple shared in Stockholm, went to Stieg’s estranged father and brother.
Ms Gabrielsson has been involved in a public and infected legal battle over her partner’s legacy ever since.
David Lagercrantz, most famous for writing Swedish footballer Zlatan Ibrahimiovic's biography 'I am Zlatan', is already writing on book four.
He says the continuation of the Millennium series is 'necessary'
'We know all these characters, Blomkvist and Salander, are so incredibly full of life. They deserve to live. It is a form of respect for his authorship. A respect in that his life’s work is being allowed to live on,’ he told Aftonbladet.
The fourth Millennium book is planned to be published in Swedish in august 2015.
| i don't know |
What's the third book in the Fifty Shades trilogy by E.L.James/ | Fifty Shades Freed (book) | Fifty Shades Of Grey Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Fifty Shades Freed (book)
Fifty Shades Freed is the third and final book in the Fifty Shades trilogy.
Official Book Summary
When unworldly student, Anastasia Steele first encountered the driven and dazzling young entrepreneur Christian Grey it sparked a sensual affair that changed both of their lives irrevocably. Shocked, intrigued, and, ultimately, repelled by Christian’s singular erotic tastes, Ana demands a deeper commitment. Determined to keep her, Christian agrees.
Now, Ana and Christian have it all—love, passion, intimacy, wealth, and a world of possibilities for their future. But Ana knows that loving his Fifty Shades will not be easy, and that being together will pose challenges that neither of them would anticipate. Ana must somehow learn to share Christian’s opulent lifestyle without sacrificing her own identity. And Christian must overcome his compulsion to control as he wrestles with the demons of a tormented past.
Just when it seems that their strength together will eclipse any obstacle, misfortune, malice, fate, and a sex addiction conspire to make Ana’s deepest fears turn to reality. Ana, you better watch out!
Plot
Ana and Christian get married and go on a honeymoon in Europe. When they return to Seattle, Christian's purchase of SIP goes through, and he tells Ana that he wants her to eventually run the business. When Christian is out of town on a business trip, Ana sneaks out to have drinks with Kate. Jack attempts to break into Escala with the intention of kidnapping and assaulting Ana. The security team catches Jack and had him arrested, but Christian is furious with Ana.
Ana tells Christian that he is too overprotective and controlling, but she nonetheless tries to understand why he feels the need to protect her.
To grant her more freedom, Christian surprises Ana by inviting Kate, Elliot, Mia, and Ethan to all go on vacation in Aspen, Colorado. Elliot proposes to Kate at a restaurant in front of all their friends and she joyously accepts. Ana and Kate are thrilled that they will now be sisters-in-law. Ray is badly injured in a car accident with a drunk driver, but manages to make a full recovery.
Ana learns that she is pregnant because her birth control shot ran out early and she missed four appointments with Dr. Greene. When she tells Christian, he becomes angry, accuses her getting pregnant on purpose, and walks out on her. He tries to find Dr. Flynn, but instead finds himself at Elena's salon. He later comes home drunk. His reaction towards the pregnancy and comments about his inability to deal with it speculates that he wants her to have an abortion, something Ana refuses to consider. Scared and confused, Ana worries that their marriage is on the rocks.
Jack Hyde is bailed out of prison by an unknown party (later revealed to be Elena's ex-husband, Mr. Lincoln). Jack and his accomplice (revealed to be Elizabeth Morgan) drug and kidnap Mia and hold her for a $5 million dollar ransom. Jack calls Ana to bring the ransom and not to tell anyone about it, otherwise he would kill Mia. While at the bank, Christian calls to talk to Ana and she is forced to tell him that she is leaving him and that she will raise their baby alone, leaving Christian distraught but he relents to letting her go (not realizing what is really going on). Ana realises she isn't able to outwit Jack and saves Mia's life, but is hurt in the process. Later, Ana discovers that Jack wanted revenge against Christian for taking SIP away from him. Elizabeth eventually feels guilty for her part in Jack's crimes and willingly testifies against him to the police.
At the hospital, Christian is upset with Ana for endangering both her and their baby's life, but apologizes for walking out on her. Most of Ana's family and friends are upset with her recklessness because she has the baby to worry about. Christian finally opens up to Ana about his childhood in Detroit and his relationship with Elena. With Christian finally opening up to her and promising to do his best to be a good father, Ana's worries about their marriage are put to rest.
In the Epilogue, Anastasia and Christian have a son named Theodore and are expecting their second child, a daughter they plan to name Phoebe. Kate and Elliot marry and have a daughter named Ava. It is implied that Mia and Ethan are a couple, as they are seen "holding hands". The book ends with Ana and Christian preparing to gather with their family and friends to celebrate their son's second birthday.
Bonus material
In the bonus material, there are several scenes written from Christian 's perspective. Two are set during his childhood. We also see the events of the first chapters of Fifty Shades of Grey and Fifty Shades Darker from his perspective.
| Fifty Shades Freed |
Americans call them scallions; what do we call them? | Fifty Shades Freed : E. L. James : 9780099579946
Fifty Shades Freed
US$9.17 US$17.76 You save US$8.59
Free delivery worldwide
Add to basket Add to wishlist
Description
Romantic, liberating and totally addictive, the "Fifty Shades" trilogy will obsess you, possess you and stay with you for ever. When Ana Steele first encountered the driven, damaged entrepreneur Christian Grey, it sparked a sensual affair that changed both their lives irrevocably. Ana always knew that loving her Fifty Shades would not be easy, and being together poses challenges neither of them had anticipated. Ana must learn to share Grey's opulent lifestyle without sacrificing her own integrity or independence; and Grey must overcome his compulsion to control and lay to rest the horrors that still haunt him. Now, finally together, they have love, passion, intimacy, wealth, and a world of infinite possibilities. But just when it seems that they really do have it all, tragedy and fate combine to make Ana's worst nightmares come true... show more
Product details
130 x 198 x 42mm | 459.99g
Publication date
Review quote
THE "NEW YORK TIMES "BESTSELLING FIFTY SHADES Trilogy "In a class by itself." --"Entertainment Weekly" show more
About E. L. James
E L James is a former TV executive, wife and mother of two based in West London. Since early childhood she dreamed of writing stories that readers would fall in love with, but put those dreams on hold to focus on her family and career. She finally plucked up the courage to put pen to paper with her first novel Fifty Shades of Grey. show more
Customer reviews
Fifty Shades Freed is the third book in the Fifty Shades Trilogy by E.L. James. Christian's intentions for Anastasia to become his Sub have magically evaporated and, fast forward, they are now married an on their honeymoon in the French Riviera. Unlike the first two books in the trilogy, in this book, quite a bit more happens besides the formulaic sex, of which there is still quite a lot. Christian is still being a control freak, but now, with good reason, as Ana's ex-boss Jack Hyde seems to be out to get them. So apart from yachting and jetskiing on the Riviera, clubbing in Aspen, a new Audi R8 as a birthday gift and renovating a house on the Sound, there's also another encounter with Leila, an accident for one of Ana's nearest and dearest, a pregnancy, Mrs Robinson makes an appearance, an engagement, a kidnapping and ransom situation, Ana shoots someone, and at least three people end up unconscious. But Ana meekly tolerates Christian's mercurial moods and volatile temper and really, it could be retitled Fifty Shades of Slow: the wedding night description is tedious, the dialogue, nauseating, and that's just the first 30 pages. If I read any more about biting of bottom lips or speaking silkily, I may well throw up. This book, unlike the others, relies on flash backs to tell part of the story. The Epilogue fast-forwards three years, then also includes some flashbacks to finish the story in a bit of a rush. There is a 29-page section at the end titled Shades of Christian, which describes his first Christmas and the first few encounters with Ana from Christians POV. Thank goodness that's over: I couldn't let it beat me. Slightly better than the first two........ show more
by Marianne Vincent
I must admit I was skeptical about reading this series; but turns out I loved the story... I am not a huge reader so not all up to date with styles of writing and/or "literary accomplishments" but I really enjoyed book 1 and 2... book 3 ended up dragging quite a bit and I found it hard to finish, well more the middle of the book until you get to the exciting end parts. All up though worth a read:) show more
by Ashleigh Reid
I was first introduced to this trilogy by my best friend who know's I enjoy reading adult fiction (I hate the term mummy porn), however this was my first straight couple adult fiction set of novels I have read, I prefer gay fiction t.b.h but thought oh what the hell, lets try it... I'm reviewing the final book first, while it's still fresh in my mind, and gotta say it was good, I could tell where the author was going with her ideas but honestly it didn't go down very well on paper. Half way through the book I started getting irritated with the way she has written it in one chapter. All of a sudden two days had gone and just didn't seem right, it didn't flow. It should have started on a new chapter but just changed with a new email when it was all previous emails before? It just did not go down well. Then of course was the ending... I really did not like the last chapter of the book, okay yes it was nice knowing what happened with them, well with Ana and Christian, but it was just (for me anyways) thrown together. I would've like to had known more on things between them and with the other characters etc, but sadly no. Also like above, the chapter didn't seem to fit, instead of it being how it was it could've started differently and then maybe would've fitted better. There are some good points with this book, first of all I really did enjoy some of the more tense parts, and not I'm not referring to the erotic parts, I'm referring to the car chase and the attempted disaster plots. (I enjoy thrillers as well to the gay erotic fiction) So these parts suited me well. Also, like the second book, (which is my fave of this trilogy) you get to read more of young Christian and some of his views of the first book, the interview / first meeting with Miss Steele. Overall I can, to some degree, understand the hype of the books, they are good, even though during some parts I was skipping over the erotic parts, thinking along the lines (yes I get it, your into that but give the damn thing a break!) but I feel this one kind of lets the previous two down. They are a good read, not exactly the best adult fiction I've ever read but it definitely isn't the worse. It's 50/50. show more
by G Lofts
The 3rd book of the Fifty shades - trilogy is yet another page turner, but certainly continues to disappoint with regards to writing style. I was curious for this 'hype', but am disappointed about the level of literary accomplishment. To me all 3 parts really are just one book - there is no real ending to the first 2 parts. There were things however, that I enjoyed, and the epilogue was a pleasant surprise - a perfect icing to hide a suboptimal cake. The epilogue made me give another star, and I am writing this review because I just can't get the book out of my head - a good sign. The 3rd book is still about Ana's and Christian's stormy relationship, and it describes how reality hits, and how they manage their difficulties and differences, without the eternal swooning of the 2nd book. The writing style does not improve however, there are still numerous repetitions, and the 'oh my' exclamations don't cease. The erotic scenes become a little more variable, not every single one is described into minute detail, and Ana even uses the safeword once, which makes it a little more believable. I am not familiar with the world of BDSM, but I found it reassuring that the ultimate control lies with the submissive, and don't feel (like other reviewers) that Ana degrades herself by partaking in this. She actually appears to enjoy these experiences. I also don't think that she should stand up for herself more - I think she sets the boundaries that are important to her, and that she is trying to find the balance between sacrifice for the good of the relationship, and 'hard limits'. The book explores the issues of character formation in the first 3 years of life, and whether the effects of those first years can be reversed. It also explores dealing with reality when having gotten married in the first 'head over heels in love (or lust)' - phase. It explores how much change for the other partner is possible, and how much is just not achievable. It doesn't explore these into the depth that it could have, but it is nonetheless interesting to read. I myself are familiar with a relationship in which the parties come from very different worlds, and I think that 2 people can love each other enough to make quite significant sacrifices in order to be together. I quite enjoyed the 'Bridget Jones' style email exchange, which continues into the 3rd book, albeit to a lesser degree. The changing of the main characters over the 3 books appears only superficial to me - Ana is still naive and worried about making Christian mad, and Christian is still mercurial and moody by the end of the trilogy. The other characters don't change significantly at all - very disappointing. There are plenty of unrealistic aspects to this book unfortunately, I found it impossible to suspend my disbelief. To me it feels that if Christian was just a little less rich, a little less handsome, his parents a little less perfect, if Ana wasn't so new to relationships, so new to email, if she was maybe a little tempted by all that money, and if she occasionally had a disagreement with her mother, the same trilogy would be much more believable. Cutting out 1/3 of the erotic scenes, making some of them a 'less than perfect' experience, and changing the eternal repetition of 'oh my', 'he's so breathtaking' and 'will I always love him so' would have made a vast difference as well. So even though the book had me turning pages till late at night, made me think about a few things and informed me a little about the world of BDSM, and had me very impressed with the epilogue, overall I was probably more annoyed by the writing style than pleased by the good things. It did get under my skin though - days after finishing the last part, I am still thinking about it a lot. 3 stars. show more
by Nadine Goodman
| i don't know |
In which town will you find the Black Sheep brewery? | Black Sheep Brewery in Masham North Yorkshire - Follow the hoppy smell from all over town to the Black Sheep visitor centre, brewery and bistro
Wellgarth Masham North Yorkshire HG4 4EN 01765 680 100
We say
There's no "h" in Masham (it's Mass'm) but there is beer – lots of it. Not only is this the home town of Theakston's (of Old Peculier fame, founded in 1827) but also the 1990s' pretender, the Black Sheep Brewery, set up by family member Paul Theakston, and whose excellent beers are now widely available across the UK. The hoppy smell assails you from all parts of town, and the Black Sheep visitor centre and brewery tour is the place to get to grips with the beers themselves. You get the full lowdown on a guided (they say, cutely, "shepherded") tour of the brewing process, before ending up with a glass of ale at the (oh yes, they couldn't resist it...) baa'r – and there are enough branded Black Sheep gifts in the shop to keep any ale-monster happy. The bistro's not bad either, and is a pretty reasonable choice for a moderately priced meal in Masham even if you're not going to take the tour. The menu is full of typical bar-bistro choices, from fish and chips to braised beef, with the not-entirely-unexpected addition of their own ales in the recipes, whether it's "Riggwelter" in the gravy or "Golden Sheep" in the batter. Maa'rvellous (sorry, they've got us at it now).
Are you the owner?
If you're the owner of this place you can sign up for a 'Featured Owner' account so that you can add your own text, images and more...
| Masham |
What role was played by Doreen Mantle in TV's One Foot In The Grave? | Masham | Yorkshire Bolt Holes
Close
Masham
Just a short five minute drive or twenty minute walk from the door of Hideaway Cottage, you'll find the friendly market town of Masham which is famous for not one brewery, but two, born from two generations of the Theakston family – Theakston and Black Sheep Breweries. The Georgian market square is one of the largest in Yorkshire and a lovely array of independent shops, cafes, galleries, restaurants and pubs are located around it. There's a twice weekly market on a Wednesday and Saturday and annual events include the popular Masham Steam Rally in July and the Masham Sheep Fair in September.
Both the Black Sheep Brewery and Theakstons Brewery have their own visitors centres and for those of you who love cycling, then you can sample part of the ‘Le Grand Depart, Tour de France' whereby Stage one came through Masham in July 2014.
Delicious Yorkshire food and local beers can be enjoyed out and about and near to Fearby and Masham you'll find The Bruce Arms in Masham, The Kings Head in Masham, The White Bear in Masham, Vennells Restaurant in Masham, The Bruce Arms in West Tanfield, The Freemasons Arms in Nosterfield and the Blue Lion in East Witton, to name just a few!
Links
| i don't know |
What is the name of the strait which divides the city of Istanbul? | Map of Bosporus Strait - World Straits, Bosporus Map, Location - World Atlas
Map of Bosporus Strait - World Straits, Bosporus Map, Location
Bosporus Strait
The Bosporus Strait (or Bosphorus) connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It also separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey (Trace), thus it separates the two continents.
Bordered on both sides by the massive city of Istanbul, the strait is one of the planet's most strategic waterways.
This body of water serves as a primary highway for the transport of energy to Europe from Russia and western Asia. In 2005 over 55,000 ships, including almost 6,000 oil tankers passed through it, most carrying Russian oil.
Crossed by two large suspension bridges, the strait is just over 2 miles across at its widest point; about 32km (20 miles) in length, and a measured 30-120m (100-395ft) deep.
| Bosphorus |
Which freshwater fish, native to Britain has the nickname 'little Jack Sharp'? | Divide of the Continents! - Bosphorus Strait, Istanbul Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor
“Divide of the Continents!”
Reviewed 19 August 2015
What an exciting concept, of being on a strait that divides two continents. The Bosphorus was a bustling water way with taxis, fishing boasts, large ships and tourists enjoying it. The Bosphorus is easy to navigate and divides the European and Asian sides of Turkey. With taxi and tour boats lining up to take you to the other side or just to cruise to the major overhead bridge and back. The fee to ride these boats was so minimal, that is was definitely a nice way to spend a few hours and get a different perspective of the city.
Visited June 2015
| i don't know |
In which film did the Frankenstein monster sing 'Puttin on the Ritz'? | Gene Wilder - Young Frankenstein (1974) - Puttin' on the Ritz - YouTube
Gene Wilder - Young Frankenstein (1974) - Puttin' on the Ritz
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Jan 21, 2014
Young Frankenstein is a 1974 American comedy film directed by Mel Brooks and starring Gene Wilder as the title character, a descendant of the infamous Dr. Victor Frankenstein. The supporting cast includes Teri Garr, Cloris Leachman, Marty Feldman, Peter Boyle, Madeline Kahn, Kenneth Mars, Richard Haydn and Gene Hackman. The screenplay was written by Wilder and Brooks.
Category
| Young Frankenstein |
By what name is Oil of Vitriol known today? | REVIEW: The Ritz Theatre Does a Damn Good Job with ‘Young Frankenstein’ – Here’s Why | Kyrus Keenan Westcott - Blog Archive
REVIEW: The Ritz Theatre Does a Damn Good Job with ‘Young Frankenstein’ – Here’s Why
Posted on
by KyrusKeenan
I really have to hand it to director Matt Reher and The Ritz Theatre in Haddon Township, New Jersey. Matt and The Ritz surely went a long way in making Mel Brooks’ Young Frankenstein actually work. The musical, which debuted on Broadway in 2007, cost $20 million to create, and ended up tanking. But fortunately, Matt and his cast and crew turned an easy tank into a golden opportunity with memorable performances.
I have personally known Matt Reher since 2011 when we did Hairspray at The Ritz together. He played “Corny Collins” and I played “Seaweed.” We became friends instantly. And if there is one thing that I remember while working with Matt, it was his sense of humor and his comedic timing, both on the stage, and off the stage. Since then, I have had the pleasure of seeing Matt perform comically in multiple productions, and in each one, his comedic proficiency became clearer. So when I heard that he would be directing a production of Young Frankenstein – I personally figured that it was a match made in heaven for comedy fans.
Mel Brooks’ humor is classic, specific, and extremely memorable. Many people can quote Mel Brooks’ movies better than Rick Perry can remember the three departments of government he wants to get rid of. (“Oops.”) I love Mel Brooks’ humor. It’s one of the funniest types of dry humor that I have ever witnessed. But one thing occurred to me when I was watching The Ritz’s production of Young Frankenstein on opening night – Matt Reher has somehow made Mel Brooks’ even funnier.
With fabulously integrated work by Reher, choreographer Angela Wertner, set designer Ernie Jewell (who also stars as the lead in this production), music director Brian Bacon and a crazy, high-energy cast that delivers the show’s “schtick” via powerhouse comedic technique … this production is a pleasurable hoot from the opening note until the final note, surely guaranteeing a raise in your spirits.
Before I move forward, I have to give a shout-out to Chris Miller (the lighting designer), Rusty Miller (the costume designer), Matt Gallagher (the sound designer), and my favorite person, Julia King (the stage manager). Great team assembled for this production.
This show certainly has a high density of talent within its cast. It also, without a doubt, has the hardest working ensemble, and the largest percentage of gags per scene. A lot of these gags are lifted directly from the movie. (Which was perfectly okay with me.)
The vaudevillian feeling that this show gives off can be accredited to Ernie Jewell’s Frederick Frankenstein (or, um, Franken-STEEN). As the New York doctor in 1934 who visits Transylvania to settle his grandfather’s estate and winds up moving in to make monsters, Mr. Jewell shines. He can sing and move well, but his specialty is the fact that he can sell a funny line or joke in several different styles. That’s where he truly shined on opening night.
As Elizabeth, Frankenstein’s high-strung fiancée, Jennie Knackstedt (who I recently performed with in Andrew Lippa’s The Wild Party) easily and proficiently channels several 1930s movie actresses Mary Boland, Irene Dunne, Shirley Temple, and even Margaret Dumont, and combines them into one character that you can’t take your eyes off of. And Doug Atkins is a hugely gifted singing and dancing comedian playing the role of Igor. It made me wish his character had more to do. (But that’s the show’s fault, not the production itself.)
Megan Pisors is so much fun to watch as Dr. Frankenstein’s voluptuous young assistant. (One that may or may not use yodeling as foreplay.) Her deadpan friskiness in the song “Roll in the Hay” is definitely a high point in the show. Jodi Lawrence O’Connor makes the role of Frau Blucher (*cue horse*), the sinister housekeeper, all her own through artful over-exaggeration. And David McConney is nothing short of TERRIFIC, turning Frankenstein’s monster into the most human character onstage.
If there is one musical number that I have to talk about, it is when Dr. Frankenstein introduces his show-business-trained creature to the world by having him perform Irving Berlin’s “Puttin’ On the Ritz.” Choreographer Angela Wertner pulls out all the stops for this number, evoking a catalogue of top-hat dance styles and tap. But what really makes it fly is Mr. McConney’s evocation of the monster’s pleasure in what he’s doing. This big galoot of a mannequin is being seduced by the singular joys of musical comedy and loving it. And the audience loves it too.
Overall, this production of Young Frankenstein will give you a jolt of energy right from the opening number. While, of course, there are glaring issues and plot-holes within the script itself, Matt Reher and company will help you look past that and will have you leaving the theater itching to watch more Mel Brooks. This show is definitely a show you should check out at some point before it closes. Aka, get your tickets NOW!
The show opened on July 10th and runs every weekend until August 3rd. For show and ticket information, CLICK HERE , or call the theater at 856-858-5230.
Kyrus is a native of Hamilton, New Jersey, studied Theatre at Mercer County Community College, and is a proud graduate of Westminster School of the Performing Arts at Rider University with a Bachelor’s Degree in Fine Art Theatre. Kyrus is a proud Actor’s Equity Candidate.
Ky studied vocally with the extremely talented and very resourceful Steven Schnurman, a graduate of The Julliard School of NY. For more information on Steven Schnurman, please visit his website at http://www.voicelessonsnj.com/ today!
His stage credits include: Tours: George Street Playhouse Educational Touring Company (Repertory Actor), Chuckleball (2010 Touring Company). NY Off-Broadway: A River’s Current (New York Theatre Workshop). Regional Credits: Andrew Lippa’s The Wild Party (“Black” – Ritz Theatre NJ), Hairspray (“Seaweed” – Broadway Theatre of Pitman), Rent (“Benny” – TriArts Sharon Playhouse). Recent Credits: Shrek the Musical (Donkey), Legally Blonde (Emmett), Avenue Q (Nicky), Pippin (Leading Player), Ragtime (Coalhouse), Assassins (Balladeer), Macbeth (Macbeth), Once On This Island (Agwe), Rocky Horror (Rocky Horror), Seussical (Cat in the Hat), Spelling Bee (Mitch), Forum (Hero).
In his spare time, Kyrus loves to write, produce, event plan, marketing, and work on his blog – #LIFEOFKY
Share this:
| i don't know |
Which metaphysical poet famously wrote 'No man is an island'? | No Man Is An Island Poem by John Donne - Poem Hunter
No Man Is An Island Poem by John Donne - Poem Hunter
No Man Is An Island - Poem by John Donne
Autoplay next video
No man is an island,
Entire of itself,
Every man is a piece of the continent,
A part of the main.
If a clod be washed away by the sea,
Europe is the less.
As well as if a promontory were.
As well as if a manor of thy friend's
Or of thine own were:
Any man's death diminishes me,
Because I am involved in mankind,
And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls;
It tolls for thee.
next poem »
Poet's Notes about The Poem
These famous words by John Donne were not originally written as a poem - the passage is taken from the 1624 Meditation 17, from Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions and is prose. The words of the original passage are as follows:
John Donne
Meditation 17
Devotions upon Emergent Occasions
'No man is an iland, intire of it selfe; every man is a peece of the Continent, a part of the maine; if a clod bee washed away by the Sea, Europe is the lesse, as well as if a Promontorie were, as well as if a Mannor of thy friends or of thine owne were; any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee....'
| John Donne |
According to research carried out by the Economist Intelligence Unit, which country will be the best to be born into in 2013? | John Donne - Poet - Biography.com
John Donne
John Donne, leading English poet of the Metaphysical school, is often considered the greatest loved poet in the English language.
IN THESE GROUPS
quotes
“Art is the most passionate orgy within man’s grasp.”
“Death be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so.”
“Love built on beauty, soon as beauty, dies.”
“Affection is a treasure, and scarce any man hath enough of it.”
John Donne
Synopsis
The first two editions of John Donne's poems were published posthumously, in 1633 and 1635, after having circulated widely in manuscript copies. Readers continue to find stimulus in his fusion of witty argument with passion, his dramatic rendering of complex states of mind, and his ability to make common words yield up rich poetic meaning. Donne also wrote songs, sonnets and prose.
Profile
John Donne was born into a Catholic family in 1572, during a strong anti-Catholic period in England. Donne’s father, also named John, was a prosperous London merchant. His mother, Elizabeth Heywood, was the grand-niece of Catholic martyr Thomas More. Religion would play a tumultuous and passionate role in John’s life.
Donne’s father died in 1576, and his mother remarried a wealthy widower. He entered Oxford University at age 11 and later the University of Cambridge, but never received degrees, due to his Catholicism. At age 20, Donne began studying law at Lincoln’s Inn and seemed destined for a legal or diplomatic career. During the 1590s, he spent much of his inheritance on women, books and travel. He wrote most of his love lyrics and erotic poems during this time. His first books of poems, “Satires” and “Songs and Sonnets,” were highly prized among a small group of admirers.
In 1593, John Donne’s brother, Henry, was convicted of Catholic sympathies and died in prison soon after. The incident led John to question his Catholic faith and inspired some of his best writing on religion. At age 25, Donne was appointed private secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England. He held his position with Egerton for several years and it's likely that around this period Donne converted to Anglicanism.
On his way to a promising career, John Donne became a Member of Parliament in 1601. That same year, he married 16-year-old Anne More, the niece of Sir Egerton. Both Lord Egerton and Anne’s father, George More, strongly disapproved of the marriage, and, as punishment, More did not provide a dowry. Lord Egerton fired Donne and had him imprisoned for a short time. The eight years following Donne’s release would be a struggle for the married couple until Anne’s father finally paid her dowry.
In 1610, John Donne published his anti-Catholic polemic “Pseudo-Martyr,” renouncing his faith. In it, he proposed the argument that Roman Catholics could support James I without compromising their religious loyalty to the pope. This won him the king’s favor and patronage from members of the House of Lords. In 1615, Donne was ordained soon thereafter was appointed Royal Chaplain. His elaborate metaphors, religious symbolism and flair for drama soon established him as a great preacher.
In 1617, John Donne’s wife died shortly after giving birth to their 12th child. The time for writing love poems was over, and Donne devoted his energies to more religious subjects. In 1621, Donne became dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral. During a period of severe illness, he wrote “Devotions upon Emergent Occasions,” published in 1624. This work contains the immortal lines “No man is an island” and “never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.” That same year, Donne was appointed Vicar of St. Dunstan’s-in-the-West and became known for his eloquent sermons.
As John Donne’s health continued to fail him, he became obsessed with death. Shortly before he died, he delivered a pre-funeral sermon, “Death’s Duel.” His writing was charismatic and inventive. His compelling examination of the mortal paradox influenced English poets for generations. Donne’s work fell out of favor for a time, but was revived in the 20th century by high-profile admirers such as T.S. Eliot and William Butler Yeats.
Fact Check
We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us !
Citation Information
| i don't know |
In 1983, Lady Donaldson was the first woman to be elected as what? | Lady Donaldson, 82, Lord Mayor (Not Lady, Please!) of London - The New York Times
The New York Times
World |Lady Donaldson, 82, Lord Mayor (Not Lady, Please!) of London
Search
Continue reading the main story
Lady Donaldson, the first woman to be lord mayor of London in the 800-year history of the office, died on Saturday at a hospice near her family home in Lymington, England. She was 82.
For one term in 1983, Lady Donaldson held the highest title of the City of London. In 1981 and 1982, she was also the first woman to be the City's sheriff, a position established 500 years before that of lord mayor.
The ancient City is not London, although it is surrounded by London. Established by a royal charter in the 12th century, it is now famous as England's financial center.
By tradition, when the queen makes a state visit there, the lord mayor, carrying a sword, meets her at the city limit. The monarch gently pushes aside the proffered sword to signify acceptance of the lord mayor's sovereignty.
After being sheriff and lord mayor, Lady Donaldson went on to lead organizations concerned with cancer and the ethics of in-vitro fertilization, to serve on Britain's press complaints commission and to be chairwoman of a committee overseeing the ombudsman appointed to supervise the banking industry.
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
No women have succeeded Lady Donaldson as lord mayor. Because she was married to a baron, she was called lady rather than her own title of dame, which goes with the lord mayor's job. She also insisted on being called lord mayor, rather than lady mayor, and fined anybody who feminized her title a pound.
''The fact that I'm a woman is purely biological,'' she said in an interview with The Associated Press in 1983. ''If it encourages other women to take more positions of responsibility, then it'll have achieved something, but I'm not a feminist.''
Dorothy Mary Warwick was born in Wickham, Hampshire, on Aug. 29, 1921. Her father, Reginald George Gale Warwick, was an ironmonger. Her mother, Dorothy Alice Warwick, was a schoolteacher and the first woman to serve on her local governing council.
Miss Warwick left high school to spend a year teaching English in Paris. On her return, she began training in Oxford to become a nurse. In London during World War II, she treated soldiers returning from Dunkirk and victims of the blitz.
Toward the end of the war, she met John Donaldson, a lieutenant colonel in the army, through his mother, whom Miss Warwick cared for in the hospital. They were married in 1945.
Her husband, an eminent lawyer and judge, was appointed master of the rolls, one of the highest-ranking posts in Britain's judiciary.
''We've always led two separate lives -- perhaps that's why our marriage works so well,'' Lady Donaldson said to The New York Times in 1983. ''We've always got something to talk about.''
In addition to her husband, Lady Donaldson is survived by a son, two daughters and six grandchildren.
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
Before becoming sheriff, Lady Donaldson was the first woman to be a City alderman. Another woman, Edwina Coven, was elected 17 months earlier, but was vetoed by her fellow aldermen. It was the Court of Aldermen that elected Lady Donaldson lord mayor after she had been nominated by the City's livery companies, a mixture of charitable trusts, gentlemen's clubs and guardians of craft standards and training.
Lady Donaldson shunned the lord mayor's traditional garb, as her obituary in The Daily Telegraph yesterday pointed up.
''If I were 20 years younger and considerably slimmer I might have considered wearing knee breeches like the men,'' she said. ''I hope to do better than the men who wear a suit under the robes. I'll only need a bra and slip.''
| Lord Mayor of London |
A Shadoof is a device used to raise what? | Dame Mary Donaldson, 82; Woman of Many Firsts in City of London Politics - latimes
YOU ARE HERE: LAT Home → Collections
Dame Mary Donaldson, 82; Woman of Many Firsts in City of London Politics
October 10, 2003 |Mary Rourke | Times Staff Writer
Dame Mary Donaldson, the first woman to serve as lord mayor of the City of London, the area within London proper that includes the financial district, died Saturday at a hospice in Lymington, her family home in southern England.
The cause of death was not reported. Donaldson was 82.
She was elected lord mayor in 1983 in a unanimous vote by city officials. The figurehead position does not include a salary but carries considerable prestige and historic significance.
The City of London is the oldest local government in England, instated by King Richard the Lionhearted in 1192. Inside the square-mile city district, the lord mayor is second in power only to the queen of England, should the queen visit.
The main responsibility of the lord mayor is to host official occasions and travel to promote tourism and trade.
Donaldson insisted on being addressed as "Lord" rather than "Lady" Mayor and charged a fine of one pound to anyone who made the mistake.
"I'm not a great banner-waver for the feminist movement," she told the Los Angeles Times in a 1984 interview. However, she added, "I will stand on a soapbox for equal opportunity."
Despite her efforts to downplay her feminine gender, a marching band at Donaldson's inaugural parade opened with "There Is Nothing Like a Dame." News features about her paid close attention to her dress style.
While her predecessors in the job of lord mayor wore medieval costumes with knee breeches and silk hose under their black robes, Donaldson said in interviews that she wore only a slip and bra. She might have considered the traditional costume, she explained, "If I were 20 years younger and considerably slimmer."
Her position as mayor capped a political career of firsts. She was the first woman to serve as the City of London's sheriff, from 1981 to 1982; the first to serve as city alderman in 1975, and the first female on the city's Common Council, having been elected in 1966.
Known for her simple, direct manner, she once said she found it a challenge getting used to the many formalities of public office.
"After all my years in the city, it no longer strikes me as extraordinary that when you see something move, you bow to it," she told the New York Times in 1982.
Born Dorothy Mary Warwick in Hampshire, England, on Aug. 29,1921, her father was an ironmonger and her mother taught school. After high school, she spent a year in Paris, teaching English, then trained to be a nurse at Oxford University in England.
She worked at a London hospital during World War II and met her husband, then Army Lt. Col. John Donaldson, when his mother, a patient at the hospital, introduced them.
John Donaldson later became a lawyer and judge who was appointed Master of the Rolls, one of the highest ranking positions in the judiciary.
The couple married in 1945 and had three children. Donaldson, who is survived by her husband, children and six grandchildren, entered public life after she became a grandmother.
"You come in from being a grandmother and suddenly you are lord mayor," she said in 1984, looking back on her career.
MORE:
| i don't know |
How many canonical gospels are there in the New Testament? | HOW MANY GOSPELS?
HOW MANY GOSPELS?
March 8, 2013 by Philip Jenkins 21 Comments
In a post last year , I remarked how definitions of the Biblical canon had changed through the centuries.
I’ve recently been working on the history of lost and alternative gospels, and how such texts continued to be available through the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Contrary to popular legend, the mainstream churches did not succeed in stamping out all competitors to the Big Four gospels in the fourth or fifth centuries, and numerous alternative works maintained their influence for at least a thousand years afterwards. This story is interesting enough in itself, but it also raises questions about the very idea of canonicity, and declaring what is and is not sacred scripture.
By the fifth and sixth centuries, the churches had come to a broad consensus over what was and was not included in the New Testament canon. There were four gospels, no more, no less, and that should have been straightforward.
The problem is that through the Middle Ages – roughly from 500 through 1500 – all churches continued to use many other texts generally classified as New Testament apocrypha, including some pseudo-gospels. However counter-intuitive this may seem, some of these ancient texts remained so popular that they came close to overwhelming Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
Such alternative gospels were read in liturgies from time to time, and elite clerical authors and scholars sometimes cited these texts as if they were canonical. “Other” gospels also formed the basis of religious popular culture, including mystery plays and devotional literature. They contributed mightily to shaping the standard Christian narrative available to the great majority of believers, and especially at the Christmas season. Of course, literacy rates were not high in this era, leaving ordinary believers to learn their lessons through visual symbols or religious drama. Stained glass windows, famously, were the “Bible of the Poor.” But these texts also found a large reading audience, and they were popularized through anthologies like the Golden Legend, which between 1470 and 1530 was by far the most popular book printed in Europe.
Some texts stand out particularly, and most date from Late Antiquity, from between the second and fifth centuries. I have already posted about the enduring influence of the Protevangelium , concerning the Virgin Mary, but we might also look at the very popular Infancy Gospels of Christ, or the overwhelming image of the Harrowing of Hell. This last story tells how Christ, after the Resurrection, broke the gates of Hell and rescued the souls of the righteous who had died before his time, including the great figures of the Old Testament narrative. Several Biblical texts point to some such event, although they do not describe it explicitly. The direct source of the Harrowing was a massively influential apocryphal gospel called the Acts of Pilate, often known in the Middle Ages as the Gospel of Nicodemus.
So successful were these alternative texts, so influential, that they force us to reconsider our standard literary categories. A culture rooted in centuries of Protestantism tends to think of a sharp and obvious division between Holy Scripture and all other types of literature, whether religious in intent or not. Either something is within the canon, or it is not, and ever since the Counter-Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church likewise has adopted that attitude. In earlier times, though, we have to think of more fluid boundaries.
Works like Nicodemus were absolutely central to Christian consciousness for at least a millennium – in fact, for over half the story of Christianity in Europe alone, never mind the wider world. If such alternative texts were not canonical, neither were they wholly excluded or condemned, and the term “apocryphal” goes nowhere near indicating their practical influence. In practical usage, to describe a story as “apocryphal” is more or less to dismiss it as spurious or even fantastic.
Put another way: if churches treat a text exactly as if it’s a canonical scripture, and use it as fully authoritative, what prevents us from calling it canonical, at least for that particular community?
If the Christian canon was not open, yet for long centuries it was much more flexible and accessible to alternative texts than we commonly think.
About Philip Jenkins
Andrew
You’re correct that many other works, such as the ‘Acts’ of various Apostles and infancy Gospels, made a permanent mark on not only popular Christian storytelling but even found their way into Catholic theology (and some of it still remains). That stated, it seems that many of these gained popularity because they were essentially Hellenized adventure stories (complete with magical battles between saints and sorcerers) given a Christian sheen.
There are other non-canonical documents such as the Barnabas letter or Shepherd of Hermas that are earlier (late 1st, early 2nd century) and IMO more thoroughly Christian documents. Then you have the Gnostic Gospels, and very early Gospels composed at the same time or earlier than the Canonical ones that we only have fragments of (Gospel of the Hebrews, Oxyrhynchus 1224). And of course the oft-debated Gospel of Thomas.
Philip Jenkins
With respect, I disagree on that. Yes, you definitely see those elements, but the various apocryphal texts cover a huge range. Many of these specific tales are extrapolated (shall we say) from canonical stories in Acts. Also, other texts like Nicodemus are quite serious explorations of Christian theological issues, in narrative and fantastic guise. So I’m more dubious about applying a term like “thoroughly Christian”
Andrew
You’re correct; there is a wider range; my language was too “broad brush.”
David Naas
How about “Christian midrash”? Which will also cover such as The Book of Mormon and Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. Or, perhaps, we should give up on the concept of a “canon”, and accept that people are going to find God wherever they can, even if the Ecclesiastics feel threatened by it?
Philip Jenkins
I think that’s a very helpful concept, and one I use increasingly. As in the Jewish case too, “midrashic” additions tend to feed back into ordinary people’s sense of what the Bible must really say. I think for instance of the story of the young Abraham destroying the idols his father manufactured, which is commonly cited as if it really occurred in Genesis.
Kent Steinkamp
The Catholic Church has always valued the truths passed down through Tradition. Having a New Testament canon doesn’t limit what we know about Christ, but it does set a standard of truth for the nearly unlimited additional information the Catholic faithful have always found inspiring. Your analysis now seems to try to fuzz the clear lines set by the Catholic Church in its establishment of a canon. I learned about the Apocrypha in second grade from Sister Merizi. There is nothing new here.
Joel J. Miller
Thank you for this article. There seems to have been a willingness by the ancient church to use many different texts, providing they were edifying and seemed to resonate with the reader — a resonance that sometimes settled into a widespread and authoritative tradition of acceptance, as it did with Hermas and more s wiht the Protoevangelium.
Maximus the Confessor might give us a window on this process in the opening chapter of The Life of the Virgin. “Now, then, everything that we will relate and make known is trustworthy and reliable, true testimonies taken from the assembly of the pious,” he starts and then lists:
first of all, from the holy evangelists and apostles; then from the holy and deeply devout Fathers, whose words are full of wisdom and were written by the grace of the Holy Spirit, and their works are beautiful and virtuous. These are Gregory of Neocaesarea the Thaumaturge, and the great Athanasius of Alexandria, the blessed Gregory of Nyssa, and Dionysius the Areopagite, and others similar to them in virtue. And if we say some things from the apocryphal writings, this is true and without error, and it is what has been accepted and confirmed by the above-mentioned Fathers.
The truth of something was verified by testimony. If a book found its way into circulation, its widespread use through the congregations and affirmation by authorities lent it credence. And that use and affirmation came because those reader and leaders found in those texts things with which the resonated as true. They added their amen to it.
The Harrowing of Hell provides an example of this. The belief is not sourced to the “apocryphal” gospel, but merely echoed and elaborated by it. Melito of Sardis, for instance, mentions the outlines of the Harrowing in his late-second century poem On Pascha:
“It is I,” says Christ,
“I am he who destroys death,
and triumphs over the enemy,
and crushes Hades,
and binds the strong man,
and bears humanity off to the heavenly heights.”
And of course Melito here is echoing thoughts from the Gospels (binding the strong man) and the fourth chapter of Ephesians (bearing humanity away from Hades). When it comes to Nicodemus, the church already believed the Harrowing and so they accepted it’s presentation here.
Joel J. Miller
Sorry, just noticed some typos: “more s wiht” should be “more so with,” and “it’s presentation” in the last line should be “its presentation.” Thanks.
Philip Jenkins
Beautifully put. Watch this space for further comments on the Harrowing of Hell!
Stefan Stackhouse
We are pretty explicitly told in the Gospel narratives and Acts that immediately after Jesus’s resurrection, the disciples started talking with each other, remembering what Jesus had said and done and comparing notes. Jesus Himself did a very thorough review with them during that first evening appearance. Mary was with them and they undoubtedly would have asked her many questions about Jesus’s nativity. It would not have taken very many weeks for a very comprehensive oral tradition to emerge. This oral tradition was transmitted from Christian to Christian as the faith spread and new people came into the fold. (This is where the “Q” thesis falls short: there didn’t need to be a document of Jesus’s collected sayings, because all the early Christians KNEW all of Jesus’s sayings, and told them to each other over and over again.)
It was only a couple of decades later that anyone attempted to start writing any of this down. When the various gospels appeared, the scattered Christian communities would compare what was written with the oral tradition with which they were well familiar. They could undoubtedly be understanding and forgiving of a gospel being somewhat selective rather than exhaustive in the material it included, and they might even have been willing to extend to each author some artistic license in how he put the material together. Anything that flat-out contradicted the oral tradition, however, or invented something out of thin air, would have been highly suspect and very likely to be rejected. The reason why we have four – and only four -gospels is that these four were in accord with the oral tradition, and the others weren’t.
It is quite possible that there were stories in the oral tradition that didn’t make it in to one of the four gospels. John makes it pretty clear that this was the case. (Indeed, I suspect that part of the reason why his gospel is so different from the synoptics is that he felt that it was important to get into writing some of the more important parts of the oral tradition that had not been included in the other three gospels. ) We know for certain of one of these excluded stories – the story of Jesus with the woman caught in adultery. It is pretty clear now that it was a later addition to John’s gospel, added no doubt by someone who thought they were being helpful by preserving a story about Jesus that was otherwise at risk of being lost. Once the churches had the four gospels, they tended to refer to those rather than to the oral tradition, and thus by the late 2nd and 3rd centuries the oral tradition was in danger of totally fading away. I, for one, am glad that the story was preserved, for it does indeed sound like the Jesus that we all know and love. However, it probably isn’t actually scripture.
It is possible that some of these other gospels and other early documents preserve a few other pieces of the genuine oral tradition that didn’t make it into the four canonical gospels. I’d keep an open mind about that. If there are stories that are true, then that is valuable information to have. However, they aren’t scripture.
Philip Jenkins
My question of course focuses on your final comment about “However, they aren’t scripture.” But how do we define scripture? Different churches around the world differ considerably about that, adding some books not accepted in the West, and excluding others, particularly from the Catholic Epistles. I do stress that this comment does NOT apply to gospels strictly defined.
Stefan Stackhouse
I am well aware there exist a diversity of views on this subject. There exists a core of texts for which there is a widespread consensus among Christians that these are scripture, and this consensus is very ancient. As you have indicated, the four gospels very quickly secured their place within this set. As I indicated above, this wasn’t something arbitrary; Christians recognized the canonical books as scripture precisely because they were in accord with the oral tradition they already had. This is also the explanation why non-canonical books were excluded.
There were, of course, a few books that were “on the margins” for a while: Revelation, some of the “General Epistles”, as well as some books that didn’t make the final cut like the Didache and the Shepherd of Hermas. This apparently was less about content than about authorship. That, in turn, raises a whole bunch of other issues. Ultimately, we get back around to consensus being the ultimate factor that determined whether a book was considered canonical or not.
Philip Jenkins
Well put. But let me give you a hypothetical. Suppose that a particular church in a particular part of the world is in communion with other mainline churches, but for a long time, say for several centuries, it uses a particular non-canonical text as if it is scripture, and treats it with the appropriate authority and veneration. Can we not describe it as scripture for that church? As an example, I cite “Psalm 151” which was commonly used as authentic by the medieval church for a millennium , including by many great writers and theologians. Or an even better example the “Epistle to the Laodiceans.” What do you think?
Joel J. Miller
As an Orthodox, I’d say Psalm 151 is canonical. If the long-discussed reconciliation ever happened between Orthodox and Anglicans, would Anglicans have to accept 151 as canonical?
Same problem, but trickier: What if the rift between the non-Chalcedonians and the Chalcedonians is healed? Will Eastern Orthodox or Catholics be ready to accept Enoch and host of other books from the Ethiopian canon ?
Perhaps there’s part of the answer: the Copts and Ethiopians are in full communion and yet they don’t share the same canon. Perhaps our list of books isn’t the most important thing.
Stefan Stackhouse
Of course, each church body can use whatever they want – there is no ecclesiastical police to stop them. Each church body is also free to reject whatever texts they do not want to recognize as being scriptural. This is the actual state of affairs. I am not going to get in to whether or not that is as it should be, for that would be a purely abstract discussion divorced from reality.
What that gets us down to is a least common denominator minimalist core of scripture that virtually everyone (with a few fringe groups that come and go, like the Marcionites, excepted) recognizes, plus a set of additional texts that are each accepted by some but not by all church bodies. That may not necessarily be a satisfactory state of affairs, but it is the one that we actually have.
J. Bob
While there are those who believe that the gospels were written much later then the life of Christ, more modern Biblical scholars such as Fr. Jean Carmignac & J.A.T. Robinson make a good case for the gospels initial elements being written during or shortly after the death of Christ.
Fr. Carmignac, the late Dead Sea Scroll scholar, noted that it was common for pupils to take notes as the speaker preached. And Jesus would be no exception. These notes could be gathered together shortly after the Resurrection to provide a basis scripture that St. Paul mentions. Robinson makes a good argument that the 5 portico building was standing when he wrote his gospel would be a strong indication that his gospel was completed prior to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD.
Finally, the Cannon was developed very early in the Church, as noted in the Muratorian fragment, dated to just after the death of Pius I (157 AD). While it didn’t include all the current epistles, it did have most, & would take a bit longer to finalize the last of these. However there are writings by the Apostolic Fathers, the Didache, & others such as Justin Martyr to fill in many gaps left out in the Cannon.
Most later one seemed to come about in a effort to fill in many human interest gaps, missing in the originals.
Todd Collier
Christianity seems to have adopted at an early stage a “this but not that” view of Scripture. As such much heretical material was immediately recognized and eliminated. At the same time however much helpful material from the early Church was dropped from use leaving us with large gaps in our understanding of the development of the early “organization” of the Church. How did we get from small semi-independent house based churches to an empire wide authority structure in just a couple of hundred years? Perhaps we would have done better to retain the more “progressive” view of scriptural authority in use in the Judaism of the day. The Torah, Prophets and Writings along with what we call the Apocrypha each had its own level of authority and purpose. As such potential variances were less frightening and greater freedom of interpretation could be countenanced.
Wayne
Well written, and I’m sure you know your research, but this really is “much to do about nothing”.
All of these “alternate gospels” are now known to be 2nd/3rd/4th century on creations, while the New Testament “canonical” books are universally acknowledged to be 1st century (or maybe early 2nd in some cases) documents. So they are MUCH closer to Jesus and the early Church. Based on my knowledge, rejection of the apocryphal books largely took place soon after creation (during the 2nd century), although SOME maintained their use just as you state. I see no reason for the Church to rethink the idea of the canon, since these books fall short now for the same reason they were rejected by mainline Christianity early on- late development (post apostolic), odd doctrinal stances (not in accord with early documents), and overall low quality works. It’s quite fashionable today to talk about how we’ve just “discovered” the “other Gospels” that were “suppressed” by a power hungry orthodoxy. In reality, it’s easy to see why “alternate gospels” were rejected- they lacked early “creds”, had fanciful superstitious doctrines, and/or were of low literary and spiritual quality. Anyone that takes up the “gospel of Peter” and the “gospel of John” side by side with a fair mind can easily see why one is in a different class that the other. I’m all for getting as much information on early Christianity as possible (including the range of documents), but making more of things than they are isn’t balanced either.
Philip Jenkins
I agree with most of what you say, but it does not get to the issue of canonicity. I am not for a second suggesting that something like Nicodemus is very early – it certainly is not. It may be fifth century. It is not vaguely comparable to the canonical gospels as historical evidence. HOWEVER given all that, the point remains – if churches used it quite widely as if it was canonical (and they did), what does that say about their attitude to canons, and to the definition of scripture?
Joel J. Miller
I think the problem is that we are imposing a more rigid understanding of canon than did the early church. They rejected books they knew to be spurious, but were open to others being read and used in church. That’s the other side of the story of Antiochian bishop Serapion and the Gospel of Peter. He allowed it to be read, though it was clearly not one of the more generally received gospels, and only stopped the practice when he read it for himself and noticed things that didn’t jibe with what was handed down by the apostles.
The idea that the canon was firm and unbending seems to be an idea required for Sola Scriptura but not actually seen in the early church. Different regions had differing canons for centuries. Clement and Hermas were widely read in churches, today only in seminary. But that doesn’t mean they were not considered holy scripture by those who first read them. That’s only a problem if we need to somehow turn the process of refining the canon into a magical process that removes the church as the arbiter and custodian of the books.
Philip Jenkins
By the way, I exactly share your opinion that “It’s quite fashionable today to talk about how we’ve just “discovered” the “other Gospels” that were “suppressed” by a power hungry orthodoxy.” Such a view is nonsense. But it is not relevant to what I am arguing.
The Anxious Bench and our Writers
Christian historians share their reflections on contemporary faith, politics, and culture.
Our authors include Beth Allison Barr, Kristin Kobes Du Mez, Chris Gehrz, Agnes Howard, Tal Howard, Philip Jenkins, David Swartz and John Turner.
| Four (New Zealand) |
Who composed Night on a Bare Mountain? | How Many Gospels Were There?
How Many Gospels Were There?
Peter Nathan
The earliest record of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John is within 80 years of the death of Jesus Christ. Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), who claimed firsthand knowledge from the apostle John and other eyewitnesses, provided a reference to the four Gospels in a document written at the end of the first century or the beginning of the second. Papias’s works are now lost to history, but several writers of the second century quoted or paraphrased them. Irenaeus (140–200 C.E.), bishop of Lyon, came from the same area in Asia Minoras Papias. He states that he was taught by John’s disciple Polycarp, who also knew Papias. Irenaeus records that there were four Gospels that formed the “foundation and pillar of our faith” (Against Heresies 3.1)—the same four Gospels that are included in the New Testament to this day.
Just prior to the time of Irenaeus, Tatian, while residing in Rome, prepared his Diatessaron, a single account that harmonized all four Gospels. He returned to his home area in the east of the empire in about 172 and there translated his work into Syriac.
Luke remarks that many other accounts were written (Luke 1:1–4), but by the end of the second century, numerous authors were recording the existence of only four Gospels as part of Scripture. The Muratorian Fragment, a listing of biblical books, as well as both Clement of Alexandria and Origen, writing from Egypt, provide witness to the universal acceptance of the four Gospels throughout the known world prior to the establishment of any central authority of orthodoxy.
Eusebius, the fourth-century church historian (see “Eusebius Pamphilus: Father of Church History” ) also quotes Papias and his background to the writing of the Gospel of John (Ecclesiastical History 3). Scholars now think that Eusebius included many of Papias’s writings about the Gospels verbatim. Papias had recorded that John wrote his account to fill in details of the ministry of Jesus prior to John the Baptist’s imprisonment, and also to combat the teachings of Cerinthus, a Gnostic teacher in Asia Minor. In so writing, Papias recorded that John acknowledged the authenticity of the other three Gospels. In fact, the four Gospel accounts that Christendom uses today owe their authority and place within the canon of Scripture to the statements of the apostle John.
The record of history is that, by the end of the first century, those four Gospels were established as the only inspired accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It was not a decision left to the whim of Constantine or a later authority figure but arose from an apostle who had been an eyewitness of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Related Content
| i don't know |
What was the work of a 'dhobi wallah'? | Celebrating the wallah and walli of Mumbai's streets | CNN Travel
Celebrating the wallah and walli of Mumbai's streets
Celebrating the wallah and walli of Mumbai's streets
Traveling photographer Meena Kadri captures Mumbai's technicolor street sellers, from washermen and tea vendors to flower sellers and band members
By Meena Kadri 25 January, 2010
India lives in its streets, and nowhere is this more apparent than in Mumbai, city of salesmen, busily offering, brewing, collecting or cooking right there on the sidewalk as you stroll by.
The chai-wallah serves up steaming thimbles of tea, the dhobi-wallah collects your laundry, the rickshaw-wallah takes you to your next destination. Where there's a need you can be pretty sure there's someone willing to provide. Got dirty ears? Search out your nearest kaan-saaf-wallah who will happily scrape away the grime, for a modest price.
These roadside entrepreneurs fuel the flourishing street economy of India with their diverse trades and assorted services.
Although many wallah move around to find the demand hotspots, I fondly noted their regular presence in certain neighborhoods while I was living in Mumbai. As I charged around by scooter, rickshaw or taxi, I could always count on nods of recognition by my local wallah from their pavement perches and regular haunts.
Check out the Best of CNNGo's Mumbai section for more insights into Mumbai. And join our Mumbai Facebook group
I would often catch sight of them plying their trade amidst the flurry of city life. The flair of the chai-wallah forming arcs of steaming tea as he pours from glass to glass. The precision of the nariel-wallah hacking the tops off coconuts. The calm of the dabba-wallah as he negotiates Mumbai's maddening traffic to deliver dozens of lunch boxes.
At other times they are integral to the street-side commotion with their signature cries to alert us of their offerings and the banter of competing wallah vying for customer attention.
Wallah, and their female equivalent -- walli -- respond to the hundreds of opportunities that Mumbai’s urban neighborhoods present. As vital as they are vibrant, wallahs are a constant feature of the urban Indian landscape and act as functional anchors for the communities they serve.
Dukaan (shop) walli
A small roadside stall near the Worli village fish market. Should you be in Mumbai and want to take a personalised tour, I highly recommend Deepa Krishna and Freni Avari of Mumbai Magic: A la Carte Tours . The tour I took here was of the fishing village at Worli which is far from the usual tourist route of Mumbai and has a completely different atmosphere to the heaving city.
A beautiful Maharastrian flower seller in Phul Galli at Dadar Station.
Coolie
A coolie and his basket which he carries on his head to ferry vegetables from Crawford Market to the Subji Bazaar at Buleshwar.
Afternoon siesta at the flower market in Dadar.
A panelbeater near Mahalaxmi station.
Dabbawallahs (lunch box delivery men) and train buddies
As I head to Dharavi for research work I end up in the baggage compartment used by Mumbai's famous dabbawallahs .
Dabbawallah on a train
A dabbawallah on the return train journey to Bandra. There is a brilliant comraderie between these men.
The Mahalaxmi Dhobi Ghat
The Dhobhi Ghats are where Mumbaiker's laundry is soaked, slapped, spun, and pressed in this centralised open-air hub spread across 10 acres at Mahalaxmi.
Read Meena Kadri's photo essay on the subject.
Jan Mohammed dhobi wallah (washerman)
Jan Mohammed (65) has worked at the Mahalaxmi Dhobi Ghats for 40 years. He rents his own ghat which is worked at by three people. Some 5,000 Dhobi Wallahs work the ghats, many of whom reside within the compound with their families. The few I met earned my respect for their dedication. It is a job that is passed on through families, predominantly from Andra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which adds a dimension of pride among this close-knit community.
Machhi (fish) walli
This woman was de-shelling prawns in Worli's fishing village. It's hard to imagine that this relaxed sea-side village sits is tucked away in a city that holds upwards of 16 million inhabitants.
Egg trays are stored under a stall near Mumbai's fascinating Chor Bazaar (Thieves Market).
This man takes an afternoon siesta amongst wrapped papaya at Crawford Market.
Selling fresh lime drinks at Dharavi.
The bulk transporting of cooking oil containers which have been cleaned for re-use in Dharavi.
This man is cycling his fragile stock through the market at Mukundnagar, Mumbai.
A teenager delivering tea at Kumbharwada, Dharavi.
Knife shapener wallah
A mobile knife sharpner that operates from a bicycle. This was a particularly busy day for him as it was the day before Bakri Eid, when Muslims worldwide slaughter goats to commemorate the willingness of Abraham to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God.
Masala dukaan (spice shop) wallah
Spice stall at Tilak Market where Mumbaikers buy freshly grounded spices such a red chilli powder, coriander power, cumin powder and so on for everday cooking.
A wedding band player on Grant Road in Mumbai.
Police wallah
A jewelery store guard in Kalbadevi. Here each morning, in the Zaveri Bazaar, the price of gold is set for the day's gold trading for the whole of India.
A New Zealand-born designer and photographer with a background in cultural anthropology, Meena Kadri has spent time working in Hong Kong, teaching at India's National Institute of Design, and a stint in Europe writing for publications including Monocle magazine and the Guardian Weekly. See her work at Random Specific and her Flickr photostream Meanest Indian .
| The Laundry |
In which Scottish castle was Mary Stuart crowned Queen of Scots in 1543? | Indian washermen keep tradition alive despite daily grind - The Express Tribune
The Express Tribune
Share Tweet Email
In this photograph, laundry worker Dharam Nath, 22, stands in a stone bath as he beats items of clothing. PHOTO: AFP
NEW DELHI, INDIA: Standing knee deep in a cement tank of milky water, Dinesh Kumar dunks clothes before vigorously scrubbing them with a brush at an outdoor laundry in the Indian capital.
After quitting high school, Kumar joined his father among the ranks of traditional washermen who have hand-cleaned the sprawling city’s dirty clothes for generations.
Unpaid Pakistani workers to fly home from Saudi Arabia
Over the years, the work of “dhobi wallahs” has modernised to a degree, with industrial machines now used at some laundries for washing heavier loads of curtains, bed covers and towels.
But 32-year-old Kumar said most of the washing was still done by hand. The more delicate and expensive garments also needed to be handled carefully to ensure sewn-on beads or embroidery were not damaged.
“I start work at the crack of dawn and wash about 100 clothes by evening,” Kumar told AFP as washermen nearby swung damp trousers over their heads before thrashing them against concrete stone slabs.
‘80% textile workers do not use safety precautions’
After every wash in a milky bath of bleach and detergent, Kumar inspects the clothes closely to ensure they are spotlessly clean.
“Most of the clothes come here from hotels, embassies or beauty parlours. If we don’t wash properly, they will stop sending the clothes over.”
Once the clothes are scrubbed, Kumar rinses them in the cement tub, wearing a plastic sheet around his waist to stop his rolled-up trousers getting wet.
Such so-called “dhobi ghats” are normally set up next to a river, but these washermen in New Delhi rely on well water stored in cement tanks and pools for their supply. After the clothes are hung out on lines strung up on terrace rooftops to dry, they are ironed, often by the women in the washermens’ family.
Pakistani worker ‘commits suicide’ in Saudi Arabia
But Ram Lal Kanojia, who runs another small laundry nearby, said younger generations were not keen on joining the family business, as India’s economy grows rapidly.
“My children are studying computers and management. They don’t want to wash clothes all their life like me,” said Kanojia, who earns about 25,000 rupees ($374) a month. “It’s too much hard work and not much money.”
| i don't know |
What in Italy is the ferroviaria? | Fleet maintenance: Minuetto (Trenitalia); Coradia Meridian (Trenord); Italo (NTV).
Tram and underground railway traction systems
Traction systems for the trams of Rio de Janeiro, Ottawa, Cuenca, Dubai and Strasbourg, and for the underground railways of Chennai, Nanjing, Singapore, Paris and Los Teques.
Infrastructures
Infrastructures for Line 12 of the underground railway of Mexico City and Caracas-Los Teques, and for Milan’s M5 underground railway line.
Sustainability
Alstom Italy respects the cultures of local the communities with which it interacts and takes into account the interests of its different stakeholders.
Alstom Italy has given itself the ambition and the means to make a significant contribution to environmental protection through the systems, equipment and services it sells. Its core activities are focused on providing advanced technology and services to improve the management of natural resources, significantly reduce emissions and greenhouse gas effects and enhance the quality of life, while contributing to economic and social progress.
Alstom Italy also communicates information on the environmental impact of its products to its customers. Furthermore, Alstom Italy designs its equipment and manufacturing processes for minimum consumption of energy, eliminates hazardous products and favours materials that can be recycled.
Alstom Italia includes the environmental impact in the criteria for major decisions. At all manufacturing sites and offices, this impact is managed in line with the rules set out in the Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) policy and covered by quarterly reports.
Health & Safety
Alstom Italy is committed to providing a safe and healthy work environment at all its sites, offering the same high standards wherever it has operations. These standards are set out in the Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) policy and apply to employees and sub-contractors working at Alstom Italy’s sites or under Alstom Italy’s supervision at customer sites.
Measures to offset any risk related to health and safety issues are applied at all sites and throughout projects. These measures are implemented in partnership with the relevant bodies and committees.
Local policies
Alstom Italy adheres to “M’illumino di meno”, the yearly energy saving day promoted by a famous radio broadcast of RAI, Radio 2. The aim of the initiative is to sensitize for one day citizens, institutions and public and private companies about energy saving with simple actions.
Alstom Italy also adheres to “Kids at office”, the yearly initiative organized by “Il Corriere della Sera” daily newspaper, involving almost all sites in the Country and sensitizing employees’ children regarding responsible behaviours through animation activities, in cooperation with local no-profit organizations.
Alstom Italy, in cooperation with Fondazione Banco Alimentare Onlus (Food Bank), has organized an internal fundraising initiative inside its sites and has promoted the initiative “Lunch is served!” in its Bologna site, with the aim of buying a special equipment to be installed in the canteen able to allow food preservation. In this way, the uneaten food has been donated to the soup kitchen Mensa della Fraternità (30 meals donated daily).
Key dates:
1998: Alstom Italia is born, through Alstom’s acquisition of SASIB Railway of Bologna (founded in 1933), its units in Verona, Bari and Guidonia (Rome), and its subsidiaries in Europe and the United States.
2000: Alstom acquires Fiat Ferroviaria (existing since 1880, a part of Fiat since 1970) and its subsidiaries Elettromeccanica Parizzi (founded in 1955) and Fiat-Sig (Switzerland), merging them all into Alstom Ferroviaria.
2004: Alstom wins a historical contract for China. The Chinese transport minister orders 60 EMU trains based on Pendolino (but without “tilting” technology). The project is managed out of the Transport sites of Savigliano (Cuneo) and Sesto S.G. (Milan).
2005: On the 19th of December the first section of the Rome-Naples high speed line is officially opened. It is the first line in Europe equipped with the new ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System) Level 2 signalling system, developed in Italy by Alstom.
2008: Alstom wins a contract for the supply of 25 AGV trains to NTV, the first private operator in Italy on high speed lines.
2011: Alstom completes the acquisition, started in 2008, of Osvaldo Cariboni Lecco SpA (founded in 1908), specialised in components for catenary.
2012: Alstom has been awarded by Trenitalia a public tender for 70 Coradia Meridian regional trains, to boost and renew the regional service throughout Italy.
Follow us on Twitter
AlstomItalia #2017 volte grazie ai nostri clienti, fornitori, passeggeri e appassionati di treni #buonefeste @AlstomItalia !… https://t.co/NsXCx0N9Ch
AlstomItalia Con 12 Pendolino @ItaloTreno e 25 Agv la flotta @Alstom Ntv cresce. I primi treni Pendolino in servizio tra dicem… https://t.co/cRBsiPHQUp
AlstomItalia Rosso rubino, muso avveniristico, eco sostenibile svelato il primo veicolo del Pendolino @ItaloTreno nella factory… https://t.co/lXRlBMvQsG
AlstomItalia A Savigliano pronti per lo svelamento del Pendolino @ItaloTreno . Che emozione! pic.twitter.com/4ACblbcSHY
| Rail transport |
At which place in Devon will you find the Britannia Royal Naval College? | Cesenatico Railway Station | Cesenatico | railcc
CESENATICO RAILWAY STATION | CESENATICO | RAILCC
The railway station of Cesenatico (Italy): Stazione Ferroviaria di Cesenatico.
Pete
Piazza Ugo Bassi, 47042 Cesenatico FC
Find the best place to sleep here! Easy and secure booking.
SELECT CITY
search
FORUM
railcc is a project about rail travel and not a company. Founded 1996 by Pete. Flo joined some years later. Now we are a little group of rail travel enthusiasts, adding new content every day. Our aim is to provide you the best information for your individual rail travel.
To continue our work we ask you to make use of the booking links we offer (turn of add blocker tools or incognito modes). No extra costs for you and same quality of service - but you support all the free information we offer on railcc. For some products we even offer a free PLUS account (extended detailed help). Thank you!
railcc does not sell tickets. We only forward you to the right places.
| i don't know |
An incident in the life of naval cadet George Archer-Shee was the main inspiration for which play by Terence Rattigan? | george archer shee : definition of george archer shee and synonyms of george archer shee (English)
8 External links
Theft
Archer-Shee became a cadet at Osborne Naval College on the Isle of Wight in January 1908. The college, which was part of the estate of the late Queen Victoria , educated and trained 14 to 16 year olds in their first two years in the Royal Navy. Further studies then continued at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth in Devon . It eventually closed in April 1921.
The theft occurred on 7 October 1908, shortly after the start of the autumn term, when a cadet called Terence Back received a postal order from a relative for five shillings. On the same afternoon, Archer-Shee had been given permission to go to a post office outside the college grounds to buy a postal order and a stamp because he wanted to buy a model train costing fifteen shillings and sixpence (15s 6d). On returning to the college, he discovered that Back had reported that his postal order had been stolen.
Miss Tucker, the elderly post office clerk in East Cowes , was contacted. She produced Back's cashed postal order and stated that only two cadets had visited her that afternoon. However she claimed the same cadet who had bought a postal order for 15s 6d was also the one who cashed the 5s order.
Legal defence
The postal order Archer-Shee was accused of cashing.
The postal order which Archer-Shee indisputably bought.
When the Admiralty wrote to Archer-Shee's father, Martin, telling him that his son was being expelled for theft, the official at The Bank of England instantly responded that "Nothing will make me believe the boy guilty of this charge, which shall be sifted by independent experts". The father's reaction reflected the family's values. They were devout Roman Catholics and the background in bank management meant all the sons had been brought up to regard misuse of money as sinful.
Martin Archer-Shee contacted several lawyers to help clear his son's name. He also contacted Major Martin Archer-Shee , the half brother of George, who was active in politics (in 1910 he became Member of Parliament for Finsbury Central in North London). Major Archer-Shee obtained the services of Sir Edward Carson . Carson, who was regarded as one of Great Britain's best barristers of the age, had also had a son who attended Osborne.
Before he took the case, Carson subjected the boy to questioning to test his story; only accepting once he had satisfied himself of the boy's innocence.
Trial and acquittal
Several problems prevented Carson from taking the case straight to court. Firstly as Archer-Shee was a military cadet at the time, this excluded him from the jurisdiction of a civil court . Secondly as he was not enlisted in the Royal Navy, nor was he entitled to a court-martial . In order to help his client, Carson used an archaic legal device called a petition of right against the Crown to bring the matter before the courts.
The case eventually came to the High Court of Justice on 26 July 1910. Carson's opening remarks set the tone of the case:
A boy 13 years old has been labelled and ticketed for all his future life as a thief and a forger. Gentlemen, I protest against the injustice to a child, without communication with his parents, without his case ever being put, or an opportunity of its ever being put forward by those on his behalf. That little boy from the day that he was first charged, up to this moment, whether in the ordeal of being called in before his Commander and his Captain, or whether under the softer influences of the persuasion of his own loving parents, has never faltered in the statement that he is innocent.
Carson soon proved that the grounds on which the Admiralty had dismissed Archer-Shee were unsubstantiated. The barrister successfully proved that the elderly postmistress, Miss Tucker, could easily have been mistaken. She admitted in court that all of the cadets looked alike. Conceding that in the course of dealing with one cadet and her various other tasks and duties, another boy could have entered without her noticing. The court also heard Miss Tucker was unable to identify Archer-Shee among the other cadets when given the opportunity to do so.
On the fourth day of the trial, the Solicitor-General , Sir Rufus Isaacs , accepted the statement that George Archer-Shee did not cash the postal order "and consequently that he is innocent of the charge. I say further, in order that there may be no misapprehension about it, that I make that statement without any reserve of any description, intending that it shall be a complete justification of the statement of the boy and the evidence he has given before the court."
Compensation
Following the emphatic verdict, the Archer-Shee family began to press the Admiralty to pay restitution. On 16 March 1911 the First Lord of the Admiralty said that he thought the House of Commons would think it inappropriate. Nevertheless the family continued to press their claim, circulating a booklet within the Establishment presenting their side of the case.
On 6 April, the Archer-Shee case was raised in the Houses of Parliament during a Naval Estimates debate. As most MPs supported compensation, the Admiralty was forced to concede to a judicial hearing to decide the matter, otherwise the business would be 'lost' (a Parliamentary term meaning postponed, not dismissed, to a future day).
Following the hearing, Viscount Mersey agreed the family should be paid £4,120 to cover their costs, and £3,000 compensation "in full settlement of all demands" (Approx. £566,000.00 in 2011 [1] ). All monies were paid in July 1911.
Later life
After his expulsion as a naval cadet in 1908, George Archer-Shee returned to the Roman Catholic Stonyhurst College in Lancashire , where he had been educated before going to Osborne Naval College. After completing his studies, he went to work at the Wall Street firm of Fisk & Robinson in New York City .
With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Archer-Shee returned to Britain and was commissioned in the British Army as a second lieutenant in the 1st Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment . It is believed Archer-Shee joined the South Staffs at the suggestion of Sir Edward Carson, whose own nephew F.E. Robinson had recently joined the regiment. Archer-Shee was killed, aged 19, at the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914. His name is inscribed on the war memorial in the village of North Woodchester in Gloucestershire where his parents lived. Robinson was killed three days before Archer-Shee. Both their names are recorded on tablet 35 of the Menin Gate in Ypres, as neither has a known grave.
Remaining in the Royal Navy, Terence Back was promoted to captain in 1938 and served on the Arctic Convoys during the World War II . He was made a Commander of the British Empire in 1944 and died in 1968. [2]
See also
Sir Martin Archer Shee (1769–1850), President of the Royal Academy - Archer-Shee's great-great-grandfather
References
^ [ =CPI&use[]=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1911£71=7120&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=7120&year_source=1911&year_result=2011 What's its worth?]
The Archer-Shees against the Admiralty: the Story behind The Winslow Boy by Rodney M. Bennett (Robert Hale, London, 1973)
The Archer-Shee Case by Ewen Montagu (David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1974) ISBN 0-7153-6774-9
External links
| The Winslow Boy |
Which former 'Have I Got News For You' presenter made an occassional appearance as Patrick in 'One Foot In The Grave'? | English movie depictions of boys clothing: That Winslow Boy (England, 1999)
English Movie Depictions of Boys Clothes: The Winslow Boy (1999)
Figure 1.--Ronnie's collar and tie are not right for the 1910s, he would have worn an Eton collar. The legal maxim illustrated by the film is "Let Justice be done."
No list of English films featuring boys and their clothing is complete without this classic. A boy at the English naval school at Osborne is accused of stealing and summarily expelled with no real investigation of the matter. A respected lawyer agrees to take his case. Wonderfully acted and well costumed. The film underscores how the law exists to protect even a young boy in a matter of seemingly minor imprtance. It ends with the ringing "Let justice be done." This is on my list of important films, primarily because of the subject. I believe that one of the major reasons for the success of America and England is the system of law, imperfect as it is, protecting individuals and their property. This film is a good illustration of the legal process. The 1999 version is a serious, well acted which unfortunately plays loose with historical accuracy.
Filmography
The film is based on the celebrated play by British dramatist Terence Rattigan which was first staged in 1946. Rattigan wrote another well known play, also turned into a movie, about a schoolboy--The Browing Version. The play write was reportedly particularly fond of That Winslow Boy. "If The Browning Version is my passport to heaven," he once said, "then The Winslow Boy is the leather wallet that contained it."
Cast
Ronnie Winslow the 12-13 year old cadet is played by Guy Edwards, although it is the title role, he actually has a rather small part in the film. Nigel Hawthorne plays the father, Rebecca Pidgeon plays the sister, and Gemma Jones plays the mother. Sir Robert Morton is played by Jeremy Northam.
Plot
A boy, Ronnie Winslow, at the English naval school at Osborne is accused of stealing a five shilling postal note and summarily expelled with no real investigation of the matter. Ronnie returns home is disgrace. The first we see Ronnie he is standing stiffly in the the carefully tended garden, despite the steady rain. He is soaking wet. He wears a navel cadet's uniform and clutches a letter explaining his expulsion. The family is first surprised to see him retuning early from school. He insists that he is innocent. His father speaks to him and asks him if he is telling the truth. "You cannot lie to me," the elder Winslow warns, "for I am your father and I shall know it." "No, Father, I didn't," Ronnie replies. His family is convinced of his innocence. The film is driven by Arthur Winslow, George's father, and his relentless search for justice. He persuades the country's leading lawyer, Sir Robert Morton to take on Ronnie's defense. Sir Robert grills the boy relentlessly and concludes that he is telling the truth. The options were limited. It was unheard of at the time for a 13-year old boy to challenge the recered Royal Navy. The case challenges long accepted legal notions and the nations most respected institution--The Royal Navy. It causes a furor in the press and Ronnie's case becomes a cause celebre. The story is based on an actual incident at Osborne and the subsequent legal struggle in the English courts.
Osborne
Osborne is of course the estate built on the Isle of Wright by Prince Albert for his growing family in the 1840s. After his death, Queen Victoria turned into a virtual mausoleum for her beloved husband. On her death, King Edward VII who did not like it, bequeathed it to the nation. It was turned into a national memorial, but part of the estate was turned into a naval training school. Formerly rotting training sdhips had been used. Early cadets included the sons of George V, including the future Edward VIII and George VI--both of whom experienced a difficult time there. The princes' dormitory was the converted stables of theor greatgrand parents.
Figure 2.--Ronnie is seen here with his barrister, Sir Robert Morton. Unfortunately you can't make out much about his suit.
Historical Background
A little historical background is needed here to fully understand this film and the court case. While not directly related to fashion, it touches on several topics HBC does address, the English monarchy, cadets, Osborne, and Edwardwian era so we have decided to provide the historical details. This is especially needed as with many movies, there are many historical inaccuracies in the film.
Setting
The entire original play takes place in the drawing room of the Winslow house in South Kensington, London. Mamet's screenplay opens up the action to numerous other locations, including the House of Commons, the Horse Guards, a Suffragette's Headquarters, and Sir Robert Morton's office, giving a much wider view of Edwardian society.
Chronology
The play is set in 1911 which was about the time Prince Edward (future Edward VIII) and Prince Albert (future George VI) were cadets at Osborne.
Clothing
Although an elaborately costumed production, some of Ronnie's outfits appear rather modern for 1910. His cadet uniform is accurately done, but his suit and necktie is much too modern. Ronnie in fact looks like a time traveler that has been plunked down in 1911 England. In a first-class costume drama one would think that they could do better. It is true that neckties did exist in 1910. Ronnie's tie and collar are a destinctly modern cut. In addition, a 12-13 yearold boy from a conservative family almost surely would have worn a Eton collar in 1910. HBC's Eton-specialist assures us that in 1910, a well-bread boy would have worn a Eton collar until 15-16 years of age. This would havd especially been the case from a conservative family. HBC does not have a photograph of the real-life 13-year old George Archer-Shee to confirm this. We note, however, that the 1948 original film and a recent low-budget BBC production both costumed Ronnie in an Eton collar. (Actually the BBC production raises another question as to whether the Eton collar should be worn inside or outside the vest/waistcoat or coat. In the BBC production, the collar was neatly tucked away under the boy's vest.) We do not know if the modern collar and tie show here were a conscious decission or simply sloppy reserach. What ever the case, it stands out painfully in such an otherwise well-costumed film.
Figure 3.--Ronnie in his modern suit and tie looks like a time traveler that has been plunked down in 1911 England.
Assessment
Wonderfully but not always accurately costumed. The 1999 version is a serious, well acted which unfortunately plays loose with historical accuracy.
Importance
The film underscores how the law exists to protect even a young boy in a matter of seemingly minor imprtance. It ends with the ringing "Let justice be done." This is on my list of important films, primarily because of the subject. I believe that one of the major reasons for the success of America and England is the system of law, imperfect as it is, protecting individuals and their property. This film is a good illystration of the legal process.
BBC TV Production
The excellent BBC TV production was a realitively low-budget affair, but very well acted. Ronnie's costuming was also more accurate than the big-budget 1999 film. We believe, however, that in 1910 that a boy's Eton collar would probably not have been tucked away under his waistcoat/vest.
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.