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Which pre-Euro German coin was one hundreth of a mark? | Deutsche Mark coins - Exchange yours now
Deutsche Mark coins
Deutsche Mark coins
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Deutsche Mark coins were issued by the Deutsche Bundesbank, the German central. They became obsolete in 2002, when Germany adopted the Euro as its national currency. We continue to exchange pre-euro D-Mark and Pfennig coins . The Pfennig is a subunit of the Deutschmark: 1 Mark is equal to 100 Pfennig.
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Which singer, along with Buddy Holly and 'The Big Bopper' was killed in a plane crash in 1959? | ExchangeRate.com - Currency Information German Mark
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The Deutsche Mark (German mark) was the official currency of West Germany (1948-1990) and Germany (1990-2002) until the adoption of the euro in 2002. It was first issued under Allied occupation in 1948 replacing the Reichsmark, and served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year until 1999, when the Mark was replaced by the euro; its coins and banknotes remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins in early 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender immediately upon the introduction of the euro-in contrast to the other Eurozone nations, where the euro and legacy currency circulated side by side for up to two months. DM coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 28 February 2002.
The Deutsche Bundesbank has guaranteed that all German mark in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely, and one may do so at any branch of the Bundesbank in Germany. Banknotes can even be sent to the bank by mail.
On 31 December 1998, the European Central Bank (ECB) fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for German mark to euros as DM 1.95583 = 1. One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 Pfennig.
History
Before 1871
A Mark had been the currency of Germany since its original unification in 1871. Before that time, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies, though most were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16 2/3 grams of pure silver. Although the Mark was based on gold rather than silver, a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the Mark of 3 Mark = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion.
1873-1948
The first Mark, known as the Goldmark, was introduced in 1873. With the outbreak of World War I, the Mark was taken off the gold standard. The currency thus became known as the Papiermark, especially as high inflation, then hyperinflation occurred and the currency became exclusively made up of paper money. The Papiermark was replaced by the Rentenmark in late 1923 and the Reichsmark (RM) in 1924.
Currency reform of June 1948
The Deutsche Mark was introduced on Sunday, June 20, 1948 by Ludwig Erhard. He did this, as he often confessed, on Sunday because the offices of the American, British, and French occupation authorities were closed that day. He was sure that if he had done it when they were open, they would have countermanded the order. The old Reichsmark and Rentenmark were exchanged for the new currency at a rate of 1 DM = 1 RM for the essential currency such as wages, payment of rents etc, and 1 DM = 10 RM for the remainder in private non-bank credit balance, with half frozen. Large amounts were exchanged for 10RM to 65 pfennigs. In addition, each person received a per capita allowance of 60 DM in two parts, the first being 40 DM and the second 20 DM.
The introduction of the new currency was intended to protect western Germany from a second wave of hyperinflation and to stop the rampant barter and black market trade (where American cigarettes acted as currency). Although the new currency was initially only distributed in the three western occupation zones outside Berlin, the move angered the Soviet authorities, who regarded it as a threat. The Soviets promptly cut off all road, rail and canal links between the three western zones and West Berlin - starting the Berlin Blockade. In response the United States distributed the new currency in West Berlin as well.
Currency reform in the Soviet occupation zone
In the Soviet occupation zone of Germany (later the German Democratic Republic), the East German Mark (also named "Deutsche Mark" from 1948-1964 and colloquially referred to as the Ostmark) was introduced a few days afterwards in the form of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes with adhesive stamps to stop the flooding in of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes from the West. In July 1948, a completely new series of East German Mark banknotes were issued.
Bank deutscher Länder and the Deutsche Bundesbank
Later in 1948, the Bank deutscher Länder assumed responsibility, followed in 1957 by the Deutsche Bundesbank. The DM earned a reputation as a strong store of value at times when other national currencies succumbed to periods of inflation. It became a source of national pride and an anchor for the country's economic prosperity, particularly during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder in the 1950s. In the 1990s, opinion polls showed a majority of Germans opposed to the adoption of the euro; polls today show a significant number would prefer to return to the Mark.
Currency Union with the Saarland
The population in the Saar Protectorate decided in a referendum to join the Federal Republic. Thus the incorporation of the Saar into the Federal Republic of Germany was stipulated by the latter and France, the Protector force, for January 1, 1957. The new German member state of the Saarland maintained its currency, the Saar Franc, which was in a currency union at par with the French Franc. On July 9, 1959 the Deutsche Mark replaced the Saar Franc at a ratio of 100 Francs = 0.8507 DM.
The German mark's role in German reunification
The Deutsche Mark played an important role in the reunification of Germany. It was introduced as the official currency of East Germany in July 1990, replacing the East German Mark (Mark der DDR), in preparation for unification on 3 October 1990. East German marks were exchanged for German marks at a rate of 1:1 for the first 4000 Marks and 2:1 for larger amounts. Before reunification, each citizen of East Germany coming to West Germany was given Begrüßungsgeld, greeting money, a per capita allowance of 100 DM in cash. The government of Germany, and the Bundesbank were in major disagreement over the exchange rate between the East German Mark and the German mark.
Stability of the German mark
The German mark had a reputation as one of the world's most stable currencies; this was based on the monetary policy of the Bundesbank. The policy was "hard" in relation to the policies of certain other central banks in Europe. The "hard" and "soft" was in respect to the aims of inflation and political interference. This policy is the foundation of the European Central Bank's present policy towards the euro. The German mark's stability was greatly apparent in 1993, when speculation on the French franc and other European currencies caused a change in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. However, it should be remembered that "hard" is relative to other currencies. In its 53 year history the purchasing power of the German mark was reduced by over 70 percent.
Coins The first German mark coins were issued by the Bank deutscher Länder in 1948 and 1949. From 1950, the inscription Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany) appeared on the coins.
The masses and dimensions of the coins can be found in an FAQ of the Bundesbank.
There were a considerable number of commemorative silver 5 and 10 DM coins, which actually had the status of legal tender but were rarely seen outside of collectors' circles.
On 27 December 2000, the German government enacted a law authorizing the Bundesbank to issue, in 2001, a special .999 pure gold 1 DM coin commemorating the end of the German mark. The coin had the exact design and dimensions of the circulating cupro-nickel 1 DM coin, with the exception of the inscription on the reverse, which read "Deutsche Bundesbank" (instead of "Bundesrepublik Deutschland"), as the Bundesbank was the issuing authority in this case. A total of one million gold German mark coins were minted (200,000 at each of the five mints) and were sold beginning in mid-2001 through German coin dealers on behalf of the Bundesbank. The issue price varied by dealer but averaged approximately $165 in U.S. dollars.
German coins bear a mint mark, indicating where the coin was minted. D indicates Munich, F Stuttgart, G Karlsruhe and J Hamburg. Coins minted during the Second World War include the mint marks A (Berlin) and B (Vienna). The mint mark A was also used for German mark coins minted in Berlin beginning in 1990 following the reunification of Germany. These mint marks have been continued on the German euro coins.
Between July 1, 1990 (Currency union with East Germany) and July 1, 1991 East German coins of denominations up to 50 pfennigs continued to circulate as Deutsche Mark coins at their face value, owing to a temporary shortage of small coins. These coins were legal tender only in the territory of the former East Germany.
Colloquial expression
In colloquial German the 10 Pfennig coin was sometimes called a Groschen (cf. groat). Likewise, Sechser (sixer) could refer to a coin of 5 Pfennig. Both colloquialisms refer to several pre-1871 currencies of the previously independent Länder (notably Prussia), where a Groschen was subdivided into 12 Pfennigs, hence half a Groschen into 6. After 1871, 12 Pfennigs of old currency would be converted into 10 Pfennig of the Mark, hence 10 Pfennig coins inherited the "Groschen" name and 5 Pfennig coins inherited the "Sechser" name. Both usages are only regional and may not be understood in areas where a Groschen coin did not exist before 1871. In particular, the usage of "Sechser" is less widespread. In northern Germany the 5-Mark coin used to be also called "Heiermann" (hired man).
Banknotes
There were four series of German mark banknotes:
The first was issued in 1948 by the Allied military. There were denominations of ½, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 DM, with two designs of 20 and 50 DM notes.
The second series was introduced in 1948 by the Bank deutscher Länder, an institution of the western occupation government. The designs were similar to the US Dollar and French franc, as the job of designing and printing the different denominations was shared between the Bank of France and the American Bank Note Company. There were denominations of 5 and 10 Pfennig, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 DM.
The third series was introduced in 1960 by the Bundesbank, depicting neutral symbols, paintings by the German painter Albrecht Dürer, and buildings. There were 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 DM denominations.
The fourth was introduced in 1990 by the Bundesbank to counter advances in forgery technology. The notes depicted German artists and scientists together with symbols and tools of their trade. This series added a 200 DM denomination, to decrease the use of 100 DM banknotes, which made up 54% of all circulating banknotes, and to fill the gap between the 100 DM and 500 DM denomination. Nevertheless the 200 DM denomination was rather rare.
In the latter two series, the 5 DM denomination was rarely seen, as were the ones with a value greater than 100 DM.
Banknotes of the fourth series (1990-2002)
A 10 Deutsche Mark banknote from Germany 1993 showing Carl Friedrich Gauß
The design of German banknotes remained unchanged during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. During this period, forgery technology made significant advances so, in the late 1980s, the Bundesbank decided to issue a new series of Deutsche Mark banknotes. The colours for each denomination remained unchanged from the previous series but the designs underwent significant changes and a 200 DM denomination was introduced. Famous national artists and scientists were chosen to be portrayed on the new banknotes. Male and female artists were chosen in equal numbers. The buildings in the background of the notes' obverses had a close relationship to the person displayed (e.g. place of birth, place of death, place of work), as well as the second background picture (Lyra and the musician Schumann). The reverses of the notes refer to the work of the person on the obverse.
The new security features were: a windowed security-thread (with the notes' denominations in microprinting), watermark, micro-printing, intaglio-printing (viewing-angle dependent visibility as well as a Braille representation of the notes denomination), colour-shifting ink (on the 500 and 1000 DM denominations), a see-through register and ultraviolet-visible security features.
First to be issued were the 100 and 200 DM denominations on 1 October 1990 (although the banknote shows "Frankfurt am Main, 2. Januar 1989"). The next denomination was 10 DM on 16 April 1991, followed by 50 DM in autumn the same year. Next was the 20 DM note on 20 March 1992 (printed on 2 August 1991). The reason for this gradual introduction was, that public should become familiar with one single denomination, before introducing a new one. The change was finished with the introduction of the 5, 500, and 1000 DM denominations on 27 October 1992. The last three denominations were rarely seen in circulation and were introduced in one step. With the advance of forgery technology, the Bundesbank decided to introduce additional security features on the most important denominations (50, 100, and 200 DM) as of 1996. These were a hologram foil in the center of the note's obverse, a matted printing on the note's right obverse, showing its denomination (like on the reverse of the new 5, 10, and 20 banknotes), and the EURion constellation on the note's reverse. Furthermore, the colors were changed a bit to pastel to hamper counterfeiting.
Spelling and pronunciation
The German name of the currency is Deutsche Mark. Its plural form in standard German was the same as the singular. In German, the adjective "deutsche" (adjective for "German" in feminine singular nominative form) is capitalized because it is part of a proper name, while the noun "Mark", like all German nouns, is always capitalized. The English loanword "Deutschmark" had a slightly different spelling (possibly due to the frequency of silent e in English) and a plural form. In Germany, the currency's name was often abbreviated as D-Mark or sometimes Mark with the latter term also often used in English. Like Deutsche Mark, D-Mark and Mark have no plural form, the singular being used to refer to any amount of money (e.g. eine (one) Mark and dreißig (thirty) Mark). Sometimes, a plural form of Mark, Märker was used as either as diminutive form or to refer to a (physically present or small) number of D-Mark coins or bills (e.g. Gib mir mal ein paar Märker (Just give me a few Mark (-bills or -coins)) and Die lieben Märker wieder (The lovely money again (with an ironic undertone)).
The subdivision unit is spelled Pfennig, which unlike Mark does have a commonly used plural form: Pfennige, but the singular could also be used instead with no difference in meaning. (e.g.: ein (one) Pfennig, dreißig (thirty) Pfennige or dreißig (thirty) Pfennig). The official form is singular.
As a reserve currency
Before the switch to the euro, the mark was considered a major international reserve currency, second only to the US dollar.
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Nominated by Bill Clinton, who, in 1993, became the first female Attorney General of the USA? | Bill Clinton - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com
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Bill Clinton: Early Life and Education
Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas . He was the only child of Virginia Cassidy Blythe (1923-94) and traveling salesman William Jefferson Blythe Jr. (1918-46), who died in a car accident three months before his son’s birth. In 1950, Virginia Blythe married car dealer Roger Clinton Sr. (1908-67) and the family later moved to Hot Springs, Arkansas. As a teen, Bill Clinton officially adopted his stepfather’s surname. His only sibling, Roger Clinton Jr., was born in 1956.
Did You Know?
In 2001, Clinton became the first president to be married to a U.S. senator. Just days before he left office, first lady Hillary Clinton was sworn in as the freshman senator from New York.
In 1964, Clinton graduated from Hot Springs High School, where he was a musician and student leader. (In 1963, as part of the American Legion Boys’ Nation program, he went to Washington , D.C., and shook hands with President John Kennedy at the White House , an event he later said inspired him to pursue a career in public service.) Clinton went on to earn a degree from Georgetown University in 1968. Afterward, he attended Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship. In 1973, he received a degree from Yale Law School.
At Yale, Clinton started dating fellow law student Hillary Rodham (1947-). After graduating, the couple moved to Clinton’s home state, where he worked as a law professor at the University of Arkansas. In 1974, Clinton, a Democrat, ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives but lost to his Republican opponent.
Bill Clinton: Family, Arkansas Political Career and First Presidential Campaign
On October 11, 1975, Clinton and Rodham were married in a small ceremony at their house in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The following year, Bill Clinton was elected attorney general of Arkansas. In 1978, he was elected governor of the state. The Clintons’ only child, Chelsea, was born in February 1980. That fall, Clinton lost his bid for re-election as governor. Afterward, he joined a Little Rock law firm.
In 1982, he won the governorship again, and would remain in that office through 1992. While serving as Arkansas’ first lady, Hillary Clinton also worked as an attorney.
After winning the Democratic presidential nomination in 1992, Clinton, along with vice-presidential nominee Al Gore (1948-), a U.S. senator from Tennessee , went on to defeat the incumbent, President George H.W. Bush (1924-), by a margin of 370-168 electoral votes and with 43 percent of the popular vote to Bush’s 37.5 percent of the vote. A third-party candidate, Ross Perot (1930-), captured almost 19 percent of the popular vote.
Bill Clinton: First Presidential Term: 1993-1997
Clinton was inaugurated in January 1993 at age 46, making him the third-youngest president in history up to that time. During his first term, Clinton enacted a variety of pieces of domestic legislation, including the Family and Medical Leave Act and the Violence Against Women Act, along with key bills pertaining to crime and gun violence, education, the environment and welfare reform. He put forth measures to reduce the federal budget deficit and also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, which eliminated trade barriers between the United States, Canada and Mexico . He attempted to enact universal health insurance for all Americans, and appointed first lady Hillary Clinton to head the committee charged with creating the plan. However, the committee’s plan was opposed by conservatives and the health care industry, among others, and Congress ultimately failed to act on it.
Clinton appointed a number of women and minorities to key government posts, including Janet Reno (1938-), who became the first female U.S. attorney general in 1993, and Madeleine Albright (1937-) , who was sworn in as the first female U.S. secretary of state in 1997. He appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1933-) to the Supreme Court in 1993. She was the second female justice in the court’s history. Clinton’s other Supreme Court nominee, Stephen Breyer (1938-), joined the court in 1994.On the foreign policy front, the Clinton administration helped bring about the 1994 reinstatement of Haiti’s democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1953-). In 1995, the administration brokered the Dayton Accords, which ended the war in Bosnia.
Clinton ran for re-election in 1996 and defeated U.S. Senator Bob Dole (1923-) of Kansas by a margin of 379-159 electoral votes and with 49.2 percent of the popular vote to Dole’s 40.7 percent of the vote. (Third-party candidate Ross Perot garnered 8.4 percent of the popular vote.) Clinton’s victory marked the first time since Franklin Roosevelt (1882-1945) that a Democrat was elected to a second presidential term
Bill Clinton: Second Presidential Term: 1997-2001
During Clinton’s second term, the U.S. economy was healthy, unemployment was low and the nation experienced a major technology boom and the rise of the Internet. In 1998, the United States achieved its first federal budget surplus in three decades (the final two years of Clinton’s presidency also resulted in budget surpluses). In 2000, the president signed legislation establishing permanent normal trade relations with China.
Additionally, the Clinton administration helped broker a peace accord in Northern Ireland in 1998. That same year, America launched air attacks against Iraq ’s nuclear, chemical and biological weapons programs. In 1999, the United States led a NATO effort to end ethnic cleansing in Kosovo.
In the midst of these events, Clinton’s second term was marred by scandal. On December 19, 1998, the U.S. House of Representatives impeached him for perjury and obstruction of justice in connection with a sexual relationship he had with White House intern Monica Lewinsky (1973-) between late 1995 and early 1997. On February 12, 1999, the U.S. Senate acquitted the president of the charges and he remained in office. Clinton was the second American president to be impeached. The first, Andrew Johnson (1808-75), was impeached in 1868 and also later acquitted
Bill Clinton: Post-Presidency
After leaving the White House, Clinton remained active in public life, establishing the William J. Clinton Foundation to combat poverty, disease and other global issues.
The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas, opened in 2004. That same year, Clinton released his autobiography, “My Life,” which became a best-seller. He also campaigned for his wife, who was elected to the U.S. Senate from New York in 2000. In 2008, Hillary Clinton ran for the Democratic presidential nomination but lost to Barack Obama (1961-), who named her secretary of state when he became president.
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What is depicted in a stretched out form at the bottom of Holbein's painting The Ambassadors? | Janet Reno News | Quotes | Wiki - UPI.com
Janet Reno News
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Janet Wood Reno (born July 21, 1938) is a former Attorney General of the United States (1993–2001). She was nominated by President Bill Clinton on February 11, 1993, and confirmed on March 11. She was the first female Attorney General and the second longest serving Attorney General after William Wirt.
Reno's father, Henry Olaf Reno (original surname Rasmussen), emigrated to the United States from Denmark and for forty-three years was a police reporter for the Miami Herald. Jane Wallace (née Wood), Reno's mother, raised her children and then became an investigative reporter for the Miami News. Janet Reno has three younger siblings.
Reno attended public school in Miami-Dade County, Florida, where she was a debating champion and was valedictorian at Coral Gables High School. In 1956, Reno enrolled at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where she majored in chemistry, lived in Balch Hall, became president of the Women's Self-Government Association, and earned her room and board.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License .
It uses material from the Wikipedia article " Janet Reno ."
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Who is said to have designed the maze in which the mythical Minotaur was confined? | MINOTAUR (Minotauros) - Bull-Headed Man of Greek Mythology
Bull of Minos
Theseus and the Minotaur, Athenian black-figure kylix C6th B.C., Toledo Museum of Art
THE MINOTAUROS (Minotaur) was a bull-headed monster born to Queen Pasiphae of Krete (Crete) after she coupled with a bull. The creature resided in the twisting maze of the labyrinth where it was offfered a regular sacrifice of youths and maidens to satisfy its cannibalistic hunger. The beast was eventually slain by the hero Theseus.
The Minotauros' proper name Asterion, "the starry one," suggests he might have been associated with the constellation Tauros.
FAMILY OF THE MINOTAUR
PARENTS
THE KRETAN BULL & PASIPHAE (Apollodorus 3.8, Callimachus Hymn 4.311, Diodorus Siculus 4.77.1, Philostratus Elder 1.16, Hyginus Fab. 40, Ovid Metamorphoses 8.130, Virgil Aeneid 6.24, Suidas)
ENCYCLOPEDIA
MINOTAURUS (Minôtauros), a monster with a human body and a bull's head, or, according to others, with the body of an ox and a human head; is said to have been the offspring of the intercourse of Pasiphaë with the bull sent from the sea to Minos, who shut him up in the Cnossian labyrinth, and fed him with the bodies of the youths and maidens whom the Athenians at fixed times were obliged to send to Minos as tribute. The monster was slain by Theseus. It was often represented by ancient artists either alone in the labyrinth, or engaged in the struggle with Theseus. (Paus. i. 24. § 2, 27, in fin. iii. 18. § 7; Apollod. iii. 1. § 4, 15. § 8.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
ALTERNATE NAMES
Theseus and the Minotaur, Athenian red-figure kylix C6th B.C., Musée du Louvre
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 8 - 11 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Minos aspired to the throne [of Krete (Crete)], but was rebuffed. He claimed, however, that he had received the sovereignty from the gods, and to prove it he said that whatever he prayed for would come about. So while sacrificing to Poseidon, he prayed for a bull to appear from the depths of the sea, and promised to sacrifice it upon its appearance. And Poseidon did send up to him a splendid bull. Thus Minos received the rule, but he sent the bull to his herds and sacrificed another . . . Poseidon was angry that the bull was not sacrificed, and turned it wild. He also devised that Pasiphae should develop a lust for it. In her passion for the bull she took on as her accomplice an architect named Daidalos (Daedalus) . . . He built a woden cow on wheels, . . . skinned a real cow, and sewed the contraption into the skin, and then, after placing Pasiphae inside, set it in a meadow where the bull normally grazed. The bull came up and had intercourse with it, as if with a real cow. Pasiphae gave birth to Asterios (Asterius), who was called Minotauros (Minotaur). He had the face of a bull, but was otherwise human. Minos, following certain oracular instructions, kept him confined and under guard in the labyrinth. This labyrinth, which Daidalos built, was a ‘cage with convoluted flextions that disorders debouchment.’"
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 213 :
"The god [i.e. the oracle of Delphoi (Delphi)] told them [the Athenians] to give Minos [king of Krete (Crete)] whatever retribution he should chose . . . He ordered them to send seven young men and seven girls, unarmed, to be served as food to the Minotauros (Minotaur). The Minotauros was kept in a labyrinth, from which there was no escape after one entered, for it closed off its imperceivable exit with convoluted flexions. It had been constructed by Daidalos (Daedalus)."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E1. 7 - 1. 9 :
"Theseus was on the list of the third tribute to the Minotauros (Minotaur)--some day he volunteered--. . . [Ariadne] pleaded with Daidalos (Daedalus) to tell her the way out of the labyrinth. Following his instructions, she gave Theseus a ball of thread as he entered. He fastened this to the door and let it trail behind him as he went in. He came across the Minotauros in the furthest section of the labyrinth, killed him with jabs of his fist, and then made his way out again by pulling himself along the thread."
Callimachus, Hymn 4 to Delos 311 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"[Theseus] escaped the cruel bellowing and the wild [Minotauros (Minotaur)] son of Pasiphae and the coiled habitation of the crooked labyrinth."
Strabo, Geography 10. 4. 8 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"[Minos] was tyrannical, harsh, and an exactor of tribute, representing in tragedy the story of the Minotauros (Minotaur) and the Labyrinth, and the adventures of Theseus and Daidalos (Daedalus)."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 24. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[On the Akropolis (Acropolis) in Athens] is represented the fight which legend says Theseus fought with the so-called Tauros (Bull) of Minos [the Minotauros], whether this was a man or a beast of nature he is said to have been in the accepted story. For even in our time women have given birth to far more extraordinary monsters than this."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 27. 10 :
"Minos sailed against Athens with a fleet, not believing that the Athenians were innocent of the death of Androgeos (Androgeus) [killed by the Marathonian Bull], and sorely harassed them until it was agreed that he should take seven maidens and seven boys for the Minotauros (Minotaur) that was said to dwell in the Labyrinth at Knossos."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 31. 1 :
"In the market-place of Troizenos (Troezen) [in Argolis] is a temple of Artemis Soteira (Saviour), with images of the goddess. It was said that the temple was founded and the name Soteria (Saviour) given by Theseus when he returned from Krete after overcoming Asterion [the Minotauros (Minotaur)] the son of Minos."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 18. 10 - 16 :
"[Amongst the scenes depicted on the throne of Apollon at Amyklai (Amyclae) :] I cannot say why Bathykles (Bathycles) has represented the Bull of Minos bound, and being led along alive by Theseus . . . There is represented the fight between . . . Theseus and the Bull of Minos (Tauron ton Mino) [the Minotauros]."
Labyrinth of the Minotaur, Greco-Roman mosaic from Villa on the Via Cadolini C1st A.D., Archaeological Museum of Cremona
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 61. 4 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"[Minos demands compensation from the Athenians for the murder of his son Androgeus :] Minos commanded them that they give seven youths and as many maidens every nine years to the Minotauros (Minotaur) for him to devour, for as long as the monster should live. And when the Athenians gave them, the inhabitants of Attika (Attica) were rid of their evils and Minos ceased warring on Athens . . . Theseus after conversing with her [Ariadne, daughter of Minos] and securing her assistance, both slew the Minotauros and got safely away, since he had learned from her the way out of the labyrinth."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 77. 1 :
"Pasiphae, the wife of Minos, became enamoured of the bull [the Cretan Bull], and Daidalos (Daedalus), by fashioning a contrivance in the shape of a cow, assisted Pasiphae to gratify her passion. In explanation of this the myths offer the following account: before this time it had been the custom of Minos annually to dedicate to Poseidon the fairest bull born in his herds and to sacrifice it to the god; but at the time in question there was born a bull of extraordinary beauty and he sacrificed another from among those which were inferior, whereupon Poseidon becoming angry at Minos, caused his wife Pasiphae to become enamoured of the bull. And by means of the ingenuity of Daidalos Pasiphae had intercourse with the bull and gave birth to the Minotauros (Minotaur), famed in the myth. This creature, they say, was of double form, the upper parts of the body as far as the shoulders being those of a bull and the remaining parts those of a man. As a place in which to keep this monstrous thing Daidalos, the story goes, built a labyrinth, the passage-ways of which were so winding that those unfamiliar with them had difficulty in making their way out; in this labyrinth the Minotaur was maintained and here it devoured the seven youths and seven maidens which were sent to it from Athens, as we have already related."
Plutarch, Life of Theseus 15. 1 & 17. 3 & 19. 1 (trans. Perrin) (Greek historian C1st to C2nd A.D.) :
"[The young Theseus arrives in Athens :] Not long afterwards there came from Krete (Crete) for the third time the collectors of the tribute . . . an agreement to send him [Minos] every nine years a tribute of seven youths and as many maidens. And the most dramatic version of the story declares that these young men and women, on being brought to Krete, were destroyed by the Minotauros (Minotaur) in the Labyrinth, or else wandered about at their own will and, being unable to find an exit, perished there; and that the Minotauros, as Euripides says, was ‘A mingled form and hybrid birth of monstrous shape’, and that ‘Two different natures, man and bull, were joined in him’ . . . . Hellanikos (Hellanicus) . . . says the agreement was that the Athenians should furnish the ship, and that the youths should embark and sail with him carrying no warlike weapon, and that if the Minotauros was killed the penalty should cease.
On the two former occasions, then, no hope of safety was entertained, and therefore they sent the ship with a black sail, convinced that their youth were going to certain destruction; but now Theseus encouraged his father and loudly boasted that he would master the Minotauros, so that he gave the pilot another sail, a white one, ordering him, if he returned with Theseus safe, to hoist the white sail, but otherwise to sail with the black one, and so indicate the affliction . . . When he reached Krete on his voyage, most historians and poets tell us that he got from Ariadne, who had fallen in love with him, the famous thread, and that having been instructed by her how to make his way through the intricacies of the Labyrinth, he slew the Minotauros and sailed off with Ariadne and the youths."
Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 1. 16 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) :
"[Description of an ancient Greek painting :] Pasiphae is in love with the bull and begs Daidalos (Daedalus) to devise some lure for the creature; and he is fashioning a hollow cow like a cow of the herd to which the bull is accustomed. What their union brought forth is shown by the form of the Minotauros (Minotaur), strangely composite in its nature."
Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 4. 34 (trans. Conybeare) (Greek biography C1st to C2nd A.D.) :
"[Apollonios of Tyana] sailed to Knossos (Cnossus) [in Krete (Crete)], where a labyrinth is shown, which, I believe, once on a time, contained the Minotauros (Minotaur)."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 40 - 43 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Pasiphae, daughter of Sol [Helios] and wife of Minos, for several years did not make offerings to the goddess Venus. Because of this Venus inspired in her an unnatural love for a bull. At the time when Daedalus came there as an exile, he asked her to help him. For her he made a wooden heifer, and put in it the hide of a real heifer, and in this she lay with the bull. From this intercourse she bore the Minotaur, with bull's head but human body. Then Daedalus made for the Minotaur a labyrinth with an undiscoverable exit in which it was confined. When Minos found out the affair he cast Daedalus into prson, but Pasiphae freed him from his chains . . .
After he [Minos] conquered the Athenians their revenues became his; he decreed, moreover that each year they should send seven of their children as food for the Minotaur. After Theseus had come from Troezene, and had learned what a calamity afflicted the state, of his own accord he promised to go against the Minotaur . . . When Theseus came to Crete, Ariadne, Minos' daughter, loved him so much that she betrayed her brother and saved the stranger, or she showed Theseus the way out of the Labyrinth. When Theseus had entered and killed the Minotaur, by Ariadne's advise he got out by unwinding the thread. Ariadne, because she had been loyal to him, he took away, intending to marry her."
Theseus and the slain Minotaur, Greco-Roman fresco from Pompeii C1st A.D., Naples National Archaeological Museum
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 38 :
"He [Theseus] killed the Minotaur in the town of Cnossus."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 8. 130 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"That adulteress [Pasiphae] who in a cow of wood beguiled a savage bull and bore a monster [the Minotaur] in her womb! . . . His [Minos'] dynasty's disgrace has grown; the monstrous beast [Minotauros] hybrid beast declared the queen's obscene adultery. To rid his precincts of this shame the king planned to confine him shut away within blind walls of intricate complexity. The structure was designed by Daedalus, that famous architect. Appearances were all confused; he led the eye astray by a mazy multitude of winding ways . . . Daedalus in countless corridors built bafflement, and hardly could himself make his way out, so puzzling was the maze. Within this labyrinth Minos shut fast the beast, half bull, half man, and fed him twice on Attic blood, lot-chosen each nine years, until the third choice mastered him. The door, so difficult, which none of those before could find again, by Ariadne's aid was found, the thread that traced the way rewound."
Ovid, Heroides 2. 67 ff (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"With record of his [Theseus'] deeds. When men shall have read of . . . the mingled form of bull and man [i.e. the Minotaur]."
Ovid, Heroides 4. 59 ff :
"[Theseus] the faithless son of Aegeus followed the guiding thread, and escaped from the winding house through the aid my sister [Ariadne] gave."
Ovid, Heroides 4. 113 ff :
"The bones of my [Phaedra's] brother [the Minotaur] he [Theseus] crushed with his triple-knotted club and scattered o'er the ground; my sister [Ariadne] he left at the mercy of wild beasts."
Ovid, Heroides 10. 99 ff :
"[Ariadne laments after being abandoned by Theseus on Naxos :] O, that Androgeos (Androgeus) [Ariadne's brother] were still alive, and that thou, O Cecropian land [Athens], hadst not been made to atone for thy impious deeds with the doom of thy children! [I.e. the children sent to Krete (Crete) to feed the Minotaur.] And would that thy upraised right hand, O Theseus, had not slain with knotty club him [the Minotauros] that was man in part, and in part bull; and I had not given thee the thread to show the way of thy return--thread oft caught up again and passed through the hands led on by it. I marvel not--ah, no!--if victory was thine, and the monster smote with his length the Cretan earth. His horn could not have pierced that iron heart of thine."
Ovid, Heroides 10. 125 ff :
"You [Theseus] will go to the haven of Cecrops; but when you have been received back home, and have stood in pride before your thronging followers, gloriously telling the death of the man-and-bull [the Minotaur], and of the halls of rock cut out in winding ways, tell, too, of me [Ariadne], abandoned on a solitary shore."
Virgil, Aeneid 6. 24 (trans. Day-Lewis) (Roman epic C1st B.C.) :
"Crete rising out of the waves; Pasiphae, cruelly fated to lust after a bull, and privily covered; the hybrid fruit of that monstrous union--the Minotaurus (Minotaur), a memento of her unnatural love."
Propertius, Elegies 4. 4 (trans. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B.C.) :
"What marvel that the horns of a monster [the Minotaur] were betrayed by his sister [Ariadne], when the twisted path was revealed by the gathering of her thread."
Seneca, Hercules Furens 121 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st A.D.) :
"He [Daidalos (Daedalus)] should return, mighty in Attic cunning, who shut our monster [the Minotaur] in the dark labyrinth."
Seneca, Phaedra 173 ff :
"[Phaedra's nurse addresses her mistress :] ‘Why do monsters cease? Why does thy brother's [the Minotaur's] labyrinth stand empty? Shall the world hear of strange prodigies, shall nature's laws give way, whenever a Cretan woman [i.e. such as Pasiphae] loves?’"
Seneca, Phaedra 647 ff :
"I love, those former looks of his [Theseus'] which once as a youth he had, when his first beard marked his smooth cheeks, when he looked on the dark home of the Cretan monster [the Minotaur], and gathered in the long thread o'er the winding way."
Seneca, Phaedra 687 ff :
"Thy monster-bearing mother [Pasiphae] . . . She did but pollute herself with her shameful lust, and yet her offspring by its two-shaped infamy [the Minotaur] displayed her crime, though long concealed, and by his fierce visage the hybrid child made clear his mother's guilt."
Seneca, Phaedra 1170 ff :
"What Cretan bull [the Minotauros], fierce, two-formed monster, filling the labyrinth of Daedalus with his huge bellowings, has torn thee asunder with his horns?"
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 47. 434 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"[Dionysos addresses Ariadne :] ‘He [Theseus] shed the blood of the halfbull man [the Minotauros (Minotaur)] whose den was the earthdug labyrinth . . . But you know your thread was his saviour: for the man of Athens with his club would never have found victory in that contest without a rosy-red girl to help him.’"
Suidas s.v. Aigaion pelagos (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Theseus, the son of Aigeos (Aegeus) the king of Attika (Attica), ruled the Kretans (Cretans) and pursued the Minotauros (Minotaur) into the area of the labyrinthos (and killed him when he was hidden in a cavern. He took to wife the woman Ariadne, who had been born to Minos of Pasiphae, and thus he ruled Krete (Crete)."
Suidas s.v. En panti muthoi kai to Daidalou musos :
"It is said that Pasiphae was in love with a bull and begged Daidalos (Daedalus) to make a wooden cow and rig it up and put her in it; and mounting her like a cow, the bull made her pregnant. From her the Minotauros (Minotaur) was born. Minos for certain reasons became angry with the Athenians and collected a tribute of seven virgins and an equal number of young men from them; they were thrown to the beast."
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART
| Daedalus |
Moneymaker, beefsteak and plum are varieties of which fruit? | Minotaur - Ancient History Encyclopedia
Minotaur
by Brittany Garcia
published on 01 September 2013
In Greek mythology , the Minotaur was a monster with the body of a man and the head and tail of a bull. The Minotaur was the offspring of the Cretan Queen Pasiphae and a majestic bull. Due to the Minotaur's monstrous form, King Minos ordered the craftsman, Daedalus , and his son, Icarus, to build a huge maze known as the Labyrinth to house the beast. The Minotaur remained in the Labyrinth receiving annual offerings of youths and maidens to eat. He was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus .
The word Minotaur is a compound word consisting of the ancient Greek name "Μίνως" or "Minos" and the noun "ταύρος" or "bull." Thus, the word Minotaur comes to mean "bull of Minos." While, the Minotaur's birth name, Asterion, in ancient Greek "ἀστέριον" means "starry one" which suggests an association with the bull constellation: Taurus.
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Minos & The Bull from the Sea
Minos was one of the three sons from the union of Europa and Zeus ; when Zeus was took the form of a bull. Europa's husband was the King of Crete , Asterion, who looked over the boys as if they were his own. When Aseterion died, it was unclear which of the three sons should ascend to power. The three sons were Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. It was Minos, whose name in Cretan actually means king, who was fated to be king of Crete even though Minos' ascension to power was a difficult journey because he first had to see off his sibling rivals. Minos, however, had one advantage that his brothers did not. He claimed that he had the support and authority from the gods to rule, and he boasted that he could prove it by praying for whatever he wanted and the gods would make it so. Thus, one day while sacrificing to Poseidon , he prayed that a bull would appear from the depths of the sea. Minos vowed to heaven that he would sacrifice the bull to Poseidon once it appeared. Poseidon, then, produced a magnificent bull from the sea; thus, Minos' claim for power was validated for no one dared to defy the favor of the gods, let alone the mighty Poseidon who ruled over all of the seas. As a result of winning the throne, Minos banished his brothers from Crete. The three brothers would be re-united in afterlife, for after they died they were made judges in the Underworld. It was their task to judge the dead in order to assign where their placement was in the Underworld based upon the merits of their life.
King Minos commanded Daedalus and Icarus to build a grand Labyrinth to house his wife's son: Asterion or Mintauros.
However, King Minos did not fulfill his vow to Poseidon; he kept the majestic bull for himself and sacrificed a different one to the god. Angered by King Minos' disrespect, Poseidon plotted to punish him for his arrogance and hubris. In accordance to some versions of the myth, it is Poseidon who punishes Minos by instilling a passion within the king's wife, Pasiphae, for the bull that came from the sea. However, according to the Roman author Hyginus, it is Venus ( Aphrodite ) who curses Pasiphae, because the Queen had not shown proper piety to the goddess for some time. The goddess punished her by sending a salacious passion for the majestic bull from the sea. Another version tells how Poseidon, angered by Minos, went to Aphrodite for her help in the matter and she cursed Pasiphae as a favor to Poseidon.
Pasiphae & the Birth of the Minotaur
Queen Pasiphae, plagued by her divinely inflicted desires, sought the help of Daedalus and Icarus. For Pasiphae, Daedalus constructed a wooden cow coated with a real cow hide and placed it upon wheels. Daedalus, then, put Queen Pasiphae inside the structure and wheeled her into the meadow that her beloved bull grazed in. It was there that she met and laid with the bull, since the bull thought the wooden cow was real. It is from this union that the Minotaur was born.
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The queen named the beast Asterion (after King Minos' stepfather), which the Cretan people knew to be the Minotaur's true name. Upon seeing the infant, King Minos discovered his wife's bestial affair and as punishment, Minos enslaved Daedalus and Icarus for their parts in the affair, but he left Pasiphae untouched. Pasiphae cared for Asterion and was able to nourish Asterion while he was a bull calf. However, as he grew he became ferocious and monstrous and she was unable to feed or care for him any longer. Asterion was unable to find a suitable source of food, since he was neither man nor beast, and so he started to eat people. In order to hide his wife's disgraceful affair and on the advise of an Oracle, King Minos commanded Daedalus and Icarus to build a grand Labyrinth to house his wife's son: Asterion or Mintauros.
Death of Androgeos & Athen's Tribute
While the construction of the Labyrinth was underway, King Minos discovered that his only human son, Androgeos, (with Pasiphae) had been killed. Some sources say that he was killed by the Athenians out of jealousy for his skill in the Panathenic Games. A different version of the myth claims that the King of Athens , Aegeus, was angered by Androgeos' victories, and sent him to slay the unconquerable Marathonian Bull. In turn, he was killed by the bull and indirectly by the actions of the Athenians.
Regardless of how, Androgeos was killed and King Minos blamed the Athenians for the death of his only human son and for the destruction of his family line. He sailed against the Athenians and harassed them until they agreed to pay the price for his son's death. King Minos demanded that Athens pay a tribute to Crete of seven maidens and seven youths every nine years. (There is some contradiction in the sources about how often these tribute were made, from every nine years to once a year). These tributes would then be placed in the Labyrinth for the Minotaur to devour. In various sources, the tributes or sacrificial victims were chosen by lot from only the most beautiful men and virginal girls. The Athenians consulted the Oracle of Delphi who instructed the city of Athens to give Minos whatever he demanded. However, according to Catullus, the murder of Androgeos sparked a cruel plague on Athens. It is only when King Aegeus learned that by sending tributes to Crete and obeying Minos' demand that Athens would be saved; he agreed. Reluctantly, the Athenians submitted to Minos' terms and King Minos returned to Crete.
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Which iconic U.S. detective agency used the motto 'We Never Sleep'? | Allan Pinkerton's Detective Agency . Jesse James . WGBH American Experience | PBS
Other Biographies
Scottish emigrant and abolitionist Allan Pinkerton founded America's first detective agency and successfully brought down some of the country's most ruthless criminals. But in 1874 he tried to take on the James brothers, and he failed.
The man dubbed America's first "private eye" was born near Glasgow, Scotland, on July 21, 1819. Involved as a young man in radical politics, he was forced to emigrate to America in 1842. Pinkerton and his wife settled in the Chicago area, where Allan worked as a barrel-maker. By accident he discovered the lair of a gang of counterfeiters and had them arrested. The resulting celebrity led to his appointment as a deputy sheriff and then special agent for the U.S. Post Office, where his success in catching criminals continued. Around 1850 he formed Pinkerton's National Detective Agency, with the motto "We Never Sleep" and an unblinking eye as its symbol. This would lead to the description of independent detectives as "private eyes."
In addition to being a noted crime fighter, Allan was also a committed abolitionist. When in late 1858, John Brown freed 11 slaves in a raid on two Missouri homesteads and set out to take them to freedom in Canada, Pinkerton raised some $500 and arranged for transportation from Chicago to Detroit. His agency protected President-elect Abraham Lincoln during his trip to Washington to be sworn in, and Pinkerton served as chief of intelligence for Union general George McClellan during the Civil War . After the conflict was over, Pinkerton's agency continued to grow; his agents infiltrated America's first-train robbing gang, the Reno brothers of Indiana, and he collected photographs of known criminals to aid in their apprehension and capture. In early 1874, after a train robbery by the James gang in Gads Hill, Missouri, the Adams Express Company asked Pinkerton to bring the brothers Frank and Jesse James to justice. Express companies were paid to carry valuables on the railroads, and they, rather than the train companies, typically suffered the largest losses during robberies. Pinkerton accepted the assignment and sent one of his detectives to Clay County, Missouri, to investigate.
Botched Raid
That detective, a man named Joseph Whicher, arrived in early March 1874 and made his way to the James homestead, despite being warned by a former sheriff that "the old woman [ Zerelda ] would kill you if the boys didn't." Whicher was found murdered the next day. His death scared off the express company, but not the old abolitionist Pinkerton, who vowed vengeance on the outlaws who still espoused the Confederate cause. "There is no use talking," he wrote of the James brothers, "they must die." In January 1875, a group of Pinkerton detectives and sympathetic locals raided the James farm, but their plans went awry when an incendiary device they tossed into the house exploded, wounding Zerelda and killing Jesse's eight-year-old half-brother Archie. Public opinion rallied to the James family as never before, and the Pinkerton agency was excoriated for the raid. Stung with his worst defeat, Pinkerton gave up the chase.
After the Raid
Allan Pinkerton died in 1884, just two years after Jesse James, but his sons William and Robert took over the running of the agency. Pinkerton detectives were often hired as muscle for factory management during bitter labor strikes. It was the bloodshed during the strike at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Mill in 1892 that led to laws in 26 states that banned bringing in outside guards during labor disputes. But the agency continued to flourish; by 1995 the company, which had switched its focus almost entirely to security services, had 250 offices and 50,000 employees worldwide.
| Pinkerton (detective agency) |
What type of foliage is used for the fences on the Grand National course at Aintree? | Pinkerton National Detective Agency: (Shield)
Pinkerton National Detective Agency: (Shield)
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Pinkerton National Detective Agency: (Shield)
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Alan Pinkerton established his private detective agency in 1850. The company logo was an open eye and the motto: we never sleep." Agency operatives tracked outlaws all over the country. Everyone from the Jesse James gang to the Butch Cassidy gang (the Wild Bunch) was hunted by Pinkerton posse's. Since they were a private agency, they were hired by the banks and the railroads to eliminate the criminals who preyed on these big business enterprises. Because of this, Pinkerton could hire the best trackers, horsemen and marksmen. Two of the most famous Pinkerton agents were. Charlie Siringo and the legendary Tom Horn. As a result of Pinkerton's efforts, there were few safe havens for outlaws in the west after 1900. This is the badge of these tireless men
Double die struck solid copper with antique silver finish and a soldered pin back.
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Which is the only African capital city to have an underground railway system? | Going Underground | The Economist
Going Underground
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The joy of commuting
THE world’s first underground train, on the world’s first metro system, travelled the three-and-a-half miles from Paddington to Farringdon on January 9th 1863. Then, as now, Londoners queued to get aboard the packed carriages. In October that year The Economist ran an editorial arguing that more such lines under the capital were needed to relieve its congested streets. It concluded that such a network, if well run, would surely be profitable.
We were right on the first point: London would have ground to a halt long ago without its “Tube”. But we were too optimistic on the second. Although fares on the Underground are now among the most expensive of any metro system worldwide—a one-stop ride costs up to £4.50, or $7.34—the system is no money-spinner. Last year, the £2 billion of fares revenue, added to the smaller amounts from selling advertising space and suchlike, only just covered running costs, at £2.2 billion.
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Another 29 years passed before Chicago became the second city to boast a metro (its first line ran on stilts rather than underground—any high-frequency, high-capacity urban system separated from other traffic counts as a metro). But metro-building accelerated from the 1960s, in reaction to the growth of sprawling mega-metropolises around the world. Now almost 190 cities have metros, with more to come amid a fresh spurt of construction in developing countries. In 2012 the Chinese cities of Suzhou, Kunming and Hangzhou opened theirs, as did Lima in Peru. Among the proud new owners of a metro in 2011 was Algiers, only the second African capital (Cairo is the other) to gain one.
Existing metro systems are also being expanded at a rapid pace. On December 30th Beijing opened 70km of new lines, bringing the total to 442km and making the Chinese capital’s system the world’s longest, overtaking Shanghai’s (see table). London would still be champion if its Overground (a revamped network of surface-rail lines, completed in December), Docklands Light Railway and tramways were included in the total. But Beijing will not be outdone: it plans to expand its network to 1,000km by 2020.
China’s investment in high-speed intercity railways is tailing off but it is still pumping money into subways. So is India: Bangalore’s metro opened two years ago and Mumbai’s should open soon, following the customary delays and squabbles between the government and contractors. Smaller cities, such as Bhopal and Jaipur, have plans on the drawing-board. Brazil is expanding the inadequate metro systems in its two main cities, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, while building new ones in smaller ones such as Salvador and Cuiabá.
Metros are being built in all sorts of unlikely places, such as the Gulf: Dubai’s system opened in 2009 and Mecca’s a year later. Now Abu Dhabi, Doha, Bahrain, Riyadh and Kuwait City have plans in progress; that they have plenty of oil to fuel their cars is not stopping them from trying to become greener. Future candidates for “city you would least expect to have a metro system” include sleepy Asunción in Paraguay and Kathmandu in Nepal.
Many of the developing world’s congested cities have spent years dreaming of a metro system but making little progress towards building it. Algeria’s 1991-2002 civil war helps excuse the long gestation period of its capital’s metro; in other cases, sluggish and corrupt bureaucracies are the main obstacle. Indonesia’s traffic-choked capital, Jakarta, abandoned its attempt to build a monorail in 2008, leaving a collection of rusting stumps; it then built a successful busway as a stopgap, and now the city’s governor is promising to start work soon on an underground metro.
A recent study by Roland Berger, a consultancy, found that government stimulus programmes in the wake of the financial crisis have been boosting investment in railways of all kinds. The world market for railway infrastructure and equipment has been growing at 3.2% a year through the global downturn, and is set to grow at around 2.7% a year until 2017. Spending on metro rail systems should grow faster still, at perhaps 6-8%.
This is promising news for firms that build metro trains and equipment, such as Bombardier of Canada (which also has trainmaking facilities in Europe), Siemens of Germany and Alstom of France. They have ambitious Chinese and South Korean firms chasing them for market share, but for now they can look forward to order-books packed like the Tokyo subway.
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"Which British military institution has the motto; ""Serve To Lead""?" | Cairo Metro - Railway Technology
Another three lines are expected to be added to the Cairo Metro by 2020.
Cairo Metro, Egypt
With a population of approximately 17 million, Cairo is one of the most densely populated cities in Africa. Operated by Egyptian National Railways (ENR), its railway system transports nearly 500 million passengers and 12 million tons of freight each year.
Cairo Metro is the first metro network in Africa and has been operational since 1990. The network consists of two lines, and a further two are planned.
Lines and routes
Completed in 1987, Line 1 is 42.5km-long with 33 stations. It covers the Egyptian capital from the north to the south.
Line 2, was built in two phases, one in 1997 and the other in 2004. It is 21km-long and serves 20 stations from the north to the south-west, covering the district of Shubra and the pyramids of Giza.
Line 3 will be 33km-long with 29 stations, 27 of which will be underground. The line will connect Cairo Airport in the east to Imbaba and Mohandisseen in the west, crossing the downturn area and Heliopolis. The Mohandisseen area will be connected to the main line going to Imbaba.
Line 4 is expected to operate between Haram District in the east and New Cairo district in the west.
The project
Construction of Line 3 began in 2007 to accommodate the ever-growing population of Cairo. The construction, to be carried out in five phases, is scheduled to be completed by late 2019. On completion, the capacity of the line is estimated to be 1.8 million passengers a day.
"Construction of Line 3 began in 2007 to accommodate the ever-growing population of Cairo."
The construction of phase 1 began in July 2007, and was completed in 2011. It was officially opened in February 2012.
The contract was awarded to a consortium led by Vinci Construction Grand Projects, a French construction company. Vinci Construction, which holds a 28.5% stake in the consortium, was given the civil engineering package of the contract in January 2007. Other parties in the consortium include Arab Contractors (27.5%), Bouygues (26%) and local company Orascom Construction Industries (18%).
The consortium also received a €264m contract for the construction of the new phase 4A for Line 3. Phase 4A extends from phase 2 and comprises a 5.15km-long tunnel and five underground stations on Line 3.
Approximately 60% of phase 1 was completed by 2009. Roughly 8.3m of the tunnel's diameter was completed. A tunnel boring machine (TBM) was used to carry out the construction work. Named Cleopatra, this TBM is speedier than other machines and reduces pollution caused from sound and debris. The tunnel required 2,800 rings, for which 22,400 voussoirs were used. Each voussoir is 1.5m-long and weighs 5.7t.
Phase 2 of Line 3 began in May 2009. It comprises different packages for civil, electromechanical and railway works. The 7.2km segment of Line 3 was completed in May 2014, five months ahead of schedule.
The €323m contract for civil engineering works was awarded to Vinci, while Orascom Construction was awarded contracts worth $140m for civil, electromechanical and railway works.
Vinci Construction Grand Projects received a €40m contract from the National Authority for Tunnels (NAT) to extend phase 2 of Line 3, in February 2013. Under the contract, 680m of tunnel extension between the Al Ahram and Haroun stations, as well as the civil engineering at the Haroun station, were completed within 17 months.
Orascom was also responsible for the construction work related to the railway tracks in a joint venture with Eurovia Travaux Ferroviaires (ETF), for a contract valued at approximately $24m. This package included supplying and laying 11km of track and power rail in the tunnel.
In April 2016, a €1.1bn civil engineering contract was awarded to the consortium led by Vinci for phase 3 of Line 3. The new 17.7km-long Line 3 with 15 stations is expected to be completed by the end of 2018. The project is anticipated to create 5,000 jobs during construction.
SYSTRA was awarded a €60m contract to provide general consultancy services for phase 3 of Cairo Metro Line 3.
Line 4 will be assembled in four phases. The construction is yet to begin and the line will become fully operational by 2020.
Line 3 infrastructure
A major part of the Line 3 will be underground. The cut-and-cover method is being adopted to build the stations.
Covering the central section, phase 1 included the construction of a 4.2km tunnel, five underground stations and a repository for rolling stock . The five stations, namely Attaba, Bab el Shaaria, El Geish, Abdou Pasha and Abbasia, will each be 150m-long and located at a depth between 14m and 58m. The tunnel has a diameter of 9.4m.
"A major part of the Line 3 will be underground. The cut and cover method is being adopted to build the stations."
Phase 2 extends the underground line eastwards from Abbasiya to Al Ahram (Heliopolis). It comprises 7.2km of railway track, including 4km of underground tunnel. The line connects five stations.
Phase 3 will cover the western section of the underground line. The total length of the line will be 7.5km. It will connect Attaba station with already existing Abdel Nasser Station and a new station at Maspero, finishing at Sphinx Square Station. After a year's delay, construction finally began in 2012 and is estimated to be completed in four years.
Phase 4 will cover the eastern section of the line between Al Akram and Cairo International Airport. It will be 11km long and is expected to be completed in four years. Construction is scheduled to be completed by 2019.
The line will begin at Sphinx Square Station and split into two branches. The first will head towards Imbaba, passing through stations at Kit Kat and Sudan Street. The other branch will head towards Mohandessin and will stop at three stations at Mustafa Mahmoud Station, Shehab Street Station and Lebanon Square Station.
Phase 5 is the final phase of Line 3, serving seven new stations.
Rolling stock
The rolling stock for the line is being supplied by Mitsubishi. A third rail will be used to feed the rolling stock by power. Mitsubishi is supplying 460 railroad cars that transport two million passengers every day.
Signalling and communications
The signalling and telecommunications system is provided by a consortium led by Alstom Equipment. The total value of the contract is €29.8m.
Other parties in the consortium include the Thales Group and Orascom. For the stations, Alstom will provide URBALIS 200 integrated signalling and train-control information system, including a control system, switches and signalling equipment.
The automatic train control and interlocking is provided by Alstom Units in France, while the locally manufactured products, including the automatic train supervision, are provided by CASCO, who will also overlook some of the integration work. ALSTOM Transport Service Shanghai is providing local services for the project.
Future
Construction of Line 4 is yet to begin, but the line will only become operational only after the completion of the third phase of Line 3 in October 2016. The route will begin at El-Malek El Saleh station on Line 1 and end at October-Oasis Highway station. It will also pass through Giza station on Line 2.
"By 2020, Cairo Metro is expected to carry five million passengers a day."
Phase 4 will be the final stage of construction, linking Makram Ebeid to Mubarak Police Academy station. The construction is expected to begin in 2017 and end in 2020.
The extension of Line 1 to make it more flexible is planned by shifting the northern terminals of Cairo Metro Line 1 from El Marg station to New El Marg station.
By 2020, Cairo Metro is expected to carry five million passengers a day. By this time it is expected to add two more lines. Line 5 will be 20km-long, connecting Nasr city to Port Said Street. It will be a half-circular line connecting to the other lines. The 19km-long Line 6 will extend from north south Shubra to Maadi.
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Which poet wrote the 1817 poem 'So We'll Go No More A-Roving'? | So We’ll Go No More A-Roving - Poem Summary & Analysis
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So We’ll Go No More A-Roving
This poem, written on 28 February 1817, was included in a letter to Byron’s friend, Thomas Moore. A quick perusal suggests it’s about the transience of life. But it’s actually about Byron’s terrible hangover during Mardi Gras in Venice. The truth of its composition adds a bit of humor to a brief, melancholy gem.
So, we’ll go no more a-roving
So late into the night,
Though the heart be still as loving,
And the moon be still as bright.
For the sword outwears its sheath,
And the soul wears out the breast,
And the heart must pause to breathe,
And love itself have rest.
Though the night was made for loving,
And the day returns too soon,
Yet we’ll go no more a-roving
By the light of the moon.
| Lord Byron |
Said to be the fastest creature on the planet, which is Britain's largest Falcon? | Lord Byron – We'll go no more a-roving | Genius
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About “We'll go no more a-roving”
“We’ll go no more a-roving” is a poem included in a letter Byron wrote to his friend Thomas Moore (February 28, 1817), explaining that “I find ‘the sword wearing out the scabbard,’ though I have but just turned the corner of twenty nine.” Byron was a very famous socialite, present at parties throughout “the season.” This poem is about his breaking off all such activities because:
At present, I am on the invalid regimen myself. The Carnival–that is, the latter part of it, and sitting up late o' nights–had knocked me up a little. But it is over–and it is now Lent, with all its abstinence and sacred music…
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Who composed the tone poem The Sorcerer's Apprentice? | The Sorcerer's Apprentice | LA Phil
The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Last Modified:
July 9, 2013
Pity the poor one-piece composer. Not the composer who writes only one piece, but the musical creator who enjoys far-reaching success with one of his works but is destined never to repeat that achievement with any other. The Frenchman Paul Dukas belongs to that dreaded fraternity. His single claim to fame is The Sorcerer’s Apprentice, which he wrote in 1897. A very methodical (read “painstakingly slow”), highly self-critical musician who destroyed many of his compositions before his death, Dukas considered himself a teacher who composed. Even so, he managed to turn out several large-scale works in addition to his one big hit.
As for The Sorcerer’s Apprentice, it deserves the esteem in which it is held. A legitimate child of the 19th century’s much celebrated wedding of music and literature, the descriptive tone poem, the work operates on quite as high a level of distinction as the ranking compositions in the genre by Liszt and Strauss.
The composition’s musical storytelling is remarkably graphic, although for the many who have seen the Disney animation in the film Fantasia, a hearing of the piece may bring to mind Mickey Mouse. No matter. The music alone, sans Mouse, suffices to tell the tale propounded in a ballad by the great German author and poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
The picture comes into focus right from the start. Mysterious strings set the atmosphere of the sorcerer’s workshop. (No less than Stravinsky “borrowed” this opening for his early Fireworks.) The apprentice, alone, discovers enough of his master’s magic (trumpets) to bring a broom to life (bassoon). The broom performs the apprentice’s chore – that of fetching water from the river. Enough water soon becomes too much (orchestral agitation), but the distraught lad cannot find the “stopping” incantation. In desperation, he chops the broom in two, but now the work is done at twice the speed by the broom halves (bassoon and bass clarinet). Bedlam. Flood disaster is imminent. But the sorcerer returns, speaks the magic words (trumpets again), the brooms are stilled, and calm, as at the beginning, is restored. Four quick chords at the end suggest the sorcerer has delivered that number of disciplinary strokes to the mischievous apprentice.
— Orrin Howard
| Dukas |
Which English Queen married her brother-in-law? | Mouseplanet - Sorcerer Apprentice Mickey by Jim Korkis
by Jim Korkis , contributing writer
September 18, 2013
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I thought I should celebrate Mickey Mouse's birthday this week since, for many years, it was celebrated on September 28. Starting in 1978, a Disney archivist proclaimed, after doing research on Mickey's first appearance in Steamboat Willie (1928) at the Colony Theater in New York, that Mickey's official birthday was November 18, 1928.
However, for nearly a half-century, Mickey's birthday was celebrated on a variety of dates between September and December, including October 1. Often the determination would be the release of a Disney film or an opportunity to sell a package of shorts to theaters.
Frequently, September 28 came up, especially on Mickey"s "Lucky Seventh Birthday" that had several events connected with it.
I have three acquaintances who only collect Sorcerer Mickey material. One, in particular, who buys one-of-a-kind items, like original artwork from Disney artists.
It got me to thinking that there was a lot of merchandise out there with Sorcerer Mickey on it and that the image has become so iconic, it is almost a separate persona from Mickey Mouse.
Let's go back to see how it all began in the late 1930s.
Walt Disney was looking for a piece of music for his Silly Symphony cartoon series, where the action was drawn to suit the music.
When he ran across Paul Dukas' "The Sorcerer's Apprentice," a scherzo for orchestra, he was especially pleased because it already told a story. The tale of a lazy magician's apprentice who foolishly experimented with his mentor's magic to bring a broom to life to do the apprentice's chores and quickly discovered the situation getting out of control had been around since the second century.
In 1897, Dukas composed the music, basing it on the 1797 Goethe ballad poem of the legend.
In May 1937, Walt began looking into purchasing the use of the Dukas score, and final arrangements were made by July 1937.
Leopold Stokowski, conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra for 25years, re membered "I first met Walt Disney in a [Los Angeles] restaurant. I was alone having dinner at a table near him, and he called across to me, 'Why don't we sit together?" Then he began to tell me how he was interested in Dukas' 'The Sorcerer's Apprentice' as a possible short, and did I like the music. I said I liked it very much and would be happy to cooperate with him."
"I am all steamed up over the idea of Stokowski working with us on 'The Sorcerer's Apprentice'" wrote Walt on October 26,1937. "I am greatly enthused over the idea and believe that the union of Stokowski and his music, together with the best of our medium, would be the means of a great success and should lead to a new style of motion picture presentation…In fact, I think so much of the idea that I have already gone ahead and now have the story in work with this crew, on the chance that we will be able to get together with Stokowski and possibly have the music recorded within a short time…"
Perce Pearce was assigned as animation director for the project and was to work with Carl Fallberg on the story. A rough story was prepared by November 9, 1937.
At the time, it was strongly suggested that the character of Dopey from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs perform the role of the apprentice, especially knowing that audiences would want to see more of the character.
Walt never seriously considered the suggestion because, at the time, he wanted the characters in the feature films to be separate from the shorts and felt that too much exposure of feature film characters would dilute the impact of the original film.
One rare exception was Jiminy Cricket. Walt liked how articulate the cricket was (as opposed to characters like Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck who could not sustain long stretches of dialog) and the warmth of the voice provided by Cliff Edwards, so Jiminy was used as the narrator in Fun and Fancy Free (1947) and in educational shorts for the original Mickey Mouse Club.
Some of the elements from Dopey's costume in Snow White remain in the final Fantasia film, including the over-sized sleeves that would slip over his hands, the long robe with the distinctive neckline and soft brown shoes.
In addition, Walt wanted a good story to showcase Mickey Mouse, whose theatrical appearances had diminished because of the restrictions on the character to be a role model. He also worried that the sound of Mickey's voice was also connected to his lessening popularity.
On November 15, 1937, all members of the Disney Studios were alerted to the fact that the short was going to be made. They were shown a paragraph synopsis of the story and that it would star Mickey Mouse.
Director Pearce emphasized to the staff that "The picture will be made without dialogue and without sound effects, depending solely on pantomime and the descriptive music…Our picture is designed to intrigue the audience, thrill them, entertain them, but not in the bellylaugh manner."
The memo was also a plea for possible visual ideas, story suggestions and gags that needed to be turned in by November 27. Even artist Carl Barks, who would later gain fame as the comic book artist on the adventures of Donald Duck and his relatives, submitted gags including one where Mickey causes two waterspouts to spring upward and do a gyrating dance.
Perce and Fallberg were later pulled to work on Bambi and James Algar was assigned as the new director.
Even five weeks away from the opening of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and the anxiety of getting that film ready, Walt was holding meetings on "The Sorcerer's Apprentice."
"The thought is this: Mickey is an apprentice wanting the power of the Sorcerer to do his work. Then when that happens and he has that power, then he dreams of his great power. But when he awakens and finds what the broom has done and he hasn't the power to stop the broom, we find Mickey having to resort to an axe and try to stop the broom's work," Walt said.
The story continuity at the time stated that once Mickey was dreaming it was "a picture of a typical little man and what he would like to do one given complete control of the earth and its elements. In his dream, Mickey is having a spectacular lot of fun without being malicious."
At that November 13 meeting, the stenographer included the note: "Walt expressed himself about this dream several times by saying that Mickey could be here, there—anywhere. It is like a dream actually is. There doesn't need to be any flowing continuity."
Walt saw Mickey as an orchestra conductor in his dream directing the ocean and the stars and when it came to layout, he suggested "Have a lot of up-shots, looking up at the guy, you know, like you'd shoot up at an orchestra conductor as he is conducting."
Walt was briefly shocked when November 29, he received a letter from Stokowski suggesting rather than using Mickey Mouse, that Walt should consider creating a new character representing "everyman."
"What would you think of creating an entirely new personality for this film instead of Mickey?" Stokowski asked. "You may have strong reasons for wishing Mickey to be the hero….I feel that if you create a new personality which represents every one of us, it might be a valuable factor in the years to come."
Walt completely ignored the letter, knowing that audiences already identified with Mickey as their "everyman" character.
The recording session with Stokowski and a full orchestra began at midnight on January 9, 1938 at the Selznick Studio, and it ran into the early morning hours of the next day. The live-action shooting of Stokowski had to be delayed until January 24 because, according to Bill Garity, who was in charge of handling the recording, "Stokowski's tails had not arrived."
Jim Algar began handing out the first scenes to animate on January 21, with Preston Blair being giving the scene of Mickey waking from the dream. Les Clark who had become the Disney Studios "Mickey expert," after the departure of Ub Iwerks, did much of the animation of Mickey.
Fred Moore was called upon to help with the design of Mickey. Besides being an acknowledged expert on Mickey Mouse, Moore also animated Dopey in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It was Moore who gave Mickey pupils for the first time.
"Work for a cute, short, chunky Mickey in this scene," the animators were told. " Do not let him get too tall. He should not be over three-heads high. When the first key poses have been drawn, please refer them to Fred Moore for possible suggestions. Fred Moore is assisting all animators on this picture in an attempt to make the Mickeys conform to a cute style."
Other animators working on Mickey included Grim Natwick, Riley Thompson and Cornett Wood. Preston Blair and Ed Love animated the brooms.
Legendary Bill Tytla did the animation for the Sorcerer and slyly gave the character Walt's habit of raising his eyebrow to indicate disapproval, that Walt himself called "that dirty 'Disney' look." The Disney Studio dubbed the character "Yensid" which was the word "Disney" spelled backward.
Nigel de Brulier, a well-known silent film star, was brought in to portray the live-action reference of the Sorcerer. Carl Fallberg went to Hollywood costume rental houses, like Western Costume, to find an appropriate robe and pointed hat.
The hat he did finally get needed to have white stars and crescent moons pasted on it.
A rough preview of the short was shown on April 12 with a handful of scenes unfinished. Even Roy O. Disney wrote in a letter on June 10 that "the picture is practically completed. It looks grand."
However, Roy was not pleased with the final cos,t which was more than $125,000, nearly three to four times the cost of a regular "Silly Symphony." Roy felt the only way to recover the production costs was to exploit it as a "special" to the public.
This idea sparked in Walt the concept of putting the film together with several other musical numbers and marketing it as a concert. Stokowski came to the Disney Studio in September 1938 along with composer and music critic Deems Taylor to discuss the film then known as The Concert Feature.
On September 3, Walt first broached the idea of making the film an immersive experience with broom shadows marching down the sides of the theater toward the screen and the sound of water rushing from behind the audience to seemingly through the audience to finally crashing on the screen.
The music for Fantasia was recorded by the Philadelphia Orchestra on April 1939 in Philadelphia. Interestingly, only "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" was the only piece of music not recorded by the Philadelphia Orchestra. The film uses the recording from the Selznick Studio session.
However, new live-action filming was done at the Disney Studio in Burbank in 1940 for the live-action introduction and conclusion to "The Sorcerer's Apprentice," including Mickey bounding up the steps in silhouette to shake hands with Stokowski.
Fantasia premiered on November 13, 1940 at the Broadway Theater in New York, the same theater that premiered Steamboat Willie almost exactly 12 years earlier on November 18. Several New York film critics singled out Mickey's segment as the best part of the film.
"Perhaps Bach and Beethoven are strange bedfellows for Mickey Mouse, but it's all been a lot of fun," Walt told the newspapers.
Oddly, only two pieces of merchandise were produced of Sorcerer Mickey from that original release: a Hagen-Renaker ceramic figure and a Grossett & Dunlap storybook. It was not until the beginning of the 1980s that a flood of Sorcerer Mickey started to appear due to public requests.
That image of Mickey Mouse in his Sorcerer Apprentice costume was so powerful that it evolved into another persona of the Mouse where he was elevated to full magician status.
First, Mickey Mouse appeared in his Sorcerer Mickey outfit every Wednesday ("Anything Can Happen Day") on of the original Mickey Mouse Club in 1955, entering on a bucking flying carpet.
Sorcerer Mickey was animated in this segment by animator Hal King with Walt Disney providing the voice. Walt filmed this sequence in color and Mickey's robe is colored purple not red.
Sorcerer Mickey made a few appearances on the House of Mouse television series, including the episode "Mickey and Minnie's Big Vacation" where he has to save the nightclub from a flood caused by Donald Duck.
In Mickey's House of Villains, Mickey has to transform into Sorcerer Mickey to save the nightclub after it has been taken over by villains like Captain Hook, Jafar and Cruella De Vil.
Sorcerer Mickey appears in video games like Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance and Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two as well as Disney Infinity.
Sorcerer Mickey was the mascot icon for Walt Disney Home Video and its home video releases beginning in 1987. Sorcerer Mickey was also the icon for Walt Disney Imagineering beginning in the late 1990s and continuing until today.
In addition, Sorcerer Mickey is the mascot for the Disney Dream cruise ship, which launched in 2011, and a full figure of him decorates the stern of the ship along with his brooms.
A 45-foot tall-inflatable Sorcerer Mickey balloon was one of the parade floats for Disneyland's Party Gras Parade from January 1990 to November 1990, as part of the 35th birthday celebration for the park.
Sorcerer Mickey was the logo for the 25th anniversary celebration of Walt Disney World in 1996.
Sorcerer Mickey is the unofficial mascot of Disney Hollywood Studios (formerly Disney MGM Studios) since Fantasia came out in 1940 and the park was meant to represent the Hollywood of the 1930s and 1940s.
A statue of Sorcerer Mickey is in the store Mickey's of Hollywood.
A huge 55-foot-tall inflatable Mickey rose behind the Chinese theater for the Sorcery in the Sky fireworks show from summer 1990 to several years after the opening of Fantasmic! Appearing directly behind the Chinese Theater during the last minute of the eight-and-a-half minute show, Sorcerer Mickey had a shower of sparks shoot out of the first finger of his outstretched right hand.
He is the star of the night time spectacular Fantasmic! Despite promotional material and photographs, Sorcerer Mickey never fights any villains during the show but appears triumphant in the final minutes.
Unveiled at the end of Hollywood Boulevard at Disney Hollywood Studios on October 1, 2001, as part of the "100 Years of Magic Celebration," was the iconic hat that Mickey wore in "Fantasia" in the Sorcerer's Apprentice segment.
The entire structure is 122 feet tall. The hat itself is 100 feet tall and weighs 27 tons. To wear this hat, Mickey would have to be 350 feet tall. The hat size is 605 and 7/8. There are six stars and two crescent moons on it.
As part of the Millennium Celebration in 2000, a 24 story Sorcerer Mickey's arm and hand that held a gigantic magic wand, with "starfetti" was installed next to Spaceship Earth at Epcot. By October 1, 2007, it had been removed.
Today, Mickey even greets guests at the Disney theme parks attired as Sorcerer Mickey.
For the 1988 Academy Awards, an animated Mickey Mouse dressed as the Sorcerer's Apprentice appeared on stage with co-presenter actor Tom Selleck to announce the winner of the best animated short subject.
I am sure I must have forgotten a few significant Sorcerer Mickey appearances, but I am also sure that MousePlanet readers will jog my aging memory in the comments section.
So, Happy Birthday this week to Mickey Mouse, and I will continue to write a few more columns about him as he reaches his official milestone birthday in November.
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What is the name of the Nazi musical featured in the film The Producers? | The Producers (1968) Movie Review
Some drinking, largely without consequences.
Parents Need to Know
Parents need to know that this film depicts two con men trying to steal money from elderly women and unsuspecting theatergoers. The Broadway musical featured in the movie comically champions Nazi beliefs and dogma; the song lyrics contain many references to the glory of "the master race" and other aspects of Nazi ideologies. There are several references to sex and the musical features some suggestively clad females on stage. Because the film has been turned into a high-profile Broadway musical and is being remade for the screen with actors Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick, children may be familiar with it and want to see it.
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What's the story?
A slapstick comedy-musical starring Gene Wilder, THE PRODUCERS features two con artist/Broadway producers who plot to swindle old women into financing the most awful musical ever staged. Their ultimate goal is to have the musical bomb, pocket all of the receipts, and then disappear to a beach in Rio de Janeiro. To make this dream a reality, Max Bialystock (Zero Mostel) and Leo Bloom choose an offensive Nazi love story penned by a German madman, and select a no-talent gay director in order to ensure that the musical flops. The result is "Springtime for Hitler," an absurd musical extravaganza that features scantily clad Bavarian women and a dancing chorus comprised of Nazi soldiers.
Is it any good?
QUALITY
There are moments of this movie that are so bizarre that they are nothing short of hilarious. Nevertheless, appreciating this humor requires that viewers be able to identify the parodic quality of the staged musical. The film allows many opportunities for families to discuss the stereotyped portrayals of various characters, for example, the play's gay director and Bialystock's seemingly, Swedish sex kitten secretary. The moral implications of deceiving others and the potential fallout of going after a quick buck are also good discussion points.
Families can talk about...
Families can talk about the ethical problems involved in Max Bialystock and Leo Bloom's business practices. Why did they focus their efforts on cheating older women? How did Bialystock convince Bloom to go into business with him? What would you have done if someone offered you a lot of money to cheat others? The content of the play also offers families many opportunities to discuss racism and anti-semitism. Why might some people be offended by the song lyrics, despite their satirical overtones? Furthermore, the director character offers families an opportunity to discuss homosexuality. How does the film portray the character Roger de Bris? Why is he shown wearing a dress? Why might some people be upset about that?
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| The Producers (1968 film) |
Whic is the most northerly racecourse in the UK? | The Producers - New York City Sightseeing Bus Tours : On Location Tours
The Producers
Explore The Producers movie locations!
When they hear the name The Producers, film buffs, theater buffs, and New Yorkers may have several different images pop into their heads. Mel Brooks’ story of two theater producers who try to put a guaranteed “flop” on Broadway has gone through many incarnations over the years. Tour-goers on On Location Tours’ Central Park TV & Movie Sites tour will get to see locations used in both the original 1968 film and the 2005 remake.
In 1968, Mel Brooks wrote and directed his original comedy The Producers. The film starred Zero Mostel as Max Bialystock, a washed-up theater producer, and Gene Wilder as Leo Bloom, a miserable accountant who has dreams of producing a show on Broadway. While going over Max’s books, Leo realizes that one could theoretically make more money from a flop than from a hit, if the show closed shortly after opening and they still had investors’ money left over. Max thinks this is a genius idea and convinces Leo to join him in his newly-hatched scheme to find the worst show ever written, raise two million dollars, close the show in one day, and flee the country with their millions. The “guaranteed flop” that they decide to produce is a musical called “Springtime for Hitler,” which was written by insane former-nazi Franz Liebkind (played by Kenneth Mars). They hire the business’s worst director, cast a flaky hippie as the lead, and Leo and Max know that the show, which is an incredibly offensive love-letter to Hitler, will be shut down immediately. However, their plan backfires when, on opening night, the audience believes the show to be a satire, and critics give it a rave review! Since they’ve sold 25,000 percent of the show to investors, Leo and Max ultimately get caught.
The scene where Leo agrees to Max’s scheme was shot at the Lincoln Center fountain. When Leo proclaims, “I’ll do it!” the fountain shoots up in the air very dramatically. This location has also been used in Moonstruck, Ghostbusters , Sweet Home Alabama, and Serpico, among many other films.
On the Central Park TV & Movie Sites Walking Tour , visitors get a chance to ride the Central Park carousel, the location from the film where Leo and Max take an extended lunch break one day to have some fun and ride the carousel.
Several decades later, Mel Brooks worked with Thomas Meehan to turn The Producers into a Broadway musical. It opened on Broadway in 2001 to rave reviews, critical acclaim, and enormous box office success. Basically the same plot as the film, the musical starred Nathan Lane as Max Bialystock and Matthew Broderick as Leo Bloom. The music for the show was written by Mel Brooks and Glen Kelly. The stage version of The Producers ran for 2,502 performances on Broadway, for three years in London, and has been done by several touring and international theater companies. It won a record-breaking twelve Tony Awards in 2001.
The highly successful musical was then turned into a 2005 film, which also starred Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick, as well as several other original Broadway cast members. It also starred Will Ferrell as Franz Liebkind and Uma Thurman as Ulla, the beautiful Swedish aspiring actress.
Although most of the filming was done on a set at Brooklyn’s Steiner Studios (this was actually the first feature film to be shot at the newly-built studio facility), some locations from the 2005 film are also seen on the Central Park tour. Tour-goers will get to walk down The Mall, the long, straight, tree-lined path where the little old ladies sing their musical number “Along Came Bialy,” and tap dance with their walkers.
Also seen on the Central Park tour is Bethesda Terrace, which is the most filmed and most visited location in the park. This is where, in the 2005 version, Leo agrees to Max’s scheme. There is also a fountain at this location and, much like in the original film, when Leo says, “I’ll do it!” the fountain splashes up high in the air. The reason this scene was not also filmed at Lincoln Center, like the original film was, was because the remake takes place in 1959, and Lincoln Center was not actually built until the 1960’s.
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Prior to his election as President, Barack Obama was a Senator for which US state ? | Obama's Voting Record and Policy Positions Prior to His Election As President - Discover the Networks
OBAMA'S VOTING RECORD AND POLICY POSITIONS PRIOR TO HIS ELECTION AS PRESIDENT
Obama’s Policy Positions and Voting Record as State Senator, U.S. Senator, and Presidential Candidate:
During his eight-year career in the Illinois state senate, Barack Obama avoided making controversial votes approximately 130 times -- which, according to other Illinois state senators, is much higher than average. Rather than vote "yea" or "nay" on the legislation in question, Obama on those occasions simply voted "present." In the Illinois state senate, this was the equivalent of a "nay" vote when tallying up support or opposition to a given bill. But, as David Freddoso points out:
"[F]or rhetorical purposes, a 'present' vote is different in that critics and journalists must discuss it differently. For example, Barack Obama did not vote against a bill to prevent pornographic book and video stores and strip clubs from setting up within 1,000 feet of schools and churches -- he just voted 'present.' Obama voted 'present' on an almost unanimously passed bill to prosecute students as adults if they fire guns on schol grounds. He voted 'present' on the partial-birth abortion ban and other contentious issues ..."[1]
Gun Control:
During his time teaching at the University of Chicago, Obama told then-colleague John Lott directly: “I don’t believe people should be able to own guns.”
As a candidate for the Illinois State Senate in 1996, Obama promised to support a ban on “the manufacture, sale & possession of handguns.”
While running for the U.S. Senate in 2004, Obama spoke in favor of federal legislation to block citizens nationwide from receiving concealed-carry permits. “National legislation will prevent other states’ flawed concealed-weapons laws from threatening the safety of Illinois residents,” he said.
Senator Obama supported Washington, DC's comprehensive gun ban, which prevented district residents from possessing handguns even in their own homes; required that long guns be kept locked and disassembled; and lacked a provision allowing the guns to be reassembled in the event of an emergency.
Affirmative Action:
Obama favors racial preferences for minorities in university admissions, public employment, and state contracting. “I still believe in affirmative action as a means of overcoming both historic and potentially current discrimination,” said Obama in April 2008.
Same-Sex Marriage:
In the wake of a May 2008 California Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage in that state (similar to a 2003 decision by the high court of Massachusetts), Obama issued a call to “ fully repeal ” the Defense of Marriage Act (signed into law by President Clinton in 1996) -- a move that would have the effect of legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide. The Defense of Marriage Act currently protects states from having to recognize same-sex marriages contracted in other states. Said Obama’s campaign website: “Obama also believes we need to fully repeal the Defense of Marriage Act and enact legislation that would ensure that the 1,100+ federal legal rights and benefits currently provided on the basis of marital status are extended to same-sex couples in civil unions and other legally recognized unions.”
Notably, no Congress or state legislature had ever voted to define homosexual unions as marriages. And wherever proposals for same-sex marriage had been put up for popular vote, they had been rejected by the American people. In the 13 states where gay marriage was on the ballot in 2004, for example, it was defeated by majorities ranging in size from 58 percent to 85 percent of the voters.
Abortion:
Obama has consistently, without a single exception, voted in favor of expanding abortion rights and the funding of abortion services with taxpayer dollars. In July 2006 he voted “No” to requiring physicians to notify parents of minors who get out-of-state abortions. In March 2008 he voted “No” on a bill prohibiting minors from crossing state lines to gain access to abortion services. Also in March 2008 , he voted "No" on defining an unborn child as eligible for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), which was designed to cover the medical-care costs of uninsured children in families whose incomes were modest but too high to qualify for Medicaid.
When Obama was a state senator, two separate partial-birth abortion bans came up for vote in 1997. Obama voted "present" on both occasions, the functional equivalent of a vote against the ban. In The Audacity of Hope, he explained that his opposition to the ban was rooted in the fact that the bill contained no exception for cases where a mother's "health" might require the procedure.[2]
In 2000 Obama voted against a bill that would have ended state funding of partial-birth abortions.
In 2001 he voted against the Induced Infant Liability Act, which was intended to protect babies that survived late-term abortions from being permitted to die from intentional neglect. He explained his vote as follows:
"[W]henever we define a pre-viable fetus as a person that is protected by the equal protection clause or other elements in the Constitution, what we're really saying is, in fact, that they are persons that are entitled to the kinds of protections that would be provided to a -- a child, a nine-month-old -- child that was delivered to term. That determination, then, essentially, if it was accepted by a court, would forbid abortions to take place.... For that reason, I think it would probably be found unconstitutional."
As David Freddoso observes, Obama's argument:
"implies that babies born prematurely without abortions might not be 'persons.' They might have to be 'nine months old' before they count.... [O]ne might even conclude from [his words] that he actually does think they are persons. But, he argues, we cannot legally recognize them as 'persons.' Because if we do, then somewhere down the road it might threaten someone's right to an abortion.... Barack Obama's actions indicate he thinks that before any other rights are granted to 'persons,' the Constitution exists to guarantee abortion rights."[3]
Though it did not in any way conflict with, or compromise, Roe v. Wade, Obama voted against this same legislation in 2003 . As chair of the Health and Human Services Committee, he blocked another attempt to bring the bill to the floor of the Illinois Senate.
On April 4, 2002, Obama challenged the sponsor of the Born Alive Infant Protection Act, a bill designed to protect infants who had been intended for abortion but had not died (prior to exiting the mother's body) as expected, as follows:
"As I understand it, this [bill] puts the burden on the attending physician who has determined, since they were performing this procedure, that, in fact, this is a nonviable fetus; that if that fetus, or child — however way you want to describe it — is now outside the mother’s womb and the doctor continues to think that it’s nonviable but there’s, let’s say, movement or some indication that, in fact, they’re not just coming out limp and dead, that, in fact, they would then have to call a second physician to monitor and check off and make sure that this is not a live child that could be saved....
"Let me just go to the bill, very quickly. Essentially, I think as — as this emerged during debate and during committee, the only plausible rationale, to my mind, for this legislation would be if you had a suspicion that a doctor, the attending physician, who has made an assessment that this is a nonviable fetus and that, let’s say for the purpose of the mother’s health, is being — that — that — labor is being induced, that that physician (a) is going to make the wrong assessment and (b) if the physician discovered, after the labor had been induced, that, in fact, he made an error, or she made an error, and, in fact, that this was not a nonviable fetus but, in fact, a live child, that that physician, of his own accord or her own accord, would not try to exercise the sort of medical measures and practices that would be involved in saving that child. Now, it — if you think there are possibilities that doctors would not do that, then maybe this bill makes sense, but I — I suspect and my impression is, is that the Medical Society suspects as well that doctors feel that they would be under that obligation, that they would already be making these determinations and that, essentially, adding a — an additional doctor who then has to be called in an emergency situation to come in and make these assessments is really designed simply to burden the original decision of the woman and the physician to induce labor and perform an abortion. Now, if that’s the case — and — and I know that some of us feel very strongly one way or another on that issue — that’s fine, but I think it’s important to understand that this issue ultimately is about abortion and not live births. Because if these are children who are being born alive, I, at least, have confidence that a doctor who is in that room is going to make sure that they’re looked after."
But Obama knew quite well that children were being born alive and were not looked after by the abortion doctors; that in 10 to 20 percent of the cases where induced labor abortion was practiced, the infants survived and were then being left, uncared for, to die; and that these facts were precisely what had prompted the legislation in the first place.
Jill Stanek, a nurse and pro-life activist, said the following about Obama in August 2008:
"In committee he took the opinion of the ACLU attorney and said that he thought that this would be something that would overturn Roe v. Wade, and he opposed it in committee, and then he took a leadership role opposing this to go on and be the sole senator to speak against this bill on the Senate floor, not once, but two years in a row.
And he brags on his Web site now that he strategized with Planned Parenthood to defeat this bill.... He said on the Senate floor as a matter of fact that he thought that this would ultimately be considered unconstitutional, and he said that he strategized with Planned Parenthood to vote present because in Illinois a present vote is the same as a no vote. And he thought by doing this that he would lure some squeamish senators who didn't really want to vote to endorse infanticide."
In 2006 Obama voted “Yes” on a Senate Budget amendment allocating $100 million to: “increas[e] funding and access to family planning services”; “fun[d] legislation that requires equitable prescription coverage for contraceptives under health plans”; and “fun[d] legislation that would create and expand teen pregnancy prevention programs and education programs concerning emergency contraceptives.”[4]
Obama’s voting record in the foregoing matters earned him a 100% rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America in 2005, 2006, and 2007. He also received a 100 percent rating from Planned Parenthood in 2006, and a zero percent rating from the National Right-to-Life Committee (an anti-abortion group) in 2005 and 2006. Says David Freddoso, "I could find no instance in his entire career in which he voted for any regulation or restriction on the practice of abortion."[5]
On July 17, 2007, Obama declared, "The first thing I'd do as President is sign the Freedom of Choice Act." This bill would effectively terminate all state restrictions on government funding for abortions. It would also invalidate state laws that currently protect medical personnel from losing their jobs if they refuse to particpate in abortion procedures.[6]
In an August 17, 2008 interview with Pastor Rick Warren, Obama stated that abortion rates had not declined over the previous eight years. But this was untrue . Abortion rates had actually decreased rather dramatically during that period, reaching a three-decade low.
Rev. Warren asked Obama directly:"Now, let's deal with abortion ... [A]t what point does a baby get human rights, in your view?" To this, Obama replied :
"Well, you know, I think that whether you're looking at it from a theological perspective or a scientific perspective, answering that question with specificity, you know, is above my pay grade.
"... I am pro-choice. I believe in Roe v. Wade, and I come to that conclusion not because I'm pro-abortion, but because, ultimately, I don't think women make these decisions casually.... And so, for me, the goal right now should be -- and this is where I think we can find common ground. And by the way, I've now inserted this into the Democratic party platform, is how do we reduce the number of abortions? The fact is that although we have had a president who is opposed to abortion over the last eight years, abortions have not gone down and that is something we have to address....
"I am in favor, for example, of limits on late-term abortions, if there is an exception for the mother's health. From the perspective of those who are pro-life, I think they would consider that inadequate, and I respect their views....
"What I can do is say, are there ways that we can work together to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies, so that we actually are reducing the sense that women are seeking out abortions. And as an example of that, one of the things that I've talked about is how do we provide the resources that allow women to make the choice to keep a child. You know, have we given them the health care that they need? Have we given them the support services that they need? Have we given them the options of adoption that are necessary? That can make a genuine difference."
Criminal Justice:
Obama as a lawmaker opposed the death penalty and authored legislation requiring police to keep records of the race of everyone questioned, detained or arrested.[7]
Obama promised that as President, he would work to ban racial profiling and eliminate racial disparities in criminal sentencing. “The criminal justice system is not color blind,” he said , “It does not work for all people equally, and that is why it's critical to have a president who sends a signal that we are going to have a system of justice that is not just us, but is everybody.”
According to Obama: “[W]e know that in our criminal justice system, African-Americans and whites, for the same crime … are arrested at very different rates, are convicted at very different rates, receive very different sentences. That is something that we have to talk about. But that's a substantive issue and it has to do with how … we pursue racial justice. If I am president, I will have a civil rights division that is working with local law enforcement so that they are enforcing laws fairly and justly.”[8]
Obama stated that the much harsher penalties for crimes involving crack cocaine as opposed to powder-based cocaine -- the former disproportionately involve black offenders, whereas the latter involve mostly white offenders -- were wrong and needed to be completely eliminated.[9]
He also pledged to “provide job training, substance abuse and mental health counseling to ex-offenders, so that [ex-convicts] are successfully re-integrated into society.” Moreover, he vowed to create “a prison-to-work incentive program to improve ex-offender employment and job retention rates.”
In Obama’s calculus, many young black men engage in street-level drug dealing not because they seek to profit handsomely from it, but because they are unable to find legitimate jobs anywhere. Said Obama: “For many inner-city men, what prevents gainful employment is not simply the absence of motivation to get off the streets but the absence of a job history or any marketable skills -- and, increasingly, the stigma of a prison record. We can assume that with lawful work available for young men now in the drug trade, crime in any community would drop.”
During his years as a legislator, Obama voted against a proposal to criminalize contact with gang members for any convicts who were free on probation or on bail. In 2001 he opposed , for reasons of racial equity, making gang membership a consideration in determining whether or not a killer may be eligible for capital punishment. “There's a strong overlap between gang affiliation and young men of color,” said Obama. “… I think it's problematic for them [nonwhites] to be singled out as more likely to receive the death penalty for carrying out certain acts than are others who do the same thing.”
In 1999 Obama was the only state senator to oppose a bill prohibiting early prison release for offenders convicted of sex crimes.
Education:
Obama has occasionally attacked special interests in the Democratic Party . In the past, for instance, he was prepared to help students escape from bad public schools by considering school vouchers . But he now toes the anti-voucher party line and thus the special interest of the Democratic Party’s biggest funding and activist base, the National Education Association .
In his 2008 presidential campaign, Obama stressed the importance of increasing government expenditures on public education. “We're going to put more money into education than we have,” he said . “We have to invest in human capital.”
Obama’s education plan called for “investing” $10 billion annually in a comprehensive “Zero to Five” plan that would “provide critical supports to young children and their parents.” These funds were to be used to “create or expand high-quality early care and education programs for pregnant women and children from birth to age five”; to “quadruple the number of eligible children for Early Head Start”; to “ensure [that] all children have access to pre-school”; to “provide affordable and high-quality child care that will … ease the burden on working families”; to allow “more money” to be funneled “into after-school programs”; and to fund “home visiting programs [by health-care personnel] to all low-income, first-time mothers.”
In Obama’s view, virtually all schooling-related problems can be ameliorated or solved with an infusion of additional cash. Consider, for instance, his perspective on the low graduation rate of nonwhite minorities:
“Latinos have such a high dropout rate. What you see consistently are children at a very early age are starting school already behind. That’s why I’ve said that I’m going to put billions of dollars into early childhood education that makes sure that our African-American youth, Latino youth, poor youth of every race, are getting the kind of help that they need so that they know their numbers, their colors, their letters.”[10]
Obama opposed the Supreme Court’s 2007 split decision that invalidated programs in Seattle and Louisville (Kentucky) which sought to maintain “diversity” in local schools by factoring race into decisions about which students could be admitted to any particular school, or which students could be allowed to transfer from one school to another. Under these programs, parents were not free to send their children to the schools of their choice. Instead they were obliged to abide by the quotas preordained by bureaucrats who had never met any of the children whose educational lives they sought to micromanage. Both the Seattle and Louisville programs were representative of similar plans in hundreds of other school districts nationwide.
In Obama’s opinion , the Court’s “wrong-headed” ruling was “but the latest in a string of decisions by this conservative bloc of Justices that turn back the clock on decades of advancement and progress in the struggle for equality.” “The Supreme Court was wrong,” Obama added. “These were local school districts that had voluntarily made a determination that all children would be better off if they learned together. The notion that this Supreme Court would equate that with the segregation as tasked would make Thurgood Marshall turn in his grave.”[11]
Viewing racial mixing as an educational objective compelling enough to warrant the use of quotas and bussing for its attainment, Obama stated that “a racially diverse learning environment has a profoundly positive educational impact on all students,” and thus he remains “devoted to working toward this goal.”[12]
Welfare Reform:
In 1997 Obama opposed an Illinois welfare-reform bill, proposed by Republican senator Dave Syverson, which sought to move as many people as possible off the state welfare rolls and into paying jobs. He tried to weaken the legislation by calling for exceptions not only to the requirement that welfare recipients make an effort to find employment, but also to the bill's proposed five-year limit on benefits.
Two months after Svyerson's bill was first proposed, Obama added his name to it. The legislation ultimately would slash welfare rolls by some 80 percent. As David Freddoso points out, "It was a bill that the Senate had to pass in order to conform to the federal welfare-reform laws. It passed with only one senator voting against it."[13]
Health Care:
Presidential candidate Obama said many times , "I am going to give health insurance to 47 million Americans who are now without coverage." But as political analyst Dick Morris points out , the 47 million statistic included at least 12 million illegal immigrants who were uninsured. Another 15 million uninsured were eligible for Medicaid but had not yet registered for it — primarily because they had not yet been ill. When they would enroll eventually, they would receive inexpensive health care, courtesy of American taxpayers. Then there were uninsured children, almost all of whom were eligible for the State Children's Health Insurance Program — even if their parents had not yet enrolled them therein. That left fewer than 20 million uninsured adults who were either American citizens or legal immigrant non-citizens. To address this situation, Obama proposed to dramatically restructure the country's health-care system.
At an AFL-CIO conference in 2003, Obama said : "I happen to be a proponent of a single-payer health care plan.... 'Everybody in. Nobody out.' A single payer health care credit--universal healthcare credit. That's what I'd like to see, but as all of you know, we may not get there immediately. Because first we have to take back the White House and we've got to take back the Senate and we've got to take back the House."
At an SEIU Health Care Forum on March 24, 2007, Obama said :
"My commitment is to make sure that we've got universal healthcare for all Americans by the end of my first term as President.... I would hope that we can set up a system that allows those who can go through their employer to access a federal system or a state pool of some sort. But I don't think we're going to be able to eliminate employer coverage immediately. There's going to be, potentially, some transition process. I can envision a decade out, or 15 years out, or 20 years out..."
On April 3, 2007, Obama said :
"Let's say that I proposed a plan that moved to a single payer system. Let's say Medicare Plus. It'd be essentially everybody can buy into Medicare for example.... Transitioning a system is a very difficult and costly and lengthy enterprise. It's not like you can turn on a switch and you go from one system to another. So it's possible that upfront you would need not just, I mean, you might need an additional $90 or $100 billion a year."
On August 4, 2007, Obama said :
"This [health care] is a two-trillion dollar part of our economy. And it is my belief that, not just politically but also economically, it's better for us to start getting a system in place, a universal health care system signed into law by the end of my first term as president, and build off that system to further, to make it more rational.... By the way, Canada did not start off immediately with a single payer system. They had a similar transition step."
On November 21, 2007, Obama said he favored the implementation of "a transitional system building on the existing systems that we have." He elaborated:
"[T]ransitional hopefully because the system currently is so, such a patchwork of inefficiency that over time I would want to see Medicaid, Medicare, the children's health insurance program, SCHIP -- all those integrated more effectively."
In the summer of 2008, when asked by a campaign audience about single-payer healthcare, Obama said, "If I were designing a system from scratch, I would probably go ahead with a single-payer [government-run] system ... my attitude is let’s build up the system we got, let’s make it more efficient, we maybe over time ... decide that there are other ways for us to provide care more effectively." (Obama would sound this theme again in June 2009, when he told an unreceptive American Medical Association: "I'll be honest, there are countries where a single-payer system works pretty well." )
Gender Discrimination:
The Obama campaign asserted that gender-based “discrimination on the job” was a big problem in America. “For every $1.00 earned by a man, the average woman receives only 77 cents,” said the campaign website. “A recent study estimates it will take another 47 years for women to close the wage gap with men.” To rectify this, Obama “believes the government needs to take steps to better enforce the Equal Pay Act, fight job discrimination, and improve child care options and family medical leave to give women equal footing in the workplace.”
But Obama's claim that women were underpaid (in comparison to men) by American employers was untrue. As longtime employment lawyer William Farrell, who served as a board member of the National Organization for Women from 1970 to 1973, explains in his 2005 book Why Men Earn More, the gender pay gap is actually 20 cents per dollar, not 23 cents. And that gap can be explained entirely by the fact that women as a group tend, to a much greater degree than men, to make employment choices that involve certain tradeoffs; i.e., choices that suppress incomes but, by the same token, afford tangible lifestyle advantages that are highly valued.
For example, women tend to pursue careers in fields that are non-technical and do not involve the hard (as opposed to the social) sciences; fields that do not require a large amount of continuing education in order to keep pace with new developments or innovations; fields that offer a high level of physical safety; fields where the work is performed indoors as opposed to outdoors (where bad weather can make working conditions poor); fields that offer a pleasant and socially dynamic working environment; fields typified by lower levels of emotional strife; fields that offer desirable shifts or flexible working hours; fields or jobs that require fewer working hours per week or fewer working days per year; and fields where employees can “check out” at the end of the day and not need to “take their jobs home with them.”
Moreover, Farrell notes, women as a group tend to be less willing to commute long distances, to travel extensively for work-related duties, or to relocate geographically in order to take a job. In addition, they tend to have fewer years of uninterrupted experience in their current jobs, and they are far more likely to leave the work force for extended periods in order to attend to family-related matters such as raising children.
When all of the above variables are factored into the equation, the gender pay gap disappears entirely. When men and women work at jobs where their titles and their responsibilities are equivalent, they are paid exactly the same.
Energy:
Obama voted against permitting the U.S. to drill for oil and natural gas in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Said Obama:
“It is hard to overstate the degree to which our addiction to oil undermines our future…. A large portion of the $800 million we spend on foreign oil every day goes to some of the world's most volatile regimes. And there are the environmental consequences. Just about every scientist outside the White House believes climate change is real. We cannot drill our way out of the problem. Instead of subsidizing the oil industry, we should end every single tax break the industry currently receives and demand that 1% of the revenues from oil companies with over $1 billion in quarterly profits go toward financing alternative energy research and infrastructure.”
At a July 30, 2008 campaign stop in Missouri, Obama said : “There are things that you can do individually ... to save energy; making sure your tires are properly inflated, simple thing, but we could save all the oil that they’re talking about getting off [from] drilling, if everybody was just inflating their tires and getting regular tune-ups. You could actually save just as much.”
Obama is a staunch supporter of federal ethanol subsidies; in 2006 he himself inserted an ethanol subsidy into proposed tax legislation. In his book The Audacity of Hope, he characterized "alternative fuels like E85, a fuel formulated with 85 percent ethanol" as "the future of the auto industry." But as David Freddoso explains, by 2008 ethanol "was contributing to record-high food prices and causing food riots in the developing world ... exhausting water supplies, driving up gasoline prices, and exacerbating smog." Freddoso examines what he calls "the physics of ethanol" as follows:
"To produce five gallons of ethanol from corn, one must spend the energy equivalent of roughly four galons of ethanol for farming, shipping, and processing. (In other words, ethanol has a 25 percent net energy yield.) ... America's entire 6.5 billion gallon ethanol production created the net energy equivalent of 2.2 days' worth of American gasoline consumption."[14] (Emphasis in original)
"In exchange for that miniscule output," adds Freddoso, "federal and state governments provide between $6.3 billion and $8.7 billion in annual direct and indirect subsidies.... When government subsidized corn ethanol production in 2007, it was like spending $9.00 to create a gallon of gasoline, and doing it 853 million times."[15]
In January 2008 Obama said the following about the future of the coal industry, which currently accounts for half of all the electricity produced in America: “If somebody wants to build a coal-powered plant, they can, It’s just that it will bankrupt them because they will be charged a huge sum for all that greenhouse gas that’s being emitted.” Added Obama:
“When I was asked earlier about the issue of coal, you know, under my plan of a cap and trade system, electricity rates would necessarily skyrocket. Even regardless of what I say about whether coal is good or bad. Because I’m capping greenhouse gases, coal power plants, you know, natural gas, you name it, whatever the plants were, whatever the industry was, uh, they would have to retrofit their operations. That will cost money. They will pass that money on to consumers.”
Environment:
Obama’s position on the issue of global warming is unambiguous. His campaign website declared :
“Global warming is real, is happening now and is the result of human activities. The number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes has almost doubled in the last 30 years. Glaciers are melting faster; the polar ice caps are shrinking; trees are blooming earlier; oceans are becoming more acidic, threatening marine life; people are dying in heat waves; species are migrating, and eventually many will become extinct. Scientists predict that absent major emission reductions, climate change will worsen famine and drought in some of the poorest places in the world and wreak havoc across the globe. In the U.S., sea-level rise threatens to cause massive economic and ecological damage to our populated coastal areas.”[16]
During a 2008 campaign stop in Oregon, Obama called on the United States to “ lead by example ” on global warming. “We can’t drive our SUVs and eat as much as we want and keep our homes on 72 degrees at all times ... and then just expect that other countries are going to say OK,” he said. “That’s not leadership. That’s not going to happen.”
Homeland Security / War on Terror:
In 2004 Obama spoke out against the Republican-led Congress' budgets generally, and against the 2001 anti-terrorism bill known as the Patriot Act specifically, suggesting that the Act infringed upon Americans' civil liberties. Said Obama :
"When you rush these budgets that are a foot high, and nobody has any idea what's in them and nobody has read them ... It gets rushed through without any clear deliberation or debate, then these kind of things happen, and I think this is in some ways what happened to the Patriot Act. I mean, you remember, there was no real debate about that. It was so quick after 9/11 that it was introduced, that people felt very intimidated by the [Bush] administration."
Obama voted “No” on a bill to remove the need for a FISA [Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act] warrant before the government may proceed with wiretapping in terrorism-related investigations of suspects in other countries. “Warrantless surveillance of American citizens, in defiance of FISA, is unlawful and unconstitutional,” said Obama.[17]
In Obama’s view, “the creation of military commissions” to try terror suspects captured in the War on Terror was, from its inception, “a bad idea.”[18]
Such commissions are designed to adjudicate the cases of so-called “unlawful combatants” -- as distinguished from “lawful combatants” -- who are captured in battle. The former are entitled to prisoner-of-war status and its accompanying Geneva Convention protections; the latter are entitled to none of those things. Article IV of the Geneva Convention defines lawful combatants as those whose military organization meets four very specific criteria : “(a) that of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates; (b) that of having a fixed distinctive sign [a uniform or emblem] recognizable at a distance; (c) that of carrying arms openly; [and] (d) that of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.” Al Qaeda, for one, fails even to come close to satisfying these conditions. Obama opposes the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants, and has called for the repeal of any separate standards regulating the treatment of each.[19]
Obama also voted in favor of preserving habeas corpus -- the notion that the government may not detain a prisoner without filing specific charges that can expeditiously be brought before a court -- for the detainees at Guantanamo Bay. U.S. officials consider these prisoners -- captured mostly on the battlefields of the Middle East -- to be of the highest value for intelligence purposes, or to constitute, in their own persons, a great threat to the United States. Said Obama:
“Why don’t we close Guantanamo and restore the right of habeas corpus, because that’s how we lead, not with the might of our military, but the power of our ideals and the power of our values. It’s time to show the world we’re not a country that ships prisoners in the dead of night to be tortured in far off countries.”
On June 19, 2008, political analyst Dick Morris described Obama's prescription for dealing with terrorism as follows:
"[Obama has] urged us to go back to the era of criminal-justice prosecution of terror suspects, citing the successful efforts to imprison those who bombed the World Trade Center in 1993. [He said] 'It is my firm belief that we can crack down on threats against the United States, but we can do so within the constraints of our Constitution.... In previous terrorist attacks -- for example, the first attack against the World Trade Center, we were able to arrest those responsible, put them on trial. They are currently in U.S. prisons, incapacitated.'
"This is big -- because that prosecution, and the ground rules for it, had more to do with our inability to avert 9/11 than any other single factor. Because we treated the 1993 WTC bombing as simply a crime, our investigation was slow, sluggish and constrained by the need to acquire admissible evidence to convict the terrorists.
"As a result, we didn't know that Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda were responsible for the attack until 1997 -- too late for us to grab Osama when Sudan offered to send him to us in 1996. Clinton and National Security Adviser Sandy Berger turned down the offer, saying we had no grounds on which to hold him or to order his kidnapping or death.
"Obama's embrace of the post-'93 approach shows a blindness to the key distinction that has kept us safe since 9/11 -- the difference between prosecution and protection."
The War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War:
In August 2007, Obama suggested that as a result of President Bush’s poor military leadership, U.S. troops in Afghanistan had done a disservice to their mission by “just air raiding villages and killing civilians, which is causing enormous problems there.”
Vis a vis the war in Iraq, Obama, as noted earlier, was an outspoken opponent of the invasion at the outset. Over time, however, he made a number of statements that seemed to indicate vacillation in terms of his views about the war. During the November 11, 2007 airing of Meet The Press, newsman Tim Russert reminded him of some of those statements:
"In July of '04 [you said]: 'I'm not privy to Senate intelligence reports. What would I have done? I don't know,' in terms of how you would have voted on the war [in 2002].
"And then this: 'There's not much of a difference between my position on Iraq and George Bush's position at this stage.' That was July of '04.
"And this: 'I think' there's 'some room for disagreement in that initial decision to vote for authorization of the war.'
"It doesn't seem that you are firmly wedded against the war, and that you left some wiggle room that, if you had been in the Senate, you may have voted for it."
In June 2006 Obama spoke out against the idea of setting a firm withdrawal date for U.S. troops in Iraq. Immediately after the midterm election five months later, however, Obama declared that it was vital "to change our policy" and to bring home all American troops. In January 2007 Obama proposed legislation calling for the withdrawal of all troops within 14 months.
In early 2008, the Obama campaign website declared that Obama, as President:
“... would immediately begin to pull out troops engaged in combat operations at a pace of one or two brigades every month, to be completed by the end of [2009]. He would call for a new constitutional convention in Iraq, convened with the United Nations , which would not adjourn until Iraq’s leaders reach a new accord on reconciliation. He would use presidential leadership to surge our diplomacy with all of the nations of the region on behalf of a new regional security compact. And he would take immediate steps to confront the humanitarian disaster in Iraq, and to hold accountable any perpetrators of potential war crimes.”
Claiming that the U.S. presence in Iraq was “illegal,” Obama campaigned publicly in 2007 and 2008 for a speedy withdrawal of American troops from Iraq. But in a July 2008 discussion he held with Iraqi leaders in Baghdad, Obama privately tried to persuade them to delay an agreement on a timetable for such a withdrawal until after the November elections. According to Iraqi Foreign Minister Hoshyar Zebari, “He asked why we were not prepared to delay an agreement until after the U.S. elections and the formation of a new administration in Washington…. However, as an Iraqi, I prefer to have a security agreement that regulates the activities of foreign troops, rather than keeping the matter open.”
The political implications of delaying the troop withdrawal were clear: If Obama were to win the election and subsequently set the withdrawal in motion, he could claim credit for doing what President Bush allegedly had been unable or unwilling to do.
Obama also vowed to “fulfill America's obligation to accept refugees” from Iraq. “The State Department pledged to allow 7,000 Iraqi refugees into America,” said the Obama campaign, “but has only let 190 into the United States. [President] Obama would expedite the Department of Homeland Security's review of Iraqi asylum applicants.”
After President Bush announced in January 2007 that he would send a “surge” of some 21,500 additional troops to Iraq in an effort to quell the insurgency there, Obama said : “I am not persuaded that 20,000 additional troops in Iraq is going to solve the sectarian violence there. In fact, I think it will do the reverse.” Throughout 2007, Obama continued to argue that the surge was ill-advised.
Three weeks after President Bush had announced the surge, Senator Obama introduced the “Iraq War De-escalation Act of 2007,” which, if it had passed, would have removed all U.S. troops from Iraq by March 2008. “I don’t know any expert on the region or any military officer that I’ve spoken to privately that believes that that is going to make a substantial difference on the situation on the ground,” said Obama.
In July 2007, Obama said : "Here's what we know. The surge has not worked."
In July 2008, by which time the surge had proven to be extremely effective in reducing the violence in Iraq, newscaster Katie Couric asked Obama: “But yet you're saying ... given what you know now, you still wouldn't support [the surge] ... so I'm just trying to understand this.” Obama replied :
“Because ... it's pretty straightforward. By us putting $10 billion to $12 billion a month, $200 billion, that's money that could have gone into Afghanistan. Those additional troops could have gone into Afghanistan. That money also could have been used to shore up a declining economic situation in the United States. That money could have been applied to having a serious energy security plan so that we were reducing our demand on oil, which is helping to fund the insurgents in many countries. So those are all factors that would be taken into consideration in my decision -- to deal with a specific tactic or strategy inside of Iraq.”
In mid-July 2008, the portions of Obama's campaign website that had emphasized his opposition to the troop surge and his statement that more troops would not change the course of the war, were suddenly removed .
On the matter of using enhanced interrogation techniques (such as waterboarding) on high-level terrorist suspects, Obama emphatically pledged to end that practice: “This means ending the practices of shipping away prisoners in the dead of night to be tortured in far-off countries, of detaining thousands without charge or trial, of maintaining a network of secret prisons to jail people beyond the reach of law.... That will be my position as president. That includes renditions.”
Obama also condemned the "flawed military-commission system that has failed to convict anyone of a terrorist act since the 9/11 attacks and that has been embroiled in legal challenges." He preferred to try terror suspects and unlawfal combatants in civilian courts rather than in military tribunals.
Moreover, Obama criticized the Bush administration's warrantless wiretaps of terror suspects: “This administration acts like violating civil liberties is the way to enhance our security. It is not.”
Obama commonly accused the Bush administration of trampling on the Constitution: “I taught constitutional law for ten years at the University of Chicago, so . . . um . . . your next president will actually believe in the Constitution, which you can’t say about your current president.”
Israel:
While running for Congress in 2000, Obama prepared a position paper on Israel in which he stated , “Jerusalem should remain united and should be recognized as Israel's capital.”
Along the same lines, in January 2008 Obama wrote , in response to a question about how he foresaw "the likely final status of Jerusalem," that “Jerusalem will remain Israel's capital, and no one should want or expect it to be re-divided.”
Similarly, in a June 4, 2008 speech to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, Obama said , “Let me be clear…. Jerusalem will remain the capital of Israel, and it must remain undivided.”
The next day, after a number of Arab sources criticized Obama's comments, an unnamed Obama adviser tried to “clarify” the candidate’s statement by suggesting that it left room for Palestinian sovereignty. Soon thereafter, Obama said : “[T]he truth is that this was an example where we had some poor phrasing in the speech” and a reminder of the need to be “careful in terms of our syntax.” He said his point had been “simply” that “we don't want barbed wire running through Jerusalem, similar to the way it was prior to the '67 war.”
Military/Missile Defense/Weapons Systems:
In 2006, Obama, speaking to an audience about the interplay between faith and politics, said :
"Which passages of scripture should guide our public policy? Should we go with Leviticus, which suggests slavery is OK and that eating shellfish is an abomination? Or we could go with Deuteronomy which suggests stoning your child if he strays from the faith. Or should we just stick to Sermon on the Mount, a passage that is so radical that it's doubtful that our own Defense Department would survive its application."
Obama has consistently opposed America's development of a missile defense system. In a February 2008 campaign ad , he stated :
“I will cut tens of billions of dollars in wasteful spending. I will cut investments in unproven missile defense systems. I will not weaponize space. I will slow our development of future combat systems. I will institute an independent Defense Priorities Board to ensure that the Quadrennial Defense Review is not used to justify unnecessary defense spending.... I will set a goal of a world without nuclear weapons. To seek that goal, I will not develop new nuclear weapons. I will seek a global ban on the production of fissile material….”
Redistribution of Wealth:
During a call-in program on Chicago's WBEZ public radio in 2001, state senator Barack Obama said the following (click here for audio):
"You know, if you look at the victories and failures of the civil-rights movement, and its litigation strategy in the court, I think where it succeeded was to vest formal rights in previously dispossessed peoples. So that I would now have the right to vote, I would now be able to sit at a lunch counter and order and as long as I could pay for it, I’d be okay, but the Supreme Court never entered into the issues of redistribution of wealth, and sort of more basic issues of political and economic justice in this society.
"And uh, to that extent, as radical as I think people tried to characterize the Warren Court, it wasn’t that radical. It didn’t break free from the essential constraints that were placed by the Founding Fathers in the Constitution — at least as it’s been interpreted, and Warren Court interpreted it in the same way, that generally the Constitution is a charter of negative liberties: [It] says what the states can’t do to you, says what the federal government can’t do to you, but it doesn’t say what the federal government or the state government must do on your behalf.
"And that hasn’t shifted, and one of the, I think, the tragedies of the civil-rights movement was because the civil-rights movement became so court-focused, uh, I think that there was a tendency to lose track of the political and community organizing and activities on the ground that are able to put together the actual coalitions of power through which you bring about redistributive change. And in some ways we still suffer from that."
A caller then asked: “The gentleman [Obama] made the point that the Warren Court wasn’t terribly radical. My question is (with economic changes) … my question is, is it too late for that kind of reparative work, economically, and is that the appropriate place for reparative economic work to change place?”
Obama replied:
"You know, I’m not optimistic about bringing about major redistributive change through the courts. The institution just isn’t structured that way.... You start getting into all sorts of separation of powers issues, you know, in terms of the court monitoring or engaging in a process that essentially is administrative and takes a lot of time. You know, the court is just not very good at it, and politically, it’s just very hard to legitimize opinions from the court in that regard.
"So I think that, although you can craft theoretical justifications for it, legally, you know, I think any three of us sitting here could come up with a rationale for bringing about economic change through the courts."
In October 2008, Bill Whittle of National Review Online analyzed Obama's words (from 2001) as follows:
"There is nothing vague or ambiguous about this. Nothing.
"From the top: '…The Supreme Court never entered into the issues of redistribution of wealth, and sort of more basic issues of political and economic justice in this society. And uh, to that extent, as radical as I think people tried to characterize the Warren Court, it wasn’t that radical.'
"If the second highlighted phrase had been there without the first, Obama’s defenders would have bent over backwards trying to spin the meaning of 'political and economic justice.' We all know what political and economic justice means, because Barack Obama has already made it crystal clear a second earlier: It means redistribution of wealth. Not the creation of wealth and certainly not the creation of opportunity, but simply taking money from the successful and hard-working and distributing it to those whom the government decides 'deserve' it.
"This redistribution of wealth, he states, 'essentially is administrative and takes a lot of time.' It is an administrative task. Not suitable for the courts. More suitable for the chief executive.
"Now that’s just garden-variety socialism ... [C]onsider this next statement with as much care as you can possibly bring to bear: 'And uh, to that extent, as radical as I think people tried to characterize the Warren Court, it wasn’t that radical. It didn’t break free from the essential constraints that were placed by the Founding Fathers in the Constitution — at least as it’s been interpreted, and [the] Warren Court interpreted it in the same way, that generally the Constitution is a charter of negative liberties: [it] says what the states can’t do to you, says what the federal government can’t do to you, but it doesn’t say what the federal government or the state government must do on your behalf.'
"The United States of America — five percent of the world’s population — leads the world economically, militarily, scientifically, and culturally — and by a spectacular margin. Any one of these achievements, taken alone, would be cause for enormous pride. To dominate as we do in all four arenas has no historical precedent. That we have achieved so much in so many areas is due — due entirely — to the structure of our society as outlined in the Constitution of the United States.
"The entire purpose of the Constitution was to limit government. That limitation of powers is what has unlocked in America the vast human potential available in any population.
"Barack Obama sees that limiting of government not as a lynchpin but rather as a fatal flaw: “…One of the, I think, the tragedies of the Civil Rights movement was because the Civil Rights movement became so court-focused, uh, I think that there was a tendency to lose track of thepolitical and community organizing and activities on the ground that are able to put together the actual coalitions of power through which you bring about redistributive change. And in some ways we still suffer from that.'
"There is no room for wiggle or misunderstanding here. This is not edited copy. There is nothing out of context; for the entire thing is context — the context of what Barack Obama believes. You and I do not have to guess at what he believes or try to interpret what he believes. He says what he believes.
"We have, in our storied history, elected Democrats and Republicans, liberals and conservatives and moderates. We have fought, and will continue to fight, pitched battles about how best to govern this nation. But we have never, ever in our 232-year history, elected a president who so completely and openly opposed the idea of limited government, the absolute cornerstone of makes the United States of America unique and exceptional."
Taxes:
Obama generally favors significant increases in the tax rates paid by Americans. In 2001 he said, "I consider the Bush tax cuts for the wealthy to be both fiscally irresponsible and morally troubling."
Obama has been known to characterize high-earners' reluctance to pay more money in taxes as evidence of their racial insensitivity or bigotry. In a 1995 interview, for instance, he made a disparaging reference to a hypothetical "white executive living out in the suburbs, who doesn't want to pay taxes to inner-city children for them to go to school." In the same interview, he condemned the widespread "tendency," both in the U.S. and elsewhere, "for one group to try to suppress another group in the interest of power or greed or resources or what have you."
During a June 28, 2007 primary debate at Howard University, Obama was asked, “Do you agree that the rich aren't paying their fair share of taxes?” He replied , “There’s no doubt that the tax system has been skewed. And the Bush tax cuts -- people didn’t need them, and they weren't even asking for them, and that’s why they need to be less, so that we can pay for universal health care and other initiatives.”
In 1999 Obama voted “No” on a bill to create an income tax credit for the families of all full-time K-12 pupils. In 2003 he voted “Yes” on a bill to retain the Illinois Estate Tax. He also supported raising taxes on insurance premiums and levying a new tax on businesses. In his keynote address at a 2006 “Building a Covenant for a New America” conference, he urged Americans of all faiths to convene on Capitol Hill and give it an “injection of morality” by opposing a repeal of the estate tax.
In the U.S. Senate, Obama voted several dozen times in favor of tax increases.
In June 2008, Rea Hederman and Patrick Tyrell of the Heritage Foundation summarized presidential candidate Obama's tax proposals as follows:
"His plan would boost the top marginal [income tax] rate to well over 55 percent—before the inclusion of state and local taxes—resulting in many individuals seeing their marginal tax rate double…. Senator Obama would end the Bush tax cuts and allow the top two tax rates to return to 36 and 39.6 percent. He also would allow personal exemptions and deductions to be phased out for those with income over $250,000 … [and] would end the Social Security payroll tax cap for those over $250,000 in earnings. (The cap is currently set at $102,000.) These individuals will then face a tax rate of 15.65 percent from payroll taxes and the top income tax rate of 39.6 percent for a combined top rate of over 56 percent on each additional dollar earned.
"High-income individuals will be forced to pay even more if they live in cities or states with high taxes such as New York City, California, or Maryland. These unlucky people would pay over two-thirds of each new dollar in earnings to the federal government…. Senator Obama's new tax rate would give the United States one of the highest tax rates among developed countries. Currently only six of the top 30 industrial nations have a tax rate for all levels of government combined of over 55 percent. Under this tax plan, the United States would join this group and have a higher top rate than such high-tax nations as Sweden and Denmark. The top marginal rate would exceed 60 percent with the inclusion of state and local taxes, which means that only Hungary would exceed Senator Obama's new proposed top tax rate."
In an April 2008 Democratic primary debate, Obama was asked, by journalist Charlie Gibson, a question about his proposal to nearly double the capital gains tax (from 15 percent to 28 percent). Said Gibson: “… In each instance when the rate dropped [in the 1990s], revenues from the tax increased. The government took in more money. And in the 1980s, when the [capital gains] tax was increased to 28 percent, the revenues went down. So why raise it at all, especially given the fact that 100 million people in this country own stock and would be affected?”
Obama replied that he wished to raise the tax “for purposes of fairness.” “We saw an article today,” he explained, “which showed that the top 50 hedge fund managers made $29 billion last year…. [T]hose who are able to work the stock market and amass huge fortunes on capital gains are paying a lower tax rate than their secretaries. That’s not fair.”
In a September 2008 Fox News Channel television interview , Obama pledged to cut taxes for 95 percent of Americans, while raising taxes on those who earn more than $250,000. Political commentator Bill O’Reilly objected, “That's class warfare. You're taking the wealthy in America, the big earners … you're taking money away from them and you're giving it to people who don't. That's called income redistribution. It's a socialist tenet. Come on, you know that.”
Obama replied, “Teddy Roosevelt supported a progressive income tax…. If I am sitting pretty and you've got a waitress who is making minimum wage plus tips, and I can afford it and she can't, what's the big deal for me to say, I'm going to pay a little bit more? That is neighborliness.”
In October 2008, CNS News provided the following analysis of the Obama tax plan, which, according to Obama, would feature the aforementioned tax cut for all those earning less than $250,000 per year, or 95 percent of American taxpayers:
"Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama’s plan to cut taxes on 95 percent of taxpayers would effectively increase government spending by an average of $64.8 billion a year and effectively raise income tax rates for many Americans, even on some earning $20-$50,000 per year, according to the non-partisan Tax Policy Center.
"The heart of Obama’s tax cut proposal is in his use of refundable tax credits, which the Center describes as 'credits available to eligible households even if they have no income tax liability' -- in short, refunds available even to those who don’t pay taxes. These refunds are claimed on tax returns and are paid to all taxpayers who qualify for them, regardless of whether they owe taxes or not. These refunds have the ability of reducing a taxpayer’s liability below zero, meaning they can get a refund without actually paying taxes.
"In real numbers, 60.7 million people who have no tax burden at all will receive refunds from Obama, while only 33.8 million people, who pay approximately 40 percent of income taxes, will get any kind of refund. Twenty percent of taxpayers, who pay 87.5 percent of total income taxes, will actually see after-tax income decline under Obama by nearly two percent, according to the Center.
"By using these refunds, Obama is able to claim that he is giving a tax cut to 95 percent of households, although only 62 percent of households pay any income taxes at all. This means that Obama’s tax plan calls for giving money to some households that do not pay taxes, including a plan to make community college 'essentially free' and pay 10 percent of the interest on all mortgages.
"The problem with Obama’s characterization that his proposals are tax cuts is that refundable credits are calculated as outlays, or direct spending, not as reductions in tax rates, according to the Center. This means that, in budgetary terms, some of Obama’s tax cuts are actually spending increases.
"The Tax Policy Center estimates that Obama’s spending proposals will be so large that they effectively eliminate income taxes for 15 million households, increasing the percentage of households that pay no taxes from 37.8 percent to 48.1 percent....
"When compared with current law, people earning $20,000-$50,000 a year will see their effective tax rates -- the amount of money the taxpayer actually ends up paying the government -- increase on average under Obama’s plan, according to Tax Policy Center figures.
"Most households making $30,000-$75,000 will not see a reduction in their taxes under Obama’s plan relative to current law, according to the Center. In fact, the only strata that will see a majority of its effective tax burden reduced under Obama are those making less than $30,000 per year and those making $75,000-$200,000 per year."
The net result of the tax plan, according to the figures above, will be to increase by more than 25 percent the number of households that pay no taxes at all, thereby effectively increasing the size of the welfare state.
At an October 2008 campaign appearance in Ohio, Obama was approached by a man named Joe Wurzelbacher (who thereafter would become widely known in the media as “Joe the plumber”). Wurzelbacher told Obama that he was planning to purchase a business which was projected to earn in excess of $250,000 per hear, and that Obama’s tax plan, which would raise taxes (by 8.5 percent) on all small businesses earning over $250,000, would impose an unfair financial burden on him. Obama replied that the tax increase on businesses like his was justified because it would enable the government to give tax breaks to people earning considerably less than $250,000. “I think when you spread the wealth around, it’s good for everybody,” said Obama.
The National Taxpayers Union -- an organization that " seeks to reduce government spending, cut taxes, and protect the rights of taxpayers" -- gave Obama ratings of zero percent, 16 percent, and "F" in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively.
Americans for Tax Reform -- which " believes in a system in which taxes are simpler, fairer, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today" -- gave Obama a zero percent rating in 2005 and a 15 percent rating in 2006.
The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council -- which " works to influence legislation and policies that help to create a favorable and productive environment for small businesses and entrepreneurship" -- gave Obama a rating of 9 percent in 2005.
The National Federation of Independent Business -- which seeks "to impact public policy at the state and federal level and be a key business resource for small and independent business in America" -- gave Obama a rating of 12 percent in 2005-2006.
The Business-Industry Political Action Committee -- which " supports pro-business candidates who have demonstrated the skill and leadership necessary to fuel a pro-business Congress" -- rated Obama 15 percent in 2005 and 10 percent in 2006.
Earmarks:
"Earmarking" refers to the commonplace congressional practice of directing federal tax dollars to local projects which are often frivolous and of extremely limited utility. In fiscal year 2008, Obama was the sole Senate sponsor of 29 earmarks whose aggregate sum was $10.7 million. Earmarks are often informal quid pro quo arrangements, where recipients show gratitude by giving money to the political official who steered the earmarks their way. For example, after Obama inserted earmarks into a 2008 defense appropriations bill, the recipients sent $16,000 in contributions to Obama's presidential campaign.
Sometimes the quid pro quo works in the other direction, where the senator earmarks money for recipients after they have taken action that is in some way beneficial to the senator. For example, in 2007 Obama earmarked $1 million for the University of Chicago Medical Center, where his wife, who served as vice president of the Center, had received a $200,000 pay raise immediately after Obama took office as senator in early 2005.[20]
Price Controls:
In 1998 Obama proposed the creation of a study panel to examine the feasibility of having the government regulate and cap automobile insurance rates. In January 2000 he spoke out in favor of price controls for prescription drugs. A year later he called for the establishment of a five-person government "review board" to place a cap on drug prices in Illinois. To read economist Thomas Sowell's explanation of why price controls have historically failed to lower costs or improve products and services, click here .[21]
Voting Rights:
In September 2005, Obama sponsored " Senate Concurrent Resolution 53 ," which expressed "the sense of Congress that any effort to impose photo identification requirements for voting should be rejected."
Immigration:
Obama’s voting record clearly reflects his desire to expand entitlements for illegal aliens.
Obama opposes immigration raids designed to identify illegal aliens in workplaces or housing units. He says the U.S. should “allow undocumented immigrants who are in good standing to pay a fine, learn English, and go to the back of the line for the opportunity to become citizens.” “When I was a state senator in Illinois,” Obama has said , “I voted to require that illegal aliens get trained, get a license, get insurance to protect public safety. That was my intention. The problem we have here is not driver’s licenses. Undocumented workers do not come here to drive. They’re here to work.” In short, he is in favor of permitting illegal aliens to obtain driver's licenses.
Obama voted in favor of allowing former illegal aliens who had previously worked at jobs under phony or stolen Social Security numbers, to someday reap the benefits of whatever Social Security contributions they may have made while they were so employed.
He voted in favor of an amendment placing an expiration date on a point-based immigration system (i.e., a system that seeks to ensure that people with skills that society needs are given preference for entry into the United States). Obama instead advocates a system focusing on the reunification of family members, even if that means permitting the relatives of illegal aliens to join the latter in America.
Obama seeks to delineate a “path to citizenship” for illegal aliens, so as to “ bring people out of the shadows ” and allow them to “to fully embrace our values and become full members of our democracy.” Said the Obama campaign in 2008: “America has always been a nation of immigrants…. For the millions living here illegally but otherwise playing by the rules, we must encourage them to come out of hiding and get right with the law.”
As a U.S. senator, Obama was a supporter of the DREAM Act, intended to allow illegal aliens to attend college at the reduced tuition rates normally reserved for in-state legal residents. He helped to pass a state version of such a law in Illinois during his years as a state senator. Said the Obama campaign, the DREAM Act “would allow undocumented children brought to the United states the opportunity to pursue higher education or serve in our military, and eventually becoming legalized citizens…. [I]nstead of driving thousands of children who were on the right path into the shadows, we need to giver those who play by the rules the opportunity to succeed.”
In September 2008, Obama told the North Carolina Public Radio station WUNC that the children of illegal immigrants should be permitted to attend community colleges. "For us to deny them access to community college, even though they’ve never lived in Mexico, as least as far as they can tell, is to deny that this is how we’ve always built this country up," said Obama.
According to Dick Morris, the political strategist who formerly advised President Bill Clinton, Obama’s plan for universal health care would include coverage for illegal immigrants .
In March 2008, Obama voted to table a Senate amendment calling for the withdrawal of federal assistance “to sanctuary cities that ignore the immigration laws of the United States and create safe havens for illegal aliens and potential terrorists.”
In July 2007 Obama was a featured speaker at the annual convention of the National Council of La Raza , an open-borders group that lobbies for racial preferences, mass immigration, and amnesty for illegal aliens. Among his remarks were the following :
“I will never walk away from the 12 million undocumented immigrants who live, work, and contribute to our country every single day.
“There are few better examples of how broken, bitter, and divisive our politics has become than the immigration debate that played out in Washington a few weeks ago. So many of us -- Democrats and Republicans -- were willing to compromise in order to pass comprehensive reform that would secure our borders while giving the undocumented a chance to earn their citizenship....
“[W]e are a nation of immigrants -- a nation that has always been willing to give weary travelers from around the world the chance to come here and reach for the dream that so many of us have reached for. That's the America that answered my father's letters and his prayers and brought him here from Kenya so long ago. That's the America we believe in.
“But that's the America that the President and too many Republicans walked away from when the politics got tough.... [W]e saw parts of the immigration debate took a turn that was both ugly and racist in a way we haven't seen since the struggle for civil rights....
“We don't expect our government to guarantee success and happiness, but when millions of children start the race of life so far behind only because of race, only because of class, that's a betrayal of our ideals. That's not just a Latino problem or an African-American problem; that is an American problem that we have to solve....
“It's an American problem when one in four Latinos cannot communicate well with their doctor about what's wrong or fill out medical forms because there are language barriers we refuse to break down....”
In July 2008, Obama again spoke to NCLR. Among his remarks were the following :
“The theme of this [La Raza] conference is the work of your lives: strengthening America together. It's been the work of this organization for four decades --lifting up families and transforming communities across America. And for that, I honor you, I congratulate you, I thank you, and I wish you another forty years as extraordinary as your last….
“The system isn't working when a child in a crumbling school graduates without learning to read or doesn't graduate at all. Or when a young person at the top of her class -- a young person with so much to offer this country -- can't attend a public college.
“The system isn't working when Hispanics are losing their jobs faster than almost anybody else, or working jobs that pay less, and come with fewer benefits than almost anybody else.
“The system isn't working when 12 million people live in hiding, and hundreds of thousands cross our borders illegally each year; when companies hire undocumented immigrants instead of legal citizens to avoid paying overtime or to avoid a union; when communities are terrorized by ICE immigration raids -- when nursing mothers are torn from their babies, when children come home from school to find their parents missing, when people are detained without access to legal counsel….
“[W]e'll make the system work again for everyone. By living up to the ideals that this organization has always embodied the ideals reflected in your name, ‘Raza,’ the people. [Actually, a literal translation is “the race.”] … And together, we won't just win an election; we will transform this nation.”
The U.S. Border Control (USBC), a nonprofit citizen's lobby dedicated to ending illegal immigration and securing America’s borders, reports that Obama’s immigration-related votes are consistent with USBC’s values only 8 percent of the time. By USBC’s definition, Obama’s stance on immigration qualifies him as an “open borders” advocate.
English Language:
Obama voted against a bill to declare English the official language of the U.S. government. Under this bill, no person would be entitled to have the government communicate with him (or provide materials for him) in any language other than English. Nothing in the bill, however, prohibited the use of a language other than English.
Constitution / Supreme Court:
In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope , Obama expresses his belief that the U.S. Constitution is a living document (subject to reinterpretation and change), and states that, as President, he would not appoint a strict constructionist (a Justice who seeks to apply the text as it is written and without further inference) to the Supreme Court:
“When we get in a tussle, we appeal to the Founding Fathers and the Constitution’s ratifiers to give direction. Some, like Justice Scalia, conclude that the original understanding must be followed and if we obey this rule, democracy is respected. Others, like Justice Breyer, insist that sometimes the original understanding can take you only so far -- that on the truly big arguments, we have to take context, history, and the practical outcomes of a decision into account. I have to side with Justice Breyer’s view of the Constitution -- that it is not a static but rather a living document and must be read in the context of an ever-changing world.”
When President Bush in 2005 nominated John Roberts to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Obama stated that few Supreme Court cases involve any controversy at all, “so that both a [conservative like] Scalia and a [leftist like] Ginsburg will arrive at the same place most of the time on those 95 percent of cases.” In the other 5 percent, he said, “the critical ingredient” was neither the law nor the Constitution says, but rather “what is in the judge’s heart.”
Obama said in a floor speech on September 22, 2005:
“[W]hen I examined Judge Roberts’ record and history of public service, it is my personal estimation that he has far more often used his formidable skills on behalf of the strong in opposition to the weak. In his work in the White House and the Solicitor General’s Office, he seemed to have consistently sided with those who were dismissive of efforts to eradicate the remnants of racial discrimination in our political process. In these same positions, he seemed dismissive of concerns that it is harder to make it in this world and in this economy when you are a woman rather than a man.”
Obama was also “deeply troubled” by “the philosophy, ideology and record” of yet another Bush nominee to the Supreme Court, Samuel Alito. “There is no indication that he [Alito] is not a man of fine character,” Obama said in a floor speech on January 26, 2006. “But when you look at his record, when it comes to his understanding of the Constitution, I found that in almost every case he consistently sides on behalf of the powerful against the powerless.”
Columnist Terrence Jeffrey observed in February 2008:
“In contrast to his soaring campaign rhetoric about bringing America together, Obama’s Senate speeches against Roberts and Alito revealed a polarizing vision of America. Minorities, women, employees and criminal defendants were among the weak; majorities, men, employers and prosecutors were among the strong.”
In April 2007, newsman Wolf Blitzer asked Obama, "Are there ... Justices right now upon whom you would model [appointments to the Supreme Court]?" Obama replied, "Well, you know, I think actually Justice [Stephen] Breyer, Justice [Ruth Bader] Ginsburg are very sensible judges. I think that Justice [David] Souter ... is a sensible judge."
In an August 2008 symposium, Obama was asked which, if any, of the current Supreme Court Justices he would not have nominated if he had been President at the time. He replied that he would not have nominated Clarence Thomas, because “I don’t think that he was a strong enough jurist or legal thinker at the time for that elevation. Setting aside the fact that I profoundly disagree with his interpretation of a lot of the Constitution.”
On another occasion, Obama criticized Justice Antonin Scalia for believing "that the original understanding [of the Constitution] must be followed, and that if we strictly obey this rule, then Democracy is respected.... [I]t is unrealistic to believe that a judge, two hundred years later, can somehow discern the original intent of the Founders or ratifiers."[22]
Explaining the criteria by which he would appoint judges to the federal bench, Obama declared :
"We need somebody who's got the heart, the empathy, to recognize what it's like to be a young teenage mom, the empathy to understand what it's like to be poor or African-American or gay or disabled or old--and that's the criterion by which I'll be selecting my judges."
Labor Unions:
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How many dry gallons are there in a bushel ? | Barack Obama, President of the United States - GovTrack.us
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Obama, a Democrat, is President of the United States and has served since Jan 20, 2009 (next election in 2016).
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Analysis
Our unique analysis of the bills Obama sponsored and cosponsored provides insight into his position in the Senate.
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Voting Record
Oct 1, 2008. Bill Passed 86/13.
Yea
H.R. 6304 (110th): FISA Amendments Act of 2008
Jul 9, 2008. Bill Passed 69/28.
The FISA Amendments Act of 2008 (also called the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, H.R. 6304, enacted 2008-07-10) is an Act of Congress that amended the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. It has been used as the legal basis for mass ...
Not Voting
Jun 18, 2008. Veto Overridden 80/14.
Not Voting
H.R. 2419 (110th): Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
Dec 14, 2007. Bill Passed 79/14.
The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (Pub.L. 110–234, H.R. 2419, 122 Stat. 923, enacted May 22, 2008, also known as the 2008 U.S. Farm Bill) was a $288 billion, five-year agricultural policy bill that was passed into law by the United States Congress ...
Yea
Feb 8, 2007. Nomination Confirmed 83/14.
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From Jan 2005 to Oct 2008, Obama missed 314 of 1,300 roll call votes, which is 24.2%. This is much worse than the median of 2.2% among the lifetime records of senators serving in Oct 2008. The chart below reports missed votes over time.
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What, in anatomy, is the hardest part of the body ? | What is the hardest part in human body? | Socratic
What is the hardest part in human body?
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The enamel surrounding your teeth is the hardest substance of the body.
Explanation:
The enamel surrounding your teeth is the hardest substance of the body.
The Frontal Bone of the skull is a very strong structure as is the shaft of the Femur.
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Depends whether male or female
Explanation:
for males the forehead is the hardest part of the body however for females it is the pelvis
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The hardest part of the human body is the enamel that covers the teeth
Explanation:
It covers the exposed part of your teeth above your gum. The roots of your teeth are fixed into a socket in your jawbone. Although your teeth are hard on the outside, they actually have a soft centre
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| Enamel |
In Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream , what is the job of the ' rude mechanical ' Bottom ? | Tooth Anatomy - Tissues of a Tooth
Tooth Anatomy - Tissues of a Tooth
The Anatomy of a Tooth
Although humans have 4 different types of teeth with significant variations in their external morphology, they all share a common internal dental anatomy. All human teeth consist of 3 main layers. The external and hardest of all layers is the enamel, underneath of enamel there is dentin, and at the center of the tooth lies the softer and live part of the tooth, the pulp.
A basic knowledge of the internal anatomy of the tooth and its structure is necessary in order to understand the development of several dental conditions, their causes and their treatments. If we take a section of a human tooth we will be able to distinguish 4 different types of tissues, enamel, cementum, dentin, and pulp tissue. The main characteristics of each part of the tooth structure are described in this article (for more detailed information about each one follow the links to the specific pages).
The main parts of tooth anatomy are Enamel , Dentin , Cementum , and Pulp .
The Tooth Enamel
Enamel is the outermost layer of the tooth structure of the crown, the part of the tooth that is above the gums. Dental enamel is the hardest and most mineralized substance in the human body. It looks like bone but it is much harder, denser, and its composition is 96% inorganic.
Dental enamel offers a protective cover to the entire top of the tooth with its thickest point at the cusps of the tooth. It becomes thinner at the edges of the tooth closer to the gum line, up to the cement-enamel junction (CEJ) where it is substituted by the cementum that covers the root.
It is slightly translucent, so any change in the color of the underlying dentin, either due to the development of tooth decay, or due to discoloration usually becomes visible through the enamel. Its natural color can vary from grayish white to yellowish.
Although dental enamel is the hardest tissue of the human body, it is very vulnerable. Due to its very dense mineral structure, it is highly susceptible to acidic damage (demineralization), the main cause of tooth decay . Enamel is also very brittle, especially when not supported by sound underlying dentin. The main disadvantage of dental enamel is that it lacks the ability of repairing itself, as bones have. Any structural damage to the tooth enamel is permanent and can’t be repaired naturally by our body.
The Cementum
Cementum is the outer layer of the tooth structure for the root part of the tooth which lies under the gum line. It is a bonelike material, almost as hard as enamel, but with a less inorganic composition. Cementum is light yellowish in color, slightly lighter than dentin. It is not translucent as the enamel.
The main function of cementum is to protect the roots and anchor the teeth in their sockets inside the jaw bone. A network of fibers made of connective tissue (known as periodontal ligament) connects the cementum with the alveolar bone and keep the tooth steady in its socket (for more details see ΄periodontium΄).
It is more susceptible than enamel to tooth decay, especially due to the higher accumulation of bacterial plaque and dental calculus along the gum line, or underneath it (sub-gingival plaque). Unlike enamel, cementum is formed continuously throughout the life of the tooth to compensate for the substance loss due to tooth wear, and to allow for the attachment of new fibers of the periodontal ligament to the surface of the root.
The Dentin
Dentin is a bone-like material that makes up most of the tooth's structure. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and by the cementum in the root area of the tooth. It engulfs and protects the living part of the tooth, the pulp tissue.
Dentin has a light yellow color, which gives the tooth its natural color prevailing through the almost translucent enamel. It consists of 70% inorganic materials, with a spongy, porous structure made of tubules extending from the enamel to the pulp chamber. Nerve endings enter the dentinal tubules and may transmit signals such as pain in response to external stimuli.
Dentin is harder than bone but softer than enamel. It becomes very vulnerable to tooth decay if the protective cover of enamel or cementum is lost or weakened. However, the dentin is a living tissue, so it has the ability for some degree of growth and repair in response to certain physiologic and pathologic conditions.
The Dental Pulp
The dental pulp is the soft living tissue of the tooth. It can be found in the pulp chamber, a cavity in the center of the crown of each tooth, and inside the root canals which connect the pulp cavity with the opening at the root tip (apex) and through that with the rest of the body. The pulp contains blood vessels, connective tissue, nerves, and other cells including odontoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes.
The main function of the pulp is providing sensation and nourishment to the tooth, and the formation of dentin and cementum. The pulp tissue responds to irritation either by forming reparative secondary dentin for protection against the source of irritation or by becoming inflamed.
The pulp, as the living part of the tooth, has a high risk of infections. If bacteria manage to reach the pulp, e.g. due to tooth decay or through a crack of the tooth, they cause inflammation which is usually very painful due to the high pressure that is developed inside the enclosed space of the pulp chamber. If the pulp is infected and a dental abscess has developed, a root canal therapy is necessary to prevent further damage.
| i don't know |
In music, which major scale contains just one flat ? | basicmusictheory.com: Circle of fifths - Major flat scales
7
1
The Circle of fifths diagram below is greyed out except for the items covered in this lesson.
Drawing the major flat scale labels
Starting at 10 o'clock, draw in the first letter B(attle), then write in the first letters of each word moving around counter-clockwise, adding a flat name to all of them.
There will be one word left over after reaching the end of the spiral at 5 o'clock - Father, but this has already been drawn in when completing 2. Major sharps .
And now from 11 o'clock, write in the number of flats (1), adding 1 each time, moving counter-clockwise until the end of the spiral is reached at 5 o'clock, with 7 flats.
Just to quickly recap about what the label names mean from a music theory point of view:
The first letter of each word is the tonic note(ie. the starting note) of the major scale of that note name.
So for example, Battle is note Bb , which is the first note of the Bb major scale , and so on.
The above information gives us the order of the notes as they appear on the key signature (ie. the note names, sharps and flats, in the correct order) of each of these scales.
The remaining steps below take each scale in turn, and explain how to arrive at the key signature in each case, starting with the scale with the fewest flats - F major scale at 10 o'clock.
Major flats: F Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Cb Home Top ^
2. F major has 1 flat
This step shows how to work out how many sharps and flats the F major scale has, using only the Circle of 5ths major scale labels.
The F major scale is highlighted Circle of fifths diagram below. It has 1 flat note.
But which flat note does it contain ? Again, the Battle Ends... phrase provides the answer.
Simply take the next word in the phrase (.. the first word in this case) - Battle, and use that flattened note name.
So the F major scale contains a single flat note - Bb , which is highlighted just below the diagram title below.
Circle of fifths- F major has 1 flat, at 10 o'clock
Clock hr.
1
Checking the key signature and scale construction
The treble clef from the F major key signature page matches - there is a single flat symbol on the Bb line of the musical staff next to the treble clef.
The F major scale page shows this scale constructed 'longhand', by first working out the note intervals then deciding the note names.
Choosing the next scale on the diagram
The F major key signature is now complete, and now we need to move around the circle of 5ths diagram by one position counter-clockwise, to 10 o'clock.
As usual, just take the next word in the phrase, which (for major flats) will always be the note we have just flattened for this scale - Bb (attle).
But again, what does this actually mean, from a music theory perspective ?
2. Major sharps used the 5th note in the current scale to identify the major scale of the next hour clockwise.
But since we want to move counter-clockwise around the circle, the 4th note in the current scale will be used instead.
The piano diagram from this F major scale confirms that the fourth note is note B-flat, which is also our single flat note, so so the Bb major scale , will be covered in the next step.
Audio downloads
Major flats: F Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Cb Home Top ^
3. B-flat major has 2 flats
This step shows how to work out how many sharps and flats the B-flat major scale has, using only the Circle of 5ths major scale labels.
Now we have moved to word, Bb (attle), tonic note of the Bb major scale .
As we move around counter-clockwise, we know this scale contains one more flat than the previous step, so this scale has 2 flats in total.
But what is the note name that has the flat accidental ?
Again, just take the next word in the phrase (or look back one hour counter-clockwise) and use that flattened note name.
Circle of fifths- B-flat major has 2 flats, at 9 o'clock
Clock hr.
Eb
Checking the key signature and scale construction
The Bb major key signature page confirms there are 2 flat accidental symbols next to the treble clef symbol - one on the staff line for note B, then a second one in the staff space for note E.
Also, the Bb major scale page constructs this scale long-hand, by first working out the note intervals then deciding the note names. It too confirms there are 2 flats in this scale. We have again bypassed constructing this scale long-hand.
Choosing the next scale on the diagram
The key signature of B-flat major is done, and now need to move around the circle of 5ths diagram again by one position counter-clockwise, to 9 o'clock, note Eb (nds).
Again, the 4th scale note is used to identify the next hour position counter-clockwise, which the piano diagram confirms to be the note we have just flattened - Eb , which will have one flat more than this scale.
Before looking at the next scale, it is worth noting that the remaining major flat steps follow the same patterns as described above.
In each case, just look back to the previous hour position (1 hour counter-clockwise) with one more flat to get the name of the flattened note for the scale, add it to the previous key signature, then use that same flattened note as the next key signature for next step.
The spiral arm ends at Cb major scale , which has every note flattened, 7 in total.
Audio downloads
| F major |
The Simpsons cartoon series was originally part of who's TV show ? | Key Signature Calculation
30 different key signatures exist (15 for major scales and 15 for minor scales). Most theory students are expected to memorize all 30.
Fortunately, using the key signature calculation method, one only has to memorize seven.
In the calculation method, each key signature is assigned a numeric value based on the number and type of accidentals. Sharps are positive; flats are negative.
The key of C Major has no accidentals; therefore, its numeric value is 0.
The key of D Major has two sharps; thus, its numeric value is 2.
The key of E Major has four sharps - a numeric value of 4.
The key of F Major has one flat; therefore, its numeric value is -1. (Remember: flats are assigned negative numbers)
The key of G Major has one sharp. Its numeric value is 1.
The key of A Major has three sharps - a numeric value of 3.
Finally, the key of B Major has five sharps - giving it a numeric value of 5.
These seven values must be memorized before we can proceed.
Next, let's compare Cb, C, and C# Major.
If we start at C Major and subtract 7, we end up at Cb Major.
If we start at C Major and add 7, we end up at C# Major.
These two numeric relationships can help us calculate keys that we do not know.
Let's figure out Eb Major. First, start with E Major, which has a numeric value of 4.
To convert to Eb Major, subtract 7.
The result is -3; thus, Eb Major has 3 flats.
Let's try F# Major. Start with F Major, which is -1.
To convert to F# Major, add 7.
The result is 6; thus, F# Major has 6 sharps.
Next, we will examine minor scales. Compare C Major and C Minor.
To convert a major scale into its parallel minor, simply subtract 3.
Let's calculate D Minor. We will start with D Major, which is 2.
Next, simply subtract 3.
The result is -1. Therefore, D Minor has one 1 flat.
Next, let's try F Minor. We will start with F Major, which is -1.
Next, subtract 3.
The result is -4. Thus, F Minor has 4 flats.
Some key signatures require two conversions. For example, let's calculate C# Minor.
Start with C Major, which has a numeric value of 0.
Next, add 7 to get to C# Major.
Finally, subtract 3 to convert to C# Minor.
The result is 4. C# Minor therefore has 4 sharps.
Using the calculation method, it is possible to calculate key signatures which have more than seven accidentals.
While these exist in theory; in practice, they would not be used.
For example, let's calculate G# Major.
Start with G Major, which has a numeric value of 1.
Next, add 7 to get to G# Major.
The result is 8. G# Major therefore has 8 sharps - a double sharp and six normal sharps.
Again, this key is strictly theoretical. In practice, a composer would use the enharmonic equivalent of Ab major.
Use this chart for reference to the key signature calculation method.
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Which composer and pianist, usually included as one of the Three B's of classical music, wrote A German Requiem ? | 1000+ images about FAMOUS COMPOSERS OF MUSIC on Pinterest | Silk handkerchief, Instrumental and Yousuf karsh
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Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) was a composer of the Romantic Era, but he looked to Classical composers and Beethoven in particular for his inspiration. He was a master craftsman of symphonies, concertos and chamber music, with many songs and pieces for solo piano.
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In which modern country is the site of the legendary city of Troy ? | Johannes Brahms (Composer, Arranger) - Short Biography
Johannes Brahms (Composer, Arranger)
Born: May 7, 1833 - Hamburg , Germany
Died: April 3, 1897 - Vienna, Austria
Johannes Brahms was a German composer of Romantic music, who predominantly lived in Vienna, Austria.
Life
Johannes Brahms was born in Hamburg . His father, Johann Jakob Brahms, came to Hamburg from Schleswig-Holstein seeking a career as a town musician. He was proficient on several instruments but found employment mostly as a horn player and double bassist. He married Christiane Nissen, a seamstress, who was considerably older than him. They lived in the poor Gängeviertel district of the city, near the docks. Johann Jakob gave his son his first musical training. Brahms showed early promise on the piano (his younger brother Fritz also became a pianist) and helped to supplement the rather meager family income by playing the piano in restaurants and theaters, as well as by teaching. Although it is a widely-told tale that Brahms had to play the piano in bars and brothels, recent research, for example that by Kurt Hoffman1, suggests that this is probably false. For a time, he also learned the cello, although his progress was cut short when his teacher absconded with Brahms's instrument. His piano teachers were first Otto Cossel and then Eduard Marxsen, who had studied in Vienna with Ignaz Seyfried (a pupil of Mozart) and Carl von Bocklet (a close friend of Schubert). The young Brahms gave a few public concerts in Hamburg , and though he did not become well known as a pianist he made some concert tours in the 1850's and 1860's and in later life frequently participated in the performance of his own works, whether as soloist, accompanist, or participant in chamber music. Notably he gave the premieres of both his Piano Concerto No. 1 in 1859 and his Piano Concerto No. 2 in 1881. In his early teens he began to conduct choirs and eventually became an efficient orchestral conductor.
Johannes Brhams began to compose quite early in life (we know of a piano sonata he played or improvised at the age of 11), but his efforts did not receive much attention until he went on a concert tour as accompanist to the Hungarian violinist Eduard Reményi in April-May 1853. On this tour he met Joseph Joachim at Hanover, and went on to the Court of Weimar where he met Franz Liszt , Cornelius and Joachim Raff . According to several witnesses of Brahms's meeting with F. Liszt , at which Liszt performed Brahms's own op.4 Scherzo at sight, Reményi was offended by Brahms' failure to praise F. Liszt 's Sonata in B minor wholeheartedly (Brahms fell asleep during a performance of the recently-composed work), and they shortly afterwards parted company, although it was not clear as to whether F. Liszt felt offended or otherwise. Joachim had given Brahms a letter of introduction to Robert Schumann , however, and Brahms walked to Düsseldorf, arriving on September 30 and being welcomed into the Schumann family. Robert Schumann , amazed by the 20-year-old's talent, published an article 'Neue Bahnen' (New Paths) in the journal Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik alerting the public to the young man whom he claimed was 'destined to give ideal expression to the times'. This pronouncement was received with some scepticism outside Robert Schumann 's immediate circle, and may have increased the naturally self-critical Brahms's need to perfect his works and technique. While he was in Düsseldorf Brahms participated with Robert Schumann and Albert Dietrich in writing the jointly-composed 'F-A-E' Sonata for Joachim. He became very attached to Robert Schumann 's wife, the composer and pianist Clara Schumann , 14 years his senior, with whom he would carry on a lifelong, emotionally passionate, but (as far as is known) always platonic relationship. Brahms never married, despite strong feelings for several women and despite entering into an engagement, soon broken off, with Agathe von Siebold in Gottingen in 1859. After Robert Schumann 's attempted suicide and subsequent encarceration in a mental sanatorium near Bonn in February 1854, Brahms was the main go-between between Clara and her husband, and found himself virtually head of the household.
After Robert Schumann ן¿½s death at the sanatorium in 1856 Brahms divided his time between Hamburg , where he formed and conducted a ladiesן¿½ choir, and the principality of Detmold, where he was court music-teacher and conductor. He first visited Vienna in 1862, staying there over the winter, and in 1863 was appointed conductor of the Vienna Singakademie. Though he resigned the position the following year he based himself increasingly in Vienna and soon made his home there, though he toyed with the idea of taking up conducting posts elsewhere. From 1872 to 1875 he was Director of the concerts of the Vienna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde; afterwards he accepted no formal position. He refused an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Cambridge University in 1877 (he was afraid of being lionized in England, where his music was already very popular) but accepted one from the University of Breslau in 1879, composing the Academic Festival Overture in response.
He had been composing steadily throughout the 1850s and 60s, but his music had evoked divided critical responses and the First Piano Concerto had been badly received in some of its early performances. His works were labelled old-fashioned by the 'New German School' whose principal figures included F. Liszt and Wagner. Brahms in fact admired some of Wagner's music and admired F. Liszt as a great pianist, but in 1860 he attempted to organize a public protest against some of the wilder excesses of their music. His manifesto, which was published prematurely with only three supporting signatures, was a ludicrous failure and he never engaged in public polemics again. It was the premiere of Ein deutsches Requiem, his largest choral work, in Bremen in 1868 that confirmed Brahms's European reputation and led many to accept that he had fulfilled Robert Schumann ן¿½s prophecy. This may have given him the confidence finally to complete a number of works that had been wrestled with over many years, such as the cantata Rinaldo, his first String Quartet, Third Piano Quartet and, most notably, his First Symphony; this appeared in 1876, though it had been begun (and a version of the first movement seen by some of his friends) in the early 1860s. The other three symphonies then followed in fairly rapid succession (1877, 1883, 1885). From 1881 he was able to try out his new orchestral works with the court orchestra of the Duke of Meiningen , whose conductor was Hans von Bülow .
Brahms frequently traveled, both for business (concert tours) and pleasure. From 1878 onwards he often visited Italy in the springtime, and usually sought out a pleasant rural location in which to compose during the summer. He was a great walker and especially enjoyed spending time in the open air, where he felt that he could think more clearly.
In 1890, the 57-year-old Brahms resolved to give up composing. However, as it turned out, he was unable to abide by his decision, and in the years before his death he produced a number of acknowledged masterpieces. His admiration for Richard Muhlfeld, clarienttist with the Meiningen orchestra, caused him to compose the clarinet quintet Op.115 (1891), clarinet trio Op.114 (1891) and the two clarinet sonatas Op. 120 (1894). He also wrote several cycles of piano pieces, Opp.116-119 and the Four Serious Songs (Vier ernste Gesänge) Op. 121 (1896).
While completing the Op. 121 songs Brahms fell ill of cancer (sources differ on whether this was of the liver or pancreas). His condition gradually worsened and he died on April 3, 1897. Brahms is buried in the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna.
Although Brahms may be often regarded as one of the last bastions of the Romantic Period, he was a champion of form and logic within his works in contrast to the opulence and excesses of many of his contemporaries. Alongside Anton Bruckner, Brahms was perhaps the major practitioner of the symphony during the latter half of the 19th century and his works in this genre certainly paved the way for others such as Gustav Mahler and Jean Sibelius. Though he was diametrically opposed to Wagner during his lifetime, it is incorrect to characterize Brahms as a reactionary. His output was sometimes equally bold in harmony and expression, prompting Arnold Schoenberg to write his important essay entitled "Brahms the Progressive" which paved the way for the revaluation of Brahms's reputation in the 20th century. It is (perhaps) significant that Brahms himself had considered giving up composition at a time when all notions of tonality were being stretched to their limit and that further expansion would seemingly only result in the rules of tonality being broken altogether. It should be noted, however, that he offered substantial encouragement to A. Schoenberg 's teacher Alexander Zemlinsky and was apparently much impressed by an early quartet of A. Schoenberg 's.
Works
Brahms wrote a number of major works for orchestra, including four symphonies, two piano concertos, a Violin Concerto, a Double Concerto for violin and cello, and the large choral work A German Requiem (Ein deutsches Requiem). The last is notable in not being a traditional, liturgical requiem (Missa pro defunctis), but a setting of texts which Brahms selected from the Luther Bible. Brahms was also a prolific composer in the theme and variation form, having notably composed the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel , Paganini Variations, and Variations on a Theme by Joseph Haydn, along with other lesser known sets of variations.
Brahms also wrote a great deal of work for small forces. His many works of chamber music form part of the core of this repertoire, as does his solo piano music. Brahms is also considered to be among the greatest of composers of lieder, of which he wrote about 200. He also wrote a set of chorale preludes for organ shortly before his death, which have become an important part of the standard organ repertoire.
Brahms never wrote an opera, nor did he ever write in the characteristic 19th century form of the tone poem. Brahms strongly believed in absolute music, that is, music that does not rely upon a concrete scene or narrative as the tone poem does.
Despite his (deserved) reputation as a composer of great seriousness and of large, complex musical designs, in his lifetime some of Brahms's most widely-known and commercially successful compositions were small-scale and popular in intention, aimed at the then-large market of domestic music-making. These included his Hungarian Dances, the Waltzes op.39 for piano duet, the Liebeslieder Waltzes for vocal quartet and piano, and some of his many songs, notably the Wiegenlied, op.49 no.4 (published in 1868). This last item was written (to a folk text) to celebrate the birth of a son to Brahms's friend Bertha Faber, and is known throughout the English-speaking world as 'Brahms's Lullaby'.
Johannes Brahms (zZounds)
Bibliography
Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters, ISBN 0198162340 by Brahms himself, edited by Styra Avins, translated by Josef Eisinger (1998). A biography by way of comprehensive footnotes to a comprehensive collection of Brahms's letters (some translated into English for the first time). Elucidates some previously contentious matters, such as Brahms's reasons for declining the Cambridge invitation.
Brahms, His Life and Work, by Karl Geiringer, photographs by Irene Geiringer (1987, ISBN 0306802236). A bio and discussion of his musical output, supplemented by and cross-referenced with the body of correspondence sent to Brahms.
Charles Rosen discusses a number of Brahms's imitations of Beethoven in Chapter 9 of his Critical Entertainments: Music Old and New (2000; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674177304).
Brahms by Malcolm MacDonald is a biography and also discussion of virtually everything Brahms composed, along with chapters examining his position in Romantic music, his devotion to Early Music, and his influence on later composers. (Dent 'Master Musicians' series, 1990; 2nd edition Oxford, 2001, ISBN 019816484)
Johannes Brahms: A Biography, by Jan Swafford. A comprehensive (752 pages) look at the life and works of Brahms. (1999; Vintage, ISBN 0679745823)
Late Idyll: The Second Symphony of Johannes Brahms, by Reinhold Brinkmann, translated by Peter Palmer. An analysis of Symphony No.2 and meditation of its position in Brahms's career and in relation to 19th-century ideas of melancholy. (1995, Harvard, ISBN 0674511751)
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Which creature, according to Pliny, had a glance that meant certain death ? | D&D Monster Origins A-C
The balor comes from the balrog in the
Lord of the Rings
. By the final printing of the original D&D boxed set, the name was changed to Balor at the behest of the Tolkien estate. The new name comes from Celtic myth, although the character of Balor has no relation to the D&D creature.
Legolas turned and set an arrow to the string, though it was a long shot for his small bow. He drew, but his hand fell, and the arrow slipped to the ground. He gave a cry of dismay and fear. Two great trolls appeared; they bore great slabs of stone, and flung them down to serve as gangways over the fire. But it was not the trolls that had filled the Elf with terror. The ranks of the orcs had opened, and they crowded away, as if they themselves were afraid. Something was coming up behind them. What it was could not be seen: it was like a great shadow, in the middle of which was a dark form, of man-shape maybe, yet greater; and a power and terror seemed to be in it and to go before it.
It came to the edge of the fire and the light faded as if a cloud had bent over it. Then with a rush it leaped across the fissure. The flames roared up to greet it, and wreathed about it; and a black smoke swirled in the air. Its streaming mane kindled, and blazed behind it. In its right hand was a blade like a stabbing tongue of fire; in its left it held a whip of many thongs.
Ai! ai!
A Balrog! A Balrog is come!
J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973),
The Lord of the Rings
(1954). Book II, chapter 5.
Lugh and Balor of the Piercing Eye met in the battle. An evil eye had Balor the Fomorian. That eye was never opened save only on a battlefield. Four men used to lift up the lid of the eye with a polished handle which passed through its lid. If an army looked at the eye, though they were many thousands in number they could not resist a few warriors. It had a poisonous power. Once when his father's druids were concocting charms, he came and looked out of the window, and the fume of the concoction came under it , so that the poison of the concoction afterwards penetrated the eye that looked. He and Lugh met.
Lift up mine eyelid, my lad,
said Balor,
that I may see the babbler who is conversing with me.
The lid was raised from Balor's eye. Then Lugh cast a sling-stone at him, which carried the eye through his head while his own army looked on. And the sling-stone fell on the host of the Fomorians, and thrice nine of them died beside it, so that the crowns of their heads came against the breast of Indech son of Dea Domnann, and a gush of blood sprang over his lips.
Ancient Irish Tales
, tr./ed. Tom P. Cross and Clark Harris Slover (1936)
Barghest
Brand says that
in the northern parts of England, ghost is pronounced gheist and guest. Hence bar-guest, or bar-gheist. Many streets are haunted by a ghost, who assumes many strange appearances, as a mastiff-dog, &c. It is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon gast, spiritus, anima.
Brand might have added that bar is a term for gate in the north, and that all the gates of York are named
bars,
so that a bar-gheist is literally a gate-ghost…
The Barguest, or Barn-ghaist of the Teutons, is also reported to be a frequent visitor in Lancashire. The appearance of this sprite is considered as a certain death-sign, and has obtained the local names of
Trash
Thierbuch
(1563), illus. unknown. Public domain; thanks to Treasures of Keio University for the photo.
The basilisk and the cockatrice were originally understood to be the same monster, one which could kill by breath or glance. It was thought to come from Cyrenaica (northern Libya).
The like propertie [that is, killing those who look upon its eyes] hath the serpent called a Basiliske: bred it is in the province Cyrenaica, and is not above twelve fingers-breadth long: a white spot like a starre it carrieth on the head, and setteth it out like a coronet or diademe: if he but hisse once, no other serpents dare come neere: he creepeth not winding and crawling by as other serpents doe, with one part of the bodie driving the other forward, but goeth upright and aloft from the ground with the one halfe part of his bodie: he killeth all trees and shrubs not only that he toucheth, but that he doth breath upon also: as for grasse and hearbs, those hee sindgeth and burneth up, yea and breaketh stones in sunder: so venimous and deadly is he. It is received for a truth, that one of them upon a time was killed with a launce by an horseman from his horseback, but the poison was so strong that went from his bodie along the staffe, as it killed both horse and man: and yet a sillie weazle hath a deadly power to kill this monstrous serpent, as pernicious as it is (for may kings have been desirous to see the experience thereof, and the manner how he is killed.)
Pliny the Elder (23–79),
, tr. Philemon Holland (1601). Book 8 , chapter 21.
Beholder
Terry Kuntz came up with the beholder after he had been playing in my campaign for about two months. Where he got the idea I have no idea, but I latched onto it immediately, and with his kind permission made it an integral creature in the D&D roster of ugly customers to encounter.
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), August 17, 2003, EN World Q&A IV
Booka
The booka and kilmoulis are "fairie folk" from books of folklore from which I devised the creatures of the same nemes for the AD&D game.
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), December 3, 2005, EN World Q&A IX
Bredthralls
Like the thousandtooth, this was created by Sean Reynolds for
The Scarlet Brotherhood
.
Several sources hinted that the ancient Suel race created the derro, and it made sense that their racist xenophobic descendants would continue the practice of creating slave races, tho with lesser success. Thus, the komazar (stunted human-dwarf crossbreeds bred to work in mines, short legs make it hard for them to run away, mouth mutations make it difficult for them to speak), kurg (herbivorous minotaur-like humanoids bred for heavy labor), and rullhow (a crossbreed between humans and lemur-like creatures, fearful and meticulous, used to keep cities clean).
Sean K. Reynolds, personal communication, November 28, 2006.
Brownie
Gary Gygax confirmed that the pechs and brownies are based on early English folklore depiction of the Picts ( EN World Q&A XI , July 21).
Bugbear
The word suggests a monstrous sort of bear, with the former part of the word tracing its roots to either the Scottish bogill
imaginary creature, malign spirit, goblin
(presumably also the root for the D&D-only bogun) or the Welsh bwg,
ghost, goblin
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), February 12, 2005, EN World Q&A VII
Carrion Crawler
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), March 10, 2003, EN World Q&A II
Because of the large and varied ecology of the D&D dungeons and underground, it was necessary to have scavengers of all sorts, so I made up the gelatinous cube, carrion crawler, ocher jelly, etc. There was no particular inspiration save for nature--amobeas, insect larva, and imagination.
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), June 19, 2005, EN World Q&A IX
Catoblepas
According the Pliny, this was an Ethiopian monster that killed by glance.
Among the Hesperian Æthyopians, there is a fountaine named Nigris, the head (as many have thought) of the river Nilus, and good reasons there be to carrie it, which we have alleadged before: neere to which spring, there keepeth a wild beast called Catoblepes, little of bodie otherwise, heavie also and slow in his limmes besides, but his head onely is so great that his bodie is hardly able to beare it; hee alwaies carrieth it downe toward the earth, for if hee did not so, he were able to kill all mankind: for there is not one that looketh upon his eyes, but hee dyeth presently.
Pliny the Elder (23–79),
, tr. Philemon Holland (1601). Book 8 , chapter 21.
Centaur
So passing through Pholoe he was entertained by the centaur Pholus, a son of Silenus by a Melian nymph. He set roast meat before Herakles, while he himself ate his meat raw. When Herakles called for wine, he said he feared to open the jar which belonged to the centaurs in common. But Herakles, bidding him be of good courage, opened it, and not long afterwards, scenting the smell, the centaurs arrived at the cave of Pholus, armed with rocks and firs. The first who dared to enter, Anchius and Agrius, were repelled by Herakles with a shower of brands, and the rest of them he shot and pursued as far as Malea. Thence they took refuge with Chiron, who, driven by the Lapiths from Mount Pelion, took up his abode at Malea. As the centaurs cowered about Chiron, Herakles shot an arrow at them, which, passing through the arm of Elatus, stuck in the knee of Chiron. Distressed at this, Herakles ran up to him, drew out the shaft, and applied a medicine which Chiron gave him.
Apollodorus, Library and Epitome
(1st cent.?), tr./ed. James George Frazer. Book 2 .
Chimera
[Ekhidna] was the mother of Chimaera who breathed raging fire, a creature fearful, great, swift-footed and strong, who had three heads, one of a grim-eyed lion; in her hinderpart, a dragon; and in her middle, a goat, breathing forth a fearful blast of blazing fire. Her did Pegasus and noble Bellerophon slay[…]
Hesiod (8th or 7th cent. BC?),
, tr. H. G. Evelyn-White (1914).
Cloaker
Well, what I thought I saw as this: a crowd of men wearing big black cloaks—they looked like Northerners—came rushing out of an opening of some sort. There was something odd about them: the light by which I saw them didn't seem to have any source. They aved the big black cloaks around as if they were fighting with them or doing some sort of a dance … I told you it was very foolish … and then they got down on their hands and knees and covered themselves up with the cloaks and crawled back into the place from which they had come.
Fritz Leiber (1910–1992),
(1970), chapter 6: The Sunken Land.
Couatl
Codex Borbonicus
, leaf 22, inset. Public domain; thanks to Early Written Records of Mesoamerica Aztec Códices for the photo. Quetzalcóatl is on the left.
The couatl is named for Quetzalcóatl, the feathered serpent of the Aztecs.
Crypt Spawn
This creature was designed by Sean Reynolds for
Magic of Faerûn
.
I created a spell that you'd cast on yourself, and if killed while it was in effect you'd rise as a revenant-like creature to kill whoever killed you, and then continue existence as an undead. I didn't want it to have any special abilities (otherwise you'd cast the spell and kill yourself to get the goodies), so there's nothing really unusual about this template except that you become an undead creature.
Sean K. Reynolds, personal communication, November 28, 2006.
| Basilisk |
What is a Californian Buckeye ? | D&D Monster Origins A-C
The balor comes from the balrog in the
Lord of the Rings
. By the final printing of the original D&D boxed set, the name was changed to Balor at the behest of the Tolkien estate. The new name comes from Celtic myth, although the character of Balor has no relation to the D&D creature.
Legolas turned and set an arrow to the string, though it was a long shot for his small bow. He drew, but his hand fell, and the arrow slipped to the ground. He gave a cry of dismay and fear. Two great trolls appeared; they bore great slabs of stone, and flung them down to serve as gangways over the fire. But it was not the trolls that had filled the Elf with terror. The ranks of the orcs had opened, and they crowded away, as if they themselves were afraid. Something was coming up behind them. What it was could not be seen: it was like a great shadow, in the middle of which was a dark form, of man-shape maybe, yet greater; and a power and terror seemed to be in it and to go before it.
It came to the edge of the fire and the light faded as if a cloud had bent over it. Then with a rush it leaped across the fissure. The flames roared up to greet it, and wreathed about it; and a black smoke swirled in the air. Its streaming mane kindled, and blazed behind it. In its right hand was a blade like a stabbing tongue of fire; in its left it held a whip of many thongs.
Ai! ai!
A Balrog! A Balrog is come!
J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973),
The Lord of the Rings
(1954). Book II, chapter 5.
Lugh and Balor of the Piercing Eye met in the battle. An evil eye had Balor the Fomorian. That eye was never opened save only on a battlefield. Four men used to lift up the lid of the eye with a polished handle which passed through its lid. If an army looked at the eye, though they were many thousands in number they could not resist a few warriors. It had a poisonous power. Once when his father's druids were concocting charms, he came and looked out of the window, and the fume of the concoction came under it , so that the poison of the concoction afterwards penetrated the eye that looked. He and Lugh met.
Lift up mine eyelid, my lad,
said Balor,
that I may see the babbler who is conversing with me.
The lid was raised from Balor's eye. Then Lugh cast a sling-stone at him, which carried the eye through his head while his own army looked on. And the sling-stone fell on the host of the Fomorians, and thrice nine of them died beside it, so that the crowns of their heads came against the breast of Indech son of Dea Domnann, and a gush of blood sprang over his lips.
Ancient Irish Tales
, tr./ed. Tom P. Cross and Clark Harris Slover (1936)
Barghest
Brand says that
in the northern parts of England, ghost is pronounced gheist and guest. Hence bar-guest, or bar-gheist. Many streets are haunted by a ghost, who assumes many strange appearances, as a mastiff-dog, &c. It is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon gast, spiritus, anima.
Brand might have added that bar is a term for gate in the north, and that all the gates of York are named
bars,
so that a bar-gheist is literally a gate-ghost…
The Barguest, or Barn-ghaist of the Teutons, is also reported to be a frequent visitor in Lancashire. The appearance of this sprite is considered as a certain death-sign, and has obtained the local names of
Trash
Thierbuch
(1563), illus. unknown. Public domain; thanks to Treasures of Keio University for the photo.
The basilisk and the cockatrice were originally understood to be the same monster, one which could kill by breath or glance. It was thought to come from Cyrenaica (northern Libya).
The like propertie [that is, killing those who look upon its eyes] hath the serpent called a Basiliske: bred it is in the province Cyrenaica, and is not above twelve fingers-breadth long: a white spot like a starre it carrieth on the head, and setteth it out like a coronet or diademe: if he but hisse once, no other serpents dare come neere: he creepeth not winding and crawling by as other serpents doe, with one part of the bodie driving the other forward, but goeth upright and aloft from the ground with the one halfe part of his bodie: he killeth all trees and shrubs not only that he toucheth, but that he doth breath upon also: as for grasse and hearbs, those hee sindgeth and burneth up, yea and breaketh stones in sunder: so venimous and deadly is he. It is received for a truth, that one of them upon a time was killed with a launce by an horseman from his horseback, but the poison was so strong that went from his bodie along the staffe, as it killed both horse and man: and yet a sillie weazle hath a deadly power to kill this monstrous serpent, as pernicious as it is (for may kings have been desirous to see the experience thereof, and the manner how he is killed.)
Pliny the Elder (23–79),
, tr. Philemon Holland (1601). Book 8 , chapter 21.
Beholder
Terry Kuntz came up with the beholder after he had been playing in my campaign for about two months. Where he got the idea I have no idea, but I latched onto it immediately, and with his kind permission made it an integral creature in the D&D roster of ugly customers to encounter.
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), August 17, 2003, EN World Q&A IV
Booka
The booka and kilmoulis are "fairie folk" from books of folklore from which I devised the creatures of the same nemes for the AD&D game.
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), December 3, 2005, EN World Q&A IX
Bredthralls
Like the thousandtooth, this was created by Sean Reynolds for
The Scarlet Brotherhood
.
Several sources hinted that the ancient Suel race created the derro, and it made sense that their racist xenophobic descendants would continue the practice of creating slave races, tho with lesser success. Thus, the komazar (stunted human-dwarf crossbreeds bred to work in mines, short legs make it hard for them to run away, mouth mutations make it difficult for them to speak), kurg (herbivorous minotaur-like humanoids bred for heavy labor), and rullhow (a crossbreed between humans and lemur-like creatures, fearful and meticulous, used to keep cities clean).
Sean K. Reynolds, personal communication, November 28, 2006.
Brownie
Gary Gygax confirmed that the pechs and brownies are based on early English folklore depiction of the Picts ( EN World Q&A XI , July 21).
Bugbear
The word suggests a monstrous sort of bear, with the former part of the word tracing its roots to either the Scottish bogill
imaginary creature, malign spirit, goblin
(presumably also the root for the D&D-only bogun) or the Welsh bwg,
ghost, goblin
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), February 12, 2005, EN World Q&A VII
Carrion Crawler
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), March 10, 2003, EN World Q&A II
Because of the large and varied ecology of the D&D dungeons and underground, it was necessary to have scavengers of all sorts, so I made up the gelatinous cube, carrion crawler, ocher jelly, etc. There was no particular inspiration save for nature--amobeas, insect larva, and imagination.
Gary Gygax (1938–2008), June 19, 2005, EN World Q&A IX
Catoblepas
According the Pliny, this was an Ethiopian monster that killed by glance.
Among the Hesperian Æthyopians, there is a fountaine named Nigris, the head (as many have thought) of the river Nilus, and good reasons there be to carrie it, which we have alleadged before: neere to which spring, there keepeth a wild beast called Catoblepes, little of bodie otherwise, heavie also and slow in his limmes besides, but his head onely is so great that his bodie is hardly able to beare it; hee alwaies carrieth it downe toward the earth, for if hee did not so, he were able to kill all mankind: for there is not one that looketh upon his eyes, but hee dyeth presently.
Pliny the Elder (23–79),
, tr. Philemon Holland (1601). Book 8 , chapter 21.
Centaur
So passing through Pholoe he was entertained by the centaur Pholus, a son of Silenus by a Melian nymph. He set roast meat before Herakles, while he himself ate his meat raw. When Herakles called for wine, he said he feared to open the jar which belonged to the centaurs in common. But Herakles, bidding him be of good courage, opened it, and not long afterwards, scenting the smell, the centaurs arrived at the cave of Pholus, armed with rocks and firs. The first who dared to enter, Anchius and Agrius, were repelled by Herakles with a shower of brands, and the rest of them he shot and pursued as far as Malea. Thence they took refuge with Chiron, who, driven by the Lapiths from Mount Pelion, took up his abode at Malea. As the centaurs cowered about Chiron, Herakles shot an arrow at them, which, passing through the arm of Elatus, stuck in the knee of Chiron. Distressed at this, Herakles ran up to him, drew out the shaft, and applied a medicine which Chiron gave him.
Apollodorus, Library and Epitome
(1st cent.?), tr./ed. James George Frazer. Book 2 .
Chimera
[Ekhidna] was the mother of Chimaera who breathed raging fire, a creature fearful, great, swift-footed and strong, who had three heads, one of a grim-eyed lion; in her hinderpart, a dragon; and in her middle, a goat, breathing forth a fearful blast of blazing fire. Her did Pegasus and noble Bellerophon slay[…]
Hesiod (8th or 7th cent. BC?),
, tr. H. G. Evelyn-White (1914).
Cloaker
Well, what I thought I saw as this: a crowd of men wearing big black cloaks—they looked like Northerners—came rushing out of an opening of some sort. There was something odd about them: the light by which I saw them didn't seem to have any source. They aved the big black cloaks around as if they were fighting with them or doing some sort of a dance … I told you it was very foolish … and then they got down on their hands and knees and covered themselves up with the cloaks and crawled back into the place from which they had come.
Fritz Leiber (1910–1992),
(1970), chapter 6: The Sunken Land.
Couatl
Codex Borbonicus
, leaf 22, inset. Public domain; thanks to Early Written Records of Mesoamerica Aztec Códices for the photo. Quetzalcóatl is on the left.
The couatl is named for Quetzalcóatl, the feathered serpent of the Aztecs.
Crypt Spawn
This creature was designed by Sean Reynolds for
Magic of Faerûn
.
I created a spell that you'd cast on yourself, and if killed while it was in effect you'd rise as a revenant-like creature to kill whoever killed you, and then continue existence as an undead. I didn't want it to have any special abilities (otherwise you'd cast the spell and kill yourself to get the goodies), so there's nothing really unusual about this template except that you become an undead creature.
Sean K. Reynolds, personal communication, November 28, 2006.
| i don't know |
What relation is Prince Philip to Queen Victoria ? | How Is Queen Elizabeth II Related to Queen Victoria?
How Is Queen Elizabeth II Related to Queen Victoria?
Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II. L:Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images R: Picture Post/IPC Magazines/Hulton Archive/Getty Image
Updated December 17, 2016.
Question: How is Queen Elizabeth II related to Queen Victoria?
Queen Elizabeth II is obviously a member of the royal family, as was Queen Victoria . Both are long-ruling British queens who wielded their power in their own right, rather than being queens by marriage. So what exactly is their genealogical relationship? How is Queen Elizabeth II related to Queen Victoria?
And while we're at it—how is Prince Philip, Elizabeth's husband related to Queen Victoria?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth II is a great great granddaughter of Queen Victoria.
Elizabeth's father was George VI (1895 - 1952). He married Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900 - 2002) in 1925, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret.
George VI's father was George V (1865 - 1936), Elizabeth's grandfather. He married Mary of Teck (1867 - 1953) in 1893, a German princess raised in England.
George V's father was Edward VII (1841 - 1910). Elizabeth's great grandfather. He married Alexandra of Denmark (1844 - 1925), a Danish princess.
continue reading below our video
Profile: Elizabeth II of Britain
Edward VII's mother was Queen Victoria (1819 - 1901), Elizabeth's great great grandmother. She married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819 - 1861) in 1840.
Prince Philip to Queen Victoria
Elizabeth's husband, Prince Philip (1921 - ), Duke of Edinburgh, is a great great grandson of Queen Victoria, making Elizabeth and Philip third cousins through this relationship.
Philip's mother, Princess Alice of Battenburg (1885 - 1969), was the daughter of Princess Victoria of Hesse and by the Rhine. Philip's father was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882 - 1944); is parents married in 1903.
Princess Alice's mother was Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine (1863 - 1950), Philip's maternal grandmother. Princess Victoria was married to Prince Louis of Battenburg (1854 - 1921) in 1884.
Princess Victoria of Hesse and by the Rhine was the daughter of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (1843 - 1878), Philip's great-grandmother. Princess Alice was married to Louis IV (1837 - 1892), Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. Another daughter of Princess Victoria and Grand Duke Louis IV was Alexandra, the last Tsaritsa of Russia, married to Nicholas II.
Princess Alice's mother was Queen Victoria, Philip's great great grandmother.
More Facts About Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II
Until 2015, Queen Victoria had been the longest-ruling monarch in the history of England or the United Kingdom or Great Britain. Then Queen Elizabeth outlived that record of 63 years, 216 days, on September 9, 2015. George III of the United Kingdom ranks the third longest-reigning at 59 years, James VI is the fourth longest-reigning at almost 58 years (including his time ruling Scotland alone), Henry III of England ruled for just over 56 years, and Edward III of England reigned for more than 50 years.
Queen Victoria's first name was Alexandrina, and her second name was Victoria. Queen Elizabeth's birth name was Elizabeth Alexandra Mary.
Both became queen through chance. Queen Victoria's father was fourth in line for the throne, but none of his older brothers had children. Queen Elizabeth's father unexpectedly became king when his brother abdicated.
Both remained active as monarch well into their elder years, living to celebrate Diamond Jubilees. The Diamond Jubilee celebrations were different, though, as Victoria was in frail health, and Elizabeth in good health. The celebration of Victoria's Jubilee was at a height of British power, and Elizabeth's a considerably less powerful nation. This was reflected, for instance, in the finale of the 1897 celebration involving 165 ships in a royal naval review. Heads of state of commonwealth nations traveled to London for Victoria's Jubilee; for Elizabeth's, members of the royal family visited those states.
Both lived long enough to have great-grandchildren.
Both were in loving and devoted marriages. Both designated their husband's title as Prince. Both had to officially propose to their husbands, rather than the tradition of the man asking the woman, because of their royal status. Queen Victoria had nine children, and Queen Elizabeth II had four children.
Both were noted for their love of dogs and horses.
Both had heirs who had scandalous affairs, and both queens were much more popular during their lifetimes than their heirs were.
Queen Victoria had more real power than Queen Elizabeth II has had, though still not as much royal power as many of their ancestors did, including their relative, Queen Elizabeth I.
| great great grandson |
What legal verdict is available in Scotland but not in England and Wales ? | How Is Queen Elizabeth II Related to Queen Victoria?
How Is Queen Elizabeth II Related to Queen Victoria?
Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II. L:Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images R: Picture Post/IPC Magazines/Hulton Archive/Getty Image
Updated December 17, 2016.
Question: How is Queen Elizabeth II related to Queen Victoria?
Queen Elizabeth II is obviously a member of the royal family, as was Queen Victoria . Both are long-ruling British queens who wielded their power in their own right, rather than being queens by marriage. So what exactly is their genealogical relationship? How is Queen Elizabeth II related to Queen Victoria?
And while we're at it—how is Prince Philip, Elizabeth's husband related to Queen Victoria?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth II is a great great granddaughter of Queen Victoria.
Elizabeth's father was George VI (1895 - 1952). He married Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900 - 2002) in 1925, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret.
George VI's father was George V (1865 - 1936), Elizabeth's grandfather. He married Mary of Teck (1867 - 1953) in 1893, a German princess raised in England.
George V's father was Edward VII (1841 - 1910). Elizabeth's great grandfather. He married Alexandra of Denmark (1844 - 1925), a Danish princess.
continue reading below our video
Profile: Elizabeth II of Britain
Edward VII's mother was Queen Victoria (1819 - 1901), Elizabeth's great great grandmother. She married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819 - 1861) in 1840.
Prince Philip to Queen Victoria
Elizabeth's husband, Prince Philip (1921 - ), Duke of Edinburgh, is a great great grandson of Queen Victoria, making Elizabeth and Philip third cousins through this relationship.
Philip's mother, Princess Alice of Battenburg (1885 - 1969), was the daughter of Princess Victoria of Hesse and by the Rhine. Philip's father was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882 - 1944); is parents married in 1903.
Princess Alice's mother was Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine (1863 - 1950), Philip's maternal grandmother. Princess Victoria was married to Prince Louis of Battenburg (1854 - 1921) in 1884.
Princess Victoria of Hesse and by the Rhine was the daughter of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (1843 - 1878), Philip's great-grandmother. Princess Alice was married to Louis IV (1837 - 1892), Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. Another daughter of Princess Victoria and Grand Duke Louis IV was Alexandra, the last Tsaritsa of Russia, married to Nicholas II.
Princess Alice's mother was Queen Victoria, Philip's great great grandmother.
More Facts About Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II
Until 2015, Queen Victoria had been the longest-ruling monarch in the history of England or the United Kingdom or Great Britain. Then Queen Elizabeth outlived that record of 63 years, 216 days, on September 9, 2015. George III of the United Kingdom ranks the third longest-reigning at 59 years, James VI is the fourth longest-reigning at almost 58 years (including his time ruling Scotland alone), Henry III of England ruled for just over 56 years, and Edward III of England reigned for more than 50 years.
Queen Victoria's first name was Alexandrina, and her second name was Victoria. Queen Elizabeth's birth name was Elizabeth Alexandra Mary.
Both became queen through chance. Queen Victoria's father was fourth in line for the throne, but none of his older brothers had children. Queen Elizabeth's father unexpectedly became king when his brother abdicated.
Both remained active as monarch well into their elder years, living to celebrate Diamond Jubilees. The Diamond Jubilee celebrations were different, though, as Victoria was in frail health, and Elizabeth in good health. The celebration of Victoria's Jubilee was at a height of British power, and Elizabeth's a considerably less powerful nation. This was reflected, for instance, in the finale of the 1897 celebration involving 165 ships in a royal naval review. Heads of state of commonwealth nations traveled to London for Victoria's Jubilee; for Elizabeth's, members of the royal family visited those states.
Both lived long enough to have great-grandchildren.
Both were in loving and devoted marriages. Both designated their husband's title as Prince. Both had to officially propose to their husbands, rather than the tradition of the man asking the woman, because of their royal status. Queen Victoria had nine children, and Queen Elizabeth II had four children.
Both were noted for their love of dogs and horses.
Both had heirs who had scandalous affairs, and both queens were much more popular during their lifetimes than their heirs were.
Queen Victoria had more real power than Queen Elizabeth II has had, though still not as much royal power as many of their ancestors did, including their relative, Queen Elizabeth I.
| i don't know |
The adjective ' caprine ' refers to which type of animal ? | animal adjectives [was: ratto, Ratte, raton] - Google Groups
animal adjectives [was: ratto, Ratte, raton]
Showing 1-9 of 9 messages
While trying find the pronunciation of the word "munger",
I encountered the nearby word
murine [MYOO-ryn] = relating to mice or rats
[from Latin _murinus_, which derives from _mus_,
mouse, whose genetive form is _muris_]
So if you need an adjective to refer to lab rodents
like _ratto_ or _mausu_, "murine" it is.
(I would never have discovered this except in
an alphabetically arranged dictionary.)
There are a lot of animal adjectives of this type,
such as ovine (sheep), equine (horse), bovine (bull,
cow, calf), aquiline (eagle), murine (rats and mice).
But what is needed is a way to lookup an animal and
find what the proper adjective is. For example,
is there an adjective form for "goat"? for "seal"?
for "elephant"? for "whale"? for "walrus"?
By the way, I never did find out how "munger"
is pronounced; the answer is not found in
| Goat (disambiguation) |
Who is to succeed Hilary Clinton as U.S. Secretary of State ? | animal adjectives [was: ratto, Ratte, raton] - Google Groups
animal adjectives [was: ratto, Ratte, raton]
Showing 1-9 of 9 messages
While trying find the pronunciation of the word "munger",
I encountered the nearby word
murine [MYOO-ryn] = relating to mice or rats
[from Latin _murinus_, which derives from _mus_,
mouse, whose genetive form is _muris_]
So if you need an adjective to refer to lab rodents
like _ratto_ or _mausu_, "murine" it is.
(I would never have discovered this except in
an alphabetically arranged dictionary.)
There are a lot of animal adjectives of this type,
such as ovine (sheep), equine (horse), bovine (bull,
cow, calf), aquiline (eagle), murine (rats and mice).
But what is needed is a way to lookup an animal and
find what the proper adjective is. For example,
is there an adjective form for "goat"? for "seal"?
for "elephant"? for "whale"? for "walrus"?
By the way, I never did find out how "munger"
is pronounced; the answer is not found in
| i don't know |
Because of an uprising that began in France and quickly spread to Italy, the Austrian Empire and Germany, which year of the 19'th century became known as the ' Year of Revolutions ' ? | SparkNotes: Europe (1815-1848): Germany and Prussia in 1848
Germany and Prussia in 1848
Germany and Prussia in 1848
→
1848 Revolutions: The Austrian Empire
Germany and Prussia in 1848, page 2
page 1 of 2
Summary
Prussia
In Prussia, the old king, Frederick William III, had always been opposed to giving the Prussian people a constitution. Frederick William IV, who was generally as weak and unskilled as his father, similarly feared giving the people a constitution. However, the success of Prussia in the last few decades had been almost entirely due to the skilled group of bureaucrats and administrators serving the government, and all of these administrators were pushing hard for a constitutional monarchy.
In March 1848, rioting began in Berlin, as the 1848 revolution fever crossed from Austria into Prussia. Frederick William IV quickly mobilized the disciplined Prussian army to suppress the revolution. However, he surprised everyone by taking a liberal stance and allowing an election to take place to elect a Prussian assembly. The elected radical revolutionaries wanted to unite Prussia with all of Germany to create a force that could challenge Russia. The Assembly also desired to grant the Polish minorities living in eastern Prussia a right of self-government. Deciding that the experiment in democratic government had gone on long enough, Frederick William IV changed his mind and dissolved the Prussian Assembly.
Germany
The 1848 revolutions inspired a similar nationalist movement in Germany proper. In May 1848, a group of German nationalists met at the Frankfurt Assembly. The goals of the assembly included creating a unified Germany that was Liberal and constitutionally governed. The Frankfurt assembly argued over various topics, including the question of who (the Prussian or Austrian ruler?) should rule a unified Germany.
In December of 1848, the Frankfurt Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of the German People, based on the Declarations of the Rights of Man in France and the Declaration of Independence in the United States. Following the Nationalist rather than Enlightenment ideal, this declaration ignored the universal rights of all mankind and simply proclaimed the rights of Germans.
In 1849, the Frankfurt Assembly offered Germany to Frederick William IV. Though he coveted the territory, Frederick William knew that an acceptance would lead to war with Austria and make him into a constitutional monarch, neither of which he desired. He turned the offer down. Thus, all the deliberation of the Frankfurt Assembly resulted in nothing. Germany remained fragmented after 1848, and the small rulers of the various small German states came back to power.
Commentary
Wanting to maintain the power they held within the loose confederation of the Bund, the leaders of the small German states staunchly opposed revolution. Furthermore, Prussia and Austria, who combined to dominate Germany, liked a weak Germany, primarily because they feared the possibility of a united, powerful Germany on their borders.
1
| 1848 |
Which Welsh Rugby Union team plays its home games at the Gnoll ? | History Exam at Capilano University - StudyBlue
StudyBlue
Discrimination against jewish people
Appeasement
British diplomatic and financial efforts to stabilize Germany in the 1920/30s in hopes of avoiding a second WW
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Congress of Vienna
A conference of major powers in Europe in 1814 to 1815 to establish a new balance of power after the Napoleonic wars
facism
20th century political ideas which rejected communism, conservatism, liberalism, and socialism. Fascists stressed the authoritarian figure of the state, the efficiency of violent action, the need to build national community, and the use of new technologies to influence and control
Five Years Plan
Stalin's effort to set production targets and force peasants into a collectivized economy
Great Reform Bill
Parliamentary election that opened up in Britain in 1932 for middle-class males to have the right to vote. The bill was a first in a series of reforms that would extend the franchise to the working class by the end of the 19th century
Great Depression
Drop in prices, reduction of trade, rise in unemployment that devastated the global economy in 1929..
Holocaust
Hitler's effort to murder all Jews in Europe during WW2
Industrial Revolution
Economic growth and change brought on by technological innovations in the process of manufacturing began in Britain in the mid-18th century
League of Nations
International body founded after WW1 and designed to resolve future international disagreements through peaceful means
Lend-Lease Program
Roosevelt's effort in 1941 to provide Britain with essential war material, including warships, despite America's official non-involvement in WW2
Marshall Plan
The use of U.S. economic aid to restore stability to Europe after WW2 and to undercut the appeal of communist ideologies
Munich Agreement
Brit and Fra agreement with Hitler in 1938 to partition Czech to allow Germany control over the Sudetenland in the expectation that it would be Hitler's last demand for territory
`The belief that people should be loyal to their nation, the people with whom they share land, culture, and history. and have devotion to ones nation
New Imperialism
The third phase of Euro imperialism, which occurred in the late 19th century and early 20th century and extended Western control over almost all of Africa and much of Asia
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New Economic Policy
Lenin's 1927 act of allowing farmers and small businesses to operate in a market economy. The policy was designed to jump start the economy after the civil war and internal revolution
Nazism
Hitler's political ideology with a central focus on racism and anti-semitism
North Atlantic Treaty Association.. NATO
Anti-soviet alliance of the U.S, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe. Established in 1949
Proletariat
Working class citizen, dependent on wage labor for survival
Russian Revolution
Revolution in 1917 that over through the Tsar and edventually brought the Bolsheviks, a communist party led by Lenin, into power
Romanticism
An artistic and literary movement of the late 18th century and early 19th century that involved a protest against classicism, appealed to the passions rather than the intellect, and emphasized the beauty and power of nature
Racism
The pseudoscientific theory that biological features of race determine human character and worth
Stalin's Purges
Mass arrests and executions of Communist party members. Lasting from 1934-38 Stalin consolidated his one man rule over the Soviet Union
Treaty of Brest-Litvosk
A punitive peace imposed by Germans on Russia and signed by the Bolshevik govt in 1917
Treaty of Versailles
Peace settlement with German after WW1. Including the war guilt clause blaming Germany for the war and requiring massive reperations
Warsaw Pact
The military alliance of the soviet union and its Eastern European satellite states in the Cold War Era
Yalta
The allied conference between Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill in 1945. Discussing re-est of war-torn cities of Europe, UN was est. Declaration of Liberated Europe gave them free election
Factory Rules 1844
Aimed at instilling obedience and honesty as well as "good order and harmony" among the factory's workers. The rules stressed timekeeping (with fines for latecomers), and proper conduct in all aspects of life and work in the factory.
Prince Klemens von Metternick [Chancellor of Austria]
1773-1859. He was the leading figure in European govt until 1848. As a political master of the Austrian Empire, he was the architect of an alliance system among the Euro powers after Napoleon's defeat- a system which tried to undo the damage to traditional dynastic politics wrought by the French Revolution
Dominant figure at the Congress of Vienna
wanted to restore Europe to the way it was prior to the French Revolution
wanted to establish a balance of power
urged conservatives leaders to act decisively and crush the uprisings
Beginning of WW1
Troops had deep sense of patriotism, thought they would be home before Christmas.. New military technology, conscription had to be re-instated since so many were dying
What started WW1?
Serbians killed Austria's archduke Franz Ferdinand 1914.. Germany (metternick) allies with Serbs, Austria presents serbia with an ultimatum- demanded Austrian authorities conduct investigation on assassination of Ferdinand. Austria agrees to all claims except investigation . Meternick knew Austria would decline (ensured a regional conflict would escalate into continent wide catastrophe).. Serbians begin to activate their armed forces, Austria declares war on the Serbs in July 1914. Metternick's ego caused war
What was the Schlieffin Plan?
A plan designed to avoid the possibility of a two front war between Germany and France. The plan said that Germany should move against France first because Russia's lumbering military would be slow to mobilize. British stop the plan to ambush france
Treaty of Versailles
Signed in 1919. Forced Germany to take full responsibility for war- made Germany extremely bitter (Metternick instigated the war and declared war on Russia, France, etc.. after Austria declared war on Serbs)
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Bolsheviks govt surrendered claims to Poland, Finland, the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Ukraine
Bolsheviks in Power..
Tsarist autocracy collapses, kill tsar and his family, claim absolute power under leadership of Lenin and Trotsky. Renamed themselves as communists.. created socialist state: ended private property, distributed land among peasants, and gave workers control of factories and mines
French Revolution in 1789?
Monarchs were hated by peasants (Marie Antoinette), national debt, liberal ideas, all monarchs are murdered, god was abolished, and western europe's monarchs became panicked.
Napoleon Bonaparte?
Came to power in 1799. The french wanted a stable leader. He was a relatively successful general (was a good military general), Created national reforms, national bank, balanced budgets, stimulated agriculture and tourism, re- instated france as a country, healed the split with the pope, catholic church re-instated, organized govt system, made his relatives royalty around the country, declared himself emperor, removed surfdom, was a dictator, decreased human rights, abolished freedom of press.
When did Napoleon Fall?
Fell in 1814, unable to neutralize british, ignored spanish resistance, was exiled to Elba (became their ruler) comes back in 1815, french re-instate him in govt. Napoleon loses again, exiled to saint helena- dies in 1821
Cottage Industry?
Merchants would give peasants wool and would collect it and sell it after they mended it (spinning). They would work at home, had a deadline, received payment on Friday then celebrated on friday-monday then worked exclusively until the next friday. The workers decided their own work hours. This was prior to the industrial industry
Factory Act?
Limited child labor, all children under 13 must have 2 hours of education per day (added 2 hrs to 48 hrs per week), no child under 9 could work in a factory, 9- 13 yr olds couldn't work 48 hrs a week, after a century industrialization became positive, and wages increased. Cheap clothes were produced, and gas stoves available for cooking -labor saving
Conservatism
Monarchs, religion etc.. Values standing for 1000 years should be reserved (opposed to rapid change, french revolution, Napoleonic revolution, resisting change) This organism was best directed by men who had inherited their positions of leadership.
Liberalism
Individual rights- ability to vote (richer class), dignity, equality. Limitations- all over free market, voting (with property and wealth), hostile to aristocracy and working class, didn't believe on privilege of birth. Liberals believed that human beings were individuals who possessed inherent rights.
Socialism
Birth of a movement. Society has wealth and property, should own it- not individuals, collected ownership of wealth. Alternative to capitalism. Industrialization happening..
Age of Optimism?
No big Euro wars, medical advances, increased access and comfort, imperialism- empire, nationalism, intellectual- art/science- cubism etc. Expanded wealth- better off than 20 years ago, increased sufferage, backlash of those who have it. Scientific ideas conflict with religious ideals, must educate masses- good decisions for voting, social manipulation-control, reason for optimism with double edge.
Revolutions of 1848?
Revolutions swept across the continent. They threatened the restored regimes of western europe and featured a radical dimension that questioned the legitimacy of the monarchical principle. The revolutions introduced the prospect of a society reordered along more egalitarianism lines.
Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,
. In December 1848, Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, was elected president. He had support from conservatives, liberals, and moderate republicans. In 1851, he seized power and one year later proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III. Overthrew the republic
Waterloo
When: 1815 A.D.
What: Fought in present day Belgium between Napoleon and a force consisting of English and Prussian Troops. Napoleon is defeated by the Duke of Wellington, and General Blucher. End of Napoleon's rule
Was elected president. Called himslef emperor Napoleon III. Built railroads and encouraged industrialization. Unemployment dropped because of him.
-France
Great Reform Bill of 1832
Introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales.
The act was designed to "take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have long prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament."
Calls for reform had been mooted long before 1832, but perennially without success.
British law that broadened the franchise and provided parliamentary seats for new urban areas that had not previously been represented
Chartism
Represented the first mass political movement in Britain and contributed to a faith in peaceful change through legislative means that enabled the country to avoid revolution at mid century. The Chartism movement in 1842. They were first large working class organization in Britain Their efforts to extend the right to vote and other political rights contributed to the birth of modern trade unionism and socialism in Europe.
Western cultural phenomenon, late 18th century. 1758-1850. Feeling and imagination over reason and thought. Artists looked for the beauty in nature. A concern with individual creativity anchored in the emotions, a stress on the unique and even spiritual nature of the creative process, and a celebration of spontaneity informed by imagination as an avenue to truth distinguished aspects of European cultural life in the first half of the nineteenth century,
Otto von Bismark 1815-1898
Prime minister of Prussia from 1862-1890, oversaw the unification of Germany, became the Chancellor of Germany of the North German Confederation in 1867. He designed the German Empire in 1871, removed in 1890 by Wilhelm II. Used "balance of power" to keep Europe peaceful in the 1870's and 1880's. Organized Berlin Conference. Also altered the kings letter to make the French instigate the Crimean War.
Italian Unification
Piedmont and Count Camillo Cavour united Italian peninsula. Mazzini founds Young Italy (secret group). Emmanuel gives Cavor title of Prime Minister in Sardinia. Garibario gave territories to Italy; obtained Papal States. Italy was Nationalized. -1848- failed revolution tot unify Italy by liberals (Garibaldi & Mazzini)--> divided Italy even more
-Expulsion of Austrian influence f/ Italy (Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Lombardy, & Venetia)
((Many Italian States: 1)Kingdom of two sicilies (Bourbon) 2)Papal States (Pope) 3) Austrian ruled) 4)Sardinia-Piedmont (Victor Emmanuel)
The unification of Italt
The struggle for political unity began soon after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 and continued until 1870. The northern Kingdom of Piedmont took the lead in the process, aided by a wide range of nationalists from throughout the peninsula.
Bismark
Was the most influential European statesman during the period 1850-1890. He employed military force in order to unify Germany under Prussian leadership, but worked to maintain peace in Europe after 1871
Unification of Germany
Under the leadership of Prussia and guided by Bismark, the German nation was created in 1871. The new state quickly rose to a preeminent position in Europe, becoming a leader in industry and empire.
Louis Napoleon 1808-1873
The nephew of Napoleon I, came to power in France in the aftermath of the failed 1848 revolution. Elected president of the Second French Republic in 1848, he promised to restore order and prosperity to a country torn between urban political radicals and the more conservative peasantry.
Unified German Empire proclaimed?
-married German princess alexandria
-left Goverment in hands of his wife and Rasputin
-terrible leadership , ppl were very unhappy and Romanov overthrown. Last ruler of the Romanov family who was responsible for Russia in WWI. He was executed by the Bolsheviks and replaced by "provisional government."
British imperialist and business magnate; he was one of the foremost advocates of expanding the British Empire and was a strong believer of the superiority of the "Anglo-Saxon" race
When: 1800s A growing interest in gaining and holding imperial territories
What: Increased speed and span
Education and Health institutions
Exploitation For profit
Forced colonies to find cash crops to survive
Why Significant: Changed from old imperalism which stuck to the coast, few cultural encounters, little European influence
William Walker. cartoon for Life magazine mocking the white man's burden. March 1899
by Rudyard Kipling. Extremely racist. Talked about how hard it was to govern a people that was "half devil half child". Captured combination of paternalism and racial disdain
Racial Hierarchy
A system in which whites are associated with being superior and other races are associated with being lesser than whites
1900 Chinese rebellion was carried out by the Secret Society of Harmonious Fists (known to foreigners as "boxers") to push foreigners out of China, but the allied European army restored order.
Charles Darwin had the idea that humans came from something smaller then them, but he couldn't explain where that something else came from. The principle of survival of the fittest is what Darwin called natural selection. (Galapagos Finches beaks varied to type of environments)
Sigmund Freud 1856-1939
Freud's exploration of non-rational forces undermined the strength of the Enlightenment tradition in Western thought. Although he championed rationality, Freud altered his readers to the existence and power of instinctive, aggressive, and amoral drives that could be controlled only through deliberate effort.
British poet. Reflected the sense of cynicism and futility towards the end of the war, barbaric waste of human resources. Questioned "the old Lie" that is it "fitting and proper to die for one's country [Dulce et decorum est)
*won medal for bravery
*killed in battle a week before it ended
WROTE - Dulce Et Decorum Est,
- Wirers
Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1914
Archduke and his wife were assassinated by members of a secretive Serbian nationalist group, indirectly sparking WWI.
cause-British think that a Jewish nation would be a good ally
Balfour tells Jews that they can go to Israel
effect-Palestinians and Jews fight a war
What was the Schlieffin Plan?
A plan designed to avoid the possibility of a two front war between Germany and France. The plan said that Germany should move against France first because Russia's lumbering military would be slow to mobilize.
When: June 28, 1919
Where: Versailles (Paris), France
What: The peace treaty that ended WWI and made reparation requirements of Germany.
Stripped germany of its armed forces it also required them to pay reparations, war dameges of $33 bil to allies, they also had to acknowledge the guilt for the outbreak of WWI
the revolt of 1917, in which the Russian Communist party, led by Vladimir Lenin, took control of the government from the czars. Ended the rule of Tsar Nicholas
Social and political movement developed by marx and Lenin that favored revolution to establish a classless society in which workers would control industrial production
Marxist party led by Lenin (Guy before Stalin) , Stalin and Trotsky that took over in Feb 1917. They believed that Russia was ready for a communist government. They were opposed by a group called the Menseviks who thought that Russia wasn't ready because there wasn't a true "Bousiae" class to overthrow yet. Also, they felt Russia wasn't ready because they were still at war. TOOK OVER RUSSIA AND MADE IT NEUTRAL IN THE MIDDLE OF WW1
An international organization established under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Woodrow Wilson, its foremost supporter, called for its formation in his 14 points. Ironically, the United States did not join. The League, the forerunner of the United Nations, brought about much international cooperation on health, labor problems, refugee affairs, and the like. It was too weak, however, to prevent the great powers from going to war in 1939.
Speech delivered by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. People in Europe generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his Allied colleagues were skeptical of the applicability of his idealism. (1-5: Open diplomacy, freedom of seas, reduction of armaments; 6-13: national sovereignty, adjust national boundaries; 14: League of Nations)
Weimer Republic
The period of German history from 1919 to 1933;
named after the city of Weimar, where a national
assembly convened to produce a new constitution after the German monarchy was abolished following the nation’s defeat in World War I. The first attempt at
establishing a democracy in Germany was a time of great tension and conflict, and it ultimately failed with the ascent of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in 1933.
Russian parliament created by Nicholas II after Bloody Sunday in 1905. Had no real power and mostly made up
DEFINITION-
An economic crises and a time of low businesses in many countries from 1929-1930s.
SIGNIFICANCE-
During this time more than half of Canada's population was out of job.
Roosevelt's New Deal
Helped preserve capitalism, and allowed the US to go through the Great Depression unharmed
Enlightenment Theory
Idea that governments must deny or suppress basic freedoms, as well as threaten private property and business success through excessive taxes and regulations
a form of government in which the political authority has complete control over all parts of life.
Italian leader who founded the fascist party.
-built fear of workers revolt
-Marched on Rome on October 1922 and King Emmanuel III stepped down
Maintained power by outlawing political powers.
Definition: Mussolini led this; he gathered 26 000 Blackshirts outside the city and demanded that the government be turned over to him.
Significance: After this, Hitler came in power and ww2 took place because Germany was demanding power.
- Totalitarian dictator of Germany
- Leader of the Nazi party
- invasion of European countries led to WWII
- responsible for the mass murder of millions of Jews and others in the Holocaust
November 9, 1923
Hitler himself is arrested and tried for treason
Hitler used trial as propaganda platform
will attack Jews, links Bolsheviks and Jews
found guilty and sentenced 5 years in prison only spends 5-6 months imprisoned.
dictates book Mein Kampf- my struggle (talks about Hitler's strategy to help Germany)
key desire Lebensraum "living space"
German race needs to expand
needs new and improved German homeland arguing for re-militarization of German nation
Definition: this forced Jewish people people to wear the Star of David at all times, banned marriages between Jews and Aryans, and made it illegal for Jewish people to lawyers or doctors.
Significance: discrimination towards jews.
Definition: Night of Broken Glass, a pogrom of a series of co-originated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria
Russian dictator.
Led invasions against political enemies.
In 1942, he was originally allied with Hitler, but when Hitler attacked the Soviets, Stalin led the Great Patriotic War.
e 5 year plans
collectivizes agriculture by forcing peasants to join large collected farms, and led the Great Purge in the 1930's, which charged people against him of being Capitalist spies.
He proposed the first of several five-year plans aimed at...
building heavy industry
Set goals that were almost impossible to reach.
stalin's purges
Stalin had many opponents so he sent them to labor camps or shot them for treason, espionage, and and sabotage
New Economic policy
a modified version of the old capitalist system adopted by Lenin in 1921 to replace war communism in Russia; peasants were allowed to sell their produce and retail stores and small industries could be privately owned, but heavy industry, banking, and mines remained in the hands of the government
-British request this of France when Germany expands
Giving an aggressive country what they want in order to avoid war
Munich Agreement
A symbol of the failed policy of appeasement, this agreement, singed in 1938, allowed Nazi Germany to occupy a part of Czechoslovakia. Rather than appease German aspirations, it was follwed by further German expansions, which triggered WWII followed
Hitler-Stalin Pact
allies, in exchange for dividing poland; Hitler violates pact, Germany invades Soviet nion (june 1941) USSR switches to sides with the allies; FDR extends lend-lease to USSR; "this move shocked anti-communists; Germany sank American ships; shoot on sight. After invasion of Poland in 1939, Stalin invaded Finland, move that Americans found appalling; Stalin became bad guy in eyes of Americans, on par with hitler in the eyes of the world.
Lend-Lease Program
When U.S. gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda & the Caribbean (WWII)
a mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians, carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during WWII
also killed
village communities (formed under Emancipation Edict issued by Alexander II to free the serfs)
The Soldier- Rupert Brooke
Disconnect between the reality of war and what is happening back home
Horrible atrocities experienced by the soldiers
Patriotism: English Heaven (Best of all possible worlds)
I’ll prolly live mentality
Brooke died early in the war and they tried to discredit him based on shellshock
Principle of Legitimacy
"By seeking to establish legitimacy and a traditional balance of power in European political affairs, Metternich and his fellow statesmen at Vienna were advocates of an ideology known as legitimacy (tried to put monarchs back in power) Main ideal of Congress of Vienna
restoring rightful rulers to power
Louis XVIII (back to nobles and king with power, citizens liked freedom better)
pressure due to poor economic conditions & lack of suffrage enhanced political radicalism. Manchester Patriotic Union, a group advocating parliamentary reform, organized a demonstration led by the radical orator Henry Hunt.
military was ordered to arrest Hunt & others & to disperse the crowd. 15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured
cause the govt to crack down on reform, passed the Six Acts - labelled any meeting for radical reform as "an overt act of treasonable conspiracy"
France's Second Republic
Upper/lower classes fear they have too much too lose divides classes much more.
After removal of monarch in 1848, France establishes National Assembly w/ president.
In 1848 Lous Napolean is elected president, he disbands National Assembly and claims himself emperor (Napolean III)
sadler commision
micheal sadler introduced a bill to parliament to limit the hours kids could work
christian duty to protect the dependent people
hearings where child workers told their stories
protect the welfare of kids
established childhood was a time for education not work
Carlsbad Decrees
a set of restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation as a result of the student revolts.
Repressive laws, required German states to take liberal ideas out of their universities and newspapers
1819
Limited liberalism and enhanced conservatism
Holy Alliance
An alliance envisioned by Alexander 1 of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule in accord with Christian principles. 1815 - 1848
Russia, Prussia, and Austria
Imposed a system of active intervention into areas that were too liberal / radical
Concert of Europe
International political system that dominated Europe from 1815 to 1914 and which advocated a balance of power among states
FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
- france saw prussia or north germany as a threat in easter europe
- declared war before prussia could
- france didnt distinguish between northern and southern german states so the southern german states joined with northern german states to defeat france .
-gave an enormus patrotic surge in germany
-forced the french to form a thrid republic
Founder of the Italian Liberal Party and the Prime Minister of Piedmont Sardinia. Did most of the diplomatic work involving the Risorgimiento. Worked with Garibaldi to unite Italy, maneuvered the Piedmont to be powerful.
Gladstone was the leader of the Liberal Party in Great Britain, and was mainly opposed by Conservative Party member, Disraeli. However, both competed for votes by pushing social reform and building up the welfare state. The Irish Question was a major problem between the two, as Gladstone advocated for home rule and Disraeli did not.
Emancipation of the Russian Serfs:
Didn’t end their problems. Just made land
allotments to the serfs, but they were like a loan.
Many of them gave up and just went into the cities
IN 1906, gov cancelled the debt
When: 1800s:
What: Not a single African was present. Any European state could establish African colonies. Resistance was often fierce, but European canyons and guns did not fail and they soon embraced all of Africa. Had a huge impact on the scramble for Africa
Why Significant:
Poem: "Suicide in the Trenches"
used satire to make fun of those running the war
WH Auden
abandonded Marxist and Freudian tendencies of his earlier yers and embraced Anglo-Cathlicisim
died in Vienna in his sleep after giving his last poetry reading
Generation of 1914 (lost generation) - Lecture 25
•Waris total nonsense
The war completely ruins soldiers
Comradeship/friendshipof front community and breakdown of all other relationships (us vs. themmentality). Emphasis violence, sacrifice, dedication and duty and above all MASCULINITY
•Dehumanization/Returnto bestial nature (barbarism).
- Constant presence of death
Successor to William I in 1888, who dismissed his father's chancellor, Bismarck, as he was eager to pursue his own policies: this would be a mistake.
Let Triple Alliance/Reinsurance Treaty lapse which helped form a Franco-Russian Alliance.
Russian Revolution (1905)
Political and social unrest that spread through areas of the Russian Included peasant strikes. Liberals demanded political reforms, such as the creation of a constitution. The revolution resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the State Duma (parliament)
Grigori Rasputin, an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man
Alexandra believed that Rasputin was holy, for he alone seemed to stop the bleeding of her son Alexis
Alexis, the heir to the throne, had hemophilia (a deficiency in the ability of the blood to clot)
Germans senthim to Russia on a train from Switzerland, where he dominanted as the first leader of the Bolshevik. (Red Russians)
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian communist revolutionary,politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian SFSRfrom 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922,until his death.
Since the fourteen points was very important to Wilson, it called for the creation of a "general association of nations," thus creating the League of Nations. The members would help preserve peave by pledging to respect and protect each other's territory and political independence.
Treaty of Neuilly 1919 (Bulgaria)
Lost areas in Greece, Romania,Yugoslavia.
Lost access to the Mediterranean
Military restricted to 20,000 men
Reparations $100 million
Governed by foreign powers by 1920
The Treaty of St. Germain
Treaty for Austria in 1919
No Germany Austrlian allies
Austria lost 15million citizens in total
Treaty of Trianon
Peace agreement signed in 1920 between allies and Austria-Hungary greatly reducing Hungary's borders
The article, in which Germany was assigned the responsibility for damages caused by World War I, serves as a justification for the obligations put upon Germany in the remainder (Articles 233 through 247) of Part VIII, which was concerned with repartations. included in the treaty of Versailles - To help other coutnries pay back debts (circle)
he hated being german, so much he changed his name
believed that art should dessimate a specific political message
made collages out of pictures
stilbelieved that art could be used for a social good
th government was not doing its proper job while Hitler was taking power
complacent, weak
Payment by the losing country in a war to the winner for the damages caused by the war.
Ruhr Crisis
3. Brit/France pay US
Dawes Plan and Young Plan
(1924) Attempted to help the poor economy and high unemployment in Germany, though it was just hurt further with the Wall Street crash, Young's plan lowered the reparation payments down to 3/4
In 1924, U.S. Vice President Charles Dawes formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments. This plan was renegotiated and modified in 1929 by U.S. financier Owen Young.
Locarno Treaties
Who: Allied powers (France, England, Italy, Russia) and Germany
What: After World War I, these seven agreementsdivided borders in Europe into two categories: western, which were guaranteedby Locarno treaties, and eastern borders of Germany with Poland, which wereopen for revision.
Significance: The Allied powers sought to secure the post-warterritorial settlement and return normalizing relations with Germany, but would lead to distrust between Poland and the West, as Poland was now open to a German attack.
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
No enforcement for this plan
Agreed to by 61 nations- shows everyone's resistance to fighting
the belief held by some in the late 1800s that certain nations and races were superior to others ("survival of the fittest") and therefore destined to rule over them; it was a violation of natural law to help the poor.
***Led to European superiority over other ethnic groups. (Imperialism, Anti-semitism, etc.)
Definition: The Second major step through which Adolf Hitler legally obtained plenary powers and established his dictatorship.
gave hitler constitutional democratic rule for 4 years, in which he shows his charisma as a leader. he plays on lower middle classes fear of communism, and promises them that he will fix the right and wrongs of the treaty of versailles.
Abdication Crisis
1936
-Originally British, but moved to Germany where he claimed that Germans were the only true successors of the Aryans who founded western culture, singled out the Jews.
-called for engenics
-sterilization of the lower races
a British Conservative politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century, he served as Prime Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55)
movement in the early twentieth century to improve a population's genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both.
Final Solution / Holocaust
was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust
Germany divided to 4 zones controlled by USA, USSR, Britain, and France
USSR felt USA waited until last minute to launch War in Europe
Stalin felt they fought Germans themselves and won at Stalingrad.
Therefore, USSR should get to carve up the map .
Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift
1948-1949
WWII split Germany into: Communist East/Non-Communist West and Berlin split even though in East
Soviets tried to cut off West Berlin, responded w/ Berlin Airlift
Winston Churchill's term for the sealed border that separated Soviet-occupied lands in Eastern Europe from the Western democracies.
restriction of free movement from east to west. communist in east; free world in west.
-Harry S Truman; March 12, 1947.
-U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.
-Often considered start of Cold War, demonstrates US support of democracy and fight against communism.
Principle: Containment.
Results and costs of WWI
9.5 million dead, 37.5 million dead/wounded/missing etc.. Caused economies to blunder, many resentful and angry, war guilt (Germany angry- stab in the back theory) Tensions b/t men and women (working- women lost jobs when men came back) Rise of authoritarian regimes begin in 1920s
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Had to do with nationalism/self-determination. The revolution that began in 1789, ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. Had to do with nationalism/self-determination
Causes of french revolution?
1. Huge national debt growing (elite unwilling to give up privileges- nobility tax free status, peasants paid heavy taxes) 2. Inefficient financial systems, people suspicious of change- financial reforms 3. Monarchs were unpopular + inept (Marie Antoinette) 4. Literacy increasing, political propaganda, enlightenment ideas spreading, questioning the status quo.
Debs formed the American Railway Union in 1893 and led the Pullman Strike a year later. He helped found the Industrial Workers of the World, or Wobblies, in 1905. A pacifist, Debs opposed the government’s involvement in World War I. In 1918, he was imprisoned for denouncing the government’s aggressive tactics under the Espionage Act and Sedition Amendment.
Disused the conditions of WWI.. Those who opposed war were arrested, govt tried to suppress socialist movement, silence the truth, working class suppressed, govt against capitalism- socialism will set you free from inhumanity, capitals decreasing socials increasing, working class were revolting against capitalism- want better lives + freedom/choice
Berlin Factory Rules
| i don't know |
What was the name of Oasis's first UK No. 1 hit single ? | Revealed: Official Top 20 Biggest Selling Oasis Songs
06 October 2016
Revealed: Official Top 20 Biggest Selling Oasis Songs
As new documentary Supersonic lifts the lid on Oasis's early years, we look at their biggest sellers.
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As introductions to rock bands go, Definitely Maybe is certainly a strong one. 20 years ago, all the way back in 1994, Oasis’ bolshy debut album went straight in at Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart. The band are known for their mega-selling albums, with five of them selling over a million, Their second album, (What’s The Story) Morning Glory is one of the biggest selling albums of all time, shifting over four million copies.
But what about the songs? Oasis weren’t exactly shy of a smash hit single either, with eight Official Singles Chart Number 1s to their name. So, we look back at that massive debut album, we count down the songs that made it happen. You can’t have an album without the tunes, after all…
5: Roll With It(1995)
A single that was part of the biggest chart battle of all time and, infamously, lost… Roll With It was the spark that lit a fire under the now-legendary Blur vs Oasis rivalry and had to settle for second place behind their rivals’ Country House when both tracks were released in the same week. The tension went beyond this race to be Number 1, with the bands generally disliking each other for years to come. The truce nobody thought would ever happen did come along eventually, and Noel is now pals with Blur frontman Damon Albarn, who he’d previously called “condescending”.
Oddly, The battle for Number 1 wasn’t as close as you might think – Blur romped to victory with Country House finishing almost 50,000 copies ahead. It's sold 520,000 copies.
4: Whatever (1994)
Another anthemic song, Whatever was something of an oddity among Oasis singles, as it didn’t feature on any studio album. Intended to bridge the gap between debut album Definitely Maybe and follow-up (What’s The Story) Morning Glory, Whatever saw the band go Top 3 for the very first time – every single they released after would chart no lower until Who Feels Love broke the run in April 2000.
It wasn’t until a greatest hits collection in 2009 that Whatever was finally included on an album and available digitally for the very first time – it even broke back into the Top 75 that very week. Its sales tally stands at 553,000.
3: D’You Know What I Mean (1997)
Few albums have been more highly anticipated than Oasis’s third album Be Here Now. Its lead single D’You Know What I Mean was an eight-minute epic, with a blockbuster-type video and the band turned up to full-on swagger. Selling over 370,000 copies in its first week on sale, D’You Know What I Mean gave Oasis its first pair of consecutive Number 1s – they’d go on to score two more. D’You Know What I Mean was the fifth bestselling single of 1997 and has shifted 745,000 copies.
2: Don’t Look Back In Anger (1996)
The band’s second Number 1 was their first chart-topper to feature Noel on lead vocals. The chorus’s “So Sally can waaaaait” actually came about by accident. Noel was strumming away singing nothing in particular, when Liam asked him who Sally was, thinking he was singing “So Sally can wait”. Noel liked it so much it became the actual lyrics. And it was a good shout, Don’t Look Back In Anger was the fourth bestselling single of 1996 and has shifted 948,000 copies.
1: Wonderwall (1995)
Wonderwall, Noel Gallagher’s love letter to his then girlfriend, is the band’s top seller but never reaching Number 1. According to legend, despite the song’s subject, Liam insisted on singing it – he obviously knew an anthem when he heard one. Trouble was, it was such an anthem that the band eventually got sick of having it sang back to them at concerts. If it’s any comfort to Oasis, it is one of the biggest selling songs of all time.
Wonderwall sold over 140,000 copies in its first week on sale. It finally passed the million mark in 2009. It's shifted 1.34 million copies. Altogether now: “And all the roads we have to walk are wiiiiinding…
What’s happening in the rest of the Top 20?
Just outside the Top 5 is Some Might Say, the lead single from eagerly awaited second album (What's The Story) Morning Glory gave Oasis their very first chart-topper, ending Take That’s month-long tenure at the top of the Official Singles Chart with Back For Good. Over 464,000 copies were sold, and Oasis’s stint at Number 1 was ended after just one week by a dance classic – Livin Joy’s Dreamer went straight in at the top.
Live Forever was Oasis’s first ever Top 10 single, beginning a run of 22 consecutive Top 10 singles that lasted until 2008, and it makes the Top 10 for them again on their top sellers countdown – it’s at Number 9.
The Top 10 is rounded off by classic singalong and the highest chart peak from Definitely Maybe: Cigarettes & Alcohol. No, it’s not your imaginayeeshaaaaaaaun.
Despite reaching only Number 31 on the Official Singles Chart, the band’s debut single Supersonic makes it into the Official Oasis Top 20 – coming in at Number 14 with over 240,000 copies sold.
Such is the power of Oasis that even a non-single makes an appearance. The classic album track that should’ve been a single, Champagne Supernova, is Oasis’s 16th bestselling song, earning its place on downloads alone – over 235,000 of them, in fact. Bonus fact: Modfather Paul Weller provides some backing vocal and guitar assistance on Champagne Supernova.
Just outside the Top 20, a couple of other album tracks rank pretty high. Half The World Away, used as the theme tune to BBC sitcom The Royle Family, is Oasis’s 22nd top seller and She’s Electric, from (What's the Story) Morning Glory is behind it at 24.
The Official Top 20 Biggest Selling Oasis songs:
| Some Might Say |
In the forthcoming trilogy of films based on Tolkien's The Hobbit , which British actor plays Bilbo Baggins ? | UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles
1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952.
1953
2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953
3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953.
4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953.
Feb
5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953
March
6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953
April
7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953
8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953
9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953
June
10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953
Aug
11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953
Sept
12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953
Oct
13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953
Nov
14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953
15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953
1954
16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954
March
17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954.
April
18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954
19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954
July
20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954
Sept
21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954
22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954
Oct
23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954
Nov
24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954
25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954
Dec
26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954
1955
27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955.
28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955
Feb
29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955
March
30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955
April
31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955
May
32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955
33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955
June
34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955
July
35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955
36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955
Oct
37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955
Nov
38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955
39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955
Dec
40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955
1956
41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956.
Feb
42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956
March
43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956
44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956
April
45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956
May
46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956
June
47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956
July
48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956
Aug
49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956
Sept
50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956
Oct
51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956
Nov
52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956
1957
53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957
54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957
55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957
Feb
56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957
April
57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957
May
58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957
59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957
June
60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957
61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957
July
62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957
Aug
63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957
Nov
64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957
65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957
1958
66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958
67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958
Feb
68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958
69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958
April
70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958
May
71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958
June
72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958
July
73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958
Aug
74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958
Sept
75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958
Nov
76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958
77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958
Dec
78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958
1959
79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959
80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959
Feb
81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959
March
82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959
83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959
April
84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959
May
85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959
June
86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959
July
87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959
88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959
Sept
89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959
Oct
90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959
91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959
92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959
Dec
93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959
94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959
1960
95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960
Feb
96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960
March
97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960
98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960
99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960
April
100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960
May
101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960
June
102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960
July
103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960
104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960
Aug
105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960
106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960
107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960
Oct
108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960
Nov
109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960
Dec
110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960
1961
111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961
112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961
Feb
113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961
March
114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961
115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961
May
116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961
117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961
118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961
June
119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961
120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961
July
121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961
Aug
122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961
123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961
124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196
Sept
125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961
Oct
126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961
127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961
128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961
Nov
129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961
Dec
130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961
131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961
1962
132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962
Feb
133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962
March
134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962
May
135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962
136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962
June
137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962
jJuly
138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962
139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962
Sept
140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962
Oct
142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962
Dec
143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962
1963
144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963
145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963
146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963
147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963
March
148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963
149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963
April
150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963
May
151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963
June
152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963
July
153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963
Aug
154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963
155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963
156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963
Sept
157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963
Oct
158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963
159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963
Dec
160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963
1964
161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964
162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964
Feb
164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964
March
165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964
April
166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964
167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964
May
168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964
169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964
170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964
June
171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964
July
172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964
173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964
174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964
Aug
175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964
176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964
Sept
177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964
178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964
Oct
179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964
180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964
Nov
181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964
Dec
182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964
183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964
1965
184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965
185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965
Feb
186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965
187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965
188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965
March
189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965
190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965
April
191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965
192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965
193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965
May
194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965
195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965
196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965
197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965
198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965
July
199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965
Aug
201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965
Sept
202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965
203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965
204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965
Nov
205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965
206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965
Dec
207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965
1966
208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966
209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966
210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966
March
211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966
April
212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966
213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966
May
214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966
215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966
June
216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966
217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966
July
218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966
219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966
220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966
Aug
221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966
222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966
Sept
223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966
224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966
Oct
225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966
Nov
226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966
Dec
227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966
1967
228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967
Feb
229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967
March
230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967
April
231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967
232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967
May
233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967
June
234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967
July
235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967
Aug
236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967
Sept
237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967
Oct
238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967
Nov
239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967
240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967
Dec
241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967
1968
242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968
243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968
Feb
244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968
245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968
March
246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968
247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968
April
248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968
249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968
May
250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968
June
251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968
July
252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968
253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968
254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968
Aug
255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968
256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968
Sept
257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968
258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968
259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968
Nov
260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968
261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968
262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968
1969
263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969
264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69
Feb
265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69
266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969
267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969
March
268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969
April
269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969
270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969
June
271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969
272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969
July
273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969
274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969
Aug
275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969
Sept
276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969
Oct
277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969
278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969
279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969
Dec
280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969
1970
281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970
March
282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970
283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970
April
284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970
May
285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970
286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970
June
287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970
288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970
Aug
289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970
Sept
290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970
291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970
Oct
292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970
Nov
293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970
294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970
1971
295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971
296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971
March
297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971
298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971
May
299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971
300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971
June
301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971
July
302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971
Aug
303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971
Sept
304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971
Oct
305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971
Nov
306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971
Dec
307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971
1972
308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972
Feb
309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972
310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972
March
311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972
April
312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972
May
313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972
June
314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972
July
315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972
316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972
Aug
317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972
Sept
318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972
319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972
320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972
Oct
321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972
Nov
322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972
323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972
Dec
324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972
1973
326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973
327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973
April
328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973
329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973
May
330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973
June
331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973
332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973
333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973
July
334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973
335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973
Aug
336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973
Sept
337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973
338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973
Oct
339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973
Nov
340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973
Dec
341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973
1974
342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974
343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974
Feb
344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974
March
345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974
346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974
April
347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974
May
349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974
June
350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974
351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974
352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974
July
353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974
Aug
354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974
355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974
Sept
356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974
Oct
357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974
358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974
359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974
Nov
360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974
Dec
361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974
362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974
1975
363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975
364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975
Feb
366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975
March
367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975
368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975
May
369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975
370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975
June
371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975
372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975
July
373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975
374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975
Aug
375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975
376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975
Sept
377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975
Oct
378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975
379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975
Nov
380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975
381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975
382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975
1976
383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976
Feb
384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976
385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976
March
386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976
387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976
May
396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976
Dec
397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976
398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976
1977
399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977
Feb
400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977
401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977
March
402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977
April
403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977
May
404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977
405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977
June
406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977
407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977
July
408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977
409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977
Aug
410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977
411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977
Sept
412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977
Oct
413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977
414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977
Nov
415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977
Dec
416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977
1978
417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978
418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978
419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978
March
420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978
April
421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978
422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978
423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978
June
424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978
Aug
425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978
Oct
426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978
427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978
Nov
428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978
Dec
429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978
430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978
1979
431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979
432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979
Feb
433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979
March
434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979
435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979
April
436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979
May
437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979
June
438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979
439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979
July
440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979
Aug
441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979
Sept
442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979
443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979
Oct
444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979
445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979
Nov
446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979
Dec
447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979
448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979
1980
449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980
Feb
450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980
451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980
March
453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980
454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980
April
455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980
456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980
May
457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980
458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980
459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)' 31/5/1980
June
460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980
July
461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980
462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980
Aug
463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980
464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980
Sept
466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980
467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980
Oct
468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980
Nov
469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980
470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980
Dec
471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980
472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980
1981
473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981
Feb
474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981
475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981
March
476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981
477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981
April
478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981
May
479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981
June
480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981
481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981
July
482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981
Aug
483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981
484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981
Sept
485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981
486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981
Oct
487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981
Nov
488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981
489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981
Dec
490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981
491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981
1982
492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982
493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982
Feb
494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982
495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982
March
496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982
497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982
April
498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982
499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982
May
500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982
501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982
June
502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982
503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982
July
504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982
505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982
Aug
506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982
Sept
507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982
Oct
508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982
509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982
Nov
510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982
Dec
511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982
512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982
1983
513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983
514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983
Feb
515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983
March
516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983
517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983
518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983
April
519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983
520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983
May
521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983
June
522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983
July
523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983
524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983
Aug
525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983
Sept
526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983
527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983
Nov
528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983
Dec
529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983
1984
530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984
531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984
March
532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984
533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984
May
534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984
June
535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984
536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984
Aug
537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984
Sept
538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984
Oct
540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984
Dec
541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984
542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984
543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984
1985
544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985
Feb
545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985
March
546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985
547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985
April
548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985
May
549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985
550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985
June
551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985
552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985
July
553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985
Aug
554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985
555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985
Sept
556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985
Oct
557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985
558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985
Nov
559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985
560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985
Dec
561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985
562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985
1986
563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986
564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986
Feb
565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986
March
566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986
567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single
April
568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986
May
569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986
570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986
June
571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986
572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986
July
573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986
Aug
574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986
575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986
Sept
576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986
Oct
577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986
578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986
Nov
579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986
Dec
580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986
581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986
582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986
1987
583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987
Feb
584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987
585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987
March
586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987
587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987
April
588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987
589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987
May
590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987
June
591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987
592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987
July
593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987
594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987
Aug
595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987
596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987
597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987
Oct
598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987
599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987
Nov
600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987
Dec
601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987
1988
602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988
603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988
Feb
604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988
March
605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988
April
606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988
607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988
May
608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988
609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988
June
610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988
611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988
July
612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988
Aug
613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988
Sept
614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988
615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988
Oct
617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988
618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988
Nov
619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988
Dec
620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988
1989
621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989
622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989
Feb
623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989
March
624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989
625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989
April
626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989
May
627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989
628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989
June
629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989
630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989
July
631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989
Aug
632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989
Sept
633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989
Oct
634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989
Nov
635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989
636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989
Dec
637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989
638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989
1990
639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990
640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990
Feb
641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990
March
642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990
643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990
April
646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990
647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990
July
648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990
Aug
649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990
Sept
650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990
651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990
Oct
652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990
Nov
653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990
Dec
654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990
655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990
1991
656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991
657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991
658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991
659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991
660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991
March
661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991
662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single
663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 .
May
664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991
June
665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991
666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 .
July
667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991
Nov
668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991
669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991
670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991
Dec
671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991
672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991
1992
673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992
Feb
674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992
April
675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992
May
676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992
June
677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992
July
678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992
Aug
679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992
Sept
680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992
Oct
681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992
682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992
Nov
683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992
Dec
684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 .
1993
685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993
March
686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993
April
687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993
May
688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993
689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993
June
690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 .
691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 .
692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993
August
693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993
694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993
Sept
695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993
Oct
696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993
697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 .
Dec
698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993
699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993
1994
700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994
701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994
Feb
702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994
703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994
704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994
705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994
May
706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994
707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994
708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994
June
709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994
Sept
710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994
Oct
711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994
712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994
Nov
713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994
Dec
714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994
1995
715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995
Feb
716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995
March
717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995
April
718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995
719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995
May
720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995
721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995
722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995
June
723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995
Aug
724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995
725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995
Sept
726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995
727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995
728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995
Oct
729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995
Nov
730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995
Dec
731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995
1996
732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996
733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996
March
734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996
735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 .
736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996
737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996
May
738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 .
739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996
June
740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 .
741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996
July
742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 .
743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996
Sept
744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996
745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996
Oct
746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996
747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996
748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996
749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996
Nov
750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996
751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996
752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996
753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996
754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996
755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996
1997
756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997
757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997
Feb
759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997
760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997
761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997
March
762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies.
April
763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997
764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997
May
765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997
766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 .
767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997
768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 .
June
770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997
July
771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997
Aug
772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997
Sept
773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997
774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997
Oct
775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997
Nov
776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997
777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997
Dec
778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997
779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997
1998
780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998
781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998
782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998
Feb
783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998
784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998
785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998
March
787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998
May
788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998
789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998
790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998
791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998
June
792. B*Witched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998
793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 .
July
794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998
795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998
796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998
Aug
797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998
798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998
Sept
799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998
800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998
801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998
802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998
Oct
803. B*Witched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998
804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998
805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998
806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998
807. B*Witched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998
808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998
1999
809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999
810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999
811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999
812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999
813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999
Feb
814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999
815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999
816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999
817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 .
March
818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single
819. B*Witched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999
April
820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999
821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999
May
822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999
823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999
824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999
825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999
June
826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999
827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999
828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999
July
829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999
830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999
831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999
Aug
832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999
833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999
Sept
834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999
835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999
836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999
Oct
837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999
838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999
Nov
839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999
840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999
841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999
842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999
Dec
843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999
844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999
2000
845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000
846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000
Feb
848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000
849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000
March
850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000
851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000
852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000
April
853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000
854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000
855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000
856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000
May
857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000
858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000
859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000
860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000
June
861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks)
862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000
July
863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000
864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000
865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000
866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000
867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000
Aug
868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000
869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000
870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000
871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000
Sept
873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000
874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000
875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000
Oct
876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct
877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000
878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000
879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000
880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000
881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000
882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000
Dec
883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000
884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000
885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000
886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks)
2001
887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001
888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001
889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001
Feb
890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks)
March
891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001
892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001
893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001
April
894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001
895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001
May
896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001
897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001
June
898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001
899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001
900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001
July
901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001
902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001
903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001
Aug
904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001
905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001
906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001
Sept
907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001
908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001
909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001
910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001
Oct
911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001
Nov
912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001
913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001
Dec
914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001
915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001
916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001
2002
917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002
918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002
Feb
919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks)
March
920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002
921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002
922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks)
April
923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002
May
924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002
925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002
926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002
927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002
June
928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002
929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002
930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks)
July
931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002
Aug
933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002
934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002
Sept
935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002
936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002
Oct
937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002
938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002
939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002
Nov
940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002
941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002
942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002
Dec
943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002
944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002
945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002
946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks)
2003
947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003
Feb
948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003
March
949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003
950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003
April
951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003
May
952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003
953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003
954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003
June
955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003
July
956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003
Aug
957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003
958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003
Sept
959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003
960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks)
Oct
961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003
Nov
962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003
963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003
964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003
965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003
966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003
967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003
968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003
2004
969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004
February
970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004
971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004
972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004
March
973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004
974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004
975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004
976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004
977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004
978: Eamon: F**k It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks)
May
979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004
June
980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004
981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004
July
984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004
985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004
August
986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004
987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004
988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004
September
989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004
990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004
991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004
October
992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004
November
993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004
994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004
995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004
996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004
December
997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks)
2005
998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner
999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958)
1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959)
1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005
February
1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960)
1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005
1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005
1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005
March
1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005
1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005
1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single
1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single
May
1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2)
1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1)
June
1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK)
July
1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005
1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005
August
1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005
September
1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005
1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005
1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005
October
1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3)
1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) ..
November
1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2)
1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3)
December
1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2)
1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1)
1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2006
1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
February
1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2)
1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 ..
March
1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1
1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1
1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) ..
April
1032: Ne*Yo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1)
1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1
June
1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) ..
1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3)
July
1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1)
1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2)
1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
August
r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4)
September
1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1)
1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1..
1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4)
October
1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1)..
1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2)..
November
1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) ..
1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1
1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1)
December
1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4)
1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner
2007
1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) ..
March
1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) ..
1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2)
1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single
1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single.
April
1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1)
1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) ..
May
1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1
1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1
August
1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2)..
1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1)
1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2)
September
1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4)
October
1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4)
November
1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 ..
December
1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2008
1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5)
February
1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1
March
1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 ..
April
1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4)
May
1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1
1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2)
June
1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 ..
1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1
July
1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1)
1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1
August
1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) ..
1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5)
September
1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 ..
October
1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3)
November
1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1
1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1
1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1)
December
1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 ..
1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1
1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner
2009
1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3)
February
1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1
March
1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1
1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 ..
No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years.
1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single.
1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3)
April
1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1
May
1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1
1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1
1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1
June
r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1)
1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1
1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) ..
July
1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1
1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1
1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1
August
1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1)
1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1
r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1)
1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 ..
1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1)
1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1
October
1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 ..
November
1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 ..
1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) ..
1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1
December
1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2)
1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1)
1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1
2010
1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner
r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) ..
1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1
1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) ..
February
1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1
March
1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1
1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 ..
1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2)
April
1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 ..
1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1)
May
1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1
1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 ..
1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1
June
1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 ..
July
1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 ..
1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 ..
1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) ..
1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) ..
August
1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1)
1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 ..
October
1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1
r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) ..
November
1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1
1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) ..
1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .
December
1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 .
1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1).
1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2011
1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1).
1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1.
February
1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1)
1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1
1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4)
March
1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1
April
r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1)
1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1
1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4).
May
1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1).
1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3)
June
1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1.
July
1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1.
1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1
1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1
August
1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1
September
1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
October
1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1
1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1.
1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 .
November
1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] .
R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3)
December
1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected]
1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1)
1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner
1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2012
1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1)
1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1)
1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2)
February
1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected]
1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1)
1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1)
1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1)
March
R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4)
1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1
April
1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected]
1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4)
May
1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected]
1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected]
June
1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1)
1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected]
1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1)
1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected]
1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected]
July
1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected]
R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1)
1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3)
August
1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected]
1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected]
September
1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected]
1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected]
1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected]
1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2)
October
1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1)
1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected]
1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected]
1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected]
November
1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1)
1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected]
1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected]
December
1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected]
1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1)
1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours
1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected].
2013
R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2)
1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2)
February
1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected]
1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1)
1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected]
March
1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single.
1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3)
1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected]
April
1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine.
1227: Duke Dumont ft. A*M*E - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected]
1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected]
May
1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4)
June
1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected]
1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected]
July
1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected]
1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1)
1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected]
August
1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected]
1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected]
September
1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected]
1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected]
October
1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1)
1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1)
November
1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected]
1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected]
1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1)
1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected]
1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1)
December
1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected]
R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2)
1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1
2014
1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1).
1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2).
February
1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected]
March
1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1).
1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected].
1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected].
1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected]
April
1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected].
1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected].
1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected].
1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected]
May
1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected].
1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1).
1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected].
1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected]
June
1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected]
1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected]
1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected]
July
1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected]
1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected]
1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected]
1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected]
August
1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected]
1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1)
1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2)
1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected]
September
1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) .
1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected]
1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1)
October
1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] .
1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) .
November
1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1)
1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected]
1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected]
1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected]
December
1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected]
R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1)
1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected]
1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected]
2015
R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6)
February
1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected]
March
1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected]
1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected]
April
1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected]
1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2)
May
1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4)
June
1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected]
July
1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1)
WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS
1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1)
1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1)
1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected]
August
1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected]
1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1)
1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1)
September
1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1)
1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected]
1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1)
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2)
October
1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected].
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2)
1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected]
November
1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected]
1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2)
December
1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3)
1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2016
January
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3)
Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history
1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2)
February
1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1
1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5)
March
1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4)
April
1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15)
August
1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5)
September
1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4)
October
1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3)
1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected]
November
1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1
2017
January
1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases.
UPDATED: January 13th 2016.
A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts)
Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1
16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991
Most Weeks at No.1
18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe
In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions
Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1
33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days.
Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo"
w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18.
w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief.
it beat the previous record of
29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days
Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet)
w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts
w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans .
Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays.
Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday.
The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date
has remained constant throughout.
JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS
Information up to 2004 is from the
"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums"
2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1
*****************************************
| i don't know |
In which year did the Peterloo Massacre take place ? | Peterloo Massacre
Peterloo Massacre
▼ Primary Sources ▼
Peterloo Massacre
In March 1819, Joseph Johnson , John Knight and James Wroe formed the Manchester Patriotic Union Society. All the leading radicals in Manchester joined the organisation. Johnson was appointed secretary and Wroe became treasurer. The main objective of this new organisation was to obtain parliamentary reform and during the summer of 1819 it was decided to invite Major Cartwright , Henry Orator Hunt and Richard Carlile to speak at a public meeting in Manchester . The men were told that this was to be "a meeting of the county of Lancashire, than of Manchester alone. I think by good management the largest assembly may be procured that was ever seen in this country." Cartwright was unable to attend but Hunt and Carlile agreed and the meeting was arranged to take place at St. Peter's Field on 16th August.
The local magistrates were concerned that such a substantial gathering of reformers might end in a riot. The magistrates therefore decided to arrange for a large number of soldiers to be in Manchester on the day of the meeting. This included four squadrons of cavalry of the 15th Hussars (600 men), several hundred infantrymen, the Cheshire Yeomanry Cavalry (400 men), a detachment of the Royal Horse Artillery and two six-pounder guns and the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry (120 men) and all Manchester's special constables (400 men).
At about 11.00 a.m. on 16th August, 1819 William Hulton , the chairman, and nine other magistrates met at Mr. Buxton's house in Mount Street that overlooked St. Peter's Field . Although there was no trouble the magistrates became concerned by the growing size of the crowd. Estimations concerning the size of the crowd vary but Hulton came to the conclusion that there were at least 50,000 people in St. Peter's Field at midday. Hulton therefore took the decision to send Edward Clayton, the Boroughreeve and the special constables to clear a path through the crowd. The 400 special constables were therefore ordered to form two continuous lines between the hustings where the speeches were to take place, and Mr. Buxton's house where the magistrates were staying.
Print of the Peterloo Massacre published by Richard Carlile
The main speakers at the meeting arrived at 1.20 p.m. This included Henry 'Orator' Hunt , Richard Carlile , John Knight , Joseph Johnson and Mary Fildes . Several of the newspaper reporters, including John Tyas of The Times , Edward Baines of the Leeds Mercury , John Smith of the Liverpool Mercury and John Saxton of the Manchester Observer , joined the speakers on the hustings.
At 1.30 p.m. the magistrates came to the conclusion that "the town was in great danger". William Hulton therefore decided to instruct Joseph Nadin , Deputy Constable of Manchester , to arrest Henry Hunt and the other leaders of the demonstration. Nadin replied that this could not be done without the help of the military. Hulton then wrote two letters and sent them to Lieutenant Colonel L'Estrange , the commander of the military forces in Manchester and Major Thomas Trafford, the commander of the Manchester & Salford Yeomanry .
Major Trafford, who was positioned only a few yards away at Pickford's Yard, was the first to receive the order to arrest the men. Major Trafford chose Captain Hugh Birley , his second-in-command, to carry out the order. Local eyewitnesses claimed that most of the sixty men who Birley led into St. Peter's Field were drunk. Birley later insisted that the troop's erratic behaviour was caused by the horses being afraid of the crowd.
The Manchester & Salford Yeomanry entered St. Peter's Field along the path cleared by the special constables. As the yeomanry moved closer to the hustings, members of the crowd began to link arms to stop them arresting Henry Hunt and the other leaders. Others attempted to close the pathway that had been created by the special constables. Some of the yeomanry now began to use their sabres to cut their way through the crowd.
Print of St. Peter's Massacre
When Captain Hugh Birley and his men reached the hustings they arrested Henry Hunt , John Knight , Joseph Johnson , George Swift , John Saxton , John Tyas , John Moorhouse and Robert Wild. As well as the speakers and the organisers of the meeting, Birley also arrested the newspaper reporters on the hustings.
Lieutenant Colonel L'Estrange reported to William Hulton at 1.50 p.m. When he asked Hulton what was happening he replied: "Good God, Sir, don't you see they are attacking the Yeomanry? Disperse them." L'Estrange now ordered Lieutenant Jolliffe and the 15th Hussars to rescue the Manchester & Salford Yeomanry . By 2.00 p.m. the soldiers had cleared most of the crowd from St. Peter's Field. In the process, 18 people were killed and about 500, including 100 women, were wounded.
Richard Carlile managed to avoid being arrested and after being hidden by local radicals, he took the first mail coach to London. The following day placards for Sherwin's Political Register began appearing in London with the words: 'Horrid Massacres at Manchester'. A full report of the meeting appeared in the next edition of the newspaper. The authorities responded by raiding Carlile's shop in Fleet Street and confiscating his complete stock of newspapers and pamphlets.
James Wroe was at the meeting and he described the attack on the crowd in the next edition of the Manchester Observer. Wroe is believed to be the first person to describe the incident as the Peterloo Massacre. Wroe also produced a series of pamphlets entitled The Peterloo Massacre: A Faithful Narrative of the Events. The pamphlets, which appeared for fourteen consecutive weeks from 28th August, price twopence, had a large circulation, and played an important role in the propaganda war against the authorities. Wroe, like Carlile, was later sent to prison for writing these accounts of the Peterloo Massacre.
Poster entitled Manchester Heroes was published in 1819
Moderate reformers in Manchester were appalled by the decisions of the magistrates and the behaviour of the soldiers. Several of them wrote accounts of what they had witnessed. Archibald Prentice sent his report to several London newspapers. When John Edward Taylor discovered that John Tyas of The Times , had been arrested and imprisoned, he feared that this was an attempt by the government to suppress news of the event. Taylor therefore sent his report to Thomas Barnes , the editor of The Times. The article that was highly critical of the magistrates and the yeomanry was published two days later.
Tyas was released from prison. The Times mounted a campaign against the action of the magistrates at St. Peter's Field . In one editorial the newspaper told its readers "a hundred of the King's unarmed subjects have been sabred by a body of cavalry in the streets of a town of which most of them were inhabitants, and in the presence of those Magistrates whose sworn duty it is to protect and preserve the life of the meanest Englishmen." As these comments came from an establishment newspaper, the authorities found this criticism particularly damaging.
Other journalists at the meeting were not treated as well as Tyas. Richard Carlile wrote an article on the Peterloo Massacre in the next edition of The Republican . Carlile not only described how the military had charged the crowd but also criticised the government for its role in the incident. Under the seditious libel laws , it was offence to publish material that might encourage people to hate the government. The authorities also disapproved of Carlile publishing books by Tom Paine , including Age of Reason , a book that was extremely critical of the Church of England . In October 1819, Carlile was found guilty of blasphemy and seditious libel and was sentenced to three years in Dorchester Gaol.
Carlile was also fined £1,500 and when he refused to pay, his Fleet Street offices were raided and his stock was confiscated. Carlile was determined not to be silenced. While he was in prison he continued to write material for The Republican , which was now being published by his wife. Due to the publicity created by Carlile's trial, the circulation of The Republican increased dramatically and was now outselling pro-government newspapers such as The Times .
James Wroe was at the meeting and he described the attack on the crowd in the next edition of the Manchester Observer. Wroe is believed to be the first person to describe the incident as the Peterloo Massacre . Wroe also produced a series of pamphlets entitled The Peterloo Massacre: A Faithful Narrative of the Events. The pamphlets, which appeared for fourteen consecutive weeks from 28th August, price twopence, had a large circulation, and played an important role in the propaganda war against the authorities. The government wanted revenge and Wroe was arrested and charged with producing a seditious publication. He was found guilty and sentenced to twelve months in prison, plus a £100 fine.
After the Peterloo Massacre, Viscount Sidmouth , the Home Secretary, sent a letter of congratulations to the Manchester magistrates for the action they had taken. Lord Liverpool and his Tory government responded to the Peterloo Massace by introducing new legislation. When Parliament reassembled on 23rd November, 1819, Lord Sidmouth , the government 's Home Secretary, announced details of what later became known as the Six Acts .
By the 30th December, 1819, Parliament had debated and passed six measures that it hoped would suppress the reform movement. This included the Seditious Meetings Prevention Act - a measure which prohibited the holding of public meetings of more than fifty people without the consent of a sheriff or magistrate.
The trial of the organisers of the St. Peter's Field meeting took place in York between 16th and 27th March, 1820. The men were charged with "assembling with unlawful banners at an unlawful meeting for the purpose of exciting discontent". Henry Hunt was found guilty and was sent to Ilchester Gaol for two years and six months. Joseph Johnson , Samuel Bamford and Joseph Healey were each sentenced to one year in Lincoln Prison.
John Edward Taylor was a successful businessman who was radicalized by the Peterloo Massacre . Taylor felt that the newspapers did not accurately record the outrage that the people felt about what happened at St. Peter's Fields. Taylor's political friends agreed and it was decided to form their own newspaper. Eleven men, all involved in the textile industry, raised £1,050 for the venture. It was decided to call the newspaper the Manchester Guardian . A prospectus was published which explained the aims and objectives of the proposed newspaper: "It will zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty, it will warmly advocate the cause of Reform; it will endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy."
The first four-page edition appeared on Saturday 5th May, 1821 and cost 7d. Of this sum, 4d was a tax imposed by the government. The Manchester Guardian , like other newspapers at the time, also had to pay a duty of 3d a lb. on paper and three shillings and sixpence on every advertisement that was included. These taxes severely restricted the number of people who could afford to buy newspapers.
Two aspects of the Six Acts was to prevent the publication of radical newspapers. The Basphemous and Seditious Libels Act was a measure which provided much stronger punishments, including banishment for publications judged to be blaspemous or sedtious. The Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act was an attempt to subjected certain radical publications which had previously avoided stamp duty by publishing opinion and not news, to such duty.
A Stamp Tax was first imposed on British newspapers in 1712. The tax was gradually increased until in 1815 it had reached 4d. a copy. As few people could afford to pay 6d. or 7d. for a newspaper, the tax restricted the circulation of most of these journals to people with fairly high incomes. During this period most working people were earning less than 10 shillings a week and this therefore severely reduced the number of people who could afford to buy radical newspapers. Campaigners against the stamp tax such as William Cobbett and Leigh Hunt described it as a "tax on knowledge".
Chartists such as Henry Hetherington , James Watson , John Cleave , George Julian Harney and James O'Brien joined Richard Carlile in the fight against stamp duty . As these radical publishers refused to pay stamp-duty on their newspapers, this resulted in fines and periods of imprisonment. In 1835 the two leading unstamped radical newspapers, the Poor Man's Guardian , and The Cleave's Police Gazette , were selling more copies in a day than The Times sold all week. It was estimated at the time that the circulation of leading six unstamped newspapers had now reached 200,000.
In the House of Commons , John Roebuck led the campaign against taxes on newspapers. In 1836 the campaigners had their first success when the 4d. tax on newspapers was reduced to 1d. The same year Parliament agreed to remove the tax on pamphlets. The campaigned continued and in 1849 a group of publishers led by Henry Hetherington formed the Newspaper Stamp Abolition Committee. However, it was not until 1855 that the newspaper stamp duty was finally abolished.
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Primary Sources
(1) In his book Passage in the Life of a Radical , the political activist, Samuel Bamford described the procession from Middleton to Manchester on the 16th August, 1819.
First were selected twelve of the most decent-looking youths, who were placed at the front, each with a branch of laurel held in his hand, as a token of peace; then the colours: a blue one of silk, with inscriptions in golden letters, 'Unity and Strength', 'Liberty and Fraternity'; a green one of silk, with golden letters, 'Parliaments Annual', 'Suffrage Universal'.
Every hundred men had a leader, who was distinguished by a spring of laurel in his hat, and the whole were to obey the directions of the principal conductor, who took his place at the head of the column, with a bugleman to sound his orders. At the sound of the bugle not less than three thousand men formed a hollow square, with probably as many people around them, and I reminded them that they were going to attend the most important meeting that had ever been held for Parliamentary Reform. I also said that, in conformity with a rule of the committee, no sticks, nor weapons of any description, would be allowed to be carried. Only the oldest and most infirm amongst us were allowed to carry their walking staves.
Our whole column, with the Rochdale people, would probably consist of six thousand men. At our head were a hundred or two of women, mostly young wives, and mine own was amongst them. A hundred of our handsomest girls, sweethearts to the lads who were with us, danced to the music. Thus accompanied by our friends and our dearest we went slowly towards Manchester.
(2) Archibald Prentice , Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections of Manchester (1851)
The morning of the 16th of August came, and soon after nine o'clock the people began to assemble. From the windows of Mr. Baxter's house in Mosley-street, I saw the main body proceeding towards St. Peter's Field, and never saw a gayer spectacle. There were haggard-looking men certainly, but the majority were young persons, in their best Sunday's suits, and the light coloured dresses of the cheerful tidy-looking women relieved the effect of the dark fustians worn by the men. The " marching order," of which so much was said afterwards, was what we often see now in the processions of Sunday-school children and temperance societies. To our eyes the numerous flags seemed to have been brought to add to the picturesque effect of the pageant. Slowly and orderly the multitudes took their places round the hustings, which stood on a spot now included under the roof of the Free Trade Hall, near its south-east corner. Our company laughed at the fears of the magistrates, and the remark was, that if the men intended mischief they would not have brought their wives, their sisters, or their children with them. I passed round the outskirts of the meeting, and mingled with the groups that stood chatting there. I occasionally asked the women if they were not afraid to be there, and the usual laughing reply was - " What have we to be afraid of?" I saw Hunt arrive, and heard the shouts of the sixty thousand persons by whom he was enthusiastically welcomed, as the carriage in which he stood made its way through the dense crowd to the hustings. I proceeded to my dwelling-house in Salford, intending to return in about an hour or so to witness in what manner so large a meeting would separate. I had not been at home more than a quarter of an hour when a wailing sound was heard from the main street, and, rushing out, I saw people running in the direction of Pendleton, their faces pale as death, and some with blood trickling down their cheeks. It was with difficulty I could get any one to stop and tell me what had happened. The unarmed multitude, men, women, and children, had been attacked with murderous results by the military.
The magistrates had resolved, at the last moment, that Hunt, and the friends who accompanied him to the hustings, should be apprehended in the face of the meeting. It was a great assemblage, and, no doubt, they thought the capture of the ringleaders in the presence of sixty thousand persons would produce a salutary effect. There was abundance of force at hand to render resistance hopeless. The number of special constables had been greatly increased, two hundred additional having been sworn in for the occasion; a portion were stationed round the hustings, and another formed a line of communication thence to the house in which the magistrates were assembled, a distance of about a hundred yards. Near to the field, ready the moment their services were required, were six troops of the 15th Hussars, a troop of horse artillery, with two guns, the greater part of the 31st regiment of infantry, some companies of the 88th
regiment, the Cheshire yeomanry; of between three and four hundred men, and the Manchester yeomanry, of about forty, the latter hot-headed young men, who had volunteered into that service from their intense hatred of radicalism.
(3) With John Tyas in prison it is believed that John Edward Taylor provided the report that appeared in The Times on 18th August, 1819.
When the Yeomanry arrived the greater part of the persons who were at the outskirts of the assembly on that side instantly ran away; but the main body remained compact and firm, and finding the soldiers halt under the houses, faced round and cheered them. But a few moments had elapsed, when some orders were given to the troops, and they instantly dashed at full gallop amongst the people, actually hacking their way up to the hustings. A cordon of special constables was drawn from the house occupied by the Magistrates towards the stage, and these fared as ill from the attacks of the soldiers as the people at large. A comparatively undisciplined body, led on by officers who had never had any experience in military affairs, and probably all under the influence both of personal fear and considerable political feeling of hostility, could not be expected to act either with coolness or discrimination; and accordingly, men, women, and children, constables, and Reformers, were equally exposed to their attacks. Numbers were trampled down, and numbers were cut down.
When they arrived at the hustings, the standards were torn, or cut from the hands of those who held them. Hunt was taken along by the constables to the house where the Magistrates were sitting, crying out 'Murder' as he was every instant struck by the bludgeons of numbers of constables who surrounded him. An attempt was made to knock his hat off, but unsuccessfully; and just as he was going up the steps, a person, who shall be for the present, nameless, with a club of large size, struck him with the force of both hands a blow on the head, which completely indented his hat, and almost levelled him with the ground: of this I can produce evidence on oath.
Whether the Riot Act had been read, I am not enabled positively to say; but I affirm, from actual observation, that not the slightest breach of the peace had been committed, or appeared, as far as I can judge, likely to take place; and, most certainly, instead of an hour being allowed after proclamation, for the people to disperse, not twenty minutes had elapsed, after. Hunt came upon the ground, before the carnage began.
What are the charges on which Hunt and the rest are arrested, I know not. Rumour says High Treason, of which carrying the cap of liberty is stated as an overt act.
(4) In his book Passage in the Life of a Radical , the political activist, Samuel Bamford described the attack on the crowd at St. Peter's Fields on the 16th August, 1819.
Mr. Hunt, stepping towards the front of the stage, took off his white hat, and addressed the people. Whilst he was doing so I heard a noise outside the crowd. Some persons said it was the Blackburn people coming, and I stood on tip-toe and looked in the direction whence the noise was coming from, I saw a party of cavalry in blue and white uniform come trotting, sword in hand.
The cavalry received a shout of good-will. The cavalry, waving their sabres over their heads; and then, slackening rein, and striking spur into their seeds, they dashed forward and began cutting the people. "Stand fast," I said, "they are riding upon us;" The cavalry were in confusion; they evidently could not, with the weight of man and horse, penetrate that compact mass of human beings; and their sabres were plied to cut a way through naked held-up hands and defenceless heads. "Shame!" was shouted then "break! break!" they are killing them in front, and they cannot get away." On the breaking of the crowd the yeomanry wheeled, and, dashing whenever there was an opening, they followed, pressing and wounding. Women and tender youths were indiscriminately sabred or trampled.
A number of our people were driven to some timber which lay at the foot of the wall of the Quakers' meeting house. Being pressed by the yeomanry, a number sprung over the balks and defended themselves with stones which they found there. It was not without difficulty, and after several were wounded, they were driven out. A young married woman of our party, with her face all bloody, her hair streaming about her, her bonnet hanging by the string, and her apron weighed with stones, kept her assailant at bay until she fell backwards and was near being taken; but she got away covered with severe bruises.
In ten minutes from the commencement of the havoc the field was an open and almost deserted space. The hustings remained, with a few broken and hewed flag-staves erect, and a torn and gashed banner or two dropping; whilst over the whole field were strewed caps, bonnets, hats, shawls, and shoes, and other parts of male and female dress, trampled, torn, and bloody. Several mounds of human flesh still remained where they had fallen, crushed down and smothered. Some of these still groaning, others with staring eyes, were gasping for breath, and others would never breathe again.
(5) Martin Wainwright , The Guardian (13th August, 2007)
There are mugs and candlesnuffers in museums saying "Do not forget 1819" and school essay questions going back to the earliest days of exams, but the site of one of Britain's greatest social upheavals is still marked only by a modest - and only partially true - blue plaque.
This week, the city whose conscience was seared by the death of nine men, a woman and a child at a mass demonstration demanding the vote, will see the launch of a campaign for a "prominent, accurate and respectful" memorial to the brief mayhem known to history as the Peterloo massacre.
People and institutions in Manchester and Salford are banding together to press the city council for a "worthier monument" than 32 words on the plaque which fail even to say that anyone was killed, alluding instead to the crowd's "dispersal by the military".
Events this Thursday - the massacre's 188th anniversary - will highlight concern that Peterloo is in danger of being forgotten. "We're talking about something here on the scale of Tiananmen Square in terms of democratic history," said Paul Fitzgerald, who draws radical cartoons under the name Polyp and is one of the organisers of the Peterloo Memorial Campaign. "It's ridiculous that all we have is this euphemistic plaque. We intend to commission a sculpture in the end, but in the meanwhile, let's get people talking."
The project is backed by local trade unions, and Labour and Liberal Democrat politicians who say the occasion has for too long been treated "as a secret".
"Even people who know the history come to Manchester and fail to find out where Peterloo happened," said Derek Clarke, secretary of Greater Manchester Trade Union Councils. "I arrived from north Wales to work here, and it took me ages to pin down the actual site.
"We don't want to fall behind our neighbours, such as Hyde which has just unveiled a statue outside its town hall of the Chartists, who drew much of their inspiration from Peterloo. The massacre was one of the most influential events to happen in Manchester's history."
Peterloo saw an estimated 60,000 people gather peaceably to back demands that the growing industrial towns of Britain should have the right to elect MPs. Less than 2% of the population had the vote at the time, and resentment was sharpened by "rotten boroughs" such as the moribund Wiltshire village Old Sarum which had 11 voters and two MPs. Manchester and Leeds had none.
Plans to elect a "shadow parliament" put the wind up the Tory government which was also frightened that the power of Henry "Orator" Hunt, the main speaker at Peterloo, might turn the Manchester crowd into a mob. The local volunteer yeomanry, described as "younger members of the Tory party in arms", was ordered to disperse the meeting, with fatal results.
"The magistrates effectively let local shopkeepers and businessmen, people with a stake in the status quo, loose on the crowd," said Mr Clarke. More than 1,000 disciplined regular troops, including an artillery unit, stayed in the background but added to the air of crisis. As well as the 11 deaths, and possibly a 12th which historians are still researching, hundreds of people were wounded by sabre slashes and crushed in the panic.
The name Peterloo, combining Manchester's traditional meeting place St Peter's Fields with the battle of Waterloo fought four years earlier, was coined immediately by the radical Manchester Observer. The immediate result of the tragedy was a complete crackdown on reform, but it proved hugely influential in the longer run.
"It is fundamental to the history of our democracy," said Tristram Hunt of Queen Mary College, London University, who last year organised a national competition in the Guardian for radical landmarks in need of better commemoration which saw Peterloo come second only to Putney parish church, site of the 1647 Putney debates where rank and file members of the Roundhead army argued the case for a transparent democratic state.
"It is really great news that Manchester is on the march about this. Peterloo has a direct and powerful lineage to the Chartists."
Manchester has seen previous, short-lived attempts to highlight the massacre before, but the reaction in the immediate aftermath - that the violence was a stain on the city's reputation - has regularly resurfaced and sapped enthusiasm. The Labour-led city council has prevaricated about anything grander than the plaque on the Radisson Hotel.
Last year's Labour conference in Manchester saw delegates surprised at what some called a virtual conspiracy of silence. Former Labour city councillor Geoff Bridson said: "It is like a secret episode from the past."
Renewed civic pride offers a real chance to change all that, said Dr Hunt. "The old, rather uncertain Manchester was scared of its history. Now it is confident enough to look back with pride."
The campaign is backed by the three museums of working class and "people's" history in Manchester and Salford. The director of the national People's History Museum, Nick Mansfield said: "Peterloo is a critical event not only because of the number of people killed and injured, but because ultimately it changed public opinion to influence the extension of the right to vote and give us the democracy we enjoy today. It was critical to our freedoms."
(6) Michael Bush, letter to The Guardian (15th August, 2007)
It is great news to hear (History, August 13) that a Peterloo memorial campaign has been organised. But hopefully the organisers and journalists will get abreast of recent research. It is now known there were as many as 18 deaths, not 11-12, with total casualties revised upwards from around 500 to 700, with the majority of injuries inflicted by the military rather than by the crush of the crowd. All this is examined in my recent book, "The Casualties of Peterloo". In addition, the massacre was the work not only of Mancunians serving as volunteer cavalrymen but of regular troops, since 340 Hussars also charged the crowd.
For Mancunians and even for the development of democracy, the event is not so easy to appreciate as you suggest. After all, the massacre was carried out by respectable Mancunians on the authority of the town council. And it is arguable that the event - in showing how crowds could be effectively controlled by small numbers of troops - delayed the establishment of democracy by over 50 years. Peterloo represented a humiliating defeat for the power of the people and one from which it had great difficulty in making a recovery.
Geoff Bridson says Peterloo "is like a secret episode from the past", but many books have been written about it over the last half century. Lecturing in Saddleworth on a cold February night last year, I found myself talking to a full house. As for Derek Clarke's difficulties in identifying the actual site, all he needed to do was to visit the magnificent Manchester library, a stone's throw from the site, and the staff in the local studies unit would have gladly directed him to it.
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Which coffee chain opened its first branch in Seattle in 1971 ? | The Battle of Peterloo, Manchester, 1819
By Ellen Castelow , Contributing Writer | Comments
Not Waterloo but Peterloo!
England is not a country of frequent revolutions; some say it is because our weather is not conducive to outdoor marches and riots.
However, weather or no weather, in the early 1800's, working men began to demonstrate on the streets and demand changes in their working lives.
In March 1817, six hundred workers set off from the northern city of Manchester to march to London. These demonstrators became known the 'Blanketeers' as each carried a blanket. The blanket was carried for warmth during the long nights on the road.
Only one 'Blanketeer' managed to reach London, as the leaders were imprisoned and the 'rank and file' quickly dispersed.
In the same year, Jeremiah Brandreth led two hundred Derbyshire labourers to Nottingham in order, he said, to take part in a general insurrection. This was not a success and three of the leaders were executed for treason.
But in 1819 a more serious demonstration took place in Manchester at St. Peter's Fields.
On that August day, the 16th, a large body of people carrying banners bearing slogans against the Corn Laws and in favour of universal suffrage, held a meeting at St. Peter's Fields.
The magistrates of the day became alarmed and ordered the arrest of the principal speakers.
As the Yeomanry attempted to obey the order, they were surrounded by the horde of people and the Hussars were sent in to help them. In the general panic which followed, fifteen people were killed and about five hundred injured.
Manchester Yeomanry charge at Peterloo
This became known as the 'Peterloo Massacre'
The 'massacre' aroused great public indignation, but the government of the day stood by the magistrates and in 1819 passed a new law, called the Six Acts, to control future agitation.
The Six Acts were not popular; they consolidated the laws against further disturbances, which the magistrates at the time considered presaged revolution!
The people viewed these Six Acts with alarm as they allowed that any house could be searched, without a warrant, on suspicion of containing firearms and public meetings were virtually forbidden.
Periodicals were taxed so severely that they were priced beyond the reach of the poorer classes and the magistrates were given the power to seize any literature that was deemed seditious or blasphemous and any meeting in a parish that contained more than fifty people was deemed illegal.
The Six Acts gave rise to a desperate response and a man called Arthur Thistlewood planned what was to become known as the Cato Street conspiracy….the murder of several cabinet ministers at dinner.
The conspiracy failed as one of the conspirators was a spy and informed his masters, the ministers, of the plot.
Thislewood was caught, found guilty of high treason and hanged in 1820.
The trial and execution of Thistlewood constituted the final act of a long succession of confrontation between government and desperate protestors, but the general opinion was that the government had gone too far in applauding 'Peterloo' and passing the Six Acts.
Eventually a more sober mood descended on the country and the revolutionary fever finally died out.
So while the Battle of Waterloo is remembered as a turning point in English history, 'Peterloo' is also remembered as a sign that the people of England have the ability to right 'wrongs' should the occasion warrant it!
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1 9 6 8 - 1 9 8 0 (UK)
152 x 30 minute episodes
Basil Brush - a mischievous upper-class fox, created and voiced by Ivan Owen (formerly the operator of Yoo-Hoo the Cuckoo in the 1950s' Billy Bean and His Funny Machine and dog Fred Barker in Tuesday Rendezvous and Five O'Clock Club ) - started off on the telly in a little-known puppet show called The Three Scampis as a sidekick to a Scottish hedgehog called Spike McPike (voiced by Wally Whyton) and a human called Howard Williams.
The puppet was made for Owen by Peter Firmin, half of the Smallfilms team who devised Ivor The Engine , Noggin The Nog and many other superior children's television shows.
Dressed in waistcoat, tartan cape and sporting a cravat, Basil shone head and shoulders above his co-stars and got his big break in 1967 when he was signed for a regular guest spot on magician David Nixon's The Nixon Line, accompanied by Mr Rodney (Rodney Bewes from The Likely Lads ) as his first straight man.
Basil soon got his own show now accompanied by Mr Derek (Derek Fowlds from Yes, Minister and Heartbeat ) whose chunky sweaters and comparatively stern demeanour seemed to keep the Deerstalkered One in check to some degree.
Basil was also accompanied at different times by Mr Roy (North), Mr Billy (Boyle) and Mr Howard (his old sidekick from the Three Scampis days).
At the show's peak when it pulled in millions of viewers a week, artists such as Herman's Hermits , Cilla Black , The Kinks , Lulu and Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick and Tich clamoured to appear on the show.
Derek managed to exert some control over Basil and on occasion even managed to read more than a page of the story, such as 'Buccaneering Basil' and 'Blast off Basil'.
Basil's disrespect for authority appealed to kids, while innuendo and topical gags at the expense of British Rail, Margaret Thatcher and 'Mrs Lighthouse' ( Mary Whitehouse ) kept parents amused.
The song at the end of the story at the end of each show - with the same melody every time with different words - reunited Basil and the current Mr. after the inevitable fallings out each week caused by:
Basil rustling the bag of jelly babies and offering one during a particularly exciting moment of the tale
Basil unwrapping a toffee noisily and then getting his jaws locked together by it
Basil's nose literally out of joint after getting it tweaked at the end of one more interruption
Basil going "Yes, yes, yes" every ten seconds
The inevitable appearance of his toy dog that could do back flips
Basil's interruptions were probably the main reason for the short tenure of each of the successive Misters.
The Roy North pairing was a mismatch from the start - Basil was in complete control by now and Roy (looking like a soppy black-haired Peter Noone - pictured below) let him run riot. No guest was safe from insult during this period and we only ever got about two lines of the story per show.
Mr Billy was no better - despite his excellent showing as Danny Taurus on EastEnders - and the less said about Mr. Howard the better.
Basil reappeared in schools programme Let's Read . . .With Basil Brush (ITV, 1982-83) and Crackerjack (BBC), with his last TV engagement Basil's Joke Machine (ITV, 1986).
A stroke in the late 1980s left Ivan Owen listless and depressed, meaning retirement for the cheeky fox. Owen died in 2000 at the age of 73 - having never once been photographed with his puppet friend, so preserving Basil's 'reality'. Boom Boom!
In 2002, a new BBC series, with a slick children's sitcom format, a new voice artist and a fatter, furrier new puppet, lost the spontaneity that had made a flea-ridden puppet seem so alive. Guest appearances on Blue Peter in early 2003 were more in keeping with the Basil of old.
Basil Brush
| David Nixon |
Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Better is a song from which show ? | TV Heroes - David Nixon - Magician - Danny Baker - YouTube
TV Heroes - David Nixon - Magician - Danny Baker
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Published on Mar 8, 2015
Here's the brilliantly witty Danny Baker introducing his lighthearted tribute to the celebrated Magician David Nixon. David Nixon , one of television's most enduring magicians, is remembered by Danny Baker.
David Nixon (29 December 1919[1] – 1 December 1978[2]) was an English magician and television personality.[3] At the height of his career, Nixon was the best-known magician in the UK
Nixon's father was a lawyer whose hobby was magic and who took David to watch performers such as Nevil Maskelyne and David Devant. One magician who made an early impression on the young boy was Stanley Collins, who had a gentlemanly image which influenced Nixon's later performing style. Nixon started performing magic himself after an aunt bought him an Ernest Sewell Magic Box one Christmas.
On leaving school he got a job with the Henley Telegraph, the in-house magazine of the W. T. Henley Telegraph company, a publication which had been founded by Alfred Hitchcock. In 1938 he joined the Magic Circle. He also became an accomplished double bass player and performed with a local band.
With the advent of the Second World War Nixon joined ENSA, the organization that was set up to provide entertainment for British troops. He had been prevented from serving in a front line role as a result of suffering from pneumonia when he was a teenager. After the war he joined the Fol de Rols, a variety troupe based in Scarborough. In addition to his magic act, he sang, danced and worked front of house. In 1949 he married a singer named Margaret Burton. The same year he got his first break into television in a show called Café Continental. Margaret died in 1952 and later the same year Nixon married his second wife Paula Marshall who had worked with him in his act.
Nixon's big break came in 1954 when he was invited to be a panelist on the British version of the highly successful television quiz show What's My Line?. He went on to present series on various subjects, including the British version of Candid Camera, Comedy Bandbox (1962) (later David Nixon's Comedy Bandbox (1966), and was Basil Brush's first partner. His magic shows included Tonight with David Nixon (1969), David Nixon's Magic Box (1970), and The David Nixon Show (1972). He also appeared as a panelist on TV and radio game shows, most notably on the UK TV version of What's My Line?. He famously presented one episode of This is Your Life in which the subject was none other than the series' own host, Eamonn Andrews. Nixon also hosted a TV series on chess.
David Nixon has been recognized as an influence on future UK magicians as diverse as Wayne Dobson and Jerry Sadowitz.
Nixon died of lung cancer. He was a heavy smoker and was first diagnosed with cancer in 1976. He underwent treatment which appeared to have been successful but the disease returned a couple of years later and he died just short of his 59th birthday
Category
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What is the rugby union equivalent of a throw-in in football ? | American Football vs Rugby - Difference and Comparison | Diffen
American Football vs. Rugby
Diffen › Sports
American football is a game played between two teams and consists of 11 players in each of the two teams, with unlimited substitutions. American football is a game of intense physical play with complex strategy to score points by advancing the ball to the opponent team’s end-zone.
Rugby is best described as a blend of the contact of American football, the running of soccer , and the transition of basketball. It is a game played between two teams with 15 players in each, played on a rectangular field, with the object being to run with an oval ball across the opponent’s goal line or kick it through the upper portion of the goal posts .
Both the games differ in a variety of parameters.
Comparison chart
American Football versus Rugby comparison chart
American Football
11 players per team on the field at any point of time
Team consists of 15 players for Union
Time limit
Four 15-minute quarters, with a half-time intermission after the second quarter. The game clock stops frequently between plays.
Two 40 minute halves with a ten minute half time. Clock only stops for prolonged injuries.
Object of the Game
Object of the game is to score points by carrying the ball beyond the opponents touch line. (Each such instance is called a touch down). Also scoring by kicking it between the goal post called a Field Goal.
Object of the game is to carry the ball and place the ball down on the opponents touch line (called a Try) or kick it between the goal posts.
Major League
National Football League (NFL)
Major comps include"(domestic) super 15, Aviva prem, RFU, top 14, Nat league 1 & 2, rugby pro d2, ITM cup, currie cup, rebo pro d12, super 10, shut shield, NSW suburb rugby(+more) (internation) RWC, four nat, six nat, pacific nat, asian 5 nat(+more)
Ball
A prolate spheroid which is about 11 inches (28 cm) long and about 22 inches (56 cm) in circumference at the center and weighs around 0.875lbs.
A prolate spheroid shaped football. The accepted international size is called the "size 5" and is approximately 27 cm long and 60 cm in circumference at its widest point and weighs around 1lb.
Countries
Worldwide
What is it?
American football is a game with intense physical aggression with players that have speed, power, and explosiveness that requires helmets and padding to be worn.
Rugby is a game with intense physical aggression and necessary endurance that only requires a mouth guard for play. Certain possesions require speed and agility, others require strength.
Current World Champions
New Zealand All Blacks (Rugby Union World Cup)
Substitution
Unlimited
Up to 7 substitutions allowed (depending on the tournament rules) Once pulled out cannot be substituted back in unless there is an injury and no other substitutes.
Player Size
NFL player brandon banks 70 kg. (155 lbs.) was at one point 67 kg. (149 lbs.) is the lightest NFL player since 2010 while the largest NFL player was 162.3kg (358 lbs.) The largest running back is 122kg (268 lbs.) Brandon jacobs.
The lightest rugby player to ever play international rugby was Gordon McGhie at just 58kg. largest rugby international bill cavubati (165.3kg) his heaviest at 201.7kg (442.5lbs).
Number of Umpires / Referees
3 to 6 referees plus booth review
4 referees including TMO (television match official) who declares tries valid or invalid via cameras for tries which aren't visible for the ref or caused after an illegal infringement and 2 assistant referees.
Protective gear
Helmet, Shoulder/Chest pad/protector, upper leg padding and mouthguard are rightfully required.
Players are only allowed modest padding on Head, Shoulders, Collarbone etc. Only a mouthguard is required.
Major Tournaments
Rugby World Cup
Field
Length: 120 yards (109.728 meters) in total (100 yards (91.44 meters) of playing field, with two 10-yard (9.144 meters) end zones) Width: 160 feet (48.768 meters)
100 (120m if end zone "goal area" is included) meters long by 70 meters wide with 20-meter in try area.
Average contact per game
Average tackles per game per player: 4 with highest recorded at 4600lbs (by sports science), consistent contact away from the ball with downfield blocking with contact as severe as a tackle.
Average tackles per game per player: 16 - Average hit impact: 1600lbs. of force (recorded from members of the LA rugby team by sports science)
Contents: American Football vs Rugby
11 References
Differences in rules of Rugby and American Football
American football : Each team has 11 players on the field at one time, with unlimited substitutions. Each team gets three time-outs per half. Play begins with a kickoff. Two teams line up opposite each other; they are usually lining up a “play from scrimmage.” Receiving player may run with ball or may pass it. Each team has to move the ball at least 10 yards within 4 downs. If they fail to do so, other team gets the chance. If they succeed they get 4 new tries to move the ball 10 yards further. The main object is to score points by advancing the pointed oval-shaped ball into the opponent’s team end-zone .
Rugby: A Rugby team consists of 15 players, divided into forwards and backs. Forwards are often larger and stronger players of the team having their main job to win the possession of the ball. The backs are usually smaller, faster, and more agile and exploit the ball possessions. The match begins with a kickoff and the teams compete for possession. The player of the receiving team may run with the ball, or kick it, or pass it to any other player laterally or behind him. Opponent player may tackle the ball carrier at any time. Other than tackles, scrummages, rucks, mauls, and lineouts, no other contact is allowed. Even dangerous tackles are not permitted and are penalized severely. Once tackled, the player must release the ball immediately so play may continue. Once a team has crossed the opposing team’s goal line and touched the ball to the ground, a try is scored (five points). After each try, the scoring team has the opportunity to score two more points with a conversion.
Origin of rugby and football
American football is said to have developed from rugby. British colonists from Canada are said to have brought rugby to the Americans. At that time the two were not as differentiated as now.
The origin of rugby in England goes back long into the 19th century and even earlier. In 1800's formalities were introduced to football rules in the seven major public schools of England.Handling the ball was permitted in football in the early 1800's when players were allowed to take a mark and then a free kick. The Rugby Football Union had been formed in 1871 by representatives of 21 clubs - all of which were located in southern England and most were within London. By the early 1890's rugby was widespread and well over half the RFU's clubs were in northern England. The working classes of the north of England and South Wales were particularly taken with rugby over football (soccer).
Playing Field
American football is played on a rectangular field 120 yards (110 meters) long by 53 1/3 yards (49 meters) wide. Near each end of the field is a goal line; they are 100 yards apart. A rugby league field is very similar, it is 120 metres long and about half that in width, there is a line across the field every ten metres.
Contact Sport
The most significant differences between American and Rugby football are that in Rugby all players are allowed to handle the ball and any sort of blocking, forward passing, and time-outs are not allowed. Unlike American football, in case of Rugby any kind of screening and obstruction to players who do not have the ball is not allowed. This is the main reason why Rugby is much safer than American football. Unlike American football, only lateral passes are legal, and running and kicking can advance the ball. In American Football, one forward pass per down is permitted, so long as it originates behind the line of scrimmage.
Protective Equipment in rugby and football
In Rugby, there is lack of hard protective equipments such as helmet and padding. That’s why in case of Rugby players are also taught to tackle with personal safety in mind. In football, hard tackles are allowed which is why there is padding.
Schedule and Cost
Rugby provides for a more flexible schedule and less costly athletic team than professional football, hockey , or other options.
Control
In case of Rugby, players are concerned more about retaining ball possession rather than gaining yardage as in case of American football.
Scoring
A touchdown is the American football equivalent of rugby league's try . Ironically, a try requires the ball to be 'touched down' to the ground, whereas a touchdown doesn't. In American football it is sufficient for the player carrying the ball to cause the ball to enter the end zone (in-goal area) while still in bounds, by carrying it in or holding the ball in or through the imaginary plane of the goal line. In rugby league the ball must be pressed to the ground in the in-goal area. An American football touchdown scores 6 points and a rugby league try is now worth 4 points. In rugby union a try is worth 5 points, the conversion is worth 2.
Football vs Rugby Strategy
American football is a game of set moves and counter moves (similar to chess ). On the other hand, Rugby is a more free-flowing spontaneous game.
Geographical differences
As the name suggests, American football is played in North America while rugby is played across the globe with prominence in South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and parts of Europe.
References
| Line out |
In 2012 , who became the first woman writer to win the Booker Prize for the second time ? | BBC SPORT | Rugby Union | Skills | The line-out throw
Rugby Union
The line-out throw
Accuracy and timing are the two key factors for a perfect line-out throw.
Any player in the team can throw the ball into the line-out, but usually it is the hooker who takes the responsibility.
A reliable throw can sometimes be the difference between winning and losing a match, so it's important to practice the technique thoroughly.
STEP ONE
The first thing to do is get your stance right to establish a good foundation.
For a right-handed thrower, point your right foot forward with your left leg slightly behind.
With your body pointing towards the line out, shift your weight on your right foot, with your knee slightly bent, ready to move forward.
Listen out for the call - usually one of the jumpers or the scrum-half will shout a pre-arranged code which will determine where the ball should go to.
STEP TWO
Ensure your grip is comfortable, otherwise the ball will not go straight or find your target.
For a right-handed thrower, the right hand should be near the back of the ball, while the left hand should be in front of it.
The right hand provides the power, while the left hand gives the direction.
STEP THREE
Bring your arms behind your head, with your elbows fully bent, close to your head.
Your weight should be forward, ready for the throw.
STEP FOUR
When the ball is released, roll the left hand so the ball spirals in a controlled way.
This will help the target gather the ball easier.
The path of the hands should follow a smooth arc rather than a quick snap.
As you follow through, point the hands towards the intended target with your weight transferred onto the front foot.
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"Who said at the time of her resignation from public office: "" It's a funny old world "" ?" | BBC ON THIS DAY | 22 | 1990: Thatcher quits as prime minister
About This Site | Text Only
1990: Thatcher quits as prime minister
Margaret Thatcher is to stand down as prime minister after her Cabinet refused to back her in a second round of leadership elections.
She will remain in office until a successor is elected, but will not continue to fight Michael Heseltine for the Conservative Party leadership.
The former secretary of state for the environment threw down the gauntlet after a string of serious disputes over Britain's involvement in the European Union.
The prime minister said pressure from colleagues had forced her to conclude that party unity and the prospect of victory in the next general election would be better served if she stepped down.
Once again Margaret Thatcher has put her country's and party's interests before personal considerations
Conservative Party Chairman Kenneth Baker
Downing Street issued a statement at 0930 GMT after Mrs Thatcher had informed her Cabinet and the Queen of her intention.
By 1200 GMT, Chancellor John Major and Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd had announced they would now stand against Mr Heseltine in the next stage of the leadership contest.
The decision comes less than 24 hours after the Iron Lady had vowed to "fight on and fight to win" after winning the first round - but not with the required majority.
Tory Party Chairman Kenneth Baker said it was a typically brave and selfless decision from the prime minister.
"Once again Margaret Thatcher has put her country's and party's interests before personal considerations," he said.
And there were tributes to Mrs Thatcher from both sides of the House of Commons during Prime Minister's Questions.
Labour leader Neil Kinnock said the prime minister's decision showed she amounted to more than those who had recently turned against her.
But the outgoing Tory leader refused a request from Mr Kinnock to hold a general election so the British people could make their own choice about her successor.
| Margaret Thatcher |
Who punched her way into the history books in 2012 by becoming the first woman ever to win Olympic gold in boxing ? | Jimmy's World
April 19, 1981, Sunday, Final Edition
LENGTH: 13967 words
HEADLINE: THE PLAYERS: It Wasn't a Game;
THE REPORTER: When She Smiled, She Dazzled; When She Crashed . . . ;
The Story: First the Idea, and Finally the Presses Rolled;
THE PUBLICATION: 'Jimmy' Hit Washington Like a Grenade, and Bounced;
THE DOUBTS: From the Very First Moment, Some Suspected the Worst;
THE OMBUDSMAN: After the Agony, the Reappraisal;
The Prize: Of Fiefdoms and Their Knights and Ladies of Adventure;
THE CONFESSION: At the End, There Were the Questions, Then the Tears;
THE PRESSURES: Heat and the Achievers Both Have a Tendancy to Rise;
THE CONCLUSIONS: Once Again, a Fail-Safe System Proves the Exception
BYLINE: Bill Green, Washington Post Ombudsman
BODY:
In alphabetical order, here are the editors and reporters referred to or quoted in these reports:
Vivian Aplin-Brownlee, 34, editor of the District Weekly.
Karlyn Barker, 34, metropolitan staff reporter.
Benjamin C. Bradlee, 59, executive editor.
Milton Coleman, 34, city editor.
Janet Cooke, 26, metropolitan staff reporter assigned first to the District Weekly and then to the city staff.
Herb Denton, 37, former city editor, now national staff reporter.
Donald Graham, 37, publisher of The Washington Post.
Blaine Harden, 29, former metropolitan staff reporter, now assigned to the national staff and The Washington Post Magazine.
Neil Henry, 26, metropolitan staff reporter assigned to the Maryland staff.
Stan Hinden, 54, Weekly editor, in charge of the District, Maryland and Virginia Weeklies that appear in the Thursday Post.
Bo Jones, 34, lawyer for The Washington Post.
David Maraniss, 31, deputy metropolitan editor and Maryland editor.
Courtland Milloy, 29, city staff reporter.
Jonathan Neumann, 30, metropolitan staff reporter.
Joanne Omang, 38, national staff reporter.
Donnie Radcliffe, 51, reporter for the Style section.
Sandy Rovner, 52, reporter for the Style section.
Howard Simons, 51, managing editor.
Lewis Simons, 42, metropolitan staff reporter assigned to the regional desk.
Elsa Walsh, 23, reporter for the Virginia Weekly.
Tom Wilkinson, 44, assistant managing editor for personnel.
Robert U. (Bob) Woodward, 38, assistant managing editor-Metro.
THE REPORTER: When She Smiled, She Dazzled; When She Crashed . . .
On July 12, 1979, 11 days before her 25th birthday, Janet Cooke, a reporter on the Toledo Blade, wrote a letter to Ben Bradlee.It was the kind of letter Bradlee receives daily.
"Dear Mr. Bradlee:
"I have been a full time reporter for The Blade for slightly more than two years, and I believe I am now ready to tackle the challenge of working for a larger newspaper in a major city. . . ."
Attached to the letter was a resume and copies of six stories Cooke had written for The Toledo Blade. One thing caught Bradlee's eye: the resume said Cooke was a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Vassar in 1976. Bradlee underlined those statements and sent the clippings and resume to Bob Woodward. On the letter, he scrawled to his secretary that he would see Cooke.
When Cooke visited The Post two weeks later, every interviewer was impressed. She was a striking, smartly dressed, articulate black woman, precisely the kind of applicant editors welcome, given the pressures to hire minorities and women.
And she could write.
As is the usual practice, she was interviewed around the newsroom, the city editor, the Style editor, the Metro editor.
The written summary of impressions, compiled by Tom Wilkinson, assistant managing editor for personnel, states:
"Janet Cooke came in and saw everyone and was pretty high on everyone's list. What impressed me is that she had pretty well created her own beat. She seems to be a pretty good self-starter. I found her to be very smart." So did others. Only city editor Herb Denton questioned whether she was tough enough. "There's a lot of Vassar still in her," Denton said.
Hiring is a group decision at The Post -- the editors call it collegial -- and it takes time. Sometime in the next couple of months, nobody remembers the exact date, a memo went to Wilkinson from Woodward. It said, "We're ready to offer her a job on the Weekly. Can we go ahead?"
They could, and Janet was employed as a reporter by The Post on Jan. 3, 1980. So impressed had the staff been with her and her writing that the usual check of references was done in a cursory manner. Wilkinson vaguely remembers talking with someone at The Blade. Others can't remember any checks.
She was assigned to the District Weekly, where a staff prepares one of the three local sections for zoned distribution every Thursday in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia.
The editor, Stan Hinden, a veteran of 30 years in journalism, remembers: "Janet was much like many reporters we get from smaller papers. That is, she wrote and reported reasonably well. We tend to be detail-conscious, and she needed to know how to get more detail, but she was good and smart and better than most."
Cooke worked directly under Vivian Aplin-Brownlee, who had been a reporter, editorial writer and associate editor of The Cleveland Plain Dealer. After a year in San Diego, she joined The Post's staff in the same month that Cooke had written her letter to Bradlee, July, 1979.
"Janet was assigned to various types of stories," Aplin-Brownlee said, "to see how she would develop, to see if she would bring anything new to the story."
Two weeks after she was hired, Cooke's first byline appeared. It was a story about a black beauty contest. Other stories followed rapidly. On Jan. 31 there were four. She was winning the confidence of her editor.
Her first big article appeared on Feb. 21. It was a dramatic story of Washington's drug-infested riot corridor, years after the 1968 disorders, and an hour-by-hour account of a police patrol along 14th Street.
"It was a fine piece of journalism," Aplin-Borwnlee said. "Masterfully written."
The editor had worked with her reporter all week. "She was not really street-savvy," Aplin-Brownlee said. "She didn't know the kinds of people she was dealing with, but she was tenacious and talented."
Janet produced. Fifty-two of her stories appeared in The Post before the ill-fated account of the non-existent "Jimmy."
She was a conspicuous member of the newsroom staff. When she walked, she pranced. When she smiled, she dazzled. Her wardrobe seemed always new, impeccable and limitless. "She has a dramatic flair," Bradlee said.
But there was something else. "She was consumed by blind and raw ambition," Aplin-Borwnlee said. "It was obvious, but it doesn't deny the talent.
"She was Gucci and Cardin and Yves St. Laurent. She went out on that 14th Street story in designer jeans and came back to tell me that somebody asked, 'What kind of nigger are you?' She thought it was funny.
"She had to learn the street.She didn't know what was happening in the nitty-gritty. I was grooming her, training her. It was ironic that she became a reporter of the drug culture."
Cooke grew up in a middle-class home in Toledo, where her father, Stratman Cooke, worked for 35 years for Toledo Edison and is now secretary to the corporation. He remembers that he gave her her first typewriter when she was 5 and that a grade-school teacher said she couldn't believe the poetry Janet wrote. It was that good.
Janet learned quickly about life in an urban slum. Her 14th Street story drew compliments not only from her colleagues, but also Bradlee and Richard Harwood, deputy managing editor, congratulated her.
Janet's ambition was taking shape. She wanted to move to the daily Metro staff, which is responsible for seven-day coverage of local news. Storng, the Metro staff is a favorite of the publisher, Donald Graham.
Graham believes the quality of the Metro staff has improved enormously in the 10 years he has been with the paper. "The city staff particularly has begun to tell us things we didn't understand about this town," Graham said.
Bob Woodward, who is more famous as half of the Woodward and Bernstein reporting team that broke the Watergate story in 1972, has been assistant managing editor for metropolitan news -- the Metro editor -- since May 1, 1979. A tough, determined and persistent administrator, Woodward is frequently the first of The Post's top staff in the office in the morning and among the last to leave at night. He has put the local news section on a fast track, and presides over the largest of The Post's staffs.
Janet Cooke wanted to move quickly. She told Woodward so, and she frequently talked with Milton Coleman, who had succeeded Herb Denton as district editor for the daily staff. Aplin-Brownlee knew of the conversations.
Once when the "Jimmy" story was developing, Cooke told a friend, "This story is my ticket off the Weekly."
While she aspired to the Metro staff, she had bigger ambitions."She set enormous goals for herself," Karlyn Barker, a Metro reporter, said. "She wanted a Pulitzer Prize in three years, and she wanted to be on the national staff in three to five years," Barker said. "She had winner written all over her, although it was strange, every day she acted as though she was protecting her job. She was the last person who needed to do that."
Cooke lived alone in an apartment until December. Then she asked Elsa Walsh, another Weekly reporter, if they might share living quarters. Walsh agreed, but says it didn't work very well.
"Janet was hard to live with, very highstrung," Walsh recalled. "She bought clothes lavishly. Every day she talked about her ambitions. She had no sense of the past or even the present, except for its consequences for the future. She always looked to the future, and she didn't care about the people she left behind."
Cooke had money problems. The check for her deposit on the shared apartment bounced. So did others.
When Walsh asked Cooke about other reporters who doubted the veracity of the "Jimmy" story, she said Cooke replied: "They're just jealous. They are not going to get where I'm going."
Sometime in August of last year, Aplin-Brownlee heard talk of a new type of heroin on the streets of Washington. The drug was said, so she heard, to ulcerate the skin of its users. She asked Cooke to look into it.
During background interviews on the story, Cooke didn't find the new type of heroin, but she found out a lot about the use of heroin in Washington.
Interviewing social workers and drug rehabilitation experts, Cooke amassed extensive notes and taped interviews with intriguing leads. In all, there were two hours of tape-recorded interviews plus 145 pages of handwritten notes plus a collection of pamphlets and documents on drug abuse.
When Aplin-Brownlee saw what Cooke had collected, she immediately said, "This is a story for the daily."
"The daily" is Weekly jargon for the Metro section. Cooke took her notebooks and her ideas to Milton Coleman. Aplin-Brownlee was not to see the story again until it appeared on the front page of The Washington Post of Sept. 28 under the headline, "Jimmy's World."
The Story: First the Idea, and Finally the Presses Rolled
Milton Coleman is a rangy, tall man. His quietness is deceptive. He pursues news as though it's his quarry, and admiring colleagues regard him as highly competitive. When he sits, he sprawls. He likes to work in a vest. He is a relentless jogger, and finished last Sunday's Washington marathon in three hours and 25 minutes, 57 minutes behind the winner.
Coleman arrived at The Washington Post on May 12, 1976. He had been on The Minneapolis Star for two years after Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, a stint in radio news, a job as Washington correspndent for a black news service and three years with the Student Orgnaization for Black Unity.He majored in fine arts at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
At The Post he reported on Montgomery County and D.C. City Hall before he was named assistant city editor in March of last year. On May 26, 1980, he took over the city desk. He is among the most respected of The Post's editing staff.
When Janet Cooke brought her reporting notes on heroin to Coleman, stories of heroin use in the city were running regularly. Four appeared in August and three in September before "Jimmy's World" was published.
The stories reported on an increase in the crime rate, a drug dealer receiving a 40-year sentence, vast new drug traffic via Turkey, an indictment of a Northeast man on a drug count, hearings on heroin use by patients dying of cancer, a life sentence for a drug-related killing and 19 arrests in two major local drug rings.
"I talked over Janet's materials with her," Coleman said. "She talked about hundreds of people being hooked.And at one point she mentioned an 8-year-old-addict. I stopped her and said, 'That's the story. Go after it. It's a front page story.'
"It appeared that the kid was at RAP Inc., a service organization for drug addicts. I went to Managing Editor [Howard] Simons' office . . . and we talked it through. If RAP gave us permission to talk to the boy, could we reveal the name? We agreed that we would not under any circumstances. Would RAP let us talk with the parents? We didn't know. Janet went back out."
Two weeks passed. On a story of this nature, it is common practice at The Post to give a reporter all the time he or she needs.
Cooke retuned to Coleman and said she couldn't find the boy, but a week later she said she said she had found another young addict. He was 8 years old. "Jimmy's World" was born.
"She told me that she had gone out on the playgrounds, had asked around and had left her cards in a number of places. One of them had found its way to the boy's mother, who had called Janet in anger and asked, 'Why are you looking for my boy?'"
Cooke told Coleman she had talked with the mother again but had reached no agreement on an interview. In answer to her question, Coleman said she could promise the mother anonymity.
"I told her if the mother called again to keep her on the phone, keep talking, talk it through. Be persistant," Coleman said.
Coleman did not ask the mother's name or the family's street address. He had promised Cooke confidenitiality for her sources. The jugular of journalism lay exposed -- the faith an editor has to place in a reporter.
Simons says an editor can ask the name of a source and if a reporter refuses to reveal it the editor has the option to reject a story. He did not ask Cooke or Coleman to reveal any details on identity.
"Janet told me she had been back in touch with the mother and that the two of them were to have dinner at Eastover Shopping Center," Coleman said.
Later Cooke told him she had the dinner and that two days later she visited the mother's house, the same imaginary house she was to describe in great detail as "Jimmy's World."
There were no further interviews with "Jimmy" or his family, she told Coleman. But she said she was worried. "Ron," the invented mother's invented lover, had threatened Cooke, the reporter told her editor. All during the interview, she said, Ron had paced the room with a knife in his hand, and once had said to her, "If I see any police, Miss Lady, or if any police come to see me, we [he glances again at the knife] will be around to see you."
The threat was taken so seriously by Coleman and others at The Post that when Richard Cohen wrote a column after "Jimmy's World" appeared, Coleman insisted that Cohen's reference to the knife be deleted. It was. Simons, whose concern for the staff is nearly parental, wouldn't let Cooke go home for two nights after her story was published. He arranged for her to stay with another Post employe.
When Coleman heard her description of her "interview," he asked her to do a memo on it. On this kind of story, Coleman wants the reporter to write the story roughly but soon after the event, while details are fresh in the reporter's mind.
Cooke's memo, her first draft on the subject, is 13 1/2 pages long, double spaced on letter-sized paper. It contains exhausting detail. "Jimmy" wears a blue and green Izod T-shirt -- "bad, ain't it. I got six of these." There was an eight-foot plaid sofa against one living-room wall, a matching love seat against the other. Both were covered in plastic. There was a color television set in the room, along with a lot of Panasonic stereo eqipment, "receiver, tape deck." There was a rubber tree plant, fake bamboo blinds, a brown shag rug, two lamps, a chrome and glass coffee table and a chrome and glass end table.
At this point, Coleman saw the name "Tyrone" on the memo, and determined that this was the fictitious child's "real" first name. He was also told the elementary school "Tyrone" attended and the general neighborhood where he supposedly lived. This was reassuring at the time, and later translated into general newsroom gossip that Coleman knew who the child was.
Other editors did not ask, then or later. Managing editor Simons had earlier given Cooke assurances that she could keep the family anonymous, according to Coleman, who said, "Howard said she should deal with me and tell me the child's identity. 'I don't want to know,' he said, somewhat jokingly."
"None of them asked me for the name," Coleman remembers. "I may have been asked, do you believe it?"
Cooke's descriptive language was convincing to Coleman, but Woodward was to say later that if he had seen the first draft he might have asked questions about the long and seemingly perfect quotations. Woodward never looked at the first rough draft until Cooke's Pulitzer was in question.
Coleman, who knows the streets better than Woodward, said he found no reason to question the quotes. "Ron" is quoted as saying, for example, "He'd be bugging me all the time about what the shots were, what people was doin' and one day he said, 'When can I get off.' I said well s---, you can have some now. I let him snort a little and damn, it was wild. The little dude really did get off."
Coleman read it over, made suggestions on reworking it, suggested how to write the "lead," the opening, how to rearrange the material.
"I wanted it to read like John Coltrane's music, strong. It was a great story, and it never occured to me that she could make it up. There was too much distance between Janet and the streets," Coleman said.
When the second draft came in, Coleman called in Bob Barkin, The Post's art director, to illustrate the story. Obviously there would be no photographs. It was Friday, Sept. 19, nine days before the story was to be published.
Barkin selected illustrator Michael Gnatek Jr. for the drawing. Bradlee was later to find the full illustration so powerful in its horror that he insisted it run inside the paper. "People are eating breakfast while they read the paper, you know," he said.
The full drawing ran on page A9, only a smaller drawing of "Jimmy" ran on the front page. It shows a young man, his face twisted in a half-smile, huge eyes watching, his slender arm gripped by a huge fist as a needle is injected.
Coleman did some checking of his own. He found someone who knew, and asked if Janet's description of "shooting up" is the way it's done. He wanted to know if, as the story said, liquid ebbs out of the syringe, and is replaced by red blood, which is then reinjected. He was satisfied with how the answers agreed with Janet's account.
Bo Jones is The Post's counsel.He and his associate, Carol Weisman, are frequently called in to "lawyer" a story, particularly those dealing with subjects that might have legal implications.
Jones suggested some changes. "Ron" was said to be from Atlanta. Jones suggested making it "from the South," because "Ron" might be traceable in Atlanta, and the promise of anonymity was absolute. Jones also suggested striking out "public housing." That, also, could be traced, he said.
Woodward saw the story for the first time. He divides stories into two categories: possible libel or criminal charges and all others. "Jimmy" fell into Woodward's category two. It could not libel because its subjects were anonymous.
"Janet had written a great piece," Woodward says. "In a way, both she and the story were almost too good to be true. I had seen her go out on a complicated story and an hour later turn in a beautifully written piece. This story was so well-written and tied together so well that my alarm bells simply didn't go off. My skepticism left me. I was personally negligent."
Woodward called in Cooke and asked her to tell him about it. He simply wanted to hear her story. "She was a terrific actress, terrific," he said. She related it all in the most disarming way. It was so personal, so dramatic, so hard in her tummy."
None of the Post's senior editors subjected Cooke's story to close questioning. Simons was on vacation in Florida the week before it appeared. Deputy managing editor Richard Harwood had no role in its preparation. Ben Bradlee read the story that week and thought it was "a helluva job."
Are they satisfied with the preliminary screening on "Jimmy's World"? Simons answered: "Yes, there was no reason to disbelieve the story." Bradlee said: "I am not satisfied now -- but I was then."
Coleman, who was editing Cooke's copy, reflects on this: "Much of my attention was concentrated on the story and formulating it. Subconsciously, I think I firmly believed that the extra eyes of the backup system would catch anything that I missed."
Now Coleman believes other editors were relying on him. "We never really debated whether or not it was true," he said. "I think -- if I can gore my own ox -- they kind of took it for granted that Coleman should know."
Art and story were complete. Bradlee had the weekend duty. He said again that it was a front page story. He thought it was terrific. The story, colors flying, had passed its last and most powerful filter.
Janet Cooke had one last chance to change her mind. On Friday night, before the story was to run on Sunday, Coleman called her in. Simons had gone out of town, but before he left, he insisted that Coleman have a talk with the reporter.
"I told her what Simons told me to say. He's almost romantic about this kind of thing," Coleman said. "I said she had written a story that is certain to be controversial. You have seen a crime and you may be subpoenaed. We don't think so, but you can.You should know that The Post will stand behind you 100 percent. If you are subpoenaed, and you refuse to reveal your sources, you may be found in contempt of court and have to spend time in jail. Before the story goes, if you don't want to face that, we won't run it. Think it over, tell me in the morning."
Saturday morning Cooke told Coleman to let it go.
The article had been held for Sunday publication. There is more space for long stories -- "Jimmy's World" ran 2,256 words -- and there are more readers -- 892,220 copies of the paper ran on Sunday, Sept. 28. "Jimmy's World" was on the front page. The presses started running at 9:54 p.m.
THE PUBLICATION: 'Jimmy' Hit Washington Like a Grenade, and Bounced
Jimmy's story struck at Washington's heart. The paper had no sooner reached the streets than The Washington Post's telephone switchboard lit up like a space launch control room.
Readers were outraged. The story was described as racist and criminal. the concern was for Jimmy. "What about the boy?" was the central question. It was repeated for the next four days in as many versions as the human mind can invent.
By Monday, Washington Police Chief Burtell Jefferson had launched a mammoth citywide search. He had called on his youth division to get to work Sunday. Mayor Marion Barry was incensed. All schools, social services and police contacts were to be asked for "Jimmy's" whereabouts. The word went out on the streets that big reward money was available. Last week Assistant Chief Maurice Turner said the police had been prepared to offer up to $10,000.
The Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service moved the story out to 300 clients. "Jimmy" was national, then international.
Much later, after Ronald Reagan was elected president, Donnie Radcliffe of The Post's Style staff sent a copy of the story to the nation's first-lady-to-be. Radcliffe thought it would be useful information as the Reagans prepared to come to Washington.
Nancy Reagan wrote back " . . . How terribly sad to read it and to know there are so many others like him out there. I hope with all my heart I can do something to help them. Surely there must be a way . . ."
It would be difficult to overestimate Washington's compassion for "Jimmy" or its anger when The Post refused to reveal his identity or address.
Police were receiving letters from all over the country, including one signed by 30 students in a Richmond school, pleading that they find "Jimmy."
At one point, as Milton Coleman and Howard Simons had predicted, police threatened to subpoena Janet Cooke in an effort to force her to reveal names and addresses.
At The Post, Simons sent out instructions that if the police got a search warrant no member of the staff was to resist. Cooke, while not staying at her apartment, was to be at work, on the newsroom floor, and out on some part of the follow-up story.
Coleman established an 11-member reporting team for the follow-up. Five of them were assigned to the breaking story. With these five, the other six men were given a different assignment. They were to search for another "Jimmy," on the theory that if there is one, there must be others.
Cooke and fellow Metro reporter Courtland Milloy were one of the teams searching for the second young addict.
The Post's telephones never stopped ringing. Between 50 and 60 letters to the editor arrived.
At first the mayor announced that the city knew "Jimmy" and his family and that he was under medical treatment, which he had been receiving for some time. Later that statement proved premature.
By the following weekend, Coleman was uneasy. It was a slight feeling, but it was real. "I thought the police would have found him in three days at the outside. I'm not one of those people who believe the police can't do anything right. They could find him. I knew it."
Courtland Milloy was also worried. He and Cooke had gone out to find the second "Jimmy."
"We were supposed to be finding another kid," Milloy said. "But I'll tell you the truth, I wanted to find Jimmy. Hell, that kid needed help. So as we drove around I circled through Condon Terrace, the general area where Janet said he lived.
"It didn't take long to see that she didn't know the area. It's one of the toughest sections in town. I know it well. She said she didn't see the house. I asked her if it was to the right of us, the left of us, or had we passed it. She didn't know.
"We went to other areas where you can find dealers on the street, and I wanted to go back to Condon Terrace but Janet's life had been threatened. I didn't want to take any chances."
Milloy's serious doubts about the story began there.When he and Cooke had looked for seven hours they returned to the office. Milloy went to Coleman and said, "I think you ought to buy me a drink."
The next day, Coleman did, and Milloy told him about his growing disbelief in Cooke's story.
Milloy went further. "I wanted to find 'Jimmy.' I mean, does The Post sanction a reporter watching a kid getting shot up? Even the Condon Terrace people were calling offering to help.
"I got a call from the 'Queen of the Underworld' [about whom Milloy had written on the same Sunday Cooke's story ran], and she asked if she could help. She wanted to find that kid, man."
Coleman listened respectfully, but was "leery" of Milloy's conclusions. "I thought part of his doubting might be jealousy," he said. "But also I got the distinct impression from him and from Jan that he was concerned with our making sure that the child was identified and turned over to authorities. My concern at that time [was] for protecting the reporter on this story . . ."
Coleman does remember relaying Milloy's doubts to the metropolitan editor and the managing editor.
Four days after the story ran, the telephone calls to The Post changed. They were now asking, in great numbers, what the police were doing. Why weren't they finding Jimmy, and what were they doing about the drug traffic?
The intense police search continued for 17 days. The city had been finely combed. Nothing.
On Oct. 15, Mayor Barry said, "We're kind of giving up on that." It remained an open case.
"I've been told the story is part myth, part reality," Barry said. "We all have agreed that we don't believe that the mother or the pusher would allow a reporter to see them shoot up."
Were Bradlee and Simons worried by City Hall's claim that the story was untrue? Both said they felt the weight of criticism, but were reassured by the fact that at one point the mayor had said city officials had found such a child.
Bradlee says he remembers going to either Woodward or Coleman and asking if there was anything that should be rechecked, and being reassured by the answers he got.
The Post stuck by its story and what it described as its First Amendment rights to protect its sources.
"At any rate," Coleman recalls, "I voiced my concerns to Howard [Simons], and he said in so many words that they were legitimate. But he urged me to find the most creative way to examine them, stressing that I more than anyone else had to stand by my reporter. At the point that I even began to hint to her that I thought she had not been truthful, her trust in me could be destroyed."
Simons says, "I have no memory of either Coleman or Woodward discussing Milloy's disbelief with me at that point."
In the paper's newsroom, where doubts about the story were beginning to thump faintly, there were congratulations and commendations for Cooke.
Publisher Don Graham wrote her a note on Oct. 7: "With all the turmoil of the last week, it's important that one say the basic thing: not only was that a very fine story in Sunday's paper a week ago, it was only one of many you've done in the last year.
"The Post has no more important and tougher job than explaining life in the black community in Washington. A special burden gets put on black reporters doing that job, and a double-special burden on black reporters who try to see life through their own eyes instead of seeing it the way they're told they should. The Post seems to have many such reporters. You belong very high up among them.
"If there's any long-term justification for what we do, it's that people will act a bit differently and think a bit differently if we help them understand the world even slightly better. Much of what we write fails that first test because we don't understand what we're writing about ourselves.
"You seem to have much more than the common measure of understanding and the ability to explain what you see. It's a great gift.
"And you went through your tests of last week with what seemed to me world-class composure. Sincerely, Don."
On Monday morning after "Jimmy's World" appeared, Woodward walked over to Vivian Aplin-Brownlee's desk and said Janet Cooke was now a member of the Metro daily staff. Aplin-Brownlee was furious. She had lost her most experienced reporter.
THE DOUBTS: From the Very First Moment, Some Suspected the Worst
From the day "Jimmy's" story appeared there were doubts about it. Milton Coleman felt misgivings first when the police couldn't find the boy, Courtland Milloy when he accompanied Janet Cooke on a trip through the area where the youngster was supposed to live.
There were others. Mayor Marion Barry was one. Dr. Alyce Gullattee, director of Howard University's Institute for Substance Abuse and Addiction, was another. She was one of the people Cooke interviewed when she was gathering her original material.
In a telephone call with Pat Tyler, then of The Washington Post's metro staff, Gullattee said the story had caused a panic in the community to the extent that addicts were hunkered down, afraid to go out to seek treatment out of fear that they will run afoul of swarms of police looking for the 8-year-old.
Gullattee also said she didn't believe any of those people "fired up" in front of Cooke. Junkies, she said, just don't trust reporters like that.
Elsa Walsh, Cooke's roommate, doubted. She had gone through Cooke's notes once and found nothing on "Jimmy."
But there was more. "She's the kind of person who has fears for her own safety," Walsh said. "My own instincts told me it was wrong. She would have real trouble going into the 'Jimmy' setting. And then, when I tried to put what I know of Janet together with the story itself, they wouldn't fit." She did not express these misgivings to any editors.
Among the strongest doubters was Vivian Aplin-Brownlee of the District Weekly, who was Janet's first editor at The Post. She had not been in touch with the story since it was turned over to the Metro staff.
"I had been tough on Janet. She knew it and I knew it," Aplin-Brownlee said. "But when I first read the story I was astonished. I thought it was going to be about the use of heroin that causes skin ulcers. That's what it started out to be.
"I never believed it, and I told Milton that. I knew her so well and the depth of her. In her eagerness to make a name she would write farther than the truth would allow.
"When challenged on facts on other stories, Janet would reverse herself, but without dismay or consternation with herself.
"I knew she would be tremendously out of place in a 'shooting gallery.' I didn't believe she could get access. No pusher would shoot up a child in her presence.
"Some of the language didn't ring true. What 8-year-old in 'Jimmy's' circumstances would make a connection between math and drugs?" (As the story claimed.)
On the day Cooke's Pulitzer Prize was announced, Aplin-Brownlee went to Coleman and said, "I hope she has committed the perfect crime."
When the hoax became known, Coleman went back to Aplin-Brownlee and said, "It wasn't the perfect crime after all."
In mid-November, Cooke was working on another sensational story, promising to produce the story of a 14-year-old prosititute, and when Alpin-Brownlee heard about it, she told Coleman, "She's about to do it to you again. Why would a 14-year-old hooker and her 20-year-old pimp sit down with Janet at a restaurant in Georgetown?"
Still, after she first expressed her incredulity to Coleman, she didn't go back to him. Relations between the two were strained.
"He said he believed the story," Aplin-Browlee recalls now. "I didn't have to ask why. He believed it because he wanted to."
Aplin-Brownlee said she felt that Coleman had raided her District Weekly staff when Cooke was assigned to Metro after the "Jimmy" story. It was what Woodward called a battlefield promotion.
Skepticism from people like Milloy and Aplin-Brownlee triggered newsroom rumors about "Jimmy" that wouldn't go away. Woodward didn't doubt the story, although he and Coleman talked about those who did. "I was blown away by the story," Woodward said. "Milt seemed satisfied that by now he had a name. I was also reassured by a letter to the editor The Post published" (on Nov. 10.).
Dr. William Hamlin of Washington had written, ". . . The Washington metropolitan area, as well as hundreds of other large metropolitan areas around the country, are full of Jimmys. I know. I work with them. . . ."
"Milt did think that failed trip Janet had with Courtland was bizarre," Woodward said. "That thought should have set off alarms for me. It didn't. I told Milt I believed the story."
Woodward was inclined to dismiss the doubters, attributing their skepticism to "professional jealousy."
Still, the two editors did take some precautions. As Cooke pursued the "hooker" story, they insisted that Coleman meet with the subject of the story, mainly to protect Cooke from more staff jealousies and to establish once and for all the soundness of her reporting. Cooke kept arranging times and places for such a meeting, but they were all canceled.
"I attached no particular significance to this," Woodward said, "but it was mildly troubling."
Meanwhile, something else was filtering into The Post's reaction. It felt it was under attack. Angry words from the mayor and the police chief were reaching the staff's pride. Charges of irresponsibility from the public were tough to take. Woodward said it best, "We went into our Watergate mode: protect the source and back the reporter."
When the threat of legal action by the police department came up, publisher Dan Graham went by Coleman's desk one day and asked, "Is there anything we should check out?"
Neither of them quite remembers Coleman's reply, but, in part, Coleman remembers describing Cooke's gripping account of her visit to "Jimmy's" home. Graham went away satisfied.
About three weeks after the story appeared, Simons called Coleman and said, "That kid is still out there and nobody's looking for him. Let's find him. Take Janet with you."
Coleman told Cooke about the plan, but they didn't get to it right away. A day later, Cooke went to Coleman and said she had gone to the house and found it vacant. The family had moved to Baltimore, she said, and there was no reason for the two of them to make a trip to "Jimmy's" house.
While Coleman had been troubled that the police were unable to find the boy, Woodward found that unremarkable. "It seemed logical," he said, "that his mother would take him away to Baltimore or wherever."
But Coleman was infuriated. He went to managing editor Simons and spilled out his anger. For the first time, Simons felt misgivings about the story. "But all I had was a hunch and the fact that she had ducked the visit. How do you prove a negative?" he said.
The faith of an editor in his reporter that is a principal connector in all the events of the episode was upheld. Skepticism was put aside.
Bradlee says that throughout he was unaware of the skepticism. "Nobody ever came in this room and said, "I have doubts about the story' -- before or after publication -- and nobody said someone else had misgivings about the story," Bradlee said.
One editor who had early misgivings was deputy metro editor David Maraniss, who also serves as Maryland editor. He read the story on vacation and didn't feel it quite added up. Since it was not his territory and criticism might be viewed as poaching, Maraniss did not take his questions to Woodward until much later.
Uncertainties and misgivings among the newsroom staff persisted. Some of them found their way to Coleman, Woodward or Simons, but apparently made no strong impression. Looking back on it with reporters now, they seem to agree that they didn't have enough to go on. They felt they couldn't press the case without evidence, and none was available. As late as February, Metro reporters were still going to editors with their concerns, and were told that Coleman knew sho "Jimmy" was.
When the hoax was exposed, their doubts about the story and their frustration with management burst out in a meeting of the Metro staff at Woodward's house last Thursday night. Coleman says now:
". . . There was undoubtedly also some degree of pride -- we had published the story in the first place and stood by it. We probably put too much faith in the hope that maybe things were not the way so many indicators suggested they might be."
Woodward, likewise, feels negligent. "Questions were clearly out there," he said. "Maraniss and Coleman were my channels of information. I should have sat them down together and reviewed everything and then taken it to Simons and Bradlee. Though I had a vague idea that Coleman and Simons had talked about the questions, I never recall talking with Simons about it. I don't think I ever once took the matter up with Bradlee, who was apparently left in ignorance about the doubts swirling around."
Meanwhile, Aplin-Brownlee says that Cooke was having migraine headaches and stayed out of the office more than usual.
THE OMBUDSMAN: After the Agony, the Reappraisal
I wrote this story of "Jimmy World" after being invited to do so by The Washington Post's executive editor, Ben Bradlee. It is important to understand the verb, "invited," because if I had been assigned to do it, that would have violated the relationship The Post has maintained with its ombudsmen for over a decade.
The central idea is autonomy for the person who sits in this chair. Without it, the ombudsman would be a fake, like "Jimmy." With it, The Post takes its chances, as it should. I have been filling this role at The Post since September, and will return in August to my regular work in the administration of Duke University.
All of which is to say that this piece is my own. Twenty Post reporters discussed the one-man undertaking Wednesday afternoon and didn't like it. They wanted the story staffed, as The Wall Street Journal did with its account of "Jimmy" that appeared Friday. I turned the reporters away, although it would have been great to have them share the work. But I am grateful that they volunteered.
There are omissions in this article, perhaps some errors too. The most glaring omission is the absence of an interview with Janet Cooke.She refused to see me. I don't think she was trying to be evasive. I think she simply didn't want to go over it again with a stranger now. The pain has simply been too great. Where Cooke is quoted directly in this account, the words are attributed to the editors or reporters who were in conversation with her.
I regret her decision because her version of the whole episode should be here. No doubt, it would differ in some respects from this account.
After the agony of this week, deputy met metropolitan editor David Maraniss, who has grown close to Cooke and feels protective of her, reports that she is doing better, seems to understand what she has done, and is feeling remorseful. "By Friday," he said, "she was beautiful again."
Four Post employes were involved in producing this story, all of them at my request. Noel Epstein, assistant editor of Outlook, and Ron Shaffer of the Metro staff did some research, none of the writing. William Greider, assistant managing editor for national news, edited it. He changed nothing without my approval. Robin Gradison, a news aide, supplied research and good cheer and coffee for four days. She was terrific.
The Post's attitude toward this project was summarized in the catch phrase, "full disclosure." That word went out to the staff from Bradlee and publisher Donald Graham.
The result was that every question I asked about The Post's handling of "Jimmy" got an answer. Maraniss declined to relate his off-the-reocrd conversations with Cooke. Other than that, no one refused to answer my questions.
The most impressive reaction was from the news staff members who filed in and out of my office offering help. I am willing to lay odds that no sentence in this piece was written without interruption except those that were typed between midnight Friday and 8 a.m. yesterday.
The Prize: Of Fiefdoms and Their Knights and Ladies of Adventure
The Washington Post has 493 employes on its news staff.At the top of the pyramid is the executive editor, Ben Bradlee. His second-in-command and alter ego is the managing editor, Howard Simons. Third in line is the deputy managing editor, Richard Harwood.
They constitute the presiding troika, and they split the duties of top news administration, rotating, for example, weekend duties. They are the last port of call for news decisions. Normally, Bradlee and Simons preside over daily 2:30 p.m. and 6:30 p.m. story conferences. Harwood is responsible for the Sunday interpretative section, "Outlook," and The Washington Post Magazine, among other duties.
Bradlee is luminescent, Simons and Harwood, philosophical. All three are former reporters, a characteristic of most Post editors.
Below them are the archdukes and duchesses of the newsroom, the assistant managing editors, 12 of them, nine with news staffs. The other three are responsible for personnel, administration and special projects. oAll are called AMEs.
Below them on the organization chart are various levels of other editors: earls, counts, countesses, viscounts, barons.
Then there are the reporters, the knight adventurers or lady adverturers. They writer the copy.
So prestigious is The Post among journalists and would-be journalists in this country and abroad that one could feel comfortable betting that the entire staff could be replaced, at least numerically, once a month by the applications the paper receives.
The Post calls its news administration a federal system. That is intended to indicate, and does, the enormous latitude and authority that is given to the assistant managing editors, the archdukes.
They pull together budgets and administer them, decide on stories, hire and fire (but only with the agreement from the troika), reward and punish, and -- importantly -- congregate every day for the story conferences. When Bradlee or Simons wants to issue instructions, the assistant managing editors get the word and pass it along.
The archduke of the Metro section is Bob Woodward. He presides over 108 employes, a quarter of the entire news staff. He has been in the job for just short of two years, having assumed it after completing the most recent of his three best-selling books, The Brethren, an account of the decision-making process of the Supremne Court that he co-authored with Post national reporter Scott Armstrong.
Woodward's name has been synonymous with investigative reporting since Watergate.
"Jimmy" was created, lived and vanished in Woodward's shop.
Among the rewards in which AMEs play a key role are nominations for the prizes of journalism. On Nov. 17, 1980, the AME for administration, Elsie Caper, set out a memo asking for nominations. Her list contained 73 award possibilities. Leading the list, as always were the Pulitzer Prizes, which are awarded in 12 categories. Winners become the nobility of American journalism. The Post has won Pulitzers 16 times.
On Woodward's Metro staff, there was competition for Pulitzer nominations. It is not uncommon at The Post. David Maraisa, the Maryland editor, was pushing hard for a series by the of his Maryland reporters, Neil Henry, as an entry in the feature category.
He was so depressed when he found that Henry would be nominated in another category that he seriously considered resigning. The Post's feature nominations were to go to Sally Quinn (Ben Bradlee' wife), Myra McPherson and Henry Mitchell of the Style section, where most Post features appear, and Tom Boswell of the sports staff.
Meanwhile, Milton Coleman, Woodward's city editor, was pushing Janet Cooke's "Jimmy's World." In a memo to Woodward on Dec. 10 he also suggested that the story be nominated for the Sigma Delta Chi award, the Heywood Brown award, the Ellis Willis Scipps award and as one of a package submission for the Robert F. Kennedy award.
Coleman's memo described "Jimmy's World" as readable, accurate and complete. "I can't think of another story that shows more enterprise and resourcefulness on the part of a reporter in overcoming obstacles."
There was already strain between Coleman and Maraniss. Coleman thought Maraniss encroached on his territory by giving directions to the city staff. Maraniss disagreed.
"Jimmy's World" was The Post's sole entry for local news reporting. Maraniss' entry was one of two nominations in the category for Local Investigative Reporting and Other Specialized Reporting," It didn't win.
"Jimmy's World" was also entered for a prize from the Maryland-D.C. Press Association. It won second prize.
Beore the entries were sent off, indeed while the nominations were being considered, doubts among the staff aboout Cook's story rose to new intensity.
This time, even Maraniss was involved. After a dinner with investigative reporter Jonathan Naumann, Maraniss re-read the story, and this time it didn't ring true. He found he couldn't believe it. He said that to Woodward, and suggested that Woodward re-read the story before it was nominated. In hindsight he said he thinks he didn't put it as strongly as he he might have. He didn't want to appear to be knocking down a story Coleman liked so much.
Neumann, who had won a Pulitzer for investigative reporting for The Philadelphia Inquirer, was a principal in discussions among other reporters. "A number of people felt strongly that it should not be nominated because it could disgrace us," he said. "A couple of dozen people talked abut it but we didn't go to top editors. I think we felt it wouldn't be fair to put her on the carpet when we couldn't prove anything."
With all the doubts about the "Jimmy" story, how could it have been submitted, with The Post's full backing, to the Pulitzer committee?
Woodward, who accepted Coleman's urgings and strongly supported the story to Bradlee, Simons and Harwood, says it most tellingly: "I have used the phrases 'in for a dime, in for a dollar' to describe my overall conclusion about submitting the Cooke story for a Pulitzer or any other prize.
"I believed it, we published it. Official questions had been raised, but we stood by the story and her. Internal questions had been raised, but none about her other work. The reports were about the story not sounding right, being based on anonymous sources, and primarily about purported lies [about] her personal life -- [told by men reporters], two she had dated and one who felt in close competition with her.
"I think that the decision to nominate the story for a Pulitzer is of minimal consequence. I also think that it won is of little consequence. It is a brilliant story -- fake and fraud that it is.
"It would be absurd for me or any other editor to review the authenticity or accuracy of stories that are nominated for prizes.
"If so, our posture would be as follows: we published the story and said it was true, but now we are going to nominate it for a Pulitzer -- now that's serious business."
Bradlee, Simons and Harwood made the final decisions on Pulitzer nominations in early January. Did Bradlee, Simons or Harwood know of any of this skepticism about Cooke's reporting?
"No, I knew of none," Bradlee said.
Harwood said he didn't know of any , either.
"I didn't know of any staff doubts," said Simmons, who had been told months earlier of some criticism, "but I had some of my own. I had reason to disbelieve. And Woodward supported the nomination strongly."
All 12 cateories were entered. The paper was to win one.
When the prize of "Jimmy's World" was announced, all of the top editors, Woodward and Coleman were jubilant. So were the undoubters among the news staff. Publisher Donald Graham wrote his second note to Cooke:
"Dear Janet:
"Hooray. I've never heard a prize announcement make people so happy. People here like you. They think you're the kind of journalist The Post needs for its future because you understand people and you get a part of their nature into your stories. And all thinking readers of the page know that the city coverage has been getting much, much better for five years. This flash of recognition for you (and Woodward, Miklton, Stan, Vivian and all others involved in your career here) feels mightily like vindication. Milton and the entire staff have taken so much abuse (you as much as anyone) for trying to do the job professionally. Your prize seems to me to say that we're on the right track in writing about this city and it's strong encouragement to do even better. Don."
THE CONFESSION: At the End, There Were the Questions, Then the Tears
Pulitzer Prize decisions were made on April 3. Formal announcement was scheduled 10 days later, but two members of the advisory board called Ben Bradlee within hours after the decisions were final. He was elated, and called both Bob Woodward and Milton Coleman.
Janet Cooke was in New Haven working on the Reagan shooting story, and John W. Hinckley Jr. Woodward and Coleman reached her by telephone.
Later, she told an interviewer, laughing, "It was right on deadline when they called. I thought they were calling because I hadn't filed the story yet, and all I could think of was, 'Oh, God, is it possible to get fired from 600 miles away?'"
Executive editor Bradlee got on the telephone and repeated the message. "Even then, I wasn't convinced," she said.
Finally persuaded, she faced an evening alone. She said she bought a bottle of champaign, called her mother and watched "Dallas" in her motel room.
The public announcement of the awards was on April 13. At The Toledo Blade that day, in the words of executive news editor Joe O'Conor, "We have an edition that goes to press shortly after 8 a.m. In it, we had a sidebar on Miss Cooke and her Toledo background.
"Sometime later that day, one of the editors showed me a copy of the AP's biographical sketches on Pulitzer winners. The information in it did not jibe with our information, so we did what we would normally do: we pointed out to AP that our information and theirs didn't mesh."
At the Associated Press the story moved to Louis D. Boccardi, vice president and executive editor in New York. He said:
"Tuesday morning, The Toledo Blade pointed out to our correspondent in Toledo that there were discrepancies between our account of Miss Cooke's educational background and what they knew to be the truth.
"More specifically, the background we carried, which was given by The Post to the Pulitzer committee, said that she had a master's degree from the University of Toledo, an undergraduate degree from Vassar, and had studied at the Sorbonne."
Michael Holmes, the AP's correspondent in Toledo, started his own checking, and confirmed the Blades's facts. He reported to his New York office. From there a message went to Paris to check the Sorbonne connection, and a call was made to Cooke at The Post.
"Miss Cooke said, essentially, that the information in her official biography was correct. At this point, it was quite clear that something was wrong, and so we pressed our efforts on the story," Boccardi said.
The "official" biography released by the Pulitzer committee and carried on the AP wire came from a standard Post biographical form that had been attached to her nomination for the prize.
Cooke filled it out. Nobody on The Post checked it, yet it differed significantly from the resume she had filed for the Post when she applied for a job.
The new resume claimed that she spoke or read French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian. Her original resume claimed only French and Spanish. The new form claimed she had won six awards from the Ohio Newspaper Women's Association and another from the Ohio AP. Her first resume claimed only a single award from the Ohio Newspaper Women's Association. The new form also showed that she graduated magna cum laude from Vassar in 1976, attended the Sorbonne in 1975 and received a master's degree from the University of Toledo in 1977. The original made no reference to the Sorbonne.
Vassar records show that she attended classes there for one year. She was graduated from the University of Toledo, but received no master's degree.
Between 3 and 3:30 Tuesday afternoon telephones in managing editor Howard Simons' and Bradlee's office rang simultaneously. Boccardi was calling Simons, and Dixie Sheridan, assistant to the president of Vassar, was calling Bradlee. Sheridan's call was prompted by the AP queries she had received.
The callers asked Bradlee and Simons the same questions: what did they know about the records discrepancies? Neither of the editors had an answer.
Simons summoned Woodward, Coleman and Tom Wilkinson to Bradlee's office. Wilkinson, The Post's assistant managing editor for personnel, brought Janet's personnel folder and the Pulitzer biography.
"When we saw the papers, we knew we had a problem," Simons said. He and Bradlee decided that the first thing to go after was the Vassar records discrepancies.
To do that, they dispatched Coleman to take Cooke for a walk around the block and talk to her.
"Take her to the woodshed," Bradlee said, borrowing a phrase Lyndon B. Johnson once used on Hubert H. Humphrey. He meant: ask her every question, get it right.
Coleman and Cooke walked across L Street to the Capitol Hilton Hotel. In the bar they ordered two ginger ales, and Coleman questioned her persistently on her background. Why was Vassar saying she only attended classes there one year when Cooke was saying she had been graduated?
Cooke said she didn't know.
"Okay, let's call Vassar," Coleman suggested at one point. It was 4:30 in the afternoon, and he was afraid the college's registrar's office might close.
"I don't see why it is so important," Cooke said. "The Vassar records are just me. The 'Jimmy' story is something I did."
Coleman, after Cooke told him where Vassar is located, reached Judy Blom, a clerk in the registrar's office. She informed Coleman that Cooke was never graduated from the school. Coleman asked to speak to her supervisor, and was transferred to Margaret Battistoni, administrative assistant to the registrar. She confirmed the clerk's response.
Coleman looked at Cooke, who said she had records to prove her claim, that her mother had the papers.
"Let's call Toledo," Coleman said, meaning the University. But Cooke wanted to talk to her mother, and did, for 15 or 20 minutes, while Coleman stood by.
After that conversation Cooke said, "Let's talk." They returned to the bar and ordered two more ginger ales.
Cooke told Coleman that Vassar was right, that she had gone there but had run into emotional problems and returned home the following year to enter the University of Toledo, where she had been graduated.
"Then that part of your resume is wrong," Coleman said.
"Yes."
"What about languages? Do you speak four languages?"
"Yes."
"And the Sorbonne, were you there?"
"Yes."
"And the 'Jimmy' story?"
"It's true."
When Coleman went to the telephone to call Woodward, a member of the city school board happened to be at the next pay phone, and Coleman told Woodward he would have to speak in code.
"Vassar?" Woodward asked.
"Jimmy?"
"She says it's true."
At the Post, Bradlee suggested that Coleman be asked to bring Cooke back into The Post at the L Street entrance to avoid being conspicuous and to take her to the vacant eighth-floor office of The Post's corporate president. Bradlee and Woodward joined Cooke and Coleman there. Simons stayed in the fifth floor newsroom to conduct the daily 6:30 story conference.
When Bradlee and Woodward arrived, Cooke was seated on a sofa, crying and saying, "You get caught at the stupidest things."
Bradlee shook her hand, then came on strong. He, Simons and Woodward had decided while Coleman and Cooke were out that the record's discrepancies cast serious doubts on her honesty and that her honesty, or lack of it, was the only thing that held the "Jimmy" story together.
Janet was crying harder, and Bradlee began to check off her language proficiency. "Say two words to me in Portuguese," he said. She said she couldn't.
"Do you have any Italian?" Bradlee asked.
Cooke said no.
Bradlee, fluent in French, asked her questions in the language. Her answers were stumbling. Bradlee said later that it sounded as if she had once some high school instruction.
Bradlee made an accusing comparison with Richard M. Nixon: "You're like Richard Nixon -- you're trying to cover up." Later, the executive editor said it was one of the most unpleasant conversations he'd ever had. He asked about the six Ohio journalism awards, and Cooke's answers were inconclusive.
Bradlee asked about Jimmy's identity. Tuesday was the first time Post editors had been told his full name, "Tyrone Davis." His mother and her boyfriend, they were told, were named Candi Davis and Robert Jackson Anderson, and they lived on Xenia Street. This was the first time any of them had been told where "Jimmy" supposedly lived.
"You've got 24 hours to prove the 'Jimmy' story is true," Bradley said.
Now it was Woodward's turn to get tough. "I don't believe you on the 'Jimmy' story," he said.
"You don't believe me," Cooke replied.
"No, I don't, and I'm going to prove it if it's the last thing I do." It was the first time Woodward had said that even to himself.
Bradlee and Woodward left the room, and decided the next best step was to send Coleman and Cooke to Xenia Street in an effort to establish whether she did know the precise location where the "Jimmy" story had its origins. Once again, Coleman and Cooke left, this time driving.
Bradlee, Simons, publisher Donald Graham and Woodward reassembled in Bradlee's office. Graham asked if it was really safe to send Coleman and Cooke to Xenia Street, and was told that it had to be done.
David Maraniss, deputy Metro editor and one of those who had earlier doubted the story, joined the group. Maraniss had known Cooke since shortly after she arrived at The Post, although he was never her editor. Genial and respected as an editor, Maraniss develops close relationships with his staff. He and Cooke had had lunch several times, and he had gone over her stories informally at times. His friendship was to prove crucial during the evening.
Bradlee and Graham went to dinner at Mel Krupin's restaurant as Cooke's notes and tapes for the Jimmy story arrived at The Post. The documents had been held in safekeeping in the law offices of Williams & Connolly since shortly after the story was published.
Woodward, Maraniss and Wilkinson began the laborious job of going over 145 pages of hand-written notes and listening to her tape-recorded interviews. It was the background for the "Jimmy" story, but this was the first time that any editor at The Post had inspected her materials. Woodward said later that he saw "echoes" of the published story all through her notes, but no indication that she had actually interviewed a child using heroin.
While the three editors were poring over the tapes and notes, Coleman called. He said they couldn't find "Jimmy's" house, and Coleman later said that when Cooke failed to identify a house, that fact convinced him the story was a fake. Now, everbody dealing with Cooke believed she was lying. But she stuck with her story.
The editors called Elsa Walsh, Cooke's roommate since mid-December, who was covering a city council meeting in Alexandria for the Virginia Weekly. She drove to The Post and told an editor, for the first time, that she had never believed the "Jimmy" story. Once, she said, she had looked through Cooke's "Jimmy" notes and found none about the boy. She also recalled that Cooke had once told her that she was valedictorian at Vassar. Walsh had not gone to an editor with her doubts.
While Coleman and Cooke drove back to the office, Bradlee and Simons went home. It was 11:30 p.m.. Both left instructions to be notified if anything developed.
Coleman and Cooke joined Woodward, Maraniss and Wilkinson in The Post's fifth floor conference room, and the questioning continued.
"Janet looked awful," Maraniss said. "Her eyes were glassy, her face contorted, and she seemed not to know what word would come out before she said it."
Woodward led the questioning. "It's all over," he said to Cooke. "You've got to come clean.The notes show us the story is wrong. We know it. We can show you point by point how you concocted it."
"I was tough," Woodward said later, "but I was convinced we had to finish it up with Janet."
Wilkinson told Cooke he was concerned for her. Woodward continued to say that he knew she had faked the story, even though she had done it brilliantly.
"This is getting too cruel," Cooke said. "All I have left is my story."
But Maraniss was comforting. "Give up the Pulitzer," he said to her, "and you can have yourself back."
The editors say she continued to deny that "Jimmy" didn't exist, repeated it 15 or 20 times, and then a subtle change crept into her answers.
"I have to believe the story.
"What am I going to do?"
Coleman remained silent. Woodward tried one last time. "If a just God were looking down, what would he say is the truth?"
"I don't know what you mean," Cooke said.
Coleman paced the floor. Maraniss sat at the table across from Cooke.
Woodward proposed a compromise. Would she sign a statement saying she didn't deserve a Pulitzer Prize because she couldn't prove it? Cooke replied that she didn't know why she should say that although she understood it was necessary.
Woodward and Wilkinson left the room, and Coleman soon joined them.
Maraniss sat alone with Cooke. Both were weeping. He held her hand.
"I was afraid I was going to be left alone with you," Cooke said."The first time I saw you today I thought, 'Oh boy, he knows, and I'm going to have to tell him.' I couldn't lie to you. I couldn't tell them. I never would tell Woodward. The more he yelled, the more stubborn I was. Wilkinson represents the corporation. It means so much to Milton. You guys are smart, Woodward for the mind, you for the heart. Why were you smiling?"
"Because," said Maraniss, "I had a tremendous surge of empathy for you, refusing to submit to the institution in an absurd situation. You were so strong not to give in. The institution will survive."
"Oh, David, what am I going to do?" Cooke asked.
They talked for an hour, reviewing their childhoods. Each time another editor opened the conference room door, Maraniss waved him away.
They talked about the horror and the fear she had gone through, especially when she was nominated for a Pulitzer.
She said she was rooting for a series by Neil Henry, a Metro reporter whose articles were considered for a Post Pulitzer nomination in another category.
"I didn't think I had a chance," she said. "There were so many other great stories."
"You can recover and you will," Maraniss told her.
"The only thing I can do is write," Cooke said.
"That's not true," Maraniss replied.
Then he said, "You don't have to say anything to the others, I'll do it for you. What do I tell them?"
"There is no Jimmy and no family," she said. "It was a fabrication. I did so much work on it, but it's a composite. I want to give the prize back."
Woodward and Wilkinson had left the room to discuss the feasibility of putting Cooke on indefinite leave. They called Bradlee, and he decided against it. Bradlee said call off the questioning, it was beginning to sound like a "third degree."
But when Woodward, Wilkinson and Coleman went back into the conference room, Maraniss looked up and announced: "You can go home now, Jimmy is a composite."
Each editor hugged and kissed her.
"I'm sorry I was such a son-of-a-bitch," Woodward said.
"I deserved it," Cooke answered.
"Yes, you did," Woodward said.
Woodward and Wilkinson called Bradlee, and Coleman called Cooke's parents and said he would meet Mrs. Cooke when she flew in the next day.
Cooke had confessed the fraud, and now, emotionally spent, she talked freely with Maraniss. She was embarrassed and humiliated, and didn't want anyone to see her.
She had questions:
"What will happen to me? Will I be able to write again?"
Maraniss told her he would do everything he could to help her, including trying to get her another job, and he promised to stand by her as long as she needed him.
When the conversation drifted to why she had done it, Cooke said she felt she knew enough to bring it off by the time she concocted the story. She had thought about it for two days before writing the original draft she submitted to Coleman.
"I hope," she said, "that Milton doesn't get in trouble over this. He is a good man who cares about his people."
She said she hated Ben Bradlee because he had compared her with Richard Nixon and that she never would have told Woodward.
There were other reasons for her confidence:
1) The cops couldn't find the boy because he didn't exist.
2) She wouldn't be afraid of the city officials.
3) Before the story was published, Simons had said that he wasn't going to ask her the name of the boy or his mother, nor was he going to ask for the street address. (He did direct her to tell Coleman the names, according to others' recollections.) Cooke added, with a smile, that she might have told a psychologist she had called, but the psychologist's calendar had been filled and she couldn't get an appointment.
"You must have been in a panic for a year," Maraniss said, "after you lied on your resume. How did you feel the night you won the Pulitzer?"
"Awful," she said. "I prayed I wouldn't get it, but I never told anybody that."
Maraniss drove her to the Ontario apartments, where she stayed up all night, talking with friends.
At 7 o'clock Wednesday morning, Bradlee broke the news to Graham, who was, as usual, in his office by 6:30. Bradlee invited Graham to his house for breakfast, and they talked about want to do next.
After two hours of sleep at Woodward's house, Maraniss returned to the Ontario, where he and Cooke talked for two hours. Then he called Bradlee, who asked Maraniss to get Cooke's resignation and a written statement.
In longhand, she wrote: "'Jimmy's World' was in essence a fabrication. I never encountered or interviewed an 8-year-old heroin addict. The September 28, 1980, article in The Washington Post was a serious misrepresentation which I deeply regret. I apologize to my newspaper, my profession, the Pulitzer board and all seekers of the truth. Today, in facing up to the truth, I have submitted my resignation. Janet Cooke."
Cooke's mother arrived from Toledo Wednesday, and her father flew to Washington on Friday. While Janet Cooke was being grilled by Washington Post editors, her father had spend the night of April 14 filing out his income tax returns.
"What did I do that went wrong?" Stratman Cooke asked. "I know I was away from home a lot, had to travel a lot. But I couldn't have it both ways . . . . She was extremely ambitious, eager to prove herself. I encouraged that."
THE PRESSURES: Heat and the Achievers Both Have a Tendancy to Rise
There is no question about the pressures and competition in The Washington Post's newsroom. They are powerful. Some people flourish, others get crushed. It is major-league journalism. "Hardball," as Ben Bradlee describes it.
The troubling question is whether pressure on the staff distorts the news published in the paper. There is another question: did pressure to excel, to overreach, drive Janet Cooke to fake a story that won a Pulitzer Prize?
Jonathan Neumann, who doubted the "Jimmy" story from the first time he saw it, believes not.
"It was not pressure that did Janet in," he said. "No pressure can do that. That had to come from within her. She wanted page one."
Page one. The showpiece of the paper. The prestige place to appear. The prize. It is the principal topic of conversation among the assistant managing editors and Bradlee or Simons at the twice-daily story conference.Everybody on the news staff knows that. Every AME looks for stories that he can use to compete for page one space, and every reporter knows that.
The competition to get on page one is so strong that it effects probably cannot be understood even by the top editors. It is one source, if not the central source, of newsroom pressures. To have a story selected for page one is good strokes, an ego trip.
Not many make it. The front page is dominated by national news, mostly about politics, and that is written by the national staff, whose members are generally older and more experienced than those on the Metro staff, or sports, Style and financial staffs. The only regular competitor to national news is foreign news. To get a Metro story on the front page requires an exceptional subject, exceptionally written.
Even some national writers have a problem. Joanne Omang of the national staff says, "Getting on the front page is the route to advancement and favor. The editors fighting for Bradlee's smile get there by having a hot team, and they prod us for stories they can sell for the page. Openly.
"There is little interest in yeoman labor covering a subject that only affects people's lives; what counts in the glory department is page one, and everyone is supposed to 'write it out' onto the front, no matter how mundane the topic. This is part of the creative tension business.
"The sad part is that it often works -- with everyone busting elbows, the paper is full of terrific stories. But the temptation to hype has to be resisted all the time. I often have the feeling when I'm taking an editor off a hyped angle, saying, 'well, no, that's not the story, it didn't happen like that,' that editor is disappointed in me personally, that it's my fault the event isn't page one. This has got to be part of what happened to Janet."
Making the front page is not the only source of pressure. Sandy Rovner of Style puts it this way: "Whatever we do is perceived automatically only in terms of what is seen as our particular self-interest. A lot of us feel intensely loyal to The Post, but management seems not to be able even to see the possibility ot our loyalty."
Lewis Simons of Metro says: "Pressures are so great to produce, to go beyond excellence to the 'holy s---' story. Everyone knows that's what the editors want. The pressure is to get the incredible story, the extraordinary story.
"When you put that up against a fragile and vulnerable personality like Janet's, you produce the worst case."
Bradlee, around whom the newsroom revolves, sees it differently. He believes his system includes great delegation of authority and "encouragement, support, prodding, teasing."
"People want to succeed. They bust their ass to succeed here. There's only a couple of places you want to work in this business, and when you get here you don't blow it. Of course, there's drive by the AME's, because that's the way to get your story to the decision-making process.
"It can result in overselling a story, but a story that looks good at 2:30 may disappear by 6:30. You make 150 decisions on stories every day, and if you start second-guessing them you'll never get the paper out.
"It means you have to have intelligent people you can trust tell you about the best they have to offer and you have to make up your mind.
"The AMEs are very strong. We demand from them.We trust them. We back them. And we don't spend time second-guessing them.
"There is no system to protect you from a pathological liar, and if you constructed it that way you'd never make a deadline."
On the evening of April 6, two days after Cooke's story fell apart, about 30 to 35 members of the Metro staff attended an informal staff meeting at Bob Woodward's home. Others were invited but couldn't make it.
The talk was about two subjects: pressure and "Jimmy's World." Woodward and Milton Coleman went through Cooke story chronologically. Those who had doubted the story had their say.
When the discussion turned to management and pressure, some reporters said they felt strongly that the "system" at The Post has editors making demands on reporters that cannot be met. That reporters are made to feel they are failures when they cannot meet those demands. That there seems to be insufficient guidance and comfort for new reporters. And that the system seems to pit reporters against each other. All this, some reporters felt, helped bring about the "Jimmy" story.
Blaine Harden, a former Metro reporter now with The Washington Post Magazine, urges more attention to younger reporters. "Reporters who come to The Post are usually over-achievers from other newspapers, where their identity and sense ot value was intimately tied to their notoriety and success as a writer. Upon taking a job at The Post, however, reporters are stripped of their identity and forced to re-create themselves for a new set of editors and readers. In this painful growth period, new reporters have little to emulate except the big-splash success of a very few colleagues . . . .
"Serious, conscientous, committed reporters should be loudly praised by editors, given raises, given prestige assignments. This happens now, of course. Yet every reporter who's been at The Post for a while knows, for instance, that flashy writing about quirky suburban housewives grab a lot more attention from editors than does highly informed, analytical coverage of county government."
Out of the crosscurrents of complaint, suggestion, concern and disgrace, what changess are likely? It's too soon to make final judgments.
Donald Graham says, "Everybody is going to have to ask questions of himself. This fraudulent story is very serious business, but it doesn't cast in doubt the basic values of the paper. They remain unchanged.
"As our editorial said Thursday, it's sort of like an embezzlement from a bank:
"We will never arrive at a point when mistakes don't happen, but our basic reliability is tested every day.
"We can't deny the obvious. We printed a false story. We ought to ask ourselves what changes to make and make those changes.The process is complex, and will take some time.
"We do take what's happened very seriously, but no fair-minded person could conclude that the integrity of any other story is called into question.
"We're looking at the process, but not at our basic job in this complicated world and this complicated city."
Bradlee says, "We've got to be sure that our trust in reporters is not betrayed again and in five days, I'm not sure how to do that. She was a one-in-a-million liar."
THE CONCLUSIONS: Once Again, a Fail-Safe System Proves the Exception
So why did it all happen? And how? Milton Coleman and Bob Woodard try to take the blame, and well they should. They had primary responsibility. But to place all the burden on them is a huge mistake. There's enough blame to go around.
Ben Bradlee, the executive director, was wrong, and Howard Simons, the managing editor, was wrong. Beginning, of course, with Janet Cooke, everybody who touched this journalistic felony -- or who should have touched it and didn't -- was wrong. It was a complete systems failure, and there's no excuse for it. These are brilliant people. The Post newsroom runs over with high-caliber talent and skills that weren't employed.
Other thoughts:
1)The system failed because it wasn't used, not because it is faulty. Bradlee and Simons should have asked tough questions, so should Woodward and Coleman and others. And every staffer who had a serious doubt about "Jimmy" had an unavoidable responsibility to pursue it, hard.
2)This business of trusting reporters absolutely goes too far. Clearly it did in this case.There is a point when total reliance on this kind of trust allows the editor to duck his own responsibility. Editors have to insist on knowing and verifying. That's one of the big reasons they hold their jobs.
3)There's a mythology hanging in the air or the newsroom. Sometimes it acts like a disease. Young reporters come onto the staff expecting to find another Watergate under every third rock they kick over. That is naive. Blockbusters are not everyday occurrences. Editors are somewhat infected too, but not to the degree that some of the reporters say they believe. Editors have to get all there is in a news story.
4)The Post did not invent Janet Cooke. That is a ridiculous idea. Given its competitive nature, it may very well have unwittingly encouraged her success and thereby hastened her failure. Here was an aberration that grew in fertile ground, according to one reporter. That's close to the mark.
5)While editors repeatedly talked about their trust in reporters, the trust apparently only applies to written stories, not to reporters' opinions. Otherwise, somebody with authority would have learned something about those persistent doubts on the Cooke story and would have investigated.
6)The front page syndrome is a problem, and it may be insoluble. Page one is the prestige position in the paper, and until the stories it is to carry have been selected, the rest of the paper can't take shape. And Bradlee is right. The paper has to get out, on schedule, every day. Some of the pressures reporters talk about come with the news business.
7)No reporter or other staff member should be employed without a thorough check of his or her credentials.
8)The scramble for journalistic prizes is poisonous. The obligation is to inform readers, not to collect frameable certificates, however prestigious. Maybe The Post should consider not entering contests.
9)News executives have a responsibility to resolve personnel hassles quickly. Among the what-ifs: had Coleman and Vivian Aplin-Brownlee been on better terms, he might have asked her to look over the Cooke story before it ran, and she, given her instant disbelief of the story, might have challenged it effectively. And that Coleman-Maraniss disagreement should have been attended to promptly.
10)Young reporters are impatient. Even the best of them, among whose ranks Janet Cooke appeared to be, profit by seasoning. To push them too fast is a high-risk undertaking.
11)Did race have anything to do with Cooke's ascendancy? Did she get choice assignments and move up because she was handsome and black? Was she employed for the same reason?
There's some yes and some I-don't-know in any honest answer. If there's an employer who says he wouldn't have hired her, he hasn't seen Cooke either in person or at work. There are white editors on this paper who want to report news on the black community but who know they can't get at some of it in the same way blacks can.
Milton Coleman, as good as guy as any at The Post and Cooke's last editor, is black. So are two of her strongest critics, Vivian Aplin-Brownlee, who was her first editor, and Courtland Milloy, who was among the first and most persistent doubters.
Race may have played some role, but professional pride and human decency were deeply involved in this story and that has not a diddle to do with race.
12)To believe that this mistake, big as it was, challenges the honesty of any other story in The Post or any other newspaper, is overreaching. It won't wash. There is no evidence whatsoever that this kind of thing is tolerated at this paper. To over-reach the other way, if this experience tightens discipline in the news process, it may have done some good.
13)When confidentiality is granted to a news source, by a reporter, that promise cannot commit the supervising editor. If the reporter can't support the integrity of his or her story by revealing the name to his or her editor, the story shouldn't be published. And if that safeguard prevents some news stories from appearing, so be it.
14)To give the impression that The Post is staffed by disgruntled people is nonsense. For every reporter or editor with a complaint, however legitimate, there is at least one other who is on a personal high because he or she works for the newspaper. Staff loyalty to The Post is so powerful that it borders on the absurd.
15)The Post is one of the very few great enterprises in journalism, and everybody associated with it ought to be proud of it.
GRAPHIC: Picture 1, Vivian Aplin-Brownlee; Picture 2, Benjamin C. Bradlee; Picture 3, Milton Coleman; Picture 4, Janet Cooke; Picture 5, Donald Graham; Picture 6, David Maraniss; Picture 7, Courtland Milloy; Picture 8, Howard Simons; Picture 9, Robert U. (Bob) Woodward
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Which island is the source of the fortified wine , Marsala ? | Marsala Wine Is Coming Back. Here’s Where to Get the Best of It - Bloomberg
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Source: Giò Martorana/Florio via Bloomberg
Marsala Wine Is Coming Back. Here’s Where to Get the Best of It
It's not just for chicken anymore. (But you can still use it for chicken—that's cool now)
by
More stories by Mark Ellwood
Sicily has been a major wine producer since it was ruled by the ancient Greeks. The island is ideal for viticulture, thanks to its combination of a balmy climate (around 300 days of fine weather each year) and fertile, volcanic soil. Unfortunately, during much of the modern era, Sicily’s bountiful harvest resulted in low-caliber, bulk vino, often used to add a dose of sunshine-fueled punch to bland blends from the north of Italy.
In the 1990s, though, Sicilian vineyards saw the opportunities in focusing on quality rather than quantity , according to Bill Nesto, author of The World of Sicilian Wine, and began promoting premium Sicilian wines for the first time. He points to the arrival of winemakers such as Frank Cornelissen and Andrea Franchetti as critical for the improvement of both harvest and reputation. Annual exports from the region hit almost 99 million in 2013 , up 16.8 percent since 2008.
Vineyards at Sambuca, Sicily
Photographer: Maremagnum/Getty Images
One Sicilian wine staple, though, still languished unloved amid this Sicilian wine renaissance—at least until recently: marsala, the local fortified wine which acts as a response to Portugal’s Madeira or port. It’s appearing on prestige wine lists stateside—offered by the glass at Nick Anderer’s Maialino in New York or Suzette Gresham’s white-tableclothed Italian Acquerello in San Francisco. Carbone , the lavish Greenwich Village restaurant trying to reclaim Italian-American traditions from conventions of kitsch, even has a vintage marsala from 1930 on its wine list for $375 per bottle. Italian producers are responding to this uptick overseas by getting more ready for visitors—last year, one of the oldest vineyards, Cantine Florio , even introduced a glossy new tasting facility.
In the U.S.
Stateside, where marsala suffered from its association with that Atomic Era dinner party staple, chicken marsala, higher-grade vintages are displacing cooking-quality wine in stores and on shelves. Cocktail maestros such as Death & Co’s David Kaplan are experimenting with it as a new ingredient to add to their menus, and it’s slowly surfacing on high-end wine lists. “I always make sure to have one or two good quality marsalas,” explains Dusan Vranic, sommelier of Moshulu in Philadelphia. “Once you start interacting with a guest who knows about port or sherry, marsala is something I have to talk to them about.” He pauses: “It’s not only for chicken.”
Keith Wallace founded the Wine School of Philadelphia , where Vranic studied; speaking by phone from there, Wallace argues that marsala can be “ridiculously good.” He sees a parallel between its revival and the rise of retro-minded millennial drinkers, who are increasingly “looking backwards at great, old styles.” (There’s certainly a whiff of 1970s nostalgia in Pantone’s choice of marsala as its color of the year 2015.) He likens marsala’s rise more to a coming out than a rebirth, though. “Gay marriage is good, but sweet red wine is bad,” Wallace laughs, “We’ve all loved [marsala] behind close doors: high alcohol, delicious, tannic, and sweet.”
Struggling for Cachet
Marsalas from Marco de Bartoli, Carlo Pellegrino, and Cantine Florio
Source: (from left) Selfridge's via Bloomberg; winezja.pl via Bloomberg; Cantine Florio via Bloomberg
Indeed, it was that punchy sweetness that first earned the attention of a British trader, John Woodhouse, in the late 18th century. He chanced on the local production on a trip to Sicily and saw parallels with port and Madeira, already popular with British drinkers. Since America didn’t have an established tradition of drinking these fortified vintages, they struggled to attract cachet; sweet wines were for cooks, whether to add to dishes or sip in the kitchen. “We consider ourselves classless, so we’re always so worried about whether we’re classy or not,” Wallace continues. “That also made sweet wine taboo.” The fading of such barback fatwas has proved a boon for such brands as Cantine Florio, Marco de Bartoli , and Carlo Pellegrino . These top-tier marsalas are all now available stateside.
Now that they're freshly destigmatized, the new challenge is how to serve or drink them like a savant. Florio’s Benedetta Poretti, on the telephone from her head office in Milan, stresses the versatility of marsala. “You can start and finish a meal with the same wine. As an aperitif, serve it with a blue cheese—and it’s better in this case that the marsala is really cold,” she explains in English. “Then you can have it with some dessert, too, like cake, when it’s better to serve it at room temperature.” Indeed, Poretti says that Florio will soon introduce a special semi-sweet marsala to America that can be served both before and after a meal. It’s called Targa Florio, and it spends seven years aging in oak barrels.
Dry Marsalas
John Rankin of New York’s Chambers Street Wines agrees. Speaking by phone from the company’s warehouse in Chelsea, he is a proud marsala aficionado. “It’s a misconception they’re all sweet. Some of the best are very old, dry ones that are lovely to have with food, especially Mediterranean or African cuisines with their spicy characters.” Rankin suggests pairing a drier marsala with salt-cured fish or tagine-cooked dishes, such as couscous, a nod to Sicily’s eclectic cultural heritage.
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Cleopatra was said to have bathed in the milk of which animal in order to preserve her complexion ? | Marsala Cooking Wine - FIRELESS COOKING RECIPES
FIRELESS COOKING RECIPES
Marsala Cooking Wine
cooking wine
The classification of wine can be done according to various methods including, but not limited to, place of origin or appellation, vinification methods and style, sweetness and vintage, J.
Wine is an alcoholic beverage, typically made of fermented grape juice. The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients. Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast.
Generally a wine that should not be used as a beverage. Some experts recommend only using wines that you would drink as a cooking wine.
marsala
A dark, sweet, fortified dessert wine that resembles sherry, produced in Sicily
dark sweet or semisweet dessert wine from Sicily
The Marsala Ship is the earliest warship known from archeological evidence. It is a wreck discovered in 1969 in an area called Punta Scario in the harbor of Marsala in western Sicily, Italy, near the Aegadian Islands.
Marsala is a seaport city located in the Province of Trapani on the island of Sicily in Italy. The low coast on which it is situated is the westernmost point of the island. It is best known as the source of Marsala wine.
marsala cooking wine - Tempest in
Tempest in a Teapot: Recipes & Reminiscence
Savour the life of a beloved tea room - from the delectable favourite recipes to the sweet memories that made this small town tea room a favourite meeting place.Tempest in a Teapot, Recipes and Reminisces offers easy to follow recipes of their most requested classics like Curried Tuna Sandwiches, Sticky Date Pudding and Sweet scones. These and all the recipes in this book can be easily reproduced and enjoyed at home to plan your own tea party, or other memorable celebration. In addition, learn valuable information about tea from the way it is produced to the various types of tea available. You will get step-by-step instructions on how to brew a proper cup of tea. You'll also learn about that revered British tradition, Afternoon Tea. Find out how it came into being and how to recreate this time honoured tradition. This book is a valuable resource for any tea and food enthusiast.
Balsamic & Marsala Glazed Prawns, With Prosciutto & Lemon Thyme
A reduction of marsala wine and balsamic vinegar caress the exterior of prawns cloaked in prosciutto - a dusting of lemon thyme adds brightness to this rich and succulent Appetizer
Marsala Zabaglione, Red Wine and Cherry Hamentaschen, Riesling Granita
The Hamentaschen collapsed during baking, so they were more like 0-cornered hats. Tasted good, though! The Zabaglione was also delicious.
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Which city was the Russian capital during the 11'th century ? | HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Enjoy the Famous Daily
Vladimir's descendants: 1019-1169
The 35-year reign of Vladimir's son Yaroslav establishes Russia, with its capital at Kiev, as a kingdom in the mainstream of medieval Europe. It also secures the throne for a dynasty which survives in direct descent for six centuries (till the time of Boris Godunov ), even though those centuries see much diminution of Russian territory and a shift of power from Kiev to Moscow.
Yaroslav turns Kiev into a glorious Christian city in the Byzantine tradition, founding monasteries, adding a spectacular Golden Gate to the town's fortress, and building a cathedral dedicated, like Justinian's great example in Constantinople, to holy wisdom - Santa Sophia.
He also follows Justinian in commissioning a codification of Russia's laws. The legal code known as Russkaya Pravda (Russian Truth) is founded in his reign.
On the international stage Yaroslav plays the medieval game of matrimonial diplomacy as assiduously as any of his contemporaries. He marries his three daughters to kings of Norway, France and Hungary. He also has four sons, guaranteeing on past evidence a frenzy of bloodshed after his death. To avoid this Yaroslav devises a code of inheritance. Surprisingly, for two generations at least, it works.
Under Yaroslav's system of inheritance all Russia is to be jointly held by the ruling family. His eldest son is to rule in Kiev, while others are assigned to territories elsewhere. When a prince of Kiev dies, there is to be general post. The next senior brother will move to Kiev, with equivalent adjustments throughout the realm. The principle that brothers take precedence over sons is an essential element of the scheme, for it gives the younger brothers a chance to inherit without risking all in warfare.
As a measure of the success of Yaroslav's plan, he is peacefully succeeded by three of his sons in succession over a span of nearly forty years (1054-1093).
After the second generation, with the family structure becoming more diffuse, one line of descent prevails over all the others. It is that of Yaroslav's third son, married to a Greek princess from the imperial family in Constantinople.
A little more than a century after Yaroslav's death, cousins in this line of descent are fighting each other for the succession. Kiev , from 1169, is no longer the capital city. There are several reasons: new dangers in the south, threatening Kiev; the independence of Novgorod , granted to the city by Yaroslav himself; and a shift of power towards the north, around Moscow .
The decline of Kiev: 12th - 14th century
Part of Kiev's initial trading advantage has been its access to the wide steppes of eastern Europe and central Asia. But the steppes are also a source of danger. A Russian chronicle of 1054 provides the first mention of the arrival on the steppes of a fiercely marauding group of nomads, the Kipchak Turks (known to the Russians as the Polovtsy).
The Kipchaks frequently disrupt Kiev's trade, and it is a weakened city which is conquered in 1169 by a rival member of the royal family based in Vladimir. A greater disaster follows in the form of the Mongols , who destroy the city in 1240. And during the following century holy Kiev , the birthplace of Russian Orthodox Christianity, is annexed by pagan Lithuania.
Independent Novgorod: 1019-1478
The special advantages of Novgorod as a trading centre (linking the Baltic with the fur-rich forests of northern Russia and the developed civilizations of eastern Europe) caused it to be the first important settlement of the Rus . These same advantages continue to bring the town prosperity. Like other great mercantile centres of Europe in the Middle Ages, it acquires the status of a commune.
The grand prince Yaroslav , helped to the throne of Kiev in 1019 with the active support of Novgorod, grants the city in that year a charter of self-government.
Novgorod is ruled from 1019 by an assembly of citizens known as the veche. The city still has a prince, whose main function is military. But the prince of Novgorod is selected from the royal family (and on occasion dismissed) by a vote of the veche.
In the 13th century, when Kiev has lost its authority, Novgorod asserts a greater degree of independence. From 1270 the veche elect a city magistrate in place of the prince. Executive responsibility lies with the magistrate, but the ultimate authority resides in an abstract civic concept - Gospodin Veliki Novgorod (Lord Novgorod the Great). The city itself is the ruler.
Novgorod is more than a successful market place. It behaves as a sovereign state, marching to war against its neighbours and negotiating treaties.
The neigbours of importance are Sweden to the northwest (soundly defeated by Alexander Nevsky on behalf of Novgorod in 1240), Lithuania and Poland to the southwest, and the grand principality of Vladimir, which develops into that of Moscow, to the southeast. From the late 14th century Novgorod is contended for by Poland and Moscow, until the contest is decisively won in 1478 by Moscow .
Vladimir:1157-1252
During the 12th century various princes of the royal dynasty move far northeast from Kiev into the Russian forest, forsaking the easy but insecure terrain of the steppes. In 1157 one of them, Andrew Bogolyubski, makes his capital at Vladimir.
He builds a cathedral and several churches in the town and actively colonizes the region, importing craftsmen and peasants. By 1169 he is strong enough to send an army against Kiev . When the old capital city falls to him, he transfers this dignity to Vladimir and assumes the title of grand prince.
In 1238 Vladimir is sacked by the Mongols - a fate shared in the same year by Moscow, a town lying about 120 miles to the west. These are years of alarming pressure from all sides. While the Mongols rampage through the country, Sweden and the Teutonic knights both take the opportunity to converge on Novgorod. They are dramatically seen off by Alexander Nevsky in 1240 (on the ice of the Neva) and in 1242.
Alexander, who becomes grand prince of Vladimir in 1252, is as skilful a diplomat as he is a soldier. He saves his inheritance in the same way as his descendants will increase it - by accepting a position of subservience to the Mongols .
The Golden Horde: 1237-1395
Zolotaya Orda, or the Golden Horde, is the name given by Russians to the invading Mongols who sweep through the country from 1237 and who subsequently dominate the region, for nearly two centuries, from their encampments on the lower reaches of the Volga. The phrase is traditionally said to derive from a golden tent used by the horde's leader, Batu Khan . The Mongols, in this Russian context, are also often described by yet another name - the Tatars.
Most of the Russian cities of any note are ravaged by the Mongols in the two years between their sacking of Vladmimir and Moscow (1238) and of Kiev (1240). In 1241 the horde returns to the grasslands around the Volga.
From this region the leaders of the Golden Horde control the petty princes of much of Russia - largely by the simple device of treating them as glorified tax collectors. The princes are given free rein in their own territories as long as they deliver sufficient tribute.
Batu makes his capital from 1243 at a place on the Volga named after him - Sarai Batu, the 'encampment' of Batu. His brother Berke, succeeding to the leadership in 1255, adopts Islam as the religion of the horde. His capital, Sarai Berke (to the east of modern Volgograd), becomes a thriving city of mosques and public baths, in the central Asian tradition, with some 600,000 inhabitants. It lasts until 1395, when it is destroyed by Timur .
Princes of Moscow: c.1280-1462
The Russian prince who collaborates most fully with the Mongol invaders is Alexander Nevsky . The Mongols appoint him prince of Kiev in 1246 and grand prince of Vladimir in 1252. He energetically assists them in their purpose of carrying out a census of the Russian people. He visits the Golden Horde and keeps close diplomatic links with its leader, Berke Khan .
As a result Alexander is able to limit Mongol interference in his own domains. It is a practical policy continued by his descendants.
The main task which the Mongols require of their Russian vassals is the collection of large amounts of tax. In this degrading procedure Alexander's descendants play the leading role, with the right to extract money - often by force - from lesser Russian principalities.
By this means the family builds up an unprecedented position of strength within Russia. Their base is now not Vladmir but Moscow, which Alexander's son Daniel makes his headquarters from about 1280.
The pre-eminent position of Moscow is given extra validity in 1326 when the metropolitan (or patriarch) of the Russian Orthodox church transfers his permanent residence from Vladimir. Two years later Alexander's grandson Ivan I is granted by the Mongol khan the title of grand prince of Vladimir, which therefore also becomes transferred to Moscow.
During the next half century the grand princes of Moscow steadily increase their territory, until they at last feel in a position to challenge the Mongols.
In 1380 the grand prince Dimitri Donskoi gathers a vast army from all the Russian principalities. Dimitri wins a crushing victory over a Mongol army on the Kulikovo plain near the source of the river Don - hence his honorary name Donskoi. This does little to end the Mongol domination of Russia (indeed a Mongol army sacks Moscow only two years later), but it establishes Moscow incontrovertibly as the leading power among the Russian principalities.
The grand princes are now sometimes describing themselves as 'of Moscow and all Russia'. That becomes more than an empty boast during the reign of Ivan III, who succeeds to the throne of Moscow in 1462.
Ivan III: 1462-1505
Ivan III, coming to the throne at the age of twenty-two, is determined to bring all Russian lands under Moscow's control and to liberate Russia from the Mongol yoke. His greatest prize will be the rich and independent territory to the northwest, the commercial empire of Novgorod . In an invasion in 1471 he appropriates several of Novgorod's colonies.
Finally, in 1478, he brings to an abrupt end the merchant city's long-standing independence. The veche, or city council, has refused to acknowledge his sovereignty. The veche bell, symbol of their freedom, is removed from its tower. The direct authority of Moscow is imposed upon the city.
With this matter resolved, Ivan takes an important next step. In 1480, for the first time in more than 200 years, the grand prince of Russia refuses to pay the annual tribute of tax to the Golden Horde . The Mongol khan marches against Moscow but withdraws without a fight. This important symbolic moment enables Ivan III to present himself internationally as the free sovereign of an independent state.
Russia's image of herself has also been provided recently with another glittering opportunity, which Ivan and his descendants make much of.
The Third Rome: 15th century
The fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 severs the ancient link, dating back to Constantine, between a Christian emperor and the Greek Orthodox church. The church survives now only in a state of subjection to the infidel.
But the Russian Orthodox church - headed by the metropolitan and the grand prince in Moscow - is in fine fettle. It can be seen as a renewal of the Byzantine Christian empire, just as that in its time was a development of the pagan empire of Rome.
Thus there develops the concept of the third Rome. The first fell to barbarians and to the Roman Catholic heresy. The second, Constantinople, is in the hands of Turks. The third, Moscow, becomes the centre of the Christian world.
The theory is made even more persusasive by Ivan III's marriage in 1472 to the only female relative (a niece) of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI. A Russian monk writes in 1512 to Ivan's son, Vasili III, expressing Profound satisfaction at this situation. In the next reign, that of Vasili's son Ivan the Terrible, the Russians begin calling their monarch tsar - or Caesar .
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What's the name of King Lear's eldest daughter in the Shakespeare play ? | Art & Architecture of Russia
From icons and onion domes to suprematism and the Stalin baroque, Russian art and architecture seems to many visitors to Russia to be a rather baffling array of exotic forms and alien sensibilities. Without any sense of the rich tradition of Russian culture, an appreciation of the country's enormous artistic wealth becomes a game of historical anecdote--"the church where so-and-so took refuge from what's-his-name"--or a meaningless collection of aesthetic baubles--"I like the blue domes the best." In fact, Russian art and architecture are not nearly so difficult to understand as many people think, and knowing even a little bit about why they look the way they do and what they mean brings to life the culture and personality of the entire country.
Icons
The tradition of icon painting was inherited by the Russians from Byzantium, where it began as an offshoot of the mosaic and fresco tradition of early Byzantine churches. During the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclasm controversy in the Orthodox church called into question whether religious images were a legitimate practice or sacrilegious idolatry. Although the use of images wasn't banned, it did prompt a thorough appreciation of the difference between art intended to depict reality and art designed for spiritual contemplation. That difference is one of the reasons that the artistic style of icons can seem so invariant. Certain kinds of balance and harmony became established as reflections of divinity, and as such they invited careful reproduction and subtle refinement rather than striking novelty. Although this philosophy resulted in a comparatively slow evolution of style, icon painting evolved considerably over the centuries. During the 14th century in particular, icon painting in Russia took on a much greater degree of subjectivity and personal expression. The most notable figure in this change was Andrey Rublyov, whose works can be viewed in both the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow and the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.
Unlike the pictorial tradition that westerners have become accustomed to, the Russian icon tradition is not about the representation of physical space or appearance. Icons are images intended to aid contemplative prayer, and in that sense they're more concerned with conveying meditative harmony than with laying out a realistic scene. Rather than sizing up the figure in an icon by judging its distortion level, take a look at the way the lines that compose the figure are arranged and balanced, the way they move your eye around. If you get the sense that the figures are a little haunting, that's good. They weren't painted to be charming but to inspire reflection and self-examination. If you feel as if you have to stand and appreciate every icon you see, you aren't going to enjoy any of them. Try instead to take a little more time with just one or two, not examining their every detail but simply enjoying a few moments of thought as your eye takes its own course.
The best collections of icons are to be found in the Tretyakov Gallery and the Russian Museum, though of course many Russian churches have preserved or restored their traditional works.
The Great Experiment
The rising influence of European culture in Russia during the 17th and 18th centuries brought Russian artwork closer to the familiar traditions of western painting. It wasn't until the end of the 19th century that the next great body of uniquely Russian artistic styles arose, having developed in conjunction with liberal forces of social reform. This modern movement took many different directions almost from its inception, and it would be impossible to describe all of them. However, even a very general acquaintance with their common ideas and interests makes their work much more accessible.
From the start, the modern art movement was concerned with breaking away from the classical tradition and creating a new kind of art that was intimately engaged with the daily life of Russian society. It developed a renewed interest in traditional Russian art forms, including both decorative folk art and, of course, icon painting. From decorative art it gained an appreciation of the power of abstract geometrical patterns--lines, shapes, and color were used to construct rhythms and energetic forms, not necessarily to depict objects or actual spaces. The re-examination of icon painting made painters more aware of the power of a flat, two-dimensional visual perspective. In other words, they realized that they could treat the canvas like a canvas, rather than trying to give the impression that it was a window into a space.
From the end of the nineteenth century until about 1910, the modern art movement remained most interested in traditional aspects of Russian life--religion and village life were as influential as the life of the great cities. As the forces of social reform became more closely linked to the rising population of industrial workers, Russia's avant-garde artists turned increasingly to the factory and the frenetic pace of urban life for inspiration. Brilliant colours, simplified and sharply angular forms, and an emphasis on the liberatory energy of the modern world became the basis for new and increasingly abstract compositions. Cubo-Futurism, Rayonnism and Suprematism were the most important of the styles and schools that emerged during this time. Among their most prominent artists were Kasimir Malevich, Vladimir Tatlin, Mikhail Larionov, and Anna Goncharova.
After the 1917 Revolution, the Russian Avant-Garde leapt into the service of the new Bolshevik regime. It seemed to promise just the sort of break into a new world, and sweeping away of the old, that they had been working for in art for years. They produced political posters, organized street pageants and fairs, and, most notably, carried out the design of the country's great public spaces for anniversary celebrations of the Revolution. Caught up in the new regime's emphasis on the importance of industrial power, they began to bring to composition a sense of the rationality and technological focus of industrial work and design. Constructivism, as this style is known, continued to evolve into the late 1920s, when the conservatism of the Stalinist state renounced the Avant-Garde in favor of Soviet Realism. Many of the prominent artists of the earlier schools played a central role in Constructivism, especially Tatlin. Other well-known artists of the Constructivist movement include Alexander Rodchenko, Varvara Stepanova, and Liubov Popova.
Repudiated by the Stalinist government and neglected in the west, the Russian Avant-Garde has only recently received the attention it deserves. The Russian Museum in St. Petersburg possesses the finest collection of its work.
Architecture
For most of its history, Russian architecture has been predominantly religious. Churches were for centuries the only buildings to be constructed of stone, and today they are almost the only buildings that remain from its ancient past. The basic elements of Russian church design emerged fairly early, around the eleventh century. The plan is generally that of a Greek cross (all four arms are equal), and the walls are high and relatively free of openings. Sharply-sloped roofs (tent roofs) and a multitude of domes cover the structure. The characteristic onion dome first appeared in Novgorod on the Cathedral of Sancta Sophia, in the eleventh century. On the interior, the primary feature is the iconostasis, an altar screen on which the church's icons are mounted in a hierarchical fashion.
The centers of medieval church architecture followed the shifting dominance of old Russia's cities--from Kiev to Novgorod and Pskov, and, from the end of the 15th century, Moscow. With the establishment of a unified Russian state under Ivan III, foreign architecture began to appear in Russia. The first instance of such foreign work is Moscow's great Assumption Cathedral, completed in 1479 by the Bolognese architect Aritotle Fioravanti. The cathedral is actually a remarkable synthesis of traditional Russian architectural styles, though its classical proportions mark it as a work of the Italian Renaissance. The Russian tradition experienced a brief period of renewed influence under Ivan IV (the Terrible), under whose reign the legendary Cathedral of St. Basil's was built. In general, however, the Tsars began to align themselves increasingly with European architectural styles. The great example of this shift was Peter the Great, who designed St. Petersburg in accordance with prevailing European design. His successors continued the pattern, hiring the Italian architect Rastrelli to produce the rococo Winter Palace and Smolny Cathedral. Under Catherine the Great, the rococo was set aside for neoclassicism, completing St. Petersburg's thoroughly European topography.
During the nineteenth century a fresh interest in traditional Russian forms arose. Like the associated movement in the visual arts, this revival of older styles participated in the creation of an avant-garde movement in the early twentieth century. For a brief period following the 1917 Revolution, the avant-garde Constructivist movement gained sufficient influence to design major buildings. Lenin's Mausoleum, designed in 1924 by Alexey Shchusev, is the most notable of the few remaining Constructivist buildings. By the late 1920s, the avant-garde found itself repudiated by Stalin's increasingly conservative state. Moving away from modernism, Stalinist-era architecture is best exemplified by the seven nearly indistinguishable "wedding-cake" skyscrapers that dominate the city's skyline.
In more recent years, the dissolution of the Soviet state and a renewed interest in traditional Russian culture have produced a new appreciation of more modest folk architecture. The few remaining examples of traditional wooden architecture, such as those on display in the outdoor architectural museum in Kostroma, are now among Russia's most treasured architectural monuments.
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Which actor plays the villain, Silva, in the 2012 James Bond film Skyfall ? | Raoul Silva | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Spoiler warning : This article contains spoilers ! Plot and/or ending details follow.
Tiago Rodriguez
Born Tiago Rodriguez on 1969, little is known about Silva's early though he seems to be Hispanic. He later relates a childhood story to a captive James Bond , describing how he spent time with his grandmother on an island, where she taught him how to rid the island of its rat infestation by capturing them in oil drums. He utilizes the image of the trapped rats turning to cannibalism as a metaphor for what the life of a spy does to its participants - namely himself. During his years in the Intelligence Service, Silva had worked alongside Olivia Mansfield (who would later be promoted to 'M') in Hong Kong from 1986 to 1997. Mansfield, who was section chief at the time, noticed that the operative had engaged in unauthorized hacking of the Chinese . With the Chinese closing in on Rodriguez and the upcoming transition of Hong Kong from a British colony to a special administrative region, (Transfer of Sovereignty) Mansfield sacrificed the hacker in exchange for six prisoners held by the Communist Chinese government and a smooth transition.
During his five month captivity, torture and imprisonment by the Chinese, Silva attempted to take his own life using a hydrogen cyanide implant in one of his molars. The suicide attempt failed, horrifically scarring Silva both mentally and physically and he claimed it burned his insides. The botched attempt is shown to have severely damaged his upper jaw so that his left cheek is sunken, leaving him with a drooping eyelid, bloodshot eyes and a slurred raspy speech. Silva's Hispanic tan is replaced with a pale demeanor. He is also shown to have rotten decaying gums and all but a few teeth have melted away with the few remaining having been mutilated and deformed, requiring Silva to wear a prosthesis to replace the teeth and inflate his left cheek and also to presumably help him breathe. The false teeth might have some sort of inhalers and Electrolanryx. When taken out his face is disfigured.
Revenge
Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva in a promotional shoot for the movie.
Years later, he improves his hacking skills and rises in the criminal empire. He takes former prostitute Sévérine under his wing, but the merciful man she thought he was was a lie. He causes a fake leak at a chemical Plant on the island of Hashima then claiming it. It is implied that he rigged the 2011 national Ugandan elections and recently crippled economies through Stock Exchanges. After he does this MI6 face a crisis when the mercenary Patrice steals a hard drive containing the identities of every NATO agent currently in the field, who were all embedded in terrorist organizations across the globe, and delivered it to Silva. (After this he is shown in the opening Sequence as a silhouette) Silva ensures that M is at the centre of the crisis by decrypting the drive using M's personal computer, via a hack, and sending her a message advising her to "think on her sins" before bombing her office (knowing that she isn't inside), bringing her under pressure from the government to resign. He then posts videos on YouTube of their names and threatens that he will persistently post five more every week. Later on as M meets with Mallory to discuss what to do with Raoul Silva they watch the news which shows agents being executed in an abandoned warehouse. (Later revealed to be Hashima Island)
Despite the injuries he sustained on a botched mission to retrieve the drive from Patrice, and ignoring the poor results of his re-entry test, M dispatches James Bond to Shanghai after receiving a tip from the CIA about Patrice's next contract. Patrice has been assigned by Silva to kill an art critic. Though he is unsuccessful in learning Silva's identity after Patrice falls to his death from a skyscraper, Bond is able to locate Patrice's contact in a casino in Macau: Silva's mistress, Sévérine , who desperately asks that he kills Silva.
Bond boards Sévérine's yacht at night, which departs to a remote island off the coast of Macau Hashima Island- a former chemical plant which Silva had taken for himself by issuing a false alarm declaring a major leak, prompting all of the workers to evacuate. On the island, Silva's men take Sévérine away and restrain Bond in a chair at the end of a long room filled with Silva's electronic equipment in his warehouse. Silva enters to confront Bond, revealing his former status as an MI6 operative and gruesomely comparing Bond and himself to two tortured rats as a result of M's deceptive nature.
"She sent you after me knowing you are not ready, knowing you will likely die...Mommy was very bad."
― Raoul Silva interrogating Bond, referring to M.
Taking Bond outside, Silva then has Sévérine tied to a collapsed statue, placing a small glass of alcohol on her head and forcing Bond to try to knock it off her head with a shot from an old single- shot flintlock pistol. Though Bond tries to spare her by aiming to her side, Silva then takes up his own pistol and shoots her instantly, causing the glass to fall from her head, but as he contemplates killing Bond, Bond is able to incapacitate all of his men with a startled Silva backing away with no shots left dropping his pistol. Before Silva has a chance to escape, helicopters that Bond signaled prior to arriving on the island finally arrive, and the team captures Silva.
Captivity & escape
Silva's disfigurement is revealed during his incarceration by MI6.
Back in England, Silva is confined within MI6's underground emergency headquarters, which they had retreated to following the explosion in M's office. When M confronts him in his cell, he expresses his hatred for her after his capture by the Chinese and his failed suicide attempt, and his determination to bring about her downfall. When she is about to leave he shows her what the Suicide Pill did to him by removing his prosthetic dentures. A shocked disturbed remorseful M leaves in horror as Silva grins with a gaping jaw and laughs maniacally.Meanwhile, Q acquires Silva's computer and decrypts a complex algorithm on its drive, with the Password being Granborough which unlocks to form a detailed electronic map of underground London . In connecting Silva's computer to his own, Q inadvertently allows Silva to hack MI6's systems using a virus, releasing him from his cell and allowing him to escape into the subway through a floor grate.
Silva attempts to murder M during the public inquiry.
Realizing that Silva has always been one step ahead of them the whole time, his capture by MI6 and subsequent escape having been planned years in advance (SPECTRE might have had a hand in this), Bond deduces that he plans to travel along the subway and emerge at the scene of a public inquiry into M's actions regarding the stolen hard drive. Silva is successfully able to evade Bond at end of the chase by detonating an underground bomb that causes an incoming train to derail, almost crushing Bond. He then makes his way to the inquiry with a small number of henchmen, storming in and firing frantically at M but missing when Mallory takes the hit for her. He never manages to hit M, as he panics when Bond suddenly arrives, who kicks a gun over to Eve Moneypenny and allows her to join him returning fire. After Mallory joins them and they manage to shoot down the rest of Silva's men, Bond shoots the room's fire extinguishers, creating s smokescreen and allowing M to escape.
Skyfall
Silva leaves the scene after destroying the Bond family home.
After Silva flees the scene, Bond takes M and leaves London, knowing that Silva and his men will come back in full force after his long-planned strategy failed him. Assigning Q to leave a complex electronic trail that only Silva will be able to follow, Bond takes M to Skyfall, his remote childhood home in Scotland, intending to lead Silva into a trap. With help from the house's gamekeeper, Kincade , Bond and M rig the house with a range of booby traps and explosives, and finish just as a wave of armed henchmen(possible SPECTRE soldiers) begins to approach from a hilltop. Though most of the henchmen are easily dispatched by the traps and by Bond and Kincade, one of them manages to wound M with a shot to the hip before being killed by Bond.
Bond notices that Silva was not among the gunmen, and having already used all of the traps, he tells Kincade to evacuate M to the nearby chapel via a tunnel beneath the house. Night falls, and a second wave of men, including Silva, arrive in a helicopter. The helicopter flies around the house shooting through the barricaded Windows continuously before landing outside of the manor. Silva strides out of the helicopter with his band of mercenaries and throws grenades into the mansion as he makes his way to the manor house. After throwing Grenades through windows and taunting Bond he circles the manor house and waves his arm to Bonds Car. The helicopter then shoots it and it blows up.
Bond finds a pair of gas tanks and a stick of dynamite, timing them to explode after he escapes through the tunnel himself. Silva and his henchmen circle the house before it explodes, which manages to kill and incinerate the majority of the gunmen and causes the helicopter to crash with an angered and shocked Silva to look on in horror before being temporarily at shock by the blast. (Silva is presumed by the audience to have been blown up)
Death
| Javier Bardem |
What is the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon ? | Javier Bardem on being the baddest James Bond villain ever in “Skyfall”
NBC Latino on twitter
Celebrity
Spanish actor Javier Bardem plays the deliciously creepy, villain Silva opposite Daniel Craig’s James Bond in “Skyfall.” (Photo/Courtesy Sony Pictures)
Javier Bardem on being the baddest James Bond villain ever in “Skyfall”
by Nina Terrero , @nina_terrero Follow @NBCLatino
5:00 am on 10/19/2012
In our interview, he came across as friendly; mild-mannered, even. But Javier Bardem sheds his sociable demeanor in the role of Raoul Silva, the complex – and yes, sexually ambiguous – villain who threatens to take down James Bond and the whole of British intelligence in “Skyfall.”
“Sam [Mendes, the film’s director] and I really tried to bring the flavor of a classic villain combined with something more contemporary, from present times,” said Bardem of the decision to create a villain so utterly unique within the franchise’s 50-year history. “Together, we decided to create a character based on the idea of an ‘uncomfortableness’ that would be apparent from his physicality down to the way he acts.”
Bardem, an icon in his native Spain, is no stranger to playing the bad guy. After all, the 43-year-old won an Oscar in 2008 for his gripping role as a sociopath in “No Country for Old Men.” Why then, as the very first Hispanic actor to play a villain in the James Bond franchise, did he choose to base his character on such an abstract objective?
“Sam brought the idea to me and I really found it compelling,” explains Bardem. “Rather than creating menace, being threatening or scary, it was important that my character create uncomfortable situations – and do it with a sense of humor that could also be perceived as uncomfortable.”
Bardem’s Silva – a former MI6 agent whose thirst for revenge drives him to create the most intricate of plots to take down Bond (Daniel Craig) and M (Judi Dench) – does exactly that, even going so far as creating some homoerotic tension in a scene where he finally meets Bond face to face. So the question begs to be asked: is Silva – officially the baddest villain in all of James Bond history – gay?
“I think if people perceive that, they’re free to run with it – it’s part of the game and the joy of people interpreting the film differently,” says Bardem, whose first big hit was the Spanish comedy “Jamón, jamón” opposite now-wife Penelope Cruz. “That particular scene is all about creating something unexpected for Bond; it’s one aspect of my character but not the whole picture. It’s definitely one of the things I worked on and had a lot of fun with.”
It turns out that Bardem also had fun with creating his soon-to-be infamous look, complete with a particularly unflattering blonde wig.
“It was certainly a process,” admitted Bardem, who worked extensively with a makeup artist and hairdresser to create Silva’s creepy appearance. “Sam and I had many pictures and ideas as inspiration to start with. Little by little, we tried out a variety of things and then one day we got what we were looking for – that ‘uncomfortableness’ embodied in the physicality of the character.”
And while Bardem may have spent a considerable amount of time shaping his masterful villain’s character, he confessed that there’s one aspect of his role he didn’t have utter control of: Silva’s impressive action scenes.
“It’s nothing compared to Daniel [Craig],” chuckled Bardem. “I got a glimpse of it and it’s there because if you’re going to a James Bond film you want that element – but let’s just say that I’m a great believer in a stunt double’s work!”
While most of the attention on Silva’s character is bound to be on his evil nature, Bardem says there’s one aspect of his character he really appreciated: Silva’s practice of meditation during particularly tense moments.
“We aren’t machines – we’re all people who carry different things with us,” reflects Bardem. “We have to remind ourselves to breathe, close our eyes and connect with the importance of the situation.”
And can audiences expect to see more of Bardem as the bad guy in future films? That’s always a possibility, says Bardem, who says he enjoys the process of finding material that “triggers the imagination.”
“It’s not easy to find material that can take you to a place where you’re forced to bring something to the table,” says Bardem, who just wrapped up “The Counselor,” a drama co-starring wife Cruz and directed by friend Ridley Scott. “It doesn’t depend on one’s self or a particular project – it lies in the possibility of making that choice.”
In any case, fans will soon see the softer side of Bardem in his next project: a documentary titled “Sons of the Clouds,” which will be released Nov. 13 on iTunes and other VOD platforms. It’s a film slated to shed light on the plight of Western Sahara natives whose homeland was subject to Moroccan invasion and subsequently subjected to Moroccan rule without democratic representation.
“I hope people find the story of this crisis as interesting as I did, having spent four years of my life working on it,” says Bardem.
“It’s a social, humanitarian issue with a bad history that deserves attention.”
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What is the principal product of the Douro Valley of Portugal ? | Santa Mafalda, Douro Valley, Portugal | Almond Blossom Rental Villas
Santa Mafalda
Santa Mafalda
The pictures may wow you, but they are just a hint of the luxurious and indulgent experience that awaits you when you stay in this lavish rental villa for 8 guests, with its spectacular views, panoramic infinity pool and Jacuzzi, perched high above Pinhão on the Douro Valley!
An unique holiday villa, Santa Mafalda is surrounded by 8,000 sq meters of land and all the 4 en-suite double bedrooms as well as the social areas, have been designed to enjoy the very special landscape and views over olive trees and vineyard terraces, slopping all the way down to the river Douro. The villa has high standard contemporary interiors where slate (local to the Douro), glass and wood are the principal materials; and its fitted with air-conditioning for those very hot Douro summer days, as well as central heating and fireplaces for off-season rentals, making it suitable for year round rentals. And while the gracious and accommodating staff prepare fantastic daily breakfasts as well as other meals on request, the panoramic terraces are perfect for “al fresco” meals. Then in the evenings, the outlook from the swimming pool and the Jacuzzi transforms into something quite magical – whilst the pool is flood-lit, the Jacuzzi’s ceiling is all lit-up with tiny stars and you look out onto to the faint twinkling lights of distant villages. A very spacious games room includes a pool table, a piano and a bar. There is also an outdoor chill-out area amidst vineyards and olive trees, providing the ideal set up for a private wine tasting (on request) or just somewhere to relax the hours away, with a book and a glass of port in your hand of course.
One week (or longer) rentals also benefit from a complimentary “local gastronomy” meal during the stay, a visit to one of the Port producing Quintas with wine tasting, and weather permitting a vineyard terraces picnic plus a two hour Rabelo boat ride on the Douro, all included in rental as well as other offers.The Douro Valley in Portugal is an UNESCO World Heritage Site recognizing the area around the Douro River where wine has been produced for the past two thousand years. Port wine is produced exclusively in the Douro and you can visit numerous Quintas, learn about the process, taste their production and buy Port directly. You will feel “far from the madding crowd”, yet with plenty to explore and enjoy locally, from nature walks to river cruises, as well as some excellent eateries (both simple and sophisticated) to be sampled. Not to be missed is the unforgettable historic train trip up-river from Pinhão to Foz Tua: never leaving the riverside and passing Douro Quintas and damn locks, with the landscape of terraced vineyards changing to dramatic rocky outcrops, making this one of Europe´s great rail journeys!
Please note – Due to some unprotected drops this property is not suitable for children under 5 years but a baby of non-walking age would be accepted!
ACCOMMODATION – 8 GUESTS
FIRST FLOOR – Entrance hall; guest WC; master double bedroom suite with shower bathroom (rain and hand held showers), double sinks and opening to private terrace and garden access to pool area; double bedroom suite with full bathroom (bath and shower) opening to private terrace and garden access to pool area; double bedroom suite with shower bathroom (rain and hand held showers); kitchen and larder with service door to exterior as well as access to dining area and terrace; very spacious open plan dining/sitting room with surrounding panoramic windows, TV lounge area and fireplace, access to terrace.
GROUND FLOOR – Double bedroom suite with shower bathroom (rain and hand held showers); very spacious games room with pool table, piano, bar, another TV lounge area and fireplace; shower bathroom & WC; fully equipped laundry room; access to the Jacuzzi or swimming pool terrace with barbeque and oven plus another outdoor dining area.
STAFF & SERVICES
MAID SERVICE – Included x 2 hours per day after breakfast is served – the swimming pool and the surrounding terraces are cleaned and maintain first thing in the morning as required.
EXTRA COOK SERVICE – On request for minimum of 4 guests, paid locally – 3 course meal @ €35 per person per meal including local wines.
BABY SITTING – On request, paid locally.
PERSONAL LAUNDRY – On request, paid locally.
COMPLIMENTARY WITH BASIC RENTALS 3 TO 6 NIGHTS – Check-in & check-out assistance (local maid); Port served on arrival; basic welcome hamper; breakfast everyday; courtesy use of tablet computer during stay.
COMPLIMENTARY WITH ALL 7 NIGHT RENTALS OR LONGER – Check-in & check-out assistance (local maid); Port served on arrival; basic welcome hamper; a courtesy dinner during the stay; breakfast everyday; courtesy use of local mobile phone with €10 credit & tablet computer during stay; Quinta do Bomfim visit & wine tasting; a vineyard terraces picnic (weather permitting); and a 2-hour Rabelo boat ride on the Douro (a non exclusive regular tour with departure from Pinhão from April till November) for all guests.
DISTANCES
Pinhão (river marina & historic train station, supermarket, specialist wine & regional product shops, basic convenience shops, restaurants & bars, banks & ATMS, post office, health center & chemist, taxi, church & petrol station) – 1 km
Alijó (larger supermarkets) – 15 kms
Provesende (one of the protected Heritage Site villages, also features a great restaurant) – 13 kms
Porto Airport (with motorway link from Vila Real) – 136 kms
OTHER FACTS
Minimum 1 week rentals apply during July, August & September with Saturday change-overs preferred; minimum 3 night rentals accepted other periods; check-in after 16:00 hours/check-out before 11:00 hours; a basic welcome hamper (water, wine, fruit, cheese, milk, coffee, tea, bread, sugar, salt & pepper, olives, charcoal for barbeque use, guest soaps & lavatory paper, essential cleaning products such as washing up liquid, dishwasher & washing machine detergents, spare electrical bulbs, candles & matches, citronella candles for terraces & mosquito repellent plug-in gadgets for indoors) is included in 1 week rentals or longer; household linen & pool towels supplied/changed once a week; all the bedrooms suites have block-out blinds, a TV unit, and beds of 2 x 1,60 metres each; open-plan bathrooms extra include bathrobes, slippers & a hair dryer; baby cot & high chair available on request for non-walking baby; all electric kitchen including 4-hob cooker and oven microwave, TV unit; kettle, toaster, juicer & coffee machine; the main social areas are fitted with electric blinds; Wi-Fi included in the rental; central heating/air conditioning included in the rental; Satellite TV (social areas: 120 channels; bedrooms: 16 channels) & music system in the games room; snooker & piano for client use; free-form swimming pool with a feature bridge & roman steps (size 11 x 4,40 meters, all one depth @ 1,45 meters); poolside furniture including sun loungers & umbrellas; barbeque & outdoor oven; private parking.
RENTAL PRICES IN EUROS FOR 2017
PEAK SEASON (15 July – 31 August): €4,490 p/week
HIGH SEASON (1 May – 14 July & 1 – 30 September): €4,010 p/week with short stays of minimum 3 nights accepted in May/June pro-rated
LOW SEASON (1 January – 30 April & 1 October – 31 December): minimum 3 nights rental accepted @ €540 per night
SPECIAL OFFERS FOR 7-NIGHT RENTALS OR LONGER – Early bird offer for bookings received and deposit paid by 31st January 2017: 6 bottles of Douro red table wine + one bottle of Port.
BOOKING/CANCELLATION TERMS
| Jeff Jahn |
Which composer married Clara Wieck ? | Homepage | www.visitportugal.com
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Give the title of the second U.K. No. 1 hit single for the Spice Girls. | Best Spice Girls Songs - Top Ten List - TheTopTens®
Best Spice Girls Songs
The Top Ten
1 Wannabe
I was about 13 when Wannabe came out and had no interest in music whatsoever and wannabe just instantly cheered me up and was automatically catchy and fun. It goes well with their spirits and concept. What makes spice girls unique to every single artist or group to have ever existed is that back when they were 5 they literally were like animated, real life cartoons with such a charisma
YO! The Spice Girls' first single became #1 WORLD OVER! - TheSudhanva
I'll tell what I want what I really really want... I really really really wanna want this song to be the best.
I love this song! It's so catchy, fun, and smartly written. One of the best songs of the 90's.
2 Viva Forever
My Favourite Spice Girls Song So Sad every time I Hear It And Such A Lovely Song
Somewhat... mystical. The Girls really do have some great voices. - TheSudhanva
SImply beautiful and so poignant...it was the last song the band sung with Geri as part of the group.
24 year old guy, but got to say I love this song!
3 Spice Up Your Life
I like it because its catchy and it was the first spice girls song I've ever heard
This has to be the best Spice Girl song how is it second VOTE VOTE VOTE
We moonwalk the foxtrot then polka the salsa
Shake it shake it shake it. HAKA!
V 3 Comments
4 Say You'll Be There
I love it but there is no need to say I love you but really there is great single
5 Too Much
Memories of watching spiceworld for the first time
I loved this song from the very first time I heard it, the opening to the Spiceworld movie. Too Much of something is baad enough~
6 2 Become 1
It's my favourite along with Viva Forever. I know these girls can't sing at all, but in 2 become 1 editors did wonderful job and the song sounds great.
Beautiful. The chorus, in particular, is touching. - TheSudhanva
8 Mama
9 Goodbye
Viva Forever and Goodbye -- the two greatest Spice ballads. One with Ginger, and the second about her..
Sad cause its about geri but great song
V 1 Comment
10 Holler
Underrated. This should have been a bigger worldwide hit... I wish the girls did a bit more promo as a foursome for this.
The Contenders
11 Who Do You Think You Are
Maybe her most disco-friendly song. The one that even a non fan will dance. Remember this song gave us the iconic Geri's Union Jack Dress
The Brit Awards. Geri's Union Jack dress. "Who do they think they are? " Superstars!
Great song and my favourite song they performed at the brits
12 Let Love Lead The Way
13 If U Can't Dance
14 Never Give Up On the Good Times
15 Saturday Night Divas
16 Move Over
Pepsi new a good song when saw one, and licensed it for a massive ad campaign. Yet it remains underrated.
| Say You'll Be There |
How were King George V and Kaiser Wilhelm II related ? | Spice Girls on Apple Music
To preview a song, mouse over the title and click Play. Open iTunes to buy and download music.
Biography
Spice Girls were the first major British pop music phenomenon of the mid-'90s to not have a debt to independent pop/rock. Instead, the all-female quintet derived from the dance-pop tradition that made Take That the most popular British group of the early '90s, but there was one crucial difference. Spice Girls used dance-pop as a musical base, but they infused the music with a fiercely independent, feminist stance that was equal parts Madonna, post-riot grrrl alternative rock feminism, and a co-opting of the good-times-all-the-time stance of England's new lad culture. Their proud, all-girl image and catchy dance-pop appealed to younger listeners, while their colorful, sexy personalities and sense of humor appealed to older music fans, making Spice Girls a cross-generational success. The group also became chart-toppers throughout Europe in 1996, before concentrating in America in early 1997. Every member of Spice Girls was given a specific identity by the British press from the outset, and each label was as much an extension of their own personality as it was a marketing tool, since each name derived from their debut single and video, "Wannabe." Geri Estelle Halliwell was the "sexy Spice"; Melanie Janine Brown was the "scary Spice"; Victoria Adams was "the posh Spice"; Melanie Jayne Chisholm was "the sporty Spice"; Emma Lee Bunton was "the baby Spice." Each persona was exploited in the group's press articles and videos, which helped send "Wannabe" to the top of the charts upon its summer release in 1996. If all of the invented personalities made Spice Girls seem manufactured, that's because they were to a certain extent. Every member of the group was active in England's theatrical, film, and modeling circuit before the group's formation, and they all responded to an advertisement requesting five "lively girls" for a musical group in the summer of 1993. The manager who placed the ad chose all five members of Spice Girls, yet the women rejected his plans for their career and set out on their own two months after forming. For the next two years, the Girls fought to get a record contract, since most record labels insisted that the band pick one member as a clear leader, which is something the group refused. Eventually, Spice Girls signed a contract to Virgin Records. They were without a manager, though, which made recording a debut album nearly impossible. All five members moved into a house and went on the dole as they searched for a manager. By the end of 1995, the group had signed with Annie Lennox's manager Simon Fuller, and began writing songs with Elliot Kennedy. "Wannabe," Spice Girls' first single, was released in the summer of 1996 and became the first debut single by an all-female band to enter the British charts at number one. It remained there for seven weeks, and by the end of the year, "Wannabe" had hit number one in 21 other countries. Immediately following the success of "Wannabe," Spice Girls became media icons in Britain as stories of their encounters with other celebrities became fodder for numerous tabloids, as did nude photos of Halliwell that she posed for earlier in her career. All of this added to the group's momentum, and their second single, "Say You'll Be There," entered the charts at number one in the fall, selling 200,000 copies a week. Spice, their debut album, was released at the end of the year, accompanied by their first ballad, "2 Become 1." Both the album and single went directly to number one, staying there for several weeks; both records were at number one over the Christmas week, making Spice Girls one of three artists to achieve that feat. Having topped the charts in virtually every other country in the Western world, Spice Girls concentrated on America in early 1997, releasing "Wannabe" in January and Spice in February. They became massive stars in the U.S. as well, also scoring the hits "Say You'll Be There" and "2 Become 1"; Spiceworld, their second LP, appeared later in the year in conjunction with their feature film of the same name. In May 1998, Geri Halliwell departed from the band, not citing major reasons for leaving the group. She did release a solo album, Schizophonic, a year later, but nothing chart-topping to match the success of her former band. Still not deterred by the absence of Ginger Spice, Spice Girls trudged on -- Melanie B. married Spice Girls dancer Jimmy Gulzar and released the solo single, a duet with Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliot called "I Want You Back." By Christmas, Spice Girls scored a number one hit with Goodbye and with a career floating high, their personal lives were moving as well. Melanie B. gave birth to a daughter named Phoenix Chi in February 1999, and Adams followed a month later with a son, Brooklyn Joseph. And now only known as Victoria Beckham, Posh Spice married Manchester United soccer star David Beckham later that summer. Becoming now more noticeable for their social status than their singing, Spice Girls took a well-deserved break while Melanie C. took over the English charts with her successful solo effort Northern Star, which was released in the U.S. in fall 1999. The following year, the girls headed back into the studio with high-profile producers Rodney Jerkins, Terry Lewis, and Jimmy Jam (Janet Jackson, Mary J. Blige) to record a follow-up to their pop-friendly Spiceworld. In the middle of recording, Melanie B. divorced Gulzar and endured a bitter custody battle throughout the remainder of 2000. Spice Girls' creative power overruled media scrutiny so that they could fully focus on the new R&B sound they were trying for and a the new collaboration united the foursome once again to release the third album Forever, which hit American shores in fall 2000. The group began to splinter not long after the release of Forever, which made little impact outside of the UK where it only had one hit single -- the chart-topping double-sided single “Holler”/”Let Love Lead the Way” -- before the Spice Girls stopped promoting the album. Just three months after the album's November 2000 release, the band announced that they were separating in February of 2001. Over the next few years, the Spice Girls may not have existed as a group, but they were never out of various taboild headlines in the UK and America. As the wife of football superstar David Beckham, Victoria got the most attention, but Mel B wasn't far behind thanks to her ill-fated romance with actor Eddie Murphy, which resulted in an out-of-wedlock child. Mel Chisholm had a steady career as a pop singer while Emma Bunton had some chart success of her own with her 2001 album A Girl Like Me and its 2004 successor, Free Me. Meanwhile, Geri Halliwell split her time between recording and TV projects. After years of persistent rumors of a reunion -- peaking heavily yet never materializing for Bob Geldolf's 2005 charity event Live 8 -- the Spice Girls announced in June 2007 that they would be reuniting for an eleven-concert tour beginning that December, which would be accompanied by a new greatest hits album and documentary. In 2010, it was announced that the Spice Girls had joined forces with Simon Fuller to develop a musical based on their songs. Viva Forever: The Musical - penned by British comedienne Jennifer Saunders - was announced at a press conference in June 2012. After much speculation in the British press, the Spice Girls reformed once more for the closing ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Top Albums
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In the Bible it is said that Noah's Ark was grounded on which mountain ? | Noah's Ark
Noah's Ark
Genesis 6-8
The descendants of Adam and Eve had become evil and wicked, and God was sorry He had ever created mankind. He decided the only thing to do was destroy them all and start over! But there was one man, Noah, who was obedient to God and found God's favor.
Noah Builds an Ark
God told Noah to bring a pair of every living animal into the ark to keep them alive during the flood.
God told Noah to build a big boat, called an ark, and He told Noah exactly how to do it. The ark was to be 450 ft. (137 m) long, 75 ft. (23 m) wide and 45 ft. (14 m) high. It was to have three decks, be divided into rooms and have a door in the side.
Noah was to find one male and one female of every kind of animal and bird and take them into the ark. He also had to take food for all those animals. It took Noah 120 years to build the ark and find all the animals to put in it, but Noah obeyed God and did just as he was told.
The Great Flood
Noah was 600 years old by the time everything was ready. God told Noah to go into the ark with his wife, his three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and their wives. Then it started to rain. It rained without stop for forty days and nights! The water got so deep that even the mountains were covered. Every living creature on earth died in the flood. But the ark floated on top of the flood waters and the people and animals in the ark were safe.
Noah knew the dove had found dry land when it returned to him carrying an olive branch.
Eventually, the water started to go down again, and the ark came to rest in the mountains of Ararat. After being on the ark about 11 months, Noah sent out a dove to see if it would find land, but it found no place to rest and returned to the ark. Seven days later, Noah sent the dove out again. This time it flew back carrying an olive leaf, and Noah knew it had found land. After a full year on the ark, God said to Noah,
Come out of the ark, you and your wife and your sons and their wives. Bring out every kind of living creature that is with you – the birds, the animals, and all the creatures that move along the ground – so they can multiply on the earth and be fruitful and increase in number upon it. (NIV, Genesis 8:16-17)
God Makes a Promise to Noah
After leaving the ark, Noah built an altar and worshipped God. God was pleased with Noah, and He promised never again to destroy the earth with a flood. Then God placed a rainbow in the sky as a sign of that promise. The descendants of Noah and his sons filled the whole earth with people again.
Lessons
Except for Noah and his family, all the people of the world were going about their evil and wicked ways. The earth was filled with violence. Mankind had lost sight of God and the way He wanted them to live together in harmony. God rewarded Noah for his righteousness, but He decided there was no choice but to destroy the wicked people of the earth.
Similarly, those of us who love God and obey His commandments will be rewarded with eternal life, but God will not let that life be corrupted by evil people. Those people who have shown themselves to be evil will be destroyed in hell ( Matthew 5:22 , 5:29-30 ).
Jesus said His second coming will be very similar to the Great Flood. Referring to himself as "Son of Man," as he often did, Jesus said,
When the Son of Man returns, it will be like it was in Noah's day. In those days before the Flood, the people were enjoying banquets and parties and weddings right up to the time Noah entered his boat. People didn't realize what was going to happen until the Flood came and swept them all away. That is the way it will be when the Son of Man comes. Two men will be working together in the field; one will be taken, the other left. Two women will be grinding flour at the mill; one will be taken, the other left. So be prepared, because you don't know what day your Lord is coming. (NLT, Matthew 24:37-42)
Questions
Did the Great Flood Really Happen, or Is it Just a Story with a Lesson?
There are many ancient stories of a flood that are remarkably similar to the story of Noah and the ark as told in Genesis. The names and places are different, but the story is similar. There are different opinions, but many people believe all these stories are based on some event that actually did happen sometime in the distant past.
What Became of Noah's Ark?
Mt. Ararat.
The mountains of Ararat, where the ark came to a rest, are in the region of eastern Turkey, southern Armenia and western Iran. At 16,946 feet, Mt. Ararat, in eastern Turkey, is the tallest of these. Some people think Noah's ark landed there. A number of explorers have gone up this huge mountain looking for remains of the ark, but they have not found anything definite.
Why Is Everything in the Bible Story of Noah Repeated Twice?
Bible scholars believe the book of Genesis was made up of several different ancient versions of its stories. The two main versions are called the "Priestly" and "Yahwist" accounts. These two versions can be easily spotted in the original Hebrew language because of the different names used for God and the different styles of writing. (The differences are lost when the story is translated into English.)
The two sources are obvious in the story of Noah, where they are woven together and almost every detail is told twice. Sometimes there are differences between the two accounts as in Genesis 6:19 and Genesis 7:2 .
| Mount Ararat |
Who was the messenger of the Greek gods ? | Noah's Ark remains 'discovered' up a mountain in Turkey | Daily Mail Online
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As believers in the literal truth of the Bible, they knew it was there.
Even so, the explorers who say they found seven large wooden compartments beneath snow and volcanic debris near the peak of Mount Ararat can be forgiven their excitement.
'It's not 100 per cent that it is Noah's Ark, but we think it is 99.9 per cent that this is it,' said Yeung Wing-cheung, a filmmaker working with the 15-strong team of fundamentalist Christians exploring the Turkish mountain.
This picture released by the evangelical group claims to show one of the explorers examining part of a structure which they claim might prove the existence of Noah's Ark on Mount Ararat. There are no external images of the site and the Hong Kong-based group refuse to say precisely where they made their discovery until the Turkish government designate it an archaeological site
The snow-capped peak of Mt. Ararat. The discovery is said to have been made 12,000ft up the mountain which lies in eastern Turkey
GOD'S COMMAND
In the Bible, the story of Noah's Ark appears in chapters six to nine of the Book of Genesis.
It tells how God, spurred by the wickedness and corruption of man, vows to send a great cleansing flood. Deeming Noah to be the only righteous man worth saving, God commands him to build a vast ship, the ark - capable of saving himself, his family and a representation of the world's animals.
When Noah has completed his task, and God has sent 'two of every sort' of animal to the Ark, the flood waters rise until all mountains are covered and life (except fish) is destroyed. When the flood subsides, the animals leave the Ark and God vows to never again send a flood to destroy man. The story can also be found in the texts of Judaism and Islam. Although considered a historical event, most scholars and archaeologists do not believe in a literal interpretation of the Ark story. The vessel was said to measure '300 cubits, by 50 cubits, by 30 cubits', which translates to up to 515ft long, 86ft wide and 52ft high.
They said wood taken from the site, which is more than 13,000ft above sea level, dates to 2,800BC. If it is the ark, the discovery would be the greatest in the history of archaeology and bear out one of the most famous stories in the Bible.
The team of Turks and Chinese researchers from Noah's Ark Ministries International in Hong Kong say they made the discovery on Ararat - the biblical resting place of the ark - in October
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At a press conference yesterday to announce the discovery, another team member, Panda Lee, said: 'I saw a structure built with plank-like timber.
'Each plank was about eight inches wide. I could see tenons, proof of ancient construction predating the use of metal nails.
'We walked about 100 metres to another site. I could see broken wood fragments embedded in a glacier, and some 20 metres long.'
The structure had several compartments, some with wooden beams, the team said.
The wooden walls of one compartment were smooth and curved while the video shown by the explorers revealed doors, staircases and nails.
The team said the wood appeared to be cypress although, according to the Bible, the ark was built from gopher.
The group ruled out identifying the find as a human settlement, saying none had been found so high up in that area. They are keeping the exact location secret.
Four years ago and following a decade of research, U.S. national security analyst Porcher Taylor claimed a satellite image revealed a baffling 'anomaly' on the mountain's north-west corner that he believed to be the remains of the Ark.
But Mike Pitt, a British archaeologist, said the evangelical explorers had yet to produce compelling evidence.
He added: 'If there had been a flood capable of lifting a huge ship 4km up the side of a mountain 4,800 years ago, I think there would be substantial geological evidence for this flood around the world. And there isn't.'
Nicholas Purcell, a lecturer in ancient history at Oxford University, said the claims were the 'usual nonsense'. He added: 'If floodwaters covered Eurasia 12,000ft deep in 2,800BC, how did the complex societies of Egypt and Mesopotamia, already many centuries old, keep right on regardless?'
According to Genesis, the first book in the Old Testament, Noah was told to build the ark by God, who wanted to flood the world to punish sinners.
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The story was widely seen as fact until the 19th century, when scientists began to question the evidence for a worldwide flood.
This photo, also put out by the evangelical group, is said to show part of a wall inside the structure found by the explorers. One of the team said: 'It's not 100 per cent that it is Noah's Ark but we think it is 99.9 per cent that this is it'
In 2006, U.S. national security analyst Porcher Taylor claimed this satellite image revealed a baffling 'anomaly' on the mountain's north-west corner that he believed to be the remains of the Ark
Wooden beams which the explorers said they found at the site. The search for the physical remains of Noah's Ark has held a fascination for Christians, Jews and Muslims for hundreds of years. But despite various claims no scientific evidence has ever been found
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Which city in Russia is the world's largest north of the Arctic Circle ? | THE WORLD GEOGRAPHY: 10 Largest Cities Within the Arctic Circle
Thursday, December 8, 2011
10 Largest Cities Within the Arctic Circle
There are 10 cities with a population of around 30,000 or more which are north of the Arctic Circle (latitude 66° 33′ 44″N) and therefore have at least one day per year when the sun never rises. All of these cities are in Russia (mostly the northwest) or Norway. In contrast, the largest city north of the Arctic Circle in North America is Barrow, Alaska, with only around 4,000 people. While the cities below are quite cold, most still have a milder climate than anyplace north of the Arctic Circle in North America.
10. Kirovsk, Russia
Kirovsk at night - photo source
Population: 28,639 inhabitants
Latitude: 67°32'N
Kirovsk is a town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located at the spurs of the Khibiny Massif on the shores of the Lake Bolshoy Vudyavr, 175 kilometers (109 mi) south of Murmansk. The city is the center of a mining complex that produces apatite and nephelite, raw materials for the superphosphate and aluminum industries. The northernmost botanical garden in Russia is located in Kirovsk.
9. Kandalaksha, Russia
Population: 35,659 inhabitants
Latitude: 67°09'N
Kandalaksha is a town in Kandalakshsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located at the head of Kandalaksha Gulf on the White Sea (the south of Kola Peninsula), beyond the Arctic Circle. The settlement has existed since the 11th century. The seaport connects Kandalaksha to the entire World and Kandalaksha bay is one of the major points of interest not only for the town but also for the Kola Peninsula.
8. Monchegorsk, Russia
Population: 45,381 inhabitants
Latitude: 67°54'N
Monchegorsk is a town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula, 145 kilometers (90 mi) south of Murmansk, the administrative center of the oblast. A neat, fairly prosperous town set between several lakes, Monchegorsk makes a good base for exploring the centre and south of the Kola Peninsula - although the approach from the south is hardly encouraging as you pass through expanses of stunted or nonexistent vegetation, and then encounter the enormous Severonikel Kombinat factory whose past sulphur emissions are responsible for the ecological devastation. Nickel smelting here ceased in the late 1990s but it will be a while before the environment recovers.
7. Bodø, Norway
Population: 47,282 inhabitants
Latitude: 67°18′20″N
Bodø is the administrative centre of Nordland County. With its 47 000 residents it is the second largest town in Northern Norway, with excellent communications and fully modern facilities. Bodø is the perfect base for visiting some of Norway's most famous attractions, including Saltstraumen, the world’s strongest tidal current, the Svartisen glacier and the islands of Lofoten. Here you will also find Norway's national Aviation Museum. Despite its location just north of the Arctic Circle, Bodø features a subpolar oceanic climate, with chilly (but not cold) winters and cool summers.
6. Severomorsk, Russia
Population: 50,076 inhabitants
Latitude: 69°04′N
Severomorsk is a closed town located along Kola Bay, not far from Murmansk. It’s the main base of the Russian Northern Fleet and home of many surface ships. Its residents are mostly officers, their families and sailors – people who are involved in it in one way or another. No strangers at all. That’s why there is virtually no criminality and one feels absolutely relaxed walking along its streets at night. People are very friendly, most of them are intelligent and polite.
5. Apatity, Russia
Population: 59,690 inhabitants
Latitude: 67°34'N
Located in the center of the Kola Peninsula, the city of Apatity lies between beautiful "Imandra", the largest lake in the Murmansk region, and the Khibiny mountains, whose highest peak, Yudychvumchorr, stands 1200 m (3.900 ft) above sea level. Apatity is the second largest city in the Murmansk region, with a population about 60,000. Founded in 1966, the city was named for one of its most abundant natural resources, apatite, the raw mineral used in the production of phosphorous mineral fertilizers.
4. Tromsø, Norway
Population: 68,000 inhabitants
Latitude: 69°40′58″N
Tromsø is a city in the very northernmost part of Norway. Here you find art, history, sophistication, good food and an infamous nightlife in a bustling, tiny city. All of it, though, is surrounded by spectacular scenery that is visible from everywhere in town. It is almost 350 km (217 mi) north of the Arctic Circle and is one of the best places to view the spectacular Northern Lights in winter. The city is home to the world's northernmost university, as well as research institutes and satellite based industry. The population is therefore highly skilled, but retains the straightforwardness and sense of humour that the North is known for. Tromsø experiences a subarctic climate because winter temperatures are just cold enough to qualify and the summer season is short.
3. Vorkuta, Russia
Typical view of Vorkuta's residential area. photo source
Population: 70,551 inhabitants
Latitude: 67°30′N
Vorkuta is a coal-mining town in the Komi Republic, Russia, situated just north of the Arctic Circle in the Pechora coal basin at the Usa River. It had its origin in one of the more notorious forced labor camps of the Gulag which was established in 1932. Vorkuta has an arctic climate with short, cool summers accompanied by very cold and dry winters. Average January temperature is about -20 °C (-4 °F), and July is about +13 °C (55 °F).
2. Norilsk, Russia
Population: 175,301 inhabitants
Latitude: 69°20′N
Norilsk is the northernmost city in Siberia and the world's second largest city (after Murmansk) north of the Arctic Circle. The area is home to nickel ore smelting, and produces 1% of the whole planet's sulphur dioxide emissions. There are no trees living within 48 km (30 mi) of one of the main smelters, due partly to toxic rain from the four million tons of metals and poisons released into the air every year. Norilsk has an extremely harsh climate. Average February temperature is about -35 °C (-31 °F), and July is only about +12 °C (54 °F).
1. Murmansk, Russia
| Murmansk |
Which Roman emperor is said to have made his horse Incitatus a senator ? | Murmansk - world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle
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Murmansk - world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle
In Murmansk tourists can visit world’s first nuclear-powered icebreaker, the Lenin, and ancient churches of the Kola Region. They can also learn about life of indigenous people – the Saami and Pomors
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The title of the TV programme Torchwood is an anagram of which two words ? | BBC to screen 'Dr Who for adults' as new spin-off show | The Independent
BBC to screen 'Dr Who for adults' as new spin-off show
Sunday 16 October 2005 23:00 BST
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The Independent Online
The new programme will be called Torchwood (an anagram of Doctor Who) and will follow a crack team investigating alien activities and crime in modern-day Britain.
It will feature in its starring role John Barrowman, who played Captain Jack Harkness in Doctor Who and who will play the same character in Torchwood.
Like the latest version of Doctor Who, which the BBC successfully relaunched this year, Torchwood will be based in Cardiff. Davies, who has just begun writing Torchwood, said the new programme would be aimed at adult audiences and would "have its own, unique identity". He said: "Torchwood will be a dark, clever, wild, sexy, British crime/sci-fi paranoid thriller cop show with a sense of humour - the X Files meets This Life," the latter a reference to the groundbreaking Nineties BBC drama about a group of young lawyers in Bristol.
Torchwood will be shown next summer on BBC3 in 13 episodes, each lasting 45 minutes. Alert viewers of the forthcoming Doctor Who Christmas special will hear a reference to the Torchwood unit and further mentions will be made in the new series in the spring.
Stuart Murphy, the controller of BBC3, described Davies as an "absolute genius" and described Torchwood as "a massive coup".
He said: "We had never done sci fi before and it is a genre which people treat in a certain way. You look at what he has done with Dr Who and we said to Russell what would you do with a post-watershed sci fi?"
Mr Murphy said he hoped that Davies would bring to the new series a similar quirky humour that the writer deployed in the period drama Casanova, which was also shown on BBC3 before moving to BBC1.
"Each episode of Torchwood will be a one-off story and will be funny in a way that Casanova brought humour to period drama," he said.
Captain Jack has been described as Doctor Who's "first openly gay companion" and a "hunky bisexual".
Davies told Doctor Who magazine earlier this year: "It wasn't me sort of dying to get a bisexual character on screen. Yes, I'm a gay writer, but I was thinking: Jack's from the 51st century so of course he's going to go out with men and women. To get hung up on it is almost too sad for words, frankly."
Torchwood will allow Davies to explore relationships a little further. Mr Murphy said of the new series: "The people have affairs with one another. There will be sex and swearing, I assume. I'm quite relaxed about that, it will be post-watershed and Russell can do it in a funny and sexy way."
Describing the idea behind the new show, the BBC controller said: "It's a renegade bunch of investigators who investigate real-life, normal crimes. They also look into alien happenings. They have been charged by the British government to find alien technology that has fallen to Earth and they need to do it without the FBI and UN knowing."
Mr Murphy said the new series would have a distinctly Welsh feel, reflecting Davies's Swansea roots. "It's set in modern-day Cardiff. Unlike Doctor Who, which made Cardiff look like Dickensian London, this will look like Cardiff."
Davies said he was especially pleased to have secured the services of the "fantastic" Barrowman and said that Torchwood "gives us the chance to further develop exceptional talent from Doctor Who".
Barrowman, who as Captain Jack is part of the Doctor's Tardis crew, was born in Glasgow but grew up in Illinois. He first came to prominence as a children's television presenter on the show Live and Kicking, where he worked alongside Emma Forbes and Andy Peters.
BBC3 hopes to begin screening Torchwood at the end of the next series of Doctor Who adventures, in which the Doctor will be played by David Tennant.
Torchwood is the latest morphing of one of the BBC's most famous shows, which first reached the screens in 1963, although the programme will be distinct from Doctor Who and no stories will directly cross over between the two projects.
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| Doctor Who |
What nickname was given to the Junkers 87 aeroplane in World War 2 ? | Torchwood Fan Reviews & Ratings - TV.com
Give us an update or end it!!!
7.0
By lawrencepd , Jan 30, 2013
Seriously, the network should tell us if they plan on killing this spinoff altogether or continuing it. Torchwood has always been the "Darker Side" of the Doctor Who universe, but since Doctor Who episodes have had a darker/more adult theme lately I'm wondering if Torchwood is still needed. Honestly, I can't say that I've missed it that much. So many characters have been killed off and the Miracle day miniseries wasn't that great. If they get a new cast of characters and give the show a life of it's own like it had when they first started, I'd be interested in watching it again. Either way, just tell us what's going on.
DO YOU AGREE?
Torchwood...is it just a spinoff?
9.5
By MsSpikester , Aug 19, 2012
In answer to my question: Is it just a spinoff? The answer is absolutely not. The difference between Doctor Who and Torchwood have an obvious difference to those who have seen both shows. Doctor Who has a lighthearted feel at times with serious information put in every episode. Torchwood has serious information with a lighthearted feel thrown in every episode. From the very beginning, I have been aware of all of the characters. They all have very important functions on the team, and they all have their own individual problems. Whether they like it or not, their personal problems impact everything they do in their jobs. *Spoiler Alert!* At the end of Season 2 during "Exit Wounds," we have seen the loss of both Tosh and Owen, both of them being vital members of the Torchwood organization. Of the many Torchwood fans in America, I am interested in finding out how they have continued to function due to the now defunct members of the original team.
I started watching Torchwood when I heard James Marsters was going to be a guest star, and being a Doctor Who inquisitor, decided to watch both shows to catch up on what was going on. I was very pleasantly surprised that I enjoyed both shows, and am now dedicated to each show that is produced. I am by no means an expert on either show, but I will continue to enjoy them for a long time.
DO YOU AGREE?
8.5
By AprilMaddison , Jul 16, 2012
There is no T.V programme I have been more loyal to than Torchwood. After the Jack Harkness character was introduced in Doctor Who I fell in love with the seemingly pansexual, smokin' hot alien, and so I was really pleased to find out they were going to run something on Torchwood. The first series' were fantastic (made me proud to be British, really. Russell T Davies makes everything glitter) and even after they killed off certain people (cried for days) children of earth was pretty great but I honestly will never guess why it had to end like it did; they literally eliminated all the characters I loved the most. Miracle Day was ridiculous, I hated it. It was so American and felt like such a betrayal to the whole show. It dragged on for so long and didn't live up to expectations at all. I have the early box sets, though, so I'll treasure and remember the way it was in the early days.
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the show follows captain jack harkness(john b.)who is an immortal man who hunts aliens and getting weapons preparing the human race for a war thats coming.
9.5
By jack756 , Feb 09, 2012
at first i thought this show was gone be bad b/c i hate hearing british accents b/c its hard to understand what they are saying but maybe its the american in me but i was surprise by the accents.they werent to strong so i could understand the cast fine and it was a plus the main character jack was american, it so much nicer on the ears.
the writing is very good.i love the storyarchs and how the writers write each character giving them great depth.
the acting is great b/c the actors/actress have great material to read from.
the special effects takes a while to get used too b/c they arent nothing like american special effects.its not bad but its different and the action is okay it could be better.
also the thing that is so unique is with captain jack being gay or whatever u want to call it.i think its nice to see b/c its very differnt to have a character like that on a scifi show and then not to have him in one of those gay sterotypes is nice to see.it also refreshing to see the cast have same sex or whatever u might want to call it ''a experiencement,trying something new''but the point is, most of the cast go through this.at first i didnt know what to make of it but after a while i saw how unique it was.
overrall
wrting great,acting great,and characters are great.
this would be a 10 but the special effects and the accents sometimes thorugh me off.
its still a good show.i just got into it a couple of days ago and the show so good im moving past seasons like it aint nothing.thats how good the show is.
i say watch it but if u dont like same sex things going on u might want to stay away b/c the main character is like that and most of the cast experiencement with it.
but its a good show so i say watch.
DO YOU AGREE?
0.5
By garymac_USA , Jan 05, 2012
I've watch dr. who and torchwood for a long time. I watched it when I was young in Michigan and I'm now old. I know that government and corporations are alike but I watch because the doctor always pulls everyone out at the end even himself. To have the grandson died I will not be watching torchwood ever again. I'm a 56 year old *** living in San Francisco CA, U.S.A and I do not want to see sometime like that. I know just how cruel the world is. I even know how cruel silicon valley is but I don't need to watch for a ray of hope and have that happen. There is a reason why dr. who has lasted for so long.
DO YOU AGREE?
Getting really bored with it
2.0
By BethShannon , Oct 12, 2011
It started out as a possible interest, but has gone to "snore" town.
There is never any upside in this show - when does the sick and disgusting stuff stop and a light at the end of the tunnel begin? When does this "miracle" turn into something beautiful and happy for the world instead of miserable and deadly?
This is becoming a really sick show that just makes me sad - think I'll start watching something else. Too bad too, because the lady in the show is a really good actress and so are some of the men...they're just trapped in a really lousy plot by unimaginative, depressed writers.
DO YOU AGREE?
And Jack is still an enigma....
9.0
By macncheezeplz , Sep 16, 2011
The first and second seasons were all good fun but those five episodes of Season 3 were epic. I still can't believe how good that was...the secrets, the deceit, the wonderful acting and writing. I was on the edge of my seat and I couldn't predict a thing. That's what made it so amazing. The twists and turns happened naturally and much of the reasoning made sense to me. The characters seemed real and relatable as opposed to caricatures. With that said, I thought the interactions between Gwen, Rhys, and Ianto's family were well acted and appeared genuine. These were my initial thoughts after watching it. If I still think the same way after a few months, then it will mean that the series was really that good. After everything that happens, I wonder exactly how much does Jack care? What happens to a man who can continue to live on while the people he loves die around him? omg children of earth was such amazing tv.
DO YOU AGREE?
Well to summarize, get rid of the lady with the gap in her teeth and bring in a looker that doesn't over act or try to pry in every situation. Tell the writers to, maybe its their fault.
9.0
By AVIDWARRIOR , Sep 16, 2011
I love the whole series by this writer. Characters are all fun in both Dr. and Torchwood series. The one issue I have is the lady with the big gap in her teeth. She seems to want to be the number one star on the show. She is always doing what she shouldn't and deffinatly over acts. It really distracts from the fun of the show and storyline. And leaves a bad taste in my mouth because i like the show so much. I don't suppose the Dr. could show up at Torchwood and get into a fight somewhere meanwhile leaving her in another dimension just like Rose. Keep up the good work, but seriously, get rid of the cop girl, way to pushy. I mean if the doc can change girls Torchwood could use a new looker at least.
DO YOU AGREE?
9.0
By tardis1 , Jun 08, 2011
To start this show is awesome!!! John Barrowman and Eve Myles make this show. Everyone else is replaceable. On that note if and when we get a series four, I hope John returns. If he doesn't I'll still watch, I think Eve can keep the show afloat. It wouldn't hurt to add Freema Agyeman and maybe even have James Marsters return. I think those three could keep the show awesome. Sorry I got off track, my point was going to be whether or not John comes back. If he does that's great, if he doesn't I have an idea that I think should be considered. I think the BBC (with John) should do a show for two or three series of Jack on his jouney and transformation into the Face of Bode. Just a thought, and please Torchwood fans comment me I want to know if my idea is a good one or if I'm and idiot!
DO YOU AGREE?
Brillian UK sci-fi. Different from that of the States and quite satisfying. Great storylines and action make this show well worth its praise.
9.0
By provencrt , Sep 15, 2010
Another piece of UK brilliance. Torchwood has all the elements that a good sci-fi show needs. The show follows an underground and above the law organization, that protects the world from extraterrestrial beings. Their charismatic leader Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) leads the charge as an invincible and immortal humanoid alien. The team battles strange creatures and keep the aliens at bay and out of sight of the general population. This show has excitement, decent special effects and a great storyline. Although the cast is a bit weak and unknown, they still pull it off with brilliance. Let us just hope and pray that the US version never sees the light of day.
DO YOU AGREE?
A pathetic rip off of everything American television creators have worked so hard to develop!
3.0
By harrier3 , Aug 29, 2010
I find this show horribly embarrassing on every level. Supposedly, the series revolves around an organized group of professionals who fight to protect earth from alien threats, but let me just say, if it came down to these people being the only thing standing between me and a bunch of extraterrestrial terrorists, I may as well grab a hand gun and go out alien hunting myself, because I think I could handle the job better than these bunch of goofballs!
I mean, seriously, this show is the most unrealistic piece of work I have ever seen produced by BBC! About 90% of the story revolves around sex, drugs, and murder, which i wouldn't mind if it could be carefully woven into some semblance of a decent plot, but the series doesn't even come close to that. The drama in this series is so HORRIBLE its hilarious; characters hook up and break up faster than a viewer can blink. In one episode, a love-struck Ianto keeps his girlfriend alive as a Cyberwoman (for anyone unfamiliar with Doctor Who mythology, the Cybermen are a mostly-mechanical race who are hellbent on dehumanizing our world, forcibly transforming earthlings into what are essentially cold machines), which in of itself is ridiculous. One can expect that behavior from some people, but I mean, come on, a professional who's supposed to keep me safe from monsters? We're talking about earth's only supposed defense from alien invasion here, and one man will throw it all away by transforming his lover into a freaking robot, only to fall for a man a month later! I mean, that's wrong. I wouldn't care how much my BF or GF loved me, I would rather die than spend my life wired to a machine, even if his intentions were to one day restore me as a full human, the risk is just to big! And dude, seriously, everybody in this show is bisexual, which, granted, in of itself I don't mind, but people change their sexual orientation on a whim, fall madly in love with someone just to stir up drama, and then run off and do something stupid that puts the whole world in peril, only to break up with the same person a week later and hook up with someone else. There's no character development, no relationship development, no real chemistry or passion...just mindless, pointless sex and changes in sexual preference without any real feeling or affection behind it...I could go on forever. Anyways, people get the point. Very unrealistic; I would trust the Ghostbuster crew more than I would trust the Torchwood people to protect my planet, and that's saying something!
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Amusing first season, awful second, painful third
4.0
By exxay , Aug 29, 2010
I liked this show on it's first season with all it's quirks. In the second one everything went crazy, and not in the good way. All that omnisexuality is depressing and confusing. There is no more story line, or rather there are tens of them but none developed enough. It's like an unscripted show with amnesic performers. Add to all of this all that parody feel of dr. who and you are left with a strange thing I cannot categorise but I am most certain it's not SciFi. I love Sci Fi and I hate shows that dilute the genre.
DO YOU AGREE?
Torchwood is the best Doctor Who spin-off to day.
9.5
By eaudra , May 04, 2010
The show has all the premises to make a viewer interested - charismatic lead characters (how could one not mention Captain Jack Harkness here, eh?) and excellent stories to keep you enthroled for a long time.But while Doctor Who IMHO is mostly about action and breakneck adventures in time and space, along with all the possible aliens and alien technologies, etc., Torchwood is less about technology and a great more about humanity and what makes it. Technology matters here, but it is a compassion and heart which give the main tone to the whole show.
The show, or rather 1st season, starts as a little bit slow paced, but gathers its speed on the way and in 3rd season, which is actually mini-series rather than a full season, one already gets a highway speed paced show.
Care for a good sci-fi show with a heart to it? The Torchwood could be a good choice for you.
DO YOU AGREE?
You can't run away Jack... Torchwood (Season 3 if you can call it that, I mean 5 shows???)
10
By mosqh , May 04, 2010
We watched the shows and could not believe how quickly the time flew. All of a sudden each episode was over (and we use a DVR so we watched some episodes consecutively). It is very hard to see where this show is going after the ending. Where do you go from there? I cannot imagine Torchwood without Captain Jack or Gwen or even Ianto. It appears to me that the writers were closing the book on the show regardless. Thanks for watching, now good bye. I feel like the show "forgot" the intro line "the 21st century is when everything changes..." I don't have a need for the show to go on for eons but I am not sure that 2 and 1/3 seasons is enough to explore the possibilities.
DO YOU AGREE?
I have purposely taken my time in reviewing Torchwood again - because I felt I needed to take a step back and think about why I felt so angry and betrayed by the writing in series 3.
10
By pinklavender , Aug 10, 2009
My anger certainly has not subsided but at least I can review it without having to blank out every other word!
What had I been expecting from series 3? Well a good storyline, something to capture my attention for five days. As an avid viewer of the other two series I had expected a progression in the existing characters, in keeping with what we had already seen in their appearances in Dr Who last summer and also the radio plays and books that were out. Also writers, producers and actors had promised that fans would not be disappointed with the continuance of Jack and Ianto's relationship - that we could expect them to be a couple acting like a 'normal' couple with 'normal' issues. The hype that has surrounded Torchwood through conventions, appearances and interviews seriously enticed fans to expect a great deal from the relationship. Given RTD's background with QAF, maybe fans were misguidedly influenced into thinking that whilst their relationship may not be hunky dory it was certainly going to develop nicely. Well - how stupid were we, the fans to have been taken in by all that hype? How the writers et al must be laughing their heads off at pulling off the biggest con in history and of course laughing all the way to the bank. No wonder RTD can afford to move himself to LA and live Hollywood style - a bit different from living in the north of England or in a Cardiff flat by the bay!!
Because that was exactly what series 3 ended up being - one big con. Now I am not going to take away from the fact that the storyline was quite inventive, shocking even. At times it had the genuine Torchwood article of keeping us wondering what was coming next but it made two huge mistakes - one of which was to underestimate the fan base by killing off Ianto Jones without resolving any of the relationship between him and Jack and the other was to graphically kill a child on the pretext of high drama.
We have all seen the arrogant interviews RTD has given to EW, at Comic Con and the rest; one of the worst being on the dvd of series 3 when he says he killed off Ianto to give the storyline more drama. The man must be an idiot if he thinks he succeeded! OK I get that Ianto had to die otherwise Jack would not have been able to have killed Steven, his grandson, but actually with greater thought, the 456 could have been defeated in an even more dramatic way without losing sight that the whole crux of Torchwood was Jack and Ianto, without that there is no Torchwood. There was absolutely no need to kill off another main character, especially having lost two at the end of the last series.
Now, personally I think that is the whole point - I dont think there is meant to be a series 4 and RTD killed off his baby a) so he could concentrate on his new Hollywood life and not be drawn back to the UK unless it is with a real movie deal for his passion which is of course Dr Who and not Torchwood. Torchwood was just his extra cashcow - has been for everyone involved and has given some people that necessary leg up to further themselves in the business. So to end up with Jack cutting off all his ties to 'Earth' - well it was his fault that Ianto and Steven died; one from sheer stupidity and arrogance and the other from his neverending lust of having to be the hero - so he had to fly off into the starry beyond to fight another day elsewhere. Of course he will be back in the final two episodes of Dr Who at Christmas and the New Year - which will be interesting to see how that fits in with what has transpired in TW S3.
However, for me - Torchwood is over, dead and gone. Even if there is a series 4 I will not watch it because RTD's arrogance has destroyed a really excellent series that had all the possibilities of breaking all boundaries with a gay relationship being seen on screen secondary to the main storyline showing the world that all relationships have their ups and downs and Jack and Ianto, just like Gwen and Rhys, can happily live together.
There is also no reason why Ianto could not be brought back - did they not shift the rift [now there's a good slogan!] for pointless Rhys? Did Owen and Suzi not get the glove?? Well the Doctor might not like the old timey wimey stuff but seriously where there is a will there is a way - and RTD had better get his act together and find a way or just not bother!
Finally - I think the biggest insult to fans was RTD sending up those fans who had complained about Ianto's demise by sending coffee to BBC Wales - "only 9" he laughed "hardly an important protest!" ... well maybe he should look at the amount of money fans have collected for Children in Need and another charity that helps horses that Gareth David Lloyd is a patron of - it is amounting to several thousand pounds that has already come in. Not laughing so much now are you your Royal Smugness? Wait till November until Children in Need night and see how smug you look then!! Just remember all those thousands of fans that will have donated will not be watching more Torchwood .. and I think that is only the tip of the iceberg that HMS RTD is steaming towards!!!
DO YOU AGREE?
Torchwood (season 3) has begun nicely. Exciting and delightfully unpredictable story line keeps you on the edge of your seat. Torchwood has turned a new page in its third season. A big thumbs up!!!
7.5
By david25luvit , Jul 23, 2009
Despite losing two of its characters in the final show of the second season, Torchwood (turned miniseries)season three starts out with a bang as all the children in the world STOP and herald the return of an alien. Add to that government sanctioned murders ( unsuccessful as they are) and the relunctant assistance from a new character, our torchwood group manages to regroup and begin they're mission to stop the governments of the world from handing over ten percent of its children. The third season rocks. Great shots of the city, excellent background music and a story line that looks to become its best season yet. As a spinoff from the Sci-fi show "Dr Who" I suspect it may become just as popular with American audiences.
DO YOU AGREE?
One of The best things I've ever seen.
10
By SGlitz , Jul 20, 2009
I will not spoil it for anyone. It is bit slow getting going but when it gets to episode 4-5 it's some of the best TV ever written.
How they got away with this script, given the political climate in Britain is utterly amazing.
It also heavily reminded of the current climate here as well.
Watch it.
Tell everyone you know to watch it.
It is amazing.
-----------------
The third season of "Torchwood," the "Doctor Who" spinoff about a team of supra-government agents fighting aliens and monsters in and around Cardiff, Wales, has been conceived as a single-story, five-night event, "Torchwood: Children of Earth." (It begins tonight on BBC America and runs through the week.)
----------------
"We are coming" some of the scariest words ever. A magnificient triumph.
DO YOU AGREE?
Seaon three is a big thumbs up for me
6.5
By Jovanah , Jul 13, 2009
Been a fan of torchwood since season one. The story line did get little weird for my liking at time, but over all thought it was a good show.
The third season, my eyes where clued to the TV and I was glad I had all 5 eps to watch in one go. The story line was fantastic, and was good to see little more about Jacks mystery past, but not giving too much so that everyone is wounder.
For me the story line of season three was little dark and freaky with the whole kids freezing and relaying what the allenes had to say, but that is also what I did like about season three
Shame it was only 5 episodes, the ending has left the storyline open where it can end or continue. Hopefully Torchwood will be back for another season,
DO YOU AGREE?
I feel now is the time to post my review of Torchwood after following it from the beginning.
9.5
By Mr-Vamps , Jul 11, 2009
Torchwood began in October 2006.
Series One was not the greatest start to a series. Most of the episodes were weak and over the top but by the season finale, we could see that Torchwood could deliver.
Series Two delivered what Torchwood was promised to be with some of the greatest writing I have seen. The season finale of season two was a great ride and was bound to have shed a few tears. This was bound to guarantee a future for Torchwood.
Season Three came along and blew us away. Four out of the five episodes were good, we have to admit Season Three was just extra space.
But Season Four blew us away with the death of the beloved Ianto Jones and I know people shed tears for this episode.
Episode Five was dark, and a little disturbing but was still some great writing, apart from the final scene which felt rushed and pointless.
Rumours are abound that Season Three could be the end of Torchwood altogether. Let's hope not.
DO YOU AGREE?
Oh No! Ianto's dies, Jack dies again, that weird crazy guy who has cool nostrils dies, and the world is going crazy
1.5
By Amelia_Winters , Jul 10, 2009
I did like this episode, that is of course omitting my displeasure at the absence of any of the usual banter between the characters that was in the first and second season, right up to when Ianto dies in Jack's arms, which is kind of cliche but so damn sweet!, and at the same time that cool crazy old man who can 'smell' the aliens and i can never remember the name of dies, and of course Jack dies....lets just say...i bawled my eyes out.
nice to see Rhys is still getting some action time, nothing beats a completely loyal, sweet meaning sidekick getting some screen time!
I can only assume there is a massive twist at the end which brings Ianto and such back to life since poor Gwen and Jack have three recent teammates deaths on their hands.
DO YOU AGREE?
| i don't know |
In what object is a ship's compass traditionally kept ? | Appendix:Glossary of nautical terms - Wiktionary
Appendix:Glossary of nautical terms
This is a glossary of nautical terms; some remain current, many date from the 17th-19th century.
Contents:
A[ edit ]
above board - On or above the deck, in plain view, not hiding anything.
act of pardon / act of grace - A letter from a state or power authorising action by a privateer . Also see letter of marque .
abaft - Towards the stern, relative to some object ("abaft the fore hatch")
abaft the beam - A relative bearing of greater than 90 degrees from the bow. e.g. "two points abaft the port beam."
abandon ship - An imperative to leave the vessel immediately, usually in the face of some imminent danger.
abeam - 'On the beam', a relative bearing at right angles to the centerline of the ship's keel .
Abel Brown - A sea song (shanty) about a young sailor trying to sleep with a maiden. [1] .
aboard - On or in a vessel. - Close aboard means near a ship.
absentee pennant - Special pennant flown to indicate absence of commanding officer, admiral, his chief of staff, or officer whose flag is flying (division, squadron, or flotilla commander).
accommodation ladder - A portable flight of steps down a ship's side.
admiralty - a high naval authority in charge of a state's Navy or a major territorial component. In the Royal Navy (UK) the Board of Admiralty, executing the office of the Lord High Admiral, promulgates Naval law in the form of Queen's (or King's) Regulations and Admiralty Instructions.
admiralty law - Body of law that deals with maritime cases. In UK administered by the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice.
adrift - Afloat and unattached in any way to the shore or seabed. It may also imply that a vessel is not anchored and not under control, therefore goes where the wind and current take her, (Loose from moorings, or out of place).
advance note - A note for one month's wages issued to sailors on their signing a ship's articles.
aft - Towards the stern (of the vessel)
afternoon watch - The 1200-1600 watch.
aground - Resting on or touching the ground or bottom.
ahead - Forward of the bow.
ahoy - A cry to draw attention. Term used to hail a boat or a ship, as "Boat ahoy!"
aid to navigation - (ATON) Any device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically intended to assist navigators in determining their position or safe course, or to warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation.
all hands - Entire ship's company, both officers and enlisted personnel.
all night in - Having no night watches.
aloft - Above the ship's uppermost solid structure; overhead or high above.
Alongside - By the side of a ship or pier.
amidships (or midships ) - In the middle portion of ship, along the line of the keel.
anchor - An object designed to prevent or slow the drift of a ship, attached to the ship by a line or chain; typically a metal , hook like, object designed to grip the bottom under the body of water.
anchorage - A suitable place for a ship to anchor. Area of a port or harbor.
anchor's aweigh - Said of an anchor when just clear of the bottom.
anchor ball - Black shape hoisted in forepart of a ship to show that ship is anchored in a fairway.
anchor buoy - A small buoy secured by a light line to anchor to indicate position of anchor on bottom.
anchor cable - Wire or line running between anchor and ship.
anchor chain - Heavy stud-linked chain running between anchor and ship.
anchor detail - Group of men who handle ground tackle when the ship is anchoring or getting underway.
anchor light - White light displayed by a ship at anchor. Two such lights are displayed by a ship over 150 feet in length.
anchor watch - Making sure that the anchor is holding and the vessel is not drifting. Important during rough weather and at night. Most marine GPS units have an Anchor Watch alarm capability.
arc of visibility - The portion of the horizon over which a lighted aid to navigation is visible from seaward.
armament - A ship's weapons.
articles of war - Regulations governing the military and naval forces of UK and USA ; read to every ship's company on commissioning and at specified intervals during the commission.
ashore - On the beach, shore or land.
astern - Toward the stern; an object or vessel that is abaft another vessel or object.
ASW - Anti-submarine warfare.
B[ edit ]
back and fill - To use the advantage of the tide being with you when the wind is not.
backstays - Long lines or cables, reaching from the rear of the vessel to the mast heads, used to support the mast.
baggywrinkle - A soft covering for cables (or any other obstructions) that prevents sail chafing from occurring.
bank - A large area of elevated sea floor.
bar - Large mass of sand or earth, formed by the surge of the sea. They are mostly found at the entrances of great rivers or havens, and often render navigation extremely dangerous, but confer tranquility once inside. See also: Touch and go, grounding. Alfred Lord Tenneyson's poem 'Crossing the bar' an allegory for death.
bar pilot - A bar pilot guides ships over the dangerous sandbars at the mouth of rivers and bays.
beacon - A lighted or unlighted fixed aid to navigation attached directly to the earth’s surface. (Lights and daybeacons both constitute beacons.)
beam - The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point, or a point alongside the ship at the mid-point of its length.
bear - Large squared off stone used for scraping clean the deck of a sailing man-of-war.
bear down - Turn away from the wind, often with reference to a transit.
bearing - The horizontal direction of a line of sight between two objects on the surface of the earth.
before the mast - Literally, the area of a ship before the foremast (the forecastle). Most often used to describe men whose living quarters are located here, officers being housed behind (abaft) the mast and enlisted men before the mast. This was because the midships area where the officers were berthed is more stable, being closer to the center of gravity, and thus more comfortable. It is less subject to the up and down movement resulting from the ship's pitching.
belaying pins - Bars of iron or hard wood to which running rigging may be secured, or belayed.
berth - A bed on a boat, or a space in a port or harbour where a vessel can be tied up.
between the Devil and the deep blue sea - See Devil seam.
bilged on her anchor - A ship that has run upon her own anchor.
bimini - Weather-resistant fabric stretched over a stainless steel frame, fastened above the cockpit of a sailboat or flybridge of a power yacht which serves as a rain or sun shade.
bimmy - A punitive instrument
binnacle - The stand on which the ship's compass is mounted.
binnacle list - A ship's sick list. The list of men unable to report for duty was given to the officer or mate of the watch by the ship's surgeon. The list was kept at the binnacle.
bitt, plural bitts - Posts mounted on the ship's bow, merely comprising two wooden uprights supporting a crossbar, for fastening ropes or cables; also used on various ships to tie boys over for painful (posterior) discipline, more informally then kissing the gunner's daughter .
bitter end - The anchor cable is tied to the bitts, when the cable is fully paid out, the bitter end has been reached. The last part of a rope or cable.
bloody - An intensive derived from the substantive 'blood', a name applied to the Bucks, Scrowers, and Mohocks of the seventeenth centuries.
Blue Peter - A blue and white flag hoisted at the foretrucks of ships about to sail.
boat - A craft or vessel designed to float on, and provide transport over, water.
boatswain or bosun - A non-commissioned officer responsible for the sails, ropes and boats on a ship who issues "piped" commands to seamen.
bollard - From 'bol' or 'bole', the round trunk of a tree. A substantial vertical pillar to which lines may be made fast. Generally on the quayside rather than the ship.
Bombay runner - Large cockroach.
Bonded Jacky - A type of tobacco or sweet cake.
booby - A type of bird that has little fear and therefore is particularly easy to catch, hence booby prize.
booby hatch - A sliding hatch or cover.
boom - A spar used to extend the foot of a sail.
booms - Masts or yards, lying on board in reserve.
boom vang (vang) - A sail control that lets one apply downward tension on the boom, countering the upward tension provided by the mainsail . The boom vang adds an element of control to mainsail shape when the mainsheet is let out enough that it no longer pulls the boom down. Boom vang tension helps control leech twist, a primary component of sail power.
buoy - A floating object of defined shape and color, which is anchored at a given position and serves as an aid to navigation.
bow - The front of a ship.
bow-chaser, chase or chase-piece - A long gun with a relatively small bore, placed in the bow-port to fire directly ahead. Used especially while chasing an enemy vessel to damage its sails and rigging. (quoted from A Sea of Words)
bowline - A type of knot, producing a strong loop of a fixed size, topologically similar to a sheet bend. Also a rope attached to the side of a sail to pull it towards the bow (for keeping the windward edge of the sail steady).
bowse - To pull or hoist.
bowsprit - A spar projecting from the bow used as an anchor for the forestay and other rigging.
boy seaman - a young sailor, still in training
brail - To furl or truss a sail by pulling it in towards the mast, or the ropes used to do so.
brake - The handle of the pump, by which it is worked.
brass monkeys or brass monkey weather - Very cold weather. The origin is unknown, though various folk etymologies exist.
bridge - A structure above the weather deck, extending the full width of the vessel, which houses a command centre, itself called by association, the bridge.
bring to - Cause a ship to be stationary by arranging the sails.
broaching-to - A sudden movement in navigation, when the ship, while scudding before the wind, accidentally turns her leeward side to windward, also use to describe the point when water starts to come over the gunwhale due to this turn.
buffer - The chief bosun's mate (in the Royal Navy), responsible for discipline.
bulkhead - An upright wall within the hull of a ship.
Bull of Barney - A beast mentioned in an obscene sea proverb.
bulwark - The extension of the ship's side above the level of the weather deck.
bumboat - A private boat selling goods.
bumpkin - An iron bar (projecting out-board from a ship's side) to which the lower and topsail brace blocks are sometimes hooked. Chains supporting/stabilising the bowsprit.
bunked - One's afflicted disposition after being talked to by a driveling idiot.
buntline - One of the lines tied to the bottom of a square sail and used to haul it up to the yard when furling.
bunting tosser - A signalman who prepares and flys flag hoists .
buoyed up - Lifted by a buoy, especially a cable that has been lifted to prevent it from trailing on the bottom.
by and large - By means into the wind, while large means with the wind. By and large is used to indicate all possible situations "the ship handles well both by and large".
by the board - Anything that has gone overboard.
E[ edit ]
earrings - Small lines, by which the uppermost corners of the largest sails are secured to the yardarms.
embayed - The condition where a sailing vessel is confined between two capes or headlands, typically where the wind is blowing directly onshore.
extremis – (also known as “in extremis”) the point under International Rules of the Road ( Navigation Rules ) at which the privileged (or stand-on) vessel on collision course with a burdened (or give-way) vessel determines it must maneuver to avoid a collision. Prior to extremis, the privileged vessel must maintain course and speed and the burdened vessel must maneuver to avoid collision.
F[ edit ]
fathom - A unit of length equal to 6 feet, roughly measured as the distance between a man's outstretched hands.
fender - An air or foam filled bumper used in boating to keep boats from banging into docks or each other.
figurehead - symbolic image at the head of a traditional sailing ship or early steamer.
fireship - A ship loaded with flammable materials and explosives and sailed into an enemy port or fleet either already burning or ready to be set alight by its crew (who would then abandon it) in order to collide with and set fire to enemy ships.
first rate - The classification for the largest sailing warships of the 17th through 19th centuries. They had 3 masts, 850+ crew and 100+ guns.
fish - 1. To repair a mast or spar with a fillet of wood. 2. To secure an anchor on the side of the ship for sea (otherwise known as "catting".)
first lieutenant - In the Royal Navy, the senior lieutenant on board; responsible to the commander for the domestic affairs of the ship's company. Also known as 'Jimmy the One' or 'Number One'. Removes his cap when visiting the mess decks as token of respect for the privacy of the crew in those quarters. Officer i/c cables on the forecastle .
first mate - The Second in command of a ship
flag hoist - A number of signal flags strung together to convey a message, e.g. 'England expects...'.
flank - The maximum speed of a ship. Faster than "full speed".
flatback -A Great Lakes slang term for a vessel without any self unloading equipment.
fluke - The wedge-shaped part of an anchor's arms that digs into the bottom.
fly-by-night - A large sail used only for sailing downwind, requiring little attention.
foot - The bottom of a sail.
footloose - If the foot of a sail is not secured properly, it is footloose, blowing around in the wind.
footrope - Each yard on a square rigged sailing ship is equipped with a footrope for sailors to stand on while setting or stowing the sails
forecastle - A partial deck, above the upper deck and at the head of the vessel; traditionally the sailors' living quarters.
founder - To fill with water and sink → Wiktionary
fore - Towards the bow (of the vessel).
foremast jack - An enlisted sailor, one who is housed before the foremast.
forestays - Long lines or cables, reaching from the front of the vessel to the mast heads, used to support the mast.
freeboard - The height of a ship's hull (excluding superstructure) above the waterline. The vertical distance from the current waterline to the lowest point on the highest continuous watertight deck. This usually varies from one part to another.
furl - To roll or wrap a sail around the mast or spar to which it is attached.
G[ edit ]
gaff - The spar that holds the upper edge of a sail. Also a long hook with a sharp point to haul fish in.
galley - the kitchen of the ship
garbled - Garbling was the (illegal) practice of mixing cargo with garbage.
global positioning system - (GPS) A satellite based radionavigation system providing continuous worldwide coverage. It provides navigation, position, and timing information to air, marine, and land users.
grapeshot - Small balls of lead fired from a cannon , similar to shotgun shot on a larger scale. Used to hurt people, rather than cause structural damage.
grog - Watered-down Pusser's rum - half a gill with equal part of water issued to all seamen over twenty. (CPOs and POs were issued with neat rum) From the British Admiral Vernon who, in 1740, ordered the men's ration of rum to be watered down. He was called "Old Grogram" because he often wore a grogram coat), and the watered rum came to be called 'grog'. Often used (illegally) as currency in exchange for favours in quantities prescribed as 'sippers' and 'gulpers'. Additional issues of grog were made on the command ' splice the mainbrace ' for celebrations or as a reward for performing especially onerous duties. The RN discontinued the practice of issuing rum in 1970.
groggy - Drunk from having consumed a lot of grog.
gunner's daughter - see Kissing the G.'s D.
gunwale - Upper edge of the hull.
H[ edit ]
halyard or Halliard - Originally, ropes used for hoisting a spar with a sail attached; today, a line used to raise the head of any sail.
hammock - Canvas sheets, slung from the deckhead in messdecks , in which seamen slept. "Lash up and stow" a piped command to tie up hammocks and stow them (typically) in racks inboard of the ship's side to protect crew from splinters from shot and provide a ready means of preventing flooding caused by damage.
hand bomber - A ship whose boilers are fueled by coal shoveled in by hand.
hand over fist - To climb steadily upwards, from the motion of a sailor climbing shrouds on a sailing ship (originally "hand over hand").
hank - A fastener attached to the luff of the headsail that attaches the headsail to the forestay . Typical designs include a bronze or plastic hook with a spring-operated gate, or a strip of cloth webbing with a snap fastener.
harbor - A harbor or harbour, or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. Harbours can be man-made or natural.
haul wind - To point the ship so as to be heading in the same direction as the wind, to maximise speed.
hawse-hole - A hole in a ship's bow for a cable, such as for an anchor, to pass through.
hawsepiper - An informal maritime industry term used to refer to a merchant ship’s officer who began his or her career as an unlicensed merchant seaman and did not attend a traditional maritime college/academy to earn the officer license.
head - The toilet or latrine of a vessel, which for sailing ships projected from the bows
head of navigation - A term used to describe the farthest point above the mouth of a river that can be navigated by ships.
headsail - Any sail flown in front of the most forward mast .
heave - A vessel's transient up-and-down motion.
heaving to - To stop a sailing vessel by lashing the helm in opposition to the sails. The vessel will gradually drift to leeward, the speed of the drift depending on the vessel's design.
heave down - Turn a ship on its side (for cleaning).
helmsman - A person who steers a ship
hogging or hog - The distortion of the hull where the ends of the keel are lower than the center.
hold - In earlier use, below the orlop deck, the lower part of the interior of a ship's hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck.
holiday - A gap in the coverage of newly applied paint, slush, tar or other preservative.
holystone - A chunk of sandstone used to scrub the decks. The name comes from both the kneeling position sailors adopt to scrub the deck (reminiscent of genuflection for prayer), and the stone itself (which resembled a Bible in shape and size).
horn - A sound signal which uses electricity or compressed air to vibrate a disc diaphragm.
horse - Attachment of sheets to deck of vessel ('Main-sheet horse).
hounds - Attachments of stays to masts.
hull - The shell and framework of the basic flotation-oriented part of a ship
hydrofoil - A boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull.
I[ edit ]
icing - A serious hazard where cold temperatures (below about -10°C) combined with high wind speed (typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately on contact with the ship
in the offing - In the water visible from on board a ship, now used to mean something imminent.
in transit – When one object is directly in front of the other, they are said to be `in transit'. Used in sailing as a navigation aid, especially in ports when the 'transit-line' from two 'leading lights' is used to guide vessels along the safe channel to port.
J[ edit ]
Jack - Either a flag, or a sailor. Typically the flag was talked about as if it were a member of the crew.
Jacklines or Jack Stays - Lines, often steel wire with a plastic jacket, from the bow to the stern on both port and starboard. The Jack Lines are used to clip on the safety harness to secure the crew to the vessel while giving them the freedom to walk on the deck.
Jack Tar - A sailor dressed in 'square rig' - (now) with square collar - (formerly) with tarred pigtail.
jib - A triangular staysail at the front of a ship.
K[ edit ]
killick - A small anchor. A fouled killick is the substantive badge of non-commissioned officers in the RN. Seamen promoted to the first step in the promotion ladder are called 'Killick'. The badge signifies that here is an Able Seaman skilled to cope with the awkward job of dealing with a fouled anchor.
keel - The central structural basis of the hull
keelhauling - Maritime punishment: to punish by dragging under the keel of a ship.
kelson - The timber immediately above the keel of a wooden ship.
kissing the gunner's daughter - bend over the barrel of a gun for punitive spanking with a cane or cat
know the ropes - A sailor who 'knows the ropes' is familiar with the miles of cordage and ropes involved in running a ship.
L[ edit ]
ladder - On board a ship, all "stairs" are called ladders, except for literal staircases aboard passenger ships. Most "stairs" on a ship are narrow and nearly vertical, hence the name. Believed to be from the Anglo-Saxon word hiaeder, meaning ladder.
Laker -Great Lakes slang for a vessel who spends all its time on the 5 Great Lakes.
Land lubber - A person unfamiliar with being on the sea.
lanyard - A rope that ties something off.
larboard - The left side of the ship (archaic, see port)- cf. starboard .
large - See By and large.
lateral System - A system of aids to navigation in which characteristics of buoys and beacons indicate the sides of the channel or route relative to a conventional direction of buoyage (usually upstream).
lay - To come and go, used in giving orders to the crew, such as "lay forward" or "lay aloft". To direct the course of vessel. Also, to twist the strands of a rope together.
lay down - To lay a ship down is to begin construction in a shipyard .
league - A unit of length, normally equal to three nautical miles .
leech - The aft or trailing edge of a fore-and-aft sail; the leeward edge of a spinnaker; a vertical edge of a square sail. The leech is susceptible to twist, which is controlled by the boom vang and mainsheet.
lee side - The side of a ship sheltered from the wind (cf. weather side).
lee shore - A shore downwind of a ship. A ship which cannot sail well to windward risks being blown onto a lee shore and grounded.
leeway - The amount that a ship is blown leeward by the wind. See also weatherly.
leeward - In the direction that the wind is blowing towards.
let go and haul - An order indicating that the ship is in line with the wind.
let the cat out of the bag - To break bad news (the "cat o' nine tails" being taken out of the bag by the bosun was bad news, announcing a flogging).
letter of marque and reprisal - A warrant granted to a privateer condoning specific acts of piracy against a target as a redress for grievances.
lifeboat - A small steel or wood boat located near the stern of a vessel. Used to get the crew to saftey if something happens to the mothership.
line - the correct nautical term for the majority of the cordage or "ropes" used on a vessel. A line will always have a more specific name, such as mizzen topsail halyard , which describes its use.
liner - Ship of The Line: a major warship capable of taking its place in the main (battle) line of fighting ships. Hence modern term for most prestigious passenger vessel: liner.
list - The vessel's angle of lean or tilt to one side, in the direction called roll.
Loaded to the gunwales - Literally, having cargo loaded as high as the ship's rail; also means extremely drunk.
loggerhead - An iron ball attached to a long handle, used for driving caulking into seams and (occasionally) in a fight. Hence: 'at loggerheads'.
lubber's line - A vertical line inside a compass case indicating the direction of the ship's head.
luff - 1. The foreward edge of a sail. 2. To head a sailing vessel more towards the direction of the wind.
luffing 1. When a sailing vessel is steered more to windward . 2. Loosening a sheet past optimal trim. 3. The flapping of the sail(s) which results.
lying ahull - Waiting out a storm by dousing all sails and simply letting the boat drift.
N[ edit ]
navigation rules - Regulations that provide guidance on how to avoid collision and also used to assign blame when a collision does occur.
nipper - Short rope used to bind a cable to the "messenger" (a moving line propelled by the capstan) so that the cable is dragged along too (Used because the cable is too large to be wrapped round the capstan itself). During the raising of an anchor the nippers were attached and detached from the (endless) messenger by the ship's boys. Hence the term for small boys: 'nippers'.
no room to swing a cat - The entire ship's company was expected to witness floggings, assembled on deck. If it was very crowded, the bosun might not have room to swing the 'cat o' nine tails' (the whip).
P[ edit ]
painter - A rope attached to the bow of a boat for tethering it to a mooring, wharf. dock, etc.
parrel - A movable loop, used to fasten the yard to its respective mast.
part brass rags - Fall out with a friend. From the days when cleaning materials were shared between sailors.
pay - Fill a seam (with caulking or pitch); see 'The Devil to Pay', or to lubricate the running rigging: 'pay' with slush (qv) or protect from the weather by covering with slush.
paymaster - The officer responsible for all money matters in RN ships including the paying and provisioning of the crew, all stores, tools and spare parts.
pilot - Navigator. A specially knowledgeable person qualified to navigate a vessel through difficult waters, e.g harbour pilot etc.
pipe (Bos'n's) - or a Bos'n's Call - A whistle used by Boatswains (bosuns or bos'ns) to issue commands. Consisting of a metal tube which directs the breath over an aperture on the top of a hollow ball to produce high pitched notes. The pitch of the notes can be changed by partly covering the aperture with the finger of the hand in which the pipe is held. The shape of the instrument is similar to that of a smoking pipe.
pipe down - A signal on the bosun's pipe to signal the end of the day, requiring lights (and smoking pipes) to be extinguished and silence from the crew.
piping the side - A salute on the bos'n's pipe(s) performed in the company of the deck watch on the starboard side of the quarterdeck or at the head of the gangway, to welcome or bid farewell to the ship's captain , senior officers and honoured visitors.
pitch - A vessel's motion, rotating about the beam axis, so the bow pitches up and down.
pontoon - A flat-bottomed vessel used as a ferry or a barge or float moored alongside a jetty or a ship to facilitate boarding.
poop deck - A high deck on the aft superstructure of a ship.
pooped - 1. Swamped by a high, following sea. 2. Exhausted.
port - Towards the left-hand side of the ship facing forward (formerly Larboard). Denoted with a red light at night.
press gang - Formed body of personnel from a ship of the Royal Navy (either a ship seeking personnel for its own crew or from a 'press tender' seeking men for a number of ships) that would identify and force (press) men, usually merchant sailors into service on naval ships usually against their will.
preventer (Gybe preventer, Jibe preventer) - A sail control line originating at some point on the boom leading to a fixed point on the boat's deck or rail (usually a cleat or pad eye) used to prevent an accidental jibe while sailing downwind.
privateer - A privately-owned ship authorised by a national power (by means of a Letter of Marque ) to conduct hostilities against an enemy. Also called a private man of war.
prow - a poetical alternative term for bows.
pusser - Purser, the one who is buys, stores and sells all stores on board RN ships, including victuals, rum and tobacco. originally a private merchant, latterly a warrant officer.
Q[ edit ]
Queen's King's]] Regulations - The standing orders governing the Royal Navy of UK issued in the name of the current monarch .
R[ edit ]
radar - An electronic system designed to transmit radio signals and receive reflected images of those signals from a "target" in order to determine the bearing and distance to the "target".
radar reflector - A special fixture fitted to a vessel or incorporated into the design of certain aids to navigation to enhance their ability to reflect radar energy. In general, these fixtures will materially improve the visibility for use by vessels with radar.
range lights - Two lights associated to form a range (a line formed by the extension of a line connecting two charted points) which often, but not necessarily, indicates the channel centerline. The front range light is the lower of the two, and nearer to the mariner using the range. The rear light is higher and further from the mariner.
ratlines - Rope ladders permanently rigged from bulwarks and tops to the mast to enable access to top masts and yards . Also serve to provide lateral stability to the masts.
reach - A point of sail from about 60° to about 160° off the wind. Reaching consists of "close reaching" (about 60° to 80°), "beam reaching" (about 90°) and "broad reaching" (about 120° to 160°)
reduced cat - A light version on the cat o'nine tails for use on boys; also called "boys' pussy".
reef
1. reef : To temporarily reduce the area of a sail exposed to the wind, usually to guard against adverse effects of strong wind or to slow the vessel.
2. reef : Rock or coral, possibly only revealed at low tide, shallow enough that the vessel will at least touch if not go aground.
reef points - Small lengths of cord attached to a sail, used to secure the excess fabric after reefing.
reef-bands - Long pieces of rough canvas sewed across the sails to give them additional strength.
reef-tackles - Ropes employed in the operation of reefing.
Rigging - The system of masts and lines on ships and other sailing vessels.
roll - A vessel's motion rotating from side to side, about the fore-aft axis. List (qv) is a lasting tilt in the roll direction.
rolling-tackle - A number of pulleys, engaged to confine the yard to the weather side of the mast; this tackle is much used in a rough sea.
the ropes' refers to the lines in the rigging.
rope's end A summary punishment device.
rummage sale - A sale of damaged cargo (from French arrimage).
running rigging - Rigging used to manipulate sails, spars, etc. in order to control the movement of the ship. Cf. standing rigging.
T[ edit ]
tailshaft - a kind of metallic shafting (a rod of metal) to hold the propeller and connected to the power engine. When the tailshaft is moved, the propeller may also be moved for propulsion.
taken aback - An inattentive helmsmen might allow the dangerous situation to arise where the wind is blowing into the sails 'backwards', causing a sudden (and possibly dangerous) shift in the position of the sails.
taking the wind out of his sails - To sail in a way that steals the wind from another ship. cf. overbear.
tally - The operation of hauling aft the sheets, or drawing them in the direction of the ship's stern.
teazer - A rope used as a punitive device.
three sheets to the wind - On a three-masted ship, having the sheets of the three lower courses loose will result in the ship meandering aimlessly downwind. Also, a sailor who has drunk strong spirits beyond his capacity.
timoneer - From the French timonnier, is a name given, on particular occasions, to the steersman of a ship.
toe the line or Toe the mark - At parade, sailors and soldiers were required to stand in line, their toes in line with a seam of the deck.
togey - A rope used as a punitive device
topsail - The second sail (counting from the bottom) up a mast. These may be either square sails or fore-and-aft ones, in which case they often "fill in" between the mast and the gaff of the sail below.
topmast - The second section of the mast above the deck; formerly the upper mast, later surmounted by the topgallant mast; carrying the topsails.
topgallant - the mast or sails above the tops.
touch and go - The bottom of the ship touching the bottom, but not grounding.
towing - The operation of drawing a vessel forward by means of long lines.
travellers - Small fittings that slide on a rod or line. The most common use is for the inboard end of the mainsheet; a more esoteric form of traveller consists of "slight iron rings, encircling the backstays, which are used for hoisting the top-gallant yards, and confining them to the backstays".
traffic separation scheme - Shipping corridors marked by buoys which separate incoming from outgoing vessels. Improperly called Sea Lanes.
trick - A period of time spent at the wheel ("my trick's over").
turtling - When a sailboat (in particular a dinghy) capsizes to a point where the mast is pointed straight down and the hull is on the surface resembling a turtle shell.
U[ edit ]
under the weather - Serving a watch on the weather side of the ship, exposed to wind and spray.
underway - A vessel that is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
upper-yardmen - Specially selected personnel destined for high office.
W[ edit ]
wales - A number of strong and thick planks running length-wise along the ship, covering the lower part of the ship's side.
watch - A period of time during which a part of the crew is on duty. Changes of watch are marked by strokes on the ship's bell.
| Binnacle |
What type of English dessert is made from mixing whipped cream, sugar and pureed fruit, often gooseberry ? | |
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| After six hours of faithfully following our compass course, we were shocked to discover we were far off of our dead-reckoning (DR) position. It didnt take us long to find the culprit: Speakers from the portable stereo had been placed too close to the compass, creating a magnetic field that fooled the compass.
Despite the advances in electronic navigation over the last few decades, one of the most important pieces of onboard equipment is the compass, a relatively simple device thats based on technology that traces its origins back 2,200 years. The modern magnetic compass has undergone a number of changes, and its accuracy far surpasses earlier designs. Meanwhile, new types of compasses have been developed to serve specialized applications, support other navigational equipment, or back up the magnetic versions.
Fluxgate compasses and gyrocompasses (or otherwise stabilized compasses) are making more frequent appearances in cruising boats navigation stations. Each type of compass has advantages and disadvantages. And each can be prone to specific errors, of which we need to be aware. For all its simplicity, the ships compass isnt foolproof.
To understand compasses, you first must have a basic understanding of Earths magnetic field. When thinking of the magnetic field surrounding Earth, think of a bar magnet thrust through the center of the planet and inclined at an angle of about 11 degrees to Earths axis (see the illustration on this page). One end of the "bar magnet" extends to a point near the North Pole, at about 78.9 degrees north and 103.8 degrees west. The other end of the "bar magnet" is somewhat off the South Pole--near 65.4 degrees south and 139.5 degrees east. The magnetic field, which is constantly changing, splays out from these poles around the world in all directions. Only at the magnetic equator is the magnetic field horizontal--that is, concentric--with Earths surface. At all other points, the magnetic field is inclined toward the magnetic pole. This magnetic inclination is also referred to as "dip."
Dip is most pronounced at the poles, where the dip angle is 90 degrees. The magnetic field aims straight down toward the surface of the planet; theres virtually no horizontal component within the field. Because the magnetic field is vertical in this spot, compasses have difficulty finding magnetic north or south near the magnetic pole. Most compasses purchased in North America need to be professionally balanced if you intend to venture into polar regions or into the Southern Hemisphere. More manufacturers are introducing globally balanced compasses, which dont need to be adjusted for dip.
Magnetic Compass
In strictest terms, the needle of a magnetic compass doesnt point toward the magnetic pole. Rather, the needle aligns with the horizontal component of the magnetic field at the spot where the compass is located. The magnetic declination, or variation (how the magnetic field varies from true north), is the difference between the direction of the fields horizontal component and the direction for true north. Since Earths magnetic field is a swirl of directions, the compass needle cant point to a single pole or point on the planet.
Knowing the direction of the magnetic field is only part of the problem. Metal objects and electrical currents have their own magnetic fields, and these can further interfere with a magnetic compass. In some cases, you can adjust the compass to compensate for such things as the magnetic field of a metal hull or an engine block by adding or shifting small magnets near the compass. In other instances, youll need a deviation card, a table indicating how many degrees to add or subtract in order to obtain the correct magnetic reading. Because local magnetic fields will affect the compass needle differently on different headings, the deviation card lists separate corrections for different headings. Most basic navigation books give instructions for making a deviation card.
Magnetic compasses have improved greatly in the last decade. Weems & Plath, Danforth, and Suunto offer magnetic compasses that can be used globally, even in the high latitudes of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Magnetic compasses have several advantages over other types. They dont require electricity to work, so if theres an electrical failure, the compass still points the way. And depending on how the conventional magnetic compass is mounted, its analog display may be used to take bearings as well as to indicate the vessels heading, something thats impossible with a digital display.
Now for the disadvantages. A magnetic compass doesnt provide digital output that you can interface with such electronic navigational tools as a chart plotter, an autopilot, and so forth. You cant mount a magnetic compass remotely from its display.
As already mentioned, onboard magnetic disturbances from large metal objects or electrical wires near the compass can also cause compass error. If theres wiring near the magnetic compass, you may need to twist the positive and negative leads or use shielded cable to minimize the magnetic disturbance.
Some things that affect magnetic compasses are beyond our control. Volcanoes and solar storms both have the potential for altering Earths magnetic field. In some regions, Earths magnetic field shifts on a diurnal, a yearly, or an even longer basis. Some of these shifts are predictable and will be indicated on marine charts. The annual change in variation indicated on a charts compass rose is an example of such a predictable magnetic shift.
Although magnetic compasses are fairly simple and robust, they can develop a variety of problems. The glass dome can craze over the years. Oil can leak out and create an air pocket in the compass. If left too long, this bubble can cause pitting of the compass card or other internal parts.
There are many other potential problems, and a qualified compass adjuster may be able to assist you with your own problems. A more comprehensive list of what can go wrong and how to fix it can be found on professional adjustor Ray Andrews website (www.andrewscompass.com/index.html).
Fluxgate Compass
Like the traditional magnetic compass, the more modern fluxgate compass also detects Earths magnetic field, but it measures it electronically rather than merely pointing in the direction of the field. On todays cruising boats, most digital heading data, whether from the autopilot or the masthead wind indicator, is from a fluxgate compass.
Originally developed for aircraft during World War II, the fluxgate compass depends upon electrical power, usually the vessels batteries. It differs significantly from the standard magnetic compass in that it uses a magnetometer, which is a doughnut-shaped core wrapped with wire that converts Earths magnetism into electricity. Magnetometers float in liquid and are sometimes encased to cancel out deviation. The magnetometer orients itself to Earths magnetic field and creates a measurable current that can be translated into a digital readout. A fluxgate compass has two sensors, and it determines magnetic direction by comparing the fore-and-aft component of Earths magnetic field to the athwartships component. These compasses must be calibrated, a relatively simple process in which internal microprocessors compensate for deviation. Sometimes they can also be set, again using the microprocessors, to factor in local variation so they always read true.
Because they measure electrical current rather than merely pointing, fluxgate compasses can translate the current into digital signals. Other electronic instruments can read this digital output, allowing you to interface fluxgate compasses with autopilots, radar, and computers to provide an array of information, ranging from true-wind direction to sophisticated performance data. You can mount the compass sensor far away from any magnetic disturbances and still have displays in one or several convenient locations. Fluxgate compasses are extremely light--robotics versions weigh only a few ounces--and very inexpensive.
Fluxgates do have some disadvantages, however. They rely on electrical power to operate. They can have a bad electrical component, although theyre generally quite reliable. And some fluxgates can be less stable than a good magnetic compass. When stability is important, some sailors choose fluxgates designed for powerboats and built to take more slamming.
As with traditional magnetic compasses, you cant place magnetically charged items near fluxgates. I once was aboard a boat that had its fluxgate compass in a locker, and when someone placed the medicine kit in the same locker, our course reading was thrown off by about 70 degrees.
Autopilots have been known to veer off course when someone powers up or transmits on another electrical device, such as an SSB. If this happens, the cables to the SSB should be shielded and a radio-frequency choke might be required. Occasionally, the remedy is as simple as installing ferrite "beads" on the cable to reduce the magnetic field associated with the SSB or other electrical device. Grounding problems can also occur, such as when the SSB is grounded near the ground for the instruments or fluxgate compass. Separately grounding the systems may eliminate that problem.
Stabilized Compasses
With all of the increasingly sophisticated electronic equipment aboard the modern sailing vessel, accuracy and speed become an issue. In the past, gyrocompasses have been not only expensive but also energy hogs. In a gyrocompass, the same principles that keep a gyroscope perfectly balanced are applied to a compass so that it will always seek and maintain true north. To accomplish this, the gyros spin axis must always seek the meridian (north-south) plane. This axis must be oriented horizontally and needs to stay that way, no matter how much the boat pitches, heels, or rolls.
Until fairly recently, such compasses were almost exclusively for megayachts and ships. Now, however, KVH makes a magnetically stabilized gyro-like compass thats practical for small sailboats that might need an extremely accurate compass. This is the type of compass youll find aboard many high-tech ocean racers, like the Volvo 60s.
By the 1998 Whitbread Round the World Race, several of the boats used KVH magnetically stabilized compasses. Gyros at that time consumed too much power to make them practical aboard a racing yacht. Keeping that spin axis moving, after all, required constant energy. A model later introduced by Brookes & Gatehouse, however, uses only about 1.5 amps to keep the gyro spinning, and the compass is accurate in all conditions. Boats in the 2001-2002 Volvo Ocean Race put this type of compass to the test.
In the 1998 Whitbread, the stabilized compasses were used primarily to keep the Inmarsat B satellite-communications antenna pointed toward the satellite, even in a heavy seaway. But since the gyro requires relatively little power and the speed and accuracy is enhanced, it inevitably becomes the primary source of digital heading information for some of the boats. Today, manufacturers like Navman are bringing gyro accuracy well within reach of the average cruising sailor.
Gyros, even with their enhanced accuracy, do have some disadvantages, of course. With a conventional gyrocompass, if power is lost, it can take hours for a knowledgeable technician to get the compass working again after power is restored. Even the magnetically stabilized gyros require an outside power source to operate.
Gyros also require checking by the prudent navigator, of course. A case is on record of a ship with a gyro that had an error that went undetected for 12 hours. The ship steamed 110 degrees off course and went aground some 200 miles off its DR position. The incident serves as a reminder that the traditional magnetic binnacle compass is far from obsolete. If theres a power failure, the magnetic compass can get you most places around the world, or at least safely to the next port. But with advances in electronics and their heightened accuracy, fluxgates and stabilized compasses are making significant strides forward.
GPS Compasses
Last year, Simrad introduced a new alternative to high-accuracy, fast-reacting compasses, its new HS50 GPS Compass. Using phase-change technology rather than positioning information from satellites, the HS50 reportedly offers accuracy to .01 degrees as it maintains true north. Even while the boat is motionless, the phase-change technology, along with two separate GPS antennae in an elongated housing, allow the unit to determine which way the boat is pointed. The rate of response is so fast that it can track a 90-degree turn in 1 second--much faster than youd ever change course in a sailboat. Output is in RS-232, NMEA 183, and other digital protocols to allow connection with virtually any other equipment you might have in your nav station, including autopilots, radar, and computers. Aside from its electrical-power requirement and its relatively large size, perhaps the only disadvantage of the HS50 is its price. At slightly under $8,000, accuracy must be highly prized.
Normally, GPS offers heading information based on the track of a vessel over time. The system provides us with reliable position data a high percentage of the time. As a secondary set of information, it can provide us with an average course steered over ground. As we vary the damping on the system, we can narrow that course to tell us the course weve been able to achieve over a relatively short period of time.
What GPS--aside from the Simrad HS50--typically doesnt tell us is the direction that were pointing the boat. GPS collects data about our very recent track or course over the ground. That includes all of the other forces working on the boat in addition to where were pointing the vessel. These other forces include tides, currents, leeway, and any other anomalies that we may not even think about.
A GPS also serves us well by giving us the bearing and distances to waypoints from our current position. But we should be aware that a GPS often gives us default bearings along a great-circle route. Although its true that the great-circle route is shorter than the rhumb-line route over great distances, the initial great-circle heading toward a distant object might differ by 10 degrees or more from the rhumb-line heading, depending on how far away the waypoint is. Both routes will clearly differ when plotted on a Mercator Projection, and the difference can be critical. One route may be more advantageous than the other with respect to weather patterns, current, or even safe water. The prudent navigator will have a thorough understanding of exactly what route defaults are set in his or her machine and the consequences of following the GPS bearing.
Check all of your compasses periodically. In some cases, it may just be a quick check to insure that youre not 110 degrees off course, like the ship mentioned above. In other cases, as you prepare for a long passage or your annual relaunch, you may want a qualified compass adjuster to check your compass. The adjuster will work to ensure that the compass is properly compensated and that an accurate deviation card is created for each compass on board. At sea, you can check your own compasses by noting the bearings of the setting sun and comparing that bearing to the published amplitude in a nautical almanac. This information appears in the section entitled "Astronomical Information" in Reeds Nautical Almanac.
For a quick check, I often note the location and bearing of Polaris as I start a night watch. Other celestial bodies closer to the horizon may offer more accuracy because you can directly sight them over the compass lubber line. But since Polaris is always located near true north, you dont have to consult any tables. I use this method primarily to make sure that were not off course and that the compass heading makes sense relative to the stars.
Near shore, a precise way to check your compass is to use a range and compare the ranges bearing indicated on your chart to the reading your binnacle compass gives you. With a fluxgate compass, you can travel down the range and compare the compass reading to published data. Because compass error varies with the vessels heading, you must make any corrections--even when using shore-based land references--on a variety of headings to be accurate. This process of "swinging" your compass is an important skill to possess when long-range cruising.
Compasses can and should be instruments of precision. Their accuracy has increased in step with their growing sophistication, and today theyre capable of accuracy to within less than 1 degree of error--if we calibrate them appropriately. Contemporary compasses have certainly come a long way from the days when a needle piercing a cork was set floating in a bowl of water. But the principles remain the same, and your safety can hinge on knowing that your humble compass is working properly.
Bill Biewenga is a weather consultant and frequent contributor to Cruising World.
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| i don't know |
Which fruit traditionally forms part of the dessert known as Eton Mess ? | Eton Mess Cake
Eton Mess Cake
by Tessa Huff
Our contributor, Tessa Huff , is sharing a new cake recipe today…
Traditionally, Eton Mess is a dessert served in a dish – not in cake or slice-form. A combination of crisp meringues, sweetened cream, and fresh berries, Eton Mess is a perfect balance of flavors and textures. Simple, fresh, and kind of “messy,” this classic British dessert is easy to throw together and versatile. You can event change it up by infusing the cream or swapping in any seasonal fruit you have on hand and you’re all set!
While Eton Mess was created with “simplicity” and “ease” in mind (assuming you keep meringue cookies on hand), this Eton Mess Cake takes it up a notch. The whipped cream, sweet fruit, and crunchy meringues pair so beautifully together, I thought why not transform the components of Eton Mess itself into a cake filling? Similar to a strawberry shortcake, this light and fresh layer cake is perfect for spring and the warmer months ahead.
In order to not weigh down the pillowy whipped cream and airy meringue, I created this variation of a sponge cake. Unlike other butter or pound cakes that can be rather dense, this cake is light, airy, yet still provides structure and stability within a sky-high layer cake. Once layered together, the crispy meringue bits nearly melt into the cream – each bite a perfect harmony of texture and sweetness. Fresh berries always seem synonymous with spring and summer to me, but feel free to use whatever fruit you have on hand!
To serve, carefully slice with a serrated knife. The cake should be served within about 30 minutes of assembly or refrigerated (loosely covered in plastic to prevent the exposed cake layers from drying out).
EATON MESS CAKE
a recipe by Tessa Huff
For the Sponge Cake:
1 1/4 cup cake flour
1/2 teaspoon baking powder
3/4 cup canola or vegetable oil
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Grease and flour two 8-inch cake pans and set aside.
Sift together the cake flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt. Set aside.
In the bowl on an electric mixer, combine the whole eggs, egg yolks, sugar, and vanilla. Using the whisk attachment, beat on high for about 5 minutes or until the batter resembles pale ribbons.
Stop the mixing and remove the mixing bowl form the stand. Sift the dry ingredients over the top of the batter. Whisk by hand until just barely combined.
Pour in the lemon juice and oil and whisk by hand until combined (taking care to not deflate the batter as much as possible).
Evenly distribute the batter between the two pans and bake for about 35 to 38 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the center of the cake comes out clean.
Let cool on a wire rack before removing the cakes from their pans.
For the Meringues:
1/4 teaspoon cream of tartar
1/2 cup sugar
1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
Preheat to oven to 215 degrees. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper and set aside.
In the bowl of an electric mixer, place the egg whites and cream of tartar. Using the whisk attachment, begin whipping the whites on medium-low.
Once the egg whites begin to foam, slowly add in the sugar and gradually increase the speed to medium-high.
Continue to whip egg whites until stiff, glossy peaks. Add in the vanilla and mix for an additional 30 seconds until combined.
Spoon about 2/3 of the meringue onto the parchment paper into disks (about 3 inches in diameter – these will be broken up, so no need for them to be perfect).
Fill a piping bag fitted with a star tip with the remaining meringue. Pipe meringue “kisses” on the parchment (use two baking sheets if necessary).
Bake the meringue for about 45 to 75 minutes, or until crisp on the outside and meringue can easily peel off the parchment.
For the Whipped Cream:
2 cups heavy cream, chilled
1/4 cup granulated sugar
1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
In the bowl on an electric mixer fitted with a whisk attachment, beat the cream on medium-high until it begins to thicken slightly.
Gradually add in the sugar and vanilla and bump mixer up to high.
Continue to whip the cream until medium-soft peaks.
For the Assembly:
about 3 to 4 cups fresh berries, washed and dry
Once the cakes have cooled, carefully slice them in half (horizontally) using a long serrated knife.
Beak up the meringue disks and set aside.
Place a bottom layer of cake on a cake plate or serving dish. Spread on 1/4 of the whipped cream.
Top the cream with mixed berried and a generous amount of meringue pieces.
Top with the next layer of cake and repeat until all cake layers are used.
On the very top of the cake, spread on the remaining whipped cream. Top with berries and meringues kisses.
| Strawberry |
On TV, what is the name of Peppa Pig's younger brother ? | Eton Mess - Invented by a Labrador? - Nicola Cornick
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Eton Mess – Invented by a Labrador?
A little while ago when I was blogging about the origins of some of the events in the London Season (part 2 of this series will follow soon) a commenter asked if the famous recipe Eton
Mess was associated with the Eton School 4th June celebrations. The history of Eton Mess is very interesting and has lots of legends associated with it. One story suggests that it is the dessert traditionally served at the Eton versus Winchester cricket match, the first of which took place in 1796. Another story – my favourite – is that the dish was created one Eton Open Day when an over-eager Labrador dog sat on someone’s picnic and squashed the strawberry pavlova! I love this idea but apparently it isn’t true. There are, however, records of the dessert being served in the 19th century and by the 1930s it was on sale in the Eton Tuck Shop (or Sock Shop as they call it there) as a sweet made of strawberries or bananas with ice cream or cream.
Whatever the origin of the dessert, it is truly delicious. Here is the recipe:
First, make your meringues, or if you want to save time and effort, buy the meringues ready made. If you are making them, measure out 6 oz caster sugar. Separate out the whites from three large eggs and place them in a clean bowl. Whisk until they form soft peaks. Next, add the caster sugar a tablespoon at a time and continue to whisk until each tablespoon of sugar has been completely mixed in.
Heat the oven to gas mark 1, 275°F, 140°C. Take dessertspoonfuls of the mixture and place them in rows on a lined baking tray. Place the baking tray on the centre shelf of the oven and leave the meringues there for one hour. After one hour, turn the oven off but leave the meringues there to cool and dry overnight, or until the oven is completely cold.
To make the pudding, chop half a pound of strawberries and place them in a blender together with a tablespoon of icing sugar. Whizz the whole lot up to a puree and then pass it through a sieve to remove the seeds.
Chop another half pound of strawberries and whip up a pint of double cream. When you are ready to serve, break up the meringues into 1 inch (2.5 cm) pieces (or get a labrador to sit on them), place them in a large mixing bowl, add the chopped strawberries then fold the cream in and gently mix it all up together. Finally, fold in all but about 2 tablespoons of the purée to give a marbled effect. Place the dessert in a serving dish, spoon the rest of the purée over the surface and serve as soon as possible.
You can use whatever fruit you like for an Eton Mess – blueberries, raspberries – and add a dash of port or ginger cordial or some other liquid. The choice is yours to capture the essence of summer!
Written by Nicola on March 5, 2012 at 3:10 pm and filed under Historical recipes .
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What island lies immediately to the south of Martinique in the Caribbean ? | St. Lucia: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities
Languages: English (official), French patois
Ethnicity/race: black 85.3%, mixed 10.9%, East Indian 2.2%, other or unspecified 1.7% (2010 est.)
Religions: Roman Catholic 61.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10.4%, Pentecostal 8.9%, Evangelical 2.3%, Anglican 1.6%, other Christian 3.4%, Rastafarian 1.9%, none 5.9% (2010 est.)
Literacy rate: 90.1% (2001 est.)
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2013 est.): $2.216 billion; per capita $13,100. Real growth rate: 0.2%. Inflation: 5.3%. Unemployment: 20% (2003 est.). Arable land: 4.84% (2011 est.). Agriculture: bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus, root crops, cocoa. Labor force: 79,700 (2012 est.); agriculture 21.7%, industry, commerce, and manufacturing 24.7%, services 53.6% (2002 est.). Industries: tourism; clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated cardboard boxes, lime processing, coconut processing. Natural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential. Exports: $206.8 million (2013 est.): bananas 41%, clothing, cocoa, avocados, mangoes, coconut oil. Imports: $592.7 million (2013 est.): food 23%, manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 19%, chemicals, fuels. Major trading partners: UK, U.S., Brazil, Peru, France, Grenada, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago (2012).
Member of Commonwealth of Nations
Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 36,800 (2012); mobile cellular: 227,000 (2012). Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 7 (plus 3 repeaters), shortwave 0 (2003). Radios: 111,000 (1997). Television broadcast stations: 3 (2 commercial broadcast stations and 1 community antenna television or CATV channel) (2007). Televisions: 32,000 (1997). Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 100 (2012). Internet users: 142,900 (2009).
Transportation: Railways: 0 km. Highways: total: 1,210 km (2011 est.). Ports and harbors: Castries, Cul-de-Sac, Vieux-Fort. Airports: 2 (2013).
International disputes: joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which permits Venezuela to extend its Economic Exclusion Zone/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea.
Major sources and definitions
Geography
One of the Windward Islands of the eastern Caribbean, St. Lucia lies just south of Martinique. It is of volcanic origin. A chain of wooded mountains runs from north to south and from them flow many streams into fertile valleys.
Government
Parliamentary democracy. A governor-general represents the sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II.
History
The first inhabitants of St. Lucia were the Arawak Indians, who were forced off the island by the Caribs. Explored by Spain and then France, St. Lucia became a British territory in 1814 and one of the Windward Islands in 1871. With other Windward Islands, St. Lucia was granted home rule in 1967 as one of the West Indies Associated States. On Feb. 22, 1979, St. Lucia achieved full independence in ceremonies boycotted by the opposition St. Lucia Labour Party, which had advocated a referendum before cutting ties with Britain. John Compton, head of the United Workers Party (UWP), became the country's first prime minister. The UWP, then in power, called for new elections and was defeated by the St. Lucia Labour Party (SLP). The UWP, with Compton as its leader, was returned to power in the elections of 1982, 1987, and 1992. Compton resigned in 1996 and Vaughan Lewis took over as prime minister.
Kenny Anthony became prime minister in 1997, when his St. Lucia Labour Party won 16 of the 17 parliamentary seats.
The 1999 European Union decision to end its preferential treatment of bananas imported from former colonies has led St. Lucia to try to diversify its agricultural crops. In 2002, tropical storm Lili devasted the banana crop.
In 2006, Sir John Compton, often called the "Father of St. Lucia," returned to politics five years after retiring, and his UWP swept elections. He became prime minister once again, at age 82. He died in 2007 and was succeeded by Stephenson King.
In November 2011, Kenny Anthony became prime minister again after the St. Lucia Labour Party won 11 of the 17 seats in Parliament. Anthony previously served as prime minister from 1997 to 2006.
| Saint Lucia |
Which creatures are affected by Isle of Wight disease ? | caribbean
Caribbean
One Way Charters from St. Lucia or Martinique to
Union, Grenada, St. Vincent, Guadeloupe, St. Martin, Antigua
Start your holiday from the splendid island of Martinique (Marina of LE - MARIN), or from St. Lucia you can sail down to the South, exploring St. Vincent, Bequia, Mystique, Cannouan, Tobago Cays and Grenada, or Union Island. Disembarkation will be at an island of your preference, where you can leave the yacht, or alternatively you can sail back to the departure base.
The trade winds will blow with you; you could then explore more exotic anchorages that you have missed on your way down. There is also a route from Martinique up to the Northern islands, discovering Dominica, Guadeloupe, Antigua, St. Martin, St. Barts, Anguilla, St. Kitts and Nevis. These holidays are the opportunity to explore and experience the unforgettable islands of the tropical region paradise.
The Caribbean's sun shines almost constantly, approximately 12 hours a day. The climate is Utopian, the daily temperatures are fairly consistent all year round, with an average temperature of 27oC.There is in fact only a 3o C difference between the warmest and the coldest months of the Year. The time for sailing is all year round, unlike the European seasons, the main difference between summer and winter is the level of rainfall. The period between December-May is the dry season, apart from the odd shower, during the European summer, conditions are still ideal with refreshing rain showers. The Easterly trade winds that blow all year round and rarely exceed force 5, ensure splendid sailing conditions which combined with the many beautiful and un crowded island anchorages have made the Antilles a sailing paradise for the yacht charterer.
Links for more information: http://www.stlucia.org http://www.st-lucia.com
St. Lucia is a small, lush tropical gem that is still relatively unknown. One of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, it is located midway down the Eastern Caribbean chain, between Martinique and St. Vincent, and north of Barbados. St. Lucia is only 27 miles long and 14 miles wide, with a shape that is said to resemble either a mango or an avocado (depending on your taste). The Atlantic Ocean kisses its eastern shore, while the beaches of the west coast owe their beauty to the calm Caribbean Sea
Links for more information: http://www.martinique.org http://www.infomartinique.com
Martinique lies in the heart of the Caribbean Archipelago and is one of the many islands which make up the group of lesser Antilles, or "Breezy Islands." The waters lapping at its shores are those of the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Caribbean Sea to the west. The island is located 4,261 miles from Paris (8 hours by plane), and is 273 miles from the American continent (4.5 hours by plane, direct flight). The closest two neighboring
islands are Dominica (15.5 miles to the north) and Saint Lucia (23 miles to the south). Martinique is 1,965 miles from New York City, 1,470 miles from Miami, 2,270 miles from Montreal, and 425 miles from San Juan.
The Caribbean : 14 days itinerary
Departure: Martinique
St. Matin / St. Maarten Simpson Bay Lagoon and only 30 minutes from the airport
Simpson Bay Lagoon Entrance
The Simpson Bay Lagoon, the Caribbean's largest salt water lagoon with a surface area of several square miles, connects the Dutch side of the island with the Northern French half. The lagoon is large enough to allow full size yachts to explore its waters, but being well protected, is ideally suited for small boats. During the winter months, hundreds of yachts are at anchor here and transform the lagoon in a busy community
Explorer Island is an enchanting sight in the center of the Simpson Bay Lagoon and is an ideal stop for a picnic or even a cocktail at sunset. This tiny, uninhabited island of a few acres has a lovely beach with palm trees and is occasionally visited by a pontoon tour boat. Further to the South West, residential developments line the shores, leading into the quiet off-shot, unofficially called 'Mullet Bay Lagoon'. Exploring the Western part of the lagoon, the beautiful million Dollar estate homes of Terres Basses can be viewed.
neighboring islands of Anguilla and St Barths
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Blind Hughie, Fortress and Concentration are all forms of which popular game? | Let’s Play 25 Domino Games - Domino Set - Miles Kimball
elizabeth e on Dec 6, 2016
fun idea for some family fun
Janet S on Oct 14, 2016
IU love to play dominoes. Want to try different games.
Betty G on May 27, 2016
family fun
Paula M on Dec 12, 2015
I chose this for my daughter's family to play on their game night.
Judith A W on Nov 21, 2015
2015 year to enjoy more fun time with family!
Maria D on Jan 31, 2015
To learn new domino games
KAREN O on Oct 25, 2016
granddaughter loves games & needs to learn new ones
W E on Aug 9, 2016
I like domino games, and wanted to learn more of the games.
Kristine B on Jan 27, 2016
I like playing Mexican train dominos and wanted to see what other ways there are to play dominos
Patricia D on Dec 10, 2015
I chose this because it can be played by people of different age levels.
| Billy Ward and his Dominoes |
Which bone do jockeys break most often ? | Dominoes Rules for Block Games
Dominoes Rules for Block Games
There are three basic types of domino games: point games, cards domino games, and block games. Nevertheless, all of these domino games share one common objective and that is to have the lowest total score at the end each game.
The block game has the simplest dominoes rules. In fact, it is the most basic variant of domino game out of all its variations. Block game dominoes rules are focused on blocking your opponent from scoring. It can be done by making all ends of the same value that your opponent lacks. It is preferably played by 2 players using a double-six set.
Draw game of dominoes is categorized as a block domino game. Other games that are similar are chicken foot, blind Hughie, concentration, fortress, Cyprus, Mexican train, matador, tiddle-a-wink, Sebastopol, and tiddly wink.
Basic Dominoes Rules that You Should Follow in Playing Block Games
Like other dominoes rules, block games start off by shuffling the 28 tiles on the table faced-down. Each domino player shall draw 7 tiles. Whoever has the double-six domino value or the player with the highest value will start the game.
Once the first player is done playing his first tile, the succeeding players shall go ahead and lay their domino of choice as according to dominoes rules. The first domino that is laid on the table starts the game, which is like a domino tiles series wherein adjacent tiles should be of matching values. This is usually the highest value double, which is double-six.
If you’re not able to make move, the player is obliged by the dominoes rules to make a pass. Unlike other domino games, block domino game lets the player to choose whether or not to draw domino tiles from the stock (boneyard). The game ends as soon as a player runs out of dominoes. However, if the players still have tiles in their hands but there are no more moves to be made, then the game is ‘blocked’.
Block domino game has several variations:
Different numbers of domino tiles in the hands.
Draw the high tile in order to determine the lead in the first hand.
Draw the high tile in order to know the lead after a blocked round.
Determine the lead through requiring the double that is highest to be played first.
InEurope, some players changed the dominoes rules in scoring:
If the round winner was with a tile that could be played on both ends of the domino train, the opponent players’ scores will be doubled.
The opponents’ points will be doubled if the winner wins with dominoes that are double.
Scoring Dominoes Rules that You Should Know in Playing Block Games
As in all dominoes rules games, the winner of block domino game is the player with the lowest total points. In cases of ties, the domino player who holds the lowest individual tile shall be declared as winner.
To win this game, you should play a double or the strongest suit. Watch your opponent’s move. Figure and determine what the other player lacks. Last but not the least, search for ways you can block your opponent and lead the game towards your favor. Blocking your opponent is the number one priority in the block dominoes rules.
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About Me
Hi, I'm Tam! We all enjoy playing dominoes. But for those who are a little more competitive, my blog is here to help you understand the standard rules of this classic game. Enjoy!
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Whose first two hit albums were No Parlez and The Secret of Association ? | Paul Young | New Music And Songs |
Paul Young
About Paul Young
For much of the '80s, Paul Young rivaled Simply Red's Mick Hucknall as the top blue-eyed soul/pop singer in the U.K. In America, Young was known primarily for his lone chart-topper, "Every Time You Go Away," but was able to sustain his commercial success at home for much of the decade. He was chiefly an interpretive singer, and although he did write some of his own material, his greatest strengths lay in covering R&B classics and rescuing forgotten chestnuts from obscurity. Unfortunately, Young's career was interrupted periodically by difficulties with his voice, and those health problems substantially curtailed his activities in the '90s.
Paul Young was born in Luton, north of London in Bedfordshire, on January 17, 1956. He started his music career playing bass and guitar in several local bands, gradually working his way up to lead singer posts. Young first made a splash as frontman of new wavers the Streetband, who scored a national U.K. hit with 1978's "Toast." When they disbanded in 1979, Young and several bandmates quickly regrouped as the Q-Tips, a retro-minded soul outfit with a jones for classic Motown. With a self-titled album on Chrysalis and a relentless touring schedule, the Q-Tips generated significant interest in Young's solo potential, and in 1982 he signed with CBS, hastening the Q-Tips' breakup.
Young forged a songwriting partnership with Q-Tips keyboardist Ian Kewley, who also joined Young's new backing band, the Royal Family (complete with a subset of female backup singers dubbed the Fabulous Wealthy Tarts). His debut solo single, "Iron Out the Rough Spots," was released in late 1982, and was followed by a cover of Nicky Thomas' reggae-pop hit "Love of the Common People." Neither single did particularly well on the charts, but his version of the lesser-known Marvin Gaye number "Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home)" was a roaring success, topping the U.K. charts and pushing his debut album, No Parlez, to the same position later that year. No Parlez gave Young his first Top 40 hit in the U.S. with the Jack Lee-penned "Come Back and Stay" (a U.K. Top Ten), and also drew attention with its left-field cover of Joy Division's "Love Will Tear Us Apart." Young mounted an international tour in support of the album, which sold several million copies worldwide; afterwards, however, he suffered the first of numerous throat ailments which would pop up throughout his career.
Kept out of action for much of the latter half of 1984, Young nonetheless made a contribution to the Band Aid "Do They Know It's Christmas?" single, and returned to the U.K. Top Ten with a version of Ann Peebles' "I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down." The latter appeared on his sophomore album, The Secret of Association, released in 1985. That year, Young scored the biggest hit of his career with "Every Time You Go Away," a previously obscure Hall & Oates album track from 1980. "Every Time You Go Away" topped the pop charts in both the U.K. and U.S., ending up as far and away his biggest success in the latter. Young followed it with another U.K. Top Ten hit in the original "Everything Must Change," and watched The Secret of Association become his second U.K. chart-topping album.
Young concentrated mostly on original material (co-written with Kewley) on his third album, 1986's Between Two Fires. A slicker, less soul-flavored outing, Between Two Fires sold respectably to Young's U.K. fan base, but didn't produce any major hits, and slowed his momentum somewhat. In its wake, Young took several years off from recording, chiefly for personal reasons but also to rest his voice. He didn't return until 1990, when Other Voices restored his commercial standing with a reading of the Chi-Lites' classic "Oh Girl," his only other U.S. Top Ten. He returned to the U.K. Top Five in 1991 with "Senza una Donna (Without a Woman)," a duet with Italian pop singer Zucchero that appeared on Young's hits comp From Time to Time: The Singles Collection. In 1992, Young's version of Jimmy Ruffin's "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" rose from the Fried Green Tomatoes soundtrack to top the U.S. adult contemporary charts, even though it missed the pop Top 20.
By this time, health problems were beginning to exact a toll on Young's voice, yet he remained a viable performer. Released in 1993, The Crossing was his final album for Columbia, spawning the U.K. single "Now I Know What Made Otis Blue." In late 1994, Young issued an album of soul covers called Reflections on the smaller Vision Music label. He then disappeared for several years, giving occasional live performances but mostly resting his voice and procuring new material. Eventually, Young signed with East/West, for whom he released an eponymously titled album in 1997. Displaying a stronger country influence, the record failed to sell well even in the U.K., and Young found himself without a label again. In 1999 he mounted a small-venue tour of the U.K. that earned him solid reviews. He subsequently concentrated on Los Pacaminos, a Tex-Mex/country-rock band he'd started on an informal basis in the mid-'90s; they issued a self-titled debut album in 2002.
From this point on, Young divided his musical time between Los Pacaminos and his solo work, touring regularly and recording intermittently with both. Some of his time was occupied by non-musical pursuits, including appearances on the U.K. version of Celebrity MasterChef and Hell's Kitchen, televised opportunities to demonstrate his cooking skills. His first appearance on television arrived in September 2006 when he had a role on Celebrity MasterChef that coincided with the release of Rock Swings: On the Wild Side of Swing, a record where he reinterpreted rock songs in a big-band style. He continued to appear on TV and tour, but during this period his most noteworthy recording arrived in 2010 with "Come Back," a single by Chicane that interpolated Young's 1983 hit, "Come Back and Stay." His next recording was A Fistful of Statins, the 2014 album by Los Pacaminos. Two years later he returned to solo work with Good Thing, a 2016 album that returned him to soul. ~ Steve Huey, Rovi
| Paul Young |
Which Monty Python comedian wrote and sang the theme tune to BBC's One Foot In the Grave ? | The Secret Of Association - Paul Young - Listen to Free Music by Paul Young on Pandora Internet Radio
more
Paul Young
For much of the '80s, Paul Young rivaled Simply Red 's Mick Hucknall as the top blue-eyed soul/pop singer in the U.K. In America, Young was known primarily for his lone chart-topper, "Every Time You Go Away," but was able to sustain his commercial success at home for much of the decade. He was chiefly an interpretive singer, and although he did write some of his own material, his greatest strengths lay in covering R&B classics and rescuing forgotten chestnuts from obscurity. Unfortunately, Young's career was interrupted periodically by difficulties with his voice, and those health problems substantially curtailed his activities in the '90s.
Paul Young was born in Luton, north of London in Bedfordshire, on January 17, 1956. He started his music career playing bass and guitar in several local bands, gradually working his way up to lead singer posts. Young first made a splash as frontman of new wavers the Streetband, who scored a national U.K. hit with 1978's "Toast." When they disbanded in 1979, Young and several bandmates quickly regrouped as the Q-Tips, a retro-minded soul outfit with a jones for classic Motown. With a self-titled album on Chrysalis and a relentless touring schedule, the Q-Tips generated significant interest in Young's solo potential, and in 1982 he signed with CBS, hastening the Q-Tips' breakup.
Young forged a songwriting partnership with Q-Tips keyboardist Ian Kewley, who also joined Young's new backing band, the Royal Family (complete with a subset of female backup singers dubbed the Fabulous Wealthy Tarts). His debut solo single, "Iron Out the Rough Spots," was released in late 1982, and was followed by a cover of Nicky Thomas ' reggae-pop hit "Love of the Common People." Neither single did particularly well on the charts, but his version of the lesser-known Marvin Gaye number "Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home)" was a roaring success, topping the U.K. charts and pushing his debut album, No Parlez, to the same position later that year. No Parlez gave Young his first Top 40 hit in the U.S. with the Jack Lee-penned "Come Back and Stay" (a U.K. Top Ten), and also drew attention with its left-field cover of Joy Division 's "Love Will Tear Us Apart." Young mounted an international tour in support of the album, which sold several million copies worldwide; afterwards, however, he suffered the first of numerous throat ailments which would pop up throughout his career.
Kept out of action for much of the latter half of 1984, Young nonetheless made a contribution to the Band Aid "Do They Know It's Christmas?" single, and returned to the U.K. Top Ten with a version of Ann Peebles ' "I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down." The latter appeared on his sophomore album, The Secret of Association, released in 1985. That year, Young scored the biggest hit of his career with "Every Time You Go Away," a previously obscure Hall & Oates album track from 1980. "Every Time You Go Away" topped the pop charts in both the U.K. and U.S., ending up as far and away his biggest success in the latter. Young followed it with another U.K. Top Ten hit in the original "Everything Must Change," and watched The Secret of Association become his second U.K. chart-topping album.
Young concentrated mostly on original material (co-written with Kewley) on his third album, 1986's Between Two Fires. A slicker, less soul-flavored outing, Between Two Fires sold respectably to Young's U.K. fan base, but didn't produce any major hits, and slowed his momentum somewhat. In its wake, Young took several years off from recording, chiefly for personal reasons but also to rest his voice. He didn't return until 1990, when Other Voices restored his commercial standing with a reading of the Chi-Lites ' classic "Oh Girl," his only other U.S. Top Ten. He returned to the U.K. Top Five in 1991 with "Senza una Donna (Without a Woman)," a duet with Italian pop singer Zucchero that appeared on Young's hits comp From Time to Time: The Singles Collection. In 1992, Young's version of Jimmy Ruffin 's "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" rose from the Fried Green Tomatoes soundtrack to top the U.S. adult contemporary charts, even though it missed the pop Top 20.
By this time, health problems were beginning to exact a toll on Young's voice, yet he remained a viable performer. Released in 1993, The Crossing was his final album for Columbia, spawning the U.K. single "Now I Know What Made Otis Blue." In late 1994, Young issued an album of soul covers called Reflections on the smaller Vision Music label. He then disappeared for several years, giving occasional live performances but mostly resting his voice and procuring new material. Eventually, Young signed with East/West, for whom he released an eponymously titled album in 1997. Displaying a stronger country influence, the record failed to sell well even in the U.K., and Young found himself without a label again. In 1999 he mounted a small-venue tour of the U.K. that earned him solid reviews. He subsequently concentrated on Los Pacaminos, a Tex-Mex/country-rock band he'd started on an informal basis in the mid-'90s; they issued a self-titled debut album in 2002.
From this point on, Young divided his musical time between Los Pacaminos and his solo work, touring regularly and recording intermittently with both. Some of his time was occupied by non-musical pursuits, including appearances on the U.K. version of Celebrity MasterChef and Hell's Kitchen, televised opportunities to demonstrate his cooking skills. His first appearance on television arrived in September 2006 when he had a role on Celebrity MasterChef that coincided with the release of Rock Swings: On the Wild Side of Swing, a record where he reinterpreted rock songs in a big-band style. He continued to appear on TV and tour, but during this period his most noteworthy recording arrived in 2010 with "Come Back," a single by Chicane that interpolated Young's 1983 hit, "Come Back and Stay." His next recording was A Fistful of Statins, the 2014 album by Los Pacaminos. Two years later he returned to solo work with Good Thing, a 2016 album that returned him to soul. ~ Steve Huey
| i don't know |
Which farm dog watches over the home of Shaun the Sheep ? | Shaun The Sheep (Home Sheep Home 2 Free Download) - cheat-afrix: Free Cheat Game, Download Game Latest Update
Shaun The Sheep (Home Sheep Home 2 Free Download)
Shaun The Sheep Free Download
Alpha
Game Shaun Sheep Home Sheep Home 2 - animated story about a farm that contains a sheep, swine, and also the owner of the farm along with guard dogs. In the group of sheep led by a sheep named Shaun thin. At first I was not interested in all this animation, until one day when the home and accompany you to watch this animated film, the story is too funny. From there I became a fan of Shaun until now.
Shaun The Sheep Free Download
These are farmers who have farms. He ran into this field only in remote, rural agriculture a relatively large, with complete equipment. Its course adjacent to the farms and plantations. To help the work done, he hired guard dog.
Shaun The Sheep Free Download
Bitzer is a guard dog farmers believe. He believes not only save the changes of cattle sheep and pigs, but also trusted to manage the farm when the farmer is busy, and sometimes do stupid things such as farm house clean, repair roof leaks, and everything to do lazy farmer. Routine starts to open the cage, winding number of cattle, and sometimes smear (if farmers lazy), and ensure that all cattle under surveillance. In the work, he was always accompanied by whistles equipment.
Shaun The Sheep Free Download
Shaun The Sheep Free Download
Pidsley is a cat with a lazy farmer. He did not have a day job as Bitzer, other than sleeping and lazing around at home. He was always trying to attract attention and affection from the farmers. Pidsley always jealous of the closeness of farmers and Bitzer. With all the effort he always tries to destroy the work Bitzer. In addition, he is also feuding with Shaun and the gang, and always felt that the sheep just dumb animals. His attempt to injure always defeats by Bitzer and assisted by Shaun and sheep to another.
Shaun The Sheep Free Download
Shaun is a sheep farmer leaders . As a leader, Shaun has a privilege over other sheep, other than a thin body, she also has an excellent brain and an example to other sheep. Despite its slim, Shaun has a high courage, especially when facing his enemies, the Gang pig in a cage next to the famous silent and justify in any way to beat the sheep gang.
Shaun The Sheep Free Download
Shirley is the sheep the most fat and lazy. He is omnivorous, eating everything from the actual terms. Not only is he eating grass, but if when hungry, to any matter that is in front of him if he ate too. These habits are often the starting point of the existing problems in the field. Despite the acting sucks, he is always dependent on the Shaun and his team because of extraordinary energy, more powerful than the combination of all the sheep gang.
Shaun The Sheep Free Download
Timmy is the most junior member of the Gang of sheep, baby sheep just him alone among the favorite courses and other members of the sheep gang. He has always been a priority in security matters. Not much to tell from Timmy, Because he is the baby.
How many sheep on the farm has never been reliably Measured. This is so far the Debate for fans. Sometimes the numbers 6, 7, and sometimes more. Each team member has THEIR own skills, there is an intellectual with the electronic capabilities, there is a strong force and so on. That Shaun leadership skills will establish gang to solve any problem pig.
Shaun The Sheep - Home Sheep Home 2
| Bitzer |
Which James Bond film features two female bodyguards named Bambi and Thumper ? | List of Characters | Shaun the Sheep Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
The Farmer is a ketty, drum-and-bass-loving Welshman who runs the farm with Bitzer at his side. He is completely oblivious to the human-like intelligence of his flock. His disastrous attempts at dating are an ongoing joke of the series. He is voiced by John Sparkes .
Edit
The Pigs are the main antagonists of the series, they're always trying to antagonize the Sheep and get them into trouble. They are, however, scared of Bitzer, who puts them in line. They are bullies to Shaun and his flock, and they got told off in "Pig Trouble" ( Season 2 ) by The Farmer.
Edit
Pidsley is the cat, he's minor character in season 1 and major character in season 2 and desires to be the sole recipient of The Farmer's attention. He is jealous of Bitzer's relationship with the farmer and dislikes the sheep, thinking of them as stupid and beneath him.
The Flock
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Which six-a-side game was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan ? | History of Volleyball - William Morgan
By Mary Bellis
Updated February 03, 2016.
William Morgan invented volleyball in 1895 at the Holyoke, Massachusetts, YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he served as Director of Physical Education. Morgan originally called his new game of Volleyball, Mintonette. The name Volleyball came about after a demonstration game of the sport, when a spectator commented that the game involved much "volleying" and game was renamed Volleyball.
William Morgan was born in the state of New York and studied at Springfield College, Massachusetts. Ironically at Springfield, Morgan met James Naismith who invented basketball in 1891. Morgan was motivated by Naismith's game of basketball designed for younger students to invent a game suitable for the older members of the YMCA. William Morgan's basis for the new game of Volleyball was the then popular and similar German game of Faustball and a few other sports including: tennis (the net), basketball, baseball and handball.
The Morgan Trophy Award is presented annually to the most outstanding male and female collegiate volleyball player in the United States.
continue reading below our video
Profile of James Naismith
Established by the William G. Morgan Foundation in 1995 during the centennial year of volleyball, the trophy is named in honor of William Morgan.
To learn more about the history of Volleyball as a sport read Scott Hammon's article entitled For The Love of Volleyball. Scott Hammon is our About expert and guide to Volleyball .
| Volleyball |
Hampton Court Palace was originally built for which individual ? | The History of Volleyball
Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, USA
VOLLEYBALL
History.
Designed as an indoor sport for businessmen who found the new game of basketball too vigorous, volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical director of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass. He called it "mintonette," until a professor from Springfield College (Springfield, Mass.), noting the volleying nature of play, proposed the name of "volleyball." The first rules were written by Morgan and printed in the first edition of the Official Handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America (1897). The game soon proved to have wide appeal for both sexes in schools, playgrounds, the armed forces, and other organizations in the United States , and it was subsequently introduced to other countries.
In 1916 rules were issued jointly by the YMCA and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The first national U.S. tournament was conducted by the National YMCA Physical Education Committee in New York City in 1922. The United States Volleyball Association (USVBA) was formed in 1928 and recognized as the rules-making, governing body in the United States. From 1928 the USVBA--now known as USA Volleyball (USAV)--conducted annual national men's and senior men's (age 35 and older) volleyball championships except during 1944 and 1945 at the end of World War II. Its women's division was started in 1949, and senior women's (age 30 and older) was added in 1977. Other U.S. national events are conducted by member groups of the USAV such as the YMCA and the NCAA.
Volleyball was introduced to Europe by U.S. troops in World War I, and national organizations were formed. The F�d�ration Internationale de Volley Ball (FIVB; International Volleyball Federation) was organized in 1947 in Paris with the USVBA as one of the 13 charter members. FIVB membership grew to 210 member countries by the late 20th century.
International volleyball competition had been initiated in 1913 in the first Far East Games, in Manila. During the early 1900s and continuing until after World War II, volleyball in Asia was played on a larger court, with a lower net, and nine players on a team. Participants played fixed positions instead of rotating clockwise after gaining service; they returned to their positions after their time to serve.
The FIVB-sponsored world volleyball championships (for men only in 1949; for both men and women in 1952 and succeeding years) led to acceptance of standardized playing rules and officiating. Volleyball became an Olympic sport for both men and women at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo.
By the mid-1990s Soviet teams had won more world and Olympic titles, both men's and women's, than any other nation. Their success was attributed to widespread grass-roots interest and well-organized play and instruction at all levels of skill. The popularity of the game in the Soviet Union was proved by 40,000 spectators attending single matches at the 1952 World Championships in Moscow.
A highly publicized Japanese women's team, Olympic champions in 1964, reflected the interest of private industry in sport. Young women working in the same company gave their entire free time and energy to conditioning, team practice, and competition under expert and demanding coaching. They were encouraged by the Japanese Volleyball Association. This women's team made its mark in international competition, winning the world championship in 1962, 1966, and 1967, in addition to the 1964 Olympics. At the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, the United States won its first Olympic volleyball medals when its women's team captured the silver medal and its men's team won the gold medal.
European championships were long dominated by Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Soviet Union. Interest is growing in Australia, New Zealand, and throughout the South Pacific. The Pan American Games (involving South, Central, and North America) added volleyball in 1955, and Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Cuba, and the United States are frequent contenders for top honours. In Asia, China, Japan, and Korea dominate competition.
A four-year cycle of international volleyball events, recommended by the FIVB, began in 1969 with World Cup championships, to be held in the year following the Olympic Games; the second year is the World Championships; in the third come the regional events (e.g., European championships, Asian Games, African Games, Pan-American Games, etc.); and in the fourth year come the Olympic Games.
Beach volleyball --usually played, as its name implies, on a sand court with two players per team--was introduced in California in 1930. The first official beach volleyball tournament was held in 1948 at Will Rogers State Beach, Santa Monica, Calif., and the first FIVB-sanctioned world championship was held in 1986 at Rio de Janeiro. Beach volleyball was added to the roster of the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Ga.
Copyright � 1994-2001 Encyclop�dia Britannica, Inc.
In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!
The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.
Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.
In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.
1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.
1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba
1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports
1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico
1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay
1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games
1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to Brazil
In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".
1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.
In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.
In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.
In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.
1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American life
In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.
In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.
In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.
Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass
1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organized
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What is the nautical term bosun short for ? | Word List: Definitions of Nautical Terms and Ship Parts
Tweets by @schrisomalis
Nautical Terms
Ahoy, mateys! This be a fair and true listing of words having to do with ships and sailing, 225 of them in all. These terms come mainly from the great age of sailing ships, the 16th to 18th centuries, and almost all hail from the two great seafaring peoples of the day, those being the brave English and the most hated Dutch. Be fairly warned: I, being a landlubber of the most scurvy sort, know little of such nautical matters aside from what my word-books tell me, so if there are any sea-dogs out there who would deign to correct me on matters of seaman's cant and jargon, ye should holler from atop the crow's nest of your vessels. Ahoy!
Word
hardwood on either side of bowsprit through which forestays are reeved
belay
to secure a rope by winding on a pin or cleat
bilge
lower point of inner hull of a ship
binnacle
case in which a ship's compass is kept
bitts
posts mounted on a ship for fastening ropes
bluepeter
blue flag with white square in centre used as ship's signal
boatswain
ship's crewmember in charge of equipment and maintenance
bobstay
rope used on ships to steady the bowsprit
bollard
short post on a wharf or ship to which ropes are tied
boltrope
strong rope stitched to edges of a sail
bosun
anchor carried at bow of a ship
bowline
rope used to keep weather edge of a sail taut
bowsprit
spar that extends at bows of a ship
brails
ropes on edge of sail for hauling up
bream
to clean a ship's bottom by burning off seaweed
bulwark
the side of a ship above the deck
bumpkin
spar projecting from stern of ship
bunt
middle of sail, fish-net or cloth when slack
buntline
rope attached to middle of square sail to haul it up to the yard
burgee
small ship's flag used for identification or signalling
cable
heavy rope or chain for mooring a ship
cabotage
shipping and sailing between points in the same country
camber
slight arch or convexity to a beam or deck of a ship
capstan
upright device for winding in heavy ropes or cables
careen
to turn a ship on its side in order to clean or repair it
cathead
projection near the bow of a ship to which anchor is secured
chine
the intersection of the middle and sides of a boat
chock
metal casting with curved arms for passing ropes for mooring ship
clew
corner of sail with hole to attach ropes
coaming
raised edge around ship's hatches to keep water out
cocket
official shipping seal; customs clearance form
cofferdam
narrow vacant space between two bulkheads of a ship
cog
single-masted, square-sailed ship with raised stern
companionway
stairs from upper deck of ship to lower deck
cordage
ropes in the rigging of a ship
cringle
loop at corner of sail to which a line is attached
crosstrees
horizontal crosspieces at a masthead used to support ship's mast
davit
device for hoisting and lowering a boat
deadeye
rounded wooden block with hole used to set up ship's stays
deadwood
timbers built into ends of ship when too narrow to permit framing
demurrage
delay of vessel's departure or loading with cargo
dodger
shield against rain or spray on a ship's bridge
dogwatch
a short, evening period of watch duty on a ship
downhaul
rope for holding down or hauling down a sail or spar
dromond
large single-sailed ship powered by rowers
dyogram
ship's chart indicating compass deflection due to ship's iron
earing
line for fastening corner of a sail to the gaff or yard
ensign
part of ship's stern where name is displayed
fairlead
ring through which rope is led to change its direction without friction
fardage
wood placed in bottom of ship to keep cargo dry
fiddley
iron framework around hatchway opening
figurehead
ornament or (usually female) bust attached to the bow of a ship
flagstaff
flag pole at stern of a ship
fluke
part of an anchor that fastens in the ground
forebitt
post for fastening cables at a ship's foremast
forecabin
cabin in fore part of ship
forecastle
short raised deck at fore end of ship; fore of ship under main deck
forefoot
foremost end of ship's keel
foremast
mast nearest the bow of a ship
foresail
lowest sail set on the foremast of square-rigged ship
forestay
stay leading from the foremast to the bow of a ship
frap
to draw a sail tight with ropes or cables
freeboard
distance between waterline and main deck of a ship
futtock
spar on which head of fore-and-aft sail is extended
gaff-topsail
triangular topsail with its foot extended upon the gaff
gangway
either of the sides of the upper deck of a ship
garboard
plank on a ship�s bottom next to the keel
genoa
large jib that overlaps the mainsail
grapnel
small anchor used for dragging or grappling
groundage
a charge on a ship in port
gudgeon
metal socket into which the pintle of a boat's rudder fits
gunnage
number of guns carried on a warship
gunwale
upper edge of the side of a ship
gybe
to swing a sail from one side to another
halyard
rope or tackle for hoisting and lowering sails
hank
series of rings or clips for attaching a jib or staysail to a stay
hawse
distance between ship's bow and its anchor
hawsehole
sandstone material used to scrape ships' decks
inboard
inside the line of a ship's bulwarks or hull
jack
ship's flag flown from jack-staff at bow of vessel
jack-block
pulley system for raising topgallant masts
jack-cross-tree
single iron cross-tree at head of a topgallant mast
jackstaff
short staff at ship's bow from which the jack is hoisted
jackstay
iron or wooden bar running along yard of ship to which sails fastened
jackyard
spar used to spread the foot of a gaff-topsail
jib
small triangular sail extending from the head of the foremast
jibboom
spar forming an extension of the bowsprit
jibe
to change a ship's course to make the boom shift sides
jurymast
mast erected on ship in place of one lost
kedge
small anchor to keep a ship steady
keelhaul
to punish by dragging under keel of ship
keelson
lengthwise wooden or steel beam in ship for bearing stress
kentledge
pig-iron used as ballast in ship's hold
lagan
cargo jettisoned from ship but marked by buoys for recovery
lanyard
rope or line for fastening something in a ship
larboard
left side of a ship
lastage
room for stowing goods in a ship
lateen
triangular sail rigged on ship's spar
laveer
to sail against the wind
lazaret
space in ship between decks used for storage
leeboard
wood or metal planes attached to hull to prevent leeway
leech
a vertical edge of a square sail
loxodograph
device used to record ship's travels
luff
windward side of a ship; forward edge of fore-and-aft sail
lugsail
four-sided sail bent to an obliquely hanging yard
lutchet
fitting on ship's deck to allow mast to pivot to pass under bridges
mainmast
principal sail on a ship's mainmast
mainsheet
rope by which mainsail is trimmed and secured
mainstay
stay that extends from the main-top to the foot of the foremast
manrope
rope used as a handrail on a ship
martingale
lower stay of rope used to sustain strain of the forestays
mizzen
three-masted vessel; aft sail of such a vessel
mizzenmast
mast aft or next aft of the mainmast in a ship
moonraker
topmost sail of a ship, above the skyscraper
oakum
old ropes untwisted for caulking the seams of ships
orlop
lowest deck in a ship having four or more decks
outhaul
rope used to haul a sail taut along a spar
outrigger
spar extended from side of ship to help secure mast
painter
rope attached to bow of a boat to attach it to a ship or a post
pallograph
band by which a yard is fastened to a mast
patroon
captain of a ship; coxswain of a longboat
poop
enclosed structure at stern of ship above main deck
port
when facing forward, the left side of a ship
primage
fee paid to loaders for loading ship
purser
ship's officer in charge of finances and passengers
quarterdeck
part of ship's deck set aside by captain for ceremonial functions
quartering
sailing nearly before the wind
rake
the inclination of a mast or another part of a ship
ratline
small rope forming a rung of a rope ladder on a ship
reef
to reduce area of a sail by rolling or folding part of it
reeve
to pass a rope through a ring
roach
curved cut in edge of sail for preventing chafing
roband
piece of yarn used to fasten a sail to a spar
rostrum
spike on prow of warship for ramming
rowlock
contrivance serving as a fulcrum for an oar
royal
small sail on royal mast just above topgallant sail
scud
to sail swiftly before a gale
scupper
hole allowing water to drain from ship�s deck
scuttlebutt
cask of drinking water aboard a ship; rumour, idle gossip
scuttles
sail on the mast nearest the stern of a square-rigged ship
spar
any ship's mast, boom, yard, or gaff
spinnaker
large triangular sail opposite the mainsail
spirketting
inside planking between ports and waterways of a ship
sponson
platform jutting from ship�s deck for gun or wheel
sprit
spar crossing a fore-and-aft sail diagonally
spritsail
sail extended by a sprit
starboard
when facing forward, the right side of a ship
starbolins
sailors of the starboard watch
stay
large rope used to support a mast
staysail
fore-and-aft sail hoisted on a stay
steeve
to set a ship's bowsprit at an upward inclination
stemson
supporting timber of a ship
stern
back part of a ship
sternpost
main member at stern of a ship extending from keel to deck
sternway
movement of a ship backwards
stevedore
dock worker who loads and unloads ships
stokehold
ship�s furnace chamber
strake
continuous band of plates on side of a ship
stunsail
light auxiliary sail to the side of principal sails
supercargo
ship's official in charge of business affairs
taffrail
rail round the stern of a ship
thole
pin in the side of a boat to keep oar in place
tiller
handle or lever for turning a ship's rudder
timberhead
top end of ship's timber used above the gunwale
timenoguy
rope stretched from place to place in a ship
topgallant
mast or sail above the topmast and below the royal mast
topmast
ship's mast above the lower mast
topsail
ship's sail above the lowermost sail
tranship
to transfer from one ship to another
transire
ship's customs warrant for clearing goods
transom
transverse timbers attached to ship's sternpost
treenail
long wooden pin used to fix planks of ship to the timbers
trice
to haul in and lash secure a sail with a small rope
trunnel
wooden shipbuilding peg used for fastening timbers
trysail
ship's sail bent to a gaff and hoisted on a lower mast
tuck
part of ship where ends of lower planks meet under the stern
turtleback
structure over ship�s bows or stern
unreeve
to withdraw a rope from an opening
walty
inclined to tip over or lean
wardroom
| Boatswain |
Which cast member played the piano in the original Beyond the Fringe satirical revue of the early Sixties ? | Nautical Terms and Slang
NAUTICAL TERMS AND SLANG
Able Seaman
AIS
Automatic Identification System. Electronically exchanges ship data including: ID, position, course, and speed, with other nearby ships and VTS stations
AZIMUTH THRUSTER
Steerable thruster that protrudes below the vessel with the ability to rotate through nearly 360�
AZIPOD
Steerable thruster with electric propulsion motor installed within the pod outside the ship's hull
BAMBOO TICKET
Certificate of Competency obtained in Hong Kong
BELLY ROBBER
Insulting name for a Chief Steward
BILGE KEEL
A strake running along the ship's sides at the turn of the bilge, to reduce rolling of vessel
BINNACLE
The pedestal where the magnetic compass is mounted
BITTER END
The end of a rope that is tied off, hence the expression "to the bitter end". A bitt is a metal block with a cross-pin used for tying lines to, found on docks.
BITTER END
Also refers to the end link of an anchor chain where it is attached in the chain locker.
BLACK GANG
Boiler room firemen, who originally stoked the boilers with coal
BLUE STAR WELLIES
B.O.T. contraceptives issued on board. With a sensitivity rating equivalent to a wellington boot.
BOARD OF TRADE ACQUAINTANCE
Friend of another person that had sailed with. i.e. Signed on BOT articles
BOARD OF TRADE SPORTS
Fire, emergency and lifeboat drills
BOTTOM PLATES
The plates surrounding a large main engine at crankcase door level, above the tank tops
BOX BOAT
Bulkhead (partition), a wall within the hull of a ship, side of tank or compartment
BULKHEAD DYNAMO
Oil lamp, refers to when ship's generators were often shut down in port at night/or and unreliable
BUNK BOARD
Loose board that was placed down outside of bunk in heavy weather to prevent occupant falling out
BUNKERING
To load fuel oil from ashore or from a bunkering barge
BURGOO
In the British Royal Navy, refers to a thick oatmeal gruel or porridge
BURMA ROAD
Access alleyways below main deck, either side of hatches on a container ship running full length of ship
CHAIN LOCKER
A compartment usually at the forward end of a ship which is used to store the anchor chain
CHIPPY
A rope block heaved to its full extent.
CHUNDER
Originates from when seasick sailors would stick their head out of a porthole. As they did this they would shout "Watch Under"
CHUNDER BOX
Toilet
CONNY ONNY
Tinned Condensed Milk, probably from Liverpool slang. Normally watered down to resemble fresh milk before frozen homogenized milk was available.
CROW'S NEST
A structure in the upper part of the mainmast of a ship that is used as a lookout point
DECKHEAD
A deckhead is the underside of a deck in a ship. As a ceiling to the room of a house.
DECKHEAD INSPECTION
All wings and legs served to lesser mortals after Passengers and Senior Officers were satisfied
DHOBI
To wash clothing or linen. Origin from Indian sub-continent where a Dhobi is a washerman
DHOBI DUST
Washing powder
DHOBI RASH
Tinea cruris, fungal skin infection of the groin often mistakenly supposed from not rinsing clothes enough, but actually due to excess sweating
DOCKING BOTTLE
Bottle of Duty Free Liquor purchased from bond before entering port
DODGER
Wind brake fitted to the front of bridge wings to deflect wind and rain from watch-keeper's face
DONKEY BOILER
Originally a boiler on deck to provide steam for sail winches. Now a synonym for an auxiliary boiler
DONKEYMAN
Engine room rating that operated the donkey (auxiliary) boiler.
DOSE
Sexually transmitted disease
DPS
Dynamic positioning system, a means to automatically maintain a ship�s position and heading by using her own propellers and thrusters
DR
Seaman's Book Entry, Declined to report which was really bad
DUCT KEEL
Box structure running from the forward engine room bulkhead to the collision bulkhead and are utilized to carry pipelines and cables
DUNNAGE
Timber used in the stowage of cargo to prevent damage to ship and cargo. Air-bags are commonly used today.
EPIRB
Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon
FARMER
Third AB on a Bridge watch. So named because he was paid for doing "very" little
FIDDLES
Frames around dining tables and galley stoves to prevent items spilling onto the deck in rough weather
FIELD DAY
A day when all were turned to, to carry out a task (normally unpleasant). In the Navy, "field day" refers to a thorough cleaning of the ship's spaces
Fo'c'sle
Alternative spelling for forecastle. The foremost part of the upper deck
FORECASTLE
The foremost part of the upper deck
FORCED DRAFT JOB
A generously proportioned young lady
GADGET
Another name for toilet which used to be situated at the bow
HEAVY LIFT JOB
A generously proportioned young lady
HEAVY LIFT SHIP
Heavy Lift ships are specifically designed to carry heavy or oversized cargo, such as Starman America
HOLYSTONE
Large block of sandstone used to scrub wooden sheathed decks
IMARSAT
Inmarsat plc is an international telecommunications company operating system of geosynchronous telecommunications satellites
IN THE OFFING
Vessels awaiting entry to a port, sometimes, due to adverse wind conditions would stand OFF the land and sail back and forth till a berth was available.
IRISH PENNENT
Any loose whipping or halyard flapping aloft which offends the eye of the Bridge Officer
JASPER
Blaberus giganteus or the giant cockroach
KEEL
A structural keel is a large beam around which the hull of a ship is built
KNOCK OFF
Another name for "hair of the dog". Recovery drink after a night ashore
LOGGING
Up in front of the Skipper to get a bollocking and your name in the log book and the loss of TWO days pay
MIDDLE PLATES
The floor plates surrounding a large main engine half way up
MONKEYS FIST
End knot for a heaving line
MONKEY ISLAND
Ship's upper bridge, or deck above bridge on modern vessel
NAVTEX
Automated system for instantly distributing maritime navigational warnings, weather forecasts and warnings
NETTY
Once commonly used in South Shields to describe the toilet. Originally were the nets spread forward at the bow to be used by the crew as a toilet area.
OLD MAN
Indicates the draft of the ship and the legal limit to which a ship may be loaded for specific water types and temperatures
PROFESSIONAL THIRD
Third Engineer with years of experience, but no Certificate so unable to progress to Second Engineer.
POET'S DAY
Friday. P**s Off Early Tomorrows Saturday
PUNCHING THE TUBES
Cleaning boiler tubes
RADAR
Radio Detection and Ranging. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, direction and speed of both moving and fixed objects
RDF
Radio Direction Finder. A radio receiver for finding the direction to a radio source
RING BOLTERS
The illegal practice of the crew carrying girl friends between New Zealand ports
ROCK DODGING
On a Home Trade run
ROUND TURN
Manoeuvre carried out in emergency to avoid collision and to rapidly slow vessel.
S.A.R.T.
Search and Rescue Transponder . Device used to locate survival craft or distressed vessels by creating a series of dots on a rescuing ship's 3 cm radar display
SAT C
Leader of "party" girls from ashore
SHORT ARM INSPECTION
Medical inspection for sexually transmitted disease. Normally carried out in the USA and Australia
SHOW A LEG
Wake up, R.N. term from when shore women slept onboard. The owner of a hairy leg would be "started" by the Bosun.
SKY PILOT
Priest / Seaman's Mission Padre
SMOKO
Tea or coffee break. Refers to when 90% sailors smoked tobacco and could smoke during break times
SOOGIE (SOOGEE)
Caustic soda in solution with other detergent for cleaning paintwork. Also a verb meaning to clean
SPURLING PIPE
Steel pipe through which anchor cable passes and leads down to the chain locker
SPARKY
Radio Officer
SUB
An advance against one's wages, esp. one granted as a subsistence allowance. From when wages were paid at the end of a voyage.
STEM
The upright member mounted on the forward end of a vessel's keel, to which the strakes are attached
STRAKE
Steel plating on the exterior hull of a vessel, running longitudinally along the vessel from the stem to the stern
TABNABS
Small items of food offered at break times, such as biscuits and cakes normally made by the ship's baker
TANGLEMATIC
Twin tub washing machine. Named in desperation after the effect it had on your washing!
TANK TOP
Normally refers to the top of a double bottom tank, which in the case of an engine room is equivalent to floor
THE CHANNELS
A state of high euphoria when almost home to see family/friends after a long trip! With ref. to English Channel
THUNDERBOX
Toilet hung over the stern of a vessel
TICKET
Certificate of Competency. i.e. Master's Certificate, Chief Engineer's Certificate etc.
TIGER
Captain's Steward
TONNAGE HATCH
A small hatch, normally aft on shelter-deck vessel. Related to old Tonnage Regulations and theoretically could not be watertight.
TOP END SPANNER
Start work
TWEEN DECK
Deck(s) below the main deck. Originally on sailing ships open to weather and used for cargo or steerage passengers
UHF
Ultra High Frequency radio. Generally used for onboard communications and between ship and oil rigs/platforms etc.
VHF
Very High Frequency radio. Used for short range ship to ship and ship to shore communications
VNC
Seaman's Book Entry, Voyage not completed. On occasions seaman had jumped ship or discharged for some other reason.
WAISTERS
Press ganged land lubbers no use as sailors or aloft splicing etc, used only in the waist of sailing ships heaving lines, honing decks etc
WELL DECK
Upper deck situated between two blocks of accommodation. Also a hangar like deck located at the water line in the stern of some amphibious assault ships
WINDLASS
Machine for raising and lowering the anchor(s)
WOODS
The Lignum vitae bearings commonly used in stern-tube bearings, prior to sealed white metal bearings.
WORKING ALLEY
Alleyway through accommodation that also served as access to machinery space
Please leave any more terms/slang on the Log Book
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Who was British Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905 ? | Arthur James Balfour Prime Minister 1902-1905
Arthur James Balfour Prime Minister 1902-1905
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Arthur James Balfour Prime Minister 1902-1905
Arthur James Balfour was British Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party in he period 1902-1905. He was well connected, his uncle was Lord Salisbury Prime Minister with whom he served his apprenticeship as private secretary and subsequently as Chief Secretary for Ireland between 1887-1891. During that time he became known as ‘Bloody’ Balfour. In keeping with his background he was educated at Eton and Trinity College Cambridge, he was also a member of the Royal Society and British Association and a supporter of early genetics research, his brother being a leader in the field at that time. He was no intellectual slouch but largely viewed as an unsuccessful Prime Minister. His personal style being no small factor in his difficulties.
This quote alone shows that he was not known to be man of the people and belonged more to the previous 19th Century rather than the pre-war climate at the start of the 20th.
“The General Strike has taught the working class more in four days than years of talking could have done.”
Arthur Balfour on the General Strike
He was a subtle thinker but not possessed of natural charisma a work of distinction being “Defence of Philosophic Doubt in 1879” in this work Balfour makes a powerful argument for intellectual liberty in the face of growing dogmatic scientism. Intriguing in itself but not our focus here.
Famous or Infamous for his ‘Balfour Declaration’ 1917
But Balfour is remembered most for the ‘Balfour Declaration’ a grand name for a modest and short letter written to a member of the Rothschild’s family indicating that the British Government were minded to look favourably on a home for the Jewish people in Palestine. Just two years later in 1919 see what Balfour says to Curzon a direct quotation:
“in Palestine we do not propose even to go through the form of consulting the wishes of the present inhabitants of the country….The Four Great Powers are committed to Zionism. And Zionism, be it right or wrong, good or bad, is rooted in age-long traditions, in present needs, in future hopes, of far profounder import than the desires and prejudices of the 700,000 Arabs who now inhabit that ancient land……….”
Balfour to Curzon 1919, maybe the meaning of the declaration is pretty irrelevant by then…
The intent and meaning and repercussions of those words continue to echo down the decades to the present time. If ever there would be an example of how even in a letter we should be very precise and economic with words that might otherwise be misinterpreted then this was it. But more of that later.
“I thought Winston Churchill was a young man of promise, but it appears he is a young man of promises.”
Arthur Balfour, ironic given he position over broken promises to the Arabs and his own statements
Education Act 1902 and Committee for Imperial Defence
Balfour’s other accomplishments (whilst PM) were the Education Act of 1902 which essentially introduced local accountability and responsibility under the LEA system for secondary education, which would enable higher education to develop in the UK and deserves coverage in its own right in respect of its contribution to Social Change and Reform , so more of that later.
The Conservative party was also embroiled in its own internal divisions in respect of Tariff Reform and Balfour had tried to diffuse the issue by the creation of the Committee for Imperial Defence but this did not prevent a landslide defeat in the 1906 election which would lead to the Liberal government taking power. This in turn would the People’s Budget to the House and cause an outright confrontation with the Conservative led House of Lords in 1908, casing a constitutional crisis in its own right. Arguably a domino effect. Not all down to the account of Balfour but his personal style or lack of it did not help.
Aristocratic, aloof and sometimes described as ‘languid’
Balfour was not a personable man, was aristocratic and aloof in his personal style and not a natural leader of men. Politics was becoming fierce and intense in the pre-WW1 environment and the demands it made on its protagonists did not suit him. He resigned as leader of the Party having lost the 1906 election in 1911.
However whist he had resigned his absence was not permanent and he returned to office during World War I as Foreign Secretary in 1917 under the Lloyd George’s Coalition which having divided the Liberal Party was facing one half under Asquith as the official opposition, an extraordinary situation and was therefore increasingly reliant amongst Conservatives in its ranks. Ironic given previously they had been its opposition.
It was whilst Foreign Secretary, he wrote his fateful letter, for which he is largely remembered by historians. However was he just the instrument of policy or the formulator of it? Were those few words deliberately well chosen or just an act of random fate on a bad day? The subject is expansive and tied loosely into one of the main drivers of WW1 Imperialism or for Britain the beginning of the end perhaps as Victoria’s Empire placed Britain stretched across many borders, governing lands it knew too little about and defending against the competitive acquisitive nature of the Germans and the Kaiser?
Too much to tackle here but a key document is a short note the Balfour Letter as much as a ‘Declaration’ it reads more as a note between parties who knew one another well in social circles outside office hours. Plenty to explore here, so watch for our British Empire Tract WW1 and more to come as we research these areas from a number of perspectives. You can be certain we have not heard the last of that short letter yet or the last of Mr Balfour.
Whilst the Foreign Secretary had retired from the Commons he did of course get his place with the Barons/Lords and became the 1st Earl of Balfour. He had retreated from the demands of mass democracy not suited to his nature or abilities and represented the last of the late Victorian politicians to hold the Premiership.
| Arthur Balfour |
Which retail guru presented the TV series Mary Queen of Shops ? | BBC - History - British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline
On This Day
Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline
Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'?
Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole.
Margaret Thatcher
Conservative, 1979 - 1990
Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century.
James Callaghan
Labour, 1976 - 1979
Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1974 - 1976
In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'.
Edward Heath
Conservative, 1970 - 1974
Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kippur War. In March 1974, Heath called a general election on the question of 'who governs Britain?' - the unions, or the elected representatives of the people. To his surprise the result was a hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) and he was ousted.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1964 - 1970
In 1964, 'Good old Mr Wilson' - an avuncular, pipe-smoking figure - came to power amid much excitement and optimism. He had promised a 'new Britain' forged in 'the white heat of a second industrial revolution'. In reality, his administration never escaped from a cycle of economic crises, vainly battling against further devaluations of the pound. Wilson won a second general election in 1966 (the year England lifted the football World Cup) making him the first Labour PM to serve consecutive terms. In 1967, the government failed in its application for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) and was also finally forced to devalue sterling. The electorate became disillusioned with Wilson, who lost narrowly to the Conservatives in the 1970 election.
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Conservative, 1963 - 1964
In 1963, a change in the law allowed hereditary peers to disclaim (or 'drop') their titles, which in turn meant they were able to become members of parliament (MPs). The only peer ever to do so and become prime minister was Douglas-Home, formerly the 14th Earl of Home, who assumed the office when Harold Macmillan retired due to ill health. He was the first prime minister in the post-war period not to win his own mandate (be elected or re-elected by popular vote).
Harold Macmillan, Conservative, 1957 - 1963
Macmillan came to power at a time when Britain was confronting its loss of world-power status and facing mounting economic troubles. Nonetheless, he successfully associated the Conservatives with a new age of affluence and the burgeoning consumer revolution. But his oft-quoted assurance 'You've never had it so good' actually finishes 'What is beginning to worry some of us is, is it too good to be true?'. His government is principally remembered for the so-called 'Profumo Affair', a sex scandal that erupted in 1963 and contributed to the Conservatives' defeat at the general election the following year. Secretary of State for War John Profumo had been having an affair with a showgirl who was also seeing the Soviet naval attaché to London - a serious transgression at the height of the Cold War. After lying to the House of Commons, Profumo admitted the truth in June 1963 and resigned in disgrace. Macmillan resigned due to ill health in October the same year.
Sir Anthony Eden, Conservative, 1955 - 1957
When Sir Winston Churchill retired due to ill health, Eden took over as prime minister. Many years before, Churchill had anointed Eden as his successor, but later acknowledged he had made 'a great mistake'. His opinion was born out as the new PM blundered into the Suez Crisis. Following Egypt's decision to nationalise the Suez canal, Britain (the principal shareholder), France and Israel invaded in October 1956 to near-universal condemnation and the threat of nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union. Within a week, Britain was forced into an embarrassing climb-down. Humiliated and in ill-health, Eden left the country for a holiday at the Jamaican home of James Bond author, Ian Fleming. He returned in mid-December to the sarcastic newspaper headline: 'Prime Minister Visits Britain'. He resigned on 9 January 1957.
Sir Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1951 - 1955
Churchill's desire to return to power, despite his assured place in history, had much to do with his belligerent refusal to accept that the British public had rejected him in 1945. Now the electorate was seeking to put behind it the hardships and privations of the post-war years under Clement Atlee and return to a more traditional idea of society - so-called 'housing and red meat' issues. Churchill tried - and failed - to recreate the dynamism of his wartime administration, and he struggled to adjust to the political realities of the Cold War, preferring direct action and personal diplomacy to proxy wars and cabinet consensus. His refusal to retire, despite suffering a stroke, caused mounting frustrations among his colleagues. At the age of 80, he finally conceded to his failing health and stepped down, although he continued to serve as an MP.
Clement Attlee, Labour, 1945 - 1951
World War Two had sharply exposed the imbalances in Britain's social, economic and political structures. For a population that had sacrificed so much, a return to the pre-war status quo was simply not an option. In 1942, a report by Sir William Beveridge, chairman of a Ministry of Health committee, had advocated a system of national insurance, comprehensive welfare for all and strategies to maintain full employment. The 'Beveridge Report' formed the basis of Labour pledges in the 1945 election and resulted in a landslide victory. Attlee's government successfully harnessed the wartime sense of unity to create the National Health Service, a national insurance scheme, a huge programme of nationalisation (including the Bank of England and most heavy industries) and a massive building programme. He also made Britain a nuclear-armed power. These sweeping reforms resulted in a parliamentary consensus on key social and economic policies that would last until 1979. But by 1951, a row over plans to charge for spectacles and false teeth had split the cabinet. Party disunity and a struggling economy contributed to Attlee - cruelly dubbed by Churchill 'a modest man with much to be modest about' - losing the next election.
Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1940 - 1945
By the time Churchill was asked to lead the coalition government in 1940, he had already enjoyed colourful and controversial careers as a journalist, soldier and politician. He had twice 'crossed the floor' of the House of Commons, the first time defecting from Conservative to Liberal and serving as First Lord of the Admiralty during the early years of World War One. Demoted in the wake of the slaughter at Gallipoli, he preferred to resign and take up a commission fighting on the Western Front. Despite standing against the Conservatives in a 1924 by-election, Churchill was welcomed back into the party that same year and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years under Stanley Baldwin. But personal disagreements and his vehement anti-Fascism would lead to nearly a decade in the political wilderness. Following Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill finally realised his 'destiny' and accepted the office of prime minister. Promising nothing more than 'blood, toil, tears and sweat', he almost single-handedly restored Britain's desire to fight on in adversity. Despite Churchill's enormous personal popularity, by 1945 the electorate no longer wanted a war leader and the Conservatives lost by a landslide.
Neville Chamberlain, Conservative, 1937 - 1940
Rarely has the hyperbole of politicians been as resoundingly exposed as when Neville Chamberlain returned from his 1938 negotiations with Adolf Hitler, brandishing his famous 'piece of paper' and declaring the agreement it represented to be 'peace for our time'. Within a year, Germany had invaded Poland and Britain was plunged into World War Two. With his policy of 'appeasement' towards Hitler utterly bankrupted, Chamberlain resigned in 1940. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. When the issue of honours was discussed, he stated that he wanted to die 'plain Mr Chamberlain, like my father'. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was the politician who split the Conservatives in 1903 by pushing for tariffs on imported goods. It was this very issue that convinced Churchill to defect to the Liberals, with whom he first achieved high office. Chamberlain died six months after resigning.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1935 - 1937
When Baldwin returned to power in 1935, the financial crisis sparked by the Wall Street Crash six years before appeared to be over. It was to be swiftly replaced by a constitutional crisis brought about by Edward VIII's desire to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Simpson. Baldwin advised Edward that Mrs Simpson would not be accepted as Queen by the public, and that the king could not condone divorce as head of the Church of England. The king proposed a 'morganatic' marriage, whereby Mrs Simpson would become his consort, but not Queen. The government rejected the idea and threatened to resign if the king forced the issue. The story then broke in the press, to general disapproval by the public. Rather than break the engagement, Edward abdicated on 11 December 1936. Credited with saving the monarchy, Baldwin is also condemned for failing to begin re-arming when it became clear that Nazi Germany was building up its armed forces.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1929 - 1935
MacDonald began his second term at the head of a minority government (one that does not have an outright majority) and with the economy in deep crisis. Britain was still in the grip of the Great Depression and unemployment soon soared to two million. With fewer people able to pay tax, revenues had fallen as demand for unemployment benefits had soared. Unable to meet the deficit, by 1931 it was being proposed that benefits and salaries should be cut. Labour ministers rejected the plan as running counter to their core beliefs. MacDonald went to the king, George V, to proffer his resignation. George suggested MacDonald to try and form a 'national government' or coalition of all the parties. (This is the last recorded direct political intervention by a British monarch.) The National Government was formed, with MacDonald as prime minister, but Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative Party, the de facto 'power behind the throne'. MacDonald is still considered by many in the Labour Party as their worst political traitor.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1924 - 1929
In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress called for a general walkout in support of a coal miners' protest against threatened wage cuts. It was the first and, to date, only general strike in British history. The strike affected key industries, such as gas, electricity and the railways, but ended after just nine days due to lack of public backing and well-organised emergency measures by Baldwin's government. Far from succeeding in its aims, the General Strike actually led to a decline in trade union membership and the miners ended up accepting longer hours and less pay. It also gave impetus to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act, which curtailed workers' ability to take industrial action. Baldwin's government also extended the vote to women over 21 and passed the Pensions Act, but eventually fell as a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Depression that followed.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1924
In 1924, MacDonald briefly became the first Labour prime minister, ending two centuries of Conservative - Liberal domination of British politics. It was the first party to gain power with the express purpose of representing the voice of the 'working class'. An MP since 1906, MacDonald was respected as a thinker, but criticised by many within his own party as insufficiently radical (despite appointing the first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, in 1929). His opposition to World War One had made him deeply unpopular and he continually suffered a torrid time at the hands of the press. The publication by two newspapers of the 'Zinoviev letter' did much to damage his chances in the run up to the 1924 election. The letter (which he had seen but decided to keep secret) purported to be from Soviet intelligence and urged British communists to commit acts of sedition. He lost by a wide margin. The letter is now widely accepted to be a fraud.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1923
During his very brief first term as prime minister, Stanley Baldwin bumped into an old school friend on a train. Asked what he was doing these days, Baldwin replied: 'I am the prime minister.' Having come to power following Andrew Bonar Law's resignation, he called an election in the hope of gaining his own mandate (election by popular vote), but lost.
Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative, 1922 - 1923
Branded the 'unknown prime minister' by his bitter political rival HH Asquith, Canadian-born Bonar Law is principally remembered for a single speech he made in 1922. The Conservatives had been part of a coalition under the Liberal prime minister, David Lloyd George, since 1916. Many were considering joining Lloyd George permanently, but Bonar Law's speech changed their minds. Instead, the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition and Lloyd George was forced to resign. The king, George V, asked Bonar Law to form a new government. Reluctantly he accepted, despite still grieving two sons killed in World War One and - as it turned out - dying of throat cancer. He held office for 209 days before resigning due to ill health. He died six months later and was buried at Westminster Abbey, upon which Asquith commented: 'It is fitting that we should have buried the Unknown Prime Minister by the side of the Unknown Warrior.'
David Lloyd George, Liberal, 1916 - 1922
Lloyd George guided Britain to victory in World War One and presided over the legislation that gave women the vote in 1918, but he is remembered as much for his private life as his public achievements. Nicknamed the 'Welsh Wizard', he was also less kindly known as 'The Goat' - a reference to his countless affairs. (Scandalously, he lived with his mistress and illegitimate daughter in London while his wife and other children lived in Wales.) The first 'working class' prime minister, Lloyd George had risen to prominence by solving the shortage of munitions on the Western Front. It was his desire to get to grips with the requirements of 'total war' that led to his split with then Liberal Prime Minister HH Asquith. It also brought him closer to the Conservatives, with whom he formed a new coalition government when Asquith resigned. That coalition would disintegrate six years later in the midst of a scandal. Serious allegations were made that peerages had been sold for as much as £40,000. (One list even included John Drughorn, who had been convicted for trading with the enemy in 1915.) Lloyd George resigned in October 1922.
HH Asquith, Liberal, 1908 - 1916
Asquith's government had shown great longevity, but disintegrated in the face of the unequalled disasters of the Somme and Gallipoli. With World War One going badly, fellow Liberal David Lloyd George had seized his chance and ousted Asquith. But in the preceding eight years, the two politicians had together overseen one of the greatest constitutional upheavals of the 20th Century and ushered in some of the predecessors of the Welfare State. Old Age Pensions were introduced and Unemployment Exchanges (job centres) were set up by then Liberal minister Winston Churchill. But when Lloyd George attempted to introduce a budget with land and income taxes disadvantageous to the 'propertied' classes, it was thrown out by the House of Lords. Lloyd George branded the Lords 'Mr Balfour's poodle' (a reference to Conservative leader AJ Balfour's supposed control over the peers). The stand-off resulted in two general elections during 1910, the second of which the Liberals won with a 'peers against the people' campaign slogan. The budget was passed and, in 1911, the Parliament Act became law. The Act stated that the Lords could only veto a Commons bill twice, and instituted five-yearly general elections.
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal, 1905 - 1908
Arthur James Balfour, Conservative, 1902 - 1905
The nephew of the Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour had none of his uncle's political skills despite a long period of mentoring. He was instead something of a philosopher, publishing several weighty books, including 'A Defence of Philosophic Doubt', 'The Foundations of Belief', and 'Theism and Humanism'. Following a cabinet split Balfour resigned, gambling that the Liberals would be unable to form a government and that he would be returned to power. He was wrong.
Marquess of Salisbury, 1895 - 1902, Conservative
Salisbury came to power for the third and final time when the weak Liberal government of the Earl of Rosebery fell. The political climate was one of rising resentment among the lower and middle classes, who demanded better conditions, social reforms and proper political representation. Bitterly divided, the Liberals would nonetheless experience a revival as they sought reforms of the squalid, disease-ridden British 'concentration camps' used in the Boer War. But it was the founding of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) on 27 February 1900 that signalled a quiet, yet highly significant sea-change in British politics. This coalition of socialist groups would win two seats in the 1900 general election and 29 seats in 1906. Later that same year, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party. Despite failing health, Salisbury agreed to stay on to help Edward VII manage the transition following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. He resigned in favour of his nephew, AJ Balfour, in the first months of the new King's reign. (Notably, he was the last serving prime minister to sit in the Lords.)
Earl of Rosebery, Liberal, 1894 - 1895
Rosebury reluctantly became prime minister on the insistence of Queen Victoria, despite still mourning the loss of his wife. Desperate to have a minister she actually liked, Victoria had taken the unusual step of not consulting the outgoing PM, William Gladstone, about his successor. Rosebery, who always loved horseracing more than the 'evil smelling bog' of politics, was gratefully allowed to resign a year later. Notably, he is the only prime minister to have produced not one, but three Derby winners, in 1894, 1895 and 1905. (Despite his aversion to politics, Rosebery was no stranger to scandal. The Prince of Wales had reputedly once intervened to prevent him from being horsewhipped by the Marquess of Queensbury, with whose son Rosebery was believed to be having an affair. Queensbury's other son was Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover.)
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1892 - 1894
Gladstone's fourth term as prime minister was completely overshadowed by his insistence on introducing a third bill on the subject of 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords threw the bill out and generally obstructed Liberal attempts to pass legislation. With his cabinet split and his health failing, the 'Grand Old Man' stepped down for the last time. The public was, in any case, exhausted with Home Rule and instead wanted reforms to working conditions and electoral practices. (Meanwhile, out on the political fringe, the Independent Labour Party had been set up under Keir Hardie to represent the working class and 'secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'. Leading figures in the party included George Bernard Shaw and Ramsay MacDonald.)
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1886 - 1892
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1886
Gladstone came to power for the third time with 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland still the dominant issue. A bitter election battle had seen the Conservative government fall after Irish Nationalist members of parliament sided with the Liberals to defeat them. Instead, the Liberals formed a government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists and Gladstone tried to push through his second attempt at a Home Rule bill. The bill split the Liberals and Gladstone resigned. He lost the general election when the 'Liberal Unionists' - those who wanted Ireland to be ruled from Westminster - broke away from Gladstone's Liberals to fight the next election as a separate party. Most Liberal Unionists were of the 'Whig' or propertied faction of the party, which meant that when they went, they took most of the money with them.
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1885 - 1886
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1880 - 1885
Having failed to force Gladstone to serve under Lord Hartington, Queen Victoria reluctantly accepted 'that half-mad firebrand' as prime minister for the second time. He had only lately returned to politics from retirement after his so-called 'Midlothian Campaign', in which he spoke to large crowds - a practice considered by polite Victorian society to be 'undignified'. His campaign did much to discredit Disraeli's government and had clearly struck a chord with a public eager for social and electoral reform. The Ballot Act in 1872 had instituted secret ballots for local and general elections. Now came the Corrupt Practices Act, which set maximum election expenses, and the Reform and Redistribution Act, which effectively extended voting qualifications to another six million men. There were other burning issues. The United States had just overtaken Britain as the world's largest industrialised economy, and 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland continued to dominate. In seeking support for Home Rule, James Parnell's Irish Nationalists sided with the Conservatives to defeat a Liberal budget measure. Gladstone resigned and was replaced by the 'caretaker government' of the Marquess of Salisbury.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1874 - 1880
After a brief taste of power in 1868, it had taken Disraeli six years to become prime minister again. He wasted no time in bringing about the social reforms he had envisaged in the 1840s as a member of the radical Young England group. His Acts included measures to provide suitable housing and sewerage, to protect the quality of food, to improve workers rights (including the Climbing Boys Act which banned the use of juveniles as chimney sweeps) and to implement basic standards of education. In 1876, Disraeli was made the Earl of Beaconsfield, but continued to run the government from the Lords. He persuaded Queen Victoria to take the title 'Empress of India' in 1877 and scored a diplomatic success in limiting Russian influence in the Balkans at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He retired in 1880, hoping to spend his remaining years adding more novels to his already impressive bibliography, but died just one year later.
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1868 - 1874
Upon taking office for the first time Gladstone declared it his 'mission' to 'pacify Ireland' - a prize that was always to elude him. Nonetheless, Gladstone was to become the dominant Liberal politician of the late 19th Century, serving as prime minister four times despite earning Queen Victoria's antipathy early in his career. (She famously complained that 'he always addresses me as if I were a public meeting'.) He had started his career as an ultra-conservative Tory, but would end it as a dedicated political reformer who did much to establish the Liberal Party's association with issues of freedom and justice. But Gladstone also had his idiosyncrasies. He made a regular habit of going to brothels and often brought prostitutes back to 10 Downing Street. In an era when politicians' private lives were very private, his embarrassed colleagues nonetheless felt it necessary to explain his behaviour as 'rescue work' to save 'fallen women'.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1868
On being asked to become prime minister following the resignation of the Earl of Derby, Disraeli announced: 'I have reached the top of the greasy pole'. He immediately struck up an excellent rapport with Queen Victoria, who approved of his imperialist ambitions and his belief that Britain should be the most powerful nation in the world. Unhappily for the Queen, Disraeli's first term ended almost immediately with an election victory for the Liberals. Despite serving as an MP since 1837 and twice being Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli's journey to the top was not without scandal. In 1835, he was forced to apologise in court after being accused of bribing voters in Maidstone. He also accrued enormous debts in his twenties through speculation on the stock exchange. Disraeli suffered a nervous breakdown as a result, but eventually paid off his creditors by marrying a rich widow, Mary Anne Wyndam Lewis, in 1839.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1866 - 1868
The introduction of the 1867 Reform Act made Derby's third term as prime minister a major step in the true democratisation of Britain. The Act extended the vote to all adult male householders (and lodgers paying £10 rental or more, resident for a year or more) living in a borough constituency. Simply put, it created more than 1.5 million new voters. Versions of the Reform Act had been under serious discussion since 1860, but had always foundered on Conservative fears. Many considered it a 'revolutionary' move that would create a majority of 'working class' voters for the first time. In proposing the Reform Act, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Leader of the House of Commons, had warned his colleagues that they would be labelled the 'anti-reform' party if they continued to resist. The legislation was passed, and also received the backing of the Liberals under their new leader, William Gladstone.
Earl Russell, Whig, 1865 - 1866
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal, 1859 - 1865
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1858 - 1859
The property qualification - the requirement that a man must own property in order to stand as a member of parliament - was finally abolished during Derby's second term as prime minister. It meant that members of parliament (MPs) were no longer drawn exclusively from the 'propertied' classes and could realistically be 'working class'. This fulfilled one of the six conditions set out by the Chartists - supporters of the Third Chartist Petition, written in 1838. It demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for MPs, and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament).
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal , 1855 - 1858
Earl of Aberdeen, Tory, 1852 - 1855
It was something of a cruel irony that Aberdeen came to be blamed for blundering into the dreadful Crimean War. As plain George Hamilton Gordon he had made a successful career as a diplomat and had done much to normalise Britain's relationships with its powerful neighbours. Vivid reports from the front by WH Russel of the Times have since led to the Crimean being styled the first 'media war'. His reports publicised the squalor and disease that were claiming more soldiers' lives than the fighting, and inspired Florence Nightingale to volunteer and take the first 38 nurses out to treat the wounded. In 1855, Aberdeen conceded to his critics and resigned.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1852
Earl Russell, Whig, 1846 - 1851
Confronted by the Irish Potato Famine, declining trade and rising unemployment, Russell still managed to push through trade liberalisation measures and limits on women's working hours. A dedicated reformer, he nonetheless presided over the rejection of the Third Chartist Petition. Set out 1838, it demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for members of parliament (MPs), and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Already rejected once by parliament in 1839, the petition had gathered 5 million signatures by 1848. Presented to parliament a second time, it was again rejected. The Chartist movement slowly petered out, even as revolutions blazed across Europe, but many of its aims were eventually realised.
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1841 - 1846
Peel's second term as prime minister was nothing short of tumultuous. Economic depression, rising deficits, Chartist agitation, famine in Ireland and Anti-Corn League protests crowded in. A raft of legislation was created to stabilise the economy and improve working conditions. The Factory Act regulated work hours (and banned children under eight from the workplace), the Railway Act provided for cheap, regular train services, the Bank Charter Act capped the number of notes the Bank of England could issue and the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground. But a failed harvest in 1845 provided Peel with his greatest challenge. There was an increasing clamour for repeal of the Corn Laws, which forbade the import of cheap grain from overseas. Powerful vested interests in the Tory Party opposed such a move, but in the end Peel confronted them and called for repeal. After nearly six months of debate, and with the Tories split in two, the Corn Laws were finally repealed. Defeated on a separate issue, Peel resigned the same day, but was cheered by crowds as he left the Commons. (The 'Peelite' faction of the Tories is widely recognised as the foundation of the modern Conservative.)
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1835 - 1841
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1834 - 1835
Invited by William IV to form a new government, Peel immediately called a general election to strengthen his party. Campaigning on his so-called 'Tamworth Manifesto', Peel promised a respectful approach to traditional politics, combined with measured, controlled reform. He thereby signalled a significant shift from staunch, reactionary 'Tory' to progressive 'Conservative' politics. Crucially, he pledged to accept the 1832 Reform Act, which had recently increased the number of people eligible to vote. Peel won the election, but only narrowly. He resigned the following year after several parliamentary defeats. (Peel is probably best remembered for creating the Metropolitan Police in 1829 while Home Secretary in the Duke of Wellington's first government. The nickname 'bobbies' for policemen is derived from his first name.)
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1834
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1834
In a bid to repress trade unions, Melbourne's government introduced legislation against 'illegal oaths'. As a result, the Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union failed. In March of the same year, six labourers were transported to Australia for seven years for attempting to provide a fund for workers in need. They became known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'. Melbourne himself was notoriously laid back. When first asked to become prime minister he declared it 'a damned bore'. Having accepted, he would often refuse to allow his cabinet colleagues to leave the room, insisting 'I'm damned if I know what we agreed on. We must all say the same thing.'
Earl Grey, Whig, 1830 - 1834
In June 1832, the Reform Act finally passed into law after 15 torrid months of debate. It extended the vote to just 7% of the adult male population, based on a series of lowered property qualifications. Introduced in March 1831, the bill scraped through the Commons by a single vote, but was thrown out at the committee stage (when the bill is debated in detail - sometimes called the 'second reading'). Parliament was dissolved and the general election was fought on the single issue of the Reform Act - an unprecedented event in British political history. The Whigs won the election and passed the bill, but the House of Lords (with a majority of Tories) threw it out, sparking riots and civil disobedience across the country. With the spectre of France's bloody revolution clearly in mind, William IV eventually agreed to create 50 Whig peers to redress the balance in the Lords if the bill was rejected again. The Lords conceded and the Act was finally passed into law. After all his efforts, Earl Grey is principally remembered for giving his name to a fragrant blend of tea.
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1828 - 1830
Wellington's first term in office was dominated by the thorny subject of Catholic emancipation. Catholics were permitted to vote, but were not allowed to sit as members of parliament (MPs) and had restrictions on the property they could own. Initially, the 'Iron Duke' was staunchly in favour of the status quo, but soon came to realise that emancipation might be the only way to end conflict arising from the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland in 1801. He became such an advocate that he even fought a duel with the 10th Earl of Winchilsea over the issue. The Earl had accused him of plotting the downfall of the 'Protestant constitution', but then backed down and apologised. They still had to go through the ritual of the duel at Battersea Fields, with both men deliberately firing high and wide. Wellington eventually drove the legislation through, opening the way for Catholic MPs.
Viscount Goderich, Tory, 1827 - 1828
George Canning, Tory, 1827
Canning finally became prime minister after a long career in politics, only to die of pneumonia 119 days later. He had famously fought a duel in 1809 with his bitterest political rival, Lord Castlereagh, and was shot in the thigh. Castlereagh committed suicide with a penknife in 1822, after becoming depressed about his falling popularity.
Earl of Liverpool, Tory, 1812 - 1827
Liverpool is the second longest serving prime minister in British history (after Robert Walpole), winning four general elections and clinging on to power despite a massive stroke that incapacitated him for his last two years in office. Liverpool became PM at a time when Britain was emerging from the Napoleonic Wars and the first rumblings of 'working class' unrest were just beginning to be felt. Staunchly undemocratic in his outlook, Liverpool suppressed efforts to give the wider populace a voice. He was unrepentant when, in 1819, troops fired on a pro-reform mass meeting at St Peter's Fields in Manchester, killing eleven - the so-called 'Peterloo Massacre'. Trade unions were legalised by the 1825 Combination Act, but were so narrowly defined that members were forced to bargain over wages and conditions amid a minefield of heavy penalties for transgressions. (Liverpool's one concession to popular sentiment was in the trial of Queen Caroline on trumped up adultery charges. The legal victimisation of George IV's estranged wife, who was tried in parliament in 1820, brought her mass sympathy. Mindful not to provoke the mob in the wake of Peterloo, the charges were eventually dropped.)
Spencer Perceval, Tory, 1809 - 1812
Perceval bears a dubious distinction as the only British prime minister to be assassinated. As chancellor of the exchequer he moved in to 10 Downing Street in 1807, before rising to the office of prime minister two years later. His 12 young children - some born while he was in office - also lived in the PM's crowded residence. Against expectations, he had skilfully kept his government afloat for three years despite a severe economic downturn and continuing war with Napoleon. He was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons on 11 May 1812 by a merchant called John Bellingham who was seeking government compensation for his business debts. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1807 - 1809
Lord Grenville, Whig, 1806 - 1807
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1804 - 1806
Faced by a fresh invasion threat from Napoleon, George III once again turned to Pitt. A shadow of his former self due to failing health and suspected alcoholism, Pitt nonetheless accepted. He made alliances with Napoleon's continental rivals - Russia, Austria and Sweden - then, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson shattered French invasion hopes at the Battle of Trafalgar. Pitt did not have long to savour victory before Napoleon defeated both Russia and Austria to stand astride the whole of Europe. Heartsick, utterly exhausted, penniless and unmarried, Pitt died on 23 January 1806 at the age of 46.
Henry Addington, Tory, 1801 - 1804
Addington secured the Peace of Amiens with France in 1802, but would see Britain plunge into war with Napoleon again just two years later. He also passed the first Factory Act into law. The Act was the earliest attempt to reform working conditions in factories. It set a maximum 12 hour working day for children and addressed issues like proper ventilation, basic education and sleeping conditions. (Notably, his government also awarded Edward Jenner £10,000 to continue his pioneering work on a vaccine for smallpox.) But he was generally poorly regarded, prompting the satirical rhyme 'Pitt is to Addington, as London is to Paddington' - a reference to his distinguished predecessor as prime minister, William Pitt.
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1783-1801
Pitt 'the Younger' was the youngest prime minister in British history, taking office at the tender age of just 24. But his youth did not seem to disadvantage him as he threw himself into the manifold problems of government, holding on to the top office for 17 years - fifteen years longer than his father, Pitt 'the Elder'. His first priority was to reduce the National Debt, which had doubled with the loss of the American colonies in 1783. George III's mental illness then threw up the spectre of a constitutional crisis, with the transfer of sovereignty to the erratic Prince of Wales only narrowly averted by the king's recovery. Further threats to the monarchy emanated from across the Channel, with the bloody French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent war with France in 1793. War increased taxes and caused food shortages, damaging Pitt's popularity to the extent that he employed bodyguards out of fear for his safety. In a bid to resolve at least one intractable conflict, he pushed through the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800, but the related Emancipation of Catholics Bill was rejected by the king a year later. Having lost George III's confidence, Pitt was left with no option but to resign.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1783
Earl Shelburne, Whig, 1782 - 1783
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1782
Lord North, Tory, 1770 - 1782
North is chiefly somewhat unfairly remembered as the prime minister who lost the American colonies. Groomed by George III to lead his parliamentary supporters, North was fiercely loyal to his king, whose policy it had been to 'punish' the American colonials. The American War of Independence, reluctantly entered into by both sides, had been prosecuted at the king's behest in retaliation for their refusal to pay more towards their own defence. As hostilities progressed, North's blundering and indecision worsened an already difficult situation, and by 1782 it was clear that the outcome was likely to be a disaster. He begged George III to be allowed to resign, but the king refused to release him until the war was over. North has since become the yardstick for prime ministerial mediocrity, with later PMs being criticised as 'the worst since Lord North'.
Duke of Grafton, Whig, 1768 - 1770
An unremarkable prime minister, Grafton had a quite remarkable appetite for extra-marital affairs and openly kept several mistresses. He scandalised polite society in 1764 by leaving his wife and going to live with his mistress, Anne Parsons, also known as 'Mrs Houghton'. (Horace Walpole referred to her derisively as 'everybody's Mrs Houghton'.) Popular opinion had disapproved of Grafton's behaviour, until his wife did something even more shocking. She eloped with the Earl of Upper Ossory and had a child by him. Grafton divorced her in 1769, then abandoned Mrs Houghton and married Elizabeth Wrottesley, with whom he had 13 children. The Mrs Houghton ended up marrying the king's brother. This unsuitable union gave impetus to the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, which decreed that the monarch had to give permission for all royal weddings.
Earl of Chatham, Pitt 'The Elder', Whig, 1766 - 1768
Pitt 'the Elder' is widely credited as the man who built the British Empire, although much of this was done in the role of secretary of state under the governments of the Duke of Newcastle. He chose his fights carefully, conducting military campaigns where conditions were best suited to British merchants. Pitt added India, West Africa, the West Indies and the American colonies to Britain's overseas possessions, and was persistently belligerent towards colonial rivals like France and Spain. His relentless imperialism kept the merchants happy but infuriated men like Newcastle who counted the financial cost of his wars. Pitt was a superb public speaker and a master of the devastating put-down, but his career was dogged with recurrent mental illness and gout. Ironically, it was during his term as prime minister that he was at his least effective, often struggling to build support. He collapsed in the House of Lords in October 1768 and died four days later. (Pitt was the MP for a 'burgage borough' - an empty piece of land with no-one living on it. His constituency, Old Sarum, was a mound in Wiltshire. On polling day, seven voters met in a tent to cast their votes.)
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1765 - 1766
George Grenville, Whig, 1763 - 1765
Grenville is one of the few prime ministers to have been sacked by the monarch. He was fired after a row with George III over who should rule in his place if his mental health continued to deteriorate.
Earl of Bute, Tory, 1762 - 1763
Bute was one of Britain's more unpopular prime ministers. Things came to a head when he failed to lower the taxes he had raised to fight France in the American colonies. Rioting erupted, his effigies were burnt and the windows in his house were smashed. Bute was generally disliked by colleagues and public, and was lampooned for his 'fine pair of legs', of which he was reputed to be extremely proud. His close relationship with the Prince of Wales's widow, the Dowager Princess Augusta, was also the subject of much scurrilous gossip. The nickname 'Sir Pertinax MacSycophant' was a contemptuous reference to the Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was murdered three months after his meteoric assent by his own bodyguard. Unable to muster support in parliament, Bute resigned in 1763.
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1757 - 1762
Newcastle healed his rift with Pitt 'the Elder' by inviting him to serve in his government as secretary of state. Effectively a power-sharing coalition of two powerful men, the relationship gave birth to the British Empire. Their government eventually fell as a result of the new king, George III's hostility to Pitt, who had sought to restrict the influence of the monarch in political matters.
Duke of Devonshire, Whig, 1756-1757
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1754 - 1756
Newcastle became PM after his brother, Henry Pelham, died in office. It is the only instance of two brothers serving as prime minister. Newcastle enraged Pitt 'the Elder' by refusing to promote him in the new government, then compounded the insult by sacking him.
Henry Pelham, Whig, 1743 - 1754
Earl of Wilmington, Whig, 1742 - 1743
Sir Robert Walpole, Whig, 1721 - 1742
Walpole is widely acknowledged as the first prime minister, although he never actually held the title. He was also the longest serving, lasting 21 years. But Walpole's first stint in government, as secretary of war, had ended inauspiciously with a six month spell in the Tower of London for receiving an illegal payment. Undeterred, he rose to power again on the back of a collapsed financial scheme in which many prominent individuals had invested. Walpole had the foresight (or luck) to get out early, and as a result was credited with great financial acumen. George I invited him to become chancellor and gave him the powers that came to be associated with the office of prime minister. His owed his longevity in office (and the incredible wealth he accumulated) to a combination of great personal charm, enduring popularity, sharp practice and startling sycophancy. The accession of George II saw him temporarily eclipsed, but he worked hard to win over the new monarch. He was rewarded with both the new King's trust and 10 Downing Street, which remains the official residence of the prime minister to this day. Walpole was eventually brought down by an election loss at Chippenham and died just three years later.
| i don't know |
With the exception of its short coastline, The Gambia is bordered on all sides by which other West African country ? | africa – Juju en route
By lacroixjul 1 Comment
Hakuna Matata! What a wonderful phrase. Hakuna Matata! Ain’t no passing craze. It means no worries for the rest of your days. It’s our problem-free philosophy. Hakuna Matata!
Does this catchy song ring a bell? Reminds you of a lion, a meerkat and a warthog happily singing in the jungle? Hakuna Matata was indeed a very popular song in the Waltz Disney movie of The Lion King. However, this wonderful phrase is actually an expression used across East Africa meaning ‘no worries’ in Swahili, describing the positive and easy-going African lifestyle. Well, this is exactly how I can recap my week on the heavenly island of Zanzibar.
Since I’m having such a wonderful experience in SA, I decided to extend my contract at the orphanage for another few weeks. Therefore, in order to renew my South African visa, I had to leave the country for a few days to be eligible for a new stamp on my return (perfect excuse for a little vacation, right?). With South African winter at our doorstep, my holiday criteria were clear: heat and beach! I might be Canadian, but it’s getting freaking cold down here! Thus, I opted for Zanzibar, an exotic place I was dreaming of visiting. ☀️
Zanzibar is an archipelago of 50 islands with a population of a 1.3 million, nestling in the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean. Unguja, the main island, is located 36km off the African East coast and 6 degrees from the Ecuador. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, which means they still have their own President and government, and they deal with their own internal matters. Over the centuries, Zanzibar has been colonized and occupied by explorers, traders and settlers of several nationalities (Swahili, Persians, Arabs, Indians and Europeans) becoming today a small nation rich in history and culture. For decades, Zanzibar was mainly used as a slave-trading port until this practice was abolished in 1890. Today, the economy of Zanzibar relies on tourism and spices exportation (Zanzibar was once the world’s leading clove producer!).
Stone Town
Sunset boat cruise
A few highlights of my trip…
-My visit to a spice farm where my senses were highly stimulated. I got the chance to smell, taste and feel dozens of local spices including cinnamon, coffee, nutmeg, ginger and of course cloves.
-I also had the privilege to pet and feed giant tortoises of over 200 years old in a sanctuary in Stone Town (the nation’s capital).
-Finally, yes I did enjoy the pristine beaches on a daily basis, but a visit to Zanzibar would not have been complete without visiting the underwater world. Therefore, I spent my last day scuba diving, exploring the depths of the Indian Ocean where I spotted turtles, starfishes and massive schools of colourful fishes.
It was the perfect Hakuna Matata type of holiday where I fully recharged my batteries before heading back to my ‘mommy’ role at Othandweni. It’s now time to make the most of my last moments with my little ones… 3 weeks before my big departure!
Visiting the spice farm in style!
Underwater treasures
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It’s been 6 months now since I left home and I’m presently visiting my 6th country on my itinerary, South Africa. So far my journey has been way above my expectations. The people I’ve met, the places I’ve seen, the cultures I’ve come across, have all changed my perspective on life. This experience has open my mind and my heart on a whole new level. I’ve learned to fully embrace every day, to appreciate the little things life gives us and to simply be happy! 😊
Ok enough with the cheesiness! 😝
I arrived in South Africa at the end of February to attend the Ultra electronic music festival, which I’ve been impatiently waiting for since last year! After having spent six months in developing countries arriving in Johannesburg (the largest city in the country) was a bit of a reverse culture choc, but at the same time, it felt good to be in a familiar environment. Flashing my Canadian flag throughout the festival was an easy way to make new friends, but also a great way to get the attention from the DJ’s. I must say I was pretty stunned when Skrillex yelled “Canada is in the house!!” during his set!! 🇨🇦
After the festival, it was now time to start my second volunteering project. I am currently based in Soweto for the next few months. Soweto is a large township outside Johannesburg with a population of two million (Soweto stands for SOuth WEstern TOwnship). It was originally developed in the early 1900 for the black population who were working in the gold mines. Soweto is also famous for being the hometown of Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu; both Nobel Peace Prize winners. Despite being strongly affected by the apartheid, Soweto is now a modern and touristy place. I’ve been living here for three weeks now and I’m already feeling at home.
View from the Orlando Towers
Saturday morning run
Beautiful green parks
I am presently working at the Othandweni orphanage, which means ‘Place of Love’ in Zulu (one of the eleven South Africa official languages). There are 90 children living in this lovely government-funded children home. I’m mainly in charge of taking care of the babies in the nursery (bathing, feeding, changing, playing) but I also spend time with the older kids helping them with homework, house chores or simply being a shoulder to lean on. My goal for this project is to give as much love, attention and care to those beautiful little souls. These children all have different past and individual stories but they are all looking for the same things: affection, friendship and love.
“Give your hands to serve and your heart to love.” -Mother Theresa
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My two months journey in East Africa began and finished in the fascinating country of Kenya. I remember when I first landed in Nairobi; seeing skyscrapers, highways, shopping malls everywhere for the first time in Africa was almost shocking! I felt like I was on another continent! What surprised me the most however was the multiculturalism, especially in metropolis like Nairobi and Mombasa. Through the years, Kenya became a melting pot of traditional tribes, urban families, expats and of course tourists from around the world. I could finally walk in the streets or in the grocery store without being the odd one because of my skin color!
Nairobi, the national capital
-Nyama choma (barbecued meat, often goat)
-Ugali (cornmeal dough)
-Masala chai (very sweet spiced tea)
Visited places during my trip: Nairobi, Mount Kenya, Masai Mara National Park, Eldoret, Mombasa and Diani
Interesting facts:
-The ‘Big fives’ (lions, elephants, buffaloes, leopards and rhinoceros) are found all around the country. They are considered the five most difficult animals in Africa to hunt on foot.
-The sceneries of the Waltz Disney movie The Lion King were inspired by the Kenyan national parks.
-The black rhino is the most endangered specie in Kenya. Poachers are hunting them for their horns.
-Coffee is the country’s biggest income generator, followed by tourism. Ironically, most Kenyan don’t consume coffee which is considered an export product. They prefer tea and beer instead.
-The minimum legal wage is 160$/month.
-No matter the religion or gender of a person, polygamy became legal in Kenya last year!
-Kenya is one of the most corrupted country in the world..
My Kenyan highlight moments:
My Mount Kenya trekking is still my highlight of my African trip so far (see Mount Kenya Expedition ) but I will also always remember my amazement during my first game drive in the Masai Mara. There is something very unique about seeing elephants, giraffes and buffaloes in the wild for the first time. Unfortunately I didn’t get the chance to see the ‘big five’ (I missed the lions, leopards and rhino) but I’m crossing my fingers to spot them during my travels around South Africa!
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Tradionnal dancers
Everyone remembers the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, the dreadful blood bath between the Tutsis and the Hutus. For myself, I was too young to recall the event but I surely do remember watching the movie Hotel Rwanda and being stunned by the story. I was happy that this small intriguing country was on our group tour itinerary. I was very curious to discover what Rwanda is all about today. The minute we crossed the border, I was in love! Volcanos and rainforests as far as our eyes can see, roads in perfect conditions (they even have sidewalks and bike lanes!), absolutely no sign of pollution (finally, an African country that believes in garbage cans!), houses and schools are nicely built and taking care of, AND, most of the Rwandan speak French! Wow! 👍 Despite this, 57% of Rwandan still live below the poverty line. They are simply very hard-working people who are proud of their country, striving to rebuild their economy and reputation.
We only spent 3 days in Rwanda but it was enough to get a glimpse of their beautiful culture and to learn about the history of the country. However, the dark days are finally behind. The Rwandan were able to turn the page and open a new chapter. Rwandan don’t differentiate themselves by tribes anymore, but consider themselves as one nationality. Nowadays, you don’t hear about ‘Tutsis’ or ‘Hutus’, but ‘Rwandans’. Rwanda has now become a very politically stable country, with no corruption. It’s impressive how an awful event had such a positive change for a country. Rwanda is a perfect example of a nation that was able to apologize, put the past behind in order to progress towards a bright future. Respect! 🙌
Gorilla tracking time!
Capital: Kigali
Languages: Kinyarwanda, French and English
Visited places during my trip: Kigali (Genocide Memorial Center), Musanze and the Parc National des Volcans
Famous for:
-The movie Hotel Rwanda
-Dian Fossey, an American zoologist who devoted her life to the study and the protection of mountain gorillas.
-Coffee and tea plantations
Interesting facts:
-Rwanda has the world’s highest number of women working at the parliament (56%)! Go women power!
-To preserve the natural beauty of the country, the government enforces a strict ban on plastic bags. You can even get fined if the police finds a plastic bag in your luggage at the border!
-Just like The Gambia, the last Saturday of every month is a national community service/cleaning day called the Umuganda. Every Rwandan (including the President) must clean their neighborhood or help building community centers (schools, medical centers, hydroelectric plants). No wonder the country is so clean!
-Rwanda, ‘Le Pays aux Milles Collines’ (the Land of Thousand Hills) got its name because of its endless rolling grassy hills, mountain ranges and volcanoes.
-Rwanda is one of the smallest nation and most densely populated countries in the world…
My highlight moment: My trek in the Parc National des Volcans in search of mountain gorillas! Mountain gorillas can only be seen in the nature in 3 different countries (Rwanda, Uganda and Congo); they can’t survive in captivity. So it is a pretty unique experience to get an encounter with these big intimidating primates! However, contrary to the commercial image of the fierce King Kong, gorillas are actually very nice and tolerant towards humans (let’s not forget they have 98% of our genes!). After one hour of trekking through the dense rainforest we finally arrived to our designed family, the Umubano group. It was pretty amazing to hang out with three silverback, but also with a little 3 months old baby! I must say gorillas are very charismatic creatures! I was impressed on how they didn’t mind us at all, they were just moving around us, like we were part of their family! This is definitely a must for everyone who comes in Eastern Africa! 🙂
Crossing the Equator
Cup of tea anyone?
The Pearl of Africa, this is how Winston Churchill named Uganda after his visit in 1907. I quickly understood why after spending a few days in this beautiful, stable and welcoming country. First, the landscape is simply stunning: savannahs, rainforests, mountain ranges, lakes, waterfalls, rice fields and of course, the endless green fields of tea, coffee, bananas, pineapples and avocados plantations. I was so mesmerized by the scenery, that I couldn’t keep my eyes off the bus windows. For once, those long driving days were kind of enjoyable. Secondly, the country has a very rich wildlife. Almost all your typical African animals are found in Uganda: lions, elephants, giraffes, hippopotamus, gorillas, chimpanzee, more than 1000 species of birds and the list goes on. Uganda is also the adrenaline center of East Africa. Rafting, bungee, mountain biking, rock climbing…everything is available to make you sweat or scream a little! And on top of that, Ugandan are very hospitable, smiling and warm people. One thing I won’t forget is the company of young Ugandans during my daily runs. Each time I was out on the road, there was always at least one (or many!) child/teenager joining me for a few meters or kilometers. In Masala, a young soccer player asked me if he could run with me (well that’s what I figured he was asking because he didn’t speak a word English!). We ended up running 8km at a pretty fast pace (he was the one leading!) in the hilly Ugandan country roads! I didn’t enjoy the view much, but at least I got a pretty good workout! I definitely don’t have a teenager’s stamina anymore!
Queen Elizabeth Park
Languages: Lugandan, Swahili and English
Traditional dishes: Matoke (mash banana/plantain), Ngege (tilapia served with peanut sauce) and Mandazi (sweet doughnut)
Found in Uganda:
-Rwenzori, the tallest mountain range in Africa
-Victoria Lake, the continent’s largest lake
-Nil River, the world’s longest river (surges out of Lake Victoria)
-Murchison Falls, world’s most powerful waterfalls
-“Go big or go home” should be the country’s motto!
Fun facts:
-They make about everything with their endless bananas: cake, mash, sauce, beer, even wine!
-Uganda has been ranked as one of the biggest alcohol consuming nation in the world! (I must admit that their beer is pretty good!)
-The country has the fifth highest fertility rate in the world, with an average of 6 children born/woman.
-They have a ‘non official’ tree cutting rule: whenever someone cuts a tree, he/she has to replant another one. Apparently this rule is well followed all around the country.
-The most used mode of transportation are bicycles.
Visited places during my trip: Kampala, Queen Elizabeth National Park, Lake Bunyonyi, Masaka and Jinja
My highlight moment: Definitely my rafting trip on the Nil!! Not only did I have the chance to run the world’s longest river in an inflatable boat, but I went through (and survived!) a dozen level 4 and 5 rapids! Yes, we tipped over a few times and yes, even if I’m a good swimmer, I must admit I got a little petrified! Swimming in rapids of this scale was a first for me! But we all made it safe and sound and we can definitely say it was a pretty good bang for your buck! 🙂
A Nile by the Nile
Getting wet!!
By lacroixjul 2 Comments
Going on a safari tour was on my bucket list. I mean, I couldn’t come to Africa and not see an elephant or a giraffe in the wild right? Since I am traveling solo and there’s so much to see and do in East Africa I thought it could be fun to try the group tour thing. While I was in The Gambia, I spent numbers of hours researching on the different companies, the different routes, the different activities offered. I knew I wanted an adventurous kind of trip where we would camp, see all kinds of animals, experience the culture and that would suit my budget. So I finally booked a 16 days trip (20% off because of low season! Bonus!) with the company Intrepid and opted for the Kenya-Uganda-Rwanda route.
My next blog entries will be about the three visited country on my trip, but for now, here are my pros and cons of my first group tour.
The Good Sides:
-No planning to do. Everything is perfectly organized, from the route to the activities to the meals. It’s considerably less time consuming (and stressful) than traveling solo so more time to relax and enjoy the holidays!
-I did 2 weeks of camping (for me that is a big plus!). Intrepid provides the tents and mats so you only have to bring your sleeping bag. I must say that sleeping beside elephants and hippos is a pretty unique experience! Although you don’t feel like going peeing in the middle of the night!
-Comfy ride. I got to travel in a comfortable truck (no chicken or goat running around like the public transport in Senegal!), and because we were only 13, we even had our own double seat! No one had to fight for a window seat during game drives!
-Having a local guide 24/7. Forget the Lonely Planet, we had our own live encyclopedia to teach us about the country and the culture, tell us stories and answer any of our questions!
-Finally, I think the best aspect of a group tour is the chance to meet and socialize with a very nice group of travelers. Although the age on my tour was ranging from 21 to 83 (!!), we all got along pretty well! I met very interesting people from different generations, from all around the globe. In two weeks time, we shared some pretty good memories and lots of laughs! 🙂
Gorilla tracking in Rwanda
The Not-So-Good-Sides:
-Don’t have much liberty. When you book a tour you’re kinda ‘stuck’ with the itinerary. So even if you fall in love with a place, you still have to pack up the next day and follow the rest of the crew. I would probably still be in Lake Bunyonyi if not…
-A lot of time on the road! We did a few (too many!) 8+ hours driving days. I should have known that covering three countries in two weeks would mean a lot of bussing… At least the scenery was pretty impressive!! And thank god for podcasts and my entertaining fellow travelers!
-You don’t get to interact as much with the locals. Since you’re traveling with a group and stay in the touristic areas, you don’t have many opportunities to meet locals. Especially after living 3 months on the west coast and traveling by myself for a few weeks, I was kinda enjoying hanging out with Africans all the time!
-You eat whatever’s on the daily menu. Don’t get me wrong, our tour chef was great but I didn’t get to taste the local flavor as much as I wanted to! Yes for cheap street food!!
-It’s more expensive than traveling solo, but you get to do and see more in less time. So at the end of the day, you get your bang for your buck!
-And finally, as much as I’m a social person, I also like my ‘me time’. When you are traveling with a group it is often difficult to spend time by yourself. My solution: Everyday when we were arriving at our destination, I was putting on my running shoes and see ya later alligators! For me it was the best way of exploring a new place but also of escaping the group for a little while.
Running in Lake Bunyonyi
This trip did fulfill (almost) all of my expectations. Each country was unique in all its aspects (sceneries, wildlife, culture, language, people)! Two weeks was also a good length for a group tour (for me) but it is also VERY short to make it worth the visit of three countries. I did enjoy every minute of my trip but feel like these countries have so much more to offer. It’s like eating just the ‘M&M’ in the trail mix. Yes, they are most people’s favorites, but almonds, peanuts, cashews, raisins are also really good to eat and part of the mix!!
Overall, I’m happy I did this trip. I did a LOT and seen a LOT in a short period of time; I could never have done the same thing by myself in the same length of time. But on the other hand, this trip also made me realize how I like my liberty of traveling on my own. Yes it’s more time consuming and it takes more energy but hey, I’m still young and I do have that thirst for adventure! So, personally, would I do it again? Yes, but not now. Maybe in a few years…or when I’ll be retired! 😉
My Intrepid Family
By lacroixjul 3 Comments
I got the idea from my parents. They started trekking a few years ago and since then, they’ve been hiking on almost every continent. Looking at their pictures each time was leaving me speechless. So I picked Mount Kenya, Africa’s second highest peak after Kilimanjaro (and half the price)! January and February, being the beginning of the dry season, are supposedly the best months to climb the mountain. Perfect timing I thought! ….well Mother Nature decided differently this year. After quite some research, I booked a 5 days trek with Equatorial Star. I picked the Chogoria route to go up and down the Simiron route. It was my first multi-day trek, so I was very excited! Two days before my adventure, it started pouring (and I mean, pouring!) in Nairobi. Everyone was confused about this weather. The raining season in Kenya is usually from April to June (long rains) and July to November (short rains) then it’s hot and dry for the rest of the year. Oh well, there’s nothing I could do. I packed my bag with as much warm clothes as I could and hope for the best!
Let the adventure begin!
Fried chicken on the mountain!
Day 1: 10km (950m ascent)
When the company came to pick me up, they told me I would be the only trekker this week, which means I would have my own personal guide, cook and porter! Wow! I didn’t know if that was a good or a bad thing, but hey, three men for myself for 5 days, I’m not complaining! 😝 We drove to Chogoria, a little village on the east side of the mountain, our starting point. The first day of our trek was a 10km gradual hill on a dirt road. We walked through a beautiful dense bamboo forest all the way to the camp…in the fog. Unfortunately, I didn’t see much of the scenery that day.
Lake Ellis
At the top of the world!
Rocking Mount Kenya!
Day 4: 24km (785m ascent)
The alarm rang at 1:30am…. Ouff! I chugged a coffee, dressed up like an Eskimo and off we went. Patrick and I hiked for about 4 hours, in pitch black darkness with only our headlight on! The last part of the ascent was pretty steep and technical (we were almost doing rock climbing!). It was a bit scary but exciting at the same time! We finally reached the summit, just in time for the sunrise. As the sun was slowly rising, the scenery appearing in front of me was spectacular. For the first time in 4 days, we had a (semi) clear sky and I could finally see Mount Kenya! The view was simply beautiful! I couldn’t stop smiling. I thanked God for this beautiful moment. After enjoying a nice cup of tea, Patrick and I slowly made our (steep!) descent to the bottom of the mountain where I devoured my breakfast! We then hiked the long 14km to Old Moses Camp. Unfortunately but not surprising, the fog and rain showed up again, erasing the beautiful scenery… When we got to the camp, I ate and went straight to bed. I consider myself a fit person, but my god this day was one hell of a workout!!
My guide Patrick
My wonderful crew
Day 5: 9km (descent)
I woke up with sore quads and guess what, a perfect clear blue sky! Urg. Now that I’m leaving the mountain, the sun finally decides to show up! 😐 After breakfast we slowly trekked down to the entrance of the park, in Nyangan, where I could have a perfect view of Mount Kenya. After saying goodbye and thanking my wonderful support crew, I made my way back to Nairobi, reflecting on my beautiful journey in the Kenyan mountains.
Despite the unusual and not so favorable conditions, I still had an amazing time trekking Mount Kenya. The efforts, the rain and the cold were definitely worth the view at the top! I would do it all over again anytime (if my budget would allow me!). I will definitely try to do some shorter treks during my travels on the continent, maybe in South Africa? I really think I caught the trek bug like my parents! 🙂
| Senegal |
Julius was the first name of which Bond villain ? | Project MUSE - Africa A to Z: Continental and Country Profiles
Africa A to Z: Continental and Country Profiles
Third Edition
Pieter Esterhuysen
Publication Year: 2013
The popularity of the first two editions of this book necessitated a third revised and updated version to record the many challenges in Africa since the first edition appeared in 1998. Africa is a vast and fascinating continent whose population has exceeded the one billion mark. Africa A-Z attempts to provide, in a concise manner, the facts for an elementary understanding of the continent and its complex problems. The book falls into two main sections; the five chapters on the first main section focus on the continent as a whole, dealing with its physical and human diversity, its eventful history and Africansí struggle for economic survival. The second main section contains profiles of 58 independent countries, ranging from Algeria to Zimbabwe. Presentation of the profiles is uniform, in that the same themes are covered in each profile. The data panels with the profiles contain data not provided in the text. The maps, appearing throughout the text were produced by AISAís cartography department.
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pp. v-vi
The popularity of the first two editions of this book, necessitated a third, revised and updated version to record the many changes in Africa since the second edition appeared in 2008.
Africa is a vast and fascinating continent whose population exeeds one billion. Africa also has more politically independent states than any other continent...
Part 1: Continental Profile
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pp. 3-22
Extending over an area of more than 30 million km2, Africa is the world’s second largest continent.
The equator bisects the continent, the two halves stretching almost equally far north and south to more or less the latitudes 37° N and 35° S. Longitudinally, it lies astride the 20° E meridian, the bulge of West Africa reaching about 15° W and, to the east, the Horn of Africa (Somalia) stretching to about 52° E...
2. Peoples and Origins
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pp. 23-44
Recording Africa’s history has occupied the attention of historians since the rise of the early civilisations around the Mediterranean Sea. Until the enormous expansion of source materials brought about by the information explosion of the 20th century, historians relied on the written accounts of travellers, traders, scribes, administrators and students of indigenous African societies, such as the preachers of the Christian and Islamic faiths...
3. Colonial to Present Times
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pp. 45-62
It was during the period of colonial rule that modern Africa took on many of its most familiar characteristics.
The imposition of alien overlordship, the colonial experience and the African reaction to these were by no means uniform, but throughout Africa the impact of these events was revolutionary, whether measured in political, economic or social terms...
4. Developing Economies
pp. 63-78
Notwithstanding their great diversity, the economies of Africa have many features in common.
African economies are comparatively small and heavily dependent on the production of a few agricultural or mineral products that are exported to the industrial countries of the northern hemisphere, mostly in unprocessed form and subject to the vagaries of international demand...
5. Regional Economic Groupings
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pp. 79-90
The size of most African economies – per capita income – is commonly seen as a major obstacle to their development. Since the early 1960s, therefore, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (Uneca) has encouraged member states to combine their economies into sub-regional markets that would ultimately form one Africa-wide economic union...
Part 2: Country Profiles A-Z
Contents
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pp. 94-97
Algeria, with land measuring 2 381 741 km2 and a population of 37,367,226 as of July 2012, is currently the largest country in Africa after Sudan split into Northern Sudan and Southern Sudan in 2011. As about 85% of the country consists of Sahara desert, almost the entire population is concentrated in the well-watered coastal zone between the Atlas mountain range and the Mediterranean Sea. Only 3% of the country is suitable for crop cultivation...
Angola
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pp. 98-102
Angola fronts on the Atlantic Ocean and is the largest country in the southern African region. It had an estimated population of about 13 million in 2010, the bulk of whom are concentrated in the western third of the country that includes the Angolan highlands running parallel with the coast. About one quarter of the total population lives in Luanda, the largest seaport and urban area. The city is also the national capital. The small Angolan province of Cabinda is separated from the rest of the country by the Congo River estuary...
Benin
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pp. 103-106
Benin is a narrow sliver of land in West Africa sharing common borders with Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso and Togo. The country extends from its narrow coastline on the Gulf of Guinea as far as the Niger River, a distance of about 650 km...
Botswana
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pp. 107-111
Botswana is a large, landlocked country, located in the heart of the Southern African region. Its borders (with Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe) stretch over vast distances. As much of Botwana lies in the dry Kalahari (Kgalagadi) Basin, the climate is semi-arid. River courses are dry most of the time, except in the northwest where the perennial Okavango and Linyanti-Chobe...
Burkina Faso
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pp. 112-115
Formerly known as Upper Volta, the country lies in the heart of Western Africa, to the south of the middle section of the great Niger River. The country lies across the upper reaches of the Volta River system and is the smallest of three landlocked countries in this part of Africa...
Burundi
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pp. 116-119
Bordering on the northeastern end of Lake Tanganyika, Burundi is one of Africa’s smaller countries. It is enclosed on all sides by the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and by Tanzania, except in the north where it borders on Rwanda, which is largely similar to Burundi in size and complexion...
Cameroon
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pp. 120-124
Triangular-shaped Cameroon is wedged between Western and Central Africa. The country forms a bridge between moist and arid Africa, between Christians and Muslims, between English and French-speakers and between Bantu-speaking and other African linguistic groups. There are great physical differences between Cameroon’s north, south, east and west...
Cape Verde
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pp. 125-128
Lying about 500 km west of Dakar (in Senegal), the Atlantic Ocean state of Cape Verde comprises several islands, of which nine are inhabited, and a number of islets. Six of the islands lie to the north, in a group called the Windward Islands...
Central African Republic (CAR)
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pp. 129-134
This large landlocked country lies almost exactly in the middle of the African continent. It is one of the remotest places in Africa, being far from the sea and regular transport routes. Much of the Central African Republic (CAR) is gently undulating plateau, forming a watershed between rivers fl owing southward into the great Congo Basin or northward to Lake Chad...
Ceuta and Melilla
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pp. 135-136
Ceuta and Melilla are tiny Spanish exclaves situated on Morocco’s Mediterranean coast; they are sometimes collectively referred to as Spanish North Africa, the sole foreign-ruled territory in the African continent (see map of Morocco, p244)...
Chad
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pp. 137-141
Chad occupies a central and strategic position north of the equator. Its capital, N’Djamena, located some 1 500 km from the nearest seaport, is among the most remote of African cities. From its southern savanna zone Chad stretches over a distance of nearly 2 000 km to its northern border (with Libya)...
Comoros
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pp. 142-146
The Comoros archipelago consists of four main islands spread across the northern end of the Mozambique Channel between Africa and Madagascar. Three of the islands, Grand Comoro (Ngazidja), Anjouan (Nzwani) and Moheli (Mwali) constitute the Union of Comoros, an independent federal republic with a total area of 1 862 km2 and a combined population of about 600 000...
Congo, Republic (Brazzaville)
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pp. 147-151
Congo Brazzaville lies in the Congo basin, on the western side of the lower stretch of the great Congo River. On the river’s eastern side lies the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The equator cuts through the northern part of Congo Brazzaville which is covered by dense evergreen rainforest, while the southern half is made up of low bush-covered plateaus, separated from the Atlantic coast by the Mayombe escarpment...
Côte d’Ivoire
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pp. 152-158
Offi cially known as Côte d’Ivoire in all languages, this square-shaped country is one of a dozen Western African countries fronting on the Atlantic Ocean’s Gulf of Guinea. It is a low-lying area (on average less than 500 m above sea level) with a wet and humid equatorial climate over the southern half; ...
Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)
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pp. 159-163
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is the third largest country in Africa (2 344 885 km2) after Sudan and Algeria, and is almost twice the size of South Africa. It borders on nine countries. The DRC lies in the Congo River Basin, which includes Congo Brazzaville, southern Cameroon and the southeastern parts of the Central African Republic...
Djibouti
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pp. 164-167
In area, Djibouti is one of Africa’s smallest mainland countries, larger only than Swaziland and The Gambia. The country is adjacent to the Horn of Africa on the African side of the Gulf of Aden, at the southern end of the Red Sea. From the Gulf of Aden another stretch of sea, the Gulf of Tadjoura, juts deep into Djibouti...
Egypt
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pp. 168-174
Egypt is strategically located at the junction of Africa and Asia, fronting on both the Mediterranean and the Red Sea; the 165 km Suez Canal to the northeast links the two seas. The Suez Canal and the Gulf of Suez, extending from the Red Sea, separates the arid Sinai Peninsula from the rest of Egypt, which is dominated by the trough-like...
Equatorial Guinea
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pp. 175-179
Equatorial Guinea consists of a chunk of African mainland, wedged between Cameroon and Gabon, and several islands of which Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea is the largest. The square-shaped mainland area has a 300 km coastline and extends about 200 km inland, with a surface area of some...
Eritrea
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pp. 180-184
Eritrea is one of Africa and the world’s newest states, having seceded from Ethiopia in 1993. A prominent natural feature of Eritrea is the high escarpment overlooking the Red Sea to the east. The country’s major towns, including the national capital, Asmara, are located in the highlands on the western side of the escarpment...
Ethiopia
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pp. 185-192
This large country, extending over more than one million km2, forms the heartland of the Horn of Africa region. With much of its territory lying above 2 000 m, Ethiopia is one of Africa’s most mountainous regions; the national capital of Addis Ababa is situated more or less in the middle of the country, about 2 450 m above sea level...
Gabon
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pp. 193-197
Gabon is a medium-sized, sparsely populated country located on the Atlantic side of the vast Congo River basin. The equator runs just south of the great Gabon Estuary, near the country’s northern border with Equatorial Guinea...
The Gambia
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pp. 198-202
The Gambia is enclosed by Senegal in Western Africa and is the smallest state on the African continent. The country is a sliver of land along the lower reaches of the river with the same name. The River Gambia is one of Africa’s finest waterways, owing to its great depth and navigability by ocean-going vessels...
Ghana
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pp. 203-209
Ghana is a medium-sized country, located between Togo and Côte d’Ivoire in Western Africa. Ghana has a seafront on the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean). The coastline is rather straight, lacking natural harbours. There are two artificial harbours (built along breakwaters jutting into the sea): the largest is Tema, near Accra, the national capital; ...
Guinea
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pp. 210-215
Fronting on the Atlantic Ocean, this kidney-shaped country borders on six other Western African countries. The coastline is marked by numerous estuaries and mangrove swamps. The largest city and national capital, Conakry, is situated on the rocky Kaloum peninsula, jutting out to a small group of islets, the Los Islands...
Guinea-Bissau
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pp. 216-220
To distinguish it from Guinea, its southern neighbour, the name Bissau was added to the name of Guinea-Bissau at independence. Bissau is the country’s only city, main seaport and the national capital. Guinea-Bissau is one of Africa’s smaller countries and lies wedged between Senegal and Guinea on Western Africa’s Atlantic coast...
Kenya
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pp. 221-225
Kenya has a population of over 30 million and is almost equal in size to Botswana or Madagascar. The northern parts of the country border on Ethiopia and the remainder forms part of the Great Rift Valley, with escarpments and highlands on both sides of the valley...
Lesotho
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pp. 226-230
The Kingdom of Lesotho is one of the smallest African countries with rugged mountains, heavy rainfall, winter snow and a bracing climate. Entirely surrounded by South Africa, it borders on the Free State Province to the north, west and southwest; ...
Liberia
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pp. 231-236
Liberia lies on Western Africa’s Atlantic coast, between Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea and Sierra Leone. Its coastline of some 600 km is fairly straight with shallow mangrove-fringed lagoons and no natural harbours. From the broad coastal plain the land rises to a plateau with low hills and mountain ranges...
Libya
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pp. 237-243
Libya is one of five northern African countries fronting on the Mediterranean sea. It is the second largest (after Algeria) of the five countries, constituting Northern Africa. Libya’s vast area of nearly two million km2 is mostly Sahara desert, dotted by numerous oases...
Madagascar
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pp. 244-250
Madagascar is the world’s fourth largest island, after Greenland, New Guinea and Borneo – nearly twice the size of the British Isles. It lies across the Mozambique Channel, about 400 km from Africa’s southeast coast. The Tropic of Capricorn runs through the island’s southern portion. Madagascar measures about 1 570 km from north to south and about 570 km from east to west, through its broadest part...
Malawi
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pp. 251-255
Landlocked Malawi is a long and narrow stretch of land located on the western and southern side of Lake Malawi. Malawi shares borders with Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique. Compared with its neighbours, Malawi is a small country. A large part (24 400 km2) is covered by water (Lake Malawi and smaller lakes such as Malombe, Chiula and Chilwa)...
Mali
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pp. 256-262
Mali forms a link in a chain of enormous countries, extending across the Sahara Desert, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. In landlocked Mali most places are remote from the nearest foreign seaport. The country is shaped like butterfly wings with one wing larger than the other; this northern ‘wing’ consists almost entirely of Sahara sands...
Mauritania
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pp. 263-269
Mauritania is a very large, sparsely populated country on the western bulge of Africa where it fronts on the Atlantic Ocean. It forms a geographical and cultural bridge between Northern and Western Africa. Much of the country is real desert but the southern portion falls within the semi-arid Sahel zone that extends across the continent. The land rises from fl at coastal plains in the west to low plateau in the rest of the country that reaches heights of more than 500 m above sea level only in a few places...
Mauritius
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pp. 270-274
Mauritius is a small island in the Indian Ocean, with a total area of 1 860 km2 (about 58 km by 47 km) and an estimated population of 1.2 million. Mauritius lies 800 km east of Madagascar and 2 400 km from Durban in South Africa...
Mayotte
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pp. 275-277
The island of Mayotte (or Maore) is geographically part of the Comoros Archipelago but is French territory remaining politically separate from the independent island state comprising Mayotte’s three sister islands (see Comoros Profile)...
Morocco
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pp. 278-285
Morocco is one of only three monarchies remaining in Africa, the others being Lesotho and Swaziland in Southern Africa.
The Kingdom of Morocco is located in the northwestern corner of Africa, in the part of Africa nearest to Europe, and which is also the westernmost outpost of the Arab-Muslim world...
Mozambique
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pp. 286-290
Mozambique is a long strip of land, stretching from the south (bordering South Africa) far to the north (bordering Tanzania). The country’s coastline extends over nearly 2 500 km. Most of the country is made up of coastal plains and low-lying lands with a total area of 799 380 km2...
Namibia
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pp. 291-297
Namibia’s large territory lies to the south of Angola on the west coast of the Southern African subcontinent; other neighbours are Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The country’s 1 500 km coastline stretches from the Orange (Gariep) River, in the south, to the Kunene River in the north, all of it consisting of the Namib Desert whose desolate northern section is known as the Skeleton Coast...
Niger
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pp. 298-303
Enormous Niger lies in the middle of five similarly large countries extending across the Sahara Desert and its Sahel borderlands (the others being Mauritania, Mali, Chad and Sudan). Niger is the largest country in Western Africa, stretching from the Niger River, running through its southwestern corner, to the Djado Plateau on Niger’s northern borders with Algeria and Libya...
Nigeria
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pp. 304-312
Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and the continent’s leading oil producer. Physically, it is the largest of the Western African countries fronting on the Gulf of Guinea. Nigeria’s most prominent natural feature is the Y-shaped river system formed by the Niger River and its main tributary, the Benue...
Réunion
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pp. 313-315
Réunion is not an independent state; the island is an integral part of France with the status of a French Overseas Department. It is the largest island in the Mascarene group of islands, located in the Indian Ocean, about 650 km east of Madagascar...
Rwanda
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pp. 316-321
One of Africa’s smaller countries, Rwanda borders on Lake Kivu, between Uganda and Burundi. Rwanda is slightly smaller than Burundi, its southern neighbour, and it shares many other similarities with Burundi, so that the two of them are often spoken of as twin countries...
São Tomé and Príncipe
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pp. 322-326
São Tomé and Príncipe is an island state, comprising a larger main island, another smaller island and a number of rocky islets, about 300 km off the coast of Gabon. São Tomé, located on the equator, is the larger island whose central peak rises to over 2 000 m above sea-level...
Senegal
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pp. 327-333
Senegal is the western-most country in Africa. Its capital, Dakar, lies on the Cape Verde Peninsula, the continent’s most westerly point. The entire country is low, fl at plateau, except in the southeast where the land rises to Guinea’s Futa Jallon Highlands...
Seychelles
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pp. 334-338
The Seychelles island state comprises some 115 islands and islets, lying scattered over a marine area of some 1.3 million km2 in the Indian Ocean, just south of the equator (between 0 °S and 10 °S) and about 1 600 km east of the African ports of Mombasa and Dar es Salaam...
Sierra Leone
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pp. 339-344
Sierra Leone takes its name from the mountainous peninsula jutting into the sea next to an enormous river estuary. It is a conspicious landmark on the rather monotonous West African coastline. The capital, Freetown, lies on this peninsula, overlooking the estuary of what is called the Sierra Leone River...
Somalia
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pp. 345-351
Extending over 3 000 km, Somalia’s barren coastline is longer than that of any other African country. On the map the coastline resembles a rhino horn, hence the designation Horn of Africa for this part of the continent. The Ras Hafun Peninsula, just south of Cape Guardafui (Ras Asir) at the Horn’s tip, is Africa’s most easterly point...
South Africa
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pp. 352-359
The Republic of South Africa occupies the larger part of Africa south of the Tropic of Capricorn which traverses South Africa’s Limpopo Province. Independent Lesotho is enclosed by South African territory and independent Swaziland nearly so...
South Sudan
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pp. 360-363
South Sudan, a landlocked country of about 644 000 sq km, lies in the northeastern part of Africa. It is bordered by the Central African Republic to the west, by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south-west, by Uganda and Kenya to the south, by Ethiopia to the west and by the Republic of Sudan to the north...
Sudan
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pp. 364-372
Until July 2011, Sudan was the largest country in Africa. The secession of South Sudan left the North a much smaller territory. Now with a significantly reduced population and diminished resources, Sudan is the third largest country in Africa...
Swaziland
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pp. 373-377
Swaziland is the second smallest country in the African continent (only The Gambia is smaller). It is landlocked, being enclosed by South Africa (on the north, west and south) and by Mozambique (on the east). Swaziland lies between South Africa’s Drakensberg range and the Lebombo Mountains that demarcate the Mozambique border...
Tanzania
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pp. 378-382
Tanzania covers about 945 000 km2, with a population estimated at 35 million including about 900 000 people in Zanzibar. Its surface area includes the southern half of Lake Victoria, eastern half of Lake Tanganyika and the other smaller lakes in the country. Tanzania borders on Lake Malawi in the far south...
Togo
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pp. 383-389
Togo is a small elongated country on the West African coast. It covers about 57 000 km2, extending 540 km inland from a 56 km coastline on the Gulf of Guinea. It lies, on average, 500 m above sea level, except in the mountain ranges of the southwest (Togo Mountains) and northeast (Atakora Mountains) where the mountains reach heights of over 900 m...
Tunisia
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pp. 390-395
Located on the western side of the great Gulf of Sirte in the Mediterranean Sea, Tunisia is the smallest independent country in Northern Africa. However, its proportion of arable land is among the largest in Africa. The northern fifth of the country is an extension of the Algerian Tell zone that enjoys a temperate Mediterranean cimate with winter rainfall...
Uganda
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pp. 396-400
Uganda is a landlocked country located in East Africa bordering Sudan on the north, Kenya on the east and Tanzania and Rwanda on the south. The Democratic Republic of Congo lies to the west. Uganda is much smaller than its neighbours; with a population of about 23 million and a surface area of 241 000 km2, which includes some 44 000 km2 of inland water, including much of Lake Victoria...
Western Sahara
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pp. 401-404
Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) is a disputed territory that has been administered by the Kingdom of Morocco since 1976. It fronts on Africa’s north Atlantic coast, where the Sahara Desert meets the ocean. The territory’s coastline extends over 1 100 km between Morocco and Mauritania. In the northeast, Western Sahara has a short common border with Algeria...
Zambia
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pp. 405-409
Zambia is a landlocked state in southern Africa with a total area of 752 614 km2 and an estimated population of 9.7 million. About half the population is urbanised with the majority of the urban population living in the capital Lusaka and in the Copperbelt towns on the northern border...
Zimbabwe
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pp. 410-414
Zimbabwe lies on the central Southern African plateau and is landlocked. About 8% of the land area is used for crop cultivation. Towards the northeast is Harare, the largest urban centre (pop over 2 million) and national capital. Bulawayo (pop about 1 million) some 440 km southwest from Harare, is the second largest city...
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Which newspaper was originally known as The Sunday Pictorial ? | History of Newspapers by the NMA
William Caxton sets up the first English printing press in Westminster.
1549
First known English newsletter: Requests of the Devonshyre and Cornyshe Rebelles.
1621
First titled newspaper, Corante, published in London.
1649
Cromwell suppressed all newsbooks on the eve of Charles I's execution.
1690
Worcester Postman launched. (In 1709 it starts regular publication as Berrow's Worcester Journal, considered to be the oldest surviving English newspaper).
1702
Launch of the first regular daily newspaper: The Daily Courant.
1709
First Copyright Act; Berrow's Worcester Journal, considered the oldest surviving English newspaper, started regular publication.
1712
First Stamp Act; advertisement, paper and stamp duties condemned as taxes on knowledge. Stamford Mercury believed to have been launched.
1717
The Kentish Post and Canterbury Newsletter launched. It took on its current name, Kentish Gazette, in 1768.
1718
Leeds Mercury started (later merged into Yorkshire Post).
1737
Belfast News Letter founded (world's oldest surviving daily newspaper).
1748
Aberdeen Journal began (Scotland's oldest newspaper - now the Press & Journal).
1772
Hampshire Chronicle launched, Hampshire's oldest paper.
1788
Daily Universal Register (est. 1785) became The Times.
1791
Harmsworth (then Northcliffe) bought The Observer.
1906
Newspaper Proprietors Association founded for national dailies.
1907
National Union of Journalists founded as a wage-earners union.
1915
Rothermere launched Sunday Pictorial (later Sunday Mirror).
1922
Death of Northcliffe. Control of Associated Newspapers passed to Rothermere.
1928
Northcliffe Newspapers set up as a subsidiary of Associated Newspapers. Provincial Newspapers set up as a subsidiary of United Newspapers.
1931
Audit Bureau of Circulations formed.
1936
Britain's first colour advertisement appears (in Glasgow's Daily Record).
1944
Iliffe took over BPM Holdings (including Birmingham Post).
1946
Guild of British Newspaper Editors formed (now the Society of Editors).
1953
General Council of the Press established.
1955
Month-long national press strike. Daily Record acquired by Mirror Group.
1959
Manchester Guardian becomes The Guardian. Six-week regional press printing strike.
1960
Photocomposition and web-offset printing progressively introduced.
1964
The Sun launched, replacing Daily Herald. Death of Beaverbrook. General Council of the Press reformed as the Press Council.
1969
Murdoch's News International acquired The Sun and News of the World.
1976
Nottingham Evening Post is Britain's first newspaper to start direct input by journalists.
1978
The Times and The Sunday Times ceased publication for 11 months.
1980
Association of Free Newspaper founded (folded 1991). Regional Newspaper Advertising Bureau formed.
1981
News International acquired The Times and the Sunday Times.
1983
Industrial dispute at Eddie Shah's Messenger group plant at Warrington.
1984
Mirror Group sold by Reed to Maxwell (Pergamon). First free daily newspaper, the (Birmingham) Daily News, launched by husband & wife team Chris & Pat Bullivant.
1986
News International moved titles to a new plant at Wapping. Eddie Shah launchedToday, first colour national daily launched. The Independent launched.
1987
News International took over Today.
1988
RNAB folded. Newspaper Society launched PressAd as its commercial arm. Thomson launched Scotland on Sunday and Sunday Life.
1989
Last Fleet Streetpaper produced by Sunday Express.
1990
First Calcutt report on Privacy and Related Matters. Launch of The European (by Maxwell) and Independent on Sunday.
1991
Press Complaints Commission replaced the Press Council. AFN folded. Death of Robert Maxwell (November). Management buy-out of Birmingham Post and sister titles. Midland Independent Newspapers established.
1992
Management buy-out by Caledonian Newspapers of Lonrho's Glasgow titles, The Herald and Evening Times.
1993
Guardian Media Group bought The Observer. UK News set up by Northcliffe and Westminster Press as rival news agency to the Press Association. Second Calcutt report into self-regulation of the press.
1994
Northcliffe Newspapers bought Nottingham Evening Post for £93m. News International price-cutting sparked off new national cover-price war.
1995
Lord Wakeham succeeded Lord McGregor as chairman of the PCC. Privacy white paper rejected statutory press controls. Most of Thomson's regional titles sold to Trinity. Newsquest formed out of a Reed MBO. Murdoch closes Today(November).
1996
A year of buyouts, mergers and restructuring in the regional press. Regionals win the battle over cross-media ownership (Broadcasting Act). Newspaper Society launches NS Marketing, replacing PressAd.
1997
Midland Independent Newspapers is bought by Mirror Group for £297 million. Human Rights and Data Protection bills are introduced.
1998
Fourth largest regional press publisher, United Provincial Newspapers, is sold in two deals: UPN Yorkshire and Lancashire newspapers sold to Regional Independent Media for £360m and United Southern Publications sold to Southnews for £47.5m. Southern Newspapers changes its name to Newscom, following acquisitions in Wales and the West (including UPN Wales in 1996). Death of Lord Rothermere. Chairmanship of Associated Newspapers passes to his son Jonathan Harmsworth. Death of David English, editor-in-chief of Daily Mailand chairman of the editors' code committee.
1999
Trinity merges with Mirror Group Newspapers in a deal worth £1.3 billion. Newsquest is bought by US publisher Gannett for £904 million. Portsmouth & Sunderland Newspapers is bought by Johnston Press for £266m. Major regional press groups launch electronic media alliances (eg, This is Britain, Fish4 sites.) Freedom of Information bill introduced. Associated launches London's free commuter daily, Metro.
2000
Newscom is sold to Newsquest Media Group for £444m, Adscene titles are sold to Southnews (£52m)and Northcliffe Newspapers, Belfast Telegraph Newspapers are sold by Trinity Mirror to Independent News & Media for £300m, Bristol United Press is sold to Northcliffe Newspapers Group, and Southnews is sold to Trinity Mirror for £285m. Daily Express and Daily Star are sold by Lord Hollick's United News & Media to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell. Launch of Scottish business daily Business a.m. and more Metro daily frees. Newspaper Society launches internet artwork delivery system AdFast. Communications white paper published.
2001
RIM buys six Galloway and Stornaway Gazette titles, Newsquest buys Dimbleby Newspaper Group and Johnston Press buys four titles from Morton Media Group. UK Publishing Media formed. Sunday Business changes name to The Businessand publishes on Sunday and Monday.
2002
Johnston Press acquires Regional Independent Media's 53 regional newspaper titles in a £560 million deal. Northcliffe Newspapers Group Ltd acquires Hill Bros (Leek) Ltd. Queen attends Newspaper Society annual lunch. New PCC chairman, Christopher Meyer, announced. Draft Communications Bill published. The Sunand Mirror engage in a price war.
2003
Conrad Black resigns as chief executive of Hollinger International, owner of Telegraph group. Claverly Company, owner of Midland News Association, buys Guiton Group, publisher of regional titles in the Channel Islands. Archant buys 12 London weekly titles from Independent News & Media (December) and the remaining 15 the following month (January 04). Independent begins the shift to smaller format national newspapers when it launched its compact edition. Sir Christopher Meyer becomes chairman of the Press Complaints Commission. DCMS select committee chaired by Gerald Kaufman into privacy and the press. Government rejects calls for a privacy law.
2004
Phillis Report on Government Communications published (January). Barclay Brothers buy Telegraph group and poach Murdoch Maclennan from Associated to run it. Kevin Beatty moves from Northcliffe Newspapers to run Associated Newspapers. Trinity Mirror sells Century Newspapers and Derry Journal in Northern Ireland to 3i. Tindle Newspapers sells Sunday Independent in Plymouth to Newsquest. The Times goes compact (November).
2005
Johnston Press buys Score Press from EMAP for £155m. Launch of free Liteeditions for London Evening Standard and Manchester Evening News. The Timesputs up cover price to 60p, marking the end of the nationals’ price war. The Guardian moves to Berliner format after £80m investment in new presses. DMGT puts Northcliffe Newspapers up for sale; bids expected to open at £1.2 billion. Johnston Press buys Scotsman Publications from Barclay Brothers for £160m.
2006
DMGT sale of Northcliffe group aborted but DC Thomson acquires Aberdeen Press & Journal. Trinity Mirror strategic review: Midlands and South East titles put up for sale. Growth of regional press digital platforms. Manchester Evening Newscity edition goes free. Government threat to limit Freedom of Information requests. Associated and News International both launch free evening papers in London during the autumn.
2007
Archant Scotland acquired by Johnston Press. Northcliffe Media buys three regional newspaper businesses from Trinity Mirror; Kent Regional Newspapers, East Surrey and Sussex Newspapers and Blackmore Vale Publishing. Dunfermline Press Group acquires Berkshire Regional Newspapers from Trinity Mirror. Tindle Newspapers buys 27 local weekly newspapers from Trinity Mirror which retains its Midlands titles.
The government abandons plans to tighten Freedom of Information laws and limit media access to coroners’ courts. Former Hollinger International chief executive Conrad Black is sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison for fraud. Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation buys Dow Jones, owner of the Wall Street Journal, appointing News International boss Les Hinton as chief executive.
2008
The global economic downturn hit advertising revenues and shares of media companies fell sharply during the year. John Fry was announced as Tim Bowdler’s successor at Johnston Press in September. The Independentannounced a plan to move to DMGT’s Kensington building to cut costs in November. The BBC Trust rejected plans for local video that would have a negative impact on regional titles in the same month following a sustained campaign by the NS.
2009
Russian businessman Alexander Lebedev acquires the London Evening Standardfrom Daily Mail & General Trust and the title is subsequently relaunched as a free newspaper. Baroness Peta Buscombe is appointed chairman of the Press Complaints Commission.
2010
Britain officially emerges from the longest and deepest recession since the war. Lebedev acquires the Independent and Independent on Sunday from Independent News & Media for a nominal fee of £1. Trinity Mirror acquires GMG Regional Media, publisher of 32 titles, from Guardian Media Group for £44.8 million.
News International erects paywalls around its online content for The Times and The Sunday Times. Eleven regional print titles are launched by seven publishers in the first six months of the year. Newly-elected coalition government announces it will look at the case for relaxing cross-media ownership rules and stop unfair competition from council newspapers. The Independent launches i, a digest newspaper to complement their main title, and the first daily paper to be launched in the UK in almost 25 years.
2011
In April, following campaigning by the NS and the industry, a revised Local Authority Publicity Code came into effect to crack down on council newspapers. In July, The News of The World was closed after 168 years of publication. The Prime Minister announced an inquiry led by Lord Justice Leveson into the role of the press and police in the phone-hacking scandal. In October, Lord Hunt of Wirral was appointed chairman of the Press Complaints Commission.
Five regional daily titles switched to weekly during the year. Local cross media ownership rules were abolished. Kent Messenger Group’s proposed acquisition of seven Northcliffeweekly titles was referred to the Competition Commission by the OFT forcing the deal to be abandoned. Northcliffe Media announced the subsequent closure of Medway News and the East Kent Gazette.
2012
The London 2012 Olympics and Diamond Jubilee saw national and local press titles produce a host of supplements, special editions and other initiatives in digital and print to help their readers celebrate the events.
In November, the press industry came together to progress plans for a new, tougher, independent system of self regulation following publication of Lord Justice Leveson's report into the role of the press and police in the phone-hacking scandal. MailOnline became the world's biggest newspaper website with 45.348 million unique users.
The creation of a new local media business Local World was announced. Led by former chief executive of publishers Mecom and Mirror Group David Montgomery, Local World is created from the newspapers and websites of Northcliffe Media and Iliffe News & Media.
2013
Significant progress was made by the newspaper and magazine industry in setting up the Independent Press Standards Organisation - the new regulator for the press called for by Lord Justice Leveson. More than 90 per cent of the national press, the vast majority of the regional press, along with major magazine publishers, signed contracts to establish IPSO. Led by Sir Hayden Phillips, the independent appointments procedures were well underway, with the regulator due to launch on 1 May 2014.
Politicians, publishers and press freedom organisations from across the globe railed against the Government's Royal Charter for press regulation which Culture Secretary Maria Miller admitted could become redundant if IPSO was successful. The Guardian prompted heated debate over the issue of mass surveillance after publishing a series of stories based on information leaked by the US National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden.
The local press was widely praised for its coverage of floods which blighted communities with Prime Minister David Cameron singling out the Eastern Daily Press in particular. Local papers created thousands of jobs distributing Regional Growth Fund cash to small businesses.
2014
A new voice for the £6 billion national, regional and local UK news media sector was launched in the form of the News Media Association, formed by the merger of the Newspaper Society and the Newspaper Publishers’ Association.
In a climate of grave threats to press freedom, the importance of newspaper journalism was highlighted through stories such as The Times’ exposure of the Rotherham abuse scandal and The Yorkshire Post’s Loneliness campaign.
The Independent Press Standards Organisation, the new press regulator, launched in September with the vast majority of local and national publishers signed up to it.
2015
In October 2015, Trinity Mirror announced the acquisition of Local World for £220 million, demonstrating the publisher’s firm belief in the future of local news media.
Newspapers grew their UK monthly print and online reach to more than 47 million people, more than Google’s 45 million, with newsbrands driving nearly a billion social media interactions over the course of the year.
The importance of news media in holding power to account was emphasised through agenda agenda-setting campaigns such as The Sunday Times’ exposure of corruption within football world governing body Fifa and Sunday Life’s hard hitting campaign to expose and abolish the cruel practice of illegal puppy farming.
| Daily Mirror |
Who played the title role in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man ? | The Papers - BBC News
BBC News
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Image caption As the papers weigh up Theresa May's Brexit speech, the Daily Telegraph says the prime minister warned the European Union that she would walk away from the negotiating table unless its leaders accepted her demands.
Image caption Similarly, the Daily Express reports that Mrs May will walk out of Brexit talks if EU chiefs try to punish the UK for leaving. In what it calls a historic speech, the Express says the prime minister laid out Britain's path to becoming truly independent again.
Image caption "Give us a fair deal or you'll be crushed," is how the Times puts it. The paper says Mrs May warned Brussels that any attempt to punish the UK for leaving the EU would be "an act of calamitous self-harm".
Image caption The Guardian says Mrs May warned European leaders that the UK is prepared to crash out of the EU if she cannot negotiate a reasonable exit deal. The paper says the tough rhetoric prompted key figures in Brussels to say the UK was on track for a "hard Brexit".
Image caption A prominent cartoon on the front of the Daily Mail depicts Mrs May - in the distinctive green tartan suit she wore for the speech - trampling on the EU flag on white cliffs. "In an iron-willed speech, Theresa May delivered an emphatic ultimatum to EU leaders," says the Mail.
Image caption The Sun goes with a Biblical theme, referring to what it calls Mrs May's 12 Commandments and running the headline "Brexodus" on a stone tablet. The paper says the prime minister threatened to go it alone if the UK does not get a good Brexit deal as she laid out her 12-point plan.
Image caption The Daily Mirror fills its front page with Mrs May striding confidently to her speech at Lancaster House in London. The Mirror says the prime minister said she would end talks rather than accept bad terms for the UK - but trade unions warned that quitting the single market was a gamble that risked millions of jobs.
Image caption According to the i, Brexit means... the UK will quit the single market and customs union, Parliament will vote on the final deal, Britain will leave without a trade deal if the EU cannot provide good terms, the UK will be free from European courts and there will be immigration controls on all EU citizens.
Image caption The Financial Times says Mrs May set out a new role for a "global Britain" outside Europe's single market in a speech outlining plans for the UK's "epochal" EU exit.
Theresa May's Brexit speech is pretty much the only story in town, at least as far as the front pages are concerned.
It is the tough rhetoric which captures the headlines.
The Times headline sums up her message to the EU as "Give us a fair deal or you'll be crushed".
At the opposite end of the market, the Daily Star renders it as "May: I will crush EU".
For the Daily Mail , the parallels with Margaret Thatcher are hard to resist. It says the speech showed the "steel of the new Iron Lady".
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Alan Strang is the tortured hero of which award-winning 1973 stage play by Peter Shaffer ? | Free shaffer Essays and Papers
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Passion in Peter Shaffer's Equus - In Peter Shaffer's Equus, A psychiatrist, Martin Dysart, is conducting an investigation on Alan Strang. He is learning, through his investigation of Alan's horrific crime, about what it really means to make someone "normal" and what a psychiatrist really does. It is the job of Dysart to find the motive of Alan's actions, but he is not prepared for what he learns. After meeting Alan, Dysart has a dream. This dream is of a ritual sacrifice in Greece. Dysart's passion lies in Greece. He has always wanted to believe in something greater than himself.... [tags: Peter Shaffer, Equus]
:: 1 Works Cited
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Substituting Pain for Passion in Peter Shaffer’s Equus - Equus is as complex as the human mind. Exploring psychological questions such as what does it mean to be normal, and should individuality be sacrificed for the sake of normality. Whilst propelling a mystery, crime story, and a psychological thriller, Peter Shaffer’s Equus examines the minds of a young stable boy who has blinded several horses and the aging psychiatrist asked to “cure” him. But would a “cure” really normalize the teenager. A seventeen year old boy, Alan is brought to a psychiatric hospital because he has blinded six horses with a hoof pick.... [tags: Peter Shaffer, Equus]
700 words
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The Tragic Figure of Dysart in Peter Shaffer’s Equus - Peter Shaffer’s play “Equus” reads like a true tragedy blending religion and adolescence while questioning society’s “civilized norms”. Although Alan Strang seemingly suffers the most throughout the story, the true tragic figure in the play is Dysart, Alan’s psychiatrist. Dysart is forced to question everything that he previously accepted and his whole life is thrown out the window upon meeting Alan. Both Arthur Miller’s definition of a tragic figure and the traditional definition provided by Aristotle apply to Dysart.... [tags: Peter Shaffer, Equus]
1622 words
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Fiction and Untruth in Amadeus by Peter Shaffer - Fiction and Untruth in Amadeus by Peter Shaffer The play “Amadeus” by Peter Shaffer was not written in order to be a biography of the great composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, much more than this, Peter Shaffer wrote it as a story, rather than a history. In his story he was free to insert fiction to make the play more interesting to a wide audience, as well as to fulfill his purposes. However, musicologists and historians have written several articles claiming that Peter Shaffer “trashed this immortal”.... [tags: Amadeus Peter Shaffer Plays Literature Essays]
1286 words
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Appearance vs. Reality in Peter Shaffer's Amadeus - Appearance vs. Reality in Peter Shaffer's Amadeus In the world of the 18th century, appearance was everything; and appearance often conflicted with reality. Such is the case in Peter Shaffer’s, Amadeus, which follows Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s musical career. Mozart’s career was enveloped in deceit and falsity, appearing to be brought on by poor choices he made, when all along he was being sabotaged by Salieri. When Mozart arrives in Vienna, Antonio Salieri pretends to welcome him. He even writes a welcome March for Mozart, to be played as the young, rebellious musician enters the court.... [tags: Peter Shaffer Amadeus Musical Career Essays]
:: 3 Works Cited
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Passion and Worship in Peter Shaffer's Equus - In the play Equus worship and passion are seen in many contrasting lights. In the example of Alan, the boy in the centre of the play, worship and passion are the same thing. What he is devoted to inspires excitement in him, in this case the God Equus. With his parents, it is the same, but in different ways of worship. Alan’s mother is a devout Catholic, and also has worship with a passion, but she is so devoted to this single cause she is unable to experience passion for anything else. With Alan’s father, he is not a religious man and has nothing to idolize, and this creates a lot of passion inside of him with no way for it to escape.... [tags: Peter Shaffer, Equus]
1550 words
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Portrayal of Religion in Peter Shaffer’s Equus - The book Equus, gives its audience a deeper view on religion by relating it to a series of scenes in the play. Religion as a whole is mainly a person’s belief and what they do in life depends on this belief. If, within a religion, a person is told that something is the right thing to do then that person will try in as many ways as possible to live up to this. Religion can mean anything anyone wants it to mean and be anything they make it. It does not have to be believed in by many people, it can be a personal belief of one person.... [tags: Peter Shaffer, Equus]
1395 words
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Peter Shaffer and Fraz Kafka - Peter Shaffer and Franz Kafka, the authors of Metamorphosis and Equus, reveal through their main characters’ struggles how society’s oppression causes a loss of identity. This oppression is caused by society’s obsession with what it believes to be normal and how society tries to conform those who don’t fit its normal image. This essay will first explain how the two authors use their characters to symbolize the different views and judgments of society. Next will show how the authors use two different types of oppression that cause different outcomes.... [tags: Character Development, Analysis]
:: 2 Works Cited
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Peter Shaffer: A Man Who Greatly Impacted Theatre - “The conflict between virtuous mediocrity and feckless genius took hold of my imagination” (“Shaffer, Peter 1926”). The quote by Shaffer himself, helps to explain the reasoning for his plays; both the good and the bad. Throughout the past few decades, Sir Peter Shaffer has brought numerous plays to the stage, with each challenging society to be open minded to change. Sir Peter Shaffer has forever impacted the theatre world by bringing topics such as sexual choices, religion, and family values to the stage that challenged the ideals set by society through his use of plays as a means to help him answer many of his own questions about life.... [tags: theater, biography]
:: 1 Works Cited
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Critiquing Amadeus by Peter Shaffer - Critiquing Amadeus by Peter Shaffer I believe that there are two ways to critique Peter Shaffer's Amadeus. The first, and the easiest for me, is as an artistic work only. As an artistic endeavor, Amadeus is a triumph. Particularly stunning is F. Murray Abraham's performance as the tortured Court Composer Antonio Salieri. Abraham portrays a talented yet mediocre musician who, having revered God all his life, shows us clearly that "pride goeth before the fall". It is Salieri's greed for fame, and pride in his own "moral goodness" that lead him to denounce Mozart as a "fiend".... [tags: Papers]
686 words
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The Virtues in Sinning: Analysis of Peter Shaffer's Amadeus - Why am I here. What does this all mean. What is my destiny. Where is God. These are questions we ask during our lifetime, questions of discernment that unlock not only the truth about ourselves, but our perception of God. Even as time passes, these questions remain and we are drawn to answer them not by words but the way we live our lives. Still one should not doubt that God also plays a prevalent role in who we are to become and and recognize that even if we choose to deny God's existence he will play a role within our ruin.... [tags: analysis, Antonio Salieri, mozart]
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equss vs amadeus by peter shaffer - In both Equus and Amadeus Shaffer shows insanity in his characters. He does this not only to stress the characters feelings and state of mind of which they are in. Also, he attempts to cast a blanket over the reader; it gives the reader the feeling that Shaffer designed the characters to express and reflect the beauty in insanity and to convey the ugliness on normality. “Madness, if not out rightly divine, is at best preferable to the 20th century’s ruthless and uninspired sanity, is in this play, as it is so much fashionable philosophizing, totally dependent on a pleasant, aesthetically rational form of derangement for the credibility of its argument” (Richardson 389).... [tags: essays research papers]
1362 words
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Judgment in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Albert Camus’ The Stranger - Personal judgment in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Albert Camus’ The Stranger, though internal in the first and external in the latter, mirrors society’s judgment of those who differ from the norm. The two postmodernist authors both use judgment as a tool to promote the postmodern idea that society oppresses and criticizes people who are not like everyone else. Camus and Shaffer place specific motifs and elements into their novels in order to push the idea of societal judgment on the reader. However, while the ideas may be the same, Camus and Shaffer use them contrastingly.... [tags: compare, contrast, comparison]
1175 words
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A Comparison Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Albert Camus’s The Stranger - The ways in which truths are presented to external audiences concerning outside characters display not only a good judgment of character on the presenter, but furthermore, the often insignificant nature of whom the presenter is talking about, even if the insignificance presented is accidental. Both Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Albert Camus’ The Stranger approach different ways in presenting the truths of Alan Strang and Meursault to the audience/jury, but one thing remains clear; intentional or unintentional manipulation of these characters leads to the eternal distrust of the reliability of their presenters, Martin Dysart and the members of the law.... [tags: compare, contrast, comparison]
1058 words
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The Portrait of Religion in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Albert Camus’s The Stranger - Albert Camus’ The Stranger and Peter Shaffer’s “Equus” reveal the degenerative effects of religion on society through a negative portrayal of characters’ relationships with religion. Both introduce religion as a means of releasing welled up human emotions and as an optimistic distraction from the realities of life. However, both criticize religion as being dangerous to one’s mental stability as well as to society as a whole. Camus and Shaffer each communicate this message through their respective characters: the magistrate and Alan Strang.... [tags: compare, contrast, comparison]
:: 2 Works Cited
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Society’s Effect in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka - Peter Shaffer and Franz Kafka, the authors of Equus and Metamorphosis, reveal through their main characters’ struggles how society’s oppression causes a loss of identity. This oppression is caused by society’s obsession with what it believes to be normal and how society’s beliefs drive it to conform those who don’t fit its normal image. The two authors use their characters to symbolize the different views and judgments of society. And based on these judgments, the authors use two different types of oppression that cause different outcomes.... [tags: compare, contrast, comparison]
1278 words
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Isolated Characters in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Albert Camus’s The Stranger - In Equus and The Stranger, authors Peter Shaffer and Albert Camus create an absence of passion and love for their characters of Dysart and Meursault through characterization and overall tone of the text, which creates isolated characters. Camus and Shaffer manipulate the characters relationships with women to prove the lack of love. The authors also demonstrate the lack of passion throughout the text, and later it confirms the overall affect it has on both of the characters lives, even though they end results are different.... [tags: compare, contrast, comparison]
:: 1 Works Cited
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Self-Discovery in Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka and Equus by Peter Shaffer - Through the incorporation of figurative language in both Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka and Equus by Peter Shaffer, they set the characters in isolation during the experience of hiding emotions and focusing on other’s needs in order for the undergoing of self-discovery and peace within self. Therefore analyzing the behavior that occurs during the process and the aftermath of their seclusion will determine the success of their accomplishment with the breakthrough of peace. When comparing the two texts along with their historical context of sense of loss and alienation of individuals, the main characters, Gregor Samsa and Alan Strang, undergo the allusion of isolation and finds the understanding... [tags: compare, contrast, comparison]
:: 2 Works Cited
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Unhealthy Relationships in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Albert Camus’s The Stranger - In Equus, by Peter Shaffer, and The Stranger, by Albert Camus, both protagonists’ personal family relations produced from overprotection and abandonment result in the disconnection of the primary care givers. In Equus Alan’s parents shelter him from the wrongs of the outside world, which creates an unavoidable obstacle between Alan and his parents. In The Stranger, Meursault’s unloving attitude towards his mother develops the sense of resentment from his childhood. In comparing both novels the author constructs these feelings to imply the effects of the actions when disunion is present between the primary care givers and the protagonists.... [tags: compare, contrast, comparison]
:: 1 Works Cited
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Family Dynamics in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka - The two novels Equus and The Metamorphosis carry comparable themes which isolate the main character from the father figure within each story. Kafka and Schaffer both contrast similar ideas of rejection within a father and son relationship in Equus and The Metamorphosis, to imitate the way society policies its members through family disagreements. The family differences about religion in one novel, and the stress because of a major transformation which causes the parent to work in another, creates tension, and in turn results in rejection towards the son in the two books.... [tags: compare, contrast, comparison]
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Theoretical Practices on Information Security and Risk Management - Technological advances continue to evolve at a continually increasing rate. Despite these improving increases in technology, the utilization of theoretical frameworks in risk management or information security may be deficient due to the inadequate substantiation of the theory. Furthermore, academic research to corroborate existing theories relevant to risk management or information security is underway, but current research may not be supportive of existing theories. According to Chuy et al. (2010), the roles of theories may not be fully understood and arguably used by others in the research process.... [tags: black swan, systems, dempster-shafer]
:: 14 Works Cited
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Alan’s and Mersault’s Perceived Personal Realities in Equus and The Stranger - Through psychological realism in Equus and The Stranger, Peter Shaffer and Albert Camus alienate both characters to show the power of religion through their perceived personal realities. Through the setting, Shaffer emphasizes Alan’s accepted reality. Worshipping a horse in your room seems very insane to most people, but to Alan it changes his life. This quote needs to be incorporated. “I look through the door, and he was standing in the moonlight in his pajamas, right in front of that big photograph….then suddenly he knelt down….and he said ‘Behold – I give you Equus, my only begotten son’” (Shaffer 46).... [tags: compare, contrast, comparison]
1000 words
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A Walk In The Woods: Chapter 9 - Bill Bryson the author of the short story ‘A Walk in the Woods’ constructs the story in a certain way to try to get the reader to accept his attitudes and values about how dangerous and death defying Earl V. Shaffer and other’s are in attempting to travel the trail. He uses the techniques of emotive language, unusual language and use of first hand accounts in the short story ‘A Walk in the Woods‘ . The use of descriptive and humorous language, combined with conversational text has allowed Bryson to express his feelings and opinions on his and others experiences on the Appalachian Trail to the audience.... [tags: essays research papers]
1014 words
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Gambling in Intercollegiate Athletics: The Perception, Reality, and Consequences - Gambling can be found in places such as casinos, local stores, and online. Over the years, gambling has found more homes. College campuses and college sports are among the various places in which gambling is taking place. College students and more specifically student-athletes are engaging in gambling for various reasons. According to (Huang, Jacobs, Derevensky, Gupta, & Paskus, 2007)“the top 3 reported reasons for student- athlete gambling were “for fun” (75.6%), “to win money” (53%), and “for excitement (52.1%).” College students are participating in all types of gambling most of them being legal.... [tags: Athletics ]
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Psychology: Sigmund Freud - Freud spent a great deal of his time on the subconscious and conscious mind. This caused him to develop various theories, some of which are still used in modern psychology and some that are better left forgotten. Whether Freud’s theories are true or not it does not diminish the work he did and how it changed the way we think today. It is plain to see that Freud had an influence on Peter Shaffer’s Equus because of his use of Freud’s psychotherapy. Due to the traumatic nature of Alan’s attraction to horses a great deal of his feelings and memories have been repressed.... [tags: subconscious and conscious]
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Facts and Myths of Suicide in Canada and the U.S. (Article Critique) - Suicide is the intentional act of killing oneself. Typically individuals who commit suicide act out of despair. Common suicide triggers are mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and alcoholism and drug abuse. Personal issues such as financial problems or poor interpersonal relationships play a significant role in the cause of suicide (Gross, 2006).In the U.S suicide is the 6th cause of death. Suicide is also the leading cause of death among teenagers and young adults, more men commit suicide than women (Gelder et al, 2005).Leenar and Lester article mention important information about the general knowledge about suicide in college students.... [tags: Mental Health ]
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Leff’s “Burn Your Maps”: Dripping With Realistic Human Characteristics - Literary theorist, Kenneth Burke, defined dramatistic explaination by the prescence of five key elements. This list of elements, now popularly known as Burke’s Pentad, can be used to asses human behavior as well as dicipher literary themes and motives. The five elements; agent, purpose, scene, act, and agency, have been found highly useful by performance study practitioners in translating texts into aesthetics. When systematically applying Burke’s Pentad to “Burn Your Maps,” a short story by Robyn Joy Leff published January 2002 of the Atlantic Monthly, the analyzer can realistically grasp the emotional and logical motivations and tones of the text.... [tags: Literary Analysis]
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Cartel and the Cocaine Industry - Cartel and the Cocaine Industry The drug cartel based in Cali, Colombia, was one of the largest players in the multi-billion dollar worldwide cocaine industry. Although their operations are highly illegal, opposed by both Colombian and US law enforcement agencies, the cartel continues to run a very effective operation. The vast majority of this cocaine is destined for the US market. It reaches the US by numerous routes - by air, by sea, but mostly over land by Mexico. Once the cocaine reaches the United States, Cali has makes use of its distribution network to deliver the drugs wholesale to the retailers, typically ethnic crime gangs.... [tags: Papers]
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Psychological Theories of Attachment - Psychological Theories of Attachment Ethological theory (The study of animal behaviour) probably the most important theory, as the ethological approach is concerned with the adaptive or survival aspect of behaviour and started with the work of Charles Darwin. Darwin himself did not come up with the idea of evolution, however what Darwin did was to explain evolution and publish it in his books Natural Selection (1858) and The Origin of Species (1859). The ideas in these books inspired Konrad Lorenz in his studies and it was Lorenz’s ideas that laid the foundations for an evolutionary approach to attachment.... [tags: Papers]
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Outline and evaluate two explanations of attachment John Bowlby argued that attachment is a biological need - Outline and evaluate two explanations of attachment John Bowlby argued that attachment is a biological need to attach to our caregiver. This attachment is innate and we have evolved in this way to maximise protection, as forming this attachment has survival value – staying close to the mother or primary care giver (PCG) ensures food and protection from danger. This one special attachment that a baby has with his/her PCG is called monotropy, which gives us a template, or internal working model for all future attachments and relationships.... [tags: Papers]
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Can Games Such as 'SimCity' be Used as a Successful Learning Tool? - The aim of this essay is to evaluate whether or not the game "SimCity" can be used as a successful learning tool and if students learn from this game. I am going to illustrate the potential for learning available within this game and what the game can teach students. I will study and analyse experiments that assess the idea of computer games as a learning tool and how “SimCity 2000” and "SimCity Creator" specifically has been used as a method of teaching. I will show how these two versions have been used differently as a learning tool.... [tags: educational games,simcity creator,learning tool]
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Hopes in the Red, White, and Blue: The American Dream - A group of people riding a ship are being tossed by high waves and scorched by the hot sun. They feel tired, hungry, cold, and yet a fierce light burns within them. As they look across the ocean, they see something that will change their lives forever. Green grass and tall trees that seem to touch the sky stretch across the horizon as they look towards it with hope. All they want is a fresh start and all they dream about is a safe life, one they can call their own. This land and source of hope is America.... [tags: america, freedom, families, friends]
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Preventing Obesity in School Aged Children in Australia - Schools and society are taking focussed actions aimed at increasing physical activity in children and helping lower the obesity rates that are becoming increasingly prevalent among young people. Statistics show that in Australia, one- quarter of children is either overweight or obese as stated in (Australian Government: Australian Insisture of Health & Welfare, 2004). The focus of preventing obesity will be the two to six year old age group. Children who are obese face a number of factors that affect both their physical and emotional wellbeing.... [tags: Obesity in Children]
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The Best Solution To Youth Obesity - What if I told you that there was one solution to all of America’s problems. Would you believe me. We live in a world that has many issues to solve. One of those big issues is in our own back yard. This issue is known as obesity. I firmly believe that obesity can only be control when adults become better educated concerning the causes of it. I also firmly believe that in order to prevent obesity from spreading, that the youth must become better educated than their ancestors whom caused it. In order to do that in today’s world, we must seek to educate the parents and their youth to prevent obesity.... [tags: public health, overweight infant]
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Poverty in Gwinnett County, Georgia - Introduction Nelson Mandela once said, "Overcoming poverty is not a task of charity, it is an act of justice. Like Slavery and Apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings. Sometimes it falls on a generation to be great. YOU can be that great generation. Let your greatness blossom” (Make Poverty History, 2005). Gwinnett county is third in the country when it comes to a high poverty rate, with 14% of the population living below poverty (Family Promise of Gwinnet County, 2013).... [tags: Homeless Children]
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The Social and Personal Impediments Against Which Genius Has to Battle." - As a composer, and a performer, there can be no question of Mozart's genius, however, what is genius defined as. The main definition is that genius is a very great and rare innate ability or skill- it is a creative power. It is therefore clear that Mozart was in fact a genius in his music; it does no state anywhere, however, that a genius also has to have a divine personality and behaviour and this is clear as Mozart is shown in Amadeus as a silly, scatological, childish and "infantile" man. To be a genius in one aspect of the mind, such as music, could mean that other parts of the mind are inhibited, such as social skills.... [tags: Music]
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Children of Poverty are Over Represented in Lower Skilled Groups - The cognitive and IQ development of children is very diversified in the United States, in the next pages I will try to provide an explanation for such diversity. Knowing that 40.8% of those in poverty are children (Blank 1997) and knowing their IQ scores and cognitive abilities are not equal to those of greater socioeconomic status, I am inclined to think that poverty and cognitive development have a correlation. My review of literature focused on why the children of poverty are over represented in the under-development of cognitive skills.... [tags: Poverty Essays]
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Amadeus Review - Amadeus Review Amadeus, the Tony-Award winning tale of 18th-century court composer Antonio Salieri's envy of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is a mighty challenge for actors. The nearly three-hour drama is told from the viewpoint of Salieri, who frequently comes to the front of the stage to explain himself in lengthy and passionate detail. It takes a dedicated performer to memorize the lines and a skilled actor to keep them interesting. Perhaps that's why the director of the production opening Friday at the Tarpon Springs Performing Arts Center started rehearsals with the actor who plays Salieri, Anthony Casale, six months ago.... [tags: Papers]
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The Composition and Publication History of Samuel T. Coleridge's Kubla Khan - The Myth of Fragmentation - The Composition and Publication History of Samuel T. Coleridge's Kubla Khan Although the exact date remains unknown, it is believed that Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote his poem Kubla Khan sometime in the fall of 1797 and began revisions of it in the early spring of 1798. Interestingly, although no original manuscript has been found, the Crewe Manuscript of Kubla Khan was discovered in 1934. Currently, the Crewe Manuscript is the earliest know version of Kubla Khan and is believed to have been written around 1810.... [tags: Coleridge Kubla Khan Essays]
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Historical Document Analysis of "Will the Japanese Predominate?" - One can derive a great deal concerning occurrences, opinions, and day to day life by simply analyzing relevant details within a historical document. Details such as the lives of people in the time and place discussed; the opinions and audience of the author of the document; the biases inherent in the writing and how they are affected by the times; the degree to which the document is representative of the times; and the possible answers one document can provide regarding historical periods. By examining the historical document entitled "Will the Japanese Predominate?", one can clearly see that this piece was probably written just prior to the start of World War II, reflected the biases of a p... [tags: Asian History]
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Life is a Dream by Calderon - Growing Up All Locked Up A person's ability to develop is due to two factors, maturation and learning. Although maturation, or the biological development of genes, is important, it is the learning - the process through which we develop through our experiences, which make us who we are (Shaffer, 8). In pre-modern times, a child was not treated like they are today. The child was dressed like and worked along side adults, in hope that they would become them, yet more modern times the child's need to play and be treated differently than adults has become recognized.... [tags: essays papers]
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The Awakening - Personality Developments - PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 	The idea that one can understand and comprehend the development of an individual is profound and abstruse, but very few people have actually had success dealing with such a topic. From obstacles such as proper test subjects to the whole stigma of taboo attached in trying to understand the human mind, researchers and psychologists have had success. One of the most notable successes is that of Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychology, as we know it. Freud’s in depth pioneering journey into the minds of people, and how the mind itself develops with the passing of time and events.... [tags: essays research papers]
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Do Role-Playing Games Prepare Students for the 21st Century Workforce? - Introduction In an ever-changing world, where the economy and the job market are not what they were twenty years ago, continuing to teach our students the same skills we did twenty years ago is pointless. Times have changed and in order to prepare our children for the 21st century workforce we have to be committed to making the necessary changes to teach the skills they need for future jobs. Research shows that video games are one way that we can teach these essential skills. This literature review will focus on what skills will prepare them for the 21st century workforce, how video games and virtual worlds fit into this puzzle, and what MMORPGs can do to help.... [tags: Occupational Issues]
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Gender Roles and Stereotype Effects on College Students - Gender stereotypes are mostly taken for granted at a young age: girls are told to play with dolls and boys are told to play with trucks. But as children grow older they find themselves in a world where the reality of gender roles and stereotypes aren’t acknowledged, and the illusion of gender neutrality is commended. If gender roles are becoming more neutral, then it would follow that gender role stereotypes are also becoming more lax. However, in actuality this is not true. Banerjee and Lintern (2000) examined the salience of children’s preference for toys in private and public settings.... [tags: Gender Stereotypes, Studies]
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The Modern Mentality Regarding the View of Art - Just a moment ago, as I walked through the shelves of a library and saw the books lined up neatly in their place, a question arose; what were these books in regard to their place in the world. With their rows of letters and series of words, what could they represent. How do people see these bounded pieces of paper. In a very general sense, they represent a type of art. "Art", as defined by the New Oxford American Dictionary, is "the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination .... [tags: modernization, books, multitask]
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The Good Women of Setzuan by Bertolt Brecht - When looking at the story of The Good Woman of Setzuan, written by Bertolt Brecht, it is not easy to tell whether it is a tragedy or a comedy. Although the play has many comedic elements, the general storyline is quite sad and most of the characters end up worse off than they were at the start of the play; although the elements of comedy that Brecht does choose to include are an essential part of the play. Each piece of comedy serves a specific function to broadening the understanding of the message of the play.... [tags: Comendy, Literary Analysis, Tragedy]
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To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee - If a poisoned seed is planted, an unhealthy plant will grow. Its offspring will be rooted in poison, and if it is not destroyed nothing healthy will grow. Maycomb is like a venomous plant, raising its young to hate one another and divide themselves among castes. The town is unwilling to destroy the old, to create beauty and peace from the ruins. Harper Lee’s 1960 Pulitzer Prize winning historical fiction novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, describes the life of a young southern woman in the 1930’s, and the many obstacles she and her family face.... [tags: Literary Analysis]
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Bullying in School: Counselors’ Strategies for Prevention - Bullying is defined as “verbal, physical, or psychological abuse or teasing accompanied by real or perceived imbalance of power” and is usually targets what children perceive as different (Olweus, 1993). Bullying is prevalent across the nation. It has devastating effects on students each day. Bullying is a problem for all students, regardless of race, gender or class. The National Education Association reports that 160,000 children are absent intentionally from school each day because they fear being bullied whether it is an attack or just intimidation by other students.... [tags: Education]
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The Psychological Impact of Injury on Athletes - Due to the nature of sport, athletes will always be faced with the possibility of becoming injured. Empirical research has demonstrated that injury has a psychological impact on athletes (Quinn & Fallon, 1999). Indeed, sports practitioners often witness negative psychological impacts such as depression and in extreme cases suicidal tendencies in the injured athlete (Jevon & Johnston, 2003). Injuries have a dramatic impact upon an athlete’s life (Deutsch, 1985), Crossman (1997) interviewed athletic trainers and established that 47% of respondents believed that every injured athlete suffered psychological trauma.... [tags: psychology, sports, training, trauma]
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The Revolutionary Rebels of the 1960s - “Castles made of sand fall in the sea eventually…” – Jimi Hendrix, “Castles made of sand” From the Axis: Bold as love album track 9. Stated that all things will die: people, animals, fads, etc., but certain movements will never die. Historical events such as The American Revolution are written all over history books. One remembers this collective series of events every day through the compulsory recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in school and the singing of The National Anthem at the beginning of every sporting event.... [tags: counterculture Hippie movement]
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Teen Suicidal Behavior in our Society - To live is a very fragile and misunderstood term. Countless lives are taken unwillingly each day by mere accidents, while others are lost fighting to defend their countries’ beliefs. Some of these lives grow old, and some do not, but many are not being lived in the way they were intended. Somewhere along the lines in our society, people have the idea that their own life might not be worth living. Ending their life is called suicide, and it is becoming more and more popular among teenagers in this generation.... [tags: suicide, bullying, suicidal tendencies]
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Biography: The Life of Josephine Baker - A dancer, singer, activist and spy, Josephine Baker was a star and a hero. Baker grew up poor, but her rocky start did not hold her back from success. Baker had major achievements for a black woman in her time; she was the first African-American to star in a major film. Baker was first to integrate a concert in Las Vegas. Even though Baker got her start during the Harlem Renaissance, her true claim to fame was her success in France. She was the first black woman to receive military honor in France.... [tags: segregation, racism, civil rights movement]
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Prison As A Last Resort - To detain a person you are depriving them of their personal liberty (Findlay et al, 2000). The detention or imprisonment of offenders has been a consequence used for a variety of offences in society for hundreds of years. In recent times it has become such a frequently relied upon consequence that significant overcrowding in prisons has resulted (Findlay et al, 2000). In the 1990’s new implementations of rehabilitation were introduced to help ease the overcrowding in prisons. At this time, prison was utilised to the extent that the Queensland government adopted a strategy of “prison as a last resort”(Cavadino & Dignan 2006).... [tags: Criminal Justice ]
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Prison As A Last Resort - "What is eliminated in prison is choice. What is encouraged is obedience. Bruno Bettelheim illustrated the result when he stated 'a prisoner had reached the final stage of adjustment to the camp situation when he had changed his personality so as to accept as his own the values of the Gestapo....Can one imagine a greater triumph for any system than this adoption of its values and behaviour by its powerless victims?' Until choice can be freely exercised and caring behaviour encouraged, there can be no meaningful change and the 'rehabilitation' of 'criminals' will only be a system's triumph over the values and behaviour of the powerless in our society." (Knopp, Boward, Morris, Schnapper, 1976... [tags: Criminal Justice ]
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The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - Prior to 1975, educational options for a child living with a mental or physical disability were limited. The family of the handicapped child was most likely forced down an path that lead to the institutionalization of the child and distancing the child from the benefits of receiving a free and public education. It was after federal legislation passed the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (42 U.S.C. § 1983) that monumental changes began to develop that allowed a better understanding of the needs and capabilities of people with various handicapping conditions.... [tags: Health, Disability, Handicapped Children]
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Shattering the Glass: It's Time - Introduction: Past, present and future, each three words that express distinct units of time; however there is a common thread among the three in regards to women and their place in the workforce. In the past, a woman seen in a high paying job such as a CEO or president of a company would have been a rare sight, if seen at all. This is known today as the glass ceiling, which is defined by Merriam Webster’s online encyclopedia as “an intangible barrier within a hierarchy that prevents women or minorities from obtaining upper-level positions” (“Glass”).... [tags: Gender Studies]
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Youths and Violent Video Games - Since the rise of violent video games, a common topic of discussion has been that violent video games incite violence in young teens. Despite what these people may think, violent video games have many upsides as well as the whole idea of inciting violence may just not be true. Research has stated that among many things that violent games do help, they can help reduce the amount of youth violence, increase intellectual skills, provide an output for aggressive behavior, and help kids or even adults relax.... [tags: agressive behaviors, builf up frustation]
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College Sports Gambling - College Sports Gambling With all of the controversy of gambling in college sports, why is the issue still an issue. The answer is money. There were actions taken towards this by Congress, but the problem is that it was never completely abolished. Congress had made the mistake of creating a way around it. It is now commonly referred to as “the Las Vegas loophole.” They outlawed the betting nationwide with the exception of one state, one state that is the capital of gambling, Nevada. This has caused few changes, with the exception of the ever-growing revenue that it generates.... [tags: Gambling Casino Las Vegal Essays]
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Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Erikson's Psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson is possibly the best known of Sigmund Freud’s many followers. He grew up in Europe and spent his young adult life under the direction of Freud. In 1933 when Hitler rose to power in Germany, Erikson emigrated to the United States and began teaching at Harvard University. His clinical work and studies were based on children, college students, victims of combat fatigue during World War two, civil rights workers, and American Indians. It was these studies which led Erikson to believe that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development.... [tags: Psychology Sociology Erikson Essays]
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The play Amadeus and the Destructive Nature of Jealousy - The play "Amadeus" is Mainly Concerned With the Destructive Nature of Jealousy This passage is all too true, both in Peter Shaffer's ‘Amadeus' and in life in general. However the play is also concerned with the destructive nature of ignorance and naivety. Salieri is jealous not just of Mozart's talent, but of the fact that God gave the talent to “Mozart … spiteful, sniggering, conceited, infantine Mozart”. He is envious of the vessel of God's laughter at the ‘patron saint of mediocrity' as he had dubbed himself.... [tags: essays research papers]
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Learning and Development - “All people want to be treated with respect, want to be valued and accepted, loved, and cherished, and made to feel they are making important contributions to society and that their wishes and desires are heard and respected (Berg and Steiner, 2003 as cited in Patel, Corter ad Pelletier, 2008, pp 23)”. Parents often feel this way and want to have a say in how and what their child is being taught. Partnerships between educators and families help parents be able to voice their own wishes and desires while allowing teachers and children to be valued, respected and accepted.... [tags: Education, Family Participation]
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Suicide and Depression - For some teens, striving for perfection has led to harming their own health and wellbeing such as living with depression and suicide. Teenagers today are relying on what they see in ads, T.V., magazines and on the internet for their input on appearances, the way they think not only comes from media sources, but from family and friends. Just how does family and friends play a role in depression and suicide. Families and friends play a great role in our existences. If parents show signs of depression, and suicide the predisposition is that, their child may develop one is greater.... [tags: Eating Disorders, Healthy Lifestyles]
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Young Children's Learning - This assignment will describe some of the ways young children learn, it will also identify some of the key areas of learning and features of an effective curriculum; it will also describe the understanding role of practitioner’s in supporting young children in the curriculum. The area of curriculum that will be looked at is the Early Years foundation staged curriculum (EYFS) and the key area of learning will be the communication, language and literacy, focusing more on the literacy (writing). Some of the key features of young children’s learning in the writing area include books, mark making, flash cards, painting, magnetic letters, puppets, storytelling, singing role play etc Ferreiro and T... [tags: Learning, Education, Effective Curriculum]
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Race Tensions - The town I grew up in is Show Low, Arizona. Surrounding Show Low are many small neighboring towns. These towns all come together to form the White Mountains. Most of the citizens of my community are of a Caucasian background. There are also some different minority groups that come from different background that also live there. The majority of the non-Caucasian residents are of Native Americans decent and Mexican decent. There are Native Americans because of the Apache Reservation that lies to the East, and the Mexicans have immigrated because of the vast amount of construction jobs.... [tags: Racism Prejudice]
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prom - Teenagers today are spending more and more money on the extravagance of prom. The article by Jeffery Shaffer claims that high school proms have become an “exercise in the celebration of extravagance and indulgence.” In this article negative ideas and, inappropriate messages are conveyed to teens. Many of the ideas proposed in this article are eccentric, turning school tradition into competition of unlimited spending. Although the price for prom according to Shaffer has reached “more than $1,200 per couple” and assumes “it’s the same or higher”, the price for prom in present years is beginning to near $2,000 a couple.... [tags: essays research papers]
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How Do Attachments in Early Childhood Can Have Positive and Negative Consequences? - Maccoby defines attachment as `a relatively enduring emotional tie to a specific other person.' Human infants seem to have an innate sense of willingness to form attachment relationships almost instantly. This bonding is naturally a two way process. One of the most influential psychologists in the field of attachments is John Bowlby. Bowlby performed his elementary psychological studies in the late 1960's, which undoubtedly caused a stir amongst close families and the setting of the times. He believed strongly in the idea of monotropy.... [tags: Psychology]
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A Critical Examination of the Sexual Life of Man In Sigmund Freud - A Critical Examination of the Sexual Life of Man In Sigmund Freud 1.0 INTRODUCTION It is a word that rings a bell, it penetrates all cultures and overwhelms all humanity. It means many things to many people; to some, it is sacred and should be treated with respect. To others, it is pleasurable and should be lured to without repression; expressed it is worded "human sexuality". Reiterating the central place which sexuality occupied in the life of man, Dietrich writers: Sex … as contrasted with other departments of bodily Experience is essentially deep.... [tags: Papers]
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| Equus |
In Roman myth , what type of animal suckled Romulus and Remus ? | IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Importance of Being Earnest, The"
Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Importance of Being Earnest, The"
1-50 of 138 names.
Robbie Amell
Along with his sister, Robert Patrick Amell started acting when he was just six years old. At sixteen, he started to land theater roles at Lawrence Park Stage in plays such as Louis and Dave, Picasso at the Lapin Agile and The Importance of Being Earnest. The experience brought Robbie to realize that he wanted to pursue a career in acting.
Shortly after choosing to follow acting, he booked the part of Daniel Murtaugh in the major motion picture Cheaper by the Dozen 2, headed by names such as Steve Martin, Bonnie Hunt, Hilary Duff, Tom Welling and - of whom he played the son - Eugene Levy and Carmen Electra.
Robie was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to Jo (Burden) and Rob Amell, who work in custom jewelry. His first cousin is actor Stephen Amell . As it seems is the habit of Canadians, Robbie has played hockey since he was a child. He also takes Muay Thai and break dancing lessons.
Scott Wilson
One chillingly infamous screen role for Scott Wilson in 1967 set the tone for an actor who went on to prove himself an invaluable character player for the past five decades. The Georgia-born native (Atlanta born and raised) was awarded a basketball scholarship following high school at Georgia's Southern Tech University to study architecture. Instead, Wilson hitchhiked to Los Angeles on a whim and hooked up one day with an actor he met in a bar who took him to one of his auditions. Allowed to audition himself by chance, Wilson lost the part but was absolutely hooked. Working an assortment of menial jobs, he studied for nearly five years while gaining experience in such local theater productions as "The Importance of Being Earnest."
Scott's fledgling career took off big time after being discovered by director Norman Jewison who cast him as a murder suspect in In the Heat of the Night starring Sidney Poitier and "Best Actor" Oscar winner Rod Steiger . If that weren't a sufficient beginning, Wilson immediately followed this with the co-lead role of murderer Richard Hickok in the stark and disturbing In Cold Blood , a superlative adaptation of Truman Capote best-selling docu-novel. It didn't hurt that Scott himself had a startling resemblance to the real-life killer. Partnering up with Robert Blake as two ex-cons who are eventually executed for the senseless, brutal slaughter of an entire Kansas farm family, the critically acclaimed film put both men squarely on the movie map.
Although a serious contender, out-and-out stardom did not come about for the quietly handsome, slightly forlorn-looking actor. Major roles in major pictures, however, did. Among Scott's early film work were Castle Keep and The Gypsy Moths , both starring Burt Lancaster ; The Grissom Gang ; Lolly-Madonna XXX (again with Steiger); The New Centurions ; The Great Gatsby , in which he earned raves as the garage owner who shoots Robert Redford 's title character to death in Gatsby's backyard swimming pool; The Ninth Configuration , for which he received a Golden Globe nomination; The Right Stuff ; the Venice Film Festival winner A Year of the Quiet Sun [A Year of the Quiet Sun]; Malone and Johnny Handsome . TV also showed off Scott's dark, controlled intensity and wide range in later years, appearing in guest spots on such popular dramas as "The X-Files" and "The Twilight Zone," and in a recurring role as Marg Helgenberger 's unscrupulous mobster father in "CSI." In minimovies Scott played everything from Elvis's father in Elvis and the Colonel: The Untold Story to a Wyoming governor in The Jack Bull .
Hardly one of Hollywood's flashiest good ol' boys, the taciturn, unassuming actor has preferred to remain discrete and let his performances do the talking. His output has been minimal compared with other character stars, but he has remained in the quality ranks nevertheless, mixing his standard penchant for darker movies with such family-oriented films as Shiloh and its 2006 sequel.
Supporting the newer "young guns" these days, he appeared with Vince Vaughn in Clay Pigeons and Ryan Phillippe in The Way of the Gun , and ended up one of serial killer Charlize Theron 's victims in Monster . Other strong showings on the big screen have included a lead part as a rockabilly star in Don't Let Go and his down-home patriarch in the superb ensemble art film Junebug , a breakout hit with Academy voters. More recently, Scott has gained a following sporting a full grey beard and ponytailed as grizzled farm owner Hershel Greene in the cable series The Walking Dead: Webisodes .
Wilson resides in Los Angeles along with his wife of nearly four decades, Heavenly, an attorney and accomplished artist and writer.
Geoffrey Rush
Geoffrey Roy Rush was born on July 6, 1951, in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, to Merle (Bischof), a department store sales assistant, and Roy Baden Rush, an accountant for the Royal Australian Air Force. His mother was of German descent and his father had English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. He was raised in Brisbane, Queensland, after his parents split up.
Rush attended Everton Park State High School during his formative years. His early interest in the theatre led to his 1971 stage debut at age 20 in "Wrong Side of the Moon" with the Queensland Theatre Company.
Known for his classical repertory work over the years, he scored an unexpected hit with his Queensland role as Snoopy in the musical "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown". A few years later he moved to France to study but subsequently returned to his homeland within a short time and continued work as both actor and director with the Queensland company ("June and the Paycock," "Aladdin," "Godspell," "Present Laughter," "The Rivals"). In the 1980s Rush became a vital member of the State Theatre Company of South Australia and showed an equally strong range there in such productions as "Revenger's Tragedy," "A Midsummer Night's Dream," "Mother Courage...and Her Children," "Blood Wedding," "Pal Joey," "Twelfth Night" and as The Fool in "King Lear".
Rush made an inauspicious debut in films with the feature Hoodwink , having little more than a bit part, and didn't carry off his first major role until playing Sir Andrew Aguecheek in a movie production of Twelfth Night . Yet, he remained a durable presence on stage with acclaimed productions in "The Diary of a Madman" in 1989 and "The Government Inspector" in 1991.
Rush suffered a temporary nervous breakdown in 1992 due to overwork and anguish over his lack of career advancement. Resting for a time, he eventually returned to the stage. Within a few years film-goers finally began taking notice of Geoffrey after his performance in Children of the Revolution . This led to THE role of a lifetime as the highly dysfunctional piano prodigy David Helfgott in Shine . Rush's astonishing tour-de-force performance won him every conceivable award imaginable, including the Oscar, Golden Globe, British Film Award and Australian Film Institute Award.
"Shine" not only put Rush on the international film map, but atypically on the Hollywood "A" list as well. His rather homely mug was made fascinating by a completely charming, confident and captivating demeanor; better yet, it allowed him to more easily dissolve into a number of transfixing historical portrayals, notably his Walsingham in Elizabeth , Marquis de Sade in Quills , and Leon Trotsky in Frida . He's also allowed himself to have a bit of hammy fun in such box office escapism as Mystery Men , House on Haunted Hill , The Banger Sisters , Finding Nemo and Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl . More than validating his early film success, two more Oscar nominations came his way in the same year for Quills (best actor) and Shakespeare in Love (support actor) in 2000. Geoffrey's amazing versatility continues to impress, more recently as the manic, volatile comedy genius Peter Sellers in the biopic The Life and Death of Peter Sellers .
Rush's intermittent returns to the stage have included productions of "Marat-Sade," "Uncle Vanya," "Oleanna," "Hamlet" and "The Small Poppies". In 2009 he made his Broadway debut in "Exit the King" co-starring Susan Sarandon . His marriage (since 1988) to Aussie classical actress Jane Menelaus produced daughter Angelica (1992) and son James (1995). Menelaus, who has also performed with the State Theatre of South Australia, has co-starred on stage with Rush in "The Winter's Tale" (1987), "Troilus and Cressida" (1989) and "The Importance of Being Earnest" (as Gwendolyn to his Jack Worthing). She also had a featured role in his film Quills .
Hattie Morahan
Hattie Morahan was born in London in 1978. Her father, Christopher Morahan , is a television and stage director, who is perhaps best known for his television adaptation of The Jewel in the Crown . Her mother, Anna Carteret , is an actress whose most high profile role was that of Inspector Kate Longton, whom she played in the BBC police drama series Juliet Bravo between 1983 and 1985. Hattie was educated at the Frensham Heights School. Whilst she was at school people would recognize her mother because they had seen Anna on TV in Juliet Bravo. Hattie has said in interviews that for a long time she thought that Manchester was in India because her father was working for Granada but he kept going away to India. In 1995, when she was sixteen years old, her father cast her as Una Gwithiam in a television adaptation of The Peacock Spring , which was broadcast on British television on 1st January 1996.
Hattie studied English Literature at New Hall, Cambridge between 1997 and 2000. This Cambridge University college has since been renamed Murray Edwards College. Whilst she was at Cambridge, she acted in several student drama productions. Hattie played Snowball, the pig based on Trotsky, in a stage adaptation of George Orwell 's novel, 'Animal Farm', at the ADC Theatre in Cambridge from 18th to 22nd November 1997. She returned to the ADC Theatre in February 1998 as part of the cast of 'Ticklebang', a new comedy written by Dylan Ritson , and she was part of the cast when the play was put on at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 1998. In November 1998 Hattie decided to switch for the time being from acting to direction, and directed 'The Suicide', a play by Nikolay Erdman , at the ADC in Cambridge, with Blake Ritson , the brother of Dylan, as her assistant director.
Hattie played the part of Catherine in Phillip Breen's production of Arthur Miller's modern classic, 'A View from the Bridge', at the ADC from 9th to 13th February, 1999. This production was re-staged at the National Student Drama Festival at Scarborough in April 1999 and Hattie won the best actress award at the festival. In July 1999 she played Cecily Cardew in an outdoor production of Oscar Wilde's classic comedy of manners, 'The Importance of being Earnest', with Phillip Breen as director and Blake Ritson in the role of Jack Worthing. This played at a number of outdoor venues in and around Cambridge. It was later staged at the ADC in Cambridge from 11th to 13th October 1999.
Towards the end of her time at Cambridge, Hattie played Isabel in Pedro Calderon De la Barca's play, 'The Mayor of Zalamea', at the Cambridge Arts Theatre in the summer of 2000, and in that summer she graduated with a degree in English from Cambridge University. At this point, she was clear that she wanted to pursue a career in acting. Her parents recommended that she enroll at drama school. However, Hattie was eager to get started on her professional acting career. She made a deal with her parents that if she did not get much work in the next twelve months, she would follow their advice and go to drama school.
As it turned out within a few months Hattie had won a contract with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), and whilst she was there she was able to take advantage of the technical classes and voice coaching to improve her acting technique. Her first professional engagement was as one of the players in a production of 'Hamlet' directed by Steven Pimlott. This was staged first at the Swan Theatre in Stratford upon Avon from 31st March to 13th October 2001 and then at the Barbican Theatre in London from 6th December 2001 to 2nd April 2002. As well as her part as one of the players, Hattie also understudied the role of Ophelia. She was with the RSC for over a year and her other roles for the company included the part of Lucy in 'Love in a Wood', a Restoration comedy by William Wycherley which was staged at the Swan Theatre in Stratford between 12th April and 12th October 2001; Emela in 'The Prisoner's Dilemma' by David Edgar , which was performed at the Other Place in Stratford from 11th July to 13th October 2001; and Tracy, the hotel receptionist, in 'Night of the Soul', a new play written and directed by David Farr, which ran at the Barbican Pit in London from 19th April to 11th May 2002.
After she had completed her time with the RSC, Hattie played the part of Elizabeth in a revival of Somerset Maugham's play 'The Circle' directed by Mark Rosenblatt. This production went on a tour of English regional theaters in the autumn of 2002 starting at the Malvern Theatre, (27th to 31st August), and finishing at the Arts Theatre in Cambridge, (21st to 26th October). In 2003 she played Elaine Harper in 'Arsenic and Old Lace' for Katharine Dore Management at the Strand Theatre in London from 14th February to 31st May, and Louise De la Valliere in 'Power', a new play written by Nick Dear, at the National Theatre in London from 3rd July to 29th October. In 2004 she played Ruby in Peter Flannery 's play 'Singer' at the Tricycle Theatre in Kilburn from 10th March to 10th April. She appeared as Totty Vogel Downing, an expert on art fraud seconded to the unsolved case squad in one episode of New Tricks , the popular BBC1 crime drama series, and she took part in a presentation of Eve Ensler 's play, 'Necessary Targets', directed by Anna Carteret at the Arts Theatre in London on Sunday 10th October 2004 .
Also in 2004, Hattie took part in a rehearsed reading of 'Othello' at the Globe Theatre in London and she played the part of a receptionist in 'Out of Time', a short film written by Dylan Ritson and directed by his brother Blake. However, Hattie's breakthrough as a stage actress was probably her performance in the title role in a 2004 revival of Euripides ' play, 'Iphigenia at Aulis'. This was staged at the National Theatre in London and ran from 12th June to 7th September 2004. The play's director, Katie Mitchell , is a controversial figure in contemporary British theatre, but Hattie is an admirer of her work, and as it turned out 'Iphigenia at Aulis' was the start of a long running collaboration between the two women.
In 2005 she played Beth Lucas, a regular character in the second season of the BBC3 medical drama, Bodies , and she made a guest appearance in the radio version of Trevor's World of Sport . She played Carrie, a media studies graduate interested in a career in talent management, who goes on a work placement at TS Sports Stars. The episode was entitled 'Work Experience' and it was broadcast by BBC Radio 4 on 29th November 2005. In the autumn she played Viola in a well received production of William Shakespeare 's play 'Twelfth Night' at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds. This production ran from 17th September to 22nd October 2005. In 2006 she played Penelope Toop in 'See How They Run' for ACT Productions in a tour of regional theaters starting at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, (15th to 18th February 2006) and finishing at the Malvern Theatre, (4th to 8th April 2006). 'See How They Run' was directed by Douglas Hodge , a good friend of Hattie's fiancé, Blake Ritson . Also in 2006 she played Alice in a BBC Radio 4 production of David Hare's play, 'Plenty', broadcast on 30th September 2006, and in the summer of 2006 Hattie was reunited with Katie Mitchell , who directed her in Anton Chekhov's play 'The Seagull' at the National Theatre. The play ran from 17th June to 23rd September and Hattie won an Ian Charleston award for her performance as Nina in this play.
Hattie was part of the cast in 'Asylum Monologues', an event organized by Actors for Human Rights, at Cambridge University on 18th October 2007. She was also busy filming various television and film projects in 2007. She played the part of Sister Clara in New Line Cinema's film of The Golden Compass , which went on general release in Great Britain on 5th December 2007, as well as playing Gale Benson, the daughter of a Conservative member of parliament who becomes involved with the black power movement, in Roger Donaldson 's film, The Bank Job . The Bank Job went on general release in Britain on 29th February 2008. On television she was in two comedies made by Hat Trick productions, namely Outnumbered and Bike Squad . She won widespread acclaim for her performance as Elinor Dashwood in Andrew Davies ' adaptation of Jane Austen 's novel, Sense & Sensibility . This was broadcast on BBC1 between 1st and 13th January 2008. This television adaptation was inevitably compared with the 1995 Columbia Tristar film of the same book in which Emma Thompson had played Elinor, although in her preparation for the role Hattie had deliberately avoided watching the film again and decided not to think about Emma Thompson. Hattie won the best actress award at the Shanghai Television Festival for her performance as Elinor Dashwood.
She appeared in several radio dramas in the first quarter of 2008, including 'What I think of my Husband', a radio play by Stephen Wakelam about Thomas Hardy 's relationship with his second wife, Florence Dugdale. This was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between 31st March and 4th April 2008, and featured excellent performances from both Nigel Anthony as Hardy and Hattie as Florence. She also played the part of Constance in a radio adaptation of Alfred Hitchcock 's 1945 film Spellbound . This was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Saturday 16th February 2008. Her co-star in this radio play was Benedict Cumberbatch , with whom she appeared in Martin Crimp 's play, 'The City'. This play opened at the Royal Court Theatre in London on Thursday 24th April 2008 and ran until Saturday 7th June 2008. It was directed by Katie Mitchell , who also directed Hattie in 'Some Trace of Her', an experimental stage version of Fyodor Dostoevsky 's novel, 'The Idiot'. This opened at the Cottesloe stage of the National Theatre in London on Wednesday 23rd July and ran until Tuesday 21st October 2008. She was also in the cast of A Pocket Full of Rye , an Agatha Christie TV drama starring Julia McKenzie as Miss Marple, in which Hattie played Elaine Fortescue, the daughter of a murdered businessman.
In the autumn of 2008 Hattie played the role of Jane again in the second series of the BBC1 situation comedy Outnumbered . On Sunday 2nd November 2008 she returned to Cambridge University, where she gave a talk on her acting career at the Judith E. Wilson Drama Studio. She was one of the readers for 'Active Resistance to Propaganda' by Vivienne Westwood , the Royal Shakespeare Company's Alternative Christmas lecture, which was staged at Wilton's Music Hall in London on Sunday 16th December 2008. She also played the part of Mary in a revival of the T.S. Eliot play 'Family Reunion' at the Donmar Warehouse in London. This play opened on Thursday 20th November 2008 and ran until Saturday 10th January 2009. The play was in a very real sense a family reunion for Hattie since the cast included Hattie's mother Anna Carteret .
In 2009 Hattie played Claire in 'Love Hate'. This was a short film about a charity worker who falls in love with a mysterious woman. It was written and directed by the Ritson brothers, and the cast also included Ben Whishaw , with whom Hattie had previously co-starred in stage productions of 'The Seagull' in 2006 and 'Some Trace of Her' in 2008. In the spring of 2009 Hattie returned to the National Theatre in London to play Kay Conway in 'Time and the Conways' by J.B.Priestley. The play opened on Tuesday 28th April 2009 and completed its run on Sunday 16th August 2009. Hattie played Elizabeth in Meredith Oakes' unusually entitled social comedy, 'Alex Tripped on my fairy', which was broadcast by BBC Radio 3 on Saturday 21st March 2009. She was one of the readers for an edition of the BBC Radio 3 show, 'Words and Music', which went out on Sunday 29th March 2009, and she also narrated a ten part dramatization of 'Lady Audley's Secret' by Mary Elizabeth Braddon . This was broadcast by BBC Radio 4 between Monday 20th April 2009 and Friday 1st May 2009.
Pernell Roberts
Best recalled as the eldest son and first member of the "Bonanza" Cartwright clan to permanently leave the Ponderosa in the hopes of greener acting pastures, dark, deep-voiced and durably handsome Pernell Roberts' native roots lay in Georgia. Born Pernell Elvin Roberts, Jr. on May 18, 1928, in North Carolina and moved to Waycross as an infant, he was singing in local USO shows while still in high school (where he appeared in plays and played the horn). He attended both Georgia Tech and the University of Maryland but flunked out of both colleges, with a two-year stint as a Marine stuck somewhere in between. He eventually decided to give acting a chance and supported himself as a butcher, forest ranger, and railroad riveter during the lean years while pursuing his craft.
On stage from the early 1950s, he gained experience in such productions as "The Adding Machine," "The Firebrand" and "Faith of Our Fathers" before spending a couple of years performing the classics with the renowned Arena Stage Company in Washington, DC. Productions there included "The Taming of the Shrew" (as Petruchio), "The Playboy of the Western Word," "The Glass Menagerie," "The Importance of Being Earnest," and "Twelfth Night." He made his Broadway debut in 1955 with "Tonight in Samarkind" and that same year won the "Best Actor" Drama Desk Award for his off-Broadway performance as "Macbeth," which was immediately followed by "Romeo and Juliet" as Mercutio. Other Broadway plays include "The Lovers" (1956) with Joanne Woodward , "A Clearing in the Woods" (1957) with Kim Stanley , a return to Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew" (1957) and "The Duchess of Malfi" (1957). He returned to Broadway fifteen years later as the title role opposite Ingrid Bergman in "Captain Brassbound's Conversion" (1972).
Pernell then headed for Hollywood and found minor roles in films before landing the pivotal role of Ben Cartwright's oldest and best-educated son Adam in the Bonanza series in 1959. The series made Roberts a bona fide TV star, while the program itself became the second longest-running TV western (after "Gunsmoke") and first to be filmed in color. At the peak of his and the TV show's popularity, Pernell, displeased with the writing and direction of the show, suddenly elected not to renew his contract and left at the end of the 1964-1965 season to the utter dismay of his fans. The show continued successfully without him, but a gap was always felt in the Cartwright family by this abrupt departure. The story line continued to leave open the possibility of a return if desired, but Pernell never did.
With his newfound freedom, Roberts focused on singing and the musical stage. One solo album was filled with folks songs entitled "Come All Ye Fair and Tender Ladies." Besides such standard roles in "Camelot" and "The King and I," he starred as Rhett Butler to Lesley Ann Warren 's Scarlett O'Hara in a musical version of "Gone with the Wind" that did not fare well, and appeared in another misguided musical production based on the life of "Mata Hari." During this period he became an avid civil rights activist and joined other stalwarts such as Dick Gregory , Joan Baez and Harry Belafonte who took part in civil rights demonstrations during the 60s, including the Selma March.
The following years were rocky. He never found a solid footing in films with roles in rugged, foreign films such as The Kashmiri Run [The Kashmiri Run], Four Rode Out , making little impression. He maintained a viable presence in TV, however, with parts in large-scale mini-series and guest shots on TV helping to keep some momentum. In 1979 he finally won another long-running series role (and an Emmy nomination) as Trapper John, M.D. in which he recreated the Wayne Rogers TV M*A*S*H role. Pernell was now heavier, bearded and pretty close to bald at this juncture (he was already wearing a toupee during his early "Bonanza" years), but still quite virile and attractive. The medical drama co-starring Gregory Harrison ran seven seasons.
The natural-born Georgia rebel was a heavily principled man and spent a life-time of work fighting racism, segregation, and sexism, notably on TV. He was constantly at odds with the "Bonanza" series writers of his concerns regarding equality. He also kept his private life private. Married and divorced three times, he had one son, Jonathan Christopher, by first wife Vera. Jonathan was killed in a motorcycle crash in 1989. In the 1990s, Pernell starred in his last series as host of FBI: The Untold Stories . It had a short life-span.
Retiring in the late 1990s, Roberts was diagnosed with cancer in 2007 and died about two years later at age 81 on January 24, 2010, survived by fourth wife Eleanor Criswell. As such, the rugged actor, who never regretted leaving the "Bonanza" series, managed to outlive the entire Cartwright clan ( Dan Blocker died in 1972; Lorne Greene in 1987); and Michael Landon in 1991).
Susan Clark
Award-winning Canadian actress Susan Clark, born on March 8, 1940, took up acting at an early age (12) in her hometown of Sarnia, Ontario. Her family moved to Toronto around that period of time and she joined the Toronto Children's Players Theatre. Her first professional curtain call took place on the musical stage in a 1955 production of "Silk Stockings" which starred veteran actor Don Ameche .
The "acting bug" bit hard and a very determined Susan pressed her family to allow her to study at London's prestigious Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. She gained valuable experience in repertory, making her London debut in "Poor Bitos" in the early 1960s. She even got a taste of on-camera work when she won multiple roles on a 1965 episode of The Benny Hill Show . Returning to Canada, however, due to the illness of her father, she subsequently decided to trek, instead, to Los Angeles to continue her professional career. In search of on-camera work, she attracted notice in some guest roles on TV and this eventually led to a Universal contract. The ten-year contract was one of the last of its kind as Hollywood was witnessing the demise of the studio contract system.
After gaining some exposure on episodes of The Virginian and Run for Your Life , Susan's first screen assignment for Universal was as the second female lead in the soap-styled drama Banning starring Robert Wagner , in one of his typical jet-setting playboy parts, and the scintillating Jill St. John , who would wed her "Banning" leading man two decades later. From there, Susan only grew in stature. Playing the second female lead again in the critically-praised crimer Madigan starring Richard Widmark and Inger Stevens , she finally earned top female billing opposite Clint Eastwood in Coogan's Bluff playing a sexy parole officer and enjoying romantic clinches with the up-and-coming film icon on film.
Tall and willowy with incandescent blue eyes, Susan continued to impress on celluloid with roles in Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here , Valdez Is Coming and, in particular, Skin Game . It was 70s TV-movies, however, that would take full advantage of Susan's vibrant, intelligent acting talents. First came the tender-hearted mini-movie Something for a Lonely Man . While a vehicle for Bonanza's Dan Blocker , co-star Susan made a strong, spunky impression as his small-town romantic interest. This was followed by choice roles in The Challengers and The Astronaut .
1975 was a banner year for Susan who not only provided a couple of excellent scenes as Gene Hackman 's wife in the film-noir Night Moves but, made a resounding, Emmy-winning impression on TV audiences as feminist track-and-field Olympian-turned-golf star Babe Didrikson Zaharias , who is later felled by cancer, in the TV mini-bio Babe . This was a pronounced victory for Susan both professionally and personally for it was on this set that she met her second husband, co-star Alex Karras , who played Babe's spouse George. Susan was in immediate demand and was quickly cast as another feisty, ill-fated heroine, this time in the form of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart . Predictably, Susan was wonderful and earned a second Emmy nomination for her efforts (she didn't win).
She and Karras (who had a child, Katie, in 1980) went on to jointly act in and/or produce various film and TV projects, including the TV movies Jimmy B. & André , and Maid in America , and the films Nobody's Perfekt and Porky's . This culminated in their biggest collaborative effort with the sitcom series Webster wherein both were unmercifully upstaged by the hopelessly cute antics of its tyke star Emmanuel Lewis . While the series hardly tested the couple's acting mettle and the plot was pretty much a "Diff'rent Strokes" rehash, the show proved quite popular on its own and put Clark and Karras firmly on the TV map between 1983 to 1988. Susan, herself, earned a Golden Globe nomination for "Best Actress in a Comedy Series".
Following the sitcom' demise, Susan relinquished the limelight a bit and found contentment on the local Southern California stage. Relishing acting challenges in such wide-ranging plays as "Meetin's on the Porch" (1990) with Patty Duke and Carrie Snodgress , "Afterplay" (1998), "Bicoastal Women" (2003) and "The Importance of Being Earnest" (2004) (as Lady Bracknell), she eventually became a dedicated member of the Rubicon Theater Company in Los Angeles, gracing such plays there as "The Glass Menagerie", "Dancing at Lughnasa", "The Devil's Disciple" and, most recently, "A Delicate Balance".
Ben Cross
Ben Cross was born Harry Bernard Cross on December 16, 1947, in London, England. He began acting at a very young age and participated in grammar school plays -- most notably playing "Jesus" in a school pageant at age 12.
Ben left home and school at age 15 and worked various jobs, including work as a window washer, waiter and carpenter. He was master carpenter for the Welsh National Opera and property master at the Alexandra Theatre in Birmingham, England.
Driven by his desire to be an actor, Ben accepted and overcame the enormous challenges and obstacles that came with the profession. In 1970, at the age of 22, he was accepted into London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA) -- the alma mater of legendary actors such as Sir John Gielgud , Glenda Jackson and Sir Anthony Hopkins .
Upon graduation from RADA, Ben performed in several stage plays at Duke's Playhouse where he was seen in "Macbeth", "The Importance of Being Earnest", and Arthur Miller 's "Death of a Salesman". He then joined the Prospect Theatre Company and played roles in "Pericles", "Twelfth Night", and "Royal Hunt of the Sun". Ben also joined the cast in the immensely popular musical "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" and played leading roles in Peter Shaffer 's "Equurs", "Mind Your Head" and the musical "Irma La Douce" -- all at Leicester's Haymarket Theatre.
Ben's first big screen film appearance came in 1976 when he went on location to Deventer, Holland, to play "Trooper Binns" in Joseph E. Levine 's World War II epic A Bridge Too Far , which starred a very famous international cast -- namely Dirk Bogarde , Sir Sean Connery , Sir Michael Caine and James Caan .
In 1977, Ben became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and performed in the premier of "Privates on Parade" as "Kevin Cartwright" and played "Rover" in a revival of a Restoration play titled "Wild Oats".
Ben's path to international stardom began in 1978 with his extraordinary performance in the play, "Chicago", in which he played "Billy Flynn", the slick lawyer of murderess "Roxie Hart". During his performance in this play, he was recognized and recommended for a leading role in the multiple Oscar-winning Chariots of Fire . The major success of Chariots of Fire opened the doors to the international film market. Ben followed up Chariots of Fire with strong and successful performances, most notably in the Masterpiece Theatre miniseries The Citadel , in which he played a Scottish physician, Dr Andrew Manson, struggling with the politics of the British medical system during the 1920s, and his performance as "Ash Pelham-Martyn", a British cavalry officer torn between two cultures in the Home Box Office miniseries The Far Pavilions . During the 1984 Summer Olympic Games, Ben appeared in a commercial for American Express with Jackson Scholz , a sprinter for the 1924 American Olympic team whose character was featured in the film Chariots of Fire . He subsequently replaced James Garner as the featured actor endorsing the Polaroid Spectra camera in 1986. Ben was also featured in "GQ Magazine" as one of the annual "Manstyle" winners in January, 1985, followed by a featured photo shoot in March, 1985.
Having stuck by his desire to choose quality roles over monetary potential, Ben has enjoyed long-term success in the film industry, currently over 30 years. Over the years, Ben has played several outstanding roles including his portrayal of "Solomon", one of the most fascinatingly complex characters of the Bible, in the Trimark Pictures production Solomon in 1997. Other outstanding roles included his "Barnabus" in the 1991 MGM remake of the miniseries Dark Shadows ; "Sir Harold Pearson" in the 1994 Italian production Honey Sweet Love... (Honey Sweet Love); "Ikey Solomon" in the Australian production The Potato Factory in 2000; and, most recently, his role as Rudolf Hess in the 2006 BBC production Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial .
Ben is a director, writer and musician, as well. Among many of his original works is the musical "Rage" about Ruth Ellis , which was performed in various regional towns in the London area. He also starred in it and played the part of the hangman. Ben's first single as a lyricist was released by Polydor Records in the late 1970s and was titled "Mickey Moonshine". Other works include "The Best We've Ever Had" and "Nearly Midnight", both written by Ben and directed by his son, Theo Cross . In addition, the original soundtrack for "Nearly Midnight" was written, produced and performed by his daughter, Lauren Cross. These works were performed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 2002 and 2003, respectively. "Square One", directed by Ben, was performed at the Etcetera Theatre in London in 2004.
Ben has lived all over the world, including London, Los Angeles, New York, Southern Spain, Vienna, and, most recently, Sofia. He is familiar with the Spanish, Italian and German languages and has enrolled in a course studying Bulgarian. When he's not filming, he can be found writing music, screenplays and articles for English language publications.
Ian Richardson
A classical actor (and founding member in 1960 of the Royal Shakespeare Company), Richardson earned international fame as the villainous Francis Urquart in the BBC television trilogy, "House of Cards." Uttered in a cut-glass accent, the Machiavellian Prime Minister's sly "You might well think that ... I couldn't possibly comment" became a catchphrase when the series was broadcast in the 1990s. Richardson's contributions to his art were honored in 1989 when he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE.) Fittingly, his family had his ashes buried beneath the auditorium of the new Royal Shakespeare theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon.
Born the son of John and Margaret (Drummond) Richardson on April 7, 1934, he was educated at Tynecastle School in Edinburgh, and studied for the stage at the College of Dramatic Art in Glasgow, where he was awarded the James Bridie Gold Medal in 1957. He joined the Birmingham Repertory Theatre Company a year later where he played Hamlet as well as John Worthing in "The Importance of being Earnest." In 1960 he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company (then called the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre) and drew excellent notices for his work in "The Merchant of Venice," "Twelfth Night," "The Winter's Tale," "Much Ado About Nothing," "A Midsummer Night's Dream," "The Taming of the Shrew," "The Comedy of Errors" and "King Lear", among others. In 1964 Richardson played the role of the Herald before advancing to the title role of Jean-Paul Marat in the stunning, avant-garde RSC production of "Marat-Sade". In addition, he made his Broadway debut in said role at the very end of 1965, and recreated it to critical acclaim in Peter Brooks ' film adaptation with Glenda Jackson as murderess Charlotte Corday. Richardson also went on to replay Oberon in a lukewarm film version of RSC's A Midsummer Night's Dream that nevertheless bore an elite company of Britain's finest pre-Dames -- Judi Dench , Helen Mirren and Diana Rigg . One of his lower film points during that time period, however, was appearing in the huge musical movie misfire Man of La Mancha in the role of the Padre opposite Peter O'Toole and Sophia Loren .
Richardson was never far from the Shakespearean stage after his induction into films with majestic portraits of Coriolanus, Pericles, Richard II, Richard III, Cassius ("Julius Caesar"), Malcolm ("Macbeth"), Angelo ("Measure for Measure"), Prospero ("The Tempest") and Mercutio ("Romeo and "Juliet") paving the way. Elsewhere on Broadway he received a Drama Desk Award and Tony nomination for his splendid Henry Higgins in a revival of "My Fair Lady" in 1976, and was part of the cast of the short-lived (12 performances) production of "Lolita" (1981), written by Edward Albee and starring Donald Sutherland as Humbert Humbert.
Mildred Natwick
A disarming character lady quite capable of scene-stealing, Mildred Natwick was a well-rounded talent with distinctively dowdy features and idiosyncratic tendencies who, over a six-decade period, assembled together a number of unforgettable matrons on stage and (eventually) film and TV. Whimsical, feisty, loony, stern, impish, shrewish, quizzical, scheming -- she greatly enhanced both comedies and dramas and, thankfully, her off-centered greatness was captured perfectly on occasion by such film directors as John Ford , Alfred Hitchcock and Neil Simon .
A short, plumpish, oval-eyed figure with a unique flowery, honey-glazed voice, Natwick was born on June 19, 1905 (some sources list 1908) to Joseph (a businessman) and and Mildred Marion Dawes Natwick. The Baltimore native graduated from both the Bryn Mawr School (in Baltimore) and also from Bennett College in Dutchess County, N.Y., where she majored in drama. Breaking into the professional field touring on stage, Miss Natwick joined the Vagabonds in the late 1920s, a non-professional group from Baltimore. She later became part of the renowned University Players at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, whose rising performers at the time included Henry Fonda , Margaret Sullavan and James Stewart .
Natwick made her Broadway bow in the 1932 melodrama "Carry Nation," directed by Blanche Yurka with Esther Dale in the title role. In the cast was Joshua Logan , whom she befriended and later corroborated with when he turned director. She then continued her momentum on 1930s Broadway with "Amourette" (1933), "Spring in Autumn" (1933), "The Wind and the Rain" (1934), "The Distaff Side" (1934) "End of Summer" (1936), "Love from a Stranger" (1936), "The Star-Wagon" (1937), "Missouri Legend" (1938), "Stars in Your Eyes" (1939) (directed by Logan), and "Christmas Eve" (1939).
Natwick did not come to films until middle age (35) with the John Ford classic The Long Voyage Home , in which she played a Cockney floozie. Despite her fine work in this minor part, she did not make another film until her landlady role five years later in The Enchanted Cottage supporting Dorothy McGuire and Robert Young . Not a great beauty by Hollywood standards, Natwick learned quickly in Hollywood that if she were to succeed, it would be as a character performer. Ford himself picked up on her versatility and used her repeatedly in several of his post-war classics -- 3 Godfathers , She Wore a Yellow Ribbon , and The Quiet Man .
Never abandoning the theater for long, Natwick excelled as Miss Garnett in George Bernard Shaw 's "Candida" and as the buoyant medium in Noël Coward 's "Blithe Spirit". As for the big screen, she was sporadically seen in such films as Yolanda and the Thief , The Late George Apley , A Woman's Vengeance , The Kissing Bandit , Cheaper by the Dozen and Against All Flags . Making use of even the tiniest of roles, none of them did much to improve her stature in Hollywood. With her delicious turn, however, in Hitchcock's eccentric black comedy The Trouble with Harry , which starred Shirley MacLaine (in her film debut), John Forsythe , Kris Kringle's Edmund Gwenn , little Jerry Mathers (of "Leave It to Beaver"), and another famous Mildred, Mildred Dunnock , Natwick enjoyed one of her best roles ever on film. This was followed by her scheming and furtive sorceress in the Danny Kaye vehicle The Court Jester in which she, Kaye and Glynis Johns participate in the memorable tongue-twisting "The pellet with the poison's in the vessel with the pestle..." comedy routine. This, in turn, led to a couple of more, albeit lesser, films, including Teenage Rebel and Tammy and the Bachelor .
Preferring the theatre to movies, MIldred received her first Tony nomination for her sharp, astute work in Jean Anouilh 's "Waltz of the Toredors" in 1957 and recreated her character in a TV special. She seemed to move effortlessly from the classics ("Medea," "Coriolanus") to chic comedy ("Ladies in Retirement," "The Importance of Being Earnest"). Receiving great applause as the beleaguered, overly-winded mother in Neil Simon 's "Barefoot in the Park" on Broadway in 1963, she transferred the role to film four years later. The cinematic Barefoot in the Park earned Mildred a well-deserved Oscar nomination for "best supporting actress". She switched things up again with Harold Pinter 's theatrical "Landscape," and then again in 1971 when she made her debut in a singing role in the John Kander - Fred Ebb musical, "70, Girls, 70" (1971) in which she earned a second Tony nomination. Her last Broadway show came as a replacement in "Bedroom Farce" in 1979.
With only the slightest of gesture, look or tone of voice, Mildred's characters could speak volumes and she became an essential character player during the 1970s as an offbeat friend, relative or elderly on TV and film. She was awarded the Emmy for her playing of one of The Snoop Sisters _ alongside the equally delightful Helen Hayes in the short-lived TV series. Both played impish Jessica Fletcher-type mystery writers who solve real crimes on the sly. She also played Rock Hudson 's quirky mother in McMillan & Wife and a notable dying grandmother in a guest appearance of the critically-lauded TV series drama Family . Her final film came with a small regal role as Madame de Rosemonde in Dangerous Liaisons with Glenn Close , John Malkovich and Michelle Pfeiffer .
Never married, Mildred was called "Milly" by close friends and family and was the first cousin of Myron 'Grim' Natwick, the creator of Betty Boop for the Max Fleischer cartoon studio and prime animator for Disney's Snow White character. She died of cancer at age 89 in New York City.
Haley Strode
Haley Strode is versatile actress with a gift for crossing genre and delivering noteworthy performances on both the small and big screens. She was born on June 23, in Owensboro, Kentucky, to Karen, a teacher, and Richard, a farmer. She is the youngest of three, with two older brothers. She grew up on her family's fourth generation farm in the nearby town of Stanley.
She attended the The University of Mississippi, spending the next four years studying under her mentor, Joe Turner Cantu, in an immersive acting studio. Starring in several stage productions such as A Streetcar Named Desire as Stella, Noises Off! as Brooke, and The Importance of Being Earnest as Cecily, she received her Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree in Theatre Arts.
Upon graduation, Strode moved to Los Angeles. Having a knack for comedy, Strode appeared in several Comedy Central shows and roles on NBC's Whitney and The New Normal. She booked her first series lead on the multi-cam show, for Nick@Nite, Wendell & Vinnie, created by Emmy-Award winner Jay Kogen. With a background in theatre, shooting in front of a live audience was the perfect synthesis of her talents. She starred in 20 episodes of the show.
In 2012, Strode filmed the pilot episode of Mob City, executive produced, written and directed by Frank Darabont. That same year, she also appeared in the Warner Bros. release Gangster Squad, directed by Ruben Fleischer. She played the role of Marcia Keeler, alongside Giovanni Ribisi and Josh Brolin.
In 2015, Strode portrayed the role of real-life NASA wife Jane Conrad on ABC's drama series, The Astronaut's Wives Club, created by Stephanie Savage. She also starred in ABC's crime drama series Wicked City, created by Steven Baigelman, as Rita Forrester, a 'Marilyn Monroe wannabe', in the 1960's,
John Standing
Sir John Standing is one of England's most respected stage, film and television actors. From a distinguished acting dynasty which includes his great-grandfather Herbert Standing (1846-1923) and his grandfather Sir Guy Standing (1873-1937) and his mother, the actress Kay Hammond . He succeeded his father Sir Ronald Leon, as the 4th baronet in 1964. Sir John has worked productively on both the London and New York stages over the decades with leading parts in "The Importance of Being Earnest," "Ring Around the Moon," "A Sense of Detachment" by John Osborne , and, most notably, in Noël Coward 's "Private Lives," with Maggie Smith . Lesser known for his film work, he has nevertheless supported and enhanced such cinematic offerings as Young and Willing , his debut film, King Rat , The Psychopath , Walk Don't Run , The Eagle Has Landed , The Elephant Man , Nightflyers , Mrs Dalloway , and A Good Woman . His prestigious television roles have included the classic mini-series The First Churchills , Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy , and The Choir , and King Solomon's Mines . In the U.S., he has graced numerous weekly programmes including L.A. Law , Civil Wars , and Murder, She Wrote and co-starred briefly with Robert Wagner and the late Samantha Smith in the action series Lime Street , which ended abruptly with the young girl's death in a plane crash. The 13-year-old Smith became an instant celebrity after writing a touching and concerned letter to the then Soviet President Yuri Andropov about the relations between the two dominant powers and being invited to Russia. His second wife is the actress Sarah Forbes , who is the daughter of the director Bryan Forbes and actress Nanette Newman .
Flora Spencer-Longhurst
She at age eleven attended the National Youth Music Theatre, After she studied at Manchester University. Flora made her television debut in 2005 in the BBC television series Dalziel and Pascoe with actor Warren Clarke. Her stage debut at the Young Vic Theatre in 2007 in The Member of the Wedding where she played the part of Frankie Addams. Her other credits were as Rosalie in the play The Children's Hour. She Cecily in a musical adaptation The Importance of Being Earnest . She was than in a stage version of A Christmas Carol in the role of Belle. Her most Latest stage role was Reza,in musical Once. Than did the television series Leonardo, in the dual role of Lisa/Tomaso . Other roles in television were the 2006 pilot episode of Inspector Lewis. As Flora motion picture debut Walking with the Enemy had won her a Best Supporting Actress award at the Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival and is scheduled for release sometime in 2014,She has worked alongside actors such as Kenneth Branagh (Wallander), Peter Davison (Unforgiven), and Ben Kingsley (Walking with the Enemy).
Schuyler Grant
Schuyler Grant was delivered by her dad in Los Gatos, California, on April 29, 1971. She graduated from her high school in Sebastopol, California, with a class size of around 300. During her high school years, she portrayed "Diana Barry" in the Canadian mini-series Anne of Green Gables . She later went to Columbia University: majoring in History and minoring in Theatre. Since then, Schuyler has done numerous theatrical productions; including "MacBeth" and "The Importance of Being Earnest" (with Eric Stoltz ). Just a few years ago, Schuyler married her college sweetheart, jazz musician Jeff Krasno .
Estelle Winwood
When Estelle saw the girl on a white horse at the circus, she then decided that she wanted to be an actress. And she was from the age of 5, to the disapproval of her father. Her mother had her train with the Liverpool Repertory Company, and Estelle performed in many plays and many roles in the West End. In 1916, she made her debut on Broadway and worked with a number of acclaimed stage actors. Estelle spent the rest of the 'teens and '20s working in plays on both sides of the Atlantic. Being an actor in the theater, Estelle was not about to be one of those who acted in flicks and held out for a very long time. In fact, besides a small role in a few English films in the early 1930s, her real debut was Quality Street , a picture that she undertook when she was in her 50s. Anyway, that was enough as it would be almost two decades before she would return to the big screen. She appeared on the stage in the plays "The Merry Wives of Windsor," "Ten Little Indians," and "The Importance of Being Earnest." But, in 1955, Estelle did return to the movies as Leslie Caron 's "fairy godmother" in The Glass Slipper . Estelle would spend the next 10 years appearing in films, often cast as eccentric, frail old ladies, some of whom could be deadly. Not to be left out, Estelle also would work on Television, doing guest spots in a number of shows. At 84, Estelle played a woman who was enamored by crooked Zero Mostel in the comedy The Producers . Her last film would be the detective spoof Murder by Death . When Estelle was asked, on the occasion of her 100th birthday, how she felt to have lived so long, she replied, "How rude of you to remind me!".
David Groh
David Groh's highly anticipated "marriage" to Valerie Harper on the seventh episode of the sitcom Rhoda was the highest rated episode of that show's entire run and it was this co-starring role that situated him squarely on the Hollywood TV map. Rhoda Morgenstern, the perennial bridesmaid, cynical plain-Jane and beloved Jewish-born jokester who was spun off from the classic comedy Mary Tyler Moore finally found her dream man in the form of virile, curly-haired, blue-collared Joe Gerard and audiences were ecstatic. Groh went on to equip himself quite well as the steady, mild-mannered foil to Rhoda's neurotic antics and busybody tendencies. The show, however, was not as great a success as expected and after three seasons the character of Joe was written out of the show. Concerned producers reasoned that audiences best loved Rhoda when she was a lovelorn bachelorette and that they could get more comedy mileage out of her character if she reverted back to single status. At the time, however, divorce was a serious issue and not as casually addressed in comedy as it is today. Audiences were perturbed that their beloved Rhoda would end up a divorcée; the series lasted only another year. David would continue steadily on stage and in independent films, but in a lesser light. Although he never found the same kind of attention again, for him it was more about the work.
Born David Lawrence Groh on May 21, 1939, the son of Jewish-Americans Benjamin (an architect) and Mildred Groh, he received his diploma from Brooklyn Technical High School, where was elected student body president. He subsequently attended Brown University with an early interest in engineering, but graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a degree in English literature. He apprenticed for a couple seasons at the American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Connecticut, and was a spear carrier in the Katharine Hepburn / Robert Ryan production of "Antony and Cleopatra" in 1960. This early encouragement led to further studies in London -- courtesy of a Fulbright scholarship. David served in the Army for six months in 1963, and a year of reserve duty. Returning to his native New York, he sharpened his technique at the Actors Studio. Appearing around and about in such plays as "The Importance of Being Earnest," he finally marked his TV debut on a 1968 episode of the cult Gothic daytime drama "Dark Shadows" and made his film entrance in a prime role in the Italian-made feature Red Hot Shot [Red Hot Shot].
While continuing to add on-camera credits to his resume, notably a regular 1972-1973 role in the daytime drama Love Is a Many Splendored Thing , it wasn't until he made a definitive move to Los Angeles in 1974 that his career suddenly accelerated. Within months he was cast alongside Valerie Harper in "Rhoda" and enjoyed three solid seasons as her handsome construction worker hubby. After he was phased out of the show, he found a sitcom of his own to star in with Another Day opposite Joan Hackett , but the family-oriented program lasted only a month in April. From then on he focused more and more on heavier dramatics. He portrayed the evil-minded D.L. Brock on the daytime soap opera General Hospital from 1983 to 1985, and later co-starred in the Roger Corman crime action series Black Scorpion , while finding recurring roles on such programs as "Melrose Place," "Baywatch" and "Law & Order". Although he never made a strong showing on the large screen, David did appear in the films Irish Whiskey Rebellion , Two-Minute Warning and A Hero Ain't Nothin' But a Sandwich in between assorted stage and TV assignments.
He returned strongly to his theater roots after the Rhoda hoopla and played both appealingly charismatic and slick, unsavory types. He made his Broadway debut replacing Judd Hirsch in the winning Neil Simon comedy "Chapter Two" in 1978. Down the road he appeared in an assortment of plays: "King Lear" (1982), "Be Happy for Me" (1986), "Road Show" (1987), "Beyond a Reasonable Doubt" (1989), "The Twilight of the Golds" (1993), "Mizlansky/Zilinsky" (2000), "The Waverly Gallery," "Gangster Planet" (2002) and "Blackout" (2003), to name a few. He was an admired fixture both in New York and on the smaller Los Angeles stages, and tried his hand at stage directing with a production of "Mango Mango" at the Lee Strasberg Creative Center Theatre in Los Angeles in 2000. In recent years, David appeared occasionally in support in independent features.
He developed a lifelong passion for early American furniture and folk art (which first blossomed as a youth visiting the Brooklyn and Metropolitan Museums and fully bloomed from his association with an acting teacher who was also a collector. ). David lived in Los Angeles at the time of his death from kidney cancer at age 68, and had one son, Spencer, from a prior 80s to Karla Pergande. His first marriage to denise Arsenault was annulled. He and his surviving third wife, the former Kristin Andersen, were in the early stages of development on a new lowbudget film tentatively called "Lower East Side Story".
Melissa Errico
Melissa Errico is an actress and vocalist who has appeared in television, film, and stage, will join the cast of Billions, an upcoming Wall Street drama written and produced by Brian Koppelman and David Levien (Ocean's Thirteen, Runaway Jury, Runner Runner) and writer Andrew Ross Sorkin (Too Big to Fail).
Melissa Errico has starred on Broadway, on network television and film and is an accomplished recording artist and musical concert performer. While she is best known for her highly-acclaimed work on Broadway, she is unique in that she has throughout her career played many non-musical roles in plays by Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Wally Shawn, to name a few.
She is a graduate of Yale University where she performed in Chekhov's Three Sisters with Ed Norton and Alessandro Nivola. In recent years she has increasingly been cast in strong dramatic roles on television and film. This year, she played the recurring role of Catherine on Stephen Soderbergh's Cinemax show The Knick, and has appeared in guest arcs on Blue Bloods and the Good Wife. Her Broadway credits include starring roles in My Fair Lady, Dracula, White Christmas, High Society, Les Miserables, Anna Karenina and Amour for which she was nominated for a Best Actress Tony Award. She starred in Stephen Sondheim's Passion and His Sunday in the Park With George. She has released three studio albums: Blue Like That (EMI Records) produced by Arif Mardin, Legrand Affair (Ghostlight) produced by Phil Ramone, and Lullabies and Wildflowers (VMG/Universal Records) produced by Rob Mathes. She tours with symphonies around the world.
Melissa Errico was a 2003 Tony nominee for Best Leading Actress in a musical for Michel Legrand 's wistful and wittily romantic Broadway debut, "Amour". In 2005, she recorded an album, with Michel Legrand at the piano and arranging, produced by Phil Ramone . This will be Melissa's second solo studio album, her first being "Blue Like That", which was produced by Arif Mardin for Capitol Records EMI. In 2005, she can be seen in the film, Loverboy (Sundance/ Cannes), directed by Kevin Bacon , with Kyra Sedgwick , Sandra Bullock and Campbell Scott . During the 2004-2005 Broadway season, Melissa starred on Broadway in "Dracula", after appearing in two off-Broadway hit revivals non-musical and musical: Wallace Shawn 's "Aunt Dan and Lemon" with Lili Taylor and "Finian's Rainbow" with Malcolm Gets (recorded on Ghostlight Records) in 2004.
Melissa is a graduate of Yale University, with a BA in Art History and Philosophy. She made her critically-acclaimed Broadway debut at Circle in the Square in "Anna Karenina", for which she withdrew from the Yale Graduate School of Acting, Her professional career began during her freshman year at Yale University, when, at 18, she landed the lead in the Premier National Touring Company of "Les Miserables". Her theater credits grew rapidly after graduation with "Anna Karenina", followed that same year by an acclaimed performance as "Eliza Doolittle" in the Broadway revival of "My Fair Lady" (opposite Richard Chamberlain ), a role she reprised, triumphantly, in 2003 at The Hollywood Bowl with John Lithgow and Roger Daltrey and the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Other Broadway credits: Cole Porter 's "High Society", Michel Legrand 's 2002 "Amour, Dracula". After a season as "Alex Bartoli" in the CBS television series, C.P.W. , Melissa made an enormous splash with New York audiences and critics, winning raves for her silly and sexy turn as the goddess "Venus" in Kurt Weill 's "One Touch of Venus" at City Center, a performance she has reprised at Avery Fisher Music Hall, Lincoln Center. Melissa is a member of the Irish Repertory Theater, where she has had great success in plays such as "Major Barbara" (with Boyd Gaines ) as "Barbara", and opposite Eric Stoltz and Nancy Marchand in "The Importance of Being Earnest".
Martin Jarvis
Martin Jarvis OBE is one of Britain's most versatile leading actors. His distinguished career continues to encompass just about every aspect of the entertainment industry: film, television, theatre, radio and audio recording. He is also the author of two bestselling books: a hilarious autobiography Acting Strangely and a compelling account of his award-winning time on Broadway in 2001: Broadway, Jeeves - The Diary of a Theatrical Adventure, both published by Methuen. In 2010 he starred as Vincent Hogg in a new production of Agatha Christie's The Mirror Cracked in ITV/WGHB's popular 'Miss Marple' series. In 2009, he starred in BBC2's comedy/drama Taking the Flak, receiving outstanding reviews for his performance as national treasure tv journalist David Bradburn. He stars in the feature film Neander Jin - Return of the Neanderthal Man (US/ Germany co-production, 2010) as Peter Blodnik, network mogul. Alongside his screen and theatre career he is a prolific director of radio drama and, with his wife, actress/director Rosalind Ayres, produces plays and readings for BBC. His award-winning productions include Shadowlands, David Mamet's Keep Your Pantheon, Ayckbourn's Man of the Moment and Ian Fleming's Dr No. He has homes in London and Los Angeles. He trained at RADA (Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London, England), where he won the Vanbrugh Award and the Silver Medal. He is an Associate of RADA (Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London, England). He was awarded the OBE (Officer of the British Empire) in the 2000 Queen's New Years Honors List for his services to drama. In 2006, he appeared at the Santa Fe Arts Festival in New Mexico in Wilde's The Canterville Ghost with Shirley Maclaine and Ali McGraw. Earlier in the same year, he starred in Honour at Wyndham's Theatre, London giving an acclaimed performance opposite Dame Diana Rigg. On screen that year he played Leonard in BBC-TV's modern version of "Much Ado About Nothing" and (in 2005) starred as "Malvolio" in "Twelfth Night" at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre. He received a Theatre World Award on Broadway in 2001 for his title role performance in "By Jeeves" which he also filmed. His West End, National, Almeida and Donmar theatre appearances include works by Sir Alan Ayckbourn, Michael Frayn, Harold Pinter CH, Somerset Maugham, Sir George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde. He played Jack Worthing opposite Dame Judi Dench's Lady Bracknell in Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest" at the National Theatre in the 1980s directed by Sir Peter Hall, and premiered Pinter's "Other Places" in the National's Cottesloe Theatre. Pinter directed him in the leading role of Hector in Giraudoux's "The Trojan War Will Not Take Place." He met Sir Alan Ayckbourn at the National and subsequently went on to star in his "Woman in Mind," "Henceforward," "Just Between Ourselves" and "By Jeeves." His Screen credits include leading roles in the British/Australian mini-series "Bootleg," "Inspector Lynley Mysteries," "Lorna Doone," Frayn's "Make and Break," "Ike - The War Years" (with Robert Duvall) and "The Bunker" (with Sir Anthony Hopkins.) He was "Linus" in Sir Richard Eyre's film, "Absence of War written by Sir David Hare. He has guest starred (very often as villains) in "Inspector Morse," "Frost," "Lovejoy," "Casualty," "Murder Most Horrid," "Dr Who," "Space Above and Beyond," "Murder, She Wrote" and "Walker: Texas Ranger" in the US. He played monstrous Neil Biddle in "Sex 'N' Death" and was a memorable television Uriah Heep in "David Copperfield" on British television. First major screen role: 'Jon' in the multi-award winning "The Forsyte Saga." He followed this with many 'classic serials' including "The Way of All Flesh (in which he starred as Ernest Pontifex), "Nicholas Nickleby" (title role), "The Moonstone," "Little Women" and "The Pallisers." His feature films include the psychological thriller "Framed" (2007), "Mrs Caldicot's Cabbage War," James Cameron's "Titanic," "Kid With the X-Ray Eyes," "Buster," "The Last Escape," and "Taste the Blood of Dracula." His voice can be heard in numerous television animation series as well as feature films including "Flushed Away" and "Eragon." He has narrated "Peter and the Wolf at the Barbican" and appeared with City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Scottish Chamber Orchestra as Narrator for Egmont and "A Midsummer Night's Dream." At the Chichester Festival Theatre he starred with Sir John Gielgud in "Paradise Lost," with Googie Withers CBE and Susan Hampshire OBE in "The Circle" and with concert pianist Lucy Parham in "Beloved Clara." Jarvis & Ayres Productions, which he founded with his wife, Rosalind Ayres, has produced many award-winning dramas and readings for BBC Radio, National Public Radio in America and for audio books. Their work includes outstanding interpretations of plays by Sir George Bernard Shaw, Sir Alan Ayckbourn, Harold Pinter CH, Michael Frayn, David Mamet, Hugh Whitemore, Robert Shearman, Tennessee Williams, Oscar Wilde, and many more. British and American stars who have been associated with J&A productions include, in the UK: Dame Judi Dench, Sir Ian McKellen, Dame Diana Rigg, Alfred Molina, Richard E. Grant, Michael York OBE, Richard Briers CBE, Pauline Collins OBE, Janie Dee, Fiona Shaw CBE, Miriam Margolyes OBE, Patricia Hodge, Twiggy Lawson, Natascha McElhone, Martin Freeman, Barry Humphries CBE, Phil Collins and in the US: Brendan Fraser, Elaine Stritch, Teri Garr, Stacy Keach, Shirley Knight, Hector Elizondo, Bruce Davison, Matthew Wolf, Eric Stoltz, Rebecca Pidgeon, Ed Begley Jr, Ed O'Neill and Gregory Peck. Directors of J&A dramas include: David Mamet, Michael Grandage, David Grindley, Sir Alan Ayckbourn, Pete Atkin, Rosalind Ayres. Their productions have received Audie and Earphone awards in the US. In September 2006, he directed Teri Garr, Michael York OBE and Alfred Molina in an acclaimed production of "Pack of Lies" for BBC Radio 4. He and Fiona Shaw CBE starred for five years in the popular BBC series "Our Brave Boys." His Just William audio and radio recordings are world wide best sellers. He was the subject of BBC TV's This Is Your Life in 1999.
Maggie Steed
Born Margaret Baker in Plymouth, Devon, in 1946, Maggie Steed studied drama with the Old Vic Theatre School in Bristol, graduating in the late 1960s. However, her first professional engagements were as an assistant stage manager, working behind the scenes in a somewhat lowly capacity, because, she says, she was not considered conventionally pretty enough to be an actress. She does, however, recall that the eccentric English puppeteer Harry Corbett praised her for assisting him with his creation Sooty the Bear. Maggie left theatrical life after only a few months and for several years worked as a secretary. An interest in Theatre in Education lured her back to the stage, this time as an actress, with Sue Johnston and Clive Russell at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry. Since then she has worked on stage with both the Royal Shakespeare and National Theatre Companies, and in 2002 was a commanding Lady Bracknell in a revival of 'The Importance of Being Earnest'. A lady of political awareness, she was a founder member of the Campaign Against Racism in the Media, and in the early 1980s visited Nicaragua with actor Andy de la Tour to view the plight of its citizens, and in 1983, helped stage the televised Concert for Nigaragua. She is, however, best remembered for her television roles, chiefly comical ones, beginning in the early 1980s with 'Shine On Harvey Moon', through 'A Bit of a Do' and 'Pie In the Sky' as the wife of cop-turned-chef Richard Griffiths to, in the mid-2000s. 'Jam and Jerusalem' as the dim but well-meaning Women's Institute leader, a sitcom filmed in her native Devon and reuniting her with her early stage co-star Sue Johnston.
Jan Anderson
Janina Anderson is from Wales in the UK. She caught the acting bug at the tender age of 9 and spent a happy childhood performing. Inspirational teachers quickly noticed her talent and throughout her younger years she enjoyed playing in wonderful productions including 'Annie', 'Gypsy', 'Oklahoma', 'Romeo & Juliet', 'Damn Yankees', 'Under Milk Wood 'and 'The Importance of Being Earnest'. It wasn't long before she was picked to be a part of HTV's Wales junior drama workshop, which provided a casting pool of talent for Television in Wales. Jan also appeared in Productions at the Sherman theatre in Cardiff for 5 years. The small screen soon beckoned and at the tender age of 15 Jan already headed her own show, hosting the popular teenage magazine program 'The Gen'. Her love for acting lead her to train at the Welsh College of Music and Drama to train.
Moving to the capital of London, leads in more theatre productions and independent films beckoned. Jan's talent and beauty was soon noticed and she was snapped up in her first series regular at the age of only 20, in the BBC's Prime Time drama 'Tiger Bay' playing wild child 'Jodie Marsh'. This head strong and fearless girl was much like Janina at that time and was a joy for her to play. Soon becoming a fan favorite, she starred in Miramax's infamous 'Human Traffic'. After filming this cult flick Janina landed the role of nurse 'Chloe Hill' in the BBC's popular primetime drama 'Casualty' and starred in this show for 5 years. Having itchy feet and wings that needed to fly, Janina left this number one show and played leading characters in many more. Including news reporter 'Sandie Booth' in ITV's 'The Bill', 'Fran Morris' In 'Doctors' and a cameo in the UK's funniest comedy 'French & Saunders' with Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders. Her next long running series regular role was playing sexy Lisa Hill on ITV's prime show, 'London's Burning. Lisa Hill was the firemen's cook; only she could not actually cook! Going back to her well-loved roots Wales, Jan played sassy Welsh Police women 'Tess Conti' on ITV's drama series 'Nuts and Bolts'. Another fun role ensued, filming in crazy Ibiza playing mouthy Welsh girl 'Kim' in the kitschy comedy 'Is Harry On The Boat'.
It wasn't long before Hollywood was calling, but Jan took a few years out to train with the best in Los Angeles. This training soon paid off, with leads in multiple films and shows including: the comedy series 'National Banana' by Jerry Zucker, the award winning 'Three Days Blind', directed by Christopher Keith, playing another nurse in Fox's 'Prison Break' and recurring characters in the Sci-Fi networks 'Scare Tactics' with Tracey Morgan. Not forgetting her roots Jan also shot the ever-popular BBC America series 'Torchwood', playing 'Marie' and Owen Teales Cheating Wife in the film 'Pleasure Park' for ITV Wales.
Jan now has a new exciting role playing 'Stella' on the unforgettable HBO show 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' and will soon be seen on the big screen playing sexy teacher 'Mrs. Macintre' with Josh Hutchinson and Dane Cook in the brand new comedy 'Detention', directed by the visionary genius Joseph Khan.
Jessica Brooks
Jessica Brooks hails from a background of television, theater and voiceover work. Voice-trained, Brooks, a soprano, also has performed in a number of musicals and choral groups. Brooks recently completed her first feature film, Three Guesses (2003). Among her other credits are the TV movie Ferrari , and the BBC's The Kingdom of Bones _ . She also starred in the new Carlton drama series for British TV, Blue Dove .
Brooks' theater work includes Oscar Wilde 's "The Importance of Being Earnest" for the Oxford Playhouse. For the National Youth Music Theatre, she starred in "The Kissing Dance", "The Ragged Child", "The Valiant Apprentice" and "Torchbearers".
Her voiceover work includes narration for documentaries, children's tales and drama, including the documentary film "Children of the Sewers" by the award-winning journalist Desmond Wilcox .
Brooks, a London native, studied Classics at Oxford University. Her first major TV role was playing "Ghanima Atreides", the prescient twin daughter of "Paul Atreides".
Wren T. Brown
A fourth generation Angeleno, Mr. Brown is also a fourth generation theatrical. He is very proud to be in his third decade as an Actor, Producer, and Director. Among Wren's film appearances are: Waiting To Exhale, Heart & Souls, Under Siege II, The Dinner, Hollywood Shuffle, Biker Boyz, The Importance of Being Earnest, Midnight Clear and David Mamet's Edmond. On television, Wren co-starred as Whoopi Goldberg's brother and comic foil in NBC's Whoopi was a regular in the new adventures of Flipper, as well as CBS's Bless This House. He has also guest starred or recurred on: The West Wing, The Practice, Touched By An Angel, Frasier, Seinfeld, Charmed, Star Trek: Voyager and as Professor Wilkins on Half & Half. Wren additionally starred opposite John Larroquette in Hallmark's McBride 5: Tune in for Murder. Most recently, Wren has also been seen on Eli Stone, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Women's Murder Club, Everybody Hates Chris, The Game, Grey's Anatomy (recurring), and as the voice of Virgil Simpson, on The Simpsons. Some of his theatre credits include: Shakespeare's As You Like It (Drama-Logue award winner), On Borrowed Time, Burning Hope and his NAACP Image Award-nominated performance in Jeffrey's Plan. Wren has a broad range of commercial, voice-over and spoken word projects including being tapped by acclaimed pianist Billy Childs to recite the classic Langston Hughes poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers on his Grammy-nominated album I've Known Rivers. His voice has been heard narrating The History Channel's U.S.S. Constellation: Battleground Freedom, The Learning Channel series Scene of the Crime, the E! True Hollywood Story on the life of Diana Ross as well as providing the voice of Disney's Brer Rabbit. It was in this arena that Wren also made his directorial debut, directing over thirty-five actors and actresses in their performances in Inspired By . . . The Bible Experience, winner of the 2006 Audio Book of the Year. For that project, Wren also narrated the book of Matthew. In 1999, Wren made his debut as a producer with the critically acclaimed feature film, Boesman & Lena starring Danny Glover and Angela Bassett, followed by Dianne Reeves' concert film of her Grammy winning CD, In the Moment. He also produced the play, Confessions of Stepin Fetchit and evenings celebrating, Mr. Lloyd Richards, Complexions Cotemporary Ballet as well as an array of short films for new directors. In addition, Mr. Brown is the Founder of the award winning Ebony Repertory Theatre, the first African American professional (Actors' Equity Contract) theatre company in Los Angeles history. Ebony Repertory Theatre, Inc., is the resident company and operator of the Nate Holden Performing Arts Center, where Wren serves as the company's Producer.
Flora Robson
Flora Robson knew she was no beauty, but her wise and sympathetic face would become a familiar - indeed, shining - ornament of the 1930s and 40s silver screen. Though not sure of acting as a career in her early years, she nevertheless appeared on stage for the first time at 5 years old. She was educated at Palmer's Green High School and went on still in her teens to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, winning a Bronze Medal in 1921. Between 1921 to 1923 she performed in London and Oxford, but both uncertainty and the unstable income of acting at that time convinced her to spend the next few years working as a factory welfare officer in east London. Still her versatility, even in her youth, as a budding character actress of the first water, was noticed. In 1929 a friend urged her to join the Cambridge Festival Theatre where she remained two years. By 1931 she was in residence at the Old Vic with as varied roles as Herodias in "Salome" (1931), a drunken prostitute in Bridie's "The Anatomist", Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth in "Macbeth", and Gwendolen in "The Importance of Being Earnest" (both in 1933).
She stayed at the Old Vic until 1934, but she was already turning to the big screen with her film debut in A Gentleman of Paris . Her dexterity as screen monarchs began shortly thereafter as Russian Empress Elisabeth in The Rise of Catherine the Great . And she even had a place in television history in the British pioneering TV production of Anna Christie (1937), although she was initially skeptical of the future of this later powerful medium. She was a forceful Livia in Josef von Sternberg's ill-fated and unfinished I, Claudius , but gave notice of her future potential with her rousing Queen Elizabeth I in Alexander Korda's Fire Over England with Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh .
The year 1939 was extremely busy for Robson. It marked her first association with British director Michael Powell in his The Lion has Wings and Smith and the unsurprising call from Hollywood. There she was lauded quickly for two roles that year: as the domineering wife of Paul Muni in "We Are Not Alone" (1939) and opposite fellow British stars Olivier, Merle Oberon , and David Niven as narrator and housekeeper Nelly Dean in the haunting Wuthering Heights (1939). Her compelling Korda Elizabeth marked her for a reprise of the role in the 'Errol Flynn' swashbuckler The Sea Hawk in which she played the role to the hilt. Among early screen Elizabeth standouts, Florence Eldridge in Mary of Scotland (1936)resembled the historical queen and the more famous Bette Davis displayed the manner and temperament with her usual command (though it is hard not to feel that it is Bette playing her brilliant self and not Elizabeth) in The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex , but Robson seemed to best personify the total person and spirit of Good Queen Bess.
Her continued film career was marked with a like character versatility which had and continued to mark precious time for stage work (as in her murderess Ellen Creed in "Ladies in Retirement" (1940, on Broadway). In fact, in 1941, she returned to war-torn London to boldly continue theater performances to a grateful country. After the war it was a full life of crisscrossing the Atlantic. Though some British critics were not impressed with her return to Hollywood to play the overly protective mulatto servant of Ingrid Bergman in Saratoga Trunk , it was an outstanding tour de force character performance honored with an Oscar nomination. Among other memorable roles in the late 1940s, even her reflective Anglican Sister Philippa in Powell's visually stunning and provocative Black Narcissus displays her depth as a solid character actress. Another quarter of a century of roles were accented with memorable theatrical performances as Lady Macbeth on Broadway (1949) and as Paulina in Shakespeare's "The Winter's Tale" (1951), production by John Gielgud , to add to a kaleidoscope mix of movies from 1948 to 1981 and a sprinkling of character pieces on British TV, though she retired from the stage in 1969.
The material success of Hollywood played a part in her much deserved honor as Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 1952 and her ascension as Dame Commander (DBE) in 1960. Kenneth Barrow wrote a biography Flora: The Life of Dame Flora Robson by (1981). She had the further honor of rating two portraits in the National Portrait Gallery in London for her full and distinguished life.
Pamela Brown
Pamela Brown trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). Her first appearance was as "Juliet" in "Romeo and Juliet" at Stratford-on-Avon in 1936. She followed this with a variety of roles for the Old Vic Company in London. She appeared on Broadway in the 1947 production of "The Importance of Being Earnest" by Oscar Wilde . Her screen debut was in One of Our Aircraft Is Missing for Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger . She went on to star in two more of Powell's films and they lived together until her unfortunately early death from cancer. Her memorable face with eyes you can drown in & a resonant voice always made Pamela an actress worth watching. She was often cast as an eccentric or mysterious character which suited her perfectly.
Julian Holloway
For over six decades, Julian Holloway has enjoyed a long and varied career. He made his theatrical debut in London's West End in the revue "All Square" at the Vaudeville Theatre. Other West End credits include Christopher Hampton's first play "When Did You Last See My Mother?" at the Comedy Theatre, Colin Spencer's "Spitting Image" at the Duke of York's Theatre, replacing Michael Gambon in Alan Ayckbourn's trilogy "The Norman Conquests" at the Globe Theatre and a successful revival of "Arsenic And Old Lace" at the Westminster Theatre. He co-starred in the short lived BBC series of P.G.Wodehouse's "Ukridge" and then performed in his first "Carry On" venture, "Follow That Camel". This led to featured roles in, amongst others, "Carry On Up The Khyber", "Carry On Camping", "Carry On Camping" and "Carry On Loving". In 1971 he formed a company with director Gerry O' Hara and they wrote and produced two short films for the cinema, "The Spy's Wife" starring Dorothy Tutin and Tom Bell and "The Chairman's Wife" starring John Osborne and Zena Walker. He then concentrated almost entirely on Television and over the next decade racked up many performances, which included starring roles in BBC'S Play of the Month, "The Importance Of Being Earnest", "Elizabeth R", "An Adventure In Bed" (in the anthology series "Ten From The Twenties"), "Street Party"( in the anthology series "Jubilee") , ''A Woman Sobbing", the BBCTV mini series "Rebecca"and the trilogy "Conjugal Rights". He then made his directorial debut in the theatre, with his productions of "When Did You Last See My Mother" at the Crucible Theatre Sheffield and "Play It Again Sam" at the Thorndyke Theatre Leatherhead. In 1980 he produced with David Korda, the movie "Loophole" starring Albert Finney and Martin Sheen and followed this by appearing with Gregory Peck in the TV movie "The Scarlet And The Black". Having gained a reputation as a much in demand voice over talent, he formed the London voice over agency Hobsons with partner Sue Bonnici and the company became extremely successful. He co-starred in the Doctor Who trilogy, "Survival", the first series of Anglia TV's "The Chief" and episodes of popular shows, "Minder" "The New Avengers", "The Professionals" and "The Sweeney" as well as "Rumpole Of The Bailey". In the early 90's he took up residence in California and began a new phase of his career, in animation. Notably as a regular in the syndicated series "James Bond Jr", "Where's Waldo" and "Captain Zed And The Zee Zone". In 1993, he made his Broadway debut in a revival of "My Fair Lady" (playing the role of Alfred P Doolittle created by his father Stanley Holloway) After completing work on the 26 part animated series "Dan Dare", he returned to England to co-star with Albert Finney in the Yorkshire TV series, "My Uncle Silas". He returned to the U.S. and commenced work on the Dreamworks/Pixar network series "Father Of The Pride" but this show was short lived. He directed "Abigail's Party" at the Odyssey Theatre in Los Angeles and the production was named the LA Times Critic's Choice. Recently he appeared with Johnny Depp in "The Rum Diary" and for the last three years has had a recurring role as the voice of "Death" in Cartoon Network's "Regular Show".
Michael Tolan
Stage-trained actor Michael Tolan was born Seymour Tuchow on November 27, 1927, in Detroit, Michigan. During and following graduation from Wayne State University, he appeared in radio serials and in such classic theater productions as "Uncle Vanya," "Candida," "The Importance of Being Earnest," "Oedipus," "Coriolanus" and "The Grass Is Always Greener." He made his debut on Broadway in the 1955 hit George Axelrod comedy "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" This, in turn, led to a rise in stature with strong assignments in "A Hatful of Rain," "Romanoff and Juliet," "A Majority of One" and "The Far Country." He began on film with several bit roles between the years 1951 and 1953, but was not given the breaks to rise to feature status and quickly left the medium.
Tolan instead focused on TV as a utility player, playing a wide range of roles over a long period of time. His strong voice also proved capable for narrative projects. Following a year's stint on The Doctors and the Nurses , his momentum started to pick up. He played Lazarus in the all-star Biblical epic The Greatest Story Ever Told , appeared in support of Dustin Hoffman on stage with "The Journey of the Fifth Horse" and in the film John and Mary , and was a regular on The Bold Ones: The Senator . He essayed a number of authoritative/professional roles (doctors, psychiatrists, military brass, etc.) throughout the 1970s and narrated the successful miniseries The Adams Chronicles . Although his acting load has tapered off into the 1980s, he can still be seen from time to time in guest parts. He was once married to actress Rosemary Forsyth .
Louis Edmonds
Born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, he studied at Louisiana State University and the Carnegie Institute Of Technology. During WWII, he served in the Navy. His career was started in New York, acting in regional and Off-Broadway Theatre until his Broadway debut in the musical, "Candide" in 1956. Edmonds stage role in "The Importance of Being Earnest" and his work on the accompanying album led him to television roles. He is survived by his brother, Walter, Jr. of Baton Rouge. His only sister Alma Edmonds Fritchie passed in 2006.
Jake Lockett
Jake Lockett was born in central Texas. He was raised in rural, Aquilla, Texas, and attended Aquilla High School where he played a number of varsity sports including football, basketball, and was a hurdler on the track-and-field team. Jake was first bit by the acting bug when he performed in his high school's production of "The Importance of Being Earnest." After graduating from high school, Jake attended Texas A&M University and graduated with a degree in Aerospace Engineering. He then moved to Seattle, Washington, where he returned to acting and landed roles in a number of indie features, shorts, and a Nintendo commercial. He was also the lead in Quiet Production's Musical, "Pickup Artist: The Rock Musical." On January 1, 2011, Jake relocated to Los Angeles, California, to pursue a professional career in acting. Since arriving in L.A., Jake has been busy working in indie features, shorts and studying acting.
Kathleen Widdoes
Quite distinctive with her dark hollow eyes, sharp ethnic looks and frizzy head of hair, veteran stage actress Kathleen Widdoes began her career enacting delicate but vibrant classical heroines. In later years, she gained significant visibility on TV, particularly as an emotive, but well-meaning and strong-minded presence on various daytime soapers.
Born on March 21, 1939, in Wilmington, Delaware, Kathleen is the daughter of Eugene Widdoes and his wife, Bernice Delapo. She attended high school there and made her professional stage debut as "Alma" in "Bus Stop" at age 18 at the Robin Hood Playhouse in Wilmington. She then toured Canada in the role of "Catherine" in "A View from the Bridge" and played roles in "Ondine" and "The Lark" on Canadian TV. Additionally, she studied mime at the Université au Théâtre des Nations in Paris, and attended the Sorbonne in Paris on a Fulbright Scholarship, where she completed her theatrical studies.
Moving to New York to pursue her career, Kathleen blossomed into one of the loveliest and most talented classical ingénues around, gaining valuable experience and acclaim on- and off-Broadway in such plays as "The World of Suzie Wong" (understudying France Nuyen ), "The Three Sisters" (1959), "The Idiot" (1960) and "The Maids" (1963). Moreover, she earned glowing reviews in works of the Bard, most notably for Joseph Papp and his New York Shakespeare Festival. Her early Shakespeare work included "Henry V" (1960), "Measure for Measure" (1960), "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1961), Richard II (1962) and "The Tempest" (1962).
TV audiences first caught sight of her talent in a regular role on the soapy medical drama Young Dr. Malone and, as "Emily Webb" in a prestigious production of Our Town which also starred Art Carney . The rest of the 1960s was predominantly theater-oriented; however, she did make an impressive film debut as one of The Group , alongside fellow newcomers Candice Bergen , Joanna Pettet , Hal Holbrook and Joan Hackett , and appeared prominently in Petulia and Anton Chekhov 's The Sea Gull . The 1970s proved to be the pinnacle of Kathleen's stage career capped by her Obie award-winning performance as "Polly Peacham" in "The Beggar's Opera" in 1972 and a Tony nomination the following year for her vibrant "Beatrice" in "Much Ado About Nothing", a role preserved for TV. Adding to her Bard stature that decade was her bravura work as "Desdemona", "Juliet", "Titania", "Viola" and "Mariana".
In 1978, Kathleen began showing up on daytime drama. She scored big points as young Ray Liotta 's emotional and careworn Italian mom, "Rose Perini", on Another World from 1978-1980, and also had a subsequent role on Ryan's Hope before establishing herself with the role of benevolent advice-giver "Emma Snyder" in As the World Turns , a role she has played since November of 1985, earning four daytime Emmy nominations in the process.
In all that time, Kathleen has maintained a strong profile in the New York theater scene. Credits have included "The Importance of Being Earnest", Neil Simon 's "Brighton Beach Memoirs", the revival of "You Can't Take It With You" and "Hamlet" (twice playing "Gertrude"). She won a second Obie Award for "Tower of Evil" in 1990, and was awarded the Lucille Lortel Award for her outstanding participation in "Franny's Way" (2002). More recently, she appeared in a revival of Noël Coward 's "After the Ball" (2004), a musical version of Oscar Wilde 's "Lady Windemere's Fan".
Along with her "As the World Turn" duties in New York, Kathleen has been seen on TV in episodes of Oz (recurring), and Law & Order , among others. Divorced in 1972 from the late actor Richard Jordan , by whom she has a daughter Nina Jordan , she is currently married to second husband Jerry Senter. They live just outside of New York City.
Anne Francine
Anne Francine was best known for her stage portrayal of the flamboyant Vera Charles in "Mame". She played the role--her favorite--both on Broadway and in touring productions.
Her long and successful career began in the nightclubs. She made her professional debut in New York at the elegant Coq Rouge, where a one-night booking turned into a celebrated three-year engagement. Early in her career she made a successful transition from nightclubs to the legitimate stage, performing in both drama and musical comedy. She was featured on Broadway with Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne in "The Great Sebastions", with Shirley Booth in "By The Beautiful Sea" and with Maurice Evans in "Tenderloin". She spent two seasons as a member of Ellis Rabb 's acclaimed APA Repertory Company, alternating with Helen Hayes as "Mrs. Candor" in "School For Scandal", joining Rabb and Rosemary Harris in "You Can't Take It With You" as the "Grand Duchess Olga Katrina", and appearing in Jean Anouilh 's "The Flies" under the direction of Vinnette Carroll . In regional theatre she had starred in "Mother Courage", "The Importance Of Being Earnest", "The Skin Of Our Teeth", "Twelfth Night" and "Company". She appeared in films including Federico Fellini 's Juliet of the Spirits , Mike Frankovich 's Stand Up and Be Counted and Savages .
Bianca Amato
Bianca Amato was born in South Africa, where she graduated with Distinction from the University of Cape Town's Drama Department. She worked extensively in theatre and television in South Africa, most notably as the lead in Isidingo: The Need , South Africa's premiere television series. Her portrayal of Phillipa De Villiers, a feisty young Englishwoman romantically involved with a black mine manager (a groundbreaking interracial storyline for post-Apartheid South African television), made her a household name in South Africa. Bianca moved to the US in 2001. She is based in NYC. Bianca is a multi-award-winning Audiobook Narrator. Her American stage work includes "Private Lives", "The Broken Heart", "Arcadia", "The Taming of the Shrew", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Trumpery", "The Coast Of Utopia", "The Importance of Being Earnest", "Mr Fox: A Rumination " "As You Like It", "Pride and Prejudice", "Pygmalion", and "Topgirls".
Carrie Nye
Born to play Tennessee Williams , her harsh beauty, caustic humor and throaty tones were unmistakable and reminiscent of a bygone era that once idolized Tallulah Bankhead and Marlene Dietrich . Her old-fashioned stylings were perhaps too theatrical or indulgent to make a noticeable dent on film or TV (such was the case of Bankhead) but perhaps Hollywood was the one who lost out on what could have been a wonderfully flamboyant character actress. In any event, actress Carrie Nye belonged to the stage and in return it embraced her for four decades.
The smoky seductress was born in Mississippi with the highly untheatrical name of Carolyn Nye McGeoy on October 14, 1936 (some sources indicate 1937), the daughter of a banker and a housewife. She began her adult studies at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, but wound up at the Yale School of Drama where she met the equally droll but less acerbic wit Dick Cavett . The couple married in 1964. It was one of those unique, complimentary pairings, like Mel Brooks and Anne Bancroft , that withstood the test of time. Cavett was not a comedian then but actively pursuing a legit acting career. Dick and Carrie subsequently went on to perform together in such plays as "Charley's Aunt," "Auntie Mame," "The Brothers Karamazov," "The Skin of Our Teeth" and "Present Laughter" before he altered the course of his career.
Acting professionally from the age of 14, Carrie played all the cherished Southern belle roles (Maggie in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" (1958), Cherie in "Bus Stop" (1958) and Blanche (at age 23!) in "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1959)) before making her Broadway debut in "A Second String" (based on a novel by Colette) at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre in 1960. From there she sunk her teeth into the classics. Notable roles included her title character in "Ondine," Celia in "As You Like It," Lady Macduff (and later Lady Macbeth) in "Macbeth," Cressida in "Troilus and Cressida," Regan in "King Lear," Cleopatra in "Antony and Cleopatra" and Cassandra in "The Trojan Women." On the lighter side, she replaced Betsy von Furstenberg in the popular lightweight comedy "Mary, Mary" and played Cecily Cardew in "The Importance of Being Earnest." In addition, she received a Tony nomination for her work in the musical "Half a Sixpence" in 1965.
She didn't make her film debut until age 30 in The Group , then went on to make only a handful more -- The Seduction of Joe Tynan , Creepshow , Too Scared to Scream and Hello Again . She fared somewhat better in TV-movies, stealing the thunder from under the Richard Burton / Elizabeth Taylor pairing in Divorce His - Divorce Hers , and earning an Emmy nomination for her divine imitation of Bankhead in The Scarlett O'Hara War , which only she could have done true justice.
But for Carrie it was always the theater, particularly regional theater, that took precedence. With a non-concentric and powerful grandeur, she took on a number of lofty roles over the years, including her Eleanor of Acquitaine in "The Lion in Winter," Regina in "The Little Foxes," the title role in "Hedda Gabler" and an encore performance of Blanche DuBois in 1973, this time at age 47. She earned a Drama Desk nomination for "The Man Who Came to Dinner" in 1980 and played alongside Cavett again in a 1985 production of "Nude with Violin." Throughout it all, Carrie was an established presence at the Williamstown Festival appearing from the late 50s on. Such summer productions there included "Design for Living" (1977) and "Clothes for a Summer Hotel (1989), taking her final curtain there in the role of Zelda Fitzgerald. She ended her theatrical reign on a bright note in a musical production of "Mame" (1992).
Carrie pretty much left acting by the mid 1990s. In 2003, however, she took on a villainess role written especially for her on Guiding Light . In 1997, the couple's Long Island home (called Tick Hall) went down in flames. They painstakingly rebuilt an exact replica of the beloved 1883 cottage, which was chronicled in the documentary "From the Ashes: The Life and Times of Tick Hall (2003)".
A heavy smoker, Carrie died of lung cancer at age 69 in her Manhattan home. The couple had no children.
John Archer Lundgren
Screen work comprises national distribution and television network movies; a variety of indie features and shorts,including a number of festival favorites; TV episodes(domestic and foreign); and industrials, as well as film school productions. Film/TV production locations have included Ethiopia, New York, Los Angeles, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee.
Screen productions have ranged from gripping drama to farcical comedy and sentimental tear-jerkers. A wide variety of character roles has included the loony, pathetic and mean; the wicked, heroic and devious; the victimized, authoritative and outrageous; the sage, destitute and debonair. As one casting director put it: "Jack's acting persona is less vanilla, than chocolate with sprinkles."
Several decades of continuous foreign residence in Latin America, France and divers countries throughout Africa facilitated a raft of stage performances in English and Spanish language productions in various countries, including works by Anderson, Anouilh, Axelrod, Chekhov, Gilbert & Sullivan, Lerner & Loewe, Roussin, Shaffer, Wilde, Wilder and Wouk; as well as voice-over recordings for the French Foreign Legion in Djibouti.
Sporadic visits to the USA included study in the Performing Arts at the Boston University Theater Institute, as well as a number of stage performances in Florida and Georgia, including works by Albee, Friel, Lerner & Loewe, and Miller. For more than ten years, in various countries and states, in a wide variety of venues, Jack staged his one-man show based on the works of Edgar Allan Poe; his current stand-up repertoire resurrects an old-timey vaudeville routine featuring a variety of short silly patter songs.
In recent years, Jack has performed regularly in theaters throughout North/Central Florida, interpreting, among others: works by Chekhov, Shakespeare, Simon, Woldin, Sondheim, Letts and Gelbart; musical shows for school children; and non-singing performances with the Orlando Opera Company.
Jack played Rabbi Furtado in the South-Eastern USA premiere of "The King of Schnorrers" by Judd Woldin, winner of a Tony Award in 1974 for his score for the musical "Raisin". Jack has interpreted the Magistrate in two separate productions of Neil Simon's "Fools", as well as rocking the equally bizarre Congressman Salt in Michel Parker's "The Sensuous Senator",which was the comedy hit of Jacksonville, Florida's 2003-2004 theater season; then came the scandalous Marcus Lycus in "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum". These outrageous characters were followed by Bud Todd, the lascivious lonely-wife chaser in Tracy Letts' "Man From Nebraska"; as well as the outrageously rickety miser, Jethro Crouch, in "Sly Fox" by Larry Gelbart, the creator of "M*A*S*H".
Other favorite stage roles from yesteryear have included Captain Queeg in "The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial", Milo Tindle in "Sleuth", Lady Bracknell in "The Importance of Being Earnest", the psychopathic Jerry in Albee's "Zoo Story", and Father Jack in "Dancing at Lughnasa".
Education includes undergraduate study in Missouri, Colorado and Mexico; graduate study at the Ecuadorian Institute of International Law in Quito; and a Doctorate in Letters from the University of Lille in France, as well as the previously mentioned study in the Performing Arts at the Boston University Theater Institute.
Lucile Watson
Unsmiling character player Lucile Watson was one of Hollywood's most indomitable mothers of the 1930s and 1940s...and you can take that both ways. The archetypal matriarch who enhanced scores of plush, soapy, Victorian-styled drama, her prickly pears could be insufferable indeed and heaven help anyone who gathered up the courage to take them on. A fiercely protective mother usually to everyone's detriment, her narrow-minded characters were overt and opinionated, customarily equipped with a withering look and slivered tongue as weapons. Having no trouble whatsoever situating themselves into any and all's business, Lucile played imperious mother to filmdom's top stars including James Stewart and Robert Taylor , and often stole a bit of the thunder from under them.
She was born on May 27, 1879 in Quebec, Canada and trained at New York's Academy of Dramatic Arts, making her first professional stage appearance in "The Wisdom of the Wise" in 1902 at the age of 23. For the next three decades plus, she played, in stark contrast to her later stereotype, frothy ladies in witty, sparkling comedy. Her superlative performance on Broadway in "The City" in 1909 guaranteed her position as a stage star. Playwright Clyde Fitch went on to use her quite frequently in his productions. Other stage successes over the years included "Under Cover" (1913), "Heartbreak House" (1920), "Ghosts" (1926), The Importance of Being Earnest (1926), "No More Ladies" (1934), "Pride and Prejudice" (1935) and "Yes, My Darling Daughter" (1936). She blossomed in both chic lead and support roles.
It took her longer, however, to bloom on film... and it was not as a leading lady. She didn't make her film bow until age 55 in the Helen Hayes vehicle What Every Woman Knows . She then slowly moved up the credits list after playing minor servile roles at first. Her first noticeable support was as Norma Shearer 's advice-spouting mom in the classic Clare Boothe Luce film adaptation of The Women in which she expounds on the inescapable infidelities of husbands and the importance of saving face in high society. Better yet was her thorny, smothering mother to James Stewart in Made for Each Other in which she squares off with Carole Lombard who poses a threat as a possible daughter-in-law. So too was her cool-as-ice matriarch in Waterloo Bridge as she tries to separate son Robert Taylor from Vivien Leigh 's fiancé with a sordid past.
Lucile reached the apex of her adult career with Lillian Hellman 's anti-fascist war drama "Watch on the Rhine" (1941) starring Paul Lukas on Broadway. Two years later she and Lukas preserved their brilliance on film. Co-starring Bette Davis , Watch on the Rhine won Lukas the Academy Award for "best actor" and Lucile was acknowledged for her matriarchal supporting turn, but lost to Katina Paxinou for her work in For Whom the Bell Tolls .
Lucile continued to set a pattern of excellence in the post-war years with arch supports in such films as My Reputation as Barbara Stanwyck iron-willed mom, the class Disney film Song of the South and cranky Aunt March in the MGM remake of Little Women . She wound up her film career wreaking havoc in the musical Let's Dance as Betty Hutton 's maligning mother-in-law and in the overly melodramatic My Forbidden Past as newly-rich Ava Gardner 's scheming great aunt. Following a return to the stage and some scattered work in television anthologies, Lucile retired in 1954 at the age of 75 to live out her last years in New York.
Lucile's first marriage somewhere around 1910 to actor Rockliffe Fellowes was brief. She subsequently married playwright Louis Evan Shipman in 1928, a union that lasted until his death in 1933. The character veteran passed away on June 25, 1962, after suffering a heart attack at age 83.
Nancy La Scala
Nancy La Scala is an actress in film, television, and live theatre. She most recently appeared on the screen in Clint Eastwood's "Jersey Boys".
Nancy has consistently landed roles alongside the best of the best in films like "Guardian", "In the Cut", and the Venice Film Festival Golden Lion-nominated "Vegas: Based on a True Story", which earned her a Best Actress nomination at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival for her performance as Tracy. The work just kept coming after she got her big break in the MGM cult classic, "Species II".
From award-winning films (Courting Chaos, Best Comedy, Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival 2014) to award-winning plays (The Importance of Being Earnest, Producer's Encore Award, Hollywood Fringe Festival 2014), Nancy has a keen eye for great scripts, be it stage, screen, or television.
She became a familiar face on television from her numerous appearances on shows like "Criminal Minds", "Castle", and "Nip/Tuck". You may also recognize her thanks to a steady string of commercial roles (Acura, Macy's, Ikea, Pond's, Verizon).
She had intensely studied her craft as an actress and comedienne in New York under Sheila Gray and Freddie Karamen at Carnegie Hall. In Los Angeles, she continued her studies with Karen Maruyama at The Groundlings and Gary Imhoff.
In addition to her career as an actress, Nancy is also an accomplished model. At a young age, she traded her humble beginnings of upstate farm life for Europe and New York City, walking the runways for YSL, Givenchy, and Christian Lacroix, not to mention countless editorials for Vogue Italia, L'Officiel, and Marie Claire. Amongst her favorite photographers to work with was Helmut Newton as a 'Big Nude.' Their highly-praised collaboration can be seen on the introductory page of TASCHEN's Helmut Newton: Polaroids.
Nancy is also a devoted animal lover; inspired by her own adopted pit bulls, she created Throw Your Dog a Bone, a line of high-end pet products.
Melville Cooper
Born George Melville Cooper on October 15, 1896, in Birmingham England, he was the son of non-professionals W.C.J. and Frances (Brennan) Cooper, and attended various English public schools, including King Edward's School in Birmingham. Attracted to the stage as a teenager, he made his debut at Stratford-on-Avon at age 18, but his young career was interrupted by World War I. Serving in a Scottish regiment on the Western Front, he was captured and made prisoner of war for a time by the Germans.
Following the war Cooper returned to the theatre and earned good reviews in the play "The Farmer's Wife" in 1921. He made his official London debut with a production of "Back to Methuselah in 1924, and furthered his career on stage with roles in "The Third Finger" (1927) and "Journey's End" (1929). He turned to films in middle age with the English entry Black Coffee and, after supporting roles in the popular costumers The Private Life of Don Juan and The Scarlet Pimpernel , decided to cross the waters to seek work in America. Taking his first Broadway curtain call with "Laburnum Grove" (1935), he also appeared in "Jubilee" (1935) and "Tovarich" (1937) and subsequently became a sometime stage director, as in the case of the 1947 production of "We Love a Lassie."
In Hollywood Cooper was effectively cast as ineffectual types and played in a number of "A" pictures. Giving great snob appeal, he made a most reliable and disdainful butler, chauffeur or doorman in such films as The Bishop Misbehaves , Four's a Crowd , Too Many Husbands , And Baby Makes Three and The Petty Girl . More quality roles, however, wormed their way outside this stereotype with his blundering and cowardly Sheriff of Nottingham opposite dashing Errol Flynn in The Adventures of Robin Hood ; conman sidekick to Barbara Stanwyck in The Lady Eve ; portentous Mr. Collins whom Greer Garson nearly married in Pride and Prejudice ; and Mr. Tringle, the wedding supervisor, in Father of the Bride being particular standouts.
Cooper made an active jaunt into TV roles in the 1950s but returned strongly to the stage after biding farewell to films in 1958. In the 1960s he enjoyed such scene-stealing theatrical roles as Colonel Pickering in "My Fair Lady," Pellinore in "Camelot" and Reverend Chasuble in "The Importance of Being Earnest". He made one last return to Broadway playing (what else?) a valet in a short-run revival of the farcical comedy "Charley's Aunt" in 1970, which co-starred Rex Thompson , Louis Nye and 'Maureen O'Sullivan'. Married three times, his first was to London-born actress Rita Page who had a bit part in one of his films This Above All , and died in 1954. They had one daughter, Valerie. The 76-year-old Cooper died in Los Angeles of cancer in 1973, and was survived by third wife Elizabeth.
Lauren Grimson
Lauren Grimson is an Australian film and television actress. Her feature credits include The Osiris Child: Science Fiction Volume 1 from director Shane Abbess, The Legend of Ben Hall (shortlisted for Academy Award nomination) from writer/director Matthew Holmes and Culdesac from director Michael Joy. Other screen credits include Network 7's Packed to the Rafters and Double Take, Marc Furmie's AirLock for the SyFy Network and Enzo Tedeschi's directorial debut Surge. Lauren is also an experienced stage actress, having performed in The Crucible (Dir: Ian Zammit), The Elephant Man (Dir: Iain Fraser), Carpe Jugulum (Dir: Robyn Pope), The Importance of Being Earnest (Dir: Ainsley Yardley, John Bailey) and Cosi (Dir: Nigel Glassey), among others. She holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Literature, Art History and Cinema Studies and completed most of her formal acting training at The Australian Film and Television Academy (TAFTA) and The National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) open program. Recently, Lauren was named Star Central Magazine's most promising upcoming actress.
Michelle Martin
Michelle is an actor and producer who has worked extensively across Canada.
Film and television credits include Chris Haddock's acclaimed new CBC series The Romeo Section, The Whispers on ABC, Supernatural on CW, the movies of the week A Novel Romance, and Accidental Obsession, Traders on CTV, and two seasons as a series lead on the CBC evening drama, Riverdale. Michelle also completed the independent feature film, Backroads, which screened at the Sundance Film Festival and the short film Sleepwalk, which won the Audience Choice Award at the New York City Short Horror Film Festival.
Michelle is an accomplished theatre actor. She is a founding member, producer and Marketing & Communications Director of Classic Chic Productions. www.classicchic.ca She played Ricky Roma in Classic Chic's acclaimed production of David Mamet's Glengarry Glen Ross directed by Rachel Peake. She was also thrilled to play the tortured Antigonus in Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale directed by Lisa Wolpe, Artistic Director of Los Angeles Women's Shakespeare Company.
Michelle played the title role in Daniel MacIvor's one-woman show, See Bob Run, at One Yellow Rabbit Performance Theatre in Calgary and Workshop West Theatre in Edmonton. Both of these companies also presented her own acclaimed one-woman show, To Hear With Eyes, in their main stage seasons. Other selected theatre credits include Colette in Four Dogs and a Bone (Havana Theatre), Les Liaisons Dangereuses and A Christmas Carol (Theatre Calgary), The Importance of Being Earnest and Fool for Love (Theatre Junction), Cressida (Workshop West), Misalliance and Night Must Fall (Shaw Festival), 1-900-Dee-Lite (Persephone Theatre), All in the Timing (Summer at the Roxy), Hitting Town (Alchemy Theatre Projects), Cymbeline (Shakespeare in the Rough), Twelfth Night (University of Toronto, Graduate Centre for Drama) and Summerfolk (Equity Showcase Theatre).
Michelle graduated from York University's theatre program with a Bachelor of Fine Arts. She completed the National Voice Intensive at UBC with David Smukler and the Art's Club Actor's Intensive with Dean Paul Gibson and Scott Bellis. She has been studying on-camera acting with Andrew McIlroy and scene study with Ben Ratner. She lives in Vancouver with her husband and two young sons.
William Ellis
Born in London (England). He trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). He has worked since in British Theatre, including London's National Theatre, and London's West End playing Algernon Moncreiff in Peter Gill's production of "The Importance of Being Earnest" at the Vaudeville Theatre. He has recently been a part of The Peter Hall Company 2011. He has most recently appeared in Mike Newell's "Great Expectations", and also the HBO Series "Parade's End".
He is a keen Open Water Swimmer - representing GB at Masters Level.
Robert Curtis
Robert Curtis is a British actor known for Hangar 10 (Bigscope Films), Hamlet (BBC/RSC/Illuminations), EastEnders (BBC) and The Sarah Jane Adventures (BBC).
Born in Warwickshire, UK, Robert's acting career began as a teenager playing leading stage roles for local theatre companies.
He studied for a degree in Drama at the University of Surrey before training as a classical actor at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama.
Following a busy and successful period of touring throughout the UK and in regional repertory theatre playing numerous Shakespearean roles such as Macbeth (Macbeth), Romeo (Romeo & Juliet), Oberon (A Midsummer Night's Dream), Antipholus (The Comedy of Errors) along with other notable performances as Jack Worthing (The Importance of Being Earnest) and Tamburlaine (Tamburlaine the Great) Robert was asked to join the Royal Shakespeare Company. Whilst at the RSC his portrayal of Theseus in Gregory Doran's 2008/09 production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, both in Stratford-Upon-Avon and in London's West End, received approval in The Sunday Times. During the same season he played company roles in Love's Labour's Lost whilst also working as David Tennant's understudy as Berowne, and played both Fortinbras and Francisco in Doran's multi-award winning production of Hamlet, once again in Stratford-Upon-Avon and London's West End. Hamlet was later filmed for a BBC/RSC/Illuminations production in which Robert reprised his roles.
Robert's theatre work has continued throughout the UK with significant performances in The Blue Room, The Madness of George III, The Butterfly Lion and Alan Ayckbourn's Joking Apart.
His work for television includes Hamlet (BBC/RSC/Illuminations), EastEnders (BBC), The Sarah Jane Adventures (BBC).
Hangar 10 (Bigscope Films) marks Robert's debut in a feature film.
Ashley Palmer
Ashley is a professional actress working in film, television, commercials, hosting, print and theatre. Ashley began her acting career at age five when she played the title role in a community production of Chicken Little. Since then, she has received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Acting/Musical Theatre and has captured the attention of audiences on the New York stage, film festivals, and primetime television shows on FOX, HBO, E! and the Style Network.
Career achievements include originating a role in an off Broadway play, performing in a National tour, cover modeling for best selling author Stephen J. Cannell, being directed by Darren Star, sharing the stage with Elaine Stritch and performing in Paramount's Paranormal Activity. Favorite theatre roles include Lina Lamont in Singin' in the Rain, Cecily in The Importance of Being Earnest, Louisa in The Fantasticks and the title roles in both Cinderella and Lysistrata. On film she has played everything from ingenue to drug addict, trophy wife to demonically possessed!
Daphne Oxenford
The phrase has now been enshrined in the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. "The time is a quarter to two," the announcer would intone. "This is the BBC Light Programme for mothers and children at home. Are you ready for the music? When it stops, Daphne Oxenford will be here to speak to you." "The music" - the Berceuse from Faure's Dolly Suite - was the signal for an audience of pre-school children across the country to settle down. Then, as a regular storyteller on the show from 1950 until 1971 (others were Julia Lang and Dorothy Smith), Daphne Oxenford would read the story of the day. "Few radio memories come as misty-eyed as this," noted the radio historian Paul Donovan. But Daphne Oxenford also appeared on television - notably in early episodes of Coronation Street. Between 1960 and 1963 she played Esther Hayes, making her debut in episode two. Although the character was a spinster with a criminal brother, she thought the role dull and left after a couple of years, finally returning for guest appearances in 1971 and 1972, when she was last seen at the wedding of Ernest Bishop to Emily Nugent. For 26 years Daphne Oxenford was also a regular voice on What the Papers Say, Granada Television's irreverent weekly survey of the British Press, in which she was required to articulate excerpts from publications ranging from the tabloids to The Daily Telegraph, often in assumed voices. The daughter of an accountant, Daphne Margaret du Grivel Oxenford was born on October 31 1919 at Barnet, north London. From school she trained at the Embassy School of Acting in Swiss Cottage, later the Central School of Speech and Drama, under Sybil Thorndike's sister Eileen. During the war she worked briefly in a bank and later as a censor, but hated having to read people's private correspondence and was relieved to join ENSA entertaining troops and, after VE-Day, spending time in Germany broadcasting for radio. Later in 1945 she appeared with Sonnie Hale and Nellie Wallace in the revue That'll Be The Day. Her first radio engagement was in Let's Join In! for schools radio in 1947, followed in 1949 by her television debut in Oranges and Lemons, a show in which she had worked at the Lyric (Hammersmith) and Globe Theatres. She also appeared in a television adaptation of Tuppence Coloured, the stage revue in which she had worked with Joyce Grenfell and Max Adrian at the Lyric and Globe in 1947. Although her regular radio work with Listen With Mother occupied her from 1950, Daphne Oxenford continued to develop her stage career. She had roles in productions at the Library Theatre, Manchester, of The Happiest Days Of Your Life, in which she was Miss Gossage, the games mistress played in the later film version by Joyce Grenfell, and Candida (both 1955). In 1969 she appeared in Spring And Port Wine and Relatively Speaking at the same venue. In 1979 she played Violet in a revival of TS Eliot's The Family Reunion, starring Edward Fox, at the Royal Exchange, Manchester, and at the Vaudeville when it transferred to the West End the following year. She appeared as Miss Prism in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest at the Nottingham Playhouse in October 1990, and returned to Manchester to play Emmy in The Doctors' Dilemma at the Royal Exchange in 1991. The following year, at the Library Theatre, she was Ethel Thayler in a stage version of the film On Golden Pond. From 1956 Daphne Oxenford made regular television appearances with her friend Joyce Grenfell in the comedienne's sketch show Joyce Grenfell Requests The Pleasure. She was the mother in John Mortimer's autobiographical A Voyage Round My Father (1969), and throughout the 1970s and 1980s appeared in numerous comedy series with Jimmy Tarbuck, Les Dawson and Dick Emery, dramas in the Play For Today slot and popular sitcoms including Some Mothers Do Have 'Em, Rising Damp and Man About The House. She played Mrs Patterson, the village grocer, in To The Manor Born (1979-81). She continued to make cameo appearances throughout the 1980s and 1990s in television series such as The Bill, Brookside and Casualty. In 2002 she played the Queen Mother in an American television biopic about the life of Prince William. Although she looked the part, she was dismayed by some of the lines, protesting that the Queen Mother would never have said "when the chips are down". However she was told that American audiences needed to comprehend the dialogue. Daphne Oxenford's feature film credits included parts in Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969), That'll Be The Day (1973), and as Mrs Pumphrey in All Creatures Great And Small (1974). She married, in 1951, David Marshall. They lived in Altrincham, Cheshire, until 2001 when they moved to Essex. After her husband's death in 2003 she moved to the actors' retirement home at Denville Hall, Northwood, from where she continued to do occasional television jobs, taking roles in The Royal (2003), Midsomer Murders (2004), Heartbeat (2004-05), and Doctor Who (2008). She lived until the age of 93.
Zachary Gulka
Zachary Gulka was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. His family moved around quite frequently, always among the prairies, before settling in Saskatoon where ultimately he grew up.
It was at an early age when Zachary discovered his love for the performing arts. He attended Theatre Alberta in Red Deer where he completed three productions. "Our Town," "The Importance of Being Earnest," and "Who Has Seen the Wind." When he was 15 years old he joined a local Theatre Company in Calgary, Alberta called Dewdney Players. He spent two consecutive years in the company and played large roles in two major productions. "A Midsummer Nights Dream," and "A Werewolf's Curse." Aside from Theatre, Zachary played Hockey and enjoyed Visual Art, and Writing.
In 2010 Zachary graduated High School and moved to Vancouver, BC to pursue a career in Film and Television. His breakout role was in the critically acclaimed hit TV series, "Supernatural" on The CW, in which he was nominated for "Best Emerging Performer" at the UBCP/ACTRA Awards in 2015. His character, "Mickey" the sarcastic Gas n' Sip clerk was immediately pegged as a cult favorite.
Zachary can now be seen in Film and Television roles such as, "The Christmas Note," on Hallmark. The independent comedy "Last Night In Suburbia," and "Interrogation," a feature film for Lionsgate and WWE Studios.
At this time Zachary resides in Vancouver, BC. He splits his training between both Vancouver and Los Angeles, and in his spare time he enjoys snowboarding, travel and spending time with family and friends. Currently he is writing a fiction novel entitled, "Jack Rabbit" in which he hopes to publish.
Rebecca Charles
Rebecca was born in Bristol on 21st October 1965 and brought up in North Wales and credits her stage ambitions to her supportive parents, her father having been an actor who brought other thespians to the house. At sixteen she left home to pursue Theatre Studies at Stratford-on-Avon under the tutelage of Gordon Vallins, who encouraged her to go to drama school at the age of eighteen. On graduation she embarked upon a theatrical career, playing, among other roles, Lady Anne in 'Richard III' and Gwendolen in 'The Importance of Being Earnest' at the Derby Playhouse and, from 1992 to 1993, Roxanne to Robert Lindsay's 'Cyrano de Bergerac' in London, during which production she met and later married fellow cast member Bob Barrett, with whom she has two daughters, the elder following in her parents' foot-steps by entering drama school. In 2015 she joined the cast of Florian Zeller's 'The Father' at the Theatre Royal, Bath, transferring with it to London to critical acclaim. She made her television debut in 1995 and has since appeared in a range of popular series including 'Foyle's War', 'Midsomer Murders' and 'Casualty' though not in the same episode as husband Bob, who has also featured in the show.
C.C. Ice
CC Ice is a Stunt Performer and Actress on a journey that continues to take her from coast to coast in Film, T.V., Stunts, Commercial, Theatre, Dance and Crew work.
CC was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and from a very young age gravitated towards Theatre, Film, Dance, Art and Music. After graduating from Herculaneum High School, CC began her theatrical career as a Magician's Assistant/Dancer in St. Louis and Branson, MO, where she enjoyed performing various stunts and illusions.
During this time, CC decided to attend Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois. She graduated with honors (Magna cum Laude) securing a B.F.A. in Musical Theatre (and an emphasis in Dance). Upon graduation, CC followed her career to the New England area. She performed with several theatre/dance companies and began work on various Film, Commercial and T.V. projects, including Season 2, episode 8 of Beechwood Mansion & Garden State , filmed at the Astor's Beechwood Mansion.
In January of 2007, CC packed up her car and drove from Newport, Rhode Island to Los Angeles, California to follow her adventure in T.V., Film and Production. Within the year, CC became an Art Dept. Set Dresser for Big Brother , during seasons 8, 9, & 10 in Studio City, California.
CC's journey took her back to New England by early 2010 when she landed the role of Cecily Cardew in "The Importance of Being Earnest" with the Marley Bridges Theatre Company. During this second adventure on the East Coast, CC finally secured the opportunity to truly focus on honing the important skills that she'd always had a desire to excel at in her career. CC began a full focus on training in stunts while working on various Film and Commercials projects in the Boston area. In September of 2012, CC was cast as 'Myles' and performed stunts aboard the USS Salem in Quincy, Massachusetts for the Indie Film: Night Aboard the Salem
In November of 2012, CC again packed her car and moved from New England to Atlanta, Georgia to follow her career path in Film, Stunts, T.V. and Commercial work. CC recently worked stunts on "Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1 & 2", "The Walking Dead"- Season 4 and the 'Divergent' sequel: Insurgent .
Gary McDonald
Gary started his career at the prestigious Royal Court Theatre Activists and progressed to performing at the the Royal Court in many productions including Hardtime Pressure, Hero's Welcome, Gregory Motton's Downfall, Some Singing Blood and the critically acclaimed Been so Long. His vast theatre background saw him at the beginning of the black theatre explosion in the 80's, working with tour-de force companies such as BTC and Talawa in A Raisin in the Sun and The Importance of Being Earnest to name but two. His TV debut as Ethnic in Jack Rosenthal's Bafta award winning London's Burning pilot had critics citing Gary's performance as 'moving and sensitive'. Soon after, EastEnders came calling and Dirty Den's nemesis the flashy, brash character of Darren Roberts was born. Worried about being type-cast, after a year he left the soap and went back to the theatre doing plays at the National with directors Peter Gill and John Burgess in Macbeth and Black Poppies respectively. Combining film and television, he won lead roles in Valentine Falls with Michelle Fairley and Ian McElhinney and Shooting Stars by Barry Hines (Kes) directed by Chris Bernard (Letter to Brezhnev). On prime time television, McDonald was a regular on the hit shows Thief Takers, Brothers and Sisters and Sky One's flagship Dreamteam. As a stalwart of the Mike Leigh process he managed to work with his mentor on Secrets and Lies, All or Nothing and the sell out play It's a Great Big Shame. Finally Gary got the chance to perform at the acting powerhouse Donmar Warehouse in Lobby Hero which after a triumphant run, transfered to the West End. Once again at the National Theatre, Gary was Leonardo in Blood Wedding and the Trader in Market Boy, he has also dipped his toe in the American Pond and has appeared in Numb3rs and several independent films including Until Death, The Shepherd with Jean-Claude Van Damme, Mob Rules for Lionsgate and MOW "Airforce One is Down". In the UK he has starred in Outpost 2 Black Sun, and soon to be released Lapse of Honor. Back at the Royal Court "Choir Boy" received rave reviews in which Gary McDonald played the powerful 'Headmaster Marrow'.
Stephanie Pressman
Stephanie Pressman is a talented actress and musician hailing from the great city of Atlanta, Georgia. Although she has spent more than a few years in Los Angeles, her southern charm has not been dampened. Exuberant and unflappable, she has been entertaining audiences since she was a child, and has honed her skills both in front of and behind the camera as well as onstage. Whether she's acting, singing, or interviewing people at events like WonderCon or The Geeky Awards, it's clear she's most comfortable in front of a camera.
She has performed in and assisted in the production of acclaimed stage productions of Equus, AliceN (an adaptation of Alice in Wonderland), The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee, Cabaret, The Importance of Being Earnest, Jekyll and Hyde, and DungeonMaster. She has also appeared in a variety of short films and guested on such television shows as "Issues", "America Now", and "Craft Wars" where she was able to show off her DIY skills.
Beyond acting, Stephanie is also an accomplished musician. Though she dabbled in teaching music, she found she actually loved performing her own music even more. She plays guitar and sings and can be found performing her original compositions all over the Los Angeles area.
Stephanie is always working in new and exciting projects, so keep an eye out for her and you just might spot her on your next trip to the movies!
Joshua DesRoches
Joshua was born in Georgia and grew up in Germany and Italy. His family relocated to Conyers, Georgia where he spent most of his adolescence competitively fencing (2nd, 1998 World Youth Games, Moscow; ranked 3rd in US), riding horses, playing concert saxophone (1st Chair All State concert), and acting. Joshua attended Salem High School where he was heavily involved in the theatre and music departments. Theatre provided an opportunity to step into his light, which led him to the main stage at the International Thespian Conference in Lincoln, Nebraska starring in Amadeus in front of thousands.
From performing musicals and plays in high school he graduated to the Conservatory of Theatre Arts at Webster University in St. Louis where he received his BFA in Regional Theatre. While at the conservatory he starred in The Laramie Project, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Importance of Being Earnest, Macbeth, and a number of other productions.
Following graduation, he moved to Los Angeles and quickly booked guest star roles on Crossing Jordan and American Dreams working alongside Sally Field, Eriq La Salle, and Jerry O'Connell. In 2006, Joshua and his twin brother booked The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (Brody brothers). The movie earned 3 Oscars and numerous other nominations and allowed him an opportunity to work with some of the elite directors/actors of Hollywood.
Joshua has since guest starred on Cold Case and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. He has starred in the following films: Nomad, Now or Never, and Devil's Creek, which earned multiple nominations at the Sacramento Horror Film Festival. He appears in the short film, Vicki, which won the 2nd Place Audience Award at the Toronto After Dark Film Festival.
In his spare time he enjoys fencing, golfing, shooting guns, and playing with his dog. He is also the Technical Director at Stuart Roger's Studio where he currently attends classes.
Joshua is represented by Origin Talent, Henderson Represents, Inc. (HRI) commercially, and is an active member of SAG/AFTRA.
Isabella Calthorpe
Isabella Calthorpe was born on March 3rd 1980, daughter of property developer John Austen Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe and socialite, débutante and banking heiress Lady Mary-Gaye Georgiana Lorna Curzon. She has one full sister, Georgiana, and one full brother, Jacobi, as well as four half sisters, Pandora, Gabriella, Cressida and Octavia. Isabella who directly descends from King Charles II is blue blood to the core.
She went to finishing school in Switzerland, studied classics at Edinburgh University and attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art 2003 to 2005.
She has appeared in film as Anna in How to Loose Friends and Alienate People and in Richard Eyre's Stage Beauty. On Television she has played Emily in the BBC production of Inspector Lynley as well as Miranda Cost in the British television series Harley Street. As a stage actress she had attracted rave reviews as Lisa in Dirty Dancing at the Aldwych and previously played in Peter Gill's The Voysey Inheritance at the National Theater and as Cecily in David Leonard's The Importance of being Earnest at the Royal York.
She has been dating heir apparent Sam Branson, son of Virgin owner Richard Branson for almost three years.
Sheldon Epps
Sheldon Epps, Artistic Director of the renowned Pasadena Playhouse, conceived and directed the Duke Ellington musical, "Play On!", which received three Tony Award nominations and was produced at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago, where it received four Joseph Jefferson Awards, including Best Musical. The Pasadena Playhouse production was taped by PBS for broadcast as part of the "Great Performances" series.
He also conceived and directed the highly acclaimed musical revue, "Blues in the Night". The Broadway production was nominated for a Tony Award as Best Musical of the Year, and the London production, which he also directed, was nominated for two Laurence Olivier Awards, and ran for over a year on the West End, before being broadcast in Europe by Thames Television.
Epps was a co-founder of the off-Broadway theater, The Production Company, where he staged the world premiere of "Scenes and Revelations", which he also directed on Broadway at the Circle In The Square Theatre. Epps has directed plays and musicals for many of the country's major theaters including the Guthrie, the Old Globe Theatre, Manhattan Theatre Club, Seattle Repertory Theatre, Playwrights Horizons, Crossroads Theatre, Cleveland Play House, Arizona Theatre Company, and Coconut Grove Playhouse.
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What name for a self-propelled airship or balloon comes from the French ' to steer ' ? | semirigid airship | aircraft | Britannica.com
Semirigid airship
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in airship
a self-propelled lighter-than-air craft. Three main types of airships, or dirigibles (from French diriger, “to steer”), have been built: nonrigids (blimps), semirigids, and rigids. All three types have four principal parts: a cigar-shaped bag, or balloon, that is filled with a lighter-than-air gas; a car or gondola that is slung beneath the balloon and holds the crew...
in aerospace industry: Airships
...nonrigid airship, or blimp, is basically a balloon from which the car is suspended by cables. It is usually small and depends on the internal gas pressure to keep the balloon from collapsing. The semirigid airship, which likewise depends on the inflating gas for its shape, can be bigger because the car is supported by a structural keel that extends longitudinally along the balloon’s base. The...
| Airship |
In which book of the Bible is the story of Lot's wife recounted ? | GAS LAWS WEBQUEST - Education Photo Book
GAS LAWS WEBQUEST
GAS LAWS WEBQUEST - Page Text Content
S: Smith-Brown Webquest Extra Credit
BC: *Indianapolis hot air balloon rides by indy hot air. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.indyhotair.com/default.asp *How blimps work. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/blimp4.htm *airship. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/airship *Balloons - airship, history of balloons. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.wikipedy.com/helium_airship_history_of_balloons_30th_balloons.htm *Airships: The hindenburg and other zeppelins. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.airships.net/hindenburg/disaster *Airship. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/ai/Airship *Airship and blimp resources. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.myairship.com/faq/index.html *Blimp and airship. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=blimp info&oq=blimp info&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=youtube.3..0.0.1.262.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0. *Airship mod how to make airships fly and other things about it. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2V2lAlrPp2I&feature=related *Pbs. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/ *http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/tag/blimp/ *Hydrogen vs helium in rigid airship operations. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.airships.net/helium-hydrogen-airships
FC: GAS LAWS WEBQUEST
2: What is the mechanism of flight for each one? That is, how does each fly? | There are three kinds of airships that have been manufactured: blimps, dirigibles, and hot air balloons. | How are these airships similar? How are they different? What are the relative advantages of one over the other? What are the limitations of each? | Give historical examples of each and be sure to include at least one photo for each one. A zeppelin is a dirigible. Where did the name "zeppelin" come from?
3: There are Many different ways the airship's are crafted. Blimps use air and helium,Hot air balloons use heats the air to 100 degrees ferienheight using burns.Dirigibles fills a large hull with helium or hydrogen.they are also similar in some ways .as in they use gas to take off.some different as in blimps can actually steer and Hoover were as hot air balloons can only go where ever the wind blows them. they all have advantages and disadvantages and in hot air balloons cannot control where they go they just float with the breeze dirigibles and blimps have controls where they go and how fast they move
4: The German zeppelinHindenburgwas filled with hydrogen gas. Not surprisingly, the airship was destroyed in a violent fire near Lakehurst, New Jersey on May 6, 1937. | The Hindenburg was originally supposed to have a different name. What was it? Write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of hydrogen. | We know that chemical reactions are often exothermic or endothermic. What do these words mean in terms of chemical reactions? What are observable chemical indicators of each? Is the combustion of hydrogen exothermic or endothermic?
5: The equation that would be used is 2H2+O2---->2H2O a chemical reaction is endothermic means that heat was absorbed during the reaction usally when a substance melted , boiled ,or evaporated it indicates that a endothermic reaction has taken place exothermic means that its heat was released. a exothermic reaction takes place when heat,light or sound has been released.
6: Modern airships are filled with helium | Why are modern airships filled with helium? | Why wasn't theHindenburgfilled with helium instead of hydrogen? | Using a diagram of orbital diagrams or electron configurations or both, explain why helium is safer than hydrogen for use in airships. Use diagrams and words to explain your answer.
7: they are filled with helium is not hot flammable.. Helium is safer to use in airships because it is a noble gas .hydrogen is less stable than Helium.It originated planned to use helium but the majority of the worlds helium supply comes from the U.s And U.s had military embargo on it.So Germans changed the design of the ship to use hydrogen.
8: Though more potentially dangerous, a given volume of hydrogen gas will lift more weight than an equal volume of helium because hydrogen is less dense than helium. | Use Avogadro's hypothesis to explain why hydrogen is less dense than helium.
9: Hydrogen is less dense than heium because if you have one mole is less Than helium , it makes hydrogen less dense than helium.
12: The Hindenburg was filled with flammable hydrogen but recent research suggests that hydrogen was not the primary material involved in its tragic demise. | How did a paint made from powdered aluminum contribute to the disaster? What is the chemical formula for the paint? How is powdered aluminum used on the current United States Space Shuttle? | Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction aluminum underwent in theHindenburgdisaster. Also indicate if this reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Use the octet rule to explain why powdered aluminum can behave as it is thought to have done in theHindenburgdisaster. | Do you think an aluminum can would behave in the same manner as powdered aluminum? Describe the experiments carried out by Addison Bain. Then, explain how his results and other evidence led to the conclusion that the skin of theHindenburgwas the major cause of fire that destroyed the airship.
13: The painted used was coated with flecks of aluminum ,which is a component of rocket fuel. It caught fire from electric discharge,the ignited the hydrogenChemical equation 2Al+O--> 2AlO the reaction was exothermic.Powdered aluminum acted as it did because it does not have a full octet of electrons and because of that it is very unstable..I say it would behave the same under different conditions you would only have to have an electrical charge. Bain thought that the hydrogen was not main factor in the catastrophe.He found out the parts the skin was still on fire.A hot air balloon pilot increases the flame by turning up the flow of gas , which increases vertical speed. Hot air balloons also have a cord to open the parachute valve at the envelope .The hotter the envelope get the more the hot air rise and needs to expand causing the balloon to get bigger and rise.
16: Hot air balloons are filled with air instead of helium. | How does the handler "pilot" his airship? That is, how does the pilot get the balloon to go up into the sky? How does the pilot get the balloon to descend to the ground? Explain how the pilot travels north, south, east or west. What kind of control do they have over this? | Use the ideal gas law to explain why a hot air balloon rises.
17: A hot air balloon pilot increases the flame by turning up the flow of gas , which increases vertical speed. Hot air balloons also have a cord to open the parachute valve at the envelope .The hotter the envelope get the more the hot air rise and needs to expand causing the balloon to get bigger and rise.
20: French chemist, Joseph Gay-Lussac is most famous for his description of the gas law, Gay-Lussac's Law. | What is the formula for Gay-Lussac's gas law? Explain Gay-Lussac's law using words to describe the relationship between the variables. What are the assumed constants in Gay-Lussac's law? | How did Gay-Lussac use balloons to study chemistry in the early 1800s? What did he learn from investigations he carried out using a hot air balloon?
21: The variables represent the following ...........P is the pressure of the gas ,T is the temperature of the gas Measured in kelvins. K is a constant. Lussac increased the kinetic energy of the gas in the gas in the balloons as its particles collide more frequently , thus increasing pressure of the balloon. When you increase the kinetic energy of gas ,you increase the pressure of the gas.
22: It makes sense that a balloon filled with a lightweight gas such as helium would float when surrounded by heavier air. But why does filling a huge balloon with hot air also make it float? This resource from the NOVA website offers a series of interactive activities that describes and illustrates the chemistry (mass, volume, density) of what happens inside hot air balloons. Go through this NOVA site and then summarize the key points learned.
23: What i leaned from the website was when heated, hot air balloons total mass of air will decrease yet its volume will stay constant. density is the relationship between materials mass and its volume.Also due to density , Objects of the same volume can have different masses . Objects of lower densities float above those of higher densities. Hot air has lower mass than air around it.
26: An airplane typically cruises at an altitude of 30,000 - 40,000 feet. Hypothesize what problems might be encountered in a suddenly depressurized airplane cabin at 30,000 feet. Be sure to use what you have learned about the gas laws in answering this question. There are many myths regarding sudden depressurization. What are some of the myths? What would actually happen if a window or emergency door came off of a plane cruising at 30,000 feet? Why? Be sure to use what you have learned about the gas laws in answering.
27: When you depressurize a cabin suddenly 30,000 feet, the passengers would probably pass out and wake up with tremendous headaches . *You would be sucked out the the door and killed *If you soot a gun it will depressurize instantly. *If a plane suddenly depressurized passengers would explode.
28: Let's say you want to go on a hot air balloon ride here in the Indianapolis area. Find out where you would go to take a ride. How much would it cost? How long is the ride? Are there restrictions on what time of year you can go for a ride (here in Indianapolis)? In what general direction do hot air balloons travel? Why is this? What fuel is used to heat the air? How many balloon accidents have there been here in this area over the last 30 years? Were they serious? What is the most likely cause of the accidents?
29: *You will call and make reservations and meet at a designated spot. *Typically we will fly about 5 to 10 miles in an hour and we will climb to one or two thousand feet above the ground unless maneuvering to land which might be 500 feet above the ground before touchdown *3 hour total experience: In the air flight time 45 minutes to 1 hour. Typical launch areas include Westfield, Fishers, and Noblesville, IN *Hot air balloons use propane to heat the burner. Just like the propane used in barbecue grills. However the burner system in a hot air balloon gives off much more heat. In fact balloon burners produce 30,000,000 BTU.
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What , in the NATO phonetic alphabet, is the code word for M ? | NATO phonetic alphabet | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Not to be confused with International Phonetic Alphabet .
FAA radiotelephony alphabet and Morse code chart
The NATO phonetic alphabet, more accurately known as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet and also called the ICAO phonetic or ICAO spelling alphabet, as well as the ITU phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used spelling alphabet. Although often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets do not have any association with phonetic transcription systems, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet . Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned code words acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet so that critical combinations of letters and numbers can be pronounced and understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language or the presence of transmission static.
The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Some of the 26 words have altered pronunciations: Charlie can be either "char-lee" or "shar-lee", and Uniform is either "you-nee-form" or "oo-nee-form", neither of which is the English pronunciation of the word. Oscar is pronounced "oss-cah" and Victor as "vik-tah" without the 'r', even by people who would normally pronounce it. Papa is pronounced "Pa-PAH" with the accent on the second syllable instead of the first. The code word Quebec is pronounced as French "keh-beck". The ICAO and FAA use the standard number words of English (zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine) with four altered pronunciations (tree, fower, fife, niner), whereas the ITU and IMO use ten code words for numbers (nadazero, unaone, bissotwo, terrathree, kartefour, pantafive, soxisix, setteseven, octoeight, novenine).
Contents
Edit
After the phonetic alphabet was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) (see history below) it was adopted by many other international and national organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), and the American Radio Relay League (ARRL). It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases. [1] The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the IMO provides for compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). In practice these are used very rarely, as they frequently result in confusion between speakers of different languages.
NATO
Edit
A common name for this spelling alphabet, "NATO phonetic alphabet," exists because it appears in Allied Tactical Publication ATP-1, Volume II: Allied Maritime Signal and Maneuvering Book used by all allied navies of NATO, which adopted a modified form of the International Code of Signals. Because the latter allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code , it naturally named the code words used to spell out messages by voice its "phonetic alphabet". The name NATO phonetic alphabet became widespread because the signals used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of NATO have become global. [2] However, ATP-1 is marked NATO Confidential (or the lower NATO Restricted) so it is not available publicly. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed to make it available publicly. The spelling alphabet is now also defined in other unclassified international military documents. [3]
History
Edit
The ICAO developed this system in the 1950s in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations. [4]
In the official [5] version of the alphabet, the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are used. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the English and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly by native speakers of some other languages – who may not know that ph should be pronounced as f. Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a single final t as silent. In some English versions of the alphabet, one or both of these may have their standard English spelling. [6]
Code words
Edit
The pronunciation of the code words accompanying the ICAO audio recording of 1955 [7]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
The final choice of code words for the letters of the alphabet and for the digits was made after hundreds of thousands of comprehension tests involving 31 nationalities. The qualifying feature was the likelihood of a code word being understood in the context of others. For example, football has a higher chance of being understood than foxtrot in isolation, but foxtrot is superior in extended communication. [8]
The pronunciation of the code words varies according to the language habits of the speaker. To eliminate wide variations in pronunciation, recordings and posters illustrating the pronunciation desired by the ICAO are available. [8] [9] However, there are still differences in pronunciation between the ICAO and other agencies, and the ICAO has conflicting Roman-alphabet and IPA transcriptions. Also, although all codes for the letters of the alphabet are English words, they are not in general given English pronunciations. Assuming that the transcriptions are not intended to be precise, only 11 of the 26—Bravo, Echo, Hotel, Juliet(t), Kilo, Mike, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Whiskey, and Zulu—are given English pronunciations by all these agencies, though not always the same English pronunciations.
Letters
Main article: Voice procedure
Several important short words and responses have set equivalents designed to make them more reliably intelligible, and are used in the same situations as the NATO alphabet.
For "yes" and "no", radio operators say affirmative and negative, though to avoid possible confusion affirm is sometimes used for affirmative
"Help" is mayday – emergency, often shortened to mayday; this "mayday" is based on French m'aidez, meaning 'help me'.
Acknowledgement of a message is expressed with roger message, often shortened to roger; " roger " was the World War II-era word for R (modern 'romeo'), which stood for "received".
Ending a turn is signaled by over, short for over to you; the end of a message is signaled by out.
Telegram style is used, with functions words like the, a/an, and is/are dropped, and contractions are avoided for full forms such as do not (don't). And, as noted above, stop is used to end a sentence, contrasting with decimal for a decimal point in a number.
Pronunciation
Edit
Pronunciations are somewhat uncertain because the agencies, while ostensibly using the same pronunciations, give different transcriptions, which are often inconsistent from letter to letter. The ICAO gives different pronunciations in IPA transcription than in respelling, and the FAA also gives different pronunciations depending on the publication consulted, the FAA Aeronautical Information Manual (§ 4-2-7), the FAA Flight Services manual (§ 14.1.5), or the ATC manual (§ 2-4-16). ATIS gives English spellings, but does not give pronunciations or numbers. The ICAO, NATO, and FAA use modifications of English numerals, with stress on one syllable, while the ITU and IMO compound pseudo-Latinate numerals with a slightly different set of modified English numerals, and with stress on each syllable. Numbers 10–99 are spelled out (that is, 17 is "1–7" and 60 is "6–0"), while for hundreds and thousands the English words hundred and thousand are used. [6] [9] [11] [12] [13] [19]
The pronunciation of the digits 3, 4, 5, and 9 differs from standard English – being pronounced tree, fower, fife, and niner. The digit 3 is specified as tree so that it is not pronounced sri; the long pronunciation of 4 (still found in some English dialects) keeps it somewhat distinct from for; 5 is pronounced with a second "f" because the normal pronunciation with a "v" is easily confused with "fire" (a command to shoot); and 9 has an extra syllable to keep it distinct from German nein 'no'.
Only the ICAO prescribes pronunciation with the IPA , and then only for letters. [9] Several of the pronunciations indicated are slightly modified from their normal English pronunciations: /ˈælfɑ, ˈbrɑːˈvo, ˈʃɑːli, ˈdeltɑ, ˈfɔkstrɔt, ɡʌlf, ˈliːmɑ, ˈɔskɑ, siˈerɑ, ˈtænɡo, ˈuːnifɔrm, ˈviktɑ, ˈjænki/, partially due to the substitution of final schwas with the ah vowel; in addition, the intended distinction between the short vowels /o ɑ ɔ/ and the long vowels /oː ɑː ɔː/ is obscure, and has been ignored in the consolidated transcription above. Both the IPA and respelled pronunciations were developed by the ICAO before 1956 with advice from the governments of both the United States and United Kingdom, [20] so the pronunciations of both General American English and British Received Pronunciation are evident, especially in the rhotic and non-rhotic accents . The respelled version is usually at least consistent with a rhotic accent ('r' pronounced), as in CHAR LEE, SHAR LEE, NO VEM BER, YOU NEE FORM, and OO NEE FORM, whereas the IPA version usually specifies a non-rhotic accent ('r' pronounced only before a vowel), as in ˈtʃɑːli, ˈʃɑːli, noˈvembə, and ˈjuːnifɔːm. Exceptions are OSS CAH, VIK TAH and ˈuːnifɔrm. The IPA form of Golf implies it is pronounced gulf, which is not either General American English or British Received Pronunciation. Different agencies assign different stress patterns to Bravo, Hotel, Juliett, November, Papa, X-ray; the ICAO has different stresses for Bravo, Juliett, X-ray in its respelled and IPA transcriptions. The mid back [ɔ] vowel transcribed in Oscar and Foxtrot is actually a low vowel in both Received British and General American, and has been interpreted as such above. Furthermore, the pronunciation prescribed for "whiskey" has no initial [h], although some speakers in both General American and RP pronounce an h here, and an initial [h] is categorical in Scotland and Ireland.
History
Yoke
Zebra
The first internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the ITU during 1927. The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made during 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO , and was used for civil aviation until World War II. [20] It continued to be used by the IMO until 1965:
Amsterdam Baltimore Casablanca Denmark Edison Florida Gallipoli Havana Italia Jerusalem Kilogramme Liverpool Madagascar New_York Oslo Paris Quebec Roma Santiago Tripoli Upsala Valencia Washington Xanthippe Yokohama Zurich
British and American armed forces had each developed their spelling alphabets before both forces adopted the ICAO alphabet during 1956. British forces adopted the RAF phonetic alphabet , which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I. The U.S. adopted the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet during 1941 to standardize systems among all branches of its armed forces. The U.S. alphabet became known as Able Baker after the words for A and B. The United Kingdom adapted its RAF alphabet during 1943 to be almost identical to the American Joint-Army-Navy (JAN) one.
After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces, "Able Baker" continued to be used for civil aviation. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, and Spanish. After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was implemented on 1 November 1951 for civil aviation (but it may not have been adopted by any military): [20]
Alfa Bravo Coca Delta Echo Foxtrot Golf Hotel India Juliett Kilo Lima Metro Nectar Oscar Papa Quebec Romeo Sierra Tango Union Victor Whisky Extra Yankee Zulu
Problems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States. Confusion among words like Delta, Nectar, Victor, and Extra, or the unintelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems. After much study, only the five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet to all member states in November 1955. [7] [8] The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1956, [20] and the ITU adopted it no later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their official publication, Radio Regulations. [21] Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by all radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur ( ARRL ). It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965. During 1947 the ITU adopted the compound number words (Nadazero Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO during 1965.
Usage
Edit
A spelling alphabet is used to spell parts of a message containing letters and numbers to avoid confusion, because many letters sound similar, for instance "n" and "m" or "b" and "d"; the potential for confusion increases if static or other interference is present. For instance the message "proceed to map grid DH98" could be transmitted as "proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Ait". Using "Delta" instead of "D" avoids confusion between "BH98" and "DH98". The unusual pronunciation of certain numbers was designed to reduce confusion.
In addition to the traditional military usage, civilian industry uses the alphabet to avoid similar problems in the transmission of messages by telephone systems. For example, it is often used in the retail industry where customer or site details are spoken by telephone (to authorize a credit agreement or confirm stock codes), although ad hoc coding is often used in that instance. It has been used often by information technology workers to communicate serial/reference codes (which are often very long) or other specialised information by voice. Most major airlines use the alphabet to communicate Passenger Name Records (PNRs) internally, and in some cases, with customers. It is often used in a medical context as well, to avoid confusion when transmitting information.
Several letter codes and abbreviations using the spelling alphabet have become well-known, such as Bravo Zulu (letter code BZ) for "well done", [22] Checkpoint Charlie (Checkpoint C) in Berlin, and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War , Viet Cong guerrillas and the group itself were referred to as VC, or Victor Charlie; the name "Charlie" became synonymous with this force.
Variants
"Delta" is replaced by "Data", "Dixie" or "David" at airports that have a majority of Delta Air Lines flights, such as Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in order to avoid confusion because "Delta" is also Delta's callsign. [23]
Other
Edit
Many unofficial spelling alphabets are in use that are not based on a standard, but are based on words the transmitter can remember easily, including first names , states, or cities. The LAPD phonetic alphabet has many first names. The German spelling alphabet ("Deutsches Funkalphabet") also uses first names.
Additions in other languages
Certain languages' standard alphabets have letters, or letters with diacritics (e.g., umlauts ), that do not exist in the English alphabet. If these letters have two-letter ASCII substitutes, the ICAO/NATO code words for the two letters are used.
German and Swedish
In German and Swedish, Alfa-Alfa (aa) is used for ⟨ å ⟩, Alfa-Echo (ae) for ⟨ ä ⟩, Oscar-Echo (oe) for ⟨ ö ⟩, Sierra-Sierra (ss) for ⟨ ß ⟩, and Uniform-Echo (ue) for ⟨ ü ⟩. [24]
Danish and Norwegian
Edit
In Danish and Norwegian the letters ⟨ æ ⟩, ⟨ ø ⟩ and ⟨ å ⟩ have their own code words. In Danish Ægir, Ødis and Åse represent the three letters, [25] while in Norwegian the three code words are Ægir, Ørnulf and Ågot for civilians and Ærlig, Østen and Åse for military personnel. [26]
Czech
Czech ⟨ ů ⟩, historically uo, is Uniform-Oscar (uo).
See also
| MIKE |
Who was British Prime Minister between 1894 and 1895 ? | Phonetic Letters in the NATO Alphabet
By Richard Nordquist
Updated February 28, 2016.
Men's lives, even the fate of a battle, may depend on a signaler's message, on a signaler's pronunciation of a single word, even of a single letter.
(Edward Fraser and John Gibbons, Soldier and Sailor Words and Phrases, 1925)
The NATO phonetic alphabet is a spelling alphabet --a standard set of 26 words for letter names--used by airline pilots, police, the military, and other officials when communicating over radio or telephone. The purpose of the phonetic alphabet is to ensure that letters are clearly understood even when speech is distorted.
More formally known as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet (also called the ICAO phonetic or spelling alphabet), the NATO phonetic alphabet was developed in the 1950s as part of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual and sound signals.
Here are the phonetic letters in the NATO alphabet:
Alfa (or Alpha)
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As an example, an air traffic controller using the NATO Phonetic Alphabet would say "Kilo Lima Mike" to represent the letters KLM.
"The phonetic alphabet has been around for a long time, but has not always been the same," says Thomas J. Cutler. In the U.S., the International Code of Signals was adopted in 1897 and updated in 1927, but it wasn't until 1938 that all the letters in the alphabet were assigned a word.
Back in the days of World War II, the phonetic alphabet began with the letters "Able, Baker, Charlie," K was "King," and S was "Sugar." After the war, when the NATO alliance was formed, the phonetic alphabet was changed to make it easier for the people who speak the different languages found in the alliance. That version has remained the same, and today the phonetic alphabet begins with "Alfa, Bravo, Charlie," K is now "Kilo," and S is "Sierra."
(The Bluejackets' Manual. Naval Institute Press, 2002)
Today the NATO Phonetic Alphabet is widely used throughout North America and Europe.
Note that the NATO phonetic alphabet is not phonetic in the sense that linguists use the term. Likewise, it's not related to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) , which is used in linguistics to represent the precise pronunciation of individual words.
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Which character in Irish folklore stores a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow ? | Leprechauns: Facts About the Irish Trickster Fairy
Leprechauns: Facts About the Irish Trickster Fairy
By Benjamin Radford, Live Science Contributor |
June 20, 2013 08:19pm ET
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An unidentified man in a St. Patrick's Day parade waving at the crowd wearing a green leprechaun hat and laughing March 17, 2012, Cork, Ireland.
Credit: Peter O'Toole | Shutter
Leprechauns are a type of fairy, though it's important to note that the fairies of Irish folklore were not cute Disneyfied pixies; they could be lustful, nasty, capricious creatures whose magic might delight you one day and kill you the next if you displeased them.
Leprechauns are often described as wizened, bearded old men dressed in green (early versions were clad in red) and wearing buckled shoes, often with a leather apron. Sometimes they wear a pointed cap or hat and may be smoking a pipe.
Leprechaun lore
In their book "The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures," John and Caitlin Matthews trace leprechaun legends back to eighth-century legends of water spirits called "luchorpán," meaning small body. These sprites eventually merged with a mischievous household fairy said to haunt cellars and drink heavily.
Other researchers say that the word leprechaun may be derived from the Irish leath bhrogan, meaning shoemaker. Indeed, though leprechauns are often associated with riches and gold, in folklore their main vocation is anything but glamorous: they are humble cobblers, or shoemakers. Shoemaking is apparently a lucrative business in the fairy world, since each leprechaun is said to have his own pot of gold, which can often be found at the end of a rainbow.
According to Irish legends, people lucky enough to find a leprechaun and capture him (or, in some stories, steal his magical ring, coin or amulet) can barter his freedom for his treasure. Leprechauns are usually said to be able to grant the person three wishes. But dealing with leprechauns can be a tricky proposition.
A trickster
The leprechaun plays several roles in Irish folklore; he is principally a roguish trickster figure who cannot be trusted and will deceive whenever possible. In her encyclopedia "Spirits, Fairies, Leprechauns, and Goblins," folklorist Carol Rose offers a typical tale of leprechaun trickery "concerning a man who managed to get a leprechaun to show him the bush in the field where his treasure was located. Having no spade [shovel], the man marked the tree with one of his red garters, then kindly released the sprite and went for a spade. Returning almost instantly he found that every one of the numerous trees in the field sported a red garter!"
In the magical world, most spirits, fairies and other creatures have a distinctive sound that is associated with them. Some entities — such as the Irish fairy banshee and the Hispanic spirit La Llorona — are said to emit a mournful wail signifying their presence. In the case of the leprechaun, it's the tap-tap-tapping of his tiny cobbler hammer, driving nails into shoes, that announces they are near.
In his collection of Irish fairy and folk tales, W.B. Yeats offered an 18th-century poem by William Allingham titled "The Lepracaun; Or, Fairy Shoemaker" which describes the sound:
"Lay your ear close to the hill.
Do you not catch the tiny clamour,
Busy click of an elfin hammer,
Voice of the Lepracaun singing shrill
As he merrily plies his trade?"
The 1825 publication of a book called "Fairy Legends" seemingly cemented the character of the modern leprechaun: "Since that time leprechauns seem to be entirely male and solitary," they note.
It seems that all leprechauns are not only shoemakers but also old male loners, which makes sense from a cultural standpoint, since that type of fairy is so closely associated with shoemaking, a traditionally male vocation. Though there is something curious about all leprechauns being cobblers (what if they want to be writers, farmers, or doctors?), this designation also fits in well with the traditional folkloric division of labor among fairies.
Leprechauns in popular culture
As with many old legends and traditions, the image and nature of the leprechaun has changed over time and has been updated (and in some cases sanitized) for a modern audience. Lucky the Leprechaun, mascot of the General Mills breakfast cereal Lucky Charms, is probably the best-known fairy of his type.
On the other end of the spectrum there's the homicidal leprechaun Lubdan in the "Leprechaun" horror/comedy film series (played by "Willow" actor Warwick Davis). For generations, some Irish have been annoyed by leprechauns and the ethnic stereotypes they perpetuate, and for most Americans leprechauns only appear around St. Patrick's Day .
Leprechauns offer a morality tale figure whose fables warn against the folly of trying to get rich quick, take what's not rightfully yours or interfere with "The Good Folk" and other magical creatures. Belief in leprechauns and other fairies was once widespread on the Emerald Isle , and real or not they will continue to amuse and delight us for centuries more.
Benjamin Radford is deputy editor of Skeptical Inquirer science magazine and author of six books including "Tracking the Chupacabra: The Vampire Beast in Fact, Fiction, and Folklore." His Web site is www.BenjaminRadford.com.
Author Bio
Benjamin Radford, Live Science Contributor
Benjamin Radford is the Bad Science columnist for Live Science. He covers pseudoscience, psychology, urban legends and the science behind "unexplained" or mysterious phenomenon. Ben has a master's degree in education and a bachelor's degree in psychology. He has written, edited or contributed to more than 20 books, including " Scientific Paranormal Investigation: How to Solve Unexplained Mysteries " and " Tracking the Chupacabra: The Vampire Beast in Fact, Fiction, and Folklore ." He sometimes appears on television but doesn't like to watch himself. He has also written and directed two short films and created a board game.
Benjamin Radford, Live Science Contributor on
Latest on Leprechauns: Facts About the Irish Trickster Fairy
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Leprechaun Legends, The Luck Of The Irish
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The Leprechaun Legends - Are Leprechauns real?
Leprechaun legends from Irish mythology, describe a type of male faerie said to inhabit the island of Ireland. There are many leprechaun stories in Irish folklore. History has it, and some Irish legends say, that people inhabited Ireland before the arrival of the Celts. These people were said to be small in stature.
These, and other creatures of Irish mythology, are often associated with "faerie forts" or "faerie rings", often the sites of ancient (Celtic or pre-Celtic) earthworks or drumlins. According to Leprechaun folklore these "fairy folk" usually take the form of old men who enjoy partaking in mischief.
Were these people the real Leprechauns???? Does this answer the question "are Leprechauns real"?
More about Real Leprechauns
How Leprechauns Earned Their Pot Of Gold
In all Leprechaun legends, and almost every single Leprechaun story, their main trade is that of a cobbler or shoemaker. These cobblers were leather workers and tanners. In addition to producing shoes, they made such things as shields, as well as clothing, bowls and buckets. They were known as craft specialists, the professionals in the community, and were paid lots of money for their work.
Irish Leprechaun Legends
According to Irish folklore, because they work so hard and are very thrifty, maybe even misers, Leprechauns are said to be very rich. They have accumulated a lot of gold and buried it in pots. Irish folklore suggests that these "Pots of Gold" were buried at the end of a rainbow.
Catch A Leprechaun
According to legend, if someone was smart enough to capture one of these sly little fairies, and keep an eye fixed upon him, he cannot escape, but the moment the gaze is withdrawn, he vanishes. If you ask him where his treasure is buried while he is captured, he must be truthful and honest and tell you the location of his treasure.
There are some great ideas for making a trap, many that were designed by human "little people", to catch these sly little fantasy creatures...Check out Leprechaun Trap for more information!
The Fighting Irish Leprechaun
Notre Dame University teams are known as the Fighting Irish. The Leprechaun was taken from Irish folklore and chosen as the mascot for the Notre Dame teams. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Leprechaun
This Notre Dame logo is a picture of the side view of a Leprechaun with his dukes up, ready to fight any foe into submission. There is a live version of this mascot that is a student. He is dressed in an Irish green suit and Irish country hat. He has a magical shillelagh that brings "The Good Luck Of The Irish" to the team as he leads the fans in cheers for their team.
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In which street in the City of London did the Great Fire of London break out in 1666 ? | London Fire Brigade - The Great Fire of London
London Fire Brigade
The Great Fire of London
London in 1666
In the 17th Century, people were not as aware of the dangers of fire as they are today. Buildings were made of timber covered in pitch and tightly packed together.
The design of buildings meant flames could easily spread from building to building. Following a long, dry summer the city was suffering a drought; water was scarce and the wooden houses had dried out, making them easier to burn.
Londoners had originally not been alarmed by the blaze due to fires being a common occurrence at the time.
How did the Great Fire of London start?
The Great Fire of London started on Sunday, 2 September 1666 in a baker's shop belonging to Thomas Farriner.
Although he claimed to have extinguished the fire, three hours later, at 1am, his house was a blazing inferno.
Farynor's bakery was situated in Pudding Lane . The fire spread quickly down Pudding Lane and carried on down Fish Hill and towards the Thames.
The fire continued to spread rapidly, helped by a strong wind from the east; when it reached the Thames it hit warehouses that were stocked with combustible products such as oil and tallow. Fortunately the fire couldn't spread south of the river because a previous blaze in 1633 had already destroyed a section of London Bridge.
What happened?
The Great Fire of London swept through the city in September 1666 devastating many buildings including 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, The Royal Exchange , Guildhall and St. Paul’s Cathedral , built during the Middle Ages, was totally destroyed.
Although the verified death toll was only six people it is unknown how many people died in the great fire of London because many more died through indirect causes.
In 1666 there was no organised fire brigade. Fire-fighting was very basic with little skill or knowledge involved. Leather buckets, axes and water squirts were used to fight the fire but had little effect.
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Samuel Pepys , a diarist of the period and Clerk to the Royal Navy, observed the fire and recommended to the King that buildings were pulled down, as it may be the only way to stop the fire.
The Mayor was ordered to use fire hooks to pull-down burning buildings but the fire continued to spread.
People forced to evacuate their homes chose to bury or hide what valuables they couldn't carry. Pepys buried his expensive cheese and wine.
How did they put out the Great Fire of London?
Pepys spoke to the Admiral of the Navy and agreed they should blow up houses in the path of the fire. The hope was that by doing this they would create a space to stop the fire spreading from house to house.
The Navy, which had been using gunpowder at the time, carried out the request and the fire was mostly under control by Wednesday, 5 September 1666, although small fires continued to break out and the ground remained too hot to walk on for several days afterwards.
Pepys recorded in his diary that even the King, Charles II, was seen helping to put out the fire.
What happened next?
London had to be almost totally reconstructed. Initially this meant temporary buildings were erected that were ill-equipped and enabled disease to spread easily. Many people died from this and the harsh winter that followed the fire.
The cost of the fire was estimated to be £10 million - at a time when London's annual income was only £12,000 and many people were financially ruined and debtors' prisons became over-crowded.
As a result, early fire brigades were formed by insurance companies as a way of recouping the costs of extinguishing fires.
Sir Christopher Wren planned the new city and the rebuilding of London took over 30 years. The site where the fire first started is now marked by a 202-foot monument , which was built between 1671 and 1677.
Know it all? Take our Great Fire of London quiz
| Pudding Lane |
What was the name of the King's horse that caused the death of suffragette Emily Davison at the Epsom Derby in 1913 ? | The Great Fire of London | IRMI.com
Download FREE Report
The Great Fire of London
The insurance industry can accurately trace its formation to the Great Fire of London on September 2, 1666. Learn the history behind the event—why the setting was ripe for disaster, the demolition of most of the city, and the foretelling of what emerged from the ashes.
Risk and Insurance History
June 2001
Most industries evolve over time. While there have been risk-sharing mechanisms dating back to the days of Phoenician ship captains splitting up their cargoes at the mouth of the then-raging Nile river, the insurance industry Superior Access Internet Software can accurately trace its beginning to one event. That event was the Great Fire of London, on September 2, 1666.
The Setting
London had a poor history with fire. There had been many severe fires over the years. In fact, when William the Conqueror took over in the early 11th Century, he was aghast at what he saw. Fires, sometimes severe fires, were commonplace. Straw roofs would catch fire and burn, only to be replaced by more straw roofs. One of the customs was to stoke a fire before going to bed to keep the home warm throughout the night. Needless to say, there were many nighttime fires. He instituted a law that each home had to douse all candles and cover the main fire with a large metal bowl or cover. That law, requiring a couvre-feu (couvre for cover and feu for fire) led to today's "curfew" laws.
By the mid-1600s, London was a city ripe for a conflagration. Many of the buildings were built of wood, many of them old. Even many of the brick and stone buildings had thatched roofs. Where there were sidewalks, they were made of wood with no fire-stops inside them.
Fires, even today, can be scary events. They had to have been especially scary back in those days. There were no formalized fire departments yet. Any building that caught fire was pretty much doomed, but the citizenry would rally around with bucket brigades to keep the fire from spreading.
The Spreading
The fire started early in the morning in a baker's shop in Pudding Lane, and quickly spread. Surviving written records indicate that it was windy, which blew burning embers around the still-sleeping city. Unfortunately, one of the first structures to burn was the huge wooden waterwheel on the Thames that supplied water to the city. Losing the waterwheel significantly reduced the amount of available water throughout the city. The bucket brigades didn't stand a chance.
The fire raged for days. Structure after structure burned, with the fire spreading from one district to another. After several days, the king, King Charles II, called in the Duke of York, who was in charge of the Royal Navy, to be responsible for putting out the fire.
It had long been a practice to use long poles, with hooks on the end, to pull down adjacent buildings to a fire to keep the fire from spreading. Unfortunately, the combination of heat, wind, and lack of water kept that from working. The concept of a "fire break," depriving a fire of fuel, was nonetheless a valid way of containing a fire. The Duke of York applied it to a large degree.
He had his men fan out past where the fire was burning and create a large swath of empty land. They did it not only by pulling down buildings where they could, but by using gunpowder to blow up and clear away buildings where they couldn't be pulled down. The tactic worked. In the end, the fire burned to the edge of the large fire break and finally died for lack of fuel. After raging for 5 days, the Great Fire of London was finally out.
The Rebuilding
By the time it was over, London was devastated. Four-fifths of the city lay in smoldering ashes. England's biggest city—containing roughly two-thirds of the wealth of the empire—was ruined. Over 13,000 buildings were destroyed, mostly homes but including many churches and commercial establishments. Fortunately, the death rate was amazingly small. Whereas the first "Great Fire" in London in the 11th Century reportedly claimed around 3,000 lives, this new inheritor of that name caused only 16 recorded deaths.
The city began the long and arduous task of rebuilding. It was a task that would take many years. As new buildings began springing up from the ruins, so did something else. The following year, 1667, rising from the ashes of London like the mythical Phoenix bird, was the world's first insurance company.
See the next article in this series for the rest of the story, The World's First Insurance Company.
Opinions expressed in Expert Commentary articles are those of the author and are not necessarily held by the author's employer or IRMI. Expert Commentary articles and other IRMI Online content do not purport to provide legal, accounting, or other professional advice or opinion. If such advice is needed, consult with your attorney, accountant, or other qualified adviser.
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The Cavendish Laboratory houses the Physics Department of which major British university ? | Physics flourishing at Cambridge | University of Cambridge
Physics flourishing at Cambridge
News
Physics flourishing at Cambridge
The Department of Physics Cavendish Laboratory has initiated a campaign to recruit an unprecedented number of academic posts to meet the growing department’s needs.
The Department of Physics Cavendish Laboratory has initiated a campaign to recruit an unprecedented number of academic posts to meet the growing department’s needs.
The ten posts will include six lectureships, two readerships and two chairs.
Dire statistics on the state of university physics departments abound with 30% of British university physics departments having closed in the last dozen years, and the number of students sitting A-levels physics having dropped by 38% since 1990. At a time when there is considerable concern about the state of physics, these investments reflect the University's confidence in the future of physics and the significance of the Cavendish Laboratory.
Professor Peter Littlewood, Head of the Physics Department, said: "Our undergraduate numbers are buoyant and our research income is ever increasing, doubling in the last decade. These appointments come at a time when we are engaged in a major new expansion of research activity in the Physics of Medicine and plan to make a major thrust in fundamental aspects of quantum science as well as bolstering our current programme in other areas.
"Additionally, we have already made very substantial investments in nanoscience. I am not aware of another physics department that has such an aggressive hiring programme as we do now."
The Department of Physics has ambitious plans to invest not only in new staff but also in new infrastructure. The £20M Physics of Medicine Development, due to start construction in the next few months, is the first phase of a planned £125M redevelopment of the world famous Cavendish Laboratory.
As part of the Department's efforts to encourage wider participation and interest in physics, the Cavendish Laboratory runs an outreach programme, a major aspect of which is 'Physics At Work'. This popular event provides 14- to 16-year-olds with the opportunity to meet scientists working in academic and commercial fields and learn more about their research. After short presentations about their work, they open the session for students to ask questions and probe in more detail the areas that most interest them.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence . If you use this content on your site please link back to this page.
Published
| Cambridge |
Which British playwright wrote the works Absence of War , Racing Demons and Teeth 'N' Smiles ? | Cambridge Physics - Splitting the Atom
James Chadwick
Childhood in Manchester
On 20th October 1891 James Chadwick was born in Bollington near Macclesfield, Cheshire. When his father left to open a laundry business in Manchester, Chadwick remained with his grandmother, was educated locally and later entered Manchester Municipal Secondary School. Chadwick specialised in applied mathematics and at the age of 16 succeeded in gaining two scholarships to attend Manchester University.
Chadwick was immature and very shy. He applied to Manchester to read mathematics, but was accidentally interviewed as a potential physics student. He was too shy to mention the mistake, but was so impressed by the interviewer that he decided to do physics.
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Manchester University
Chadwick found the first year classes large and noisy, but in his second year he met the Professor, Ernest Rutherford . When Rutherford set Chadwick his third year research project he left a deliberate mistake in the method to see if Chadwick was alert. Chadwick noticed the mistake but didn't dare correct the Professor, so Rutherford thought he had missed it!
Chadwick got his First Class Honours degree in 1911 and began research for a Masters degree. He stayed in Manchester and was interested in Geiger and Marsden's scattering of alpha particles, research that led to Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus . In 1913 Chadwick received his Masters, and Rutherford recommended him for an 1851 Exhibition scholarship.
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Berlin and the War
The scholarship required that Chadwick move from Manchester. He wanted to speacialise in radioactivity, so went with Geiger to the Reichsanstalt in Berlin where he quickly learnt German. Geiger supervised Chadwick and introduced him to other leading German scientists, including Albert Einstein.
The First World War brought a sudden end to this way of life. Geiger was called away as a reserve officer, but Chadwick stayed in Germany. When war was declared it was too late for Chadwick to leave, and soon afterwards he was imprisoned at a racecourse at Ruhleben. He lived with five others in a stable built to hold two horses, and suffered from inadequate food and bitter cold.
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The Cavendish Laboratory
In 1918 the War ended. After four years of imprisonment, poor and in bad health, Chadwick was free to return to England and Manchester, where Rutherford offered him a job. A year later Rutherford became the Cavendish Professor, and invited Chadwick to join him in Cambridge. From the start Chadwick played a very important part in the running of the Cavendish Laboratory, which Rutherford had decided would concentrate on the experimental study of the atomic nucleus.
Chadwick was offered a Wollaston Studentship of £120 a year by Gonville and Caius College. In 1921 he was elected as a research fellow by the college, increasing his income to £350 a year. The following year Chadwick was funded by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research to become the Assistant Director of Research in the Cavendish.
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Assistant Director
Chadwick now concentrated solely on research, and no longer had to teach or lecture. He and Rutherford would allocate research problems, and each morning at 11 o'clock Chadwick reported any progress to the Professor. Their close friendship lasted for sixteen years.
Chadwick was married in 1925 and arranged to have a house built by October 1926. The building actually took longer, and the Chadwicks spent some time living in a cold and draughty house. At the time Chadwick was revising Rutherford's book on radioactivity, and is said to have worked each night until midnight, wrapped up in an overcoat and wearing gloves!
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The Neutron
In 1932 Chadwick discovered the neutron. He and Rutherford had discussed the possibility of the particle for more than ten years, and had tried many 'silly' experiments to find it. The successful discovery changed the world, and won Chadwick a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935. Soon after the discovery Cockcroft and Walton's accelerator split nuclei of lithium and Chadwick was keen to build a more powerful accelerator in the Cavendish.
But Rutherford was reluctant to ask for money and refused Chadwick's request. Chadwick had to look elsewhere for his accelerator, so in 1935 was delighted to accept the Lyon Jones Chair of Physics at Liverpool University.
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Liverpool
When Chadwick moved to Liverpool its physics department was run down and lacking equipment, but by the time he left he had built up a high level of teaching and research. In 1936 he began by starting the construction of a '37-inch cyclotron', a circular particle accelerator nearly a metre across, using £2000 from the Warren Fund of the Royal Society.
Chadwick had asked Cockcroft to design the magnet for his cyclotron. This annoyed Rutherford, who was still opposed to building expensive accelerators. When Chadwick visited Cambridge in June 1936, Rutherford attacked him about the cyclotron and for encouraging his new director of research, Mark Oliphant, to leave for a chair at Birmingham. Chadwick was surprised and shocked, and returned to Liverpool on bad terms with Rutherford.
Rutherford didn't bear any lasting grudge, and even allowed Cockcroft to build his accelerator, but in October 1937 Rutherford died of a strangulated hernia. Although he had resumed writing to Chadwick on good terms the two men had not met since their argument. Chadwick always regretted this sad ending to their long friendship. Chadwick was not elected as a successor to the Cavendish Chair.
While the cyclotron was being built, Chadwick took a keen interest in teaching and medical physics. During the first few months of 1939 he spent half his time organising classes and reorganising cancer therapy. He was an able Department Head and brilliant researcher.
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The Second World War
History came close to repeating itself as Chadwick almost found himself behind enemy lines at the start of the Second World War. In September 1939 he was on a fishing holiday in Sweden, and when he got back to Stockholm found no immediate way home. Fortunately he obtained a flight to Amsterdam, and after a few days was able to return to England.
The Liverpool cyclotron became operational at the start of the Second World War. Uranium fission had been discovered by Hahn and Strassmann at the start of 1939, and a few months later the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction had been demonstrated.
E.V. Appleton, the Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, asked Chadwick if a nuclear bomb was a possibility. It appeared that such a bomb would need more than a ton of uranium to explode, but Chadwick wasn't sure, and decided to use the Liverpool cyclotron for a feasibility study.
By the end of 1940 Chadwick and others found that the first American experiments had underestimated the sizes needed to maintain a chain reaction, and found that only a few kilograms of uranium would be needed to create a nuclear weapon. Chadwick and many of Britain's other leading physicists joined to form 'the Maud Committee', and produced a report saying that a nuclear bomb could be ready by 1943. Only P.M.S. Blackett doubted this timescale. The power plant needed to produce the nuclear material was built in Canada.
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The Manhattan Project
America entered the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour in December 1941. It became clear that the Amercian nuclear weapons project could quickly overshadow the British efforts, and Chadwick expressed that every effort should be made to allow complete cooperation between the two allied nations. On 19 August 1943 the Quebec Agreement on Anglo-American collaboration was signed by Prime Minister Churchill and President Roosevelt, and British scientists were transferred to the United States.
Chadwick quickly established a friendly relationship with Major General Groves, the executive officer in charge of America's nuclear bomb projects, collectively called the Manhattan Project. Groves and Chadwick respected each other, were wholly straightforward and honest. Chadwick was determined to keep Anglo-American relations as strong as possible. He helped draft agreements to provide uranium for the Project, maintained the morale of British scientists during their time in America, and was responsible for British observers being present at the bombing of Nagasaki.
After the War Chadwick encouraged cooperation with the United States on nuclear energy matters, and considered the construction of reactors capable of producing plutonium to be the first priority. This cooperation weakened, and by 1955 was extremely limited.
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Return to Liverpool
In 1946 Chadwick returned to Britain and Liverpool, physically, mentally and spiritually tired. He became involved with Britain's nuclear energy programme, continued his work on fundamental research in universities, and advised the British delegation to the United Nations in 1947. At Liverpool he made plans to produce a new synchrocyclotron, so that by the time he left in 1948 Liverpool had the most powerful accelerator outside America.
When a European research centre into nuclear physics was proposed, Chadwick was keen that Britain should be involved, seeing it as the only way British scientists could stay competitive with the large accelerators in the United States. He recommended that European scientists be allowed to gain experience on the Liverpool accelerator, and in 1952 recommended that Britain join the Council of Representatives for the European project. Meeting at Cambridge with eleven other physicists, it was decided that Britain should contribute £250,000 a year for eight years. At the end of 1952 Britain agreed to set up C.E.R.N., contributing nearly a quarter of the required resources.
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Gonville and Caius
In 1948 Chadwick returned to Cambridge to become the Master of Gonville and Caius College, a move which surprised many of his friends in Liverpool. He missed his laboratory, but was pleased to have more contact with undergraduates. The College Bursar was absent through illness on Chadwick's arrival, so he handled the finances, managing to make a good return by investing in equities rather than securities. Chadwick was also responsible for building a new court, and relaxing the rules about arriving back late at night!
Chadwick accepted the post of Vice-Chancellor at Cambridge, but was overcome with exhaustion before he could take up the role.
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Retirement
In 1958 Chadwick became unhappy with the emotional and personal criticism levelled at him as Master, so he resigned from Gonville and Caius and retired to a cottage in North Wales.
Chadwick was happy to be back near Liverpool again, and stayed in Liverpool for eleven years. The Chadwicks returned to Cambridge in 1969 to be near their two daughters, and James Chadwick died on 24th July, 1974. More than four hundred attended his funeral at Great Saint Mary's on the 26th October.
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Who wrote the music of the light opera Orpheus in the Underworld ? | Guide to Musical Theatre - Operetta
Book and Lyrics by Hector Crémieux and Ludovic Halévy. Music by Jacques Offenbach.
Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris - 21 October, 1858
Stadt Theatre, Broadway - March, 1861 (in German)
Her Majesty's Theatre, London - December 26, 1865 (76 perfs) - adapted by J.R. Planché
Revised 4-Act version - Théâtre de Gaïté, Paris - February 7, 1874
The first of Offenbach's outrageously funny 'send-ups' of Greek mythology, this is an unashamedly Gallic version of the classic legend of Orpheus's pursuit of his wife Eurydice, who is carried off to Hades by Pluto - much to the annoyance of Jupiter. A highly disrespectful romp, it involves nymphs, shepherds, gods and goddesses, with the fun reaching its climax in the riotous revels of the celebrated "Can-Can". A lively and highly enjoyable show for both performers and audience, with many world-famous tunes.
The Story:
After the brief overture the curtain rises on a pastoral scene in the countryside around the ancient Greek city of Thebes. Eurydice enters and sings of the shepherd boy Aristaeus, with whom she is having an affair. Eurydice is busy decorating Aristaeus' cottage when her husband, Orpheus, appears. He demands to know what Eurydice is doing. She tells him she loves Aristaeus and adds that she cannot stand Orpheus' fiddle-scraping. In revenge, Orpheus starts to play his latest 75-minute concerto and completely ignores his wife's pleas for him to stop.
Orpheus would love to relinquish Eurydice to Aristaeus, but Public Opinion would not allow it. Instead, Orpheus decides to get rid of Aristaeus and tells Eurydice of the nasty surprise which he has left in the shepherd's cornfield. When Aristaeus appears, Eurydice tries to stop him entering the cornfield, but he ignores her. Eurydice follows him, but suffers a snake bite. Suddenly, Aristaeus turns into his real self: Pluto, Lord of Hades. Eurydice falls, dying, into Aristaeus' arms. Eurydice dies but Pluto brings her briefly back to life so she can leave a farewell note for Orpheus. That done, Pluto takes her down to his underworld realm.
Orpheus finds Eurydice's note and, after his initial surprise, realises how pleased he is to be rid of his wife. His joy is short-lived. Public Opinion enters and demands that Orpheus go down to Hades to get Eurydice hack. Orpheus protests but, mindful of his professional reputation, he grudgingly agrees.
The scene changes to Mount Olympus where the god Morpheus (Dr Morpheus) is scattering poppies to induce the gods to sleep. Venus, Cupid and Mars, however, have been up all night. They return home, decidedly worn out. Soon afterwards, Mercury, messenger of the gods, arrives. The young, swaggering god, ordered by Jupiter to investigate the disappearance of Eurydice, comes breezing on to Mount Olympus to tell of his findings.
Orpheus enters together with Public Opinion, who wants to ensure that Orpheus does the honourable thing, that is, ask Jupiter to restore his wife to him. Pluto, of course, has lied to Jupiter about the location of Eurydice, whom he is keeping in his boudoir in Hades. She is guarded by John Styx. Styx was the King of Beotia. Now reduced to being Pluto's gaoler, he tries to entertain Eurydice with an account of his royal past.
When Orpheus and the gods arrive, Styx locks Eurydice in a back room. As there is no sign of her, Jupiter puts the abduction question before a tribunal. What he really wants, though, is to have Eurydice for himself and, to that end, he enlists the help of his young son, Cupid. Eurydice is located by Cupid's love police. Jupiter then turns himself into a fly to get past the keyhole of the locked door. Eurydice loves the fly. Jupiter reveals himself and invites Eurydice to meet him at a party on Mount Olympus.
Eurydice attends disguised as a bacchante, a follower of Bacchus, god of wine, but Pluto realises who she is and blocks Jupiter's path when Jupiter tries to make off with her. Jupiter again accuses Pluto of abducting Eurydice. When Orpheus and Public Opinion appear, Jupiter tells Orpheus he can take his wife away, but only if he does not look back at her as they go. When Orpheus fails this test, Pluto claims Eurydice. Jupiter, however, takes her away from Pluto by announcing that he is turning her into a real bacchante. Everyone, except Pluto and Public Opinion, is delighted and the operetta climaxes with the energetic Can-Can, danced by all the gods and goddesses.
Principals: 6 female, 9 male
Aristée (Aristaeus) otherwise Pluton (Pluto), King of the Underworld
Jupiter
| Offenbach |
What is the chief ingredient of the drink Mead ? | Virginia Opera’s amusing “Orpheus” heads for Richmond finale | Communities Digital News
Virginia Opera’s amusing “Orpheus” heads for Richmond finale
Oct 8, 2015
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This past weekend’s production at GMU’s Center for the Arts was loaded with fun, frolic, and the famous “Can-Can” as the entire cast goes to Hell.
It's party time in hell in Virginia Opera's production of "Orpheus in the Underworld." (Lucid Frame Productions for Virginia Opera)
FAIRFAX, Va., Oct. 7, 2015 – Northern Virginia audiences were treated to the Virginia Opera’s season opener this weekend past, as the company presented its hijinks-filled production of Jacques Offenbach’s still popular light opera, “Orpheus in the Underworld” at George Mason University’s Center for the Arts. The production is heading for its final outing at the Carpenter Theatre in Richmond, Va., this weekend.
Offenbach’s 1858 comic classic is mid-19th century light opera at its best, with a plot line built around an ancient Greek myth, but so thoroughly updated that it still resonates today.
Most fans of ancient myth are familiar with the story of Orpheus, the famed lyrist, and his beautiful wife, Eurydice, who dies tragically not long after they are married. Orpheus gets a rare opportunity to descend into Hades to retrieve Eurydice, provided, however, that he not look back at her as they depart the underworld realm of the god Pluto. Apparently unaware of the fate of Lot’s wife in a roughly parallel Biblical story, Orpheus does indeed look back and loses his wife for good.
Whatever happened to modern romance? Soprano Meredith Lustig (Eurydice) and tenor Javier Abreu (Orpheus) headline Virginia Opera’s “Orpheus In the Underworld.” (Lucid Frame Productions for Virginia Opera)
Offenbach and his lyricists, Ludovic Halévy and (later) Hector-Jonathan Crémieux, turned the tale on its head, re-imagining this ill-fated pair as quarrelling contemporary spouses who could scarcely stand one another and were about to discuss divorce when Eurydice conveniently dies.
But the times being what they were and with the famous musician Orpheus about to be engulfed in a potential marital scandal, his public relations guru—literally “Public Opinion” in the opera—encourages him to be a real Romantic and head down to Hades in an attempt to rescue his wife. Indeed, this could be a big public relations coup for Orpheus. In today’s Hollywood, in particular, positively seething with PR hacks, the humor here seems déjà vu all over again.
Unfortunately, Jupiter and a bevy of other gods get involved in the machinations, with both Jupiter and Pluto eager to experience the charms of Eurydice. The nonsense continues as Jupiter and all the gods of Olympus descend to Hell for a massive costume party—not to mention that famous “can-can”—as Orpheus and Public Opinion arrive.
It’s all great fun, devoid of morals or logic but redeemed by great, popularly styled music and witty speeches and asides. Better yet, the Virginia Opera’s version is in contemporary English, tuned to current sensibilities, refreshing the jokes in the original, which were always meant to be topical and as naughty as the censors would allow. Offenbach’s success with this type of opera ultimately paved the way for Gilbert & Sullivan to launch their own popular takes on the genre.
The Virginia Opera’s production gets off to a bit of a slow start, hampered in some ways by the large, under-populated banquet table that serves to keep our quarreling pair apart, slowing down the delivery of their spoken dialogue.
But once the music really gets going, the action and the tunes fly nonstop, creating a production that’s not grand opera for sure, but very fun opera indeed.
This production boasts a larger-than-usual cast of decent though not always spectacular young singers. That said, this creates little problem for this opera which rises and falls largely on exaggerated characterizations and somewhat slapstick humor—skill sets that were executed with big-hearted gusto by everyone involved.
Notable vocals were turned in by soprano Meredith Lustig (Eurydice), Virginia Opera regular, mezzo Margaret Gawrysiak (Public Opinion), and exuberant baritone Troy Cook (Jupiter). Tenor Javier Abreu, whom we’ve admired in other productions, gave his role as Orpheus his best as well, although Offenbach doesn’t give him very much to do here.
A special CDN hat tip goes to tenor Kyle Tomlin. His frantic, over-the-top Mercury entered at just the right time to give the production a real energy boost, as he interpreted his brief but key role to perfection.
The chorus performed with great energy and gusto, and conductor Anne Manson helped both orchestra and vocalists sound perfectly synchronized amidst all the opera’s chaos.
Aside from an extraordinarily striking pop art backdrop, the Virginia Opera’s stage setting was only so-so. But its costuming, particularly that of Mercury as well as Jupiter’s hilarious metamorphosis into what looked like a cross between Ant-Man and a super-powered green bottle fly, were the visual highlights of an already colorful show.
Was a good time had by all? Absolutely. Richmond opera fans will be discovering that for themselves this weekend in this sprightly production, which we’d also highly recommend for opera newbies.
Rating: ** ½ (Two and one-half stars out of 4)
Virginia Opera’s new production of “Orpheus in the Underworld” continues for its final week in Richmond this weekend. Here are the particulars:
Location: The wonderfully weird, elaborately decorated and restored 80-year old Carpenter Theatre downtown at Richmond’s CenterStage, 600 E. Grace Street, Richmond, VA 23219.
Performance times: Friday, October 9, 2015 at 8 p.m., and Sunday, October 11, 2015 at 2:30 p.m.
Tickets and information: Tickets available online via Etix, or by calling Etix at 1-800-514-3849. Tickets may also be available in person at the box office of the Carpenter Theatre. For further information, including group sales, call Virginia Opera’s box office at 1-866-673-7232.
Pre-opera talk: Join Dr. Glenn Winters for his “Opera Up Close” pre-curtain talk 45 minutes before each performance for his informative and entertaining insights on each production.
Next up in November: Virginia Opera performs Puccini’s beloved “La Bohème” in Norfolk, Richmond and Fairfax City, Va.
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What nickname for an Englishman is first said to have been used in the 1712 satire Love Is a Bottomless Pit by Dr John Arbuthnot ? | Eponyms from Wordcraft
We are now the net's biggest collection of general eponyms!
GREEN:� items added April 18, 2004
abigail
Abigail, a character in Beaumont & Fletcher's "The Scornful Lady" (mid-1600s)
a lady's maid
abishag
Abishag, young woman brought to King David, trying to "revive" him in old age. I Kings 1-2
a child of a woman by a man married to another [a very rare word, not in OED]
academy; academic
choose your source: Plato's "academy" was owned by Akademus, or was named for legendary Akadamos, who told where the abducted Helen of Troy been hidden.
Achilles, Gk hero in the Iliad
a seemingly small but actually crucial weakness
Adamite
going naked (like Adam) for God
adonis
Adonis, a strikingly beautiful youth loved by Aphrodite in Gk myth
a very handsome young man
alfonsin; alphonsin
Alfonse Ferri, a surgeon of Naples, who invented it (1552)
a surgical instrument for extracting bullets from wounds
algorism
al-Khwarizmi, Arab mathemetician died ~850
use of the Arabic number system (rather than, say, Roman numerals)
algorithm
al-Khwarizmi, Arab mathemetician died ~850. His name gave us "algorism" (see above), which led to "algorithm"
Alice Roosevelt Longworth (1884�1980), daughter of US Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
a pale grayish-blue color
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll
illusory; unreal
Alphonse and Gaston, comic strip characters created by Frederic Burr Opper (1905)
two people who treat each other with excessive, often self-defeating deference
Alzheimer's disease
Alois Alzheimer, Ger neurologist 1864�1915
Amazons, a tribe of warrior women in classical legend
a tall, aggressive, strong-willed woman
America
Mapmaker Martin Waldseem�ller accepted Amerigo Ves�pucci's (1454�1512) claim to have discovered the New World
amethyst
Nymph Amethyst, when pursued by the god of wine, was changed into this gem to protect her
[gem was believed to prevent drunken�ness; the name means "not intoxicating'']
ammonia
from sal ammoniac, which in turn are salt deposits containing ammonium chloride found near temple of Jupiter Ammon in Libya
Amphitryon
King Amphitryon in Greek myth. Became eponym from Moliere's line, "Le veritable Amphitryon est l'Amphitryon ou l'on dine."
a generous entertainer; a good host
Anacreontic
Anacreon, Gk poet noted praising love and wine (563?�478? BC)
erotic; convivial; such a song or poem
ananias
Ananias, early Christian struck dead for lying (Acts 4-5)
a liar
Annie Oakley, Amer sharpshooter (1860�1926), star attraction of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
a free ticket or pass (compares a punched ticket with target full of bullet holse)
Antaean
Gk Antaeus, a mythical giant whom Hercules overcame
mammoth, or of superhuman strength
aphrodisiac
Aphrodite, Gk goddess of love and beauty
Apicius (Apicianus), a notorious Roman gourmand
epicurean; peculiarly dainty in food
apollonian
Argyle, branch of the Scottish clan of Campbell
Aristarchus of Samothrace, Greek scholar and critic, ~200 BC
a severe critic (adj.: aristarchian)
athenaeum
ultimately from Gk meaning the "temple of Athena"
a place with print materials to read; or, an institution to promote learning (e.g. a literary or science club, or a library)
atlas
Atlas, titan in Gk mythology
augean
Augeas, legendary Gk king who did not clean his stable for thirty years; Hecules took on the job
utterly filthy from long neglect; requiring heroic efforts of cleaning
August
named by Augustus Caesar for himself; in this month occurred many fortunate events of his career
Aurora, Roman goddess of dawn
Axel Paulsen, Norwegian figure skater (1856�1938)
a kind of jump in figure skating
Babbitt
George Babbitt, character in the Sinclair Lewis novel Babbitt (1922)
a business or professional man who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards
babbitt metal
Isaac Babbitt, Am inventor died 1862
alloy used for lining bearings
Bacchanal
Bacchus, Roman god of wine
a drunken feast; an orgy
Baedeker
Karl Baedeker (1801�1859), Ger publisher who established a series of guidebooks in 1829
a guidebook to countries or a country
bakelite
Leo Hendrik Baekeland (1863-1944), Amer, its inventor
tradename of an early, successful plastic
balmy; barmy (crazy)
most say from 'barm' (beer foam).� But Ciardi convincingly traces it to St. Bartholomew's ward for the non-violent insane at the hospital noted under 'bedlam'. 'Bartholomew' contracted to 'barmy'.
William Banting (1797-1878), Eng, authored Letter on Corulence (1869)
to diet, esp. a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet
Barmecide; Barmecide feast
Barmecide, a wealthy Persian in The Arabian Nights, who invited a beggar to a feast of imaginary food
providing only the illusion of abundance
barnumize
P. T. Barnum, US showman who popularized the circus (1810�1891) [not yet in dictionaries]
to advertise or promote by exaggerated claims and hyperbole
baroque
arguably from Federigo Barocci (~1530-1612), Ital artist
Enoch Bartlett, Am (1779�1860), who developed and popularized it
batty
prob. from "bats in the belfry", but some sources say it is an eponym from Fitzherbert Batty, a prominent but eccentric Eng barrister in Jamaica who was certified as insane in 1839
George Bryan ("Beau") Brummell, Englishman (1778 - 1840)
a dandy; a fop
Louis de B�chamel (1603-1703), steward of Louis XIV of Fr
bedlam
asylum for the insane at London's Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem, which popular speech shortened to "bedlam"
Michel B�gon, Fr governor of Haiti (1638�1710)
a flower common in gardening
belcher
scarf which Jim (Jem?) Belcher (1781�1822), champion Brit. boxer, regularly wore, knotted suavely about the neck
a small blue scarf with white dots
benedict
Benedick, character in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing
a former newly married man who was previously a confirmed bachelor
Benedict Arnold
Benedict Arnold, traitorous Am Revolutionary general (1741�1801)
a traitor (I do not find this in dictionaries as a word, but it is common in the press.)
Big Bertha
Bertha Krupp, daughter of Ger arms maker Alfred Krupp (husband Gustav changed his surname to Krupp). Originally 'Fat Bertha'.
a huge "mobile" long-range Ger gun in WWI. Now used as a name for a golf club.
biro
L�szl� Bir�, Hungarian, its inventor
ball point pen (trademark?)
"From the name of the scoundrel who first practiced it"
to file down a horse's teeth to hide its age
black maria
some suggest Maria Lee, black Boston woman ~1825, who helped to round those who occupied of the wagon
a patrol wagon to round up criminals and drunks
bloody mary
Queen Mary I (1553�1558) whose persecution of Protestants earned her the nickname "Bloody Mary"
a cocktail made with vodka and spicy tomato juice
bloomers
Amelia Jenks Bloomer, Am activist and feminist (1818�1894), popularized such clothes
blucher
Gebhard Leberecht von Bl�cher, (1742�1819) Prussian field marshal, defeated Napol�on at Laon, aided in victory at Waterloo
a type of high shoe or half boot
bluebeard
man who repeately marries and kills wives
bluestocking
Eng botanist Benj. Stillingfleet, too poor for proper dress, lectured to a club of liter�ate English ladies wearing blue worsted stockings (not black silk). Detractors called him Blue Stockings and the group the Blue Stocking Society.
a woman having intellectual or literary interests
bobby
Sir Robert (Bob) Peel, who organized the London police force
Brit. policeman
Prime Misister Robert Cecil (1830-1903), the uncle in question, appointed his nephew to a post
Brit. phrase for something easily achieved
Bodoni
Giambiattista Bodoni, It printer died 1813
a printing type, based on Boldoni�s designs
bogart
Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957), Amer film actor
to hog a thing; take more than one's share
Bohr bug
persumably named for Henrik David Bohr, Danish physicist, 1885�1962, 1922 Nobel Prize. See also schroedinbug, etc.
computing jargon: a repeatable bug; one manifesting reliably. antonym: heisenbug
bolivar
Sim�n Bol�var, So. Amer liberator died 1830
the unit of currency of Venezuela
boniface
Boniface, innkeeper in The Beaux' Stratagem (1707) by George Farquhar (1678�1707)
the proprietor of a hotel, nightclub, or restaurant
booze
not an eponym, but perhaps reinforced by name of Philadelphia distiller E.G. Booze, around 1880
perhaps taken from Spanish; perh. taken from Borachio, a character Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing
a drunkard
Boreus, Gk god of the north wind
of the north wind, or the north
bork (verb)
Judge Robert H. Bork,whose confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court was blocked by his opponents' media campaign (1987)
to systematically attack a public figure, esp. in the media
bosie
after B.J.T. Bosanquet (1877-1936), the first practitioner
Australian slang: a cricket ball, bowled as if to break one way, that breaks the opposite way
Boswell
James Boswell, 1740�1795, Scot lawyer, diarist, and writer renowned as the biographer of Samuel Johnson
one who records the life of a famous contemporary
bougainvillea
Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Fr explorer (1729�1811), and who discovered the this plant
a certain flowering plant, common in gardening
bowdlerize
Thomas Bowdler, Eng physician (1754�1825), published a "family Shakespeare", expurgating wording he deemed unsuitable (1818)
to expurgate (a book, for example) prudishly
Bowie knife
popularized by Jim Bowie, famous US frontiersman (1796�1836)� but apparently designed 1827 by his brother Rezin P. Bowie (1793�1841)
a heavy hunting, fighting and throwing knife
bowler
J. Bowler, 19c. London hat manufacturer
a derby hat
Charles C. Boycott, Eng landlord died 1897, ostracized for refusing to reduce rents
to engage in concerted refusal to deal with
braggadocio
Braggadocchio, character in The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser (1552�1599)
empty, vain bragging
Louis Braille, Fr teacher of the blind (1809�1852)
Steve Brodie, newsboy who in 1886, on a bet, jumped off New York's Brooklyn Bridge
"do a brodie" - take a chance (old Amer slang)
Bronx
Jonas Bronck, the first settler in the area (died ~1643; sometimes given as Jacob or Joseph Bronck)
Borough of New York City, with population about 1.3 mil.
Brother Jonathan
said to have originated from George Washington thus referring to Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut
the people of the United States collectively
brougham
Henry Peter Brougham, Baron Brougham and Vaux, Scot jurist (1778�1868)
a car, or a closed carriage, with an open driver's seat
bruin
Bruin, the name of the bear in medieval stories of Reynard the Fox. (see also 'chanticleer')
a bear
William Buckley, Australian convict who, escaping in 1803, survived in the outback for 32 years
Australian slang: remote, scant hope
bumbledom
Mr. Bumble, an officious beadle in Dickens� Oliver Twist
pompous self-importance and officiousness in a minor official
Bunsen burner
Professor Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, Ger chemist who perfected the device (1811�1899)
a device used in chemistry, for heating
burke
William Burke died 1829, Irish criminal smothered victims to sell intact bodies to medical students for dissection
to suffocate; figuratively, to suppress quietly or indirectly
burnsides
Richard Busby (1606-1695), headmaster of Westminster school, whose pupils included Dryden, Lock, and Wren.
tall ceremonial hat of some Brit soldiers
BVD
Bradley, Vorhees & Day, company making that product
underwear (tradename)
Cadillac
Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac (1658�1730), Fr colonial governor who founded Detroit in 1701
Julius Caesar, traditionally believed to have been born thus
a cesarean section of delivery of a baby
calliope
Calliope, the Gk muse of epic poetry
a musical instrument of steam whistles
calliopean
Calliope, Gk muse of epic poetry
piercingly loud: a calliopean voice
camellia
Georg Josef Kamel, Moravian Jesuit missionary (1661�1706)
the Cappuchin monks, who wear a habit of the same color
7th Earl of Cardigan, Eng soldier died 1868
a type of sweater or jacket
Casanova
Giovanni Jacopo Casanova de Seingalt, Ital adventurer who published his memoirs (1725�1798)
a promiscuous man; or a man amorously and gallantly attentive to women
Cassandra
Gk Kassandra, Trojan prophetess fated never to be believed
one who predicts misfortune or disaster
castor oil
Castor in Gk myth (as in Castor and Pollox). Name given to oils from the beaver, used medicinally; carried over to the vegetable oil that replaced the beaver oil.
St. Catherine of Alexandria, d.305 by torture on a wheel
firework that forms a rotating, flaming wheel
ceasar salad
Caesar Cardini, Tijuana, Mexico restaurateur, created it from leftovers to serve an unexpected crowd
Anders Celsius, Swedish astronomer (1701�1744)
Ceres, Roman goddess of agriculture
chanticleer
Chanticleer, the name of the rooster in medieval "Reynard the Fox" stories. The name means "sing loud" in Fr. (see also 'bruin')
a rooster
chauvanism
Nicolas Chauvin, fanatically devoted soldier under Napoleon; became an eponym when his name was used as a character in the Cogniard brothers' play La Cocarde Tricolore (1831)
fanatical glorification of one's country (not just "a generous belief in the greatness of one's country"; "wildly extravagant" � Prof. H. Tuttle)
chesterfield
Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694-1773)
a type of sofa, large with upholstered arms
chicken � la king
Foxhall Keene (invented by Delmonico's restauraunt, NY; named for Keene; name changed over time)
one suddenly lifted from obscurity to honor or significance
Circean
enchantress Circe of Homer's Odyssey, who first charmed her victims and then changed them to the forms of beasts
pleasing, but noxious; as, a Circean draught
clerihew
Edmund Clerihew Bentley, Br writer (1875�1956)
a witty verse, of two rhyming couplets, on a person named in one of the rhymes
cliometrics
Clio, Gk muse of history
study of history using mathematical and economic models and analysis
cobb salad
invented in 1926 by Bob Cobb, owner of the Brown Derby restaurant in Los Angeles
codswallop
One theory: Hiram Codd, 1838-1887, Eng inventor of a type of soft-drink bottle ('wallop' being slang for beer).
nonsense (Brit slang)
Colonel Blimp, cartoon character created by David Low
and elderly pompous reactionary
Am Samuel Colt (1814-62), its Am inventor
a type of revolver (firearms. trademark?)
comstockery
Anthony Comstock (1844-1915), self-appointed Am crusader against immorality
censorship on basis of immorality or obscenity (coined by George Bernard Shaw)
cook�s tour
Thomas Cook, Eng travel agent (1808�1892)
a quick tour or survey, with attention only to the main features
crapper
Non-eponym, but often mis-attributed to Thomas Crapper, Br plumber and inventor (1836�1910)
toilet
Christ�s cross, common on hornbooks in elementary education
legendary king Croesus of Lydia (died ~547 BC), of huge wealth
a man of extreme wealth
curry favor
from currying Fauvel, a horse in the scathing 1310 story Roman de Fauvel by Gervais de Bus
Note: 'curry' means 'to groom a horse'
cynic
the Cynic philosophers in Plato's time, called kunikos=dog-like. Was it from their sneering sarcasm, or Kynosarge "Grey Dog," the gymnasium where they taught? Maybe a pun, meaning both.
from Kaiser (see below) and thus ultimately from Julius Caesar
Daedalus ("the cunning one"), Athenian inventor in Gk myth
cunningly made; skillful; artul; ingenious
daguerreotype
L. J. M. Daguerre, Fr. painter died 1851
an early type of photograph
dahlia
Anders Dahl, Swedish botanist (1751�1787)
Dandie Dinmont, character owning such dogs in the novel Guy Mannering by Sir Walter Scott
a certain breed of dog
davenport (desk)
Originally designed for Captain Davenport, ship's captain, by famous firm of Gillow & Barton, Lancaster. introduced ~1860
a kind of small ornamental writing table
davenport (sofa)
Manufacturer Irving, Casson & Davenport of Boston
a kind of sofa
oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Her prophecies, like today's horoscopes, were craftily equivocal
obscurely prophetic
Edward Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby (1752�1834), founder of the English Derby
name transferred from person to race, and then from race to hat worn there
derrick
(Thomas?) Derick, the hangman of Tyburn, London, Eng ~1600
(originally, a hangman or a gallows)
derringer
Henry Deringer, 19th cent. Am inventor (only one r in his name)
a short-barreled pocket pistol
Jeremy Diddler, character in the successful 1803 farce Raising the Wind by James Kenney
originally (1806) , "to cheat, swindle," in a small-time way. Note: dic. etymologies neglect this point.
diesel
Rudolf Diesel, Ger engineer (1858�1913), its inventor (1892)
character in Bible parable, Luke 16:19-31. pronc. DIE-veez
a rich man
Ludwig Doberman, 19th cent. Ger dog breeder
a breed of dog (the Doberman pinscher)
doily
One Mr Doiley (or possibly Doyley/Doyly), successful London draper or milliner around 1700
Dolly Varden, a woman of colorful clothes in Dickens' Barnaby Rudge
a type of colorfully spotted trout
Don Juan
Don Juan, legendary 14th-c Spanish nobleman and libertine
a seducer of women
doozy
perh. Ital actress Eleonora Duse (1859�1924); wherever started, reinforced by Duesenberg, expensive, classy make of automobile of the late 1920s and 1930s, designed by Fred Duesenberg (1876�1932)
slang: something extraordinary or bizarre (thus, either positive or negative)
doubting Thomas
Saint Thomas, doubted Jesus's resurrection until he had proof
one who is habitually doubtful
Dr. Fell
John Fell, (1625-1686), dean of Christchurch, Oxford, who expelled Tom Brown, prompting Brown�s jingle, �I do not like thee, Dr. Fell ��
a senior person one dislikes, esp. a pedant [not in dictionaries]
draconian
Draco, Gk politician who codified the laws of Athens (~621 BC). His code was unpopular for its severity.
exceedingly harsh; very severe: ("draconian budget cuts")
draisine
Baron von Drais, of Sauerbrun, its inventor
the earliest kind of bicycle
Drawcansir
Drawcansir, a character in George Villiers' play The Rehearsal
one source: "one who kills or injures both friend and foe". Another: "a blustering, bullying fellow; a pot-valiant braggart".
dryasdust
Dr. Jonas Dryasdust, a fictitious character to whom Sir Walter Scott dedicated some of his novels
a dull, pedantic speaker or writer
dunce
John Duns Scotus (1265?�1308) respected Scot. theologian; his followers were dunsmen or duns. Critics ridiculing them in 16c. used 'duns' as a negative term.
Lord Dundreary, character in the play Our American Cousin (1858) by Tom Taylor
long flowing sideburns
Egeria, nymph who advised legendary roman king
a woman advisor or companion
eggs benedict
Concocted by Waldorf-Astoria to hangover cure for Samuel Benedict
�minence grise
nickname of Per� Joseph (Fran�ois Le Clere du Tremblay), Fr monk and confidant of Cardinal Richelieu (1577�1638)
the power behind the throne [but often misused to mean "elder statesman"]
epicurian
Epicurus, Gk philosopher (341�270 BC)
Eris, Gk god of strife and discord
disputatious, esp. with specious logic
erotic
Eros, Gk god of sexual love
Euhemerus, Gk philosopher 4th cent. BC
interpretation of myths as traditional accounts of historical persons and events
euphuism
Euphues, a character in Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit and Euphues and his England by John Lyly
affected elegance of language
Euterpe, Gk muse of music
pertaining to music
Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus, who defeated Hannibal
cautious, dilatory
Fagin, character in Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist (1839)
one who instructs others in crime
Fahrenheit
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, Ger physicist, 1686�1736. (born of Ger parents in Gdansk, now in Poland but then in Prussian Confed.)
Gabriello Fallopio (1523-62), It anatomist, described them
Sir John Falstaff, a character it various Shakespeare plays
jovial, convivial, roguish, with zest for life
fanny adams
Fanny Adams, age 8, victim of a notorious murder and dismemberment in Alton, 1867
archaic naval slang: tinned meat, or unpleasant food. sweet fanny adams: Brit slang for 'nothing whatsoever'
fata morgana
Italian version of the sorceress who, in Arthurian legend, is called Morgan le Fay
a mirage
Johann Faust (1480?�1540?), Ger magician and alchemist
insatiably striving for worldly knowledge and power at the price of spiritual values
favonian
Favonius, the west wind personified in myth
mild; benign
fedora
F�dora Romanoff, title role in Victorien Sardou's tragedy F�dora (1882), in which Sarah Bernhardt made a triumphant comeback
Gale Ferris (1859�1896), Am engineer, its inventor
St. Philibert's feast day falls at the peak of the nutting season
hazelnuts
to chew slowly and thoroughly
foley
Jack Foley, pioneering sound effects editor at Universal Studios in the 1930s (1891�1967)
in filmmaking, the adding of sound effects; the person who does this job
frangipani
Muzio Frangipani, 16th c. Ital marquis
pastry cream filling, almond-flavored; also, perfume of the frangipani shrub
Frankenstein
Frankenstein, the creator of the monster in Mary Shelley' Frankenstein
a monstrous creation; esp. one that ruins its originator
Freudian slip
Sigmund Freud, Austrian physician, founder of psychoanalysis (1856�1939)
a slip of the tongue that reveals some unconscious aspect of the mind
frick and frack
Frick and Frack, stage names of comedy ice-skating duo, Werner Groebli (Frick) and Hans Mauch (Frack)
a closely linked or inseparable pair
Friday
day of Frigga, Gmc. goddess of married love (trans. of L dies Veneris)
frisbee
tins from Mrs. Frisbie's Pies, made by the Frisbie Bakery of Bridgeport, Ct., which U.S. college students began tossing them around in the 1930s
(trademark)
Leonhard Fuchs, Ger botanist died 1566
fudge
some sources cite a Captain Fudge, "who always brought home his owners a good cargo of lies."
Note:� there was in fact a Captain Fudge, called "Lying Fudge"
furphy
either 1) Furphy company's portable toilets in WWI Australia, or 2) Joseph Furphy (1843-1912), Aus. author of tall stories
Australian slang: an unreliable report; a "latrine rumor"
galvanize
Luigi Galvani, It physician and physicist died 1798
stimulate to action, as if by electric shock
gamp
as carried by Mrs. Sarah Gamp, character in Charles Dickens' Martin Chuzzlewit
a large baggy umbrella
Alexander Garden, Sc-born Am naturalist and physician (1730?�1791)
Giant-hero Gargantua in Rabelais� Gargantua and Pantagruel
of immense size; gigantic
Guiseppe Garibaldi, Ital. patriot died 1882
a type of woman�s blouse
gatling gun
designed by Dr. Richard Jordan Gatling (1818-1903)
invented by Ger. physicist Hans Geiger, with W. M�ller
named after Georgette de la Plante, Fr dressmaker
a sheer silk clothing fabric with a dull, creped surface.
gerrymander
Elbridge Gerry, Am statesman died 1814
to divide territory into election districts so as to favor one group
gibberish
Dr. Johnson ascribes this to Geber, 14th c. alchemist. Modern dictionaries disagree.
gibson girl
Charles Dana Gibson, American illustrator (1867�1944) who created her in his sketch. His main model was his wife, Irene Langhorne. Her sister, by the way, was Lady Astor.
idealized 1890s American young woman; also, style of her clothing characte�rized by high necks, full sleeves, wasp waists
gimlet
perhaps devised by Sir T. O. Gimlette, Br navy surgeon
William Ewart Gladstone (1809�1898), Br Prime Minister
a piece of light hand luggage with two hinged compartments
goldilocks
eponym? I cannot verify whether this term is from the nursery story, or an earlier term used in that story
a person with golden hair
Goliath
Goliath, a philistine giant in the bible, slain by David
person or thing of collosal size or power
golliwog
Golliwog, an animated doll in children�s fiction by Bertha Upton
a grotesque black doll; grotesque person
goody two-shoes
Goody Two-shoes, title heroine in 18th c, children's tale (perh, by Oliver Goldsmith) who gushed delight upon getting a second shoe
one who is affectedly good and proper, just a bit too good and proper
goon
Alice the Goon, subhuman creature in E. C. Segar's Popeye comic
note: the word may pre-date Segar
Gordian Knot
an intricate problem, usu. one insoluble in its own terms
gorgon
Gorgons, three snaky-haired sisters in Gk myth
an ugly or repulsive woman
gorilla
the Gorillai, a tribe of hairy women. Mentioned and named by Carthaginian navigator Hanno in his account of his voyage, 5th- or 6th-cent. BC, along east coast of Africa
�
Thomas Gradgrind, businessman in Charles Dickens' Hard Times (1854)
one interested only in cold, hard facts
graham cracker
Rev. Sylvester Graham (1794�1851), American cleric and social reformer, who created it as a health food
created/named by Louis Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle, 1880
an orange-flavored French liqueur
James Granger, Eng. biographer died 1776
to illustrate with pictures collected from other books; to mutilate books to get such materials
granny smith apple
Maria Ann Smith (b. 1799 or 1801; d. 1870), Australian woman who found that variety, as a mutation, in her orchard (1868)
grimthorpe
Sir Edmund Beckett, First Baron Grimthorpe, Eng. architect (1816�1905), lambasted in his restoration of St. Albans Abbey
to badly remodel a building, ignoring its character or history
grog (groggy)
Old Grog, nickname of Edward Vernon died 1757, Eng admiral admiral who ordered that his sailors' rum be served diluted
rum cut with water (leading to groggy)
grundyism; mrs. grundy
Mrs. Grundy, character alluded to in the play Speed the Plough by Br playwright Thomas Morton (1764�1838)
an extremely conventional or priggish person
guillotine
Joseph Ignace Guillotin (1738�1814), physician and Fr Revolution Assembly-member, advocated it as more humane than hanging
guppy
R. J. Lechmere Guppy (1836�1916), Trinidad clergyman who first supplied specimens to the British Museum
guy
originally, an effigy of Guy Fawkes, leader of the Gunpowder Plot to blow up British king and Parliament (Nov. 5, 1605)
chap; fellow (informal)
ham (a bad actor)
one theory traces this to Hamish McCullough (1835-85), whose acting troop, "Ham's Actors," toured the US midwest.
harlequin
Arlecchino (in F Harlequin), Ital commedia dell'arte's buffoonish stock-character. (Ital term may come from Old F Hellequin, who led a band of demons across the sky on ghostly horses.)
a clown-like pattern of brightly diamond shapes; or, of many colors
harlot
not an eponym; a now-debunked tale is that it is from Arlette, unwed mother of William the Conqueror
Sir Henry Havelock, Eng. general died 1857
a covering on a cap to protect the back of the neck
hector
Hektor, the Trojan champion in the Trojan War
a bully, braggart
heisenbug
name from Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. Werner Karl Heisenberg, 1901�1976, Ger physicist, 1932 quantum mechanics, 1932 Nobel Prize. See also schroedinbug, etc.
computing jargon: bug acting differently when one tries to probe it (e.g., if it acts on values altered by debugging program)
herculean
of extraordinary power, size, or difficulty
hermaphrodite
Hermaphroditos, son of Hermes and Aphrodite who becomes joined in one body with a nymph while bathing
animal or plant with both male and female reproductive organs; also, a combination of diverse elements
hermetic
Hermes Trismegitus (lit. �Hermes thrice greatest), legendary author concerning magic, astrology and alchemy
recondite. Also: [from belief he invented a magic seal] airtight, or impervious to external influence
Hobson�s Choice
Thomas Hobson, Eng. liveryman died 1631 who made each customer take the nearest horse
a choice, appearing free, but with no real alternative
hooker
A common view traces term to Amer Civil War general Joseph Hooker. But in fact the term is earilier, and is not an eponym.
prostitute
perh. fr. Patrick Hooligan, Irish hoodlum in London fl 1898
William Henry Hoover, Amer industrialist (1849�1932)
a vacuum cleaner; to vacuum with one
Hooverville
Herbert Clark Hoover (1874�1964), US president at the first years of the Great Depression began
a crudely built camp put up on the edge of town to house the homeless
Horatio Alger
Horatio Alger, Am author of inspirational adventure stories for boys (1832�1899)
achieving success through hard work and virtue (per Alger's stories)
hotspur
Hotspur, in Shakespeare's Henry V. (Mrs. Bryne's Dictionary says the word comes from characterand not vice versa.)
a hot-headed, impetuous man
Edmond Hoyle (1672?-1769), Br writer on games
according to Hoyle = per the prescribed rules
huttoning
Richard and Robert Hutton, Eng bonesetters, who made it a part of their method
forcible manipulation of a dislocated, stiff, or painful joint
hyacinth
Hyacinth, handsome young man in Gk myth adored by two gods
a type of flower
Hypnos, Gk god of sleep
Gk Ikraros, legendary son of Daedalus
inadequate for an ambitious project
ignoramus
Ignoramus, lawyer in George Ruggle's play Ignoramus (1615). Latin for "we are ignorant of"
an utterly ignorant person
jackanapes
nickname for William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk (1396-1450), whose coat of arms included an ape; slang for monkey was Jack Napes ("Jack of Naples")
a silly, conceited person; a ridiculous upstart
Jacky Howe
John "Jacky" Howe (1855-1922), superb Australian sheep�shearer.� His 1892 record (321 merinos in one working day) stood until 1950, when a machine beat it.
Australian slang: a sheepshearer's sleeveless shirt
jacuzi
trademarked name; company founder Roy Jacuzzi
Janus, Roman god with two faces looking in opposite directions
jeep
Originally the 'GP' (for 'general purpose'); influenced by Eugene the Jeep, pet creature of Olive Oyl in E.G. Segar's comic strip. "Jeep" was the sound the creature made.
Jehu, king of Israel, known for his wild chariot driving (Bible II Kings)
one who drives furiously
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson
Jeremiah, pessimistic Old Testament prophet, died ~585 B.C.
a speech of bitter lament or righteous prophecy of doom
jerry-built
perhaps from the Jerry brothers, early 19th c. Liverpool firm that built unsound houses
jerry-can
perhaps from jeroboam, a large bolw or bottle, which is in turn from Jeroboam I, King of Israel, 931-910 B.C.
Military slang: a 5-gallon petrol can
jezebel
Jezebel, a wicked woman in the bible (I and II Kings)
a evil and scheming woman
jim crow
from name of a black minstrel character in a popular song-and-dance act, which in turn from a T.D. Rice song of 1828
upholding discrimination against Black people ("Jim Crow laws")
jingoism
from 'by jingo', which may be a euphemism for Jesus
extreme and belligerent nationalism
Charlse Joseph La Trobe, 1801-75, fanatical and pety lawman, Lt. Gov. of Victoria in 1851
Australian slang: policeman
John Bull, a character in John Arbuthnot's Law Is a Bottomless Pit
personification of England or the English
john dory
some say from John Dory, 16th c. privateer.� But more likely from its golden color (Fr dor� = golden)
a kind of fish
John Hancock
John Hancock, the first signor of the US Declaration of Independence. His signature there is prominent.
a person's signature
Jonah, character in the bible swallowed by a big fish
one believed to bring bad luck
jorum
perh. bible, Joram, II Samuel 8:10, who �brought ... vessels of silver�
a large drinking vessel, or its contents
jovial
Jupiter, Roman god (unclear if word is the god, or from presumed astrological inflence of the planet named after that god)
one who betrays in the guise of friendship (judas hole: one-way peephole in a door)
juggernaut
Jaggernaut, a title of Krishna (an incarnation of Vishnu)
a massive inexorable force that crushes everything in its path
July
jumbo
Jumbo, name of the London Zoo's huge elephant, sold in 1882 (the word is from the elephant's name, not vice versa). The name may come from Swahili jumbe = chief
Juno, chief Roman goddess, wife of Jupiter
from the Ger title 'Kaiser'=emporor, which is from Julius Caesar
kewpie doll
doll named for the god Cupid by its creator, commercial illustrator Rose O'Neill (1874�1944)
Canon Felix Kir (1876-1968), mayor of Dijon, who is said to have invented the drink
klieg light
brothers John H. Kliegl (1869�1959) and Anton Tiberius Kliegl (1872�1927), German-born Am lighting experts
knickerbocker
Historian Deidrich Knickerbocker, Washing�ton Irving's pseudonym in his wildly popular, humorous History of New York (1809)
a resident of New York (city or state)
knickers
the pants worn by the Knickerbockers (see above) in illustrations of in 1850's edition of Irving's book
Rudolph Laban (1879�1958), Hungarian choreographer
a system of notation for recording the dance
Lamarckism
J. B. de Monet Lamarck, Fr biologist died 1829
theory that one passes his acquired physical traits to his descendants
lavaliere
Fran�oise Louise de la Baume Le Blanc (1644�1710), Duchesse de La Valli�re, the lover of Louis XIV of France
a pendant worn on a chain around the neck
leotard
Jules L�otard, Fr aerialist (1830�1870)
Levi Strauss, (1829?�1902), Am manufacturer who founded the company (1850)
�(tradmark)
Winford Lee Lewis, Am chemist (1878�1943)
a poison gas developed for war use
lobster newberg
Ben Wenburg. (Invented by Delmonico's restauraunt, NY; named for Wenburg; name changed upon a falling out.)
James H. Logan (1841-1928), Am lawyer develped it, 1881
a type of blackberry/raspberry cross
lothario
Lothario, seducer in Nicholas Rowe's play The Fair Penitent (1703)
a man whose chief interest is seducing women
lucullan
Lucius Licinius Lucullus Ponticus, Roman general (~110�~56 BC)
lavish, luxurious, opulent (e.g. a banquet)
Lucy Stoner
Lucy Stone (1818-1893), prominent Am suffragette
a married woman who keeps her maiden name
Luddite
Luddites, organized band of weavers who destroyed machinery in England 1811�16, said to be Ned Ludd, a Leicestershire worker
one who opposes technological change
lush
one theory cites a drinking club known as City of Lushington after Dr Thomas Lushington (1590-1661), Br chaplain
a drunkard
lutz
AHD: Alois Lutz, Austrian figure skater (1898�1918). MW: Gustave Lussi, called a "skater", "born 1898". (note: skating coach?)
a kind of jump in figure skating
lynch
Bryson says no one knows which Mr. Lynch was involved. AHD names Captain William Lynch of Virginia (1742�1820)
macabre
danse Macabr� (dance of Death), which is prob. from "dance of the Maccabees", martyred bothers who led a Jewish revolt against Seleucid dynasty ~165 BC; celebrated in Chanukah.
gruesome; having death as a subject; causing horror in the viewer
macadam
John L. McAdam, Brit. engineer died 1836
a common type of paving of roads
macadamia nut
John Macadam, Australian chemist died 1865
Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist died 1916
speed, stated as ratio to speed of sound
machiavellian
Niccolo Machiavelli, Italian statesman and writer (1469�1527)
marked by cunning, duplicity, expediency
mackintosh
Charles Macintosh, Sc chemist & inventor (1766�1843)
raincoat
Mae West, busty Am actress (1892?�1980)
an inflatable vestly life jacket (which gives the wearer a busty look)
magdalen
Mary Magdalene in the bible
a reformed prostitute; a reformatory for prostitutes
magnolia
Pierre Magnol, Fr botanist (1638�1715)
malaprop
Mrs. Malaprop, character in R. B. Sheridan's comedy The Rivals, noted for her misuse of words
humorous misuse of a word sounding like the one intended
man Friday
Friday, native servant in Daniel Defoe�s Robinson Crusoe (1719)
a valued right-hand man
mandelbug
name taken after the Mandelbrot set in math: Benoit B. Mandelbrot, Polish-born Am mathematician b. 1924 See also schroedinbug, etc.
computing jargon: a bug whose behaviour appears chaotic or even nondeterministic
marcel
Marcel Grateau, Fr hairdresser (1852�1936)
a deep soft wave made in the hair by the use of a heated curling iron
March
the month of Mars, Roman god of war
F for "Fat Tuesday"; ''mardi' = the day of Mars, Roman god of war
marigold
the name Mary (which some sources say is prob. a reference to the Virgin Mary) + gold, for color
a popular type of garden flower
marmelade
one dubious story is that Mary Queen of Scots, when ill, could eat only this (Marie Malade = sick Mary)
After Marplot, character in The Busy Body, play by Susannah Centlivre (1669�1723)
one whose meddling ruins the plans of others
martial
Mars, Roman god of war (see note re 'jovial')
of war or a warrior; also, warlike
martinet
Jean Martinet, Fr army officer died 1672
a strict disciplinarian; also, a demander of absolute adherence to forms and rules
marzipan
at root, �the seated king� (referring to Christ), name of Easter candies
Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Austrian novelist (1836�1895), early writer about of its pleasures
John L. Mason, Am inventor (1832�1902)
a wide-mouthed glass jar with a screw top, used for canning food
maudlin
Mary Magdalene, often depicted as a weeping, penitent sinner
mausoleum
Mausolus, Persian satrap of Caria (died ~353 BC), whose wife commissioned a huge tomb for him
a monumental tomb
Samuel A. Maverick, Am cattleman who did not brand his calves
the month of Maia, an Italic earth-goddess
Cardinal Mazarin, prime minister of France, 1643�1661
a deep blue color, named in his hono(u)r
McCarthyism
Joseph R. McCarthy, U.S. senator died 1957
Medusa of Gk myth, one of the three Gorgons with snakes for hair
the tentacled stage in the life cycle of a jellyfish. [a nice image, that!]
mentor
Gk Mentor, whom Odysseus entrusted with educating his son
a trusted counselor or guide
mercurial
Mercury, Roman messenger god (see note re 'jovial')
Franz Mesmer, Austrian physician (1734�1815)
to hypnotize; to spell-bind
Methuselah, character in the Bible (Gen. 5)
an extremely old man
Wilkins Micawber, character in Charles Dickens' novel David Copperfield
one who is poor but lives in optimistic expectation of better fortune
mickey finn
origin obscure; some sources ascribe the term to Mickey Finn, a notorious 1890s Chicago tavern proprietor
slang: knockout drops slipped into a drink
Mickey Mouse
Mickey Mouse, cartoon character created by Walt Disney
lacking importance; annoyingly petty
Midas, fabled king with power to turn all he touched to gold
ability to make & keep huge sums money
milquetoast
Casper Milquetoast, a comic-strip character created by Harold Tucker Webster (1885�1952)
a meek, timid, unassertive person
mint (as coins)
Juno Moneta; Romans minted their coins at her temple. See 'money'
Mithridates VI, king of Pontus, died 63 BC, who underwent the procedure himself
tolerance to a poison, acquired by taking gradually increased doses
Molotov cocktail
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, prominent Soviet politician (1890�1986)
makeshift incendiary bomb: flammable liquid in a breakable bottle, with rag wick lit just before hurling
money
Roman goddess Juno, in her role as Juno Moneta ("she who warms"), protected Rome's finance
monkey wrench
probably a Mr. Monk, mechanic in Springfield Mass. (OED cites Charles Moncke, Br. blacksmith, but appears to be relying on Robert Ripley of Ripley's Believe It or Not.)
US term for what Brits call a spanner
Montgolfier
Fr Brothers Jacques �tienne (1745�99) and Joseph Michel (1740�1810) Montgolfier, aeronauts, invented first practical balloon 1783
a hot-air balloon
J. P. Morgan, Am financial baron, died 1913
a rose-colored gem variety of beryl
morganize�
William Morgan of upstate New York, notoriously kidnapped and killed in 1826 when he threatened to disclose activities of the Masons' secret society.
to assassinate or kidnap in order to prevent disclosures
morganize�
J. P. Morgan, Am financial baron, died 1913
to acquire control of an entire industry, for profit
morphine
Morpheus, Roman god of dreams
Munchkins, diminutive creatures in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum
a person who is notably small and often endearing
Murphy game
Miss Murphy, nonexistent prostitute used to lure victims
any of various confidence games, esp. one luring victim with prospect of sex
Murphy's Law
apparently in the 1940s, Capt. Ed Murphy, aircraft engineer and Air Force officer, said of a technician, "If there is any way to do it wrong, he will."
lit. "Home of the Muses", goddesses inspiring learning and arts
Myrmidons, warriors accompanying king Achilles in Trojan War
a loyal follower who executes orders unquestioningly
namby-pamby
Namby-Pamby, satire on the poetry of Ambrose Philips (1674�1749), by Henry Carey (1687?�1743)
a insipid, sentimental, or weak person (also adj.)
narcissism
Narcissus, youth in Gk legend who pined away for love � love of his own image in a pool of water
excessive love or admiration of oneself
nemesis
Nemesis, the Gk goddess of retributive justice
one who inflicts retribution or vengeance
nestor
Gk Nestor, a aged king who serves as a counselor to the Greeks at Troy
a patriarch or leader in a field
nicotine
Jean Nicot, Fr diplomat and scholar died 1600
Nimrod, in Genesis in the bible, "a mighty hunter before the Lord"
a mighty hunter
Obsius, a Roman, the supposed discoverer of obsidian (Later, obsianus was misread as obsidianus.)
a shiny and black stone, formed by cooling of lava
ockham's razor
general principle to prefer the simpler of two competing explanantions
odyssey
Odysseus, whose wanderings are told in Homer's Odyssey
a long voyage (physical or spirtual) marked by many changes of fortune
oedipal
Oedipus, mythical Gk who, abandoned at birth, later unwittingly killed his father and then married his mothe
of the Oedipus complex: a boy's unconscious sexual desire for his mother
onanism
Onan, biblical character, Gen. 38:9
masturbation
William of Orange, later King William III
a Protestant Irishman
Charles Boyle, Fourth Earl of Orrery (1676�1731), for whom one was made.
a mechanical model of the solar system
Orwellian
George Orwell, author of 1984
evoking Orwell's picture of a future totalitarian state
Oscar (the award)
an Academy employee, seeing the prototype of the statute, said, "Oh, that looks just like my Uncle Oscar" (his full name: Oscar Pierce)
tradename of movie awards of the Aca�demy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
ozymandian
Ozymandias of Egypt, sonnet by Eng poet Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792�1822)
huge or grandiose but ultimately devoid of meaning (M-W Dict. of Allusion)
Palladian�
characterized by wisdom or study
Palladian�
Andrea Palladio, Ital architect (1508�1580)
a certain Renaissance architectural style; a mid-18th century style derived from it
pander; pandar
Pandarus, procurer for Cressida and Troilus in med. romance
Doctor Pangloss, optimistic tutor in Voltaire's Candide
excessively optimistic
panic
Pan, Gk god of woods and shepherds, credited with causing the Persians to panic at the battle of Marathon
Gk god Pan, regarded as its inventor (see 'panic')
Pantagruel, huge son of Gargantua in Rabelais�s Pantagruel
coarsely and extravagantly satirical
Pantalone, Ital commedia dell'arte stock-character. Traces back to Pantaleon, the patron saint of Venice
Pasquino, nickname of a statue in Rome on which lampoons were posted
(noun or verb): satire or lampoon, esp. one that ridicules a specific person
pasteurize
Louis Pasteur, Fr chemist died 1822�1895
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Rus physiologist (1849�1936), awarded 1904 Nobel prize
being or expressing a conditioned or predictable reaction; automatic
pecksniffian
Seth Pecksniff, character in Charles Dickens' Martin Chuzzlewit
hypocritically benevolent; sanctimonious
peeping Tom
legendary Peeping Tom of Coventry, England, the only person to see the naked Lady Godiva (11th century)
a voyeur
peter pan
protagonist Peter Pan, in the play Peter Pan; or, The Boy Who Would Not Grow Up (1904) by Sir James Barrie (1860�1937)
an adult who hangs on to adolescent interests and attitudes
Peter Pan collar
Peter Pan, as noted above
a small, flat collar with rounded ends meeting in front
phaeton
Gk myth of Pha�thon, a son of the sun god, killed while trying to drive his father's chariot across the sky.
a touring car
Philander, popular name for a lover in stories, drama, and poetry
to carry on a love affair, without serious intentions (said of a male)
philippic
speeches of Demosthenes against Phillip II of Macedon
an denunciation full of acrimonious invective; a tirade
Philomel
At the end of a horrifying Ovid story of rape, mutilation, murder and cannibalism, sisters Philomena and sister Procne are changed into a swallow and a nightingale. But which was which?
nightingale (But at least one good source says that in Ovid, Philomena became the swallow.)
Pickwickian
Samuel Pickwick, character in Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers
with simplicity and generosity; also, in other than the obvious or literal sense
pinchbeck
Christopher Pinchbeck, Eng watchmaker (1670?�1732)
an alloy used imitate gold in jewelry; also, (noun & adj.) cheap imitation
platonic
Plato, Gk philosopher (429 �~347 BC)
of a relationship marked by the absence of romance or sex
plimsoll
Samuel Plimsoll (1824-1898), Br shipping reformer
a line on a ship, indicating how high it may be loaded
poinsettia
Joel Roberts Poinsett, American diplomat (1779�1851)
Pollyanna, heroine of the novel Pollyanna, by Am author Eleanor Porter
a person of irrepressible optimism who tends to find good in everything
pompadour
Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour (1721�1764), the lover of Louis XV of France
Ponzi scheme
Charles Ponzi, Ital immigrant to US (1882�1949), who ran such a scheme in 1919-20
a kind of financial fraud, akin to a pyramid scheme
pooh-bah
Pooh-Bah, character in the operetta The Mikado (1885) by Gilbert and Sullivan
a pompous person of position or influence
pooter
a suction bottle for collecting insects
praline
Marshal Duplessis-Praslin, whose cook invented it
Procrustean
Procrustes, mythical robber of Attica who seized travelers, tied them to his bed, and to make them fit either stretched their limbs or lopped of their legs
producing strict conformity by ruthless or arbitrary means
protean
Proteus, Gk sea-god able to assume various shapes
readily assuming different shapes or roles
psyche; psychology
Psyche, a young woman in Gk myth, beloved of Eros; subsequently became the personification of the soul
soul; self; mind
George M. Pullman, Amer industrialist (1831�1897)
a railroad parlor car or sleeping car
Punch
(as in Punch and Judy)
Punchinello
Punchinello, short fat buffoon in Ital puppet shows
a squat grotesque person
puritanical
the sources say it is from L. puritas 'purity". I disagee; I suggest the religious Puritan groups took their name from that Latin, and that 'puritanical' came from the religious group.
overscrupulous; rigid; marked by stern morality
pyrrhic victory
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, won a battle over the Romans so costy that he said, (279 BC), "One more such victory and we are lost."
a victory won at an excessive costs that outweigh the benefits
pyrrhonism
Pyrrho, founded a school of skeptics in Greece (about 300 BC)
skepticism; universal doubt
probably from Python, mythical serpent killed by Apollo
quassia
Graman Quassi, captured into slavery from Africa, obtained freedom, and ~1730 discovered the curative power of the bark from which quassia is made
a medicine against intestinal worms, once very popular in Europe; still in use today
quisling
Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian politician died 1945
a traitor who collaborates by serving in the invader�s puppet government
quixotic
Don Quixote, hero of a romance by Miguel de Cervantes.]
idealistic without regard to practicality
Rabelaisian
Fran�ois Rabelais, Fr humorist & satirist, 1494?�1533
marked by gross robust humor or extravagant caricature
rachmanism
Peter Rahman (1920-62), Polish immigrant, a notoriously unscrupulous London landlord
unscrupulous behaviour by landlords
Ragamoffyn, demon in Piers Plowman (1393, attrib. William Langland)
Baron Raglan, Brit. field marshal died 1855
particular style of sleeves for overcoat
real McCoy
"no one knows who or what this McCoy was" � Bryson. Others express, with certainty, inconsistent theories
Ritz hotels, est. by C�sar Ritz (1850�1918), Swiss hotelier
�
robot
1920 Czech play "R.U.R." by Karel Capek (1890�1938), which in Eng translation became "Rossum's Universal Robots"
note: I am unsure whether "robot" was a character in the play, that is, whether "robot" is an eponym
rodomontade; rhodomontade
Rodomonte, character in Orlando Innamorato by Matteo M. Boiardo
vain boasting or bluster
Romeo, the hero of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
roorback
Baron von Roorback, pen-name of author of Roorback's Tour Through the Western and Southern States, used in 1844 US presidential campaign
a false or slanderous story used for political advantage
roquelaure
Antoine Gaston Jean Baptiste, Duc de Roquelaure (1656�1738), Fr marshal
knee-length cloak with bright silk lining and fur trim, worn by 18c European men
roscian
Quintus Roscius (~126-62 B.C.), esteemed Roman actor
an eminent actor (n and adj.)
Rosinante
Rosinante, the horse of Don Quixote in the novel by Cervantes
an old, decrepit horse
Reuben Lucius Goldberg, Amer cartoonist (1883�1970)
doing by complicated means what could be done simply
Rubenesque
Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (1577�1640)
plump or fleshy and voluptuous (used of a woman)
sad sack
The Sad Sack, blundering army private in cartoon created in 1942 by Sgt. George Baker (1915�1975), and the name of the strip
an inept person; esp. an inept soldier
sadism
Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade ("the Marquis de Sade"), Fr Count and writer (1740�1814)
J. H. Salisbury, Amer doctor
Sally Lunn
Sally Lunn, 18th c. Eng baker (some say a girl of Bath who sold baked goods from a cart)
a slightly sweetened tea cake
salmonella
Daniel Elmer Salmon, Amer pathologist (1850�1914)
type of bacteria, often toxic
sandwich
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, died 1792, fond of gambling. The sandwich let him continue to gamble while doing his eating.
Adolphe Sax (1814�1894), Belg. musical instrument designer, its inventor
Scaramuccia, a stock character in the Italian commedia dell'arte, characterized by boastfulness and cowardliness
a cowardly buffoon
schroedinbug
name taken after Schroedinger's Cat thought-experiment. Erwin Schr�dinger (1887�1961) Austrian physicist in quantum mechanics, winner of a 1922 Nobel Prize. See also Bohr Bug, heisenbug, mandelbug.
computing jargon: bug that appears when someone using the program in an unusual way notes that it shouldn't have worked; it then stops working for everyone
scrooge
Ebenezer Scrooge, protagonist of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol
a mean-spirited miserly person; a skinflint
Scylla
Skylle, Gk myth, a nymph changed into a monster who terrorizes mariners
between Scylla and Charybdis: between two equally hazardous alternatives
sequoia
Sequoya, a Cherokee Indian who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770�1843)
a huge species of coniferous tree, that may reach more than 300 feet tall
Shirley Temple
Shirley Temple, child actress (1928�� )
a certain nonalcoholic cocktail (a child's drink), served esp. to a girl
shrapnel
Henry S. Shrapnel (1761�1842), Brit artillery officer who developed it
Shylock, Jewish usurer in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice
a loan shark
shyster
Eponym? perh. Mr. Scheuste, 1840s New York lawyer; perh. Ger Scheisser "bastard," "an incompetent" fr Scheisse "shit"
an unscrupulous lawyer [tautological?]
Gk Sibylla, name for any of several prophetesses consulted by ancient Greeks and Romans
a female prophet
sideburns
Ambrose Everett Burnside, US Civil War general (The syllables of his eponym quickly transposed, for unknown reasons.)
�tienne de Silhouette, Fr controller general of finances died 1767
Simon Legree
Simon Legree, a cruel slave-owner in the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852)
a brutal taskmaster
Simon Magus, Samaritan sorcerer in Acts 8:9-24
the buying or selling of a church office
siren
Sirens, female creatures in Gk myth, partly human, who lured mariners to destruction by their singing
a temptress
(siren song: an deceptive allurement)
Sisyphean
Sisyphos, king in Gk myth, who in the afterlife rolls uphill a stone which perpetually rolls down as it nears the top
endlessly laborious or futile
smart aleck
perhaps allusion to Aleck Hoag, notorious pimp, thief, and confidence man in New York City in early 1840s
orig. applied to Samuel Wilberforce (1805�1873), bishop of Oxford from 1845
disparaging nickname for any unctuous person [not in dictionaries]
solander
Daniel C. Solander, 18th c. Swedish botanist
a protective box shaped like a book, to hold botanical specimens, maps, etc.
solomonic
Solomon, king of Israel (~965�~925 BC)
displaying (or requiring) great wisdom, esp. in difficult decisions
solon
Solon, Athenian lawgiver, 638?�559? BC
a wise and skillful lawgiver
sousaphone
John Philip Sousa, American bandmaster and composer, known as "the March King" (1854�1932)
a large brass wind instrument, similar in range to the tuba, for marching bands.
spencer
George John Spencer, Second Earl Spencer (1758�1834)
a type fo men's breasted; a type of women's jacket
spinet
one theory cites the Venetian inventor, Giovanni Spinetti
William A. Spooner, Eng clergyman & educator died 1930
transposition of initial sounds of words (as in tons of soil for sons of toil)
St. Elmo�s fire
St. Elmo, patron saint of sailors
visible electric discharge on a pointed object (ship's mast or airplane's wing) in an electrical storm
St. Martin�s summer
St. Martin, whose feast day is November 11
Indian summer in November
St. Vitus, 3rd c. Christian martyr
nervous disorder marked by spasmodic movements
stentorian
Stentor, a loud-voiced Greek herald in the Iliad
extremely loud
1902, from John Batterson Stetson (1830�1906), US hat manufacturer
trademark for a broad-brimmed high-crowned felt hat
svengali
Svengali, character in the novel Trilby (see 'trilby' below)
one exercising hypnotic influence over a youthful prot�g�, often sinister
sword of Damocles
Damocles, legenday Gk who was forced to sit under a sword suspended by a single hair, to understand the peril of a king's role
constant threat; imminent peril
syphilis
Syphilus, protagonist of Girolamo Fracastoro's (1478?�1553) poem "Syphilis, sive Morbus Gallicus" (�Syphilis, or the French Disease�)
syringe
When nymph Syrinx was chased by god Pan and unable to cross river, the river nymphs changed her to a bed of reeds.
Tom of Shanter, hero of a 1790 poem by Robert Burns
tantalize
Tantulus, king in Gk myth, who spends afterlife in a river up to his chin, under branches laden with fruit � but water and fruit withdraw whenever he tries to eat or drink
the protagonist of Moli�re's play Tartuffe
a hypocrite, esp. who affects piety
tawdry
from St. Audrey, via "St. Audrey's lace"
Teddy (Theodore) Roosevelt (1858�1919), US pres. 1901-09
Termagaunt, a fictitious Muslim deity appearing in medieval morality play
a quarrelsome, scolding woman; a shrew
terpsichorean
Terpsichore, Gk muse of dancing
a dancer, or adj. relating to dancing
thalian
Thalia, Gk muse of comedy
pertaining to comedy
therblig
Frank Gilbreth, US industrial engineer; originated time-and-motion-study. (He was also the father portrayed in the book "Cheaper by the Dozen".)
a basic elements in a task or manual operation. Gilbreth coined the word, basically his own name spelled backwards
thersitical
Thersites, commoner, disagrees with leaders in Homer's Iliad
scurrilous; foul-mouthed; grossly abusive
Thespis, Gk poet 6th cent BC, reputedly originated drama
an actor or actress (adj: related to drama)
thrasonical
Thraso, braggart soldier in the comedy Eunuchus by Terence
bragging, boastful
day of Thor (trans. of L Jovis dies day of Jupiter)
Titans, giants in Gk Myth, the children of Uranus and Gaea
one of prodigious size, strength, or achievement
titch; tich; titchy
Little Tich,stage name and childhood nickname of Eng comedian Harry Relph (1867-1928). nickname from famous 1860s case of Roger Tichborne, heir who had been lost at sea
very small (Relph was 4'6" tall)
titian
Titian (1490?-1576), painter who often used that color
a brownish orange
Corinthian Tom & Jerry Hawthorne, characters in Life in London (1812) by Pierce Egan
a hot sweetened drink of rum, water and spices and a separately-beaten egg
Tom Collins
origin unclear. according to Mencken, after "a distinguished barman," whose name was persumably Tom Collins
a collins drink with a base of gin
tommy gun
John T. Thompson, Am army officer died 1940
Thomson (or other) submachine gun
tontine
Lorenzo Tonti, Italian-born French banker (1635�1690?)
a pooled fund where the entire fund goes to the last-surviving participant
Topsy ("growed like topsy")
Topsy, slave girl in Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852), who never knew she had parents. Asked how she came into the world, she replied, �I�spects I growed."
"growed like Topsy": figure of speech for growing by itself, without apparent design or intention
trilby
Trilby O'Ferrall, protagonist in 1884 novel Trilby by George Du Maurier. The novel was a runaway success
a type of hat (shown in the novel's illus�trations and its adaption to the stage?)
trudgen
John Trudgen, Br swimmer (1852�1902),
day of Tiu, Gmc god of war (trans. of L dies Martis Day of Mars)
Earl S. Tupper (1907-83), its inventor
(trademark)
Mr. Turveydrop, character in Charles Dickens' Bleak House
a perfect model of deportment
Tweedledum & Tweedledee
Fat identical twins in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass (1872). Carroll took the names from their similar use in John Byrom's (1692�1793) satire On the Feuds between Handel and Bononcini..
two individuals or groups that are practically indistinguishable
Typhoid Mary
Typhoid Mary, nickname of Mary Mallon (died 1938), Irish cook in US, who was personally healthy but a carrier of typhoid. As a cook she spread the disease. When she refused to cease that job, she was quarantined for life.
one whom something undesirable or deadly spreads
ucalegon
Ucalgon Trojan elder at siege of Troy; Aeneas' neighbor. His house was torched when Troy was sacked. (per Aeneid) (literally "Mr. What-Me-Worry?" says one source)
a neighbor whose house is on fire
Uncle Sam
Prob. not an eponym (just from letters "U.S."), but one theory traces it to Sam Wilson, Troy, NY, in 1813
personification of the United States
Uncle Tom
Uncle Tom, a kindly but obsequious slave in the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852)
(offensive) a black person humiliatingly subservient or deferential to white people
uranic
Urania, Gk muse of astronomy
of the heavens; celestial
Uriah Heep
Uriah Heep, character in Charles Dickens' David Copperfield
a hypocritically-humble man [OED (1989) lists this not as a word, but as a character name "used allusively"]
valentine
Saint Valentine, Ital priest died ~270
vamp
from 'vampire'; may ultimately trace to Theda Bara as The Vampire in the 1915 film A Fool There Was
a seductive woman
Anton Van Dyck, Flemish painter (1599-1641)
a short, pointed beard; a type of collar
van dyke
Sir Anthony Vandyke, Flem. portrait painter (1599�1641)
a trim, pointed style of beard
venereal
Venus, Roman goddess of love and beauty (see note: 'jovial')
Pierre Vernier, Fr mathematician died 1637
a small auxiliary device to make fine adjustment in the main device
veronica
St. Veronica, whose kerchief wiped the face of Christ
a bullfighting pass in which the cape passes slowly over the bull�s face
Victorian
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India (1819�1901)
exaggeratedly proper in manners
Vulcan, Roman god of fire
main character in Ben Jonson's play Volpone, or the Fox (1606)
a cunning schemer; a miser
vulcanization
Vulcan, Roman god of fire
a treatment giving rubber strength, stretch, etc.
Wednesday
day of the god Woden (trans. of L dies Mercurii day of Mercury)
welch
Brits cite the verse, "Taffy was a Welshman, Taffiy was a thief."� Welsh cite Bob Welch, Epsom bookie who absquatulated with the bets.
to renege on a deal
Wellerism
Sam Weller, witty servant in Charles Dickens� Pickwick Papers (1836-37)
a well-known quote plus a facetious sequel (�everyone to his own taste,� said the old woman as she kissed the cow)
Wellington
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Brit general and statesman died 1852
a leather boot with loose top, usually coming above the knee
Wheatstone bridge
Sir Charles Wheatstone, Eng physicist (1802�1875). Crediting S.H. Christie as the inventor, he developed many uses of the bridge.
a bridge for measuring electric resistance
wimpy
J. Wellington Wimpy in Popeye comic strip (or from "whimper")
weak and ineffectual
named in 1818 in memory Am anatomist Caspar Wistar (1761-1818); note the misspelling
Xantippe, shrewish wife of Socrates
an ill-tempered woman
a leather bookcover extending� past the page edges
yarborough
Charles Anderson Worsley, 2nd Earl of Yarborough, (1809�1897). He bet 1000:1 against dealing "yarborough" hand.
cards: a bridge or whist hand (13 cards) with no card higher than a 9
yegg
[unknown; often linked to supposed John Yegg, safecracker]
a burglar; orig. a safecracker
yellow journalism
use of yellow ink in printing �Yellow Kid,� a cartoon strip in the New York World, a newspaper noted for sensationalism
journalism characterized by sensationalism
Young Turk, member of 20th c. Turkish revolutionary party
an insurgent
zany
zani, traditional masked clown; Zanni, nickname for Giovanni. 1st known Eng use is Shakespeare's Love's Labour Lost
Zephyrus, the west wind personified in myth
a gentle breeze
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838�1917), Ger general who perfected its design
Johann G. Zinn, Ger botanist
a certain flower
zoilist
Zoilus, Gk grammarian ~400�320 BC, who wrote vicious attacks on Homer, Plato and other literary lights
a severe and carping critic
Andr� Marie Amp�re, Fr physicist (1775�1836)
electric current
Anders Jonas �ngstr�m, Swed physicist and astronomer (1814�1874)
wavelength
Maurice Emile Baudot, Fr engineer (1845�1903)
speed in data transmission
Antoine Baum�, Fr pharmacist (1728�1804)
specific gravite of liquids
Sir Francis Beaufort, Br naval officer (1774�1857)
force of wind
Antoine Henri Becquerel, Fr physicist (1852�1908)
radioactivity
Alexander Graham Bell, Sc-Am inventor (1847�1922)
difference in sound power
Anders Celsius, Swed astronomer (1701�1744)
temperature scale
Charles Augustin de Coulomb, Fr physicist (1736�1806)
electric charge
Marie Curie, Pol-born Fr chemist (1867�1934)
[some sources say her husband Pierre Curie (1859�1906)]
radioactive activity
John Dalton, Br chemist (1766�1844)
atomic mass
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, Ger-born physicist (1686�1736)
temperature scale
Michael Faraday,Br physicist and chemist (1791�1867)
electric capacitance
Michael Faraday, Br physicist and chemist (1791�1867)
electricity transferred in electrolysis
Enrico Fermi, Ital-born Amer physicist (1901�1954)
length (10-15 meter)
Karl Friedrich Gauss, Ger mathematician and astronomer (1777-1855)
magnetic flux density
William Gilbert, Eng court physician (1544�1603)
electromagnetic unit of magnetomotive force
gray
Louis Harold Gray, British radiobiologist (1905�1965)
energy absorbed from ionizing radiation
henry
Joseph Henry, Amer physicist (1797�1878)
inductance
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, Ger physicist (1857�1894)
wave frequency
James Prescott Joule, Brit physicist (1818�1889)
energy
William Thompson, First Baron Kelvin, Brit physicist (1824�1907)
temperature scale
Johann Heinrich Lambert, Ger physicist and astronomer (1728�1777)
brightness
Samuel Pierpoint Langley, Amer astronomer (1834�1906)
solar radiation
Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (1838�1916)
speed, as ratio to the speed of sound
maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell, Sc physicist (1831�1879)
magnetic flux
backward spelling of 'ohm', which see (reciprocal of the ohm)
electrical conductance
Friedrich Mohs, Ger mineralogist (1773�1839)
hardness of rock
Sir Isaac Newton, Eng mathematician and scientist (1642�1727)
force
Hans Christian Oersted, Dan physicist (1777�1851)
magnetic intensity
Georg Simon Ohm, Ger physicist (1789�1854)
electrical resistence
Blaise Pascal, Fr mathematician, philosopher inventor (1623�1662)
pressure
Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille, Fr physician and physiologist (1799�1869)
dynamic viscosity
Ren� Antoine Ferchault de R�aumur, Fr physicist (1683�1757)
temperature scale
Charles Francis Richter, Am seismologist (1900�1985)
energy of an earthquake
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, Ger physicist (1845�1923)
X-ray or gamma ray radiation exposure
rutherford
Ernest Rutherford, First Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand-born Brit physicist (1871�1937)
rate of radioactive decay
Wallace Clement Ware Sabine (1868�1919), American physicist
acoustic absorbtion
Ernst Werner von Siemens, Ger engineer (1816�1892)
electrical conductance
Nikola Tesla, Serb William Thompson, -born Amer electrical engineer and physicist (1856�1943)
magnetic flux density
Count Alessandro Volta, Ital physicist 1745�1827)
electric potential and electromotive force (voltage)
watt
James Watt, Sc engineer and inventor (1736�1819)
power
Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Ger physicist (1804�1891)
magnetic flux
| John Bull |
What was the surname of the French brothers who invented the hot - air balloon in the 18'th century ? | The Project Gutenberg eBook of Uncle Sam, by Albert Matthews.
Whose 'Brock's black reg'ment' ne'er did fear yet,
In camp at Buffalo, or near it."
Sir Isaac Brock, to whom Hull had capitulated, was killed at Queenston on October 13, 1812.
The boasting proclamations issued by the American generals were a constant source of ridicule in the peace papers. In his proclamation of July 12, 1812, General Hull said: "Had I any doubt of eventual success, I might ask your assistance, but I do not. I come prepared for any contingency—I have a force that will look down all opposition, and that force is but a vanguard of a much greater" (Columbian Centinel, August 5, 1812, p. 1-4). The Portsmouth Oracle of September 8, 1812, spoke of Hull's proclamation "to look down opposition" in Canada (p. 3-4). The Connecticut Courant of December 22, 1812, said that Hull "issued a look down proclamation to the affrighted Canadians" (p. 1-4). The Manlius Times, quoted in the New England Palladium of October 22, 1813, stated that "The Proclamation campaign has again commenced upon the Niagara frontiers" (p. 2-1). In the Salem Gazette of December 3, 1813, appeared the following: "The same Collectors will be employed next winter to execute the same duties in the Moon, which, it is expected, will be 'looked down' during the next campaign!" (p. 3-2).
On August 16, 1812, Hull ignominiously gave up himself, his army, and Detroit, and incidentally enriched the language with a new verb. The surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, of Lincoln at Charleston, and of Cornwall's at Yorktown, had given rise to the words "Burgoynade," "to Burgoyne," "Lincolnade," and "Cornwallisade." The Connecticut Courant of September 22, 1812, said: "Should Gen. Dearborn enter the territory, he ought, if he means not to be Hull'd, or defeated, to have 25 or 30,000 men" (p. 3-4). The Military Monitor of October 5, 1812, quoted the following from the Aurora: "These facts show the absurdity of the idea of a force of 4,000 men marching to be Hull-ed, in a country where 19,000 of their countrymen were once before Burgoyned" (I, 59). The New Hampshire Gazette of April 20, 1813, remarked: "From every section of the union, we hear of the march of troops and active preparations to open the campaign on the northern frontier with vigor and unless our gallant army is again Hulled, the British flag will soon disappear from Canada" (p. 3-2). The New York Herald of March 30, 1814, quoted the following from a Herkimer (New York) paper: "The prevailing opinion now is, that the campaign will be opened at Niagara; some suppose Detroit. If at the latter place, with the paltry force now marching in that direction, we shall most certainly get Hull'd" (p. 3-5).
[25] Columbian Centinel, December 16, 1812 (p. 2-2). The following is taken from the Yankee (Boston) of December 18, 1812 (p. 3-2):
"General Smyth—again.
"How many Militia and Volunteers, with such Generals as Hull, Smyth, et cetera, will conquer Canada?
"A Yankee answer by another question—How many snow balls will heat an oven?"
In the Columbian Centinel of December 23, 1812, appeared the following (p. 2-3):
"A letter from Albany, says, 'All the Generals from Canada are extremely mortified and crest-fallen. The boys at Buffalo form themselves into groups, and sing the following altered stanza of Yankee Doodle:'—
"'When Smythe a Bragadier had got,
He prov'd a darned coward—
He durst not go to Canada
For fear of being devoured.
Yankee doodle, doodle do—
Mind the back step of the march—
And with your legs be handy.'"
[26] Salem Gazette, May 3, 1814 (p. 2-4). In the Salem Gazette of November 25, 1813, appeared a paragraph headed "Braggardism! Wilkinson's Glorious Expedition to Canada!" (p. 2-2). The unsuccessful expedition into Canada gave rise to an epigram printed in the Columbian Centinel of December 11, 1813:
"Gen. Wilkinson's late Expedition.
WITH Conquest how his bosom burn'd!—
He went—he saw—and then—return'd."
[27] "Some of the Wildcats of Congress," said the Columbian Centinel of June 6, 1812, "have gone home, unable to incur the awful responsibility of unnecessary War" (p. 2-5).
[28] Columbian Centinel, October 23, 1813, p. 2-1; June 29, 1814, p. 2-3.
[29] Columbian Centinel, June 18, 1814, p. 2-3.
[30] Columbian Centinel, June 11, 1814, p. 2-4.
[31] Columbian Centinel, September 1, 1813, p. 2-1.
[32] Quoted in the supplement to the Albany Gazette of November 19, 1812 (p. 1-1). The term was sometimes used attributively. Thus we hear of "the War-Hawk Government" (Columbian Centinel, September 28, 1814, p. 1-2); of "the war-hawk party" (Portsmouth Oracle, January 28, 1815, p. 3-2); of "the War-Hawk rulers" (Columbian Centinel, September 28, 1814, p. 1-2); and of "our War-Hawk Selectmen" (Connecticut Courant, August 16, 1814, p. 1-5).
[33] In a speech on the admission of the Territory of Orleans, delivered in Congress on January 14, 1811, Josiah Quincy declared it as his "deliberate opinion that, if this bill passes, . . . it will be the duty of some" of the States "to prepare definitely for a separation—amicably, if they can; violently, if they must" (Speeches, 1874, p. 196). While this remark has become historic, it is almost invariably misquoted. In a speech made in Congress on January 8, 1813, Henry Clay, referring to Quincy, said: "The gentleman can not have forgotten his own sentiments, uttered even on the floor of this House, 'peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must'" (Works, 1897, V, 58). It is the Clay version that has become a familiar quotation.
In the Boston Herald of November 23, 1904, appeared the following:
"In a signed article in the Huntsville, Ala., Mercury, R. T. Bentley, a well-known man, says:
"'It appearing that Theodore Roosevelt, the head and front of the republican party, which represents the dangerous policies of civilization, protective tariff, imperialism and social equality, has been elected president of the United States by a strictly sectional vote, and has established an insurmountable barrier between the north and south, I feel constrained to express my humble opinion, as a true and patriotic American citizen of the south, that if the republican party should continue its dangerous policies for the next 4 yrs. and should triumph in the next national election, that the 13 states which voted for A. B. Parker should secede from the union and by force of arms resist an oppression which means the early fall of our great republic.'"
At the present day such a statement merely excites amusement, as no one takes it seriously; but in 1812 it was different.
[34] Aurora, July 7, 1812, p. 2-2.
[35] Portsmouth Oracle, August 22, 1812, p. 4-1.
[36] Aurora, July 27, 1813.
[37] Caleb Strong was one of the twenty-eight "Barristers and Attornies at Law" who addressed Gage on July 1, 1774 (Boston News-Letter, July 7, 1774, p. 1-1). Those who addressed Gage on his departure in October, 1775, were of course loyalists; but the addresses to Gage on his arrival in 1774 were signed by both loyalists and ardent patriots. Perhaps no one received harder blows from his opponents in the war of 1812 than Strong. The following toast was given at Bernardston, Massachusetts: "The governor of Massachusetts. In 1774 the loyal addresser of Gage, in 1812 and 13 the eulogist and special pleader of the 'bulwark of our religion'" (Aurora, August 3, 1813, p. 1-3). At Pittsfield, Massachusetts: "Caleb Strong—The man, who by cunning concealment and tory prevarication, would endeavor to reason away the rights of his country, is unworthy of its confidence" (Aurora, July 22, 1813, p. 1). At Passyunk: "Execration to the hoary head traitorous vindicator of the barbarities of the monstrous government of England: His treason is only equal to his cowardice; 'England has done us no essential injury:' You lie you V——" (Aurora, July 12, 1813, p. 2-5).
There is an expression in the last toast that has a familiar sound at the present day.
[38] Aurora, August 3, 1813, p. 1-3.
[39] Aurora, July 9, 1813, p. 2-4.
[40] National Intelligencer (Washington), July 29, 1813, p. 1-3.
[41] Military Monitor, April 5, 1813, I, 254. The following amusing paragraph may be quoted here: "Remarkable Incident.—On the 4th of July, 1812, General Chandler gave as a toast at Augusta:—'The 4th of July 1813—May WE on that day drink wine within the walls of Quebec!' On this same 4th of July he was within the walls of Quebec (a prisoner) and from the known hospitality of the citizens of that place we have no doubt his wish was literally gratified" (Columbian Centinel, July 7, 1813, p. 2-4).
[42] Columbian Centinel, March 9, 1814, p. 2-2.
[43] Columbian Centinel, July 9, 1814, p. 1-5.
[44] Bee (Hudson), July 12, 1814, p. 3-3.
[45] Massachusetts Spy, July 20, 1814, p. 3-2. It is curious to see how history repeats itself. Between 1898 and his death, President McKinley was sometimes alluded to as "William I." In the Boston Herald of January 28, 1907, we read of "Kaiser Theodore," and in the same paper of November 11, 1907, of "Theodore I." Just as Monroe was alluded to in 1814 as "the heir apparent," so now the same term is applied to Secretary Taft. See Nation, August 22, 1907, LXXXV, 153; Boston Herald, November 6, 1907, p. 6-5; Boston Evening Transcript, December 2, 1907; Boston Herald, March 3, 1908, p. 6-3. Even the word "imperial" is not new to our politics. In the New York Herald of May 5, 1813, it was satirically said that "the bewilderification of the enemy, on beholding our imperial standard, baffles all description" (p. 2-4).
Two examples of the spreadeagleism of the times will prove amusing. The following toast was given at Waterville, Maine, on July 4, 1815: "The Eagle of the United States—'May she extend her wings from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and fixing her talons on the Isthmus of Darien, stretch with her beak to the Northern Pole'" (Salem Gazette, July 18, 1815, p. 4-1). Capt. Ross Bird of the United States Army having been placed under arrest and bereft of his sword, he sent in his resignation, in part as follows: "In leaving the service, I am not abandoning the cause of republicanism, but yet hope to brandish the glittering steel in the field, and carve my way to a name which shall prove my country's neglect; and when this mortal part shall be closetted in the dust, and the soul shall wing its flight for the regions above, in passing by the palefaced moon, I shall hang my hat upon brilliant Mars, and make a report to each superlative star—and arriving at the portals of Heaven's high Chancery, shall demand of the attending Angel to be ushered into the presence of Washington" (New York Herald, November 10, 1813, p. 1-3).
[46] New York Herald, July 13, 1814, p. 1-1.
[47] Two may be specified. The following is taken from the New York Herald of April 10, 1813: "Fracas at Albany.—By the passengers in the Steam Boat we are informed, that a fracas took place in Albany last Wednesday [April 7], between Col. Peter B. Porter and John Lovett, Esq., occasioned by some publications which have been made relative to the affair between Col. S. Van Rensselaer and Col. Porter. It is said Col. Porter, after some high words had passed, attacked Mr. Lovett with a cane, on which Mr. Lovett closed in with him and was like to demolish him, when some of the by-standers interfered and put an end to the contest" (p. 3-2).
The other case, curiously enough, concerns a man of whom we shall hear later in connection with the alleged origin of Uncle Sam. In the Albany Gazette of September 20, 1813, appeared this (p. 3-4):
"The following note has been handed to us by Mr. Butler—We do not intend to prejudge the cause of dispute by its insertion. The Gazette will be freely open to Mr. Anderson.
"ELBERT ANDERSON, Jun. Contractor U. S. Army, is a base Villain, a Liar and a Coward.
James BUTLER.
"18th September, 1813."
Anderson and Butler apparently had a hand to hand scrimmage at Plattsburgh, for in the Albany Gazette of September 30, 1813, was printed a communication in part as follows (p. 3-3):
"Albany, 28th, Sept. 1813.
"Messrs. Websters and Skinners,
"A publication having appeared in your paper, during the absence of the Contractor, signed 'James Butler,' a friend to the former gentleman, who was an eye witness to the fracas at Plattsburgh, requests you to publish the following statement from the Plattsburgh Republican, of the 18th inst. . . .
"A rash man has applied to the Contractor for the Army, epithets of a libellous and scurrilous nature. . . .
"Plattsburgh, Sept. 15, 1813."
So far as I have noted, the incident closed with the publication in the Albany Gazette of October 4, 1813, of a card from Butler dated Lansingburgh, September 29, stating that the writer of the above letter was "an infamous liar" (p. 3-2).
[48] See New Hampshire Gazette, September 14, 21, 1813; New York Herald, August 25, 28, 1813; Columbian Centinel, December 25, 1813.
[49] Massachusetts Spy, December 22, 1813, p. 1-3.
[50] It will be remembered that until 1820 Maine was part of Massachusetts.
[51] Quoted in the National Intelligencer (Washington), June 8, 1813, p. 2-3.
[52] I do not know what act is meant.
[53] Quoted in the New York Herald, October 2, 1813, p. 3-3. I have been unable to find a copy of the Lansingburgh Gazette containing the extract.
[54] Quoted in the Columbian Centinel, October 9, 1813, p. 2-3.
[55] The words "more or less" apparently occurred in the official accounts of the capture of York in April, 1813, but I have not been able to discover in exactly what connection. At all events, they caused much fun in the peace papers. "One dead Indian, 'more or less,'" said the New York Herald of July 14, 1813, p. 1-1. "Wanted," declared the Columbian Centinel of December 4, 1813, "about five hundred ('more or less') able-bodied, stout-hearted real Americans, to collect our land tax in our territory of Canada" (p. 2-3).
[56] Quoted in the Connecticut Courant, February 8, 1814, p. 3-2. The same passage is quoted in the Massachusetts Spy of February 9, 1814, p. 2-3, and February 23, p. 4-3, except that in both instances the words "'Uncle Sam's' hard bargains" are omitted.
[57] Quoted in the Salem Gazette, February 14, 1814, p. 3-3. See p. 29, note 33, above.
[58] Quoted in the New York Spectator, May 7, 1814, p. 1-1. The passage was also printed in the Massachusetts Spy of May 25, 1814, p. 3-3.
[59] Quoted in the Portsmouth Oracle, May 21, 1814, p. 2-5. The story of the wagon which started with forty bushels of corn, related by Timothy Pickering, was reprinted in the Massachusetts Spy of May 25, 1814, p. 3-3, but "Uncle Sam" is omitted.
[60] Quoted in the Columbian Centinel, June 29, 1814, p. 2-1.
[61] Quoted in the New York Herald, November 16, 1814, p. 3-4.
[62] The story was reprinted in the New York Herald of December 7, 1814, p. 2-3.
[63] Quoted in the New York Herald, December 21, 1814, p. 3-5.
[64] The extract was reprinted in the Portsmouth Oracle of January 28, 1815, p. 3-2; and in the Connecticut Courant of February 7, 1815, p. 3-1.
[65] Quoted in the Salem Gazette, January 21, 1815, p. 3-1; Portsmouth Oracle, February 4, p. 3-1; Connecticut Courant, February 7, p. 1-3.
[66] Supplement to Niles' Register, VII, 187. That volume ended with the issue of February 25, 1815.
[67] Supplement to Niles' Register, IX, 95. That volume ended with the issue of February 24, 1816. The Albany Register of December 6, 1814, advertised a play, farce, and "Naval Pillar" to take place at the theatre the following evening "in honor of the memorable Naval Conflict on Lake Champlain, fought on the glorious Eleventh of September" (p. 3-4). The song in the text may have been written for that occasion, though it is not mentioned in the advertisement.
[68] See p. 33, above.
[69] There are constant allusions in the newspapers to Greenbush. The Connecticut Courant of September 29, 1812, printed an extract dated Pittsfield, September 17: "Democratic Economy.—Within a few days past, several waggon loads of Vinegar and Molasses have passed through this village, on the way from Boston to Greenbush, near Albany. These articles were purchased at Boston for the use of the troops at Greenbush. The vinegar cost the government Five Dollars per barrel, in Boston; and according to the statement of the teamsters, the expence of transportation would be much more than the first cost. Now we are told, and we believe correctly, that vinegar can be purchased in Albany at less than four dollars per barrel. And we presume that molasses can be bought in Albany and New-York, as cheap as in Boston.—Why, then, this enormous expence of transportation!—So goes the people's money!" (p. 2-5).
[70] As late as February, 1815, the editor of a Baltimore paper thought it necessary to explain the meaning of the term. See p. 38, note 66, above. The newspapers throughout the war literally swarm with allusions to John Bull, Yankee, Yankee Doodle, and Brother Jonathan. On the other hand, no allusion to Uncle Sam has yet been found before September, 1813, while from then until 1816 I have encountered less than thirty examples, all of which are quoted or cited in the present paper either in text or footnotes. This statement is based on an examination of newspapers published during 1812-1815 in Portsmouth, Salem, Boston, Worcester, Hartford, Troy, Albany, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington.
[71] As this tract of 142 pages is apparently rare, I give the title: "The Adventures of Uncle Sam, in Search after his lost Honor. By Frederick Augustus Fidfaddy, Esq., Member of the Legion of Honor, Scratch-etary to Uncle Sam, and Privy Counsellor to himself. Middletown: Printed by Seth Richards. 1816." It was copyrighted May 16, 1816.
[74] Henry A. Proctor, the British general.
[75] Adventures of Uncle Sam, pp. 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 53, 96, 140.
[76] See p. 22, note 3, above.
[77] Letters from the South written during an Excursion in the Summer of 1816, (1817), II, 207, 208, 210.
[78] Memorable Days in America (1823), p. 126. See also pp. 99, 140, 162, 188, 215, 225, 262, 381.
[79] Niles' Register, XXI, 199. See also XXI, 38, 197.
[80] Sketches, p. 165. In her Southern Tour, published in 1831, Mrs. Royall wrote: "Besides the collector [at the custom house, New Orleans], they have . . . 44 clerks, gaugers, inspectors, &c. Most of these were as shabby a set of gawks, as ever disgraced Uncle Sam" (p. 32).
[81] This singular expression, now obsolete or obsolescent, was common in the first half of the nineteenth century. It was originally the slang of the boatmen on the Mississippi and other Western rivers. See C. Schultz, Jr., Travels (1810), II, 145, 146. The Salem Gazette of June 12, 1812, a few days before war was declared with England, printed the following: "Curious Terms of Defiance, New-Orleans April 24. 'Half horse half alligator'—has hitherto been the boast of our up-country boatmen, when quarreling. The present season however has made a complete change. A few days ago two of them quarreled in a boat at Natchez, when one of them jumping ashore declared with a horrid oath that he was a steamboat. His opponent immediately followed him, swearing he was an earthquake and would shake him to pieces—and in fact almost literally executed his threat." The Salem Gazette added "It is these monsters of the western wilds that are forcing the people of the Atlantic shores into an unnecessary and ruinous war" (p. 4-1).
[82] New York Mirror, February 19, 1831, VIII, 260, 261. The indefatigable Paulding contributed to the United States and Democratic Review for April, 1851, an article called "Uncle Sam and his 'B'hoys,'" from which the following is extracted: "Uncle Sam talks 'big' sometimes, like his old dad, Squire Bull, who was reckoned the greatest bragger of his day, till Uncle Sam grew up and disputed the point with him" (XXVIII, 299).
[83] Tour to the North and Down East, p. 202. Uncle Sam had previously figured in the Narrative of the Life of David Crockett (1834), p. 86.
[84] The Rambler in America, I, 160.
[85] Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States, II, 301.
[86] Letters from the Frontiers (1868), p. 335. See also p. 354. This is the first use of the term by an army officer that I have noted.
[87] Bentley's Miscellany, IV, 43, 294.
[88] Diary in America, II, 42, 43.
[89] The Clockmaker; or the Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick, of Slickville, first appeared in the columns of the Nova Scotian in 1835-1836, and was first published in book form at Halifax in 1837. In a conversation supposed to have taken place between Edward Everett and Sam Slick, the latter remarked: "Well, I don't know, said I, but somehow or another, I guess you'd found preaching the best speculation in the long run; them are Unitarians pay better than Uncle Sam (we call, said the Clockmaker, the American public Uncle Sam, as you can the British, John Bull)" (The Clockmaker, second edition, Concord, 1838, p. 43).
Mr. Robert G. Haliburton relates this anecdote of Judge Haliburton: "On his arrival in London, the son of Lord Abinger (the famous Sir James Scarlett) who was confined to his bed, asked him to call on his father, as there was a question which he would like to put to him. When he called, his Lordship said, 'I am convinced that there is a veritable Sam Slick in the flesh now selling clocks to the Bluenoses. Am I right?' 'No,' replied the Judge, 'there is no such person. He was a pure accident. I never intended to describe a Yankee clockmaker or Yankee dialect; but Sam Slick slipped into my book before I was aware of it, and once there he was there to stay'" (in Haliburton: a Centenary Chaplet, Toronto, 1897, pp. 25, 26).
[90] Book of the Navy, pp. 297, 298. The story occurs in the "Naval Anecdotes" in the Appendix. Some of the stories and songs in this Appendix appear in the Supplement to Niles' Register, 1816, IX; but the Wilson story is not there.
As an illustration of the extraordinary changes undergone in repetition, I give the story as it was printed in 1870 by Brewer in his Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: "Sam. Uncle Sam. The United States government. Mr. Frost tells us that the inspectors of Elbert Anderson's store on the Hudson were Ebenezer and his uncle Samuel Wilson, the latter of whom superintended in person the workmen, and went by the name of 'Uncle Sam.' The stores were marked E.A.—U.S. (Elbert Anderson, United States), and one of the employers being asked the meaning, said U. S. stood for 'Uncle Sam.' The joke took, and in the War of Independence the men carried it with them, and it became stereotyped" (p. 783).
Brewer goes on to say: "To stand Sam. To be made to pay the reckoning. This is an Americanism, and arose from the letters U. S. on the knapsacks of the soldiers. The government of Uncle Sam has to pay or 'stand Sam' for all. (See above.)" In 1871 De Vere wrote: "In the army, it seems, even this designation [i. e. Uncle Sam] was deemed too full and formal, and, as early as the year 1827, it became a familiar saying among soldiers, to stand Sam, whenever drinks or refreshments of any kind had to be paid for. As they were accustomed to see Uncle Sam pay for all their wants, to stand Sam, became to their minds equivalent to the ordinary slang phrase: to stand treat" (p. 251). In 1891 J. Maitland said: "Sam, 'to stand Sam' (Amer.), to stand treat" (American Slang Dictionary, p. 229). And in 1891 J. M. Dixon wrote: "Sam.—To stand Sam—to entertain friends; to pay for refreshments. U. Sam is a contraction for 'Uncle Sam,' a jocular name for the U. S. Government. The phrase, therefore, originally means to pay all expenses, as the Government does" (Dictionary of Idiomatic English Phrases, p. 282). Brewer's statement, having been adopted by several writers, requires consideration. As a matter of fact, not only is the phrase "to stand Sam"—meaning "to be answerable for," "to become surety for," "to pay the reckoning," or "to pay for the drinks,"—not an Americanism, but it has never, so far as I know, even been employed in this country. The words "Sam" and "Sammy" have been used in various senses in English dialects for a hundred and thirty years, an instance dated 1777 being recorded in the English Dialect Dictionary. To the examples of "upon my Sam," an expletive, quoted in the same work from Frank's Nine Days (1879), p. 12, and Zack's On Trial (1899), p. 220, may be added another from R. Marsh's Tom Ossington's Ghost (1900), p. 216. "Sammy," meaning "foolish, silly," was recognized as early as 1823 in Pierce Egan's edition of Grose's Classical Dictionary; and examples dated 1837 and 1843 are quoted in Farmer and Henley's Slang and its Analogues (1903). The expression "to stand Sam" or "to stand Sammy" is recognized in Halliwell's Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words (1847), in Wright's Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English (1857), in Hotten's Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words (1859), in Barr�re and Leland's Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant (1890), in Farmer and Henley's Slang and its Analogues (1903), and in the English Dialect Dictionary. "Landlady," wrote Moncrieff in 1823, "serve them with a glass of tape, all round; and I'll stand Sammy" (Tom and Jerry, III, 5). Besides this extract, Farmer and Henley quote others from Ainsworth's Rookwood (1834), Hindley's Cheap Jack (1876), Black's White Heather (1885), Henley's Villon's Good-Night (1887), Licensed Victuallers' Gazette (1890), and Milliken's 'Arry Ballads (1890); and to these may be added others from Punch, August 20, 1881, LXXXI, 75, and from W. De Morgan's Joseph Vance (1906), p. 465. Every known example is from a British author.
During the ascendancy of the Know-Nothing party, however, the word "Sam" was used in this country for a brief period. "The allusion," wrote Farmer in 1889, "is to Uncle Sam, the national sobriquet, the Know Nothings claiming that in a nation mostly made up of immigrants, only native-born citizens should possess and exercise privileges and powers" (Americanisms Old and New, p. 470). "The name," said H. F. Reddall in 1892, "contains, of course, an allusion to 'Uncle Sam,' the personification of the government of the United States" (Fact, Fancy, and Fable, p. 452). A few examples may be given. In a letter dated Randolph, Pennsylvania, July 14, 1855, a correspondent said: "I take it for granted that you are with us heart and hand in the new movement known as 'Know Somethings;' but I believe quite as readily recognized under the Yankee cognomen, 'Jonathan.' The order is fully organized in this State, and is progressing finely. All the secret organizations therefore of this character are blended, and E. Pluribus Unum. The 'Sams' are going over en masse, and although some of our election returns may be credited to Sam, yet I assure you that all candidates elect are the workmanship of Jonathan. Sam is dead! Plucked up by the roots! Buried in cotton!" (Kansas Herald of Freedom, August 4, 1855, p. 4-3). On February 28, 1856, Congressman Samuel Carruthers wrote: "I went twice (and but twice), into their [Know-Nothing] councils. I 'saw Sam.' It took two visits to see him all over. I made them. I saw enough and determined never to see his face again" (in H. J. Desmond's Know-Nothing Party, 1905, p. 82). In 1858 Governor Wise of Virginia wrote to a committee of the Tammany Society: "As to your other motto—'Civil and Religious Liberty'—ours was saved by the Virginia Democracy in 1855. We struck the dark lantern out of the hands of ineffable Sam, and none now are found so poor as 'hurrah!' for him" (New York Tribune, January 11, 1858, p. 2-6). In 1905 H. J. Desmond remarked: "Those inducted into the first degree do not appear to have been informed as to the name of the order. They were brought into 'the august presence of Sam.'. . . In Illinois the Know-Nothing order split into two factions, 'the Sams' insisting upon an anti-Catholic program and 'the Jonathans' proposing not to antagonize Catholics who owed no civil allegiance as distinguished from spiritual allegiance to the Pope. The Jonathans triumphed" (Know-Nothing Party, pp. 54, 103). Exactly what the Know-Nothings meant by "Sam" is not apparent from these extracts; but fortunately the question need not further detain us.
One more statement may be considered here. In 1882 A. S. Palmer remarked: "Sambo, the ordinary nickname for a negro, often mistaken as a pet name formed from Sam, Samuel, . . . is really borrowed from his Spanish appellation zambo,. . . . A connexion was sometimes imagined perhaps with Uncle Sam, a popular name for the United States" (Folk-Etymology, pp. 338, 339). It may be doubted whether any one has ever seriously advanced the notion that Sambo is formed from Sam or Samuel, or that there is a connection between Sambo and Uncle Sam. "This Negre Sambo comes to me," wrote R. Ligon in 1657, "and seeing the needle wag, desired to know the reason of its stirring" (True & Exact History of the Island of Barbados, pp. 49, 50, 54). Before 1700 we read of "Sambo negro helping caring goods" (New England Historical and Genealogical Register, XXXIV, 98). In the Boston News-Letter of October 2, 1704, an advertisement stated that "There is a Negro man taken up . . . calls himself Sambo" (p. 2-2). In 1716 "Sambo a negro servant" was married to Hagar (New England Historical and Genealogical Register, XXXVIII, 27). In the Boston Gazette of July 22, 1765, "a Negro Man named Sambo" was advertised as a runaway (p. 4-3). In the Massachusetts Spy of February 17, 1813, we read: "The moan of the poor black man interrupted the sweet song of the mocking bird. We could not distinguish all the voices that rose from the field, but the ear caught a fragment of the poor negro's song:—The lash of the driver forced a scream of anguish that moment from Sambo, and we heard no more" (p. 4-2).
[91] Watson's version of 1844 is as follows: "While on this subject, it may be as well to give a passing notice of another national name just growing into common use—we mean the term 'Uncle Sam,' which first came into use in the time of the last war with England; but the cause of its origin is still unknown to millions of our people.—The name grew out of the letters E. A.—U. S., marked upon the army provisions, barrelled up at Troy, for the contractor, Elbert Anderson, and implied the initials of his name, and U. S. for the United States. In happened that these provisions were inspected there by Samuel Wilson, usually called, among his hired men, 'Uncle Sam.' One of his workmen, on being asked the meaning of the letters, E. A.—U.S., replied, archly, it meant Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam—(Wilson). The joke went round merrily among the men, some of whom going afterwards to the frontiers, and there partaking of the very provisions they had assisted to pack and mark, still adhered to calling it Uncle Sam; and as every thing else of the army appointments bore also the letters U. S., Uncle Sam became a ready name, first for all that appertained to the United States, and, finally, for the United States itself—a cognomen which is as likely to be perpetuated, as that of John Bull for old England" (Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, II, 335).
Watson's version of 1846 differed slightly from the above: "Uncle Sam, is another national appellation applied to us, by ourselves, and which, as it is growing into popular use, and was first used at Troy, New York, it may be interesting to explain, to wit: The name grew out of the letters E. A. U. S. marked upon the army provisions, barrelled up at Troy, during the last war with England, under the contract of Elbert Anderson; and implied his name, and U. S. the United States. The inspector of those provisions, was Samuel Wilson, who was usually called by the people, Uncle Sam. It so happened that one of the workmen, being asked the meaning of the initials on the casks, &c., waggishly replied, they meant Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam—Wilson. The joke took; and afterwards, when some of the same men were on the frontiers, and saw the same kind of provisions arriving to their use, they would jocosely say, here comes Uncle Sam. From thence it came to pass, that whenever they saw the initials U. S., on any class of stores, they were equally called Uncle Sam's; and finally, it came by an easy transition, to be applied to the United States itself" (Annals and Occurrences of New York City and State, p. 243).
The bibliography of Watson's books on Philadelphia and New York requires a note. In 1830 he published, in one volume, Annals of Philadelphia, being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes & Incidents of the City and its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Founders. (Collation: Title, 1 p.; Copyright, 1 p.; Advertisement, pp. iii, iv; Preface, pp. v-vii; Contents, pp. viii-xii; Annals of Philadelphia, pp. 1-740; Appendix: containing Olden Time Researches & Reminiscences, of New York City, pp. 1-78.) In 1832 he published Historic Tales of Olden Time: concerning the Early Settlement and Advancement of New York City and State. In 1833 he published Historic Tales of Olden Time, concerning the Early Settlement and Progress of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. In 1844 he published, in two volumes, Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time; being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and its Inhabitants, and of the Earliest Settlements of the inland part of Pennsylvania, from the Days of the Founders. This work was copyrighted in 1843, though the title page bears the date 1844. In the advertisement, which is dated July, 1842, Watson says: "The reader will please observe, that this work having been closed in Manuscript, in 1842, that therefore, all reference to any given number of years back, respecting things passed or done so many 'years ago,' is to be understood as counting backward from the year 1842" (p. xi). In 1846 he published Annals and Occurrences of New York City and State, in the Olden Time. In 1857 he published, in two volumes, Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time. This edition contains some matter not in the 1844 edition. Finally, in 1877, Willis P. Hazard published, in three volumes, the Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, the first two volumes being identical with the 1857 edition of Watson's work, the third volume an addition by Hazard. The Uncle Sam story first appeared in the 1844 edition of Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania (II, 335); and in the 1846 edition of Annals and Occurrences of New York City and State, in the Olden Time (p. 243), though the two accounts, as seen above, differ somewhat.
[92] In 1876 Mr. Weise gave the following account: "Among the well known citizens of Troy in 1812, was Samuel Wilson. Being one of the first settlers, and besides having a kind and benevolent disposition, he won the esteem and affection of everybody in the village, and was more generally designated as Uncle Sam than by his proper name. It is related that on one occasion his youngest son wandered away from home and was lost. A gentleman found him crying in a strange place, and asked him whose boy he was, and received for an answer, that he was Uncle Sam's boy. By this appellation the father was readily recognized and he was returned to his parents. During the military operations along the northern border in the war of 1812, Samuel and Ebenezer Wilson were engaged in an extensive slaughtering business, employing about one hundred men, and were slaughtering weekly more than one thousand head of cattle. During this year, he and his brother received a contract from Elbert Anderson, Jr., an army contractor, to supply the troops stationed at Greenbush with beef, 'packed in full bound barrels of white oak.' Samuel Wilson was also appointed at this time Inspector of beef for the army, and was accustomed in this line of duty to mark all the barrels of meat passing his inspection with the abbreviated title U. S. of the United States. In the army at the cantonment at Greenbush, there were a number of soldiers who had enlisted in Troy, and to whom 'Uncle Sam' and his business were well known. The beef received from Troy, they always alluded to as Uncle Sam's beef, and the other soldiers without any inquiry began to recognize the letters U. S. as the initial designation of Uncle Sam. A contractor from the northern lines strengthened this impression thereafter, when, purchasing a large quantity of beef in Troy, he advertised that he had received a supply of Uncle Sam's beef of a superior quality. The name 'Uncle Sam,' a few only knowing its derivation, became in a little while the recognized familiar designation of the United States, and is now as well known to the world as is the appellation John Bull" (History of the City of Troy, p. 91).
Mr. Weise's version of 1891, differing somewhat from the above, is as follows: "Among the contractors supplying the Army of the North with provisions was Elbert Anderson, jr., who, on October 1st, advertised in the Troy and Albany newspapers for proposals for 'two thousand barrels of prime pork and three hundred barrels of prime beef,' to be delivered to him in the months of January, February, March, and April, at Waterford, Troy, Albany, and New York. Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson, who were then extensively engaged in slaughtering cattle in the village, contracted to furnish him a quantity of beef 'packed in full-bound barrels of white oak.' From time to time they delivered it at the camp at Greenbush, where the soldiers from Troy designated it as 'Uncle Sam's,' implying that it was furnished by Samuel Wilson, whom they and other people of the village were accustomed to call 'Uncle Sam.' The other recruits, thinking that the term was applied to the letters U. S., stamped upon the barrels by the government inspector of beef, began using the appellation 'Uncle Sam' figuratively for the United States, in the same way that the name 'John Bull' is used to designate the English nation" (Troy's One Hundred Years, p. 76).
Mr. Weise also gave the story in his City of Troy and its Vicinity (1886), p. 321.
[93] These of course need not be specified. In the Boston Daily Advertiser of April 12, 1902, was printed an article headed "Origin of the Term Uncle Sam. A Story that is Vouched for by Rev. G. F. Merriam—The Original 'Uncle Sam' House." It is in part as follows: "Sterling, Apr. 11.—Rev. G. F. Merriam of Mt. Kisco, N. Y., who is in Sterling as a guest of his son and daughter, told a story of the origin of the term 'Uncle Sam,' as applied to the United States. He said a farm in Mason, N. H., belonging to the estate of Mrs. Persis Wilson, who died recently, and which estate he was engaged in settling, was the birthplace and boyhood home of Uncle Samuel Wilson, who was the original 'Uncle Sam.' The story, vouched for by Rev. Mr. Merriam, . . . is this:—Samuel Wilson was one of a family of 12 children, . . . and he and his younger brother, Edward, located when they were young men, in Albany, N. Y., and at the time of the war of 1812, became extensive contractors for government supplies. They were at this time well known in the vicinity of Albany as 'Uncle Sam' and 'Uncle Ned.' The packages of supplies when sent away to United States government supply depots, were marked 'U.S.,' and people sometimes questioned what those magic letters stood for. They were told that as the packages came from Uncle Sam Wilson, they of course meant 'Uncle Sam,' and from this little thing the name spread, until the government itself was referred to as Uncle Sam. The farm where these men lived as boys, fell into the hands of another brother, Capt. Thomas Wilson, and then to his son, Deacon J. B. Wilson, who died several years since, and his widow, Mrs. Persis Wilson, lived there until her death last winter. Rev. Mr. Merriam was a particular friend of the family, and as executor is attending to the sale of the property. The house contains many relics . . . and many historic articles, the sale of which, Apr. 30, will doubtless attract many of the curiosity hunters. The original 'Uncle Sam' house is standing, although a new house has been erected near by, and everything is to be sold" (p. 4-6). Edward Wilson was older than either Ebenezer or Samuel. A letter addressed in 1902 to the Rev. Mr. Merriam brought no reply.
[94] See p. 32, note 47, above.
[95] Albany Gazette, October 5, 1812, p. 3-5. The same advertisement appeared in the Troy Post, of October 6, p. 3-4, of October 13, p. 3-4, and of October 20, pp. 3-4; and in the New York Herald of January 23, 1813, p. 4-4, though in the last the advertisement was dated October 17.
I have noted several other references to Anderson. In the New York Evening Post of October 10, 1812, appeared the following: "
Col. Mapes and the officers under his command, in behalf of their men, return thanks to Elbert Anderson, Junr. Esq. for his liberal present of 100 bushels of Potatoes, 2 boxes of Chocolate, and 1 box of Tea—also, a waggon load of Potatoes from Saml. Hobart and Stephen Striker, on behalf of the inhabitants of Gravesend; . . ." (p. 2-5). In the Albany Gazette of December 24, 1812, was printed a letter from Anderson himself (p. 3-4):
"Messrs. Websters and Skinners,
"A statement having appeared in your paper, purporting to be the substance of a declaration made by Col Thorn, that 'two or three thousand barrels of provisions have been deposited within a mile and a half of the Canada line.' As that statement may mislead the public and invite the enemy to encroachments, I beg leave to state thro your paper, that there is not more provisions deposited or left near the line than is sufficient for the subsistence of the men there stationed for the winter: the surplus being removed, to my certain knowledge, to Burlington, and other places of presumed safety, and I believe the same care and prudent precaution has been taken as respects the munitions of war that were at Champlain.
"ELBERT ANDERSON, Jun.
Army Contractor."
"Albany, Dec. 19, 1812.
[96] This statement is made in J. B. Hill's History of Mason (1858), p. 209; but there is no record of his birth in the Vital Records of Arlington (1904).
[97] Lucy Francis was born March 12, 1738-39 (Vital Records of Medford, 1907, p. 60), and died at Mason, December 8, 1835.
[98] For the Wilsons, see, besides the books by Mr. Weise cited above, Hill's History of Mason, p. 209; Cutter's History of Arlington (1880), p. 323; Vital Records of Arlington, pp. 47, 157. Edward and Lucy Wilson had thirteen children.
[99] Northern Budget, September 17, 1805, p. 3-4; September 24, p. 4-1; October 1, p. 4-2. The same advertisement, except that the date was changed to September 24, appeared in the Troy Gazette of September 24, 1805, p. 3-4.
[100] The notice was repeated in the Troy Post of October 12, 19, and 26. The business of the firm was dry goods and groceries. In spite of the dissolution of partnership, the advertisement of Wilson, Mann & Co., dated May 7, 1813, appeared in the Troy Post of October 12, 1813.
James Mann, who continued the business, was a son of Benjamin Mann of Keene, New Hampshire. Several years ago I had a correspondence with Mrs. Louise Benson, a descendant of Benjamin Mann. Mrs. Benson merely spoke of the existence in her family of the tradition about the Wilson story, but was unable to give me any new facts.
[101] The Troy Post of June 17, 1817, (p. 3-3), contained a notice of the marriage on June 9 of Elizabeth Wilson, a daughter of Ebenezer Wilson, and the Rev. James Ogilvie of New York.
[102] Quoted in the Troy Sentinel, July 26, 1825, p. 3-4. Mr. Barton kindly sent me the same notice copied from the Albany Argus of July 29, 1825. In his Collections on the History of Albany, published in 1867, Joel Munsell quoted (II, 479), under the head of "Beef Packing in Albany," an article taken from Knickerbocker containing this passage: "In 1830 Albany was not only a great cattle packing centre, but the same was true of Troy, Waterford, Lansingburgh and Catskill. Uncle Eb. Wilson was at Catskill; Perry and Judson at Albany: C. P. Ives, Lansingburgh; and Capt. Turner at Batestown, near Troy." When this passage was written it is impossible to say, as Munsell does not specify the volume or date of Knickerbocker, a magazine which began publication in 1833. As, however, the writer specifies the year 1830, it is certain that his "Uncle Eb. Wilson" was not identical with our Ebenezer Wilson; but the coincidence in name is worth recording.
[103] In the library of our Society and in that of the New York Historical Society I have found various Troy and Albany newspapers, but those files were very incomplete. At my request, Miss Wheeler of the Troy Public Library searched for me the files owned by that library: and I am indebted to her for several valuable and interesting extracts.
[104] Troy Daily Budget, August 2, 1854, p. 2-3. Other notices of Samuel Wilson appeared in the Troy papers.
"
Died—SAMUEL WILSON, aged eighty eight years, died this morning at his residence 76 Ferry street. The deceased was one of the oldest inhabitants of this city. He came to Troy about the year 1793, and consequently had resided here 61 years. He was about the last of those termed 'first settlers.' Mr. W. purchased the lands east of the city, now owned by Messers. VAIL and WARREN, and occupied by them for farming purposes till about 1820. He then sold them all, except about four acres, upon which his present residence stands. He has been one of the most active business men of the community, and we can truly say that he was an honest and upright man" (Troy Daily Times, July 1, p. 2-3).
"
Samuel B. Wilson, another of our oldest citizens, died at his residence on Ferry st. hill this morning. He was about 80 or 90 years of age" (Troy Daily Budget, July 1, p. 2-4). "B." is evidently a printer's error.
"
Samuel Wilson, aged 88, died yesterday morning at his residence 76 Ferry street. Mr. Wilson was one of the oldest inhabitants of the city" (Troy Daily Traveller, August 1, p. 2-2).
"Died. On Monday Morning, Samuel Wilson, in the 88th year of his age. His relatives and friends are respectfully invited to attend his funeral this (Tuesday) afternoon at 3 o'clock, at his late residence, No. 76 Ferry-st." (Troy Daily Traveller, August, 1, p. 2-4).
"Died. In this city, July 31, Mr. Samuel Wilson, aged 88 years. Funeral services will be held this (Tuesday) afternoon at 3 o'clock, at his late residence, 76 Ferry st." (Troy Daily Whig, August 1, p. 2-6). The hasty burial may have been due to the fact that cholera was then raging in Troy. See Troy Daily Traveller, August 2 and 4.
It will be observed that in the above notices, written for the Troy papers, there is no allusion to the Uncle Sam story. In the Albany Evening Journal of August 1, 1854, appeared the following, which I copy from the New York Tribune of August 4: "'Uncle Sam.'—The death of Samuel Wilson, an aged, worthy and formerly enterprising citizen of Troy, will remind those who were familiar with incidents of the War of 1812, of the origin of the popular subriequet [sic] for the 'United States.' Mr. Wilson, who was an extensive packer, had the contract for supplying the northern army with beef and pork. He was everywhere known and spoken of as 'Uncle Sam,' and the 'U.S.' branded on the heads of barrels for the army were at first taken to be the initials for 'Uncle Sam' Wilson, but finally lost their local significance and became, throughout the army, the familiar term for 'United States.' The Wilsons were among the earliest and most active citizens of Troy. 'Uncle Sam,' who died yesterday, was 84 years old" (p. 3-6).
The same notice was printed in the Troy Daily Budget of August 2, p. 3-3; and in the Troy Daily Whig of August 3, p. 3-2. In the New England Historical and Genealogical Register for October, 1854, was printed the following: "Wilson, Mr. Samuel, Troy, N. Y. 31 July, �. 88. It was from this gentleman that the United States received the name of Uncle Sam. It came in this way,—Mr. Wilson had extensive contracts for supplying the army with pork and beef, in the war of 1812. He was then familiarly known as Uncle Sam Wilson. His brand upon his barrels was of course U. S. The transition from United States to Uncle Sam was so easy, that it was at once made, and the name of the packer of the U. S. provisions was immediately transferred to the government, and became familiar, not only throughout the army, but the whole country" (VIII, 377).
[105] Albany Gazette, September 24, 1812, p. 1-1; October 12, p. 1-1. The Troy papers of September and October, 1812, have been searched in vain for this advertisement. It is of course possible that the Wilson of the firm of Wilson and Kinnicut of Albany was Samuel Wilson of Troy, but it would be rash to assert their identity.
The name Kinnicut does not appear in the Albany Directory for 1813, the first published. An advertisement dated July 9, 1805, in regard to "Fresh goods just received by Pierce & Kinnicut," was printed in the Troy Northern Budget of September 3, 1805 (p. 1-3); and in a previous issue of the same paper occurred the name of Robert S. Kinnicut. A notice, dated December 14, 1815, of the dissolution by mutual consent of partnership of the firm of R. S. Kinnicut and Zebina Sturtevant was printed in the Albany Register of June 7, 1816, (p. 1-3). In the Albany Directory for 1813 appeared the name of "Sturdivant, Zebina, grocer" (Munsell's Annals of Albany, 1854, V. 89).
[106] The Albany Directory for 1813 contained the names of Ishmael Wilson, laborer; Newman Wilson, teamster; Samuel Wilson, potter; and widow Martha Wilson, teacher. Samuel Wilson was a constable in the Second Ward. (Munsell's Annals of Albany, V. 47, 97.). Mrs. Jane Wilson, wife of Samuel Wilson, globe manufacturer, died May 8, 1827. (Munsell's Annals of Albany, 1856, VII, 124.) Samuel Wilson, of the firm of James Wilson & Son, died at Schodack on August 29, 1830. (Munsell's Annals of Albany, 1858, IX, 215).
[107] See the obituary notice of Ebenezer Wilson, p. 55, above.
[108] I am indebted to Mr. Weise for courteous replies to several queries. He writes me: "The fact that the Wilsons received contracts for the supply of beef to the troops encamped at the cantonment at Greenbush, and that Samuel Wilson was an inspector, together with the information respecting the sites of the Wilson slaughtering houses in Troy, I obtained from old inhabitants of Troy intimately acquainted with the two brothers." Mr. Weise adds that the notes taken by him when preparing his various books on Troy are stored and so are inaccessible at present.
[109] See p. 57, note 104, above.
[110] See The Trojan Sketch Book, edited by Miss Abba A. Goddard (1846); Hunt's Merchants Magazine for June, 1846, XIV, 515-523; D. O. Kellogg's City of Troy (1847); Hunt's Merchants Magazine for September, 1849, XXI, 298-305; John Woodworth's Reminiscences of Troy (1853, second edition in 1860). Mr. Weise's History of the City of Troy was published in 1876.
[111] "The army of the U.S." (Salem Gazette, January 21, 1812, p. 3-2). "An ambitious president . . . might march the militia . . . out of the U. S. and keep the whole of the regular force within" (Connecticut Courant, January 22, 1812, p. 3-4). "The Gull Traps which are now set through the U. States" (Columbian Centinel, February 19, 1812, p. 2-2). "Equipped at the expense of the U.S." (Salem Gazette, July 31, 1812, p. 3-2). "The army of the U.S." (Yankee, August 21, 1812, p. 3-2). "Which cost the U.S. five dollars to transport to Greenbush" (Columbian Centinel, September 26, 1812, p. 2-2). "War . . . between the U.S. and G.B." (Columbian Centinel, December 19, 1812, p. 2-3). "Four regiments of U.S. troops" (Columbian Centinel, December 26, 1812, p. 2-3). "The enemies of the U. States" (New York Spectator, January 9, 1813, p. 2-5). "The President of the U. States" (National Intelligencer, January 12, 1813, p. 3-1). "The U. S. Senate" (New York Spectator, February 11, 1813, p. 1-1). "What shall we say of her conduct during the present war with the U.S.?" (National Intelligencer, April 3, 1813, p. 3-4). "A regiment of U. S. troops" (Columbian Centinel, June 16, 1813, p. 2-4). "The Navy of the U.S." (Yankee, July 23, 1813, p. 3-1). "U.S. Law" (New England Palladium, August 31, 1813, p. 1-1). "Gen. Varnum, . . . (whose recent votes in the U. States' Senate shew, that he is beginning to reflect)" (New England Palladium, September 3, 1813). All these citations, which could be multiplied indefinitely, are of an earlier date than the first appearance of Uncle Sam. A few instances previous to 1812 may be given. "Major Rice of Hingham, we are informed, is appointed a Colonel in the U.S. army" (Columbian Centinel, October 27, 1798, p. 2-4). "The President of the U. States" (Columbian Centinel, March 20, 1799, p. 2-2). "Christopher Gore, Esq. Commissioner of the U. S. at the Court of London" (Columbian Centinel, March 20, 1799, p. 2-4). "The President of the U.S." (Columbian Centinel, March 14, 1807, p. 2-3). But while, as thus seen, the initials U. S. were perfectly familiar to Americans in 1812 and 1813, yet no doubt the war with England made them still more common. Attention may also be called to the example of "U.Sam" quoted on p. 37, above.
[112] Page 22. A copy of the opera in the Ridgway branch of the Library Company of Philadelphia has written in ink on the title page, "by Col. Thomas Forrest of Germantown. S." Who "S." was, I do not know. John F. Watson also stated that "Mr. Forrest wrote a very humorous play, (which I have seen printed)" (Annals of Philadelphia, 1830, p. 232).
[113] New York Journal, October 13, 1768, p. 2-2.
[114] Collections, Historical and Miscellaneous; and Monthly Literary Journal, III, 158, 159.
[115] It is in a collection of Songs, Ballads, etc., in three volumes, presented to the Society by Isaiah Thomas in August, 1814, and stated by him to have been "Purchased from a Ballad Printer and Seller, in Boston, 1813. Bound up for Preservation—to shew what the articles of this kind are in vogue with the Vulgar at this time, 1814." In 1903 the Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale printed this version in his New England History in Ballads, pp. 116-120.
[116] My attention was called to this in 1901 by Mr. Worthington C. Ford, who kindly sent me a blue print of it. As the library officials have for years been unable to find the volume containing the original, my blue print is valuable. The title, and the fact that at the top of the broadside is a cut of a drummer and three soldiers, make me think that this version is older than the other.
[117] By earlier, I merely mean that it was printed earlier. The words of the two versions are practically identical.
[118] Historical Magazine, I, 92.
[119] The Contrast, Act III, Scene i, p. 45. For purposes of comparison, I give the first stanza. Tyler has it:
"Father and I went up to camp,
Along with Captain Goodwin;
And there we saw the men and boys,
As thick as hasty-pudding."
The version owned by this Society reads:
"Father and I went down to camp,
Along with Captain Gooding,
And there we see the men and boys,
As thick as hastypudding."
The Farmer and Moore version is as follows:
"Father and I went down to camp,
Along with Captain Goodwin,
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Who is credited with the authorship of the book known as the Acts of the Apostles in the Bible ? | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Acts of the Apostles
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Acts of the Apostles
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In the accepted order of the books of the New Testament the fifth book is called The Acts of the Apostles (praxeis Apostolon). Some have thought that the title of the book was affixed by the author himself. This is the opinion of Cornely in his "Introduction to the Books of the New Testament" (second edition, page 315). It seems far more probable, however, that the name was subsequently attached to the book just as the headings of the several Gospels were affixed to them. In fact, the name, Acts of the Apostles, does not precisely convey the idea of the contents of the book; and such a title would scarcely be given to the work by the author himself.
Content
The book does not contain the Acts of all the Apostles, neither does it contain all the acts of any Apostle. It opens with a brief notice of the forty days succeeding the Resurrection of Christ during which He appeared to the Apostles, "speaking the things concerning the Kingdom of God ". The promise of the Holy Ghost and the Ascension of Christ are then briefly recorded. St. Peter advises that a successor be chosen in the place of Judas Iscariot , and Matthias is chosen by lot. On Pentecost the Holy Ghost descends on the Apostles, and confers on them the gift of tongues. To the wondering witnesses St. Peter explains the great miracle , proving that it is the power of Jesus Christ that is operating. By that great discourse many were converted to the religion of Christ and were baptized , "and there were added unto them in that day about three thousand souls ". This was the beginning of the Judeo-Christian Church . "And the Lord added to them day by day those that were being saved." Peter and John heal a man, lame from his mother's womb, at the door of the Temple which is called Beautiful. The people are filled with wonder and amazement at the miracle and run together unto Peter and John in the portico that was called Solomon's. Peter again preaches Jesus Christ , asserting that by faith in the name of Jesus the lame man had been made strong. "And many of them that heard the word believed ", and the number of the men came to be about five thousand. But now "the priests , and the prefect of the Temple and the Sadducees came upon them, being sorely troubled because they taught the people, and proclaimed in Jesus the resurrection from the dead . And they laid hands on them, and put them in prison unto the morrow." On the morrow Peter and John are summoned before rulers, elders, and scribes, among whom were present Annas , the High-Priest , Caiphas , and as many as were of the kindred of the High-Priest . And when they had set Peter and John in the midst they inquired: "By what power, or in want name have ye done this?" Then Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost, answering gave utterance to one of the most sublime professions of the Christian faith ever made by man: "Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel , that in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth , whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead , in this name doth this man stand here before you whole. He [ Jesus ] is the stone which was set at naught by you the builders, which was made the head of the corner [ Isaiah 28:16 ; Matthew 21:42 ]. And in no other is there salvation : For neither is there any other name under Heaven , that is given among men, wherein we must be saved." The members of the council were brought face to face with the most positive evidence of the truth of the Christian religion . They command the two Apostles to go aside out of the council, and then they confer among themselves, saying "What shall we do with these men? For that indeed a notable miracle hath been wrought through them, is manifest to all that dwell in Jerusalem ; and we cannot deny it". Here is one of the splendid instances of that great cumulus of evidence upon which the certitude of the Christian Faith rests. A bitterly hostile council of the chief Jews of Jerusalem is obliged to declare that a notable miracle had been wrought, which it cannot deny, and which is manifest to all that dwell in Jerusalem .
With dreadful malice the council attempts to restrain the great movement of Christianity . They threaten the Apostles, and charge them not to speak at all or teach in the name of Jesus ; Peter and John contemn the threat, calling upon the council to judge whether it be right to hearken unto the council rather than unto God . The members of the council could not inflict punishment upon the two Apostles, on account of the people, who glorified God on account of the great miracle . Peter and John, being freed from custody, return to the other Apostles. They all give glory to God and pray for boldness to speak the word of God . After the prayer the place shakes, and they are filled with the Holy Ghost.
The fervour of the Christians at that epoch was very great. They were of one heart and soul ; they had all things in common. As many as were possessors of lands or houses sold them and delivered the price to the Apostles, and this money was distributed as anyone had need. But a certain Ananias, with Saphira his wife, sold a possession and kept back part of the price, the wife being accessory to the deed. St. Peter is inspired by the Holy Ghost to know the deception, and rebukes Ananias for the lie to the Holy Ghost. At the rebuke the man falls dead. Saphira, coming up afterwards, and knowing nothing of the death of her husband, is interrogated by St. Peter regarding the transaction. She also keeps back a part of the price, and lyingly asserts that the full price has been brought to the Apostles . St. Peter rebukes her, and she also falls dead at his words. The multitude saw in the death of Ananias and Saphira God's punishment, and great fear came upon all. This miracle of God's punishment of sin also confirmed the faith of those that believed and drew disciples to them. At this stage of the life of the Church miracles were necessary to attest the truth of her teaching, and the power of miracles was abundantly bestowed upon the Apostles . These miracles are not reviewed in detail in Acts, but it is stated: "And by the hands of the apostles were many signs and wonders wrought among the people" ( Acts 5:12 ). Multitudes both of men and women were added to the Christian community. The people of Jerusalem carried out the sick and laid them on beds and couches in the streets that the shadow of St. Peter might fall on them. They brought the sick from the cities round about Jerusalem , and every one was healed.
The most powerful sect among the Jews at this epoch were the Sadducees . They were especially opposed to the Christian religion on account of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead . The cardinal truth of the Apostles' teaching was: Life Everlasting through Jesus , Who was crucified for our sins , and Who is risen from the dead. The High-Priest Annas favored the Sadducees , and his son Ananus. who afterwards became High-Priest , was a Sadducee (Josephus, Antiq., XX, viii). These fierce sectaries made with Annas and Caiphas common cause against the Apostles of Christ , and cast them again into prison . The Acts leaves us in no doubt as to the motive that inspired the High-Priest and the sectaries: "They were filled with jealousy". The religious leaders of the Old Law saw their influence with the people waning before the power which worked in the Apostles of Christ . An angel of the Lord by night opened the prison doors, and brought the Apostles out, and bade them go and preach in the Temple. The council of the Jews , not finding Peter and John in the prison , and learning of their miraculous deliverance, are much perplexed. On information that they are teaching in the Temple, they send and take them, but without violence , fearing the people. It is evident throughout that the common people are disposed to follow the Apostles; the opposition comes from the priests and the classes, most of the latter being Sadducees . The council accuses the Apostles that, contrary to its former injunction not to teach in Christ's name, they had filled Jerusalem with Christ's teaching. Peter's defence is that they must obey God rather than men. He then boldly reiterates the doctrine of the Redemption and of the Resurrection . The council is minded to kill the Apostles . At this point Gamaliel , a Pharisee , a doctor of the Jewish law, held in honour of all the people, arises in the council in defence of the Apostles . He cites precedents to prove that, if the New Teaching be of men, it will be overthrown; and if it be of God , it will be impossible to overthrow it. Gamaliel's counsel prevails, and the council calls the Apostles, beats them, and lets them go, charging them not to speak in the name of Jesus . But the Apostles departed, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer dishonour for the Name. And every day, in the Temple and privately they ceased not to teach and to preach Jesus the Christ .
A murmuring having arisen of the Grecian Jews , that their widows were neglected in the daily ministration, the Apostles, deeming it unworthy that they should forsake the word of God and serve tables, appoint seven deacons to minister. Chief among the deacons was Stephen, a man full of the Holy Spirit. He wrought great signs and wonders among the people. The anti-Christian Jews endeavour to resist him, but are not able to withstand the wisdom and the spirit by which he speaks. They suborn witnesses to testify that he has spoken against Moses and the Temple. Stephen is seized and brought into the council. False witnesses testify that they have heard Stephen say that "this Jesus of Nazareth shall destroy this place, and shall change the customs which Moses delivered to us". All who sat in the council saw Stephen's face, as it had been the face of an angel . He makes a defence, in which he reviews the chief events in the first covenant, and its relation to the New Law. They rush upon Stephen, drag him out of the city, and stone him to death. And he kneels down and prays : "Lord, lay not this sin to their charge", and dies. Beginning with the martyrdom of Stephen, a great persecution arose against the Church at Jerusalem ; all were scattered abroad throughout Judea and Samaria, except the Apostles . The leader of the persecution was Saul, afterwards to become the great St. Paul , the Apostle of the Gentiles . The deacon Philip first preaches in Samaria with great fruit. Like all the preachers of the first days of the Church , Philip confirms his preaching by great miracles . Peter and John go up to Samaria and confirm the converts whom Philip had made. Philip, commanded by an angel , goes down the road from Jerusalem to Gaza , and on the way converts and baptizes the eunuch of Candace Queen of Ethiopia . Philip is thence transported by Divine power to Azotus and preaches to all the coast cities until be comes to Cæsarea.
Saul, breathing threatening and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, sets out for Damascus to apprehend any Christians whom he may find there. As he draws near to Damascus , the Lord Jesus speaks to him out of the heavens and converts him. St. Paul is baptized by Ananias at Damascus , and straightway for some days abides there, preaching in the synagogues that Jesus Christ is the Son of God . He withdraws into Arabia; again returns to Damascus; and after three years be goes up to Jerusalem. At Jerusalem Paul is at first distrusted by the disciples of Jesus ; but after Barnabas narrates to them Paul's marvellous conversion , they receive Paul , and he preaches boldly in the name of Jesus , disputing especially against the Grecian Jews . They plot to kill him; but the Christians bring Paul down to Cæsarea, and send him forth to Tarsus , his native city.
At this epoch Acts describes the Church in Judea , Samaria , and Galilee as "at peace, being builded up, and walking in the fear of the Lord, and by the strength of the Holy Ghost it was multiplied". Peter now goes throughout all parts comforting the faithful . At Lydda he heals the palsied Æneas; and at Joppa he raises the pious widow Tabitha (Greek, Dorcas) from the dead. These miracles still more confirm the faith in Jesus Christ . At Joppa Peter has the great vision of the sheet let down from Heaven containing all manner of animals, of which he, being in a trance, is commanded to kill and eat. Peter refuses, on the ground that he cannot eat that which is common and unclean. Whereupon it is made known to him from God , that God has cleansed what was before to the Jew unclean. This great vision, revealed three times, was the manifestation of the will of Heaven that the ritual law of the Jews should cease; and that henceforth salvation should be offered without distinction to Jew and Gentile . The meaning of the vision is unfolded to Peter, when he is commanded by an angel to go to Cæsarea, to the Gentile centurion Cornelius , whose messengers were even then come to fetch him. He goes, and hears from Cornelius also the centurion's own vision. He preaches to him and to all assembled; the Holy Ghost descends upon them, and Peter commands that they be baptized . Returning to Jerusalem, the Jews contend with Peter that he has gone in to men uncircumcised, and eaten with them. He expounds to them his vision at Joppa, and also the vision of Cornelius , wherein the latter was commanded by an angel to send and fetch Peter from Joppa, that he might receive from Peter the Gospel. The Jews acquiesce, glorifying God , and declaring that "unto the Gentiles also hath God granted repentance unto life". Those who had been scattered abroad from Jerusalem at the time of Stephen's martyrdom had travailed as far as Phoenicia , Cyprus , and Antioch preaching Christ ; but they preached to none save the Jews . The calling of the Gentiles was not yet understood by them. But now some converts from Cyprus and Cyrene come up to Antioch , and preach the Gospel to the Gentiles . A great number believe, and turn to the Lord. The report of the work at Antioch comes to the ears of the Church in Jerusalem ; and they send Barnabas, "a good man full of the Holy Ghost and of faith ", to them. He takes Paul from Tarsus , and they both dwell at Antioch a whole year, and teach many people. The disciples of Christ are called Christians first at Antioch.
The rest of Acts narrates the persecution of the Christians by Herod Agrippa ; the mission of Paul and Barnabas from Antioch by the Holy Ghost , to preach to the Gentile nations; the labours of Paul and Barnabas in Cyprus and in Asia Minor , their return to Antioch; the dissension at Antioch concerning circumcision ; the journey of Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem, the decision of the Apostolic Council of Jerusalem , the separation of Paul from Barnabas, in whose stead he takes Silas, or Silvanus; Paul's visit to his Asiatic Churches, his foundation of the Church at Philippi ; Paul's sufferings for Jesus Christ ; Paul's visit to Athens, his foundation of the churches of Corinth and of Ephesus; Paul's return to Jerusalem, his persecution by the Jews ; Paul's imprisonment at Cæsarea; Paul's appeal to Cæsar, his voyage to Rome ; the shipwreck; Paul's arrival at Rome , and the manner of his life there. We see therefore that a more proper title of this book would be "The Beginnings of the Christian Religion". It is an artistic whole, the fullest history which we possess of the manner in which the Church developed.
The origin of the Church
In Acts we see the fulfilment of Christ's promises. In Acts 1:8 , Jesus had declared that the Apostles should receive power when the Holy Ghost should come upon them, and should be His witnesses both in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth. In John 14:12 , Jesus had declared: "He that believeth in me, the works that I do, he also shall do, and greater works than these shall he do. Because I go to the Father". In these passages is found the key-note of the origin of the Church . The Church developed according to the plan conceived by Christ . There is, assuredly, in the narration evidence of the working out of a great plan; for the reason that the writer records the working out of the great design of Christ , conceived in infinite wisdom, and executed by omnipotent power. There is throughout a well-defined, systematic order of narration, an exactness and fullness of detail. After the calling of the first twelve Apostles, there is no event in the history of the Church so important as Paul's conversion and commission to teach in Christ's name. Up to Paul's conversion , the inspired historian of the Acts has given us a condensed statement of the growth of the Church among the Jews . Peter and John are prominent in the work. But the great message is now to issue forth from the confines of Judaism ; all flesh is to see the salvation of God ; and St. Paul is to be the great instrument in preaching Christ to the Gentiles . In the development of the Christian Church Paul wrought more than all the other Apostles; and therefore in Acts St. Paul stands forth, the prominent agent of God in the conversion of the world. His appointment as the Apostle of the Gentiles does not prevent him from preaching to the Jews , but his richest fruits are gathered from the Gentiles . He fills proconsular Asia , Macedonia , Greece , and Rome with the Gospel of Christ ; and the greater part of Acts is devoted exclusively to recording his work.
Division of book
In the Acts there are no divisions of the narration contemplated by the author. It is open to us to divide the work as we deem fit. The nature of the history therein recorded easily suggests a greater division of Acts into two parts:
The beginning and propagation of the Christian religion among the Jews (1-9);
The beginning and propagation of the Christian religion among the Gentiles (10-28). St. Peter plays the chief role in the first part; St. Paul , in the second part.
Object
The Acts of the Apostles must not be believed to be an isolated writing, but rather an integral part in a well-ordered series. Acts presupposes its readers to know the Gospels; it continues the Gospel narrative. The Four Evangelists close with the account of the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ . St. Mark is the only one who essays to give any of the subsequent history, and he condenses his account into one brief sentence: "And they went forth and preached everywhere: the Lord working with them, and confirming the word by the signs that followed" ( Mark 16:20 ). Now the Acts of the Apostles takes up the narrative here and records succinctly the mighty events which were wrought by the Holy Ghost through chosen human agents. It is a condensed record of the fulfilment of the promises of Jesus Christ . The Evangelists record Christ's promises which He made to the disciples , regarding the establishment of the Church and its mission ( Matthew 16:15-20 ); the gift of the Holy Ghost ( Luke 24:49 ; John 14:16, 17 ); the calling of the gentiles ( Matthew 28:18-20 ; Luke 24:46, 47 ). Acts records the fulfilment. The history begins at Jerusalem and ends at Rome . With divine simplicity Acts shows us the growth of the religion of Christ among the nations. The distinction between Jew and Gentile is abolished by the revelation to St. Peter ; Paul is called to devote himself specially to the Gentile ministry, the Holy Ghost works signs in confirmation of the doctrines of Christ ; men suffer and die, but the Church grows; and thus the whole world sees the Salvation of God . Nowhere in Holy Writ is the action of the Holy Ghost in the Church so forcibly set forth as in the Acts. He fills the Apostles with knowledge and power on Pentecost; they speak as the Holy Ghost gave them to speak; the Holy Ghost bids Philip the deacon go to the eunuch of Candace; the same Spirit catches up Philip, after the baptism of the eunuch, and brings him to Azotus; the Holy Ghost tells Peter to go to Cornelius ; when Peter preaches to Cornelius and his family the Holy Ghost falls on them all; the Holy Ghost directly commands that Paul and Barnabas be set apart for the Gentile ministry; the Holy Ghost forbids Paul and Silas to preach in Asia ; constantly, by the laying on of the Apostles' hands, the Holy Ghost comes upon the faithful; Paul is directed by the Holy Ghost in everything; the Holy Ghost foretells to him that bonds and afflictions await him in every city; when Agabus prophesies Paul's martyrdom , he says: "Thus saith the Holy Ghost: 'So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man that owneth this girdle, and shall deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles' ". Acts declares that on the Gentiles the grace of the Holy Ghost is poured out; in the splendid description of St. Stephen's martyrdom he is declared full of the Holy Ghost; when Peter makes his defense before rulers, elders, and scribes, he is filled with the Holy Ghost; often it is declared that the Apostles are filled with the Holy Ghost; Philip is chosen as a deacon because be is full of faith and the Holy Ghost; when Ananias is sent to Paul at Damascus he declares that he is sent that Paul may receive his sight and be filled with the Holy Ghost; Jesus Christ is declared to be anointed with the Holy Ghost; Barnabas is declared to be full of the Holy Ghost; the men of Samaria receive the Holy Ghost by the laying on of the hands of Peter and John. This history shows the real nature of the Christian religion ; its members are baptized in the Holy Ghost, and are upheld by His power. The source in the Church of infallible truth in teaching , of grace, and of the power that resists the gates of Hell is the Holy Ghost. By the power of the Spirit the Apostles established the Church in the great centres of the world: Jerusalem , Antioch Cyprus , Antioch of Pisidia , Iconium , Lystra , Derbe , Philippi , Thessalonica , Beræa, Athens , Corinth , Ephesus, and Rome . From these centres the message went to the surrounding lands. We see in the Acts the realization of Christ's promises just before his Ascension : "But ye shall receive power when the Holy Ghost is come upon you; and ye shall be my witnesses both in Jerusalem and in all Judea , and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth". In the New Testament Acts forms a necessary connecting-link between the Gospels and the Epistles of St. Paul . It gives the necessary information concerning the conversion of St. Paul and his apostolate, and also concerning the formation of the great Churches to which St. Paul wrote his Epistles.
Authenticity
The authenticity of the Acts of the Apostles is proved by intrinsic evidence; it is attested by the concordant voice of tradition. The unity of style of Acts and its artistic completeness compel us to receive the book as the work of one author. Such an effect could never arise from the piecing together bits of writings of different authors. The writer writes as an eyewitness and compaction of Paul . The passages Acts 16:10-17 ; 20:5-15 ; 21:1-18 ; 27:1 ; 28:16 are called the We passages. In these the writer uniformly employs the first person plural, closely identifying himself with St. Paul . This excludes the theory that Acts is the work of a redactor. As Renan has well said, such use of the pronoun is incompatible with any theory of redaction. We know from many proofs that Luke was the companion and fellow-labourer of Paul . Writing to the Colossians, in his salutation Paul associates with himself, "Luke, the beloved physician" ( 4:14 ). In 2 Timothy 4:11 Paul declares: "Only Luke is with me". To Philemon ( 24 ) Paul calls Luke his fellow-worker. Now in this article, we may suppose the Lucan authorship of the third Gospel as proved . The writer of Acts in his opening sentence implicitly declares himself to be the author of the third Gospel. He addresses his work to Theophilus, the addressee of the third Gospel; he mentions his former work and in substance makes known his intention of continuing the history which, in his former treatise, he had brought up to the day when the Lord Jesus was received up. There is an identity of style between Acts and the third Gospel. An examination of the original Greek texts of the third Gospel and of the Acts reveals that there is in them a remarkable identity of manner of thinking and of writing. There is in both the same tender regard for the Gentiles , the same respect for the Roman Empire, the same treatment of the Jewish rites, the same broad conception that the Gospel is for all men. In forms of expression the third Gospel and the Acts reveal an identity of authorship. Many of the expressions usual in both works occur but rarely in the rest of the New Testament ; other expressions are found nowhere else save in the third Gospel and in the Acts. If one will compare the following expressions in the Greek, he will be persuaded that both works are of the same author:
Luke 12:56 , 21:35 - Acts 17:26 .
The last-cited parallel expression, to prosopon tes ges, is employed only in the third Gospel and in Acts. The evidence of the Lucan authorship of Acts is cumulative. The intrinsic evidence is corroborated by the testimonies of many witnesses. It must be granted that in the Apostolic Fathers we find but faint allusions to the Acts of the Apostles . The Fathers of that age wrote but little; and the injury of time has robbed us of much of what was written. The Gospels were more prominent in the teachings of that day and they consequently have a more abundant witness. The canon of Muratori contains the canon of Scriptures of the Church of Rome in the second century. Of Acts it declares: "But the Acts of all the Apostles are written in one book, which for the excellent Theophilus Luke wrote, because he was an eyewitness of all". In "The Doctrine of Addai" , which contains the ancient tradition of the Church of Edessa , the Acts of the Apostles are declared to be a part of the Holy Scripture (Doctrine of Addai, ed. Phillips, 1876, 46). The twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth chapters of St. Irenæus's third book "Against Heresies" are based upon the Acts of the Apostles . Irenæus convincingly defends the Lucan authorship of the third Gospel and Acts, declaring: "But that this Luke was inseparable from Paul , and was his fellow-labourer in the Gospel, he himself clearly evinces, not as a matter of boasting, but as bound to do so, by the truth itself. . . And all the remaining facts of his courses with Paul , he recounts. . . As Luke was present at all these occurrences, he carefully noted them down in writing, so that he cannot be convicted of falsehood or boastfulness, etc." Irenæus unites in himself the witness of the Christian Church of the East and the West of the second century. He continues unchanged the teaching of the Apostolic Fathers . In his treatise "On Fasting" Tertullian accepts Acts as Holy Scripture , and calls them the "Commentary of Luke". In his treatise On Prescription against Heretics 22 , Tertullian is strong in asserting the canonicity of Acts: "And assuredly, God fulfilled his promise, since it is proved in the Acts of the Apostles that the Holy Ghost did come down. Now they who reject that Scripture can neither belong to the Holy Ghost, seeing that they cannot acknowledge that the Holy Ghost has been sent as yet to the disciples, nor can they presume to be a church themselves, who positively have no means of proving when, and with what infant-nursings this body was established." Again, in chapter xxiii of the same treatise, he issues a challenge to those who reject Acts: "I may say here to those who reject the Acts of the Apostles : It is first necessary that you show us who this Paul was; both what he was before he became an Apostle, and how he became an Apostle" etc. Clement of Alexandria is a clear witness. In Stromata V.11 , he declares: "Most instructively, therefore, says Paul in the Acts of the Apostles : 'The God that made the world, and all things in it, being the Lord of Heaven and of earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands'" etc. ( Acts 17:24, 25 ). Again, in chapter 12 , he states: "As Luke, in the Acts of the Apostles , relates that Paul said: 'Men of Athens , I perceive that in all things, ye are greatly superstitious' ". In Hom., xiii, on Genesis, ii, Origen asserts the Lucan authorship of Acts as a truth that all the world accepted. Eusebius ( Church History III.25 ) places Acts among ta homologoumena, the books of which no one has doubted . The authenticity of Acts is so well proved that even the sceptical Renan was forced to declare: "A thing beyond all doubt is that the Acts have the same author as the third Gospel, and are a continuation of the same. One finds no necessity to prove this fact, which has never seriously been denied. The prefaces of the two writings, the dedication of both the one and the other to Theophilus, the perfect resemblance of ideas and manner of expression furnish a convincing demonstration of the fact" (Les Apôtres, Introd., p. x). Again he says: "The third Gospel and the Acts form a well-ordered work, written with reflection and even with art, written by the same hand, and with a definite plan. The two works taken together form a whole, having the same style, presenting the same characteristic expressions, and citing the Scripture in the same manner" (ibid., p. xi).
Objections against the authenticity
Nevertheless this well-proved truth has been contradicted. Baur, Schwanbeck, De Wette, Davidson, Mayerhoff, Schleiermacher, Bleek, Krenkel, and others have opposed the authenticity of the Acts. An objection is drawn from the discrepancy between Acts 9:19-28 and Galatians 1:17-19 . In Galatians 1:17-18 , St. Paul declares that, immediately after his conversion , he went away into Arabia, and again returned to Damascus. "Then after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas." In Acts no mention is made of St. Paul's journey into Arabia; and the journey to Jerusalem is placed immediately after the notice of Paul's preaching in the synagogues . Hilgenfeld, Wendt, Weizäcker, Weiss, and others allege here a contradiction between the writer of the Acts and St. Paul . Their charge is vain: There is here verified what is the usual fact when two inspired writers narrate synchronistic events. No writer of either Testament had in mind to write a complete history. Out of the great mass of words and deeds they grouped together those things which they deemed best for their scope. They always concur on the great lines of the doctrines and the main facts; they differ in that one omits certain things which another relates. The writers of the New Testament wrote with the conviction that the world had already received the message by oral communication. Not all could have a manuscript of the written word, but all heard the voice of those who preached Christ . The intense activity of the first teachers of the New Law made it a living reality in every land. The few writings which were produced were considered as supplementary to the greater economy of preaching. Hence we find notable omissions in all the writers of the New Testament ; and every writer has some things proper to himself. In the present instance the writer of Acts has omitted St. Paul's journey into Arabia and sojourn there. The evidence of the omission is in the text itself. In Acts 9:19 , the writer speaks of St. Paul's sojourn in Damascus as covering a period of "certain days". This is the indefinite description of a relatively short space of time. In Acts 9:23 , he connects the next event narrated with the foregoing by declaring that it came to pass "after many days were fulfilled". It is evident that some series of events must have had place between the "certain days" of the nineteenth verse, and the "many days" of the twenty-third verse; these events are Paul's journey into Arabia, his sojourn there, and his return to Damascus. Another objection is urged from 1 Thessalonians 3:1-2 , compared with Acts 17:14-15 and 18:5 . In Acts 17:14-15 , Paul leaves Timothy and Silas at Beræa, with a commandment to come to him at Athens . In Acts 18:5 , Timothy and Silas come out of Macedonia to Paul at Corinth . But in 1 Thessalonians 3:1-2 , Timothy is sent by Paul out of Athens to Thessalonica , and no mention is made of Silas. We must appeal to the principle that when a writer omits one or more members in a series of events he does not thereby contradict another writer who may narrate the thing omitted. Timothy and Silas came down from Beræa to Paul at Athens . In his zeal for the Macedonian churches, Paul sent Timothy back from Athens to Thessalonica , and Silas to some other part of Macedonia . When they return out of Macedonia they come to Paul at Corinth . Acts has omitted their coming to Athens and their return to Macedonia . In Acts many things are condensed into a narrow compass. Thus, to the Galatian ministry of Paul , which must have lasted a considerable time, Acts devotes the one sentence: "They passed through the region of Phrygia and Galatia" ( Acts 16:6 ). The fourth journey of Paul to Jerusalem in described in one verse ( Acts 18:22 ). The objection is urged that, from Acts 16:12 , it is evident that the author of the Acts was with Paul in the foundation of the Church at Philippi . Therefore, they say that, since Luke was at Rome with Paul when he wrote thence to the Philippians, had Luke been the author of Acts, Paul would have associated Luke with himself in his salutation to the Philippians in the letter which he wrote them. On the contrary, we find in it no mention of Luke; but Timothy is associated with Paul in the salutation. This is a mere negative argument, and of no avail. The apostolic men of that day neither sought nor gave vain personal recognition in their work. St. Paul wrote to the Romans without ever mentioning St. Peter . There was no struggle for place or fame among those men. It may hare been that, though Luke was with St. Paul at Philippi , Timothy was the better known to that Church. Again, at the moment of St. Paul's writing Luke may have been absent from Paul .
The rationalists allege that there is an error in the discourse of Gamaliel ( Acts 5:36 ). Gamaliel refers to the insurrection of Theodas as a thing that had happened before the days of the Apostles, whereas Josephus (Antiq., XX, v, 1) places the rebellion of Theodas under Fadus, fourteen years after the date of the speech of Gamaliel . Here, as elsewhere, the adversaries of Holy Scripture presuppose every writer who disagrees with the Holy Scripture to be right. Every one who has examined Josephus must be struck by his carelessness and inaccuracy. He wrote mainly from memory, and often contradicts himself. In the present instance some suppose that he has confused the insurrection of Theodas with that of a certain Mathias, of whom he speaks in Antiq., XVII, vi, 4. Theodas is a contraction of Theodoros, and is identical in signification with the Hebrew name Mathias, both names signifying, "Gift of God". This is the opinion of Corluy in Vigouroux, "Dictionnaire de la Bible". Against Corluy's opinion it may rightly be objected that Gamaliel clearly intimates that the author of the insurrection of which he speaks was not actuated by holy motives. He speaks of him as a seditious man, who misled his followers, "giving himself out to be somebody". But Josephus describes Mathias as a most eloquent interpreter of the Jewish law, a man beloved by the people, whose lectures those who were studious of virtue frequented. Moreover, he incited the young men to pull down the golden eagle which the impious Herod had erected in the Temple of God . Certainly such an act was pleasing to God , not the act of an impostor. The argument of Gamaliel is based on the fact that Theodas claimed to be something which he was not. The character of Theodas as given by Josephus , XX, v, 1, accords with the implied character of the Theodas of Acts. Were it not for the discrepancy of dates, the two testimonies would be in perfect accord. It seems far more probable, therefore, that both writers speak of the same man, and that Josephus has erroneously placed his epoch about thirty years too late. Of course it is possible that there may have been two Theodases of similar character: one of the days of Herod the Great, whom Josephus does not name, but who is mentioned by Gamaliel ; and one in the days of Cuspius Fadus the procurator of Judea , whose insurrection Josephus records. There must have been many of such character in the days of Herod the Great , for Josephus , speaking of that epoch, declares that "at this time there were ten thousand other disorders in Judæa which were like tumults" (Antiq., XVII, x, 4).
It is urged that the three accounts of the conversion of St. Paul ( Acts 9:7 ; 22:9 ; 26:14 ) do not agree. In Acts 9:7 , the author declares that "the men that journeyed with Paul stood speechless, hearing the voice, but beholding no man". In Acts 22:9 , Paul declares: "And they that were with me beheld indeed the light; but they heard not the voice of Him that spake to me". In 26:14 , Paul declares that they all fell to the earth, which seems to contradict the first statement, that they "stood speechless". This is purely a question of circumstantial detail, of very minor moment. There are many solutions of this difficulty. Supported by many precedents, we may hold that in the several narrations of the same event inspiration does not compel an absolute agreement in mere extrinsic details which in nowise affects the substance of the narration. In all the Bible , where the same event is several times narrated by the same writer, or narrated by several writers, there is some slight divergency, as it is natural there should be with those who spoke and wrote from memory. Divine inspiration covers the substance of the narration. For those who insist that divine inspiration extends also to these minor details there are valid solutions. Pape and others give to the eistekeisan the sense of an emphatic einai, and thus it could be rendered: "The men that journeyed with him became speechless", thus agreeing with 26:14 . Moreover, the three accounts can be placed in agreement by supposing that the several accounts contemplate the event at different moments of its course. All saw a great light; all heard a sound from Heaven . They fell on their faces in fear; and then, arising, stood still and speechless, while Paul conversed with Jesus , whose articulate voice he alone heard. In Acts 9:7 , the marginal reading of the Revised Edition of Oxford should be accepted: "hearing the sound". The Greek is akoyontes tes phones. When the writer speaks of the articulate voice of Christ , which Paul alone heard, he employs the phrase outer phrase, ekousan phonen. Thus the same term, phone, by a different grammatical construction, may signify the inarticulate sound of the voice which all heard and the articulate voice which Paul alone heard.
It is urged that Acts 16:6 and 18:23 represent Paul as merely passing through Galatia, whereas the Epistle to the Galatians gives evidence of Paul's longer sojourn in Galatia. Cornely and others answer this difficulty by supposing that St. Paul employs the term Galatia in the administrative sense, as a province, which comprised Galatia proper, Lycaonia, Pisidia , Isauria, and a great part of Phrygia; whereas St. Luke employs the term to denote Galatia proper. But we are not limited to this explanation; St. Luke in Acts often severely condenses his narrative. He devotes but one verse (xviii, 22) to Paul's fourth journey to Jerusalem; he condenses his narrative of St. Paul's two years of imprisonment at Cæsarea into a few lines. Thus he may also have judged good for his scope to pass over in one sentence Paul's Galatian ministry.
Date of composition
As regards the date of the Book of Acts, we may at most assign a probable date for the completion of the book. It is recognized by all that Acts ends abruptly. The author devotes but two verses to the two years which Paul spent at Rome . These two years were in a certain sense uneventful. Paul dwelt peaceably at Rome , and preached the kingdom of God to all who went in unto him. It seems probable that during this peaceful epoch St. Luke composed the Book of Acts and terminated it abruptly at the end of the two years, as some unrecorded vicissitude carried him out into other events. The date of the completion of Acts is therefore dependent on the date of St. Paul's Roman captivity. Writers are quite concordant in placing the date of Paul's coming to Rome in the year 62; hence the year 64 is the most probable date for the Acts.
Texts of the Acts
In the Græco-Latin codices D and E of Acts, we find a text widely differing from that of the other codices , and from the received text. By Sanday and Headlam (Romans, p. xxi) this is called the delta text; by Blass (Acta Apostolorum, p. 24) it is called the beta text. The famous Latin Codex now at Stockholm , from its size called the Codex Gigas, also in the main represents this text. Dr. Bornemann (Acta Apost.) endeavoured to prove that the aforesaid text was Luke's original, but his theory has not been received. Dr. Blass (Acta Apost., p. vii) endeavours to prove that Luke wrote first a rough draft of Acts, and that this is preserved in D and E. Luke revised this rough draft, and sent it to Theophilus; and this revised copy he supposes to be the original of our received text. Belser, Nestle, Zoeckler, and others have adopted his theory. The theory is, however, rejected by the greater number. It seems far more probable that D and E contain a recension, wherein the copyists have added, paraphrased, and changed things in the text, according to that tendency which prevailed up to the second half of the second century of the Christian era.
The Biblical Commission
The Biblical Commission , 12 June, 1913, published the following answers to various questions about the Acts: The author of the Acts of the Apostles is Luke the Evangelist , as is clear from Tradition, internal evidence in the Acts themselves and in their relation to the third Gospel ( Luke 1:1-4 ; Acts 1:1-2 ). The unity of their authorship can be proved critically by their language, style and plan of narrative, and by their unity of scope and doctrine . The occasional substitution of the first person plural for the third person so far from impairing, only establishes more strongly their unity of composition and authenticity. The relations of Luke with the chief founders of the Church in Palestine, and with Paul , the Apostle of the Gentiles ; his industry and diligence as an eyewitness and in examining witnesses; the remarkable agreement of the Acts of the Apostles with the Epistles of Paul and with the more genuine historical records, all go to show that Luke had at his command most trustworthy sources, and that he used them in such a manner as to make his work historically authoritative. This authority is not diminished by the difficulties alleged against the supernatural facts he records, by his manner of condensing statements, by apparent disagreements with profane or Biblical history, or by apparent inconsistencies with his own or with other scriptural writings.
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Acts of the Apostles
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In the accepted order of the books of the New Testament the fifth book is called The Acts of the Apostles (praxeis Apostolon). Some have thought that the title of the book was affixed by the author himself. This is the opinion of Cornely in his "Introduction to the Books of the New Testament" (second edition, page 315). It seems far more probable, however, that the name was subsequently attached to the book just as the headings of the several Gospels were affixed to them. In fact, the name, Acts of the Apostles, does not precisely convey the idea of the contents of the book; and such a title would scarcely be given to the work by the author himself.
Content
The book does not contain the Acts of all the Apostles, neither does it contain all the acts of any Apostle. It opens with a brief notice of the forty days succeeding the Resurrection of Christ during which He appeared to the Apostles, "speaking the things concerning the Kingdom of God ". The promise of the Holy Ghost and the Ascension of Christ are then briefly recorded. St. Peter advises that a successor be chosen in the place of Judas Iscariot , and Matthias is chosen by lot. On Pentecost the Holy Ghost descends on the Apostles, and confers on them the gift of tongues. To the wondering witnesses St. Peter explains the great miracle , proving that it is the power of Jesus Christ that is operating. By that great discourse many were converted to the religion of Christ and were baptized , "and there were added unto them in that day about three thousand souls ". This was the beginning of the Judeo-Christian Church . "And the Lord added to them day by day those that were being saved." Peter and John heal a man, lame from his mother's womb, at the door of the Temple which is called Beautiful. The people are filled with wonder and amazement at the miracle and run together unto Peter and John in the portico that was called Solomon's. Peter again preaches Jesus Christ , asserting that by faith in the name of Jesus the lame man had been made strong. "And many of them that heard the word believed ", and the number of the men came to be about five thousand. But now "the priests , and the prefect of the Temple and the Sadducees came upon them, being sorely troubled because they taught the people, and proclaimed in Jesus the resurrection from the dead . And they laid hands on them, and put them in prison unto the morrow." On the morrow Peter and John are summoned before rulers, elders, and scribes, among whom were present Annas , the High-Priest , Caiphas , and as many as were of the kindred of the High-Priest . And when they had set Peter and John in the midst they inquired: "By what power, or in want name have ye done this?" Then Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost, answering gave utterance to one of the most sublime professions of the Christian faith ever made by man: "Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel , that in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth , whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead , in this name doth this man stand here before you whole. He [ Jesus ] is the stone which was set at naught by you the builders, which was made the head of the corner [ Isaiah 28:16 ; Matthew 21:42 ]. And in no other is there salvation : For neither is there any other name under Heaven , that is given among men, wherein we must be saved." The members of the council were brought face to face with the most positive evidence of the truth of the Christian religion . They command the two Apostles to go aside out of the council, and then they confer among themselves, saying "What shall we do with these men? For that indeed a notable miracle hath been wrought through them, is manifest to all that dwell in Jerusalem ; and we cannot deny it". Here is one of the splendid instances of that great cumulus of evidence upon which the certitude of the Christian Faith rests. A bitterly hostile council of the chief Jews of Jerusalem is obliged to declare that a notable miracle had been wrought, which it cannot deny, and which is manifest to all that dwell in Jerusalem .
With dreadful malice the council attempts to restrain the great movement of Christianity . They threaten the Apostles, and charge them not to speak at all or teach in the name of Jesus ; Peter and John contemn the threat, calling upon the council to judge whether it be right to hearken unto the council rather than unto God . The members of the council could not inflict punishment upon the two Apostles, on account of the people, who glorified God on account of the great miracle . Peter and John, being freed from custody, return to the other Apostles. They all give glory to God and pray for boldness to speak the word of God . After the prayer the place shakes, and they are filled with the Holy Ghost.
The fervour of the Christians at that epoch was very great. They were of one heart and soul ; they had all things in common. As many as were possessors of lands or houses sold them and delivered the price to the Apostles, and this money was distributed as anyone had need. But a certain Ananias, with Saphira his wife, sold a possession and kept back part of the price, the wife being accessory to the deed. St. Peter is inspired by the Holy Ghost to know the deception, and rebukes Ananias for the lie to the Holy Ghost. At the rebuke the man falls dead. Saphira, coming up afterwards, and knowing nothing of the death of her husband, is interrogated by St. Peter regarding the transaction. She also keeps back a part of the price, and lyingly asserts that the full price has been brought to the Apostles . St. Peter rebukes her, and she also falls dead at his words. The multitude saw in the death of Ananias and Saphira God's punishment, and great fear came upon all. This miracle of God's punishment of sin also confirmed the faith of those that believed and drew disciples to them. At this stage of the life of the Church miracles were necessary to attest the truth of her teaching, and the power of miracles was abundantly bestowed upon the Apostles . These miracles are not reviewed in detail in Acts, but it is stated: "And by the hands of the apostles were many signs and wonders wrought among the people" ( Acts 5:12 ). Multitudes both of men and women were added to the Christian community. The people of Jerusalem carried out the sick and laid them on beds and couches in the streets that the shadow of St. Peter might fall on them. They brought the sick from the cities round about Jerusalem , and every one was healed.
The most powerful sect among the Jews at this epoch were the Sadducees . They were especially opposed to the Christian religion on account of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead . The cardinal truth of the Apostles' teaching was: Life Everlasting through Jesus , Who was crucified for our sins , and Who is risen from the dead. The High-Priest Annas favored the Sadducees , and his son Ananus. who afterwards became High-Priest , was a Sadducee (Josephus, Antiq., XX, viii). These fierce sectaries made with Annas and Caiphas common cause against the Apostles of Christ , and cast them again into prison . The Acts leaves us in no doubt as to the motive that inspired the High-Priest and the sectaries: "They were filled with jealousy". The religious leaders of the Old Law saw their influence with the people waning before the power which worked in the Apostles of Christ . An angel of the Lord by night opened the prison doors, and brought the Apostles out, and bade them go and preach in the Temple. The council of the Jews , not finding Peter and John in the prison , and learning of their miraculous deliverance, are much perplexed. On information that they are teaching in the Temple, they send and take them, but without violence , fearing the people. It is evident throughout that the common people are disposed to follow the Apostles; the opposition comes from the priests and the classes, most of the latter being Sadducees . The council accuses the Apostles that, contrary to its former injunction not to teach in Christ's name, they had filled Jerusalem with Christ's teaching. Peter's defence is that they must obey God rather than men. He then boldly reiterates the doctrine of the Redemption and of the Resurrection . The council is minded to kill the Apostles . At this point Gamaliel , a Pharisee , a doctor of the Jewish law, held in honour of all the people, arises in the council in defence of the Apostles . He cites precedents to prove that, if the New Teaching be of men, it will be overthrown; and if it be of God , it will be impossible to overthrow it. Gamaliel's counsel prevails, and the council calls the Apostles, beats them, and lets them go, charging them not to speak in the name of Jesus . But the Apostles departed, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer dishonour for the Name. And every day, in the Temple and privately they ceased not to teach and to preach Jesus the Christ .
A murmuring having arisen of the Grecian Jews , that their widows were neglected in the daily ministration, the Apostles, deeming it unworthy that they should forsake the word of God and serve tables, appoint seven deacons to minister. Chief among the deacons was Stephen, a man full of the Holy Spirit. He wrought great signs and wonders among the people. The anti-Christian Jews endeavour to resist him, but are not able to withstand the wisdom and the spirit by which he speaks. They suborn witnesses to testify that he has spoken against Moses and the Temple. Stephen is seized and brought into the council. False witnesses testify that they have heard Stephen say that "this Jesus of Nazareth shall destroy this place, and shall change the customs which Moses delivered to us". All who sat in the council saw Stephen's face, as it had been the face of an angel . He makes a defence, in which he reviews the chief events in the first covenant, and its relation to the New Law. They rush upon Stephen, drag him out of the city, and stone him to death. And he kneels down and prays : "Lord, lay not this sin to their charge", and dies. Beginning with the martyrdom of Stephen, a great persecution arose against the Church at Jerusalem ; all were scattered abroad throughout Judea and Samaria, except the Apostles . The leader of the persecution was Saul, afterwards to become the great St. Paul , the Apostle of the Gentiles . The deacon Philip first preaches in Samaria with great fruit. Like all the preachers of the first days of the Church , Philip confirms his preaching by great miracles . Peter and John go up to Samaria and confirm the converts whom Philip had made. Philip, commanded by an angel , goes down the road from Jerusalem to Gaza , and on the way converts and baptizes the eunuch of Candace Queen of Ethiopia . Philip is thence transported by Divine power to Azotus and preaches to all the coast cities until be comes to Cæsarea.
Saul, breathing threatening and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, sets out for Damascus to apprehend any Christians whom he may find there. As he draws near to Damascus , the Lord Jesus speaks to him out of the heavens and converts him. St. Paul is baptized by Ananias at Damascus , and straightway for some days abides there, preaching in the synagogues that Jesus Christ is the Son of God . He withdraws into Arabia; again returns to Damascus; and after three years be goes up to Jerusalem. At Jerusalem Paul is at first distrusted by the disciples of Jesus ; but after Barnabas narrates to them Paul's marvellous conversion , they receive Paul , and he preaches boldly in the name of Jesus , disputing especially against the Grecian Jews . They plot to kill him; but the Christians bring Paul down to Cæsarea, and send him forth to Tarsus , his native city.
At this epoch Acts describes the Church in Judea , Samaria , and Galilee as "at peace, being builded up, and walking in the fear of the Lord, and by the strength of the Holy Ghost it was multiplied". Peter now goes throughout all parts comforting the faithful . At Lydda he heals the palsied Æneas; and at Joppa he raises the pious widow Tabitha (Greek, Dorcas) from the dead. These miracles still more confirm the faith in Jesus Christ . At Joppa Peter has the great vision of the sheet let down from Heaven containing all manner of animals, of which he, being in a trance, is commanded to kill and eat. Peter refuses, on the ground that he cannot eat that which is common and unclean. Whereupon it is made known to him from God , that God has cleansed what was before to the Jew unclean. This great vision, revealed three times, was the manifestation of the will of Heaven that the ritual law of the Jews should cease; and that henceforth salvation should be offered without distinction to Jew and Gentile . The meaning of the vision is unfolded to Peter, when he is commanded by an angel to go to Cæsarea, to the Gentile centurion Cornelius , whose messengers were even then come to fetch him. He goes, and hears from Cornelius also the centurion's own vision. He preaches to him and to all assembled; the Holy Ghost descends upon them, and Peter commands that they be baptized . Returning to Jerusalem, the Jews contend with Peter that he has gone in to men uncircumcised, and eaten with them. He expounds to them his vision at Joppa, and also the vision of Cornelius , wherein the latter was commanded by an angel to send and fetch Peter from Joppa, that he might receive from Peter the Gospel. The Jews acquiesce, glorifying God , and declaring that "unto the Gentiles also hath God granted repentance unto life". Those who had been scattered abroad from Jerusalem at the time of Stephen's martyrdom had travailed as far as Phoenicia , Cyprus , and Antioch preaching Christ ; but they preached to none save the Jews . The calling of the Gentiles was not yet understood by them. But now some converts from Cyprus and Cyrene come up to Antioch , and preach the Gospel to the Gentiles . A great number believe, and turn to the Lord. The report of the work at Antioch comes to the ears of the Church in Jerusalem ; and they send Barnabas, "a good man full of the Holy Ghost and of faith ", to them. He takes Paul from Tarsus , and they both dwell at Antioch a whole year, and teach many people. The disciples of Christ are called Christians first at Antioch.
The rest of Acts narrates the persecution of the Christians by Herod Agrippa ; the mission of Paul and Barnabas from Antioch by the Holy Ghost , to preach to the Gentile nations; the labours of Paul and Barnabas in Cyprus and in Asia Minor , their return to Antioch; the dissension at Antioch concerning circumcision ; the journey of Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem, the decision of the Apostolic Council of Jerusalem , the separation of Paul from Barnabas, in whose stead he takes Silas, or Silvanus; Paul's visit to his Asiatic Churches, his foundation of the Church at Philippi ; Paul's sufferings for Jesus Christ ; Paul's visit to Athens, his foundation of the churches of Corinth and of Ephesus; Paul's return to Jerusalem, his persecution by the Jews ; Paul's imprisonment at Cæsarea; Paul's appeal to Cæsar, his voyage to Rome ; the shipwreck; Paul's arrival at Rome , and the manner of his life there. We see therefore that a more proper title of this book would be "The Beginnings of the Christian Religion". It is an artistic whole, the fullest history which we possess of the manner in which the Church developed.
The origin of the Church
In Acts we see the fulfilment of Christ's promises. In Acts 1:8 , Jesus had declared that the Apostles should receive power when the Holy Ghost should come upon them, and should be His witnesses both in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth. In John 14:12 , Jesus had declared: "He that believeth in me, the works that I do, he also shall do, and greater works than these shall he do. Because I go to the Father". In these passages is found the key-note of the origin of the Church . The Church developed according to the plan conceived by Christ . There is, assuredly, in the narration evidence of the working out of a great plan; for the reason that the writer records the working out of the great design of Christ , conceived in infinite wisdom, and executed by omnipotent power. There is throughout a well-defined, systematic order of narration, an exactness and fullness of detail. After the calling of the first twelve Apostles, there is no event in the history of the Church so important as Paul's conversion and commission to teach in Christ's name. Up to Paul's conversion , the inspired historian of the Acts has given us a condensed statement of the growth of the Church among the Jews . Peter and John are prominent in the work. But the great message is now to issue forth from the confines of Judaism ; all flesh is to see the salvation of God ; and St. Paul is to be the great instrument in preaching Christ to the Gentiles . In the development of the Christian Church Paul wrought more than all the other Apostles; and therefore in Acts St. Paul stands forth, the prominent agent of God in the conversion of the world. His appointment as the Apostle of the Gentiles does not prevent him from preaching to the Jews , but his richest fruits are gathered from the Gentiles . He fills proconsular Asia , Macedonia , Greece , and Rome with the Gospel of Christ ; and the greater part of Acts is devoted exclusively to recording his work.
Division of book
In the Acts there are no divisions of the narration contemplated by the author. It is open to us to divide the work as we deem fit. The nature of the history therein recorded easily suggests a greater division of Acts into two parts:
The beginning and propagation of the Christian religion among the Jews (1-9);
The beginning and propagation of the Christian religion among the Gentiles (10-28). St. Peter plays the chief role in the first part; St. Paul , in the second part.
Object
The Acts of the Apostles must not be believed to be an isolated writing, but rather an integral part in a well-ordered series. Acts presupposes its readers to know the Gospels; it continues the Gospel narrative. The Four Evangelists close with the account of the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ . St. Mark is the only one who essays to give any of the subsequent history, and he condenses his account into one brief sentence: "And they went forth and preached everywhere: the Lord working with them, and confirming the word by the signs that followed" ( Mark 16:20 ). Now the Acts of the Apostles takes up the narrative here and records succinctly the mighty events which were wrought by the Holy Ghost through chosen human agents. It is a condensed record of the fulfilment of the promises of Jesus Christ . The Evangelists record Christ's promises which He made to the disciples , regarding the establishment of the Church and its mission ( Matthew 16:15-20 ); the gift of the Holy Ghost ( Luke 24:49 ; John 14:16, 17 ); the calling of the gentiles ( Matthew 28:18-20 ; Luke 24:46, 47 ). Acts records the fulfilment. The history begins at Jerusalem and ends at Rome . With divine simplicity Acts shows us the growth of the religion of Christ among the nations. The distinction between Jew and Gentile is abolished by the revelation to St. Peter ; Paul is called to devote himself specially to the Gentile ministry, the Holy Ghost works signs in confirmation of the doctrines of Christ ; men suffer and die, but the Church grows; and thus the whole world sees the Salvation of God . Nowhere in Holy Writ is the action of the Holy Ghost in the Church so forcibly set forth as in the Acts. He fills the Apostles with knowledge and power on Pentecost; they speak as the Holy Ghost gave them to speak; the Holy Ghost bids Philip the deacon go to the eunuch of Candace; the same Spirit catches up Philip, after the baptism of the eunuch, and brings him to Azotus; the Holy Ghost tells Peter to go to Cornelius ; when Peter preaches to Cornelius and his family the Holy Ghost falls on them all; the Holy Ghost directly commands that Paul and Barnabas be set apart for the Gentile ministry; the Holy Ghost forbids Paul and Silas to preach in Asia ; constantly, by the laying on of the Apostles' hands, the Holy Ghost comes upon the faithful; Paul is directed by the Holy Ghost in everything; the Holy Ghost foretells to him that bonds and afflictions await him in every city; when Agabus prophesies Paul's martyrdom , he says: "Thus saith the Holy Ghost: 'So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man that owneth this girdle, and shall deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles' ". Acts declares that on the Gentiles the grace of the Holy Ghost is poured out; in the splendid description of St. Stephen's martyrdom he is declared full of the Holy Ghost; when Peter makes his defense before rulers, elders, and scribes, he is filled with the Holy Ghost; often it is declared that the Apostles are filled with the Holy Ghost; Philip is chosen as a deacon because be is full of faith and the Holy Ghost; when Ananias is sent to Paul at Damascus he declares that he is sent that Paul may receive his sight and be filled with the Holy Ghost; Jesus Christ is declared to be anointed with the Holy Ghost; Barnabas is declared to be full of the Holy Ghost; the men of Samaria receive the Holy Ghost by the laying on of the hands of Peter and John. This history shows the real nature of the Christian religion ; its members are baptized in the Holy Ghost, and are upheld by His power. The source in the Church of infallible truth in teaching , of grace, and of the power that resists the gates of Hell is the Holy Ghost. By the power of the Spirit the Apostles established the Church in the great centres of the world: Jerusalem , Antioch Cyprus , Antioch of Pisidia , Iconium , Lystra , Derbe , Philippi , Thessalonica , Beræa, Athens , Corinth , Ephesus, and Rome . From these centres the message went to the surrounding lands. We see in the Acts the realization of Christ's promises just before his Ascension : "But ye shall receive power when the Holy Ghost is come upon you; and ye shall be my witnesses both in Jerusalem and in all Judea , and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth". In the New Testament Acts forms a necessary connecting-link between the Gospels and the Epistles of St. Paul . It gives the necessary information concerning the conversion of St. Paul and his apostolate, and also concerning the formation of the great Churches to which St. Paul wrote his Epistles.
Authenticity
The authenticity of the Acts of the Apostles is proved by intrinsic evidence; it is attested by the concordant voice of tradition. The unity of style of Acts and its artistic completeness compel us to receive the book as the work of one author. Such an effect could never arise from the piecing together bits of writings of different authors. The writer writes as an eyewitness and compaction of Paul . The passages Acts 16:10-17 ; 20:5-15 ; 21:1-18 ; 27:1 ; 28:16 are called the We passages. In these the writer uniformly employs the first person plural, closely identifying himself with St. Paul . This excludes the theory that Acts is the work of a redactor. As Renan has well said, such use of the pronoun is incompatible with any theory of redaction. We know from many proofs that Luke was the companion and fellow-labourer of Paul . Writing to the Colossians, in his salutation Paul associates with himself, "Luke, the beloved physician" ( 4:14 ). In 2 Timothy 4:11 Paul declares: "Only Luke is with me". To Philemon ( 24 ) Paul calls Luke his fellow-worker. Now in this article, we may suppose the Lucan authorship of the third Gospel as proved . The writer of Acts in his opening sentence implicitly declares himself to be the author of the third Gospel. He addresses his work to Theophilus, the addressee of the third Gospel; he mentions his former work and in substance makes known his intention of continuing the history which, in his former treatise, he had brought up to the day when the Lord Jesus was received up. There is an identity of style between Acts and the third Gospel. An examination of the original Greek texts of the third Gospel and of the Acts reveals that there is in them a remarkable identity of manner of thinking and of writing. There is in both the same tender regard for the Gentiles , the same respect for the Roman Empire, the same treatment of the Jewish rites, the same broad conception that the Gospel is for all men. In forms of expression the third Gospel and the Acts reveal an identity of authorship. Many of the expressions usual in both works occur but rarely in the rest of the New Testament ; other expressions are found nowhere else save in the third Gospel and in the Acts. If one will compare the following expressions in the Greek, he will be persuaded that both works are of the same author:
Luke 12:56 , 21:35 - Acts 17:26 .
The last-cited parallel expression, to prosopon tes ges, is employed only in the third Gospel and in Acts. The evidence of the Lucan authorship of Acts is cumulative. The intrinsic evidence is corroborated by the testimonies of many witnesses. It must be granted that in the Apostolic Fathers we find but faint allusions to the Acts of the Apostles . The Fathers of that age wrote but little; and the injury of time has robbed us of much of what was written. The Gospels were more prominent in the teachings of that day and they consequently have a more abundant witness. The canon of Muratori contains the canon of Scriptures of the Church of Rome in the second century. Of Acts it declares: "But the Acts of all the Apostles are written in one book, which for the excellent Theophilus Luke wrote, because he was an eyewitness of all". In "The Doctrine of Addai" , which contains the ancient tradition of the Church of Edessa , the Acts of the Apostles are declared to be a part of the Holy Scripture (Doctrine of Addai, ed. Phillips, 1876, 46). The twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth chapters of St. Irenæus's third book "Against Heresies" are based upon the Acts of the Apostles . Irenæus convincingly defends the Lucan authorship of the third Gospel and Acts, declaring: "But that this Luke was inseparable from Paul , and was his fellow-labourer in the Gospel, he himself clearly evinces, not as a matter of boasting, but as bound to do so, by the truth itself. . . And all the remaining facts of his courses with Paul , he recounts. . . As Luke was present at all these occurrences, he carefully noted them down in writing, so that he cannot be convicted of falsehood or boastfulness, etc." Irenæus unites in himself the witness of the Christian Church of the East and the West of the second century. He continues unchanged the teaching of the Apostolic Fathers . In his treatise "On Fasting" Tertullian accepts Acts as Holy Scripture , and calls them the "Commentary of Luke". In his treatise On Prescription against Heretics 22 , Tertullian is strong in asserting the canonicity of Acts: "And assuredly, God fulfilled his promise, since it is proved in the Acts of the Apostles that the Holy Ghost did come down. Now they who reject that Scripture can neither belong to the Holy Ghost, seeing that they cannot acknowledge that the Holy Ghost has been sent as yet to the disciples, nor can they presume to be a church themselves, who positively have no means of proving when, and with what infant-nursings this body was established." Again, in chapter xxiii of the same treatise, he issues a challenge to those who reject Acts: "I may say here to those who reject the Acts of the Apostles : It is first necessary that you show us who this Paul was; both what he was before he became an Apostle, and how he became an Apostle" etc. Clement of Alexandria is a clear witness. In Stromata V.11 , he declares: "Most instructively, therefore, says Paul in the Acts of the Apostles : 'The God that made the world, and all things in it, being the Lord of Heaven and of earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands'" etc. ( Acts 17:24, 25 ). Again, in chapter 12 , he states: "As Luke, in the Acts of the Apostles , relates that Paul said: 'Men of Athens , I perceive that in all things, ye are greatly superstitious' ". In Hom., xiii, on Genesis, ii, Origen asserts the Lucan authorship of Acts as a truth that all the world accepted. Eusebius ( Church History III.25 ) places Acts among ta homologoumena, the books of which no one has doubted . The authenticity of Acts is so well proved that even the sceptical Renan was forced to declare: "A thing beyond all doubt is that the Acts have the same author as the third Gospel, and are a continuation of the same. One finds no necessity to prove this fact, which has never seriously been denied. The prefaces of the two writings, the dedication of both the one and the other to Theophilus, the perfect resemblance of ideas and manner of expression furnish a convincing demonstration of the fact" (Les Apôtres, Introd., p. x). Again he says: "The third Gospel and the Acts form a well-ordered work, written with reflection and even with art, written by the same hand, and with a definite plan. The two works taken together form a whole, having the same style, presenting the same characteristic expressions, and citing the Scripture in the same manner" (ibid., p. xi).
Objections against the authenticity
Nevertheless this well-proved truth has been contradicted. Baur, Schwanbeck, De Wette, Davidson, Mayerhoff, Schleiermacher, Bleek, Krenkel, and others have opposed the authenticity of the Acts. An objection is drawn from the discrepancy between Acts 9:19-28 and Galatians 1:17-19 . In Galatians 1:17-18 , St. Paul declares that, immediately after his conversion , he went away into Arabia, and again returned to Damascus. "Then after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas." In Acts no mention is made of St. Paul's journey into Arabia; and the journey to Jerusalem is placed immediately after the notice of Paul's preaching in the synagogues . Hilgenfeld, Wendt, Weizäcker, Weiss, and others allege here a contradiction between the writer of the Acts and St. Paul . Their charge is vain: There is here verified what is the usual fact when two inspired writers narrate synchronistic events. No writer of either Testament had in mind to write a complete history. Out of the great mass of words and deeds they grouped together those things which they deemed best for their scope. They always concur on the great lines of the doctrines and the main facts; they differ in that one omits certain things which another relates. The writers of the New Testament wrote with the conviction that the world had already received the message by oral communication. Not all could have a manuscript of the written word, but all heard the voice of those who preached Christ . The intense activity of the first teachers of the New Law made it a living reality in every land. The few writings which were produced were considered as supplementary to the greater economy of preaching. Hence we find notable omissions in all the writers of the New Testament ; and every writer has some things proper to himself. In the present instance the writer of Acts has omitted St. Paul's journey into Arabia and sojourn there. The evidence of the omission is in the text itself. In Acts 9:19 , the writer speaks of St. Paul's sojourn in Damascus as covering a period of "certain days". This is the indefinite description of a relatively short space of time. In Acts 9:23 , he connects the next event narrated with the foregoing by declaring that it came to pass "after many days were fulfilled". It is evident that some series of events must have had place between the "certain days" of the nineteenth verse, and the "many days" of the twenty-third verse; these events are Paul's journey into Arabia, his sojourn there, and his return to Damascus. Another objection is urged from 1 Thessalonians 3:1-2 , compared with Acts 17:14-15 and 18:5 . In Acts 17:14-15 , Paul leaves Timothy and Silas at Beræa, with a commandment to come to him at Athens . In Acts 18:5 , Timothy and Silas come out of Macedonia to Paul at Corinth . But in 1 Thessalonians 3:1-2 , Timothy is sent by Paul out of Athens to Thessalonica , and no mention is made of Silas. We must appeal to the principle that when a writer omits one or more members in a series of events he does not thereby contradict another writer who may narrate the thing omitted. Timothy and Silas came down from Beræa to Paul at Athens . In his zeal for the Macedonian churches, Paul sent Timothy back from Athens to Thessalonica , and Silas to some other part of Macedonia . When they return out of Macedonia they come to Paul at Corinth . Acts has omitted their coming to Athens and their return to Macedonia . In Acts many things are condensed into a narrow compass. Thus, to the Galatian ministry of Paul , which must have lasted a considerable time, Acts devotes the one sentence: "They passed through the region of Phrygia and Galatia" ( Acts 16:6 ). The fourth journey of Paul to Jerusalem in described in one verse ( Acts 18:22 ). The objection is urged that, from Acts 16:12 , it is evident that the author of the Acts was with Paul in the foundation of the Church at Philippi . Therefore, they say that, since Luke was at Rome with Paul when he wrote thence to the Philippians, had Luke been the author of Acts, Paul would have associated Luke with himself in his salutation to the Philippians in the letter which he wrote them. On the contrary, we find in it no mention of Luke; but Timothy is associated with Paul in the salutation. This is a mere negative argument, and of no avail. The apostolic men of that day neither sought nor gave vain personal recognition in their work. St. Paul wrote to the Romans without ever mentioning St. Peter . There was no struggle for place or fame among those men. It may hare been that, though Luke was with St. Paul at Philippi , Timothy was the better known to that Church. Again, at the moment of St. Paul's writing Luke may have been absent from Paul .
The rationalists allege that there is an error in the discourse of Gamaliel ( Acts 5:36 ). Gamaliel refers to the insurrection of Theodas as a thing that had happened before the days of the Apostles, whereas Josephus (Antiq., XX, v, 1) places the rebellion of Theodas under Fadus, fourteen years after the date of the speech of Gamaliel . Here, as elsewhere, the adversaries of Holy Scripture presuppose every writer who disagrees with the Holy Scripture to be right. Every one who has examined Josephus must be struck by his carelessness and inaccuracy. He wrote mainly from memory, and often contradicts himself. In the present instance some suppose that he has confused the insurrection of Theodas with that of a certain Mathias, of whom he speaks in Antiq., XVII, vi, 4. Theodas is a contraction of Theodoros, and is identical in signification with the Hebrew name Mathias, both names signifying, "Gift of God". This is the opinion of Corluy in Vigouroux, "Dictionnaire de la Bible". Against Corluy's opinion it may rightly be objected that Gamaliel clearly intimates that the author of the insurrection of which he speaks was not actuated by holy motives. He speaks of him as a seditious man, who misled his followers, "giving himself out to be somebody". But Josephus describes Mathias as a most eloquent interpreter of the Jewish law, a man beloved by the people, whose lectures those who were studious of virtue frequented. Moreover, he incited the young men to pull down the golden eagle which the impious Herod had erected in the Temple of God . Certainly such an act was pleasing to God , not the act of an impostor. The argument of Gamaliel is based on the fact that Theodas claimed to be something which he was not. The character of Theodas as given by Josephus , XX, v, 1, accords with the implied character of the Theodas of Acts. Were it not for the discrepancy of dates, the two testimonies would be in perfect accord. It seems far more probable, therefore, that both writers speak of the same man, and that Josephus has erroneously placed his epoch about thirty years too late. Of course it is possible that there may have been two Theodases of similar character: one of the days of Herod the Great, whom Josephus does not name, but who is mentioned by Gamaliel ; and one in the days of Cuspius Fadus the procurator of Judea , whose insurrection Josephus records. There must have been many of such character in the days of Herod the Great , for Josephus , speaking of that epoch, declares that "at this time there were ten thousand other disorders in Judæa which were like tumults" (Antiq., XVII, x, 4).
It is urged that the three accounts of the conversion of St. Paul ( Acts 9:7 ; 22:9 ; 26:14 ) do not agree. In Acts 9:7 , the author declares that "the men that journeyed with Paul stood speechless, hearing the voice, but beholding no man". In Acts 22:9 , Paul declares: "And they that were with me beheld indeed the light; but they heard not the voice of Him that spake to me". In 26:14 , Paul declares that they all fell to the earth, which seems to contradict the first statement, that they "stood speechless". This is purely a question of circumstantial detail, of very minor moment. There are many solutions of this difficulty. Supported by many precedents, we may hold that in the several narrations of the same event inspiration does not compel an absolute agreement in mere extrinsic details which in nowise affects the substance of the narration. In all the Bible , where the same event is several times narrated by the same writer, or narrated by several writers, there is some slight divergency, as it is natural there should be with those who spoke and wrote from memory. Divine inspiration covers the substance of the narration. For those who insist that divine inspiration extends also to these minor details there are valid solutions. Pape and others give to the eistekeisan the sense of an emphatic einai, and thus it could be rendered: "The men that journeyed with him became speechless", thus agreeing with 26:14 . Moreover, the three accounts can be placed in agreement by supposing that the several accounts contemplate the event at different moments of its course. All saw a great light; all heard a sound from Heaven . They fell on their faces in fear; and then, arising, stood still and speechless, while Paul conversed with Jesus , whose articulate voice he alone heard. In Acts 9:7 , the marginal reading of the Revised Edition of Oxford should be accepted: "hearing the sound". The Greek is akoyontes tes phones. When the writer speaks of the articulate voice of Christ , which Paul alone heard, he employs the phrase outer phrase, ekousan phonen. Thus the same term, phone, by a different grammatical construction, may signify the inarticulate sound of the voice which all heard and the articulate voice which Paul alone heard.
It is urged that Acts 16:6 and 18:23 represent Paul as merely passing through Galatia, whereas the Epistle to the Galatians gives evidence of Paul's longer sojourn in Galatia. Cornely and others answer this difficulty by supposing that St. Paul employs the term Galatia in the administrative sense, as a province, which comprised Galatia proper, Lycaonia, Pisidia , Isauria, and a great part of Phrygia; whereas St. Luke employs the term to denote Galatia proper. But we are not limited to this explanation; St. Luke in Acts often severely condenses his narrative. He devotes but one verse (xviii, 22) to Paul's fourth journey to Jerusalem; he condenses his narrative of St. Paul's two years of imprisonment at Cæsarea into a few lines. Thus he may also have judged good for his scope to pass over in one sentence Paul's Galatian ministry.
Date of composition
As regards the date of the Book of Acts, we may at most assign a probable date for the completion of the book. It is recognized by all that Acts ends abruptly. The author devotes but two verses to the two years which Paul spent at Rome . These two years were in a certain sense uneventful. Paul dwelt peaceably at Rome , and preached the kingdom of God to all who went in unto him. It seems probable that during this peaceful epoch St. Luke composed the Book of Acts and terminated it abruptly at the end of the two years, as some unrecorded vicissitude carried him out into other events. The date of the completion of Acts is therefore dependent on the date of St. Paul's Roman captivity. Writers are quite concordant in placing the date of Paul's coming to Rome in the year 62; hence the year 64 is the most probable date for the Acts.
Texts of the Acts
In the Græco-Latin codices D and E of Acts, we find a text widely differing from that of the other codices , and from the received text. By Sanday and Headlam (Romans, p. xxi) this is called the delta text; by Blass (Acta Apostolorum, p. 24) it is called the beta text. The famous Latin Codex now at Stockholm , from its size called the Codex Gigas, also in the main represents this text. Dr. Bornemann (Acta Apost.) endeavoured to prove that the aforesaid text was Luke's original, but his theory has not been received. Dr. Blass (Acta Apost., p. vii) endeavours to prove that Luke wrote first a rough draft of Acts, and that this is preserved in D and E. Luke revised this rough draft, and sent it to Theophilus; and this revised copy he supposes to be the original of our received text. Belser, Nestle, Zoeckler, and others have adopted his theory. The theory is, however, rejected by the greater number. It seems far more probable that D and E contain a recension, wherein the copyists have added, paraphrased, and changed things in the text, according to that tendency which prevailed up to the second half of the second century of the Christian era.
The Biblical Commission
The Biblical Commission , 12 June, 1913, published the following answers to various questions about the Acts: The author of the Acts of the Apostles is Luke the Evangelist , as is clear from Tradition, internal evidence in the Acts themselves and in their relation to the third Gospel ( Luke 1:1-4 ; Acts 1:1-2 ). The unity of their authorship can be proved critically by their language, style and plan of narrative, and by their unity of scope and doctrine . The occasional substitution of the first person plural for the third person so far from impairing, only establishes more strongly their unity of composition and authenticity. The relations of Luke with the chief founders of the Church in Palestine, and with Paul , the Apostle of the Gentiles ; his industry and diligence as an eyewitness and in examining witnesses; the remarkable agreement of the Acts of the Apostles with the Epistles of Paul and with the more genuine historical records, all go to show that Luke had at his command most trustworthy sources, and that he used them in such a manner as to make his work historically authoritative. This authority is not diminished by the difficulties alleged against the supernatural facts he records, by his manner of condensing statements, by apparent disagreements with profane or Biblical history, or by apparent inconsistencies with his own or with other scriptural writings.
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