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Olympus Mons is the highest mountain on which planet in our solar system? | Where is the highest mountain in our Solar System? | Cool Cosmos
Where is the highest mountain in our Solar System?
The highest mountain and volcano in the Solar System is on the planet Mars. It is called Olympus Mons and is 16 miles (24 kilometers) high which makes it about three times higher than Mt. Everest. In addition to being very tall, it is also very wide (340 miles or 550 kilometers) and covers an area larger than the entire chain of Hawaiian islands. Olympus Mons is a very flat mountain which slopes by only 2 to 5 degrees. It is a shield volcano built up by eruptions of lava.
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Olympus Mons
Olympus Mons is the highest known mountain in our solar system. It is a huge shield volcano located in the western hemisphere of Mars and covers an area the size of Arizona!
On the outer edges of the volcano are high cliffs up to five miles tall! Olympus Mons is 69,459 feet (21,170 m.) tall, about 2.5 times higher than Everest!
Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli (1835-1910) first gave the feature the name "Nix Olympica" which means "olympic snow," for its high albedo (reflectivity). Later astronomers adopted the current name Olympus Mons.
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Renaissance astronomer Nicolas Copernicus was born in which modern day European country? | Copernicus born - Feb 19, 1473 - HISTORY.com
Copernicus born
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On February 19, 1473, Nicolaus Copernicus is born in Torun, a city in north-central Poland on the Vistula River. The father of modern astronomy, he was the first modern European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.
Copernicus was born into a family of well-to-do merchants, and after his father’s death, his uncle–soon to be a bishop–took the boy under his wing. He was given the best education of the day and bred for a career in canon (church) law. At the University of Krakow, he studied liberal arts, including astronomy and astrology, and then, like many Poles of his social class, was sent to Italy to study medicine and law.
While studying at the University of Bologna, he lived for a time in the home of Domenico Maria de Novara, the principal astronomer at the university. Astronomy and astrology were at the time closely related and equally regarded, and Novara had the responsibility of issuing astrological prognostications for Bologna. Copernicus sometimes assisted him in his observations, and Novara exposed him to criticism of both astrology and aspects of the Ptolemaic system, which placed Earth at the center of the universe.
Copernicus later studied at the University of Padua and in 1503 received a doctorate in canon law from the University of Ferrara. He returned to Poland, where he became a church administrator and doctor. In his free time, he dedicated himself to scholarly pursuits, which sometimes included astronomical work. By 1514, his reputation as an astronomer was such that he was consulted by church leaders attempting to reform the Julian calendar.
The cosmology of early 16th-century Europe held that Earth sat stationary and motionless at the center of several rotating, concentric spheres that bore the celestial bodies: the sun, the moon, the known planets, and the stars. From ancient times, philosophers adhered to the belief that the heavens were arranged in circles (which by definition are perfectly round), causing confusion among astronomers who recorded the often eccentric motion of the planets, which sometimes appeared to halt in their orbit of Earth and move retrograde across the sky.
In the second century A.D., the Alexandrian geographer and astronomer Ptolemy sought to resolve this problem by arguing that the sun, planets, and moon move in small circles around much larger circles that revolve around Earth. These small circles he called epicycles, and by incorporating numerous epicycles rotating at varying speeds he made his celestial system correspond with most astronomical observations on record.
The Ptolemaic system remained Europe’s accepted cosmology for more than 1,000 years, but by Copernicus’ day accumulated astronomical evidence had thrown some of his theories into confusion. Astronomers disagreed on the order of the planets from Earth, and it was this problem that Copernicus addressed at the beginning of the 16th century.
Sometime between 1508 and 1514, he wrote a short astronomical treatise commonly called the Commentariolus, or “Little Commentary,” which laid the basis for his heliocentric (sun-centered) system. The work was not published in his lifetime. In the treatise, he correctly postulated the order of the known planets, including Earth, from the sun, and estimated their orbital periods relatively accurately.
For Copernicus, his heliocentric theory was by no means a watershed, for it created as many problems as it solved. For instance, heavy objects were always assumed to fall to the ground because Earth was the center of the universe. Why would they do so in a sun-centered system? He retained the ancient belief that circles governed the heavens, but his evidence showed that even in a sun-centered universe the planets and stars did not revolve around the sun in circular orbits. Because of these problems and others, Copernicus delayed publication of his major astronomical work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri vi, or “Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs,” nearly all his life. Completed around 1530, it was not published until 1543–the year of his death.
In the work, Copernicus’ groundbreaking argument that Earth and the planets revolve around the sun led him to make a number of other major astronomical discoveries. While revolving around the sun, Earth, he argued, spins on its axis daily. Earth takes one year to orbit the sun and during this time wobbles gradually on its axis, which accounts for the precession of the equinoxes. Major flaws in the work include his concept of the sun as the center of the whole universe, not just the solar system, and his failure to grasp the reality of elliptical orbits, which forced him to incorporate numerous epicycles into his system, as did Ptolemy. With no concept of gravity, Earth and the planets still revolved around the sun on giant transparent spheres.
In his dedication to De revolutionibus–an extremely dense scientific work–Copernicus noted that “mathematics is written for mathematicians.” If the work were more accessible, many would have objected to its non-biblical and hence heretical concept of the universe. For decades, De revolutionibus remained unknown to all but the most sophisticated astronomers, and most of these men, while admiring some of Copernicus’ arguments, rejected his heliocentric basis. It was not until the early 17th century that Galileo and Johannes Kepler developed and popularized the Copernican theory, which for Galileo resulted in a trial and conviction for heresy. Following Isaac Newton’s work in celestial mechanics in the late 17th century, acceptance of the Copernican theory spread rapidly in non-Catholic countries, and by the late 18th century it was almost universally accepted.
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Nicolau Copernicus
Detail from a 19th-century copy of a 16th-century portrait of Nicolau Copernicus by an unknown artist, now in the State Library in Krakow. Public Domain; courtesy of Wikimedia
This profile of Nicolau Copernicus is part of
Who's Who in Medieval History
Nicolau Copernicus was also known as:
The Father of Modern Astronomy. His name is sometimes spelled Nicolaus, Nicolas, Nicholas, Nikalaus or Nikolas; in Polish, Mikolaj Kopernik, Niclas Kopernik or Nicolaus Koppernigk.
Nicolau Copernicus was known for:
Recognizing and promoting the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun. Although he was not the first scientist to propose it, his bold return to the theory (first proposed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd-century B.C.) had significant and far-reaching effects in the evolution of scientific thought.
Occupations:
Died: May 24 , 1543
About Nicolau Copernicus:
Copernicus studied liberal arts, which included both astronomy and astrology as part of the "science of the stars," at the University of Kraków, but left before completing his degree.
continue reading below our video
Profile of Nicholas Copernicus
He resumed his studies at the University of Bologna, where he lived in the same house as Domenico Maria de Novara, the principal astronomer there. Copernicus assisted de Novara in some of his observations and in the production of the annual astrological forecasts for the city. It is at Bologna that he probably first encountered the works of Regiomontanus , whose translation of Ptolemy's Almagest would make it possible for Copernicus to successfully refute the ancient astronomer.
Later, at the University of Padua, Copernicus studied medicine, which was closely associated with astrology at that time due to the belief that the stars influenced the dispositions of the body. He finally received a doctorate in canon law from the University of Ferrara, an institution he'd never attended.
Returning to Poland, Copernicus secured a scholastry (an in abstentia teaching post) at Wroclaw, where he primarily worked as a medical doctor and manager of Church affairs. In his spare time, he studied the stars and the planets (decades before the telescope was invented), and applied his mathematical understanding to the mysteries of the night sky. In so doing, he developed his theory of a system in which the Earth, like all the planets, revolved around the sun, and which simply and elegantly explained the curious retrograde movements of the planets.
Copernicus wrote his theory in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ("On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs"). The book was completed in 1530 or so, but it wasn't published until the year he died. Legend has it that a copy of the printer's proof was placed in his hands as he lay in a coma, and he woke long enough to recognize what he was holding before he died.
More Copernicus Resources:
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Which three digits can be found in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln Memorial on a US $5 (Five dollar) bill? | Funny random facts for you...: 172 - U.S. $5 dollar bill
Funny random facts for you...
Funny random facts to add to your life knowledge...
Tuesday, October 7, 2008
172 - U.S. $5 dollar bill
The numbers '172' can be found on the back of the U.S. $5 dollar bill in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln Memorial.
As you hold the bill, look at the "F" in five. The 5 is located in the leading edge of it. The 1 and 7 are shaped in the leaves of the same bush. They appear in the leaves and are darker than than the rest of the bush.
The vignette on the reverse of the five-dollar bill depicts the Lincoln Memorial. You may be aware that, engraved on that Memorial are the names of the 48 states in 1922, which was the year the Memorial was dedicated. There are engravings of 26 State names on front of the building, which appears on the note vignette. As a result, only 26 of the States appear on the note.
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In the film ‘Ben Hur’, what was the title character’s first name? | Amazing Money Facts
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Amazing Money Facts
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On the new hundred dollar bill the time on the clock tower of Independence Hall is 4:10.
The vignette on the reverse of the five-dollar bill depicts the Lincoln Memorial. You may be aware that, engraved on that Memorial are the names of the 48 states in 1922, which was the year the Memorial was dedicated. There are engravings of 26 State names on front of the building, which appears on the note vignette. As a result, only 26 of the States appear on the note.
If you have three quarters, four dimes, and four pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar.
If you toss a penny 10000 times, it will not be heads 5000 times, but more like 4950. The heads picture weighs more, so it ends up on the bottom.
A quarter has 119 grooves around the edge.
A dime has 118 ridges around the edge.
On an American one-dollar bill, there is an owl in the upper left-hand corner of the "1" encased in the "shield" and a spider hidden in the front upper right-hand corner.
There are four cars and eleven lightposts on the back of a ten-dollar bill. Corrected Thanks To: Brad Spencer
The numbers '172' can be found on the back of the U.S. $5 dollar bill in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln Memorial.
Pocahontas appeared on the back of the $20 bill in 1875.
The face of a penny can hold about thirty drops of water.
Money isn't made out of paper, it's made out of linen.
97% of all paper money in the US contains traces of cocaine.
Every day in the United States, people steal $20,000 from coin-operated machines.
In 75% of American households, women manage the money and pay the bills.
The first coin minted in the United States was a silver dollar. It was issued on October 15, 1794.
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In the nursery rhyme ‘The House That Jack Built’, what did the rat eat? | This is the House that Jack Built | Nursery Rhymes by Hooplakidz - YouTube
This is the House that Jack Built | Nursery Rhymes by Hooplakidz
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Published on Mar 14, 2014
Download HooplaKidz Christmas Songs on iTunes http://vid.io/xo26
Sing along to the fine tunes of This is The House that Jack Built nursery rhymes by Hooplakidz and sing along and have a good time !!!
Lyrics to Sing Along :-
This is the house that Jack built
This is the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the cat that chased the rat
That ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the dog that worried the cat
That chased the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the cow with the crumpled horn
That tossed the dog that worried the cat
That chased the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the maiden all forlorn
That milked the cow with the crumpled horn
That tossed the dog that worried the cat
That chased the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the man all tattered and torn
That kissed the maiden all forlorn
That milked the cow with the crumpled horn
That tossed the dog that worried the cat
That chased the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the priest all shaven and shorn
That married the man all tattered and torn
That kissed the maiden all forlorn
That milked the cow with the crumpled horn
That tossed the dog that worried the cat
That chased the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the cock that crowed in the morn
That woke the priest all shaven and shorn
That married the man all tattered and torn
That kissed the maiden all forlorn
That milked the cow with the crumpled horn
That tossed the dog that worried the cat
That killed the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the farmer sowing his corn
That kept the cock that crowed in the morn
That woke the priest all shaven and shorn
That married the man all tattered and torn
That kissed the maiden all forlorn
That milked the cow with the crumpled horn
That tossed the dog that worried the cat
That chased the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the horse and the hound and the horn
That belonged to the farmer sowing his corn
That kept the cock that crowed in the morn
That woke the priest all shaven and shorn
That married the man all tattered and torn
That kissed the maiden all forlorn
That milked the cow with the crumpled horn
That tossed the dog that worried the cat
That chased the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
To watch all popular nursery rhymes, click here http://bit.ly/19Wxnri
For more baby songs click here http://www.youtube.com/user/hooplakidz
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Sabena Airlines was the national airline of which European country 1923 – 2001? | Childrens Nursery Rhymes
CHILDREN'S NURSERY RHYMES
Children in English-speaking countries learn many rhyming songs during their early years.
Here are some of the more well-known. Many are several hundred years old.
If you're a teacher at school these rhymes work well in classes of younger children.
They can be sung or spoken. Click here to read some ideas on how to use
rhymes with children.
Rhymes: BANBURY CROSS; BLACK SHEEP; BOBBY SHAFTOE; COCK-A-DOODLE-DO; COFFEE AND TEA;
CROOKED SIXPENCE; CRY BABY BUNTING; EENSY WEENSY SPIDER; GEORGIE PORGY; GOOSEY GOOSEY GANDER;
HICKORY, DICKORY, DOCK; HUMPTY DUMPTY; JACK; JACK AND JILL; LITTLE MISS MUFFET; LITTLE STAR;
MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB; OLD KING COLE; OLD MOTHER HUBBARD; ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR; POLLY AND SUKEY;
ROBIN REDBREAST; SIMPLE SIMON; SING A SONG OF SIXPENCE; SLUGS AND SNAILS; TEDDY BEAR;
THE CAT AND THE FIDDLE; THIRTY DAYS; THE CAT AND THE FIDDLE; THERE WAS AN OLD LADY;
THERE WAS AN OLD WOMAN.
THERE WAS AN OLD LADY
There was an old lady who swallowed a fly. I don't know why she swallowed a fly. I guess she'll die.
There was an old lady who swallowed a spider That wiggled and jiggled and tickled insider her. She swallowed the spider to catch the fly. I don't know why she swallowed a fly. I guess she'll die.
There was an old lady who swallowed a bird. How absurd! To swallow a bird! She swallowed the bird to catch the spider That wiggled and jiggled and tickled insider her. She swallowed the spider to catch the fly. I don't know why she swallowed a fly. I guess she'll die.
(Continue verses) Cat . . . Imagine that! She swallowed a cat. Dog . . . What a hog! She swallowed a dog. Goat . . . She opened her throat and in walked a goat. Cow . . . I don't know how she swallowed that cow.
There was an old lady, she swallowed a horse. She died of course!
And in my lady's chamber.
There I met an old man
Who wouldn't say his prayers;
I took him by the left leg,
And threw him down the stairs.
EENSY WEENSY SPIDER (Itsy Bitzy Spider)
The eensy weensy spider
Crawled up the water spout
Down came the rain
And washed the spider out
Out came the sun and dried up all the rain
And the eensy weensy spider
Crawled up the spout again.
THE CAT AND THE FIDDLE Hey, diddle, diddle! The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon; The little dog laughed To see such sport,
And the dish ran away with the spoon
POLLY AND SUKEY Polly, put the kettle on, Polly, put the kettle on, Polly, put the kettle on, And let's drink tea. Sukey, take it off again, Sukey, take it off again, Sukey, take it off again, They're all gone away.
SIMPLE SIMON
Simple Simon met a pieman, Going to the fair; Says Simple Simon to the pieman, "Let me taste your ware." Says the pieman to Simple Simon, "Show me first your penny," Says Simple Simon to the pieman, "Indeed, I have not any." Simple Simon went a-fishing For to catch a whale; All the water he could find Was in his mother's pail! Simple Simon went to look If plums grew on a thistle; He pricked his fingers very much, Which made poor Simon whistle. He went to catch a dicky bird, And thought he could not fail, Because he had a little salt, To put upon its tail. He went for water with a sieve, But soon it ran all through; And now poor Simple Simon Bids you all adieu.
LITTLE STAR
Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are. Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky. Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are
Old King Cole Was a merry old soul,
And a merry old soul was he;
He called for his pipe,
And he called for his bowl,
And he called for his fiddlers three!
And every fiddler, he had a fine fiddle,
And a very fine fiddle had he.
"Twee tweedle dee, tweedle dee, went the fiddlers.
Oh, there's none so rare
As can compare With King Cole and his fiddlers three.
JACK AND JILL
Jack and Jill went up the hill, To fetch a pail of water; Jack fell down, and broke his crown, And Jill came tumbling after. When up Jack got and off did trot, As fast as he could caper, To old Dame Dob, who patched his nob With vinegar and brown paper.
BANBURY CROSS
Ride a cock-horse to Banbury Cross, To see an old lady upon a white horse. Rings on her fingers, and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes.
BLACK SHEEP
Baa, baa, black sheep, Have you any wool? Yes, I have, Three bags full; One for my master, One for my dame, But none for the little boy Who lives down the lane.
CRY BABY BUNTING
Cry, baby bunting, Father's gone a-hunting, Mother's gone a-milking, Sister's gone a-silking, And brother's gone to buy a skin To wrap the baby bunting in.
HUMPTY DUMPTY
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall; All the King's horses, and all the King's men Couldn't put Humpty Dumpty together again.
BOBBY SHAFTOE
Bobby Shaftoe's gone to sea, With silver buckles on his knee: He'll come back and marry me, Pretty Bobby Shaftoe! Bobby Shaftoe's fat and fair, Combing down his yellow hair; He's my love for evermore, Pretty Bobby Shaftoe.
THE CAT AND THE FIDDLE
Hey, diddle, diddle! The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon; The little dog laughed To see such sport, And the dish ran away with the spoon.
COCK-A-DOODLE-DO
Cock-a-doodle-do! My dame has lost her shoe, My master's lost his fiddle-stick And knows not what to do. Cock-a-doodle-do! What is my dame to do? Till master finds his fiddle-stick, She'll dance without her shoe.
There was a crooked man,
and he went a crooked mile,
He found a crooked sixpence
beside a crooked stile;
He bought a crooked cat,
which caught a crooked mouse,
And they all lived together
in a little crooked house.
COFFEE AND TEA
Molly, my sister and I fell out, And what do you think it was all about? She loved coffee and I loved tea, And that was the reason we couldn't agree.
OLD MOTHER HUBBARD
Old Mother Hubbard; Went to the cupboard, To give her poor dog a bone; But when she got there The cupboard was bare, And so the poor dog had none. She went to the baker's To buy him some bread; When she came back The dog was dead. She went to the undertaker's To buy him a coffin; When she got back The dog was laughing. She took a clean dish To get him some tripe; When she came back He was smoking a pipe. She went to the alehouse To get him some beer; When she came back The dog sat in a chair. She went to the tavern For white wine and red; When she came back The dog stood on his head. She went to the hatter's To buy him a hat; When she came back He was feeding the cat. She went to the barber's To buy him a wig; When she came back He was dancing a jig. She went to the fruiterer's To buy him some fruit; When she came back He was playing the flute. She went to the tailor's To buy him a coat; When she came back He was riding a goat. She went to the cobbler's To buy him some shoes; When she came back He was reading the news. She went to the sempster's To buy him some linen; When she came back The dog was a-spinning. She went to the hosier's To buy him some hose; When she came back He was dressed in his clothes. The dame made a curtsy, The dog made a bow; The dame said, "Your servant," The dog said, "Bow-wow."
ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR
One, two, three, four, five, Once I caught a fish alive. Six, seven, eight, nine, ten, But I let it go again. Why did you let it go? Because it bit my finger so. Which finger did it bite? The little one upon the right.
SING A SONG OF SIXPENCE
Sing a song of sixpence, A pocket full of rye; Four-and-twenty blackbirds Baked in a pie! When the pie was opened The birds began to sing; Was not that a dainty dish To set before the king? The king was in his counting-house, Counting out his money; The queen was in the parlor, Eating bread and honey. The maid was in the garden, Hanging out the clothes; When down came a blackbird And snapped off her nose.
What are little boys made of, made of?
What are little boys made of?
"Slugs and snails, and puppy-dogs' tails;
And that's what little boys are made of."
What are little girls made of, made of ?
What are little girls made of?
"Sugar and spice, and all that's nice;
And that's what little girls are made of."
ROBIN REDBREAST
Little Robin Redbreast sat upon a tree, Up went Pussy-Cat, down went he, Down came Pussy-Cat, away Robin ran, Says little Robin Redbreast: "Catch me if you can! Little Robin Redbreast jumped upon a spade, Pussy-Cat jumped after him, and then he was afraid. Little Robin chirped and sang, and what did Pussy say? Pussy-Cat said: "Mew, mew, mew," and Robin flew away.
LITTLE MISS MUFFET
Little Miss Muffet Sat on a tuffet, Eating her curds and whey; There came a big spider, And sat down beside her, And frightened Miss Muffet away.
GEORGIE PORGY
Georgy Porgy, pudding and pie, Kissed the girls and made them cry. When the boys came out to play, Georgy Porgy ran away.
HICKORY DICKORY DOCK
Hickory, dickory, dock! The mouse ran up the clock; The clock struck one, And down he run, Hickory, dickory, dock!
THIRTY DAYS
Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November; February has twenty-eight alone, All the rest have thirty-one, Excepting leap-year, that's the time When February's days are twenty-nine.
This is the house that Jack built.
This is the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the rat,
That lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the cat,
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On a clothes label, what does a square with a circle inside it indicate? | Washing Symbols | Wash Care Labels on Clothes | Cleanipedia
Five Dots = 70 C
Six Dots = 95 C
Permanent Press: The Permanent Press symbol has one line beneath the standard wash symbol. Permanent Press fabrics have been treated with chemicals to ensure they resist wrinkles and retain their original shape. If a piece of clothing is permanent press, it usually means that you shouldn’t iron it.
Gentle Cycle: The Gentle Cycle symbol has two lines beneath the standard wash symbol. The gentle cycle is for delicate fibres like wool or silk, or for items of clothing that could be damaged by a vigorous washing (like sequined tops, tights, or lycra).
Hand Wash: The Hand Wash symbol is the standard wash symbol with a hand at the top. For ‘Hand Wash’ clothing, do not use a washing machine. Instead wash garments in a sink or small tub, using your hands to ensure that the cleaning liquid is thoroughly rubbed into the material and subsequently rinsed out. Check your cleaning liquid to make sure it is suitable for hand washing – milder detergents have been specifically designed for hand wash use, and they are safe for your clothes and for your hands!
Do Not Wash: The Do Not Wash symbol is the standard wash symbol with a cross through it. If the label instructs you not to wash the item, it will have to be dry cleaned after it gets dirty – see the section on Dry Cleaning Symbols below.
Bleaching Guidelines on Wash Care Labels
The next symbol on the care label is a triangle that refers to whether specific bleaching conditions can be used on the item.
Bleach: A triangle without anything in the middle means that any kind of bleach can be used on the clothing when needed.
Non-chlorine Bleach Only: A triangle filled with diagonal lines means that only non-chlorine bleaches should be used. Check the ingredients on your bleach to see if it contains chlorine. Find out more about the different kinds of bleach here .
Do Not Bleach: A solid black triangle with crossed lines means ‘do not bleach’ – you should not attempt to use any kind of bleach on this garment.
Drying Guidelines on Care Labels
Tumble Dry: The basic tumble dryer symbol is a square with a circle in the middle of it.
As with the washing symbols, the number of dots inside the circle will tell you the heat setting you should put your tumble dryer on to, as well as any specific program settings required. Three dots mean Tumble Dry High, where as two dots means Tumble Dry Medium and one dot means Tumble Dry Low.
Do Not Tumble Dry: When an item is marked as ‘do not tumble dry’ with a cross through the drying symbol, leave this garment to drip-dry on a drying rack, in an airing cupboard, or outside on your washing line rather than putting it in the dryer.
Tumble Dry, Permanent Press: As before, a single line below the dryer symbol means that a Permanent Press setting should be used.
Tumble Dry, Delicate Setting: Double lines indicate that the Delicate setting must be used.
Ironing Guidelines on Care Labels
Iron: To make life easy, the ironing symbol is shaped like an old-fashioned iron.
Ironing symbols also employ the same dot system for heat levels, which should be adjustable on your iron.
Iron on high: three dots mean that the item can be ironed on high
Iron on Medium: two dots mean that it can be ironed on medium.
Iron on Low: One dot means that it can be ironed on low.
Dry Cleaning Symbols
Dry Clean: The dry cleaning symbol is a circle.
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In the American Wild West, what was the name of the gang, members of which included Butch Cassidy and kid Curry? | Washing symbols explained - Which?
Washing symbols explained
By Matt Stevens
Baffled by the washing symbols on your clothes labels? Our quick guide makes sense of them.
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Our Test Labs compare features and prices on a range of products. Try Which? to unlock our reviews. You'll instantly be able to compare our test scores, so you can make sure you don't get stuck with a Don't Buy.
Washing & ironing symbols
Washing and spinning symbols
A number within the tub icon shows the maximum temperature that item of clothing can be washed at, while the bars underneath refer to rinsing and spinning.
If there are no bars, the garment can be spun and rinsed as normal.
One bar indicates that the spin speed should be reduced.
Two bars means the clothes need a mild wash action, but can be spun and rinsed normally.
Such items shouldn’t be wrung by hand. If there's a cross through the tub, that item should not be washed and will probably need to be dry cleaned (see dry cleaning symbols, below).
Handwash symbol
If the tub contains a handwash program, wash the item by hand at 40°C or lower.
Many washing machines have a handwash program. This is for delicate garments such as cashmere or silk, and washes more gently than the normal setting to prevent clothes snagging or shrinking.
Find out more about using your washing machine at cooler temperatures in our guide to cleaning laundry at 30°C, including tips on which laundry detergent to use and how to prevent white washing powder deposits on your clothes.
Ironing symbols
The dots on ironing symbols correspond to the dots on an iron’s temperature settings: the more dots there are, the more heat can be applied.
If the iron symbol doesn't have any dots, the garment can be ironed at any temperature.
If the symbol has two lines protruding from the bottom of the symbol with a cross over it, this means you must dry iron and not steam iron.
Three dots are for linen and cotton, two dots are for synthetics, one dot is for the most delicate items such as woollens and silk. If the iron symbol has a cross through it, that garment is not suitable to be ironed.
To reduce the amount of time you spend ironing, check out our .
Tumble drying, dry cleaning and bleaching symbols
Tumble drying symbols
Getting tumble drying right is easy if you use the correct temperature.
A circle inside a square means you can tumble dry the garment.
The dots indicate temperature – one for lower heat, two for higher heat.
A cross over the symbol means you shouldn’t tumble dry the garment.
Some clothes may appear similar but have different labels – they’re most likely made from different fibres or blends. Some fibres or blends can change size or become ‘furred’ by tumble drying. An item that’s suitable for tumble drying will have been treated to protect against these effects.
In the market for a new tumble dryer? We've found models that leave clothes sopping wet and drive up your electricity bills - avoid these models by going for one of our Best Buy tumble dryers .
Dry cleaning symbol
Some clothes can – or must – be dry cleaned.
A circle means the garment is suitable for dry cleaning.
If there’s a letter inside the circle, it’s to tell the dry cleaner which chemical wash and method to use.
If the circle has a cross over it, the item shouldn’t be dry cleaned.
Clothes manufacturers tend to give good cleaning advice. So, even if you suspect they’re being over cautious, it’s best to follow what they say.
Bleaching symbols
A triangle means you can safely use a cold, dilute solution of bleach.
If the triangle has two stripes, only a non-chlorine, colour-safe bleach should be used.
If the triangle has a cross over it, the item can’t be bleached.
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What is the name of the key which is used for tightening and loosening the neck around a drill bit? | powertools - How do I remove a drill bit that is stuck due to an overtightened chuck? - Home Improvement Stack Exchange
How do I remove a drill bit that is stuck due to an overtightened chuck?
I recently bought a Bosch PSB 500 RE power drill and already I kinda screwed up the machine.
The chuck is keyless, consisting of two parts which I'll refer to as the head and the base. You would hold the base and rotate the head relative to the base to loosen or tighten the bit.
The machine is also equipped with a grip that is located on the drill body just before the base of the chuck.
While drilling this grip slipped and caught the base, stopped it from turning, so that only the head of the chuck was turning in the grip direction.
Now the whole chuck is too tight and it seems I can't release the bit any more. Any solutions?
Edit 1
I tried wearing gloves, it didn't help. I also tried putting some WD40, but that didn't help because the bit is way too tight.
I heard that the chuck assembly can be replaced, what do you think?
Don't replace the chuck assembly, it can't be that desperate yet. Did you try BMitch's strap wrench suggestion? You could also use locking or groove joint pliers with a heavy cloth or rubber sheet to protect the chuck finish. Even if the finish is damaged, the chuck will still function, but you may need to always use gloves on it because the damaged surface will be too harsh for bare skin. If the drill doesn't torque enough to loosen the chuck, you may need to use two tools to get it to loosen. It will loosen with the right tools. – bcworkz Jan 19 '13 at 20:28
You'd need to unscrew a screw that is accessible only when the bit is removed to replace the chuck. – sharptooth Jan 22 '13 at 7:35
@sharptooth my drill machine definitly does not have a screw that is covered by the bit, maybe in other models. check my amazon link – Moataz Elmasry Jan 22 '13 at 13:51
1
Strange. The typical procedure is like in this video youtube.com/watch?v=usC8unA5RiA - you loosen the chuck open wide and then unscrew a screw inside. – sharptooth Jan 22 '13 at 14:05
nop I believe this is dependant on the model. mine most probably does not have this one – Moataz Elmasry Jan 22 '13 at 15:49
up vote 19 down vote accepted
Put the drill in reverse, firmly grip the chuck (the part you were calling the head) and gently squeeze the trigger up the point that you cannot hold on. If you hear clicking, and it doesn't torque very much, you need to turn the torque setting up to the maximum (the highest number, or the drill setting if it has one). If it still doesn't budge and you're not able to hold the chuck against the force of the drill, you may want to use something stronger than your hand to hold the chuck. A strap wrench is well designed for this task and won't damage the chuck.
I will try and get one of these strap wrenches and try again. I tried to use my bare hands as well as a piece of cloth to hold the chuck base and tried to turn on the drill in the release direction, but I have to admit that I'm not strong enough for that :(, so I'll try the strap wrench. many thanks – Moataz Elmasry Jan 22 '13 at 13:49
I had no idea of strap wrenches before reading this. – sharptooth Jan 22 '13 at 14:09
2
I've had success with channellock pliers . They usually leave marks on the chuck, but they're also more common than strap wrenches. – alx9r Jan 23 '13 at 6:51
1
@alx9r: They won't damage the chuck if the chuck is wrapped in cloth. – sharptooth Jan 23 '13 at 7:32
1
A less dangerous way (Especially as there's still a bit in there)is with a bench vice and pliers/wrench (so no power is used) – Mark W Aug 23 '13 at 10:28
up vote 5 down vote
That happens once in a while with such chucks. Been there, loosened that. Don't worry.
When all else fails I wrap the chuck ring in cloth and use a pipe wrench. Sometimes only more torque can help. Just be sure you're turning it in the right direction.
Vice grips may also be used, if they're the only thing at hand. – Wayfaring Stranger Apr 16 '14 at 13:44
The pipe wrench, with about six turns of duck tape to give the wrench something to grip just helped me loosen the chuck on my B&D cordless. – converter42 Jul 3 '15 at 23:46
@converter42 That was waste of duct tape. You could use some dull cloth instead. – sharptooth Jul 20 '15 at 7:10
I tried all the suggestions I could find on the internet that worked for others, but none worked for me as my drill bit was way more stuck than theirs I guess!
The suggestions (and the result, so you are warned what could go wrong if you try it!):
hold the chuck and run the drill in reverse - I nearly burned my hand. Tried it with a thick gardening glove on, and still nearly burned my hand.
soak the head in WD40 to loosen the bit - nothing gained from this for me
hit the drill bit into the chuck as this helps release the jaws inwards - despite multiple bashes with a hammer nothing budged and the drill bit was no more loose than when I first started
use a strap wrench - the only way to do this was to grip around the chuck and run the drill in the opposite direction. As the drill bit was so stuck and the drill torque was so high it was the drill (rather than the chuck) that started to rotate and started moving towards drilling into my arm!
In the end I used two strap wrenches, one at the point the chuck should be turned and one just below. With the drill battery disconnected I was practically standing on the chuck to put enough force into the strap wrenches. There was so much force the chuck distorted into an oval (and this was a high quality drill), but eventually it popped and the drill bit came free.
Incidentally I oiled the chuck afterwards as it was very stiff (despite the previous oiling) which was probably a contributing factor to how stuck the drill bit was.
Hope this helps, and good luck!
up vote 2 down vote
My problem drill was not cordless. Away from home I had few of my usual tools to get the bit unlocked so I used the wire on the drill. I wrapped one end around the base of the chuck and the plug end around the other so that there were a couple of turns around each. The wire was round and soft and needed to be wound in the correct direction so that it tended to get tighter as I turned. It gave me grip, increasing the diameter of the piece and hence the torque achieved. It worked. I drilled on, finished the job them hit the same snag again when I tried to remove the drill bit. This time it didn't work but at least I had got the job done. I suggest this as a quick and easy first step.
up vote 1 down vote
I have a strap wrench set but not nearby, didn't want to go buy another, and needed the drill bit changed soon. After reading this thread with several good suggestions, the only things I had on hand to try were a pair of rubber gloves--not enough alone for me either--but I also got the idea of wrapping two thick rubber bands, which I did have, around the drill chuck pieces. Combining that with the rubber gloves was enough to improve the grip so I could loosen the chuck. Worth a try before heading for the store.
up vote 0 down vote
I had this problem after the first serious use of a drill I bought (judging by the resistance, I believe I was drilling into concrete). I tried using the drill in reverse and various other suggestions I saw on the internet but had no luck. What I ended up resorting to was to buy a " Draper 43863 2-Piece Soft-Grip Strap Wrench Set " from Amazon (I think there are other brands and other vendors, which may well be as good or better). It worked a treat. Given the purchase on the keyless chuck that I managed to get, I can't think I would have been able to release the drill bit otherwise. (Retrospectively, I don't think I should have bought such a powerful drill with a keyless chuck).
| Chuck (engineering) |
In World War ll, what type of planes were used by the Dambusters? | How to Insert Drill Bits | eHow
How to Insert Drill Bits
drill image by Vladislav Gajic from Fotolia.com
Properly inserting drill bits will help prevent them from breaking and will allow you to drill perfect holes. Drill bits are metal tools that cut materials when rotated by the motor of a power drill. They are held in the drill by a chuck, which is the rotating device on the front of the drill which clamps around the bit and holds it in place as it spins. Chucks can be keyless or keyed. Keyless chucks are opened and closed with your hands; keyed chucks are opened and closed with a small key made specifically for the chuck.
Things You'll Need
Chuck key (if using a drill with a keyed chuck)
Keyless Chuck
Turn the drill's operating switch to the "off" position. If the drill has a cord, make sure it is unplugged.
Grasp the drill firmly. Hold the chuck collar (the portion of the chuck closest to the body of the drill) with one hand and the chuck sleeve (the forward end of the chuck) with your other hand.
Turn the chuck sleeve counterclockwise to open the chuck so that the drill bit may be inserted.
Insert the smooth end of the drill bit into the chuck and push it back as far as it will go. If the bit is too short to be pushed all the way into the drill, then make sure that at minimum the entire smooth portion of the bit is inserted into the drill.
Center the drill bit within the chuck.
Twist the chuck sleeve clockwise while keeping the drill bit centered within the chuck.
Continue twisting the chuck sleeve until it is tightly closed around the bit.
Other People Are Reading
How to Change a Black & Decker Drill Bit
Keyed Chuck
Turn the drill's operating switch to the "off" position. If the drill has a cord, make sure it is unplugged.
Drill with a keyed chuck
Grasp the drill firmly. Insert the chuck key into the hole in the chuck sleeve. To insert the chuck key, you will need to align the teeth on the chuck key with the gears on the tightening collar of the chuck. The chuck sleeve is the foremost portion of the end of the chuck into which the drill bit is inserted. The tightening collar is the portion of the chuck closest to the body of the drill.
Turn the chuck key counterclockwise to open the chuck.
Insert the smooth end of the drill bit into the chuck and push it back as far as it will go. If the bit is too short to be pushed all the way into the drill, then make sure that at minimum the entire smooth portion of the bit is inserted into the drill.
Center the drill bit within the chuck.
Twist the chuck key clockwise while keeping the drill bit centered within the chuck.
Continue twisting the chuck key until the chuck is completely tight around the bit.
Tips & Warnings
This is a general guide. Consult the user manual for your drill for additional information specific to your drill.
Do not squeeze the trigger of the drill to use the drill's motor for assistance with loosening or tightening the chuck. This is a common practice but can result in serious injury.
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Jalousie, Bay and Palladian are all types of what? | Jalousie Windows - Worcester Window Company
Jalousie Windows
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Jalousie Windows
This is a window type that allows air into a space through glass louvered panels that are each parallel to one another in a frame. Each of the louvers are connected to each other on a track so they can tilt in unity. The tilting of the glass louvers is usually achieved by turning a crank near or within the window frame. These window frames are usually made of aluminum which does have some negative issues which we will address later in this description.
There are a few features that make this window type desirable to some home owners which we discuss below.
Allows maximum air flow and natural ventilation into a space
The louvered glass panels create interesting sight lines and sunlight patterns during the day
The ability to use this window type during bad climatic conditions
The jalousie window was a popular window type in mobile homes in the 1950s and the 1960s. Then they become used in modern homes after that time when several notable architects incorporated the window type into their design because of the ability for the window to be used during bad climatic conditions, like heavy rain. Even when it rains hard a home owner and use tilt the glass window panels to a direction that allows in air but not rain.
The fact that the jalousie window can allow in desired ventilation despite the type of weather that is taking place on the outside (sunny day, rainy day, tropical storm), allowed this window type to gain traction and has become one of the basic window types home owners like to use on their residence.
Some of the issues that have been noted to occur with the jalousie window are the way the glass louvered panels adhere to the window frame. The side mechanism can get stuck which makes it difficult to open the window panels. In addition if using an aluminum window frame it can corrode and cause opening problems as well. This is not a very energy efficient window since even when closed some air may leak out of a space. These are just some of the concerns that have been reported about the jalousie window, but there are ways to mitigate many of these issues which we can discuss if you have issues.
Today the jalousie window has been showcased in several high profile architectural designs that have won awards and received national notoriety. The modern jalousie still may have some of the problems discussed above, but if the right material is chosen for the situation then these issues should be minimized. This window type is a nice addition to any home and can add a level of flair that other window types just cannot do.
Worcester Window Company is your premier window service company with experience in all window types including the jalousie window. We have been in business for decades and have roots here in the Worcester community. So when you are ready to let us handle all your window service needs give us a call at (508) 455-4390, and let one of our customer service representatives answer any questions or concerns you may have.
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‘Hector the Cat’ is a fictional mascot created for teaching children what in Australia? | Palladian Windows - Worcester Window Company
Palladian Windows
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Palladian Windows
Another window style we specialize in is the Palladian windows. They are a classical window style where you have three sections of windows with the middle section being the largest of the three sections. At the top of the middle section is an arched window. This window style is reminiscent to the classical Renaissance architecture style found in older buildings. You can usually find these type of windows in Federal style homes and classic municipal buildings.
There are a number of features that define the Palladian windows and make it a very elegant and classic style which we discuss below.
A classical style window type
Allows a lot of light to enter a space
Enhances the space where it is installed and gives an elegant feel to the space
The way the Palladian windows are made allow a lot of natural light into a space and the style gives off a very sophisticated feel. Many home owners that have this window style in their homes are particular about this style of architecture and have other elements of the Renaissance in their home as well. You will rarely find a window type of this style in a home where the home owner does not appreciate the style period where the window type originated unless they bought the house from someone that had this window built into the home.
The Palladian window type is normally seen in older homes where style is important. This window type is not for those home owners that are into the modern style of homes, because the sure scale of this window type will not work with most modern designed homes. In addition the attention to detail used to create this window style is often more expensive than most home owners are willing to pay unless they really appreciate this style of architecture. It is safe to say that if you have or want a Palladian window in your home you have a keen eye for classical architecture or you like that style and plan to incorporate additional elements into the interior design of your home.
The Palladian window helps make the space where the window is located stylish and if you do not plan to augment the space with additional pieces from classical style architectural periods then you are probably wasting the point of having this window style in your home. The ornamentation expressed on this window style is vastly different from what you will find in a typical picture window or even the elegance seen in the bay or bow style of windows.
Worcester Window Company has decades of experience working with all type of windows including the Palladian window. So you can rest assured that you will be well taken care of when it comes to all your window service needs. Give our customer service representatives a call at (508) 455-4390, and let them get all your questions answered. See how we can turn your home into the talk of the neighborhood and if you are using the Palladian window style, we can help enhance the sophistication of your home.
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The first stock market in which city was established in 1792 with 24 stock brokers meeting at the Tontine Coffee House? | Origins of the Stock Market
The trend is your friend! Click here to see the Top 50 Trending Stocks.
Ancient Glimmers
Amazingly, some people believe the origins of the stock market can be observed as far back as ancient Rome. Back in Roman times, organizations called "Societates Publicanorum" were formed that offered investments referred to as "partes" or what we now know them as - shares. These organizations offered partes to individuals to help the government with the building of public structures and perform other community/civic services. The shares were tradeable and had fluctuating prices based on the underlying project's success. This seems more orientated toward what we now know as the municipal bond market, but it didn't take much of an imagination for some industrious Romans to transfer the principle onto private industry and some scholars believe this did, in fact, take place.
The Age of Exploration
During the age of exploration, hundreds of new sailing expeditions set forth and many of the journeys were those of merchants looking to trade. As these expeditions became more frequent, alternative methods to finance them were needed. The concept of selling partnership agreements to investors by dividing ownership of explorations into shares dates back to at least to the 13th Century in Italy. These agreements were typically only offered to a small group of investors and were of a limited duration with shipping partnerships that applied only to a single sea voyage. The trading of these kinds of shares grew throughout Northern Europe and eventually, a group of cities created the Hanseatic League which provided services to offer the shares to more individual investors. This was only a glimmer of the origins of the stock market, because at that time there were still no paper shares issued, and there was no "after market" buying or selling of those share interests.
Antwerp
Glass Roof of the Late Antwerp
Bourse. Wood engraving, 1858.
In 1531, the Belgian "bourse" of Antwerp was the world's oldest financial exchange mainly trading in promissory notes, bonds and commodities. The word "bourse" originated from a family-run inn in the town of Bruges where 15th century merchants met to conduct financial affairs. The definition of the word bourse is: an exchange as an assembly meeting at frequent intervals, usually daily, consisting of the merchants and another person, who meet for the purpose of dealing without exhibiting, delivering or paying for their goods at the same time. This certainly had some of the beginning characteristics of the origins of the stock market.
As word spread about Antwerp's success with trading financially derived investments, the enthusiasm filtered over into London's financial development activities.
London
In 1571, officially opened by Queen Elizabeth I, The Royal Exchange was modeled after the Antwerp Exchange building and like the Antwerp bourse, it offered the opportunity for a large group of merchants to sell merchandise. However, as trade expeditions continued to form, The Royal Exchange also included a small group of brokers offering marketable share interests in various expeditions.
Amsterdam
In the early 1600s, the Dutch East India Company (Vereinigte Oostindische Compaignie) and later the Dutch West India Company were formed to trade spices between Amsterdam and East India (Indonesia). Similar to how companies now operate, the directors controlled the company's operations including multiple expeditions rather than a single one, but the financials of the company were not available for investors to study. Shareholders received a 16% dividend per year on their investments. The other thing the Dutch Companies did was to issue shares on paper and eventually, investors began offering to sell their shares to other investors.
Photo: Vereinigte Ostindische
Compagnie bond.
In fact, the oldest existing stock certificate discovered so far was issued in 1606 by the Dutch East India Company.
In 1602, a new group formed the Amsterdam Exchange which was held outside on the New Bridge of Amsterdam where trading was done in bills, commodities and a small portion of share trading. It was on the Amsterdam bourse that share interests were eventually traded hinting at the origins of the stock market.
But at this point, there still was no stock market venue like we have today where shares are listed and traded in a market.
London
In the late 1600s as more financial structures were being developed in London, including the first government bonds offered in 1693 and the establishment of The Bank of England shortly thereafter, share trading at The Royal Exchange was becoming more popular.
Photo: The Royal Exchange,
rebuilt in 1844 after a fire is now
a luxury shopping mall, 2008.
After a while, as the stock brokering grew, it's said that the stock brokers were thrown out of the Royal Exchange because of their rowdy and rude behavior so they set up trading out of coffee houses along what was called Exchange Alley. In 1698, a stock broker named John Castaing working out of a coffee house began posting lists of British stocks and commodities and Dutch joint stock shares with price offerings and this activity eventually grew into the London Stock Exchange which officially formed in 1773.
The London Stock Exchange can be considered as main force of the origin of the stock market as we know it today
United States Stock Exchanges
Similarly, financial strategies which included the share exchange model developed in Europe were introduced in America by some of the founders of our country.
Photo: City Tavern in Philadelphia.
In the United States, over 220 years ago, the first stock exchange was established in Philadelphia in 1790 and was called the "Board of Brokers." The Board met at the Merchant's Coffee House - better known, rebuilt and standing today as Philadelphia's City Tavern. The "Board of Brokers" later became the Philadelphia Stock Exchange in 1875 and it's now part of NASDAQ known as NASDAQ OMX PHLX.
Contrary to popular belief, The Philadelphia Stock Exchange can be considered the origin of the stock market in America rather than the New York Stock Exchange.
However, shortly after the establishment of the Board of Brokers, in New York in the year 1792, 24 stock brokers outside of 68 Wall Street under a buttonwood tree came together to meet daily and trade stocks and bonds. They agreed to make the market more structured, without manipulative auctions and establish a equal and fair commission structure. In 1817, the group reorganized and renamed itself the "New York Stock and Exchange Board."
Photo: Floor of the New York
Stock Exchange, 1908.
Photo: Floor of the New York
Stock Exchange, 2008.
During his term as the first Secretary of the Treasury from 1789 to 1795, Alexander Hamilton was also noted to further endorse the use of stock exchanges to bolster growth in our country. He had studied the British models of stock exchange and promoted the idea to build a strong American economy. To commemorate his contribution to the origins of the stock market in America, there's a statue of him at Federal Hall on Wall Street and he is buried in the cemetery of Trinity Church located just down the street from the New York Stock Exchange.
It's interesting and amazing to look back at the modest origins of the stock market - coffee houses and under trees - and compare those earnest beginnings to the world's principal financial centers as we know them today.
| New York |
How many eyelids do camels have on each eye? | Timeline . The Crash of 1929 . American Experience . WGBH | PBS
Page 1 of 2
1653: Early History
Dutch colonists construct a wooden stockade across lower Manhattan to protect the north side of their settlement against attacks by the British and Indians. By the turn of the 18th century, the British have taken over the colony and dismantled the barrier, turning it into a paved lane called Wall Street.
September 21, 1776
A devastating fire, probably the work of colonial arsonists trying to disrupt the British occupation of the city during the American Revolution, destroys hundreds of structures in the vicinity of Wall Street.
January 14, 1790
In his landmark Report on the Public Credit, the young nation’s first treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton , proposes a method for the U.S. to handle federal and state debt by issuing government bonds, and establishes the principle of free trade for securities in the marketplace.
August 1790
Brokers meet in Philadelphia, where they buy and sell the first major issues of publicly-traded securities: $80 million in bonds issued by the federal government to pay off debt from the Revolutionary War .
May 17, 1792
At the Merchants’ Coffee House at the corner of Wall and Water Streets, two dozen New York City stockbrokers and merchants sign the “Buttonwood Agreement,” named after a buttonwood tree under which business has been transacted in the past. The agreement lists rules for securities transactions.
1793
The locus for securities transactions in New York moves to the Tontine Coffee House, across the street from the Merchants’ Coffee House. Business is also transacted on the street.
March 8, 1817
A group of New York brokers formally establish the New York Stock and Exchange Board, an organization that later will be renamed the New York Stock Exchange (N.Y.S.E.).
1829: 5,000 Shares a Day
The stock market reaches a trading volume of 5,000 shares a day.
December 16, 1835
On a bitterly cold night, a fire starts in lower Manhattan. Raging for two days, it will destroy 700 buildings, including the Merchants’ Exchange.
September 12, 1836
The N.Y.S.E. bars its members from conducting business in the streets.
March 22, 1837
The N.Y.S.E. starts paying its president a salary. The first paid president, David Clarkson, earns $2000 a year ($31,960 in 2003 dollars).
May 24, 1844
Samuel F. B. Morse transmits the first viable telegraph message. Securities brokers quickly adopt the technology to send market quotations. The telegraph helps expand the stock market by making trades accessible to brokers and investors outside of New York.
May 11, 1861
In response to the outbreak of the Civil War , trading of Confederate securities is banned.
July 27, 1866
Cyrus Field completes a transatlantic cable, connecting telegraph operators across the Atlantic Ocean. For the first time, London and New York markets can communicate instantaneously.
November 15, 1867
Edward Callahan invents the stock ticker, a device that shows current market prices and represents each company on the stock market with symbols based on Morse code .
September 24, 1869
Black Friday . A group of speculators led by Jay Gould and Jim Fiske try to corner the gold market, setting off a U.S. financial panic.
Library of Congress
Wall Street, 1873
September 18, 1873
The brokerage firm of Jay Cooke & Company, a major investor in new railroad construction , collapses, sparking the Panic of 1873 .
November 13, 1878
The N.Y.S.E. installs the first telephones on its trading floor.
November 1882: Dow Jones & Company
Charles Dow and Edward Jones form Dow Jones & Company and design the first index to measure the activity of the N.Y.S.E.
Library of Congress
Wall Street, 1884
May 6, 1884
The Wall Street brokerage firm of Grand and Ward fails, leading to a panic and the failure of 15 other stock exchange firms. Grant and Ward is co-owned by Buck Grant, the son of former Union general and president Ulysses S. Grant , and the failure plunges the ex-president into bankruptcy. Desperate for money, he will begin writing his wartime memoirs soon afterward.
December 15, 1886
The N.Y.S.E.'s trading volume reaches one million shares a day for the first time.
April 8, 1890
Junius S. Morgan, the head of the Morgan banking family, dies. His son, John Pierpont Morgan , will turn the family financial empire into one of the most powerful banking houses in the world.
May 26, 1896
Charles Dow reveals his industrial stock average in the first publication of his daily paper — the Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones creates four averages to measure market performance, including the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
January 12, 1906
The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes the day at over 100 for the first time.
October 21, 1907
Rumors of financial problems at a leading New York bank trigger investors to run on banks throughout the city, beginning the Panic of 1907. J. P. Morgan devises a plan to return cash to banks, saving the country from its most severe financial crisis to date.
February 28, 1913
The Pujo Committee, appointed by Congress to investigate practices of the banking and securities industry, issues a report which leads Congress to create the Federal Reserve System. The Fed is designed to stabilize the nation’s banking structure.
July 31, 1914: WWI Begins
World War I begins in Europe, leading to sharp declines in world stock prices. The N.Y.S.E. and exchanges throughout the world temporarily suspend trading in order to stop prices from dropping further.
April 7, 1917
Following a series of German provocations, President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress for a formal declaration of war. The U.S. enters World War I .
June 8, 1917
A liberty loan rally is held on the trading floor of the N.Y.S.E., where former president William H. Taft encourages Americans to purchase war bonds.
Library of Congress
Able-bodied men return home from war.
November 11, 1918
The United States emerges from World War I as a creditor nation and a rising global force.
October 1923
A bull market begins. It will continue growing for nearly six years.
April 13, 1928
The N.Y.S.E. introduces new and improved high-speed tickers. The devices can print 500 characters per minute, almost twice as fast as the earlier models.
February 1929: 1929
Astrologer Evangeline Adams, who counts Charlie Chaplin , Mary Pickford , and J. P. Morgan among her clients, predicts the market will rise in the coming months.
March 15, 1929
Newspapers quote Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon saying there are bargains to be found in the bond market. Wall Street is in the midst of a buying frenzy. As the market rises, some begin to fear it will soon collapse. The Federal Reserve Board meets, but does not make any public statements.
March 4, 1929
President Herbert Hoover is inaugurated. Nicknamed “The Great Engineer,” the former geologist and mining engineer takes office amid booming prosperity. During the campaign, he has promised: “We shall soon, with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation.”
March 8, 1929
Michael J. Meehan begins one of the most successful brokerage pools in Wall Street history. Over the next ten days, he drives the value of R.C.A. stock up almost 50%. In today’s money, his pool will make the colluding investors $100 million.
March 25, 1929
A mini-crash begins as investors start to sell, revealing the market’s shaky foundations. For the many people playing the market with borrowed money, the day is a disaster, as margin calls wipe out their holdings. While the investors seek to borrow more money, interest rates soar to 20 percent. The New York Daily News calls it a “selling avalanche.”
March 27, 1929
Banker Charles Mitchell announces that the national city bank will provide $25 million in credit to stop the market’s slide. His move stops the panic, and call money declines from 20 to eight percent. Senator and former Treasury Secretary Carter Glass calls for Mitchell to resign from his post on the Federal Reserve Board because of his intervention in the market.
Spring, 1929
The American economy shows ominous signs of trouble. Steel production is declining, construction is sluggish, car sales are down, and consumers are building up high debts because of easy credit. Yet the stock market continues its upward momentum, heedless of real economic indicators.
May 14, 1929
The N.Y.S.E. opens a new bond room, adding 6,000 feet to the trading floor.
Summer, 1929
The market continues to rebound, and stocks hit record levels month after month.
August 17, 1929
Michael Meehan’s brokerage firm launches a new service: an office aboard ocean liners, including the Berengaria. This convenience allows transatlantic passengers to buy or sell shares during the weeklong passage between the U.S. and Europe.
September 3, 1929: The Market Reaches its Peak
After a surge of optimism, the bull market reaches its peak — the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 381.17. A newspaper headline trumpets, “Public Demand for Stock Appears Insatiable.”
September 5, 1929
Bearish economist Roger Babson gives a speech, saying, “Sooner or later, a crash is coming, and it may be terrific.” He has been delivering this message for two years, but for the first time, investors listen. The market takes a severe dip, which will be called the “Babson Break.” The next day, prices will stabilize, but the collapse has begun.
Mid-September, 1929
The market fluctuates wildly up and down.
October 24, 1929
“Black Thursday.” The economic bubble finally bursts. Stock prices fall sharply on a day of heavy liquidation. Ticker tape runs four hours later than normal at a volume of 12.9 million shares. Headlines will report the market’s paper loss at $5 billion. A pool of bankers acts to stem the drop by putting more money into the market, and President Hoover reassures Americans that U.S. business is sound. Within a few days, a headline will read, “Brokers Believe Worst is Over and Recommend Buying of Real Bargains.”
October 28, 1929
“Black Monday.” The stock market falls 22.6%, the highest one-day decline in U.S. history. The crash triggers similar declines in markets around the world.
October 29, 1929
“Black Tuesday.” Panic sets in as investors all try to sell their stocks at once. Over 16 million shares of stock are sold, setting a record — and the market records over $14 billion in paper losses. Stock tickers cannot keep up with the heavy trading volume. At the end of the day, the market is down 33 points, more than 12.8%. Some of the nation’s financial elite, including General Motors’ William C. Durant and the Rockefeller family , show confidence by buying stocks, but their efforts fail to stem the tide.
November 23, 1929
After weeks in freefall, the market hits its bottom and stabilizes. The New York Times reports, “Regular Schedule to be Resumed, but Trading Will Be Suspended Last Half of Week; Business Nearly Normal.” The market’s daily volume is at 3 million shares with “orderly although irregular” prices.
Corbis
A desperate man sells his car for $100
January 7, 1931
A report released by the Committee for Unemployment Relief states that over four million Americans are unemployed.
1
| i don't know |
Which British pre-decimal coin was worth two shillings? | History of pre-decimal British coins
The farthing
Diameter : 20.0 mm ; Weight : 2.8 grams
One needed forty-eight parts of a farthing to make one shilling. The farthing existed from 1672 to 1956, but it is in 1860 that it will be struck out of bronze with the format it will keep until its disappearance in 1956, i.e. with the diameter of 20 millimetres for a weight of 2.83 grams. The origins of the denomination : in first it was fourthing, because a quarter of...
The half-penny
Diameter : 25.0 mm ; Weight : 5.7 grams
The half-penny was equivalent to one 24th of shilling. The half-penny existed from 1672 to 1967, but like the farthing, it is only in 1860 that it adopts the proportions it will keep until 1967. It will be replaced by the new half-penny in 1971.
The penny
Diameter : 31.0 mm ; Weight : 9.4 grams
The penny was the twelfth part from one shilling. It always carried on the reverse the famous sitted Britannia. The penny is the continuation of a roman coin, Denarius or continental denier, its origin is thus very old, but it is only under George III that this coin is struck out of bronze and its format gradually reduced until the standard which will remain invariable from 1860 to 1967.
Silver coins
The three pence
Diameter : 16.0 mm ; Weight : 1,4 grams
One needed four coins of three pence to make one shilling. The coin of three pence existed since 1551. This silver coin of small diameter, weighting 1.4138 grams, was struck until 1944. Another coin of three pence out of brass , larger, of dodecagonal form, appeared in 1937 and lasted until 1967.
The four pence or Groat
Diameter : 16.0 mm ; Weight : 1,9 grams
There were four pennies in a groat. Groats circulated between the 14th and 17th centuries. For the 19th and 20th, the coin of four pence was not a current coin, i.e. it did not circulate and was only in sets of new coins, just as the silver coins of 3, 2 and 1 pence.
The six pence
Diameter : 19.0 mm ; Weight : 2,8 grams
The coin of six pence was worth one six pence. It existed since 1549. It kept the same proportions for a long time, its weight was 3.0100 grams. This coin was struck out of silver before Victoria until under the reign of George VI, in 1946. From 1947, it was struck out of copper-nickel until 1967. After the decimalization of the English coins, the six pence were accepted with the value of 2.5 new pence.
The shilling
Diameter : 24.0 mm ; Weight : 5,7 grams
To make one shilling, twelve pence were needed. This coin existed since 1548. The shilling was already out of silver under the reign of George III and remained so until 1946. The silver shilling weighed 5.6552 grams. From 1947, the shilling was struck out of copper-nickel, until 1967, date of its disappearance.
The florin
Diameter : 28.5 mm ; Weight : 11,3 grams
The silver coin of a florin was worth two shillings. There is an interisting fact to know concerning the English florin : this coin in the first attempt to introduce the decimal system into British coinage. The first florin appears in 1848 or 1849 and does not obtain a great success. It is in 1893, its diameter and its weight are definitively fixed. The silver florin weighed 11.3104 grams.
The half-crown
Diameter : 32.0 mm ; Weight : 14,1 grams
The silver coin of an half-crown was worth two shillings and a half. The half-crown existed since 1551. This coin did not vary in proportions nor in diameter nor in weight from 1818 to 1946, its silver weight was 14.1380 grams. From 1947 to 1967, it was struck out of copper-nickel and disappeared from circulation when the decimalization was adopted.
The crown
Diameter : 39.0 mm ; Weight : 28,3 grams
The silver coin of a crown was worth five shillings. The first English coin carrying this denomination appears in 1526, but it is a gold coin. It is in 1818, under George III, that a heavy silver coin is struck : it is called crown and is worth five shillings. The English silver crown will exist from the reign of George III to the one of George VI : the last English silver crown will be struck in 1937. Thereafter, in 1951 (festival of Great Britain), 1953 (crowning of Elizabeth II) and 1965 (homage to Churchill), it will be struck out of copper-nickel.
Gold coins
The sovereign
Diameter : 22.0 mm ; Weight : 7,99 grams
A sovereign was equivalent to a pound sterling. This gold coin replace the old English gold coin that was named Guinea ; guinea was worth twenty one shillings. The sovereign weights approximatively 8 grams (7.9881 grams exactly).
The half-sovereign
Diameter : 19.0 mm ; Weight : 3,99 grams
The half-sovereign was worth ten shillings. This coin approximately weights four grams (3.9940 grams very exactly).
The two sovereigns
The gold coin of two sovereigns was worth two pounds sterling. It weights about sixteen grams (15.9761 grams exactly).
The five sovereigns
The gold coin of five sovereigns was worth five pounds sterling. It weights about forty grams (39.9403 grams exactly).
*If you master English well, you will learn a lot more on webpages by Tony Clayton, I invite you to visit them while clicking on the following link : http://www.tclayton.demon.co.uk/coins.html
| Florin |
The New York city of Yonkers is on which river? | Coins of the UK
About the Author.
Introduction
This is a series of pages dealing with the history of individual denominations used in England since the Norman Conquest or, in the case of the penny, a little earlier.
Every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information provided, and extensive research has been carried out to this end. However, I will not and cannot accept liability for the consequences of any decisions made by readers of this site.
Please note that the copyright on these web pages remains with the author. Please do not post copies of pages found on this web site elsewhere on the web without specific authorisation from the author, as the frequent updates would render the copies obsolete very quickly. However, please feel free to post links to the site if you think it is appropriate.
If you wish to download these web pages for personal use only, you are welcome to do so. If you later want to update them, check with the version numbers in the main index on this page as given below (e.g. v12). The dates of the latest version are given in UK format (dd/mm/yy).
Site Organisation
This site is www.coins-of-the-uk.co.uk, having recently been transferred from the old site at www.tclayton.demon.co.uk. It was not intended to move the site, but restrictions imposed by Demon have forced me to move it elsewhere, as had already happened with the pictures pages on what is now a redundant site - www.ukcoinpics.co.uk. The two sites are now merged back together again.
There are three main sets of pages dealing with the coins of the United Kingdom.
The History Pages which detail the history of the individual denominations used since before the Norman Conquest. The Main Index for these is on this page. There are links to the relevant Values and Pictures pages on each of the History Pages. With hammered gold coins (such as the Angel) the changes of value over time do create a problem; they are referred to under each value that they had, with links taking you from one value to the next. The Decimal Coins pages detail the history of the change to decimal coinage in 1971, and the coins issued since that time, and are now integrated into the main History Pages section.
The Values Pages, which detail the values of individual coins in a range of condition grades since the introduction of Milled coins during the Commonwealth. There is a Values Index Page on http://www.coins-of-the-uk.co.uk/values which will help you find the value of your coins. There are links to the relevant History and Pictures pages on each of the Values pages.
The Pictures Pages. These were hosted on my alternative site at http://www.ukcoinpics.co.uk, although that site has been mothballed, and has been merged back onto this site . Pictures are confined to the pages in the picture section as the rest of the site is designed to be read easily and rapidly by readers using any type of software and communication link, without expecting that the viewer has the very latest software. However, links to many images can be found on the History pages. There are links to the relevant History and Values pages on each of the Pictures pages.
Enquiries
Before mailing the author to ask about the value of your coins, first try to judge their condition using the Grading Information below, and then look up your coins on the Values of UK Coins pages. This may answer your question without adding to the several messages per day that the author receives on the subject.
If you wish to ask for advice, please try to look through this site first, but if you cannot find the information you want feel free to contact the author via the Advice page . Ensure that your Reply-To address is correct, as I delete all messages immediately after replying. I do answer all non-spam e-mails received, so if you do not get a reply within a couple of weeks, try again.
If the information is readily available on the site, I will refer you to the appropriate page in the hope that this will assist you to find further similar information yourself.
If there is a problem with any aspect of the site design, such as faulty links, please contact the author via the Advice page .
Die Numbers
Some Victorian silver and gold coins have die numbers. I have compiled a list of those known to exist which is almost certainly not complete. If you have such a coin check the die number on this page and let me know if you have one that is not recorded. If outside the known range of numbers please send me a clear image of both sides of the coin for confirmation.
Proof Sets v20 04/03/15
A list of what changes were made in the past year or so can be found here .
UK Coin Values
There is a similar series of pages dealing with just the Values of UK Coins , including access to a CSV File suitable for loading into your favourite database or spreadsheet. This file has an exhaustive list of all years and denominations and includes major varieties and many proof coins.
For more extensive value information I suggest you purchase The Coin Yearbook from Token Publishing Ltd, PO Box 14, Honiton, Devon EX14 9YP, UK , to whom I am indebted for their permission to use the values information published in their magazine Coin News and their Coin Yearbook.
These values pages can also be accessed directly from the descriptive pages in the list above.
Coins in gold and silver have an intrinsic metal value which can exceed any numismatic value. A new page on bullion values is now available.
Index by Metal and Size
As many UK coins do not have a denomination on them, especially prior to the 20th century, the following gives an index by diameter and weight for Milled coins only. Bear in mind that coins from the 18th Century and earlier show significant variations both in diameter and weight from issue to issue. Hammered coins show far too much variation for them to be indexed in this way.
Milled coins are those produced on a machine press, and have a regular size. This process became standard around the time of Charles II in the middle of the 17th century. Prior to that coins were made by hand hammering, and as there was no collar the size of the coin was irregular. The term milled is also applied to the lines on the edge of the machine-made coins which were introduced to prevent the practice of clipping silver or gold from round the edge. These lines can be either perpendicular, angled or chevroned, or even in the form of a recessed line around the edge. Higher denominations sometimes have lettered edges.
The term 'Early' as used in the list below generally means pre-1816. Such coins show variations around the figure given.
Copper, Bronze or Copper-plated Steel
Illustrations
In order that the site can be loaded speedily by all users of the web, illustrations are not used in the main pages. Previously, because of bandwidth limitations on the host server that I used to use, pictures were accessed from a picture store on the separate website www.ukcoinpics.co.uk. However, this has now been relocated back onto this site in the folder www.coins-of-the-uk.co.uk/pics . Use of www.ukcoinpics.co.uk remains active although you will simply be redirected back to the corresponding page on this site.
Links to individual pictures can be found at relevant points in the main description pages, and are downloaded from the picture store, while the above reference will give an index to extensive displays of images based either on monarch or denomination.
Future Developments
Now that I have scanners and digital cameras the number of illustrations on the picture pages has been dramatically increased. I particularly welcome donations of images to fill gaps in the collection.
It is intended to write pages detailing the numismatic history of the reign of each monarch, but this is taking some time. Little has been done on that mission in this century!
Grading
A range of grades are used to describe the condition of coins. Valuation of a coin is impossible without a sound knowledge of the grading of coins. For this there is no real substitute for experience. However, the following is a guide to the main UK grading scheme used for UK and other coins. Please note that this differs in many respects from US grading systems.
Poor: Inscriptions worn off, date illegible, only outline of design visible. Such coins are generally of no value to a collector.
Very Good (VG): Considerable wear over the whole coin, and high spots worn through. Coins in this or the previous grades are really only collectable if extremely rare. This picture is of the reverse of a 1905 penny which is Good to Very Good (i.e. awful!)
Fine (F): Worn over whole area, but only the highest spots are worn completely through. (US Grade about VF)
Very Fine (VF): Detail clear, but obvious evidence of limited circulation. High spots worn but detail remains. Traces of mint lustre may linger amongst the letters of the inscription. (US Grade about XF)
Extremely Fine (EF): Slight wear on high spots on close inspection, and all other detail clear and sharp. Much mint lustre may remain. (US Grade about AU)
Uncirculated (Unc): No wear, although it is possible for the design not to be fully struck up in the minting process. There may be bag abrasions. Older coins may be tarnished or toned.
Brilliant Uncirculated (BU): Usually implies full mint lustre, in other words no toning or tarnish.
FDC: (Fleur de Coin) Perfect mint state, with no abrasions or marks, and full lustre. Usually applied to proof coins only, as coins intended for circulation are in contact with others during production.
Proof: Not a condition, but the coin has been struck using specially prepared dies and polished blanks, and the minting process has been carried out usually twice with extra pressure to ensure the die is filled. Normally the fields are highly polished, with the design matte, however matte proofs where the whole coin is matte are known (for example all the 1902 GB proofs), and sometimes even the design is polished. A characteristic of proof coins is that they have very sharp edges because of the high pressures used to ensure that the metal flows into all details of the design.
Many coins fall in between grades, and so terms such as 'nearly VF', 'good VF', 'gem BU' are encountered. The numerical system popular in the USA is almost unused in the UK, and US readers should bear in mind that their grading system is more generous than that of the UK.
The Two Pound Coin with a Necklace Legend
There have been rumours circulating in the UK that the two pound coin where the queen is wearing a necklace is worth a lot (the highest figure quoted to me is £75). There have even been rumours that they are being recalled and that banks and post offices will give a premium for them.
This is an urban legend.
1997 two pound coins are plentiful, circulate readily, and are NOT scarce. Sorry to disappoint you on this. Banks and post offices will only give you two pounds for them. No less than 13,734,625 have been issued for circulation according to the Royal Mint. Hardly a rare coin. However, they are not too often seen as not only are much larger numbers of later coins available, but because of the rumours they have been picked out of circulation.
There was a problem in the production of the new bimetallic two pound coins which meant that the release date was delayed from 1997 to 1998. In the meantime the portrait was changed for the newer coins minted in 1998. They issued the 1997 coins (with the 'necklace') anyway, in large quantities.
They are not worth more than two pounds, nor will they be unless in uncirculated condition in a lot of years time (as will the 1998, 1999, etc coins)
On the other hand the Guernsey version of the coin dated 1997 is scarce as it was only issued in the Guernsey uncirculated coin sets (as you may know both Jersey and Guernsey issue their own coins).
The Two Penny Coin with NEW PENCE Legend
A lot of people have misunderstood a recent TV program.
There is a rare two penny coin, but it is only the one dated 1983 with NEW PENCE on the reverse.
From 1971 to 1981 all UK circulating coins used the words NEW PENCE to distinguish them from the old pre-decimal pennies. In 1982 it was felt that this had gone on long enough, and the legends were changed, replacing the word NEW with the value of the coin, such as TWO or FIFTY, etc.
In 1983 so many 2p coins were in circulation that there was little demand for more. As a result, two pence coins bearing that date were only issued in sets issued by the Royal Mint for collectors. In error, about 20 or so included two pence coins with the old NEW PENCE instead of TWO PENCE on the reverse.
There may be sets still sitting around unchecked (sadly my own has the more common TWO PENCE reverse). The chances of sets being broken up and put into circulation are fairly small, so the chances of finding a 1983 twopence in circulation are tiny anyway - the chances of finding the error reverse make winning the lottery look easy.
'To Hanover' Tokens
Copper or brass tokens bearing the legend 'To Hanover' often turn up. These are not UK coins, despite the portrait of Queen Victoria usually found on them.
When William IV died, Victoria became Queen, and inherited many of King William's titles. However, the Electorship of Hanover could only be inherited by a male heir, and this went to the Duke of Cumberland, a rather unpopular figure, who promptly departed to Hanover.
The tokens were used for gaming, it is thought, and say 'Good Riddance', so to speak.
With modern coins there are two types of the orientation of the reverse:
'Coin' orientation, where the reverse is upside down when you turn the coin sideways.
'Medal' orientation, where the reverse is upright when you turn the coin sideways.
Modern US 'silver' coins use the 'coin' orientation, as do most UK copper coins prior to 1825 (1826 for farthings) and silver or gold up until 1887.
Modern UK coins after the above dates use 'medal' orientation, as do many earlier proofs.
Prior to 'D-Day' on 15th February 1971 the English coinage system was based on the following relationships:
2 Farthings = 1 Halfpenny
2 Halfpence = 1 Penny (1d)
6 Pence = Sixpence (often referred to as a tanner) (6d)
12 Pence = 1 Shilling (often referred to as bob, e.g. six bob) (1/-)
2 shillings = 1 Florin (or two bob bit) (2/-)
2 Shillings and 6 Pence = 1 Half Crown (rarely referred to as half a dollar) (2/6)
5 shillings = 1 Crown (5/-)
20 Shillings = 1 Pound (often referred to as a quid) (£1)
Other terms much more rarely used include
4 Pence = 1 Groat (4d)
13 Shillings and 4 Pence (160 pence) = 1 Mark (13/4)
21 Shillings = 1 Guinea (£1/1/-)
Note the way sums of money were written: 6/8 means 6 shillings and eightpence, while £2/19/11 was two pounds nineteen shillings and eleven pence. The use of d for penny may seem odd until you realise it is short for the Latin denarius.
The term guinea was (and is) used for 21 shillings (£1.05), especially in horse racing and by auction houses, although no coin of that value has been issued since 1813.
The Mark was traditionally used as a standard fine by the University of Cambridge during my own time there in the early 1960's.
In advance of D-day the halfpenny and half-crown were withdrawn, and 5 new pence and 10 new pence coins were issued from 1968 to circulate alongside the existing shilling and florin coins. A 50p coin appeared in 1969 to replace the old 10 shilling banknote. The farthing had gone long before, in 1961.
After D-day the penny and threepence coins rapidly disappeared from use. The sixpence continued in use as 2½ pence for about nine years. The new halfpenny went not long afterwards. However, the old shillings and florins continued alongside the 5p and 10p coins until a reduction in size in the early 1990's resulted in their disappearance from circulation. The 50p coin was also reduced in size in 1997.
Three new coins have been introduced since decimalisation - the 20p appeared in 1982 followed by the pound coin in 1983 and the two pound coin in 1998 (although 1997 versions are frequently found in change). Commemorative two pound coins were issued irregularly from 1986, but these early coins differ from the circulating version first issued in 1998 in that the latter is much thinner and is also bimetallic.
Full information on the switch to Decimal Coinage, and recent changes to the coins used in the UK, can be found on the Decimal Coins page.
The information has been culled from a very wide variety of sources, and I acknowledge my indebtedness to them, especially the following:
'An Advanced Guide to Coin Collecting' by Howard Linecar
'Coincraft's Standard Catalogue of English and UK Coins'
'English Coins' by GC Brooke
'English Copper, Tin and Bronze Coins in the British Museum' by C.W.Peck.
'The Bronze Coinage of Great Britain' by Michael J. Freeman
'A History of Modern English Coinage' by James Mackay
'The Seaby Coin Encyclopaedia' by Ewald Junge
'Seaby's (now Spink's) Standard Catalogue of British Coins'
'Teach Yourself Numismatics' by CC Chamberlain
There are many individuals who have been kind enough to help, and while some are mentioned individually in the text, I am indebted to all those who have written to me about points in this site.
I am particularly indebted to Spink and Jean Elsen & Ses Fils for permission to use images from their auction catalogues, as well as many other individuals who are acknowledged by name or have given images anonymously.
I am most grateful to The Ten O'Clock Show Limited for their past sponsorship of my coin-related websites. Sadly, it seems the business might have closed.
Other Coin Related Sites
A list can be found on my Links Page .
An essay on the use of various metals in coinage is to be found on my 'Metals Used in Coins and Medals' page.
Tony Clayton's Home Page
Help and Advice
I would be grateful if you could search the site carefully before mailing me - the answers to the great majority of the questions that I am asked can be found on this site, and I am unlikely to reply quickly to such questions. In particular, I do NOT provide a valuation service.
If you have done this and still wish to ask for advice, feel free to mail me via my Advice page .
Coins of the UK
| i don't know |
In which sport might a ‘Long Jenny’ be played? | ESPN: The Worldwide Leader in Sports
NBA
Andrew Han ESPN Writer
The Clippers started Raymond Felton and Austin Rivers in their first game without Chris Paul, out 6-to-8 weeks from thumb surgery. Going small against the Timberwolves wings of Zach LaVine and Andrew Wiggins has led to mixed results. The Clippers lead late in the first quarter, but the Wolves front court had 21 points on 9-for-12 shooting.
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ESPN Stats and Information
Nikola Jokic is the 1st Nuggets player to record 3 straight games with 25 points and 10 rebounds since Carmelo Anthony on March 15-18, 2010.
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Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Arizona embarrassing USC in Los Angeles right now. Amazing what Sean Miller has done without Allonzo Trier and other injured players. Might be UCLA's greatest threat in the PAC-12, especially if Dillon Brooks is sidelined beyond tonight.
share
ESPN Stats and Information
Knicks forward Carmelo Anthony followed up his 25-point second quarter by shooting 2-of-12 the rest of the game
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Dave McMenamin ESPN Staff Writer
LeBron James says his son, 12-year-old LeBron Jr., who was seen in a recent AAU highlight video completing a through-the-legs layup, has been studying his dad's old high school footage for inspiration. Would LeBron Sr. have been able to do that move at 12? "No, I wouldn't even have had the nerve to try it," James told ESPN.
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Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
John Wall scores the last four points to dash a furious Knicks' comeback and then Washington doesn't allow a Knicks' shot to get up on final possession to escape with a 113-110 win. It's only the fifth road win of the season for Washington. Knicks have now lost 12-of-their-last-15 games.
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Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Bad news for Oregon. Dillon Brooks in locker room with lower left leg injury. Had surgery on left foot in the offseason.
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Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
So after scoring 100 points through three quarters, Washington has been held to nine in the fourth with 1:37 to go. Knicks have been hustling with Derrick Rose even hitting the floor for a loose ball past half court. Madison Square Garden is ready to explode if Knicks take the lead. Knicks trail 109-108.
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Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Louisville needed 10 minutes to realize Quentin Snider wasn't walking through those doors. But the team exposed the limitations of a Clemson defense that's surrendered 75 or more during its current four-game losing streak. Cardinals getting whatever shots they want.
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Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
Carmelo Anthony cooled off after halftime with just one point in the third after dropping 25 in the second. But Washington didn't stop scoring, reaching 100 by end of third. Defenseless Knicks trail 100-86 entering fourth quarter.
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Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Casey Benson unstoppable right now for Oregon. Made first four 3-point attempts. A beneficiary of Dillon Brooks' return. Easier for the sharpshooter to find open looks. When Benson/Brooks are together, Oregon connects on 49.2 percent of its 3-point attempts and 39 percent when it's just Benson (hooplens.com).
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Ramona Shelburne ESPN Senior Writer
Steph Curry on being named a starter in the All Star Game, nabbing a spot at the expense of Westbrook, "It's a big storyline because those two guys are doing amazing things this year. There's only two spots you can fill. Unfortunately somebody was going to get left out. I've been on the other side of that four years ago. It's how it goes. The fact I get to represent my team in that game and to start is something that I definitely appreciate."
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NBA
Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
A scorching Carmelo Anthony scored 25 of his 27 points in the second quarter, setting a franchise record for points in a quarter. He is shooting 11-of-15 so far.
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Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
Carmelo Anthony, fresh off an All-Star starting snub, is on fire. He has scored 21-of-his-23 points and has made 8-of-10 shots so far in the second quarter alone.
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Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Iowa was down 54-41 with 15:07 to play in the second half. Take the first lead of the game on Ahmad Wagner's free throw. Been outworking Maryland since that point in the game. Hawkeyes attacking the rim and forcing turnovers. Maryland is a mess.
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| Cue sports |
What is the collective term for a group of unicorns? | ESPN: The Worldwide Leader in Sports
NBA
Andrew Han ESPN Writer
The Clippers started Raymond Felton and Austin Rivers in their first game without Chris Paul, out 6-to-8 weeks from thumb surgery. Going small against the Timberwolves wings of Zach LaVine and Andrew Wiggins has led to mixed results. The Clippers lead late in the first quarter, but the Wolves front court had 21 points on 9-for-12 shooting.
share
ESPN Stats and Information
Nikola Jokic is the 1st Nuggets player to record 3 straight games with 25 points and 10 rebounds since Carmelo Anthony on March 15-18, 2010.
share
Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Arizona embarrassing USC in Los Angeles right now. Amazing what Sean Miller has done without Allonzo Trier and other injured players. Might be UCLA's greatest threat in the PAC-12, especially if Dillon Brooks is sidelined beyond tonight.
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ESPN Stats and Information
Knicks forward Carmelo Anthony followed up his 25-point second quarter by shooting 2-of-12 the rest of the game
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Dave McMenamin ESPN Staff Writer
LeBron James says his son, 12-year-old LeBron Jr., who was seen in a recent AAU highlight video completing a through-the-legs layup, has been studying his dad's old high school footage for inspiration. Would LeBron Sr. have been able to do that move at 12? "No, I wouldn't even have had the nerve to try it," James told ESPN.
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Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
John Wall scores the last four points to dash a furious Knicks' comeback and then Washington doesn't allow a Knicks' shot to get up on final possession to escape with a 113-110 win. It's only the fifth road win of the season for Washington. Knicks have now lost 12-of-their-last-15 games.
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Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Bad news for Oregon. Dillon Brooks in locker room with lower left leg injury. Had surgery on left foot in the offseason.
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Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
So after scoring 100 points through three quarters, Washington has been held to nine in the fourth with 1:37 to go. Knicks have been hustling with Derrick Rose even hitting the floor for a loose ball past half court. Madison Square Garden is ready to explode if Knicks take the lead. Knicks trail 109-108.
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Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Louisville needed 10 minutes to realize Quentin Snider wasn't walking through those doors. But the team exposed the limitations of a Clemson defense that's surrendered 75 or more during its current four-game losing streak. Cardinals getting whatever shots they want.
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Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
Carmelo Anthony cooled off after halftime with just one point in the third after dropping 25 in the second. But Washington didn't stop scoring, reaching 100 by end of third. Defenseless Knicks trail 100-86 entering fourth quarter.
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Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Casey Benson unstoppable right now for Oregon. Made first four 3-point attempts. A beneficiary of Dillon Brooks' return. Easier for the sharpshooter to find open looks. When Benson/Brooks are together, Oregon connects on 49.2 percent of its 3-point attempts and 39 percent when it's just Benson (hooplens.com).
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Ramona Shelburne ESPN Senior Writer
Steph Curry on being named a starter in the All Star Game, nabbing a spot at the expense of Westbrook, "It's a big storyline because those two guys are doing amazing things this year. There's only two spots you can fill. Unfortunately somebody was going to get left out. I've been on the other side of that four years ago. It's how it goes. The fact I get to represent my team in that game and to start is something that I definitely appreciate."
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Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
A scorching Carmelo Anthony scored 25 of his 27 points in the second quarter, setting a franchise record for points in a quarter. He is shooting 11-of-15 so far.
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Ohm Youngmisuk ESPN Staff Writer
Carmelo Anthony, fresh off an All-Star starting snub, is on fire. He has scored 21-of-his-23 points and has made 8-of-10 shots so far in the second quarter alone.
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Myron Medcalf ESPN Staff Writer
Iowa was down 54-41 with 15:07 to play in the second half. Take the first lead of the game on Ahmad Wagner's free throw. Been outworking Maryland since that point in the game. Hawkeyes attacking the rim and forcing turnovers. Maryland is a mess.
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Which of Disney’s Seven Dwarfs wears glasses? | Facts About Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Facts About Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
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For many children, particularly little girls, the highlight of any trip to Disneyworld, Orlando, Florida is the chance to see all the Disney princesses in magical surroundings. It is enchanting to see children living their dream as they explore Magic Kingdom in their princess outfits. ‘Snow White’s Scary Adventures’ is one of the most popular rides in Magic Kingdom and appeals to children of all ages – including those of us who are young at heart.
In this charming and whimsical attraction guests travel in wooden mine carts, named after the seven dwarfs, through scenes of Snow White’s adventures. The journey takes 3 minutes and does include a few scary encounters with the wicked and evil Queen. When the ride opened, some of these scenes had to be toned down as there were complaints that children were frightened by them. Of course no fairy story would be complete without a happy ending so the ride ends with the seven dwarfs waving goodbye to Snow White and her dream Prince. In fact, Snow White did not feature in this ride when it opened as you, the guest, were supposed to be Snow White. This caused a lot of confusion as guests did not realise this. She was not actually added until 1994 when it was hoped her addition would ‘soften’ the ride and make it less scary for children.
Of course, Snow White is one of the favourite Disney Princesses. The film ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’ was Disney’s first major feature film, as until that point they had only been involved in the making of short animations.
For those of you who love this Disney classic here are a few interesting facts:
1. The film, ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’ took 3 years to produce. In fact it was known mockingly in the industry as ‘Disney’s Folly, ’ and even Walt’s wife, Lillian, said ‘No one’s ever gonna pay a dime to see a dwarf picture. ’ She had to eat her words – it was a major success from the day it was released!
2. Disney had to mortgage his house in order to finance the production of the film, which eventually cost a whopping $1. 5 million, a vast amount for a film made in 1937. He had initially hoped it could be produced for just $250, 000, so this was a huge miscalculation on his part.
3. The premier of the film took place at the Cathay Circle Theater on December 21st, 1937 and it was given a standing ovation. It went on general release on February 4th, 1938, and made more money than any other motion picture in that year.
4. Until 1939, ‘Snow White’ was the highest grossing film in American cinema history but it was ousted by ‘Gone With the Wind. ’ However, it is still one of the top ten money-making American films of all time.
5. The songs were composed by Larry Morey and Frank Churchill. Some of the most popular songs were ‘Whistle While you Work, ’ ‘Some Day My Prince Will Come, ’ and ‘Heigh-Ho. ’ I am sure most of us are able to sing along to these classic melodies. The film was nominated for ‘Best Musical Score. ’
6. There were about 50 names suggested for the seven dwarfs, including Silly, Awful, Sniffy, Dizzy, Cranky and Scrappy. The final seven were Bashful, Grumpy, Sneezy, Doc, Dopey, Sleepy and Happy.
7. The film was re-released in 1944 during World War II, in order to raise revenue for the studio. It has been re-released every 7-10 years and the film was restored in 1987 for its 50th anniversary re-issue. It was also digitally restored in 1993.
8. Each of the dwarfs has its own character. Doc looks the oldest and is always considered to be the leader of the dwarfs. He wears glasses and tends to jumble up his words. At the mine, his job is to check the gems to make sure they are authentic.
9. Happy laughs a lot and is the fattest of the dwarfs.
10. Grumpy has the biggest nose of the seven dwarfs and he is as grumpy as his name suggests. He disapproves of Snow White, just because she is a woman, but underneath his crusty exterior he actually cares about her safety. He tries to warn her about the Wicked Queen, and rushes to help her when she is in danger.
11. Bashful is very shy and is probably secretly in love with Snow White.
12. Sleepy always looks tired. At the mine his job is to haul the diamonds and rubies by cart for Doc to inspect. He has the longest beard.
13. Sneezy has an allergy to flowers – hence he is always sneezing. He has the shortest beard of all the dwarfs.
14. Dopey looks younger than all the dwarfs and has no beard at all. He never speaks, and his job is to clean up all the unusable gems. You can always see him at the end of the line of dwarfs as they make their way to and from the mine.
15. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs won an honorary Academy Award for Walt Disney ‘as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field. Walt Disney received a full size Oscar statuette and seven miniature ones. The child actress Shirley Temple presented them to him.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is certainly one of the most charming and best-loved of Disney’s wonderful classic animated films, and can still be enjoyed by children of all ages today. A visit to ‘Snow White’s Scary Adventures’ is something not to miss if you love this Disney princess.
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Which country is known as the George Cross Island? | 7 Seven Dwarfs Coloring Pages
7 Seven Dwarfs Coloring Pages
A Disney version of the Seven Dwarfs appeared in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the Seven Dwarfs in this are:
Doc - The leader of the seven dwarfs, Doc wears glasses and often mixes up his words.
Dopey - Dopey is the only dwarf who does not have a beard. He is clumsy and mute, with Happy explaining that he has simply "never tried" to speak. He is like Gideon the Cat in Pinocchio and the title character as the circus elephant Dumbo.
Bashful - Bashful is very shy and sweet. He is also described as cute. He also has a rosy blushy face.
Grumpy - Grumpy initially disapproves of Snow White's presence in the dwarfs' home, but later warns her of the threat posed by the Queen and rushes to her aid upon realizing that she is in danger, leading the charge himself. He has the biggest nose of the dwarfs, and is frequently seen with one eye shut.
Sneezy - Sneezy's name is earned by his extraordinarily powerful sneezes (caused by hay fever), which are seen blowing even the heaviest of objects across a room.
Sleepy - Sleepy is always tired and appears laconic in most situations.
Happy - Happy is the joyous dwarf and is usually portrayed laughing.
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Two members of which group were the only people to perform on both Band Aid charity singles? | Band Aid at 30: Fascinating facts you never knew about charity single's line-ups, bust-ups and hiccups - Mirror Online
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Band Aid at 30: Fascinating facts you never knew about charity single's line-ups, bust-ups and hiccups
From the original track in 1984, up to the jaunty 1989 version by Stock, Aitken and Waterman and the radical reworking of 2004, they’ve always proved eventfull
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As Bob Geldof unveils the stunning supergroup creating Band Aid 30 , we look back at the previous recordings of Do They Know It’s Christmas?
From the original track in 1984, up to the jaunty 1989 version by Stock, Aitken and Waterman and the radical reworking of 2004, they’ve always proved eventful.
Here are a dozen facts about the previous line-ups, bust-ups and hiccups.
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1 Bob Geldof insisted Boy George fly from New York to London to take part in the 1984 recording - he eventually arrived late at the studio at 6pm.
But the Culture Club frontman’s throat was so sore from the band’s gig on the previous night that he had to neck a bottle of brandy.
Not surprisingly, he took the most takes to get his vocal right.
2 The first line of the 1984 version of Do They Know It’s Christmas? was written for David Bowie, but he was unable to attend on the day of the recording.
It was performed by Paul “Wherever I Lay My Hat” Young instead.
3 The original Band Aid of 1984 sold over three million copies in the first week alone and stayed at number one in Britain for five weeks.
4 There have been a few hangers-on over the years.
Singer Marilyn, turned up to the original Band Aid recording in 1984 despite not being invited, and on the Band Aid 20 recording in 2004 Damon Albarn didn’t perform, he just made tea for the other stars while wearing a pink apron.
Launch: Bob Geldof and Midge Ure yesterday (Photo: PA)
5 Soulful modfather Paul Weller was called upon to mime the line sung by husky U2 rocker Bono during a Band Aid performance on Top of the Pops in 1984.
6 During the recording of Band Aid 20 in 2004, Bono insisted he sang the same line again: “Well, tonight thank God it’s them, instead of you.”
At the original recording in 1984 he was the only singer to record his line perfectly on the first attempt.
7 During the recording of the original Band Aid in 1984, cheeky chappies Status Quo spotted Spandau Ballet going to the studio’s toilets and thought it would be a hoot to lock them in there - but they didn’t stand for any of it, kicking in the loo door to make their escape.
8 The second Band Aid single, produced by Stock, Aitken and Waterman in 1989, featured a few big names like Kylie Minogue, Cliff Richard, Bros and Wet Wet Wet.
However, unlike the 1984 original the line up, it also featured several artists who have been largely forgotten. Anybody recall Deuce, The Pasadenas or Big Fun?
9 There were apparently a few problems caused by rival egos during the recording of the original Band Aid single in 1984.
Wham! star George Michael allegedly had a bust up with both Boy George and Paul Weller.
10 On the Band Aid 20 single of 2004 Bono, Paul McCartney and George Michael, who all performed on the original 1984 single, were asked to perform.
The only artists to perform on the first and second Band Aid singles were two members of Bananarama.
11 The entire recording of the original Band Aid single of 1984 was done in 24 hours straight at the Notting Hill studios of uber producer Trevor Horn.
12 The first Band Aid single boasted a cover designed by Sir Peter Blake who also created the cover of The Beatles’ Seargent Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club band.
For Band Aid 20 in 2004, Damien Hirst produced a cover featuring an African child under an image of the grim reaper, but it was considered to frightening to use.
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What type of leaf did US baseball player Babe Ruth wear under his cap to keep him cool? | Do They Know It's Christmas? by Band Aid Songfacts
Songfacts
This is a charity single organized by Bob Geldof, who was the lead singer of The Boomtown Rats. He got the idea after watching a BBC documentary on famine in Ethiopia. Geldof wrote the lyrics and Midge Ure from the band Ultravox wrote the music and produced the track, which was no easy task since so many voices were involved.
In England, and much of the Northern Hemisphere, snow and numerous displays leave no doubt that Christmas is near. In most of Africa, however, it's quite warm on December 25, since it's summer there. This song asks us to think of those who are living in poverty and hunger in Africa during the Christmas season, reminding us that they might not even know it's Christmas. While the sentiment and melody are full of good tidings, the lyrics are quite bleak: "The Christmas bells that ring there are the clanging chimes of doom."
Most of this song was recorded and mixed over a 24-hour period on Sunday, November 25, 1984. Sting and Simon LeBon had recorded their parts ahead of time, but everyone else came that day.
None of the vocalists heard the song before they arrived, so they learned their parts by listening to a guide vocal producer Midge Ure created, then recorded them. With such a tight schedule, there was no time to quibble. In the Songfacts interview with Ure , he said that this time constraint helped the effort. "Sometimes, that kind of pressure gets you to create something magical, gets you to eliminate the liberations that you end up having in the studio," he said. "We just had to nail it and get on with it. Get the vocal track from everyone that was acceptable. As it turns out, a lot of the vocal tracks were exceptional."
The performers who sang verses were, in order: Paul Young, Boy George, George Michael, Simon Le Bon, and Bono. The chorus included David Bowie, Phil Collins, Paul McCartney, Geldof, Ure and many other artists who weren't given a verse but sang the "Feed The World" part and lent their images to the effort by appearing in the promotional photo. Check out the Band Aid photo with list of performers .
The artists were not all friends, but they set aside their differences and were at least cordial to each other during the recording - with one exception. In the book I Want My MTV, George Michael said: "The only person who didn't succumb to the charitable nature of the day was Paul Weller, who decided to have a go at me in front of everybody. I said, 'Don't be a wanker all your life. Have a day off.'"
In the UK, this became the best-selling single ever. Elton John's " Candle In The Wind '97 " currently holds that record.
Not everyone in the UK was a fan, however. Morrissey told Time Out in 1985 that the project was "diabolical," adding: "It was the most self-righteous platform ever in the history of popular music."
This was the first of the big group charity efforts among musicians. A year later, US artists released " We Are The World ," and Geldof helped organize Live Aid. Other charity singles that followed include " Sun City " and " That's What Friends Are For ."
The single raised $14 million for famine relief in Africa. Geldof is Irish, so he cannot be knighted, but he did receive a KBE, which is equivalent and is popularly known as Sir or Saint Bob. >>
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Flo - London, England
The video was directed by Nigel Dick, who had done some videos for The Boomtown Rats. He got the request to make the video on short notice, and had no idea what the song was going to be. He didn't have a budget either, so he simply set up two cameras - one outside and one inside - to capture the action. As the artists trickled in to record their parts, Dick filmed them entering the building and then recording. This footage was used not just for the music video, but also for a 30-minute behind-the-scenes piece documenting the making of the single. This video was also sold, with proceeds going to the relief effort.
In our 2015 talk with Midge Ure, he said: "It's never been a great song. It's kind of grown into a better song than it ever was. But as a recording, as a production, I'm immensely proud of it. So is Bob. Because it did its job phenomenally.
As a record, you hear it now on the radio and the opening clang, the opening atmospherics, my multi-tracked vocal thing, all of that stuff, it still sends shivers up your spine. So as a record, as a production, it did a brilliant job despite the fact that the song was OK."
Who gave the most inspired vocal performance on this song? To Midge Ure's ears, it was Bono. He told us: "When Bono took that line of the song - 'Tonight thank God it's them instead of you' - I had originally sung it on the guide vocal an octave lower, and he just decided to let it rip, and it was phenomenal. Electric. It was just sensational."
Boy George was nearly a no-show, asleep in New York the day of recording. His band Culture Club was huge at the time and Bob Geldof was counting on him for a key vocal, so Geldof called him, woke him up, and told him to get on a Concorde. George flew to London, got behind the microphone and delivered the vocal they were looking for.
Trevor Horn, who was a member of the Buggles and Yes, donated the use of his studio (Sarm Studios in London) to record the song. He also pieced together the B-side of the single, which is an instrumental version with the artists delivering messages over the music. It is called "Feed The World" on the single.
Bob Geldof wrote the original pre-chorus line as "There won't be snow in Ethiopia this Christmas." Midge Ure convinced him to swap "Ethiopia" for "Africa."
"No matter how you try, you cannot scan 'Ethiopia,'" Ure told us. "That just does not work."
John Taylor from Duran Duran played bass; Phil Collins played drums. The rest of the instrumentation was done by Midge Ure, who handed the programming and keyboards.
Two versions of the single were released. The 7-inch, which is what radio stations usually play, runs 3:55. The 12-inch runs 6:18 and features spoken messages from some of the performers. The 7-inch single was re-released the next year, raising more money for famine relief in Africa.
Downloading didn't exist in 1984, so obtaining the rights needed to sell downloads of this song proved very difficult, and for many years it wasn't available on iTunes or Amazon except in knockoff versions.
When Geldof wrote the basic part of this song, he envisioned it as a Boomtown Rats song, but when he played it for his bandmates they turned it down.
The cover of the single was designed by Peter Blake, who is famous for shooting the cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.
Bob Geldof explained in the book I Want My MTV: "To me, the '80s were characterized by overwhelming generosity and kindness. Prior to Live Aid, People had been participating in this phenomenon for months. 'Do They Know It's Christmas?' was sold in butcher shops all during Christmas. For whatever reason, this song - not a particularly good song - tapped into a groundswell of compassion. We never said we'd eliminate world hunger, but we could draw attention to a monstrous human crime, a moral and intellectual absurdity. It worked."
In 1989, a group of artists including Kylie Minogue, Jason Donovan, and Bros (Featuring Luke Goss on drums) re-recorded this as Band Aid II. The only artists left over from the original Band Aid were Bananarama.
This effort was produced by the team of Stock, Aitken And Waterman and once again raised money for African famine relief.
In 2004, a new version recorded by a group of artists including Bono, Paul McCartney, Chris Martin and Dido was released as a single in the UK, with proceeds going to help victims of political and humanitarian crisis in Sudan. "Band Aid 20," as this collective was known, was produced by Nigel Godrich. Bono is the only artist on this version who was also on the original.
In 2014, a fourth permutation of Band Aid was assembled to once again record this song. Known as "Band Aid 30," this rendition was produced by Paul Epworth with proceeds going to Ebola relief. Singers included One Direction, Sam Smith, and once again... Bono.
Bob "Humbug" Geldof told Australia's The Daily Telegraph in a 2010 interview: "I am responsible for two of the worst songs in history. One is 'Do They Know It's Christmas?', the other one is 'We Are The World.' Any day soon, I will go to the supermarket, head to the meat counter and it will be playing. Every f---ing Christmas."
Geldof added that he gets irritated when carol singers perform the charity hit in front of his home during the holidays. "They think 'Do They Know It's Christmas?' is as old as ' Silent Night .' Sometimes I think that's wild because I wrote it. Or else I am thinking how much I want them to stop because they are doing it really badly."
After this song generated about £10 million for famine relief, Bob Geldof traveled to Ethiopia to oversee distribution of the aid. He took a very hands-on approach, meeting with relief agencies to determine where the money could do the most good. To acknowledge the artists and the folks who bought the album, he made sure that "Love from Band Aid" was emblazoned on many of the supplies, including vehicles.
Geldof never glorified the relief effort. Asked if he was proud of his work to end hunger in a 1985 Radio Times interview, Geldof replied: "Not at all, It's exhausting and a total bore if you want to know truth. It's not fulfilling at all. I'm endlessly frustrated."
Spin magazine later reported that the money Geldof brought to Ethiopia was used by the war-torn country's dictator to arm his forces and crush his enemies. According to the report, the Ethiopian famine was mostly caused by its government, which poisoned farms of its opponents.
A high-profile absence from the Band Aid project was Queen, who weren't invited because they had played South Africa earlier that year, violating a boycott against the apartheid-torn country. Bob Geldof would later forgive them and invite Queen to perform at Live Aid, where their invigorating set was a highlight of the concerts.
George Michael released " Last Christmas " around the same time. He gave all proceeds from the song to Geldof's relief effort.
In 2003, Deftones lead singer Chino Moreno recorded a rock version of this song with the band Far for the A Santa Cause (It's A Punk Rock Christmas) compilation. The song spread thanks to peer-to-peer networks.
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In Edward Lear’s ‘The Owl and the Pussycat’, how much did they pay the pig for the ring in his nose to use as a wedding ring? | The Owl and the Pussycat
Edward Lear's Nonsense Poetry and Art
I
T
he Owl and the Pussy-cat went to seaIn a beautiful pea green boat,They took some honey, and plenty of money,Wrapped up in a five pound note.The Owl looked up to the stars above,And sang to a small guitar,'O lovely Pussy! O Pussy my love,What a beautiful Pussy you are,You are,You are!What a beautiful Pussy you are!'
II
Pussy said to the Owl, 'You elegant fowl!How charmingly sweet you sing!O let us be married! too long we have tarried:But what shall we do for a ring?'They sailed away, for a year and a day,To theland where the Bong-tree growsAnd there in a wood a Piggy-wig stoodWith a ring at the end of his nose,His nose,His nose,With a ring at the end of his nose.
III
'Dear pig, are you willing to sell for one shillingYourring?' Said the Piggy, 'I will.'So they took it away, and were married next dayBy the Turkey who lives on the hill.They dined on mince, and slices of quince,Which they ate with a runcible spoon;And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand,They danced by the light of the moon,The moon,The moon,They danced by the light of the moon.
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In UK politics, what position did Labour politician Manny Shinwell hold from 1950-51? | The Owl and the Pussycat
Edward Lear's Nonsense Poetry and Art
I
T
he Owl and the Pussy-cat went to seaIn a beautiful pea green boat,They took some honey, and plenty of money,Wrapped up in a five pound note.The Owl looked up to the stars above,And sang to a small guitar,'O lovely Pussy! O Pussy my love,What a beautiful Pussy you are,You are,You are!What a beautiful Pussy you are!'
II
Pussy said to the Owl, 'You elegant fowl!How charmingly sweet you sing!O let us be married! too long we have tarried:But what shall we do for a ring?'They sailed away, for a year and a day,To theland where the Bong-tree growsAnd there in a wood a Piggy-wig stoodWith a ring at the end of his nose,His nose,His nose,With a ring at the end of his nose.
III
'Dear pig, are you willing to sell for one shillingYourring?' Said the Piggy, 'I will.'So they took it away, and were married next dayBy the Turkey who lives on the hill.They dined on mince, and slices of quince,Which they ate with a runcible spoon;And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand,They danced by the light of the moon,The moon,The moon,They danced by the light of the moon.
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Which 19th Century English poet wrote ‘Ode to a Grecian Urn’? | Ode on a Grecian Urn | Poetry | Scottish Poetry Library
Scottish Poetry Library
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Poem
Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness, Thou foster-child of Silence and slow Time, Sylvan historian, who canst thus express A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme: What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape Of deities or mortals, or of both, In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy? Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on; Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear'd, Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone: Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Though winning near the goal—yet, do not grieve; She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss, For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair! Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu; And, happy melodist, unwearièd, For ever piping songs for ever new; More happy love! more happy, happy love! For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd, For ever panting, and for ever young; All breathing human passion far above, That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd, A burning forehead, and a parching tongue. Who are these coming to the sacrifice? To what green altar, O mysterious priest, Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies, And all her silken flanks with garlands drest? What little town by river or sea-shore, Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel, Is emptied of its folk, this pious morn? And, little town, thy streets for evermore Will silent be; and not a soul, to tell Why thou art desolate, can e'er return. O Attic shape! fair attitude! with brede Of marble men and maidens overwrought, With forest branches and the trodden weed; Thou, silent form! dost tease us out of thought As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral! When old age shall this generation waste, Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st, 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.'
John Keats
Poet
John Keats
John Keats was born in London, apprenticed to an apothecary-surgeon when he was 15, and licensed as an apothecary in 1816 but abandoned this profession for poetry. His first volume was published in 1817, attracting some good reviews but later Lockhart's attack on the 'Cockney school'. Endymion was published in 1818, the same year that Keats and his friend Charles Brown toured the Lakes, spent July and August in Scotland, and briefly visited Northern Ireland. After the death of his brother in December, Keats moved to Brown's house in Hampstead and there wrote a succession of brilliant poems including 'La Belle Dame sans Merci' and the Odes. He also met the love of his life, Fanny Brawne. His second volume, Lamia... and other poems, was published in 1820, and was generally well received. For the sake of his declining health he went to Rome with his friend Severn, but died there of tuberculosis aged 26. He is regarded as one of the great Romantic poets of the second generation, along with Shelley and Byron. T.S. Eliot described his letters as 'certainly the most notable and most important ever written by any English poet'.
About this poem
About Ode on a Grecian Urn
Introduced by a variety of writers, artists and other guests, the Scottish Poetry Library’s classic poem selections are a reminder of wonderful poems to rediscover.
Amanda Palmer on 'Ode on a Grecian Urn':
I decided, when I was 16, that there was no more stunning revelation than that of the beauty of anticipation
I'd been feeling it and savouring it all my life and it wasn't until I hit upon the idea that maybe the anticipation of Good Things was actually far more enjoyable than the Things Themselves.
Around that time, I mentioned my new life philosophy (perfect for a 15-year old... I was wandering around screaming: "it will never get better than your expectation of What Is To Come!", what a little twit), a wise old friend directed me to this poem. Imagining Mr. Keats checking out this crazy old Grecian vase and thinking the same thoughts as my little 15-year old self was quite mind-blowing. Just goes to show, we're all wired together.
Amanda Palmer is a performer, director, composer and musician who is best known for her role as front woman and keyboardist for internationally acclaimed punk-cabaret band The Dresden Dolls. In September 2008, Amanda released Who Killed Amanda Palmer, her debut solo album which was produced by Ben Folds, as well as a fine art book she is collaborating on with esteemed author Neil Gaiman. In conjunction with WKAP, Amanda will mount a year-long tour that will take her through Europe, the US, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Her recent work includes two epic performances with the Boston Pops at Symphony Hall and a residency at the Famous Spiegeltent at Edinburgh.
| John Keats |
In Greek mythology,what was left in Pandora’s Box after the rest of the contents had been released? | John Keats Biography (Poet)
Died: 23 February 1821 (tuberculosis)
Birthplace: Near London, England
Best known as: The Romantic poet who wrote "Ode to a Nightingale"
John Keats is considered one of the greatest English poets of the 19th century. He is the author of Romantic classics such as "Endymion" and "Ode to a Nightingale." Keats began his career as a surgeon's apprentice, but gave up medicine for literary pursuits in 1814. With the help of Percy Shelley, Keats published his first collection in 1817. His productive years between 1818 and 1820 yielded some of his best-known poems, including "Lamia," "The Eve of St. Agnes" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn." In 1821 he left England and went to Italy for health reasons, but died a few months later, leaving his epic poem "Hyperion" unfinished. In his short life he influenced many English poets, and his vivid imagery and sensual style later had an impact on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a group of painters that included Dante Gabriel Rossetti .
Extra credit:
John Keats had a famously intense love affair with a woman named Fanny Brawne, to whom he was engaged but never married.
Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.
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Lethologica is the temporary forgetfulness of what? | What is Lethologica? (with pictures)
What is Lethologica?
Last Modified Date: 19 December 2016
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Lethologica is a condition in which someone cannot remember words, key phrases, and names. This results in an inability to express or articulate thoughts, which can be extremely frustrating for the patient. This condition is believed to be psychological in origin, although there is some evidence that there is a neurological component as well. There are no treatments, although some patients can develop coping skills which help them manage their memory loss.
The key feature of this condition is that it is temporary. The patient has not forgotten the information forever, experiencing instead momentary forgetting and confusion which make it hard to speak or convey key information. The duration of the temporary memory loss can vary, depending on the patient and the setting. Bouts of lethologica seem to be brought on by stress, including stress from being in a tense social situation, as well as intense physical exercise.
Some people may experience secondary symptoms in addition to lethologica. As they try to remember the thing that they cannot bring to mind, they may smack their lips or make other movements with the mouth. Likewise, some patients experience trouble swallowing. Different triggers can lead to a spell of forgetfulness, depending on the patient.
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The temporal lobe is the area of the brain which appears to be involved in lethologica. Responding to stress is a psychological aspect; responding to exercise, however, is physiological, suggesting that multiple systems may be at play. Some patients also experience neurological impairment , as for example in the cranial nerves.
For many patients, forgetting words for a few moment is not a major concern, especially if friends and family are aware and they know to be patient while they wait. In other cases, patients may want to develop alternate communication systems so that they can express their thoughts even when they lack the specific words they need. Some people with conditions which may inhibit expression find it useful to carry cards which they can hand to people to quickly familiarize them with the issue.
Friends and family of someone with lethologica may want to ask about how she or he wants to be accommodated. Some people, for example, may be receptive if people attempt to fill in their sentences or find the word they are looking for. Other people may prefer to be allowed to find the word on their own, without assistance, and to be able to signal when they do want help.
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anon996321
Post 12
I'm almost certain I have this, and I'm so glad I finally have something I can point to as the reason words pop out of my head so often!
The only additional thing for me is the inability to draw up the definition of the word. It becomes impossible for me to even describe the word I'm looking for, which means others who are trying to help often have an extremely difficult time doing so.
anon940661
Post 11
I never had a word for this until a friend posted it, along with its definition on facebook. I looked it up, and the description sounded exactly like what I experience when having a conversation.
It feels similar to tip-of-the-tongue in the sense that I know I know the word, but it's definitely not the tip-of-the-tongue, because unlike it, the word I need always feels far away, like I can never reach it if I keep thinking about it, and the harder I think, the further away it goes, along with a strange sensation in my head that I still can't describe. It's not an emotional sensation, and not painful either. It's just a
sensation. I have to stop and wait a while to remember a word. It could be between a few seconds to a few months before it decides to pop itself in my head. (The month-long ones only happen if I don't bring up the topic I was talking about initially, and the word tends to be a word that is unique to the topic).
All of the words I've forgotten so far are keywords. Keywords and names. It's never small, common words with me. To get around it, I try using synonyms or use the long way of expressing myself by using definitions and examples.
anon934955
Post 10
I'm not sure if I have this, or if I just have bad memory or what. I normally have a very large vocabulary that friends and family often comment on, but the moment I'm under stress, I suddenly seem to forget very simple words and am unable to communicate my point. It kills my grades on any sort of presentation.
It also happens a lot when I'm just talking to friends, though far less often, most commonly with names of people that I have known for years.
My dad often has similar episodes, and there is a family history of Alzheimer's. Is that related, or just coincidence? Does what I am describing sound like Lethologica, or am I just self-diagnosing myself like so many on the internet?
anon337005
Post 9
I'm going to school to be a teacher and I think I have this. It's so embarrassing that I feel I am going to sabotage my career. I can type and write because I take my time thinking, but when I talk, sometimes I can't find the easiest words. I feel so stupid most of the time that I would rather not talk. Need help!
anon125936
Post 8
I didn't know there was a name for this until it popped up on my 'Word A Day' app. Looked it up and found this post, (actually, I couldn't remember the word lethologica, I had to look up the definition.)
I have a large vocabulary, including words from several classic languages - but when I speak, most of that disappears.
Half of the time I try to describe a word, using its definition, I also forget the simpler words that entails. It is so frustrating I prefer not to speak most of the time and hate talking on the phone where people are less patient with long silences.
Only while writing, which allows me the time to look words up via
definition or thesaurus, do I feel like my vocabulary is fully utilized and confident in being able to get my point across.
I will have to talk to my therapist about this. I didn't realize it could point to a disorder. Thank you for your informative post.
anon102076
Post 7
I think I might have this. When I am talking to someone I usually forget simple words and have to stop to try and remember them. Most of the time I know what I'm going to say in my head but then when I say it out loud it comes out all jumbled up. Sometimes if there is someone else talking or the tv is on, I replace words by mistake with what they are saying.
I have trouble remembering things and people usually point out to me that I had already said something to them, usually a joke or a question. But I can remember the weirdest things better than the most important things.
I usually have very random
dreams that involve flying, exercise, characters from TV shows and villains. One I had last night was I was following a character from a TV show and he went on a boat that left before me. So I got onto a dodgy looking boat and there were two men on it. One of them said he had a bomb so I flew out of the boat and watched as my town was destroyed.
All my dreams are based at night time and have an orange glow.
Also I suffered from GID when I was young.
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In the folklore of which country does a goat named Ukko help Santa Claus? | Professional Psychiatry
Glossary
A
abreaction: An emotional release or discharge after recalling a painful experience that has been repressed because it was not consciously tolerable. Often the release is surprising to the individual experiencing it because of it's intensity and the circumstances surrounding its onset. A therapeutic effect sometimes occurs through partial or repeated discharge of the painful affect.
abstract attitude: (categorical attitude) This is a type of thinking that includes voluntarily shifting one's mind set from a specific aspect of a situation to the general aspect; It involves keeping in mind different simultaneous aspects of a situation while grasping the essentials of the situation. It can involve breaking a situation down into its parts and isolating them voluntarily; planning ahead ideationally; and/or thinking or performing symbolically. A characteristic of many psychiatric disorders is the person's inability to assume the abstract attitude or to shift readily from the concrete to the abstract and back again as demanded by circumstances.
abulia: A lack of will or motivation which is often expressed as inability to make decisions or set goals. Often, the reduction in impulse to action and thought is coupled with an indifference or lack of concern about the consequences of action.
acalculia: The loss of a previously possessed ability to engage in arithmetic calculation.
acculturation difficulty: A problem stemming from an inability to appropriately adapt to a different culture or environment. The problem is not based on any coexisting mental disorder.
acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to regulate memory, and in the peripheral nervous system, where it affects the actions of skeletal and smooth muscle.
acting out: This is the process of expressing unconscious emotional conflicts or feelings via actions rather than words. The person is not consciously aware of the meaning or etiology of such acts. Acting out may be harmful or, in controlled situations, therapeutic (e.g., children's play therapy).
actualization: The realization of one's full potential - intellectual, psychological, physical, etc.
adiadochokinesia: The inability to perform rapid alternating movements of one or more of the extremities. This task is sometimes requested by physicians of patients during physical examinations to determine if there exists neurological problems.
adrenergic: This refers to neuronal or neurologic activity caused by neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
affect: This word is used to described observable behavior that represents the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion). Common examples of affect are sadness, fear, joy, and anger. The normal range of expressed affect varies considerably between different cultures and even within the same culture. Types of affect include: euthymic, irritable, constricted; blunted; flat; inappropriate, and labile.
affective disorders: Refers to disorders of mood. Examples would include Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymia, Depressive Disorder, N.O.S., Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood, Bipolar Disorder...
age-associated memory impairment: (AAMI) The mild disturbance in memory function that occurs normally with aging; benign senescent forgetfulness. Such lapses in memory are lately humorously referred to as representing "a senior moment".
agitation: (psychomotor agitation) Excessive motor activity that accompanies and is associated with a feeling of inner tension. The activity is usually nonproductive and repetitious and consists of such behavior as pacing, fidgeting, wringing of the hands, pulling of clothes, and inability to sit still.
agnosia: Failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function; This may be seen in dementia of various types. An example would be the failure of someone to recognize a paper clip placed in their hand while keeping their eyes closed.
agonist medication: A chemical entity that is not naturally occurring within the body which acts upon a receptor and is capable of producing the maximal effect that can be produced by stimulating that receptor. A partial agonist is capable only of producing less than the maximal effect even when given in a concentration sufficient to bind with all available receptors.
agonist/antagonist medication: A chemical entity that is not naturally occurring within the body which acts on a family of receptors (such as mu, delta, and kappa opiate receptors) in such a fashion that it is an agonist or partial agonist on one type of receptor while at the same time it is also an antagonist on another different receptor.
agoraphobia: Anxiety about being in places or situations in which escape might be difficult or embarrassing or in which help may not be available should a panic attack occur. The fears typically relate to venturing into the open, of leaving the familiar setting of one's home, or of being in a crowd, standing in line, or traveling in a car or train. Although agoraphobia usually occurs as a part of panic disorder, agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder has been described as also occurring without other disorders.
agraphia: The loss of a pre-existing ability to express one's self through the act of writing.
akathisia: Complaints of restlessness accompanied by movements such as fidgeting of the legs, rocking from foot to foot, pacing, or inability to sit or stand. Symptoms can develop within a few weeks of starting or raising the dose of traditional neuroleptic medications or of reducing the dose of medication used to treat extrapyramidal symptoms. akathisia is a state of motor restlessness ranging from a feeling of inner disquiet to inability to sit still or lie quietly.
akinesia: A state of motor inhibition or reduced voluntary movement.
akinetic mutism: A state of apparent alertness with following eye movements but no speech or voluntary motor responses.
alexia: Loss of a previously intact ability to grasp the meaning of written or printed words and sentences.
alexithymia: A disturbance in affective and cognitive function that can be present in an assortment of diagnostic entities. Is common in psychosomatic disorders, addictive disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The chief manifestations are difficulty in describing or recognizing one's own emotions, a limited fantasy life, and general constriction in affective life.
algophobia: Fear of pain.
alienation: The estrangement felt in a setting one views as foreign, unpredictable, or unacceptable. For example, in depersonalization phenomena, feelings of unreality or strangeness produce a sense of alienation from one's self or environment.
alloplastic: Referring to adaptation by means of altering the external environment. This can be contrasted to autoplastic, which refers to the alteration of one's own behavior and responses.
alogia: An impoverishment in thinking that is inferred from observing speech and language behavior. There may be brief and concrete replies to questions and restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech (poverty of speech). Sometimes the speech is adequate in amount but conveys little information because it is overconcrete, overabstract, repetitive, or stereotyped (poverty of content).
ambivalence: The coexistence of contradictory emotions, attitudes, ideas, or desires with respect to a particular person, object, or situation. Ordinarily, the ambivalence is not fully conscious and suggests psychopathology only when present in an extreme form.
amentia: Subnormal development of the mind, with particular reference to intellectual capacities; a type of severe mental retardation.
amimia: A disorder of language characterized by an inability to make gestures or to understand the significance of gestures.
amines: Organic compounds containing the amino group. Amines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine are significant because they function as neurotransmitters.
amnesia: Loss of memory. Types of amnesia include: anterograde Loss of memory of events that occur after the onset of the etiological condition or agent. retrograde Loss of memory of events that occurred before the onset of the etiological condition or agent.
amok: A culture specific syndrome from Malay involving acute indiscriminate homicidal mania .
amygdala: This is a structure of the brain which is part of the basal ganglia located on the roof of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle at the inferior end of the caudate nucleus. It is a structure in the forebrain that is an important component of the limbic system.
amyloid: Any one of various complex proteins that are deposited in tissues in different disease processes. These proteins have an affinity for Congo red dye. In neuropsychiatry, of particular interest are the beta-amyloid (A4) protein, which is the major component of the characteristic senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease, and the amyloid precursor protein (APP).
anaclitic: In psychoanalytic terminology, dependence of the infant on the mother or mother substitute for a sense of well-being. This is considered normal behavior in childhood, but pathologic in later years.
anal stage: The period of pregenital psychosexual development, usually from 1 to 3 years, in which the child has particular interest and concern with the process of defecation and the sensations connected with the anus. The pleasurable part of the experience is termed anal eroticism.
anamnesis: The developmental history of a patient and of his or her illness, especially recollections.
anankastic personality: Synonym for obsessive-compulsive personality.
androgyny: A combination of male and female characteristics in one person.
anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure from activities that usually produce pleasurable feelings. Contrast with hedonism.
anima: In Jungian psychology, a person's inner being as opposed to the character or persona presented to the world. Further, the anima may be the more feminine "soul" or inner self of a man, and the animus the more masculine soul of a woman.
anomie: Apathy, alienation, and personal distress resulting from the loss of goals previously valued. Emile Durkheim popularized this term when he listed it as a principal reason for suicide.
anosognosia: The apparent unawareness of or failure to recognize one's own functional defect (e.g., hemiplegia, hemianopsia).
antagonist medication: A chemical entity that is not naturally occurring within the body which occupies a receptor, produces no physiologic effects, and prevents endogenous and exogenous chemicals from producing an effect on that receptor.
anxiety: The apprehensive anticipation of future danger or misfortune accompanied by a feeling of dysphoria or somatic symptoms of tension. The focus of anticipated danger may be internal or external. Anxiety is often distinguished from fear in that fear is a more appropriate word to use when there exists threat or danger in the real world. Anxiety is reflective more of a threat that is not apparent or imminent in the real world, at least not to the experienced degree.
apathy: Lack of feeling, emotion, interest, or concern.
aphasia: An impairment in the understanding or transmission of ideas by language in any of its forms--reading, writing, or speaking--that is due to injury or disease of the brain centers involved in language.
anomic or amnestic aphasia: Loss of the ability to name objects.
aphonia: An inability to produce speech sounds that require the use of the larynx that is not due to a lesion in the central nervous system.
apperception: Perception as modified and enhanced by one's own emotions, memories, and biases.
apraxia: Inability to carry out previously learned skilled motor activities despite intact comprehension and motor function; this may be seen in dementia.
assimilation: A Piagetian term describing a person's ability to comprehend and integrate new experiences.
astereognosis: Inability to recognize familiar objects by touch that cannot be explained by a defect of elementary tactile sensation.
ataxia: Partial or complete loss of coordination of voluntary muscular movement.
attention: The ability to focus in a sustained manner on a particular stimulus or activity. A disturbance in attention may be manifested by easy distractibility or difficulty in finishing tasks or in concentrating on work
auditory hallucination: A hallucination involving the perception of sound, most commonly of voices. Some clinicians and investigators would not include those experiences perceived as coming from inside the head and would instead limit the concept of true auditory hallucinations to those sounds whose source is perceived as being external.
aura: A premonitory, subjective brief sensation (e.g., a flash of light) that warns of an impending headache or convulsion. The nature of the sensation depends on the brain area in which the attack begins. Seen in migraine and epilepsy.
autoeroticism: Sensual self-gratification. Characteristic of, but not limited to, an early stage of emotional development. Includes satisfactions derived from genital play, masturbation, fantasy, and oral, anal, and visual sources.
automatism: Automatic and apparently undirected nonpurposeful behavior that is not consciously controlled. Seen in psychomotor epilepsy.
autoplastic: Referring to adaptation by changing the self.
autotopagnosia: Inability to localize and name the parts of one's own body. finger agnosia would be autotopagnosia restricted to the fingers.
avolition: An inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities. When severe enough to be considered pathological, avolition is pervasive and prevents the person from completing many different types of activities (e.g., work, intellectual pursuits, self-care).
B
basal ganglia: Clusters of neurons located deep in the brain; they include the caudate nucleus and the putamen (corpus striatum), the globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra. The basal ganglia appear to be involved in higher-order aspects of motor control, such as planning and execution of complex motor activity and the speed of movements. Lesions of the basal ganglia produce various types of involuntary movements such as athetosis, chorea, dystonia, and tremor. The basal ganglia are involved also in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and tardive dyskinesia. The internal capsule, containing all the fibers that ascend to or descend from the cortex, runs through the basal ganglia and separates them from the thalamus.
bestiality: Zoophilia; sexual relations between a human being and an animal. See also paraphilia.
beta-blocker: An agent that inhibits the action of beta-adrenergic receptors, which modulate cardiac functions, respiratory functions, and the dilation of blood vessels. Beta-blockers are of value in the treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and migraine. In psychiatry, they have been used in the treatment of aggression and violence, anxiety-related tremors and lithium-induced tremors, neuroleptic-induced akathisia, social phobias, panic states, and alcohol withdrawal.
biobehavioral: (adj.) Of or relating to the interrelationships among psychosocial, behavioral, and biological processes, as in the progression or treatment of a disease. (also see psychiatry, which may at times share the same/like definition)
bizarre delusion: A delusion that involves a phenomenon that the person's culture would regard as totally implausible.
blind spot: Visual scotoma, a circumscribed area of blindness or impaired vision in the visual field; by extension, an area of the personality of which the subject is unaware, typically because recognition of this area would cause painful emotions.
blocking: A sudden obstruction or interruption in spontaneous flow of thinking or speaking, perceived as an absence or deprivation of thought.
blunted affect: An affect type that represents significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression
body image: One's sense of the self and one's body.
bradykinesia: Neurologic condition characterized by a generalized slowness of motor activity.
Broca's aphasia: Loss of the ability to comprehend language coupled with production of inappropriate language.
bruxism: Grinding of the teeth, occurs unconsciously while awake or during stage 2 sleep. May be secondary to anxiety, tension, or dental problems.
C
Capgras' syndrome: The delusion that others, or the self, have been replaced by imposters. It typically follows the development of negative feelings toward the other person that the subject cannot accept and attributes, instead, to the imposter. The syndrome has been reported in paranoid schizophrenia and, even more frequently, in organic brain disease.
catalepsy: Waxy flexibility--rigid maintenance of a body position over an extended period of time.
cataplexy: Episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone resulting in the individual collapsing, often in association with intense emotions such as laughter, anger, fear, or surprise.
catatonic behavior: Marked motor abnormalities including motoric immobility (i.e., catalepsy or stupor), certain types of excessive motor activity (apparently purposeless agitation not influenced by external stimuli), extreme negativism (apparent motiveless resistance to instructions or attempts to be moved) or mutism, posturing or stereotyped movements, and echolalia or echopraxia
catharsis: The healthful (therapeutic) release of ideas through "talking out" conscious material accompanied by an appropriate emotional reaction. Also, the release into awareness of repressed ("forgotten") material from the unconscious. See also repression.
cathexis: Attachment, conscious or unconscious, of emotional feeling and significance to an idea, an object, or, most commonly, a person.
causalgia: A sensation of intense pain of either organic or psychological origin.
cerea flexibilitas: The "waxy flexibility" often present in catatonic schizophrenia in which the patient's arm or leg remains in the position in which it is placed.
circumstantiality: Pattern of speech that is indirect and delayed in reaching its goal because of excessive or irrelevant detail or parenthetical remarks. The speaker does not lose the point, as is characteristic of loosening of associations, and clauses remain logically connected, but to the listener it seems that the end will never be reached.
clanging: A type of thinking in which the sound of a word, rather than its meaning, gives the direction to subsequent associations.
climacteric: Menopausal period in women. Sometimes used to refer to the corresponding age period in men. Also called involutional period.
cognitive: Pertaining to thoughts or thinking. Cognitive disorders are disorders of thinking, for example, schizophrenia.
comorbidity: The simultaneous appearance of two or more illnesses, such as the co-occurrence of schizophrenia and substance abuse or of alcohol dependence and depression. The association may reflect a causal relationship between one disorder and another or an underlying vulnerability to both disorders. Also, the appearance of the illnesses may be unrelated to any common etiology or vulnerability.
compensation: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, by which one attempts to make up for real or fancied deficiencies. Also a conscious process in which one strives to make up for real or imagined defects of physique, performance skills, or psychological attributes. The two types frequently merge. See also overcompensation.
compulsion: Repetitive ritualistic behavior such as hand washing or ordering or a mental act such as praying or repeating words silently that aims to prevent or reduce distress or prevent some dreaded event or situation. The person feels driven to perform such actions in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly, even though the behaviors are recognized to be excessive or unreasonable.
conative: Pertains to one's basic strivings as expressed in behavior and actions
concrete thinking: Thinking characterized by immediate experience, rather than abstractions. It may occur as a primary, developmental defect, or it may develop secondary to organic brain disease or schizophrenia.
condensation: A psychological process, often present in dreams, in which two or more concepts are fused so that a single symbol represents the multiple components.
confabulation: Fabrication of stories in response to questions about situations or events that are not recalled.
confrontation: A communication that deliberately pressures or invites another to self-examine some aspect of behavior in which there is a discrepancy between self-reported and observed behavior.
constricted affect: Affect type that represents mild reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression.
constructional apraxia: An acquired difficulty in drawing two-dimensional objects or forms, or in producing or copying three-dimensional arrangements of forms or shapes.
contingency reinforcement: In operant or instrumental conditioning, ensuring that desired behavior is followed by positive consequences and that undesired behavior is not rewarded.
conversion: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, by which intrapsychic conflicts that would otherwise give rise to anxiety are instead given symbolic external expression. The repressed ideas or impulses, and the psychological defenses against them, are converted into a variety of somatic symptoms. These may include such symptoms as paralysis, pain, or loss of sensory function.
coping mechanisms: Ways of adjusting to environmental stress without altering one's goals or purposes; includes both conscious and unconscious mechanisms.
coprophagia: Eating of filth or feces.
counterphobia: Deliberately seeking out and exposing oneself to, rather than avoiding, the object or situation that is consciously or unconsciously feared.
countertransference: The therapist's emotional reactions to the patient that are based on the therapist's unconscious needs and conflicts, as distinguished from his or her conscious responses to the patient's behavior. Countertransference may interfere with the therapist's ability to understand the patient and may adversely affect the therapeutic technique. Currently, there is emphasis on the positive aspects of countertransference and its use as a guide to a more empathic understanding of the patient.
cretinism: A type of mental retardation and bodily malformation caused by severe, uncorrected thyroid deficiency in infancy and early childhood.
cri du chat: A type of mental retardation. The name is derived from a catlike cry emitted by children with this disorder, which is caused by partial deletion of chromosome 5.
conversion symptom: A loss of, or alteration in, voluntary motor or sensory functioning suggesting a neurological or general medical condition. Psychological factors are judged to be associated with the development of the symptom, and the symptom is not fully explained by a neurological or general medical condition or the direct effects of a substance. The symptom is not intentionally produced or feigned and is not culturally sanctioned.
culture-specific syndromes: Forms of disturbed behavior specific to certain cultural systems that do not conform to western nosologic entities. Some commonly cited syndromes are the following: amok; koro; latah; piblokto, and windigo.
D
Da Costa's syndrome: Neurocirculatory asthenia; "soldier's heart"; a functional disorder of the circulatory system that is usually a part of an anxiety state or secondary to hyperventilation.
decompensation: The deterioration of existing defenses, leading to an exacerbation of pathological behavior.
defense mechanism: Automatic psychological process that protects the individual against anxiety and from awareness of internal or external stressors or dangers. Defense mechanisms mediate the individual's reaction to emotional conflicts and to external stressors. Some defense mechanisms (e.g., projection, splitting, and acting out) are almost invariably maladaptive. Others, such as suppression and denial, may be either maladaptive or adaptive, depending on their severity, their inflexibility, and the context in which they occur.
DejaVu: A paramnesia consisting of the STRANGE sensation or illusion that one is seeing what one has seen before.
delusion: A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly sustained despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture (e.g., it is not an article of religious faith). When a false belief involves a value judgment, it is regarded as a delusion only when the judgment is so extreme as to defy credibility. Delusional conviction occurs on a continuum and can sometimes be inferred from an individual's behavior. It is often difficult to distinguish between a delusion and an overvalued idea (in which case the individual has an unreasonable belief or idea but does not hold it as firmly as is the case with a delusion). Delusions are subdivided according to their content. Some of the more common types are: bizarre; delusional jealousy; grandiose; delusion of reference; persecutory; somatic; thought broadcasting; thought insertion.
delusional jealousy: The delusion that one's sexual partner is unfaithful. erotomanic A delusion that another person, usually of higher status, is in love with the individual.
delusion of reference: A delusion whose theme is that events, objects, or other persons in one's immediate environment have a particular and unusual significance. These delusions are usually of a negative or pejorative nature, but also may be grandiose in content. This differs from an idea of reference, in which the false belief is not as firmly held nor as fully organized into a true belief.
denial: A defense mechanism where certain information is not accessed by the conscious mind. Denial is related to repression, a similar defense mechanism, but denial is more pronounced or intense. Denial involves some impairment of reality. Denial would be operating ( as an example ) if a cardiac patient who has been warned about the potential fatal outcome of engaging in heavy work, decides to start building a wall of heavy stones.
depersonalization: An alteration in the perception or experience of the self so that one feels detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's mental processes or body (e.g., feeling like one is in a dream).
derailment: ("loosening of associations") A pattern of speech in which a person's ideas slip off one track onto another that is completely unrelated or only obliquely related. In moving from one sentence or clause to another, the person shifts the topic idiosyncratically from one frame of reference to another and things may be said in juxtaposition that lack a meaningful relationship. This disturbance occurs between clauses, in contrast to incoherence, in which the disturbance is within clauses. An occasional change of topic without warning or obvious connection does not constitute derailment.
derealization: An alteration in the perception or experience of the external world so that it seems strange or unreal (e.g., people may seem unfamiliar or mechanical).
dereistic: Mental activity that is not in accordance with reality, logic, or experience.
detachment: A behavior pattern characterized by general aloofness in interpersonal contact; may include intellectualization, denial, and superficiality.
diplopia: Double vision due to paralysis of the ocular muscles; seen in inhalant intoxication and other conditions affecting the oculomotor nerve.
disconnection syndrome: Term coined by Norman Geschwind (1926-1984) to describe the interruption of information transferred from one brain region to another.
disinhibition: Freedom to act according to one's inner drives or feelings, with less regard for restraints imposed by cultural norms or one's superego; removal of an inhibitory, constraining, or limiting influence, as in the escape from higher cortical control in neurologic injury, or in uncontrolled firing of impulses, as when a drug interferes with the usual limiting or inhibiting action of GABA within the central nervous system.
disorientation: Confusion about the time of day, date, or season (time), where one is (place), or who one is (person).
dysphoric mood: An unpleasant mood, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability.
displacement: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which emotions, ideas, or wishes are transferred from their original object to a more acceptable substitute; often used to allay anxiety.
dissociation: A disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment. The disturbance may be sudden or gradual, transient or chronic.
distractibility: The inability to maintain attention, that is, the shifting from one area or topic to another with minimal provocation, or attention being drawn too frequently to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli.
double bind: Interaction in which one person demands a response to a message containing mutually contradictory signals, while the other person is unable either to comment on the incongruity or to escape from the situation.
drive: Basic urge, instinct, motivation; a term used to avoid confusion with the more purely biological concept of instinct.
dyad: A two-person relationship, such as the therapeutic relationship between doctor and patient in individual psychotherapy.
dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control or incoordination.
dysgeusia: Perversion of the sense of taste.
dyskinesia: Distortion of voluntary movements with involuntary muscular activity.
dyslexia: Inability or difficulty in reading, including word-blindness and a tendency to reverse letters and words in reading and writing.
dyssomnia: Primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia as the major presenting symptom. Dyssomnias are disorders of the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscles.
E
echolalia: The pathological, parrotlike, and apparently senseless repetition (echoing) of a word or phrase just spoken by another person. echolalia Parrot-like repetition of overheard words or fragments of speech.
echopraxia: Repetition by imitation of the movements of another. The action is not a willed or voluntary one and has a semiautomatic and uncontrollable quality.
ego: In psychoanalytic theory, one of the three major divisions in the model of the psychic apparatus, the others being the id and the superego. The ego represents the sum of certain mental mechanisms, such as perception and memory, and specific defense mechanisms. It serves to mediate between the demands of primitive instinctual drives (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions (the superego), and of reality. The compromises between these forces achieved by the ego tend to resolve intrapsychic conflict and serve an adaptive and executive function. Psychiatric usage of the term should not be confused with common usage, which connotes self-love or selfishness.
ego ideal: The part of the personality that comprises the aims and goals for the self; usually refers to the conscious or unconscious emulation of significant figures with whom one has identified. The ego ideal emphasizes what one should be or do in contrast to what one should not be or not do.
ego-dystonic: Referring to aspects of a person's behavior, thoughts, and attitudes that are viewed by the self as repugnant or inconsistent with the total personality.
eidetic image: Unusually vivid and apparently exact mental image; may be a memory, fantasy, or dream.
elaboration: An unconscious process consisting of expansion and embellishment of detail, especially with reference to a symbol or representation in a dream.
elevated mood: An exaggerated feeling of well-being, or euphoria or elation. A person with elevated mood may describe feeling "high," "ecstatic," "on top of the world," or "up in the clouds."
engram: A memory trace; a neurophysiological process that accounts for persistence of memory
epigenesis: Originally from the Greek "epi" (on, upon, on top of) and "genesis" (origin); the theory that the embryo is not preformed in the ovum or the sperm, but that it develops gradually by the successive formation of new parts. The concept has been extended to other areas of medicine, with different shades of meaning. Some of the other meanings are as follows: 1. Any change in an organism that is due to outside influences rather than to genetically determined ones. 2. The occurrence of secondary symptoms as a result of disease. 3. Developmental factors, and specifically the gene-environment interactions, that contribute to development. 4. The appearance of new functions that are not predictable on the basis of knowledge of the part-processes that have been combined. 5. The appearance of specific features at each stage of development, such as the different goals and risks that Erikson described for the eight stages of human life (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt, etc.). The life cycle theory adheres to the epigenetic principle in that each stage of development is characterized by crises or challenges that must be satisfactorily resolved if development is to proceed normally.
ethnology: A science that concerns itself with the division of human beings into races and their origin, distribution, relations, and characteristics.
euthymic: Mood in the "normal" range, which implies the absence of depressed or elevated mood.
expansive mood: Lack of restraint in expressing one's feelings, frequently with an overvaluation of one's significance or importance. irritable Easily annoyed and provoked to anger.
extinction: The weakening of a reinforced operant response as a result of ceasing reinforcement. See also operant conditioning. Also, the elimination of a conditioned response by repeated presentations of a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. See also respondent conditioning.
extraversion: A state in which attention and energies are largely directed outward from the self as opposed to inward toward the self, as in introversion.
F
fantasy: An imagined sequence of events or mental images (e.g., daydreams) that serves to express unconscious conflicts, to gratify unconscious wishes, or to prepare for anticipated future events.
flashback: A recurrence of a memory, feeling, or perceptual experience from the past.
flat affect: An affect type that indicates the absence of signs of affective expression.
flight of ideas: A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words. When severe, speech may be disorganized and incoherent.
flooding: (implosion) A behavior therapy procedure for phobias and other problems involving maladaptive anxiety, in which anxiety producers are presented in intense forms, either in imagination or in real life. The presentations, which act as desensitizers, are continued until the stimuli no longer produce disabling anxiety.
folie à deux:(literally "a madness shared by two") is a rare shared psychotic disorder between 2 people, usually people who are mutually dependent upon each other. The same syndrome shared by more than one person may be called folie à trois, folie à quatre, folie à famille or even folie à plusieurs (madness of many). Recent psychiatric classifications refer to the syndrome as induced delusional disorder or shared psychotic disorder.
formal thought disorder: An inexact term referring to a disturbance in the form of thinking rather than to abnormality of content. See blocking; loosening of associations; poverty of speech.
formication: The tactile hallucination or illusion that insects are crawling on the body or under the skin.
fragmentation: Separation into different parts, or preventing their integration, or detaching one or more parts from the rest. A fear of fragmentation of the personality, also known as disintegration anxiety, is often observed in patients whenever they are exposed to repetitions of earlier experiences that interfered with development of the self. This fear may be expressed as feelings of falling apart, as a loss of identity, or as a fear of impending loss of one's vitality and of psychological depletion.
free association: In psychoanalytic therapy, spontaneous, uncensored verbalization by the patient of whatever comes to mind.
frotteurism: One of the paraphilias, consisting of recurrent, intense sexual urges involving touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person; common sites in which such activities take place are crowded trains, buses, and elevators. Fondling the victim may be part of the condition and is called toucherism.
fusion: The union and integration of the instincts and drives so that they complement each other and help the organism to deal effectively with both internal needs and external demands.
G
Gegenhalten: "Active" resistance to passive movement of the extremities that does not appear to be under voluntary control.
globus hystericus: The disturbing sensation of a lump in the throat.
glossolalia: Gibberish-like speech or "speaking in tongues."
gender dysphoria: A persistent aversion toward some or all of those physical characteristics or social roles that connote one's own biological sex.
gender identity: A person's inner conviction of being male or female.
gender role: Attitudes, patterns of behavior, and personality attributes defined by the culture in which the person lives as stereotypically "masculine" or "feminine" social roles.
grandiosity: An inflated appraisal of one's worth, power, knowledge, importance, or identity. When extreme, grandiosity may be of delusional proportions.
grandiose delusion: A delusion of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or famous person.
gustatory hallucination: A hallucination involving the perception of taste (usually unpleasant).
H
hallucination: A sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. Hallucinations should be distinguished from illusions, in which an actual external stimulus is misperceived or misinterpreted. The person may or may not have insight into the fact that he or she is having a hallucination. One person with auditory hallucinations may recognize that he or she is having a false sensory experience, whereas another may be convinced that the source of the sensory experience has an independent physical reality. The term hallucination is not ordinarily applied to the false perceptions that occur during dreaming, while falling asleep (hypnagogic), or when awakening (hypnopompic). Transient hallucinatory experiences may occur in people without a mental disorder.
hedonism: Pleasure-seeking behavior. Contrast with anhedonia.
5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid): A major metabolite of serotonin, a biogenic amine found in the brain and other organs. Functional deficits of serotonin in the central nervous system have been implicated in certain types of major mood disorders, and particularly in suicide and impulsivity.
hippocampus: Olfactory brain; a sea-horse-shaped structure located within the brain that is an important part of the limbic system. The hippocampus is involved in some aspects of memory, in the control of the autonomic functions, and in emotional expression.
hyperacusis: Inordinate sensitivity to sounds; it may be on an emotional or an organic basis.
hypersomnia: Excessive sleepiness, as evidenced by prolonged nocturnal sleep, difficulty maintaining an alert awake state during the day, or undesired daytime sleep episodes. ideas of reference The feeling that casual incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person. This is to be distinguished from a delusion of reference, in which there is a belief that is held with delusional conviction
hypnagogic: Referring to the semiconscious state immediately preceding sleep; may include hallucinations that are of no pathological significance.
hypnopompic: Referring to the state immediately preceding awakening; may include hallucinations that are of no pathological significance.
I
id: In Freudian theory, the part of the personality that is the unconscious source of unstructured desires and drives. See also ego; superego.
idealization: A mental mechanism in which the person attributes exaggeratedly positive qualities to the self or others.
ideas of reference: Incorrect interpretations of casual incidents and external events as having direct reference to oneself. May reach sufficient intensity to constitute delusions.
identification: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, by which one patterns oneself after some other person. Identification plays a major role in the development of one's personality and specifically of the superego. To be differentiated from imitation or role modeling, which is a conscious process.
idiot savant: A person with gross mental retardation who nonetheless is capable of performing certain remarkable feats in sharply circumscribed intellectual areas, such as calendar calculation or puzzle solving.
illusion: A misperception or misinterpretation of a real external stimulus, such as hearing the rustling of leaves as the sound of voices. See also hallucination.
imprinting: A term in ethology referring to a process similar to rapid learning or behavioral patterning that occurs at critical points in very early stages of animal development. The extent to which imprinting occurs in human development has not been established.
inappropriate affect: An affect type that represents an unusual affective expression that does not match with the content of what is being said or thought.
incoherence: Speech or thinking that is essentially incomprehensible to others because words or phrases are joined together without a logical or meaningful connection. This disturbance occurs within clauses, in contrast to derailment, in which the disturbance is between clauses. This has sometimes been referred to as "word salad" to convey the degree of linguistic disorganization. Mildly ungrammatical constructions or idiomatic usages characteristic of particular regional or cultural backgrounds, lack of education, or low intelligence should not be considered incoherence. The term is generally not applied when there is evidence that the disturbance in speech is due to an aphasia.
incorporation: A primitive defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which the psychic representation of a person, or parts of the person, is figuratively ingested.
individuation: A process of differentiation, the end result of which is development of the individual personality that is separate and distinct from all others.
indoleamine: One of a group of biogenic amines (e.g., serotonin) that contains a five-membered, nitrogen-containing indole ring and an amine group within its chemical structure. inhibition Behavioral evidence of an unconscious defense against forbidden instinctual drives; may interfere with or restrict specific activities.
insomnia: A subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or poor sleep quality. Types of insomnia include:
Sleep Apnea
General Medical Condition-Related Sleep Disorder
Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder
initial insomnia: Difficulty in falling asleep, or Sleep Onset Latency.
instinct: An inborn drive. The primary human instincts include self-preservation, sexuality, and according to some proponents the death instinct, of which aggression is one manifestation.
integration: The useful organization and incorporation of both new and old data, experience, and emotional capacities into the personality. Also refers to the organization and amalgamation of functions at various levels of psychosexual development.
intellectualization: A mental mechanism in which the person engages in excessive abstract thinking to avoid confrontation with conflicts or disturbing feelings.
intersex condition: A condition in which an individual shows intermingling, in various degrees, of the characteristics of each sex, including physical form, reproductive organs, and sexual behavior.
introspection: Self-observation; examination of one's feelings, often as a result of psychotherapy.
introversion: Preoccupation with oneself and accompanying reduction of interest in the outside world. Contrast to extraversion.
isolation: A defense mechanism operating unconsciously central to obsessive-compulsive phenomena in which the affect is detached from an idea and rendered unconscious, leaving the conscious idea colorless and emotionally neutral.
K
Klinefelter's syndrome: Chromosomal defect in males in which there is an extra X chromosome; manifestations may include underdeveloped testes, physical feminization, sterility, and mental retardation.
koro: A culture specific syndrome of China involving fear of retraction of penis into abdomen with the belief that this will lead to death.
L
la belle indifference: Literally, "beautiful indifference." Belle indifference is the lack or paucity of concern about disability and the prospect for recovery. Seen in certain patients with conversion disorders who show an inappropriate lack of concern about their disabilities. labile Rapidly shifting (as applied to emotions); unstable. It may be a clinical feature of hysterical disorders.
labile affect: An affect type that indicates abnormal sudden rapid shifts in affect.
latah: A culture specific syndrome of Southeast Asia involving startle-induced disorganization, hypersuggestibility, automatic obedience, and echopraxia.
latent content: The hidden (i.e., unconscious) meaning of thoughts or actions, especially in dreams or fantasies. In dreams, it is expressed in distorted, disguised, condensed, and symbolic form.
learned helplessness: A condition in which a person attempts to establish and maintain contact with another by adopting a helpless, powerless stance.
lethologica: Temporary inability to remember a proper noun or name.
libido: The psychic drive or energy usually associated with the sexual instinct. (Sexual is used here in the broad sense to include pleasure and love-object seeking.)
locus coeruleus: A small area in the brain stem containing norepinephrine neurons that is considered to be a key brain center for anxiety and fear.
long-term memory: The final phase of memory in which information storage may last from hours to a lifetime.
loosening of associations: A disturbance of thinking shown by speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another that is unrelated or minimally related to the first. Statements that lack a meaningful relationship may be juxtaposed, or speech may shift suddenly from one frame of reference to another. The speaker gives no indication of being aware of the disconnectedness, contradictions, or illogicality of speech.
M
macropsia: The visual perception that objects are larger than they actually are.
magical thinking: A conviction that thinking equates with doing. Occurs in dreams in children, in primitive peoples, and in patients under a variety of conditions. Characterized by lack of realistic relationship between cause and effect. The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, words, or actions will cause or prevent a specific outcome in some way that defies commonly understood laws of cause and effect. Magical thinking may be a part of normal child development.
manifest content: The remembered content of a dream or fantasy, as contrasted with latent content, which is concealed and distorted.
masochism: Pleasure derived from physical or psychological pain inflicted on oneself either by oneself or by others. It is called sexual masochism and classified as a paraphilia when it is consciously sought as a part of the sexual act or as a prerequisite to sexual gratification. It is the converse of sadism, although the two tend to coexist in the same person.
memory consolidation: The physical and psychological changes that take place as the brain organizes and restructures information that may become a permanent part of memory.
mental retardation: A major group of disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence characterized by intellectual functioning that is significantly below average (IQ of 70 or below), manifested before the age of 18 by impaired adaptive functioning (below expected performance for age in such areas as social or daily living skills, communication, and self-sufficiency). Different levels of severity are recognized: an IQ level of 50/55 to 70 is Mild; an IQ level of 35/40 to 50/55 is Moderate; an IQ level of 20/25 to 35/40 is Severe; an IQ level below 20/25 is Profound.
MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol): A major metabolite of brain norepinephrine excreted in urine.
micropsia: The visual perception that objects are smaller than they actually are.
middle insomnia: Awakening in the middle of the night followed by eventually falling back to sleep, but with difficulty.
mirroring: 1) The empathic responsiveness of the parent to the developing child's grandiose-exhibitionistic needs. Parental expressions of delight in the child's activities signal that the child's wishes and experiences are accepted as legitimate. This teaches the child which of his or her potential qualities are most highly esteemed and valued. Mirroring validates the child as to who he or she is and affirms his or her worth. The process transforms archaic aims to realizable aims, and it determines in part the content of the self-assessing, self-monitoring functions and their relationships to the rest of the personality. The content of the superego is the residue of the mirroring experience. 2) A technique in psychodrama in which another person in the group plays the role of the patient, who watches the enactment as if gazing into a mirror. The first person may exaggerate one or more aspects of the patient's behavior. Following the portrayal, the patient is usually encouraged to comment on what he or she has observed.
mood: A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety. In contrast to affect, which refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional "weather," mood refers to a more pervasive and sustained emotional "climate." Types of mood include: dysphoric, elevated, euthymic, expansive, irritable.
mood-congruent psychotic features: Delusions or hallucinations whose content is entirely consistent with the typical themes of a depressed or manic mood. If the mood is depressed, the content of the delusions or hallucinations would involve themes of personal inadequacy, guilt, disease, death, nihilism, or deserved punishment. The content of the delusion may include themes of persecution if these are based on self-derogatory~ concepts such as deserved punishment. If the mood is manic, the content of the delusions or hallucinations would involve themes of inflated worth, power, knowledge, or identity, or a special relationship to a deity or a famous person. The content of the delusion may include themes of persecution if these are based on concepts such as inflated worth or deserved punishment.
mood-incongruent psychotic features: Delusions or hallucinations whose content is not consistent with the typical themes of a depressed or manic mood. In the case of depression, the delusions or hallucinations would not involve themes of personal inadequacy, guilt, disease, death, nihilism, or deserved punishment. In the case of mania, the delusions or hallucinations would not involve themes of inflated worth, power, knowledge, or identity, or a special relationship to a deity or a famous person. Examples of mood-incongruent psychotic features include persecutory delusions (without self-derogatory~ or grandiose content), thought insertion, thought broadcasting, and delusions of being controlled whose content has no apparent relationship to any of the themes listed above.
N
negative symptoms: Most commonly refers to a group of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia that include loss of fluency and spontaneity of verbal expression, impaired ability to focus or sustain attention on a particular task, difficulty in initiating or following through on tasks, impaired ability to experience pleasure to form emotional attachment to others, and blunted affect.
negativism: Opposition or resistance, either covert or overt, to outside suggestions or advice. May be seen in schizophrenia.
neologism: In psychiatry, a new word or condensed combination of several words coined by a person to express a highly complex idea not readily understood by others; seen in schizophrenia and organic mental disorders.
neurotic disorder: A mental disorder in which the predominant disturbance is a distressing symptom or group of symptoms that one considers unacceptable and alien to one's personality. There is no marked loss of reality testing ; behavior does not actively violate gross social norms, although it may be quite disabling. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment and is not limited to a mild transitory reaction to stress. There is no demonstrable organic etiology.
nihilistic delusion: The delusion of nonexistence of the self or part of the self, or of some object in external reality.
nystagmus: Involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes that consist of small-amplitude~ rapid tremors in one direction and a larger, slower, recurrent sweep in the opposite direction. Nystagmus may be horizontal, vertical, or rotary.
O
object relations: The emotional bonds between one person and another, as contrasted with interest in and love for the self; usually described in terms of capacity for loving and reacting appropriately to others. Melanie Klein is generally credited with founding the British object-relations school.
obsession: Recurrent and persistent thought, impulse, or image experienced as intrusive and distressing. Recognized as being excessive and unreasonable even though it is the product of one's mind. This thought, impulse, or image cannot be expunged by logic or reasoning.
oedipal stage: Overlapping some with the phallic stage, this phase (ages 4 to 6) represents a time of inevitable conflict between the child and parents. The child must desexualize the relationship to both parents in order to retain affectionate kinship with both of them. The process is accomplished by the internalization of the images of both parents, thereby giving more definite shape to the child's personality. With this internalization largely completed, the regulation of self-esteem and moral behavior comes from within.
Oedipus complex: Attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious and aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex. These feelings are largely repressed (i.e., made unconscious) because of the fear of displeasure or punishment by the parent of the same sex. In its original use, the term applied only to the boy or man.
olfactory hallucination: A hallucination involving the perception of odor, such as of burning rubber or decaying fish.
ontogenetic: Pertaining to the development of the individual.
operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning): A process by which the results of the person's behavior determine whether the behavior is more or less likely to occur in the future.
oral stage: The earliest of the stages of infantile psychosexual development, lasting from birth to 12 months or longer. Usually subdivided into two stages: the oral erotic, relating to the pleasurable experience of sucking; and the oral sadistic, associated with aggressive biting. Both oral eroticism and sadism continue into adult life in disguised and sublimated forms, such as the character traits of demandingness or pessimism. Oral conflict, as a general and pervasive influence, might underlie the psychological determinants of addictive disorders, depression, and some functional psychotic disorders.
orientation: Awareness of one's self in relation to time, place, and person.
overcompensation: A conscious or unconscious process in which a real or imagined physical or psychological deficit generates exaggerated correction. Concept introduced by Adler.
overdetermination: The concept of multiple unconscious causes of an emotional reaction or symptom.
overvalued idea: An unreasonable and sustained belief that is maintained with less than delusional intensity (i.e., the person is able to acknowledge the possibility that the belief may not be true). The belief is not one that is ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture.
P
panic attacks: Discrete periods of sudden onset of intense apprehension, fearfulness, or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom. During these attacks there are symptoms such as shortness of breath or smothering sensations; palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate; chest pain or discomfort; choking; and fear of going crazy or losing control. Panic attacks may be unexpected (uncued), in which the onset of the attack is not associated with a situational trigger and instead occurs "out of the blue"; situationally bound, in which the panic attack almost invariably occurs immediately on exposure to, or in anticipation of, a situational trigger ("cue"); and situationally predisposed, in which the panic attack is more likely to occur on exposure to a situational trigger but is not invariably associated with it.
paranoid ideation: Ideation, of less than delusional proportions, involving suspiciousness or the belief that one is being harassed, persecuted, or unfairly treated.
parasomnia: Abnormal behavior or physiological events occurring during sleep or sleep-wake transitions.
Peplau: Hildegard E. Peplau, one of the world's leading nurses, know to many as the "Nurse of the Century", died March 17,1999, at her home in Sherman Oaks, California. Dr. Peplau is the only nurse to serve the American Nurses Association as Executive Director and later as President. She was also elected to serve two terms on the board of the International Council of Nurses (ICN).
In 1997, she received the world of nursing's highest honor, the Christiane Reimann Prize at the ICN Quadrennial Congress. This award is given once every four years for outstanding national and international contributions to nursing and healthcare.
In 1966, the American Academy of Nursing honored Peplau as a "Living Legend", and in 1998 the American Nurses Association inducted her into the ANA Hall of Fame.
Dr. Peplau is universally regarded as the "mother of psychiatric nursing". Her theoretical and clinical work led to the development of the distinct specialty field of psychiatric nursing. Dr. Peplau's seminal book, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (1952), was completed in 1948. Publication was delayed for four years, however, because at that time it was considered too revolutionary for a nurse to publish a book without a physician co-author. Peplau's book has been widely credited with the transformation of nursing from a group of skilled workers to a full-fledged profession.
Since the publication of Peplau's work, interpersonal process has been integrated into nursing education and nursing practices throughout the United States and abroad. It has been argued that Dr. Peplau's life and work produced the greatest changes in nursing practice since Florence Nightingale
Dr. Peplau Significantly involved in the development of psychiatric nursing; this phase developing largely from her conceptions.
Peplau's significant contributions in the early '50s had a formative influence on the past three decades in psychiatric nursing and this period can be termed the Peplau decades.
Phase one in the development of psychiatric nursing as a specialty of nursing occurred prior to 1952. In this phase, psychiatric nursing could be characterized as a blend of kindness, compassion, and firmness practiced mostly in a hospital setting. By the late '40s and early '50s, a variety of theories from descriptive psychiatry and psychoanalysis had been introduced and a number of people were making contributions to identifying psychiatric nursing as a distinct specialty.
Peplau's significant contribution in the early '50s was to articulate a clear theoretical framework for nursing and psychiatric nursing. Phase two-the Peplau decades-was ushered in as nurses were made aware that such a theoretical framework existed and could be articulated and utilized in practice.
This was the coming of age for a discipline without reference to setting. The Peplau decades saw the emergence of an identifiable group of practitioners, who, utilizing theory acceptable to nursing and others, accomplished the following:
Coined the terminology "psychiatric/mental health nursing," which combined two groups in nursing with distinctly different backgrounds-- psychiatry and public health.
Established itself as a clinical specialty in nursing with acceptance of graduate preparation.
Developed liaison psychiatric nursing as a viable role in hospital settings, thereby playing a consultant role to other nurses.
As a group, psychiatric/mental health nurses were in the vanguard of the major movements of the period-community mental health, family therapy, use of systems theory in therapy.
Despite controversy among nurses and opposition from others, psychiatric/mental health nurses established themselves as psychotherapists.
And last, but far from least, psychiatric/mental health nurses fought for and in many instances obtained third party payment for psychotherapy.
The Peplau decades were years of extraordinary accomplishment for psychiatric/mental health nurses.
Hildegard Peplau used the term, psychodynamic nursing, to describe the dynamic relationship between a nurse and a patient.
She described four phases of this relationship: orientation, in which the person and the nurse mutually identify the person's problem; identification, in which the person identifies with the nurse, thereby accepting help; exploitation, in which the person makes use of the nurse's help; and resolution, in which the person accepts new goals and frees herself or himself from the relationship.
Peplau also identified six nursing roles of the nurse:
-Counseling Role - working with the patient on current problems
-Leadership Role - working with the patient democratically
-Surrogate Role - figuratively standing in for a person in the patient's life
-Stranger - accepting the patient objectively
-Resource Person - interpreting the medical plan to the patient
-Teaching Role - offering information and helping the patient learn
persecutory delusion: A delusion in which the central theme is that one (or someone to whom one is close) is being attacked, harassed, cheated, persecuted, or conspired against.
perseveration: Tendency to emit the same verbal or motor response again and again to varied stimuli.
personality: Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself. Personality traits are prominent aspects of personality that are exhibited in a wide range of important social and personal contexts. Only when personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause either significant functional impairment or subjective distress do they constitute a Personality Disorder.
phallic stage: The period, from about 21/2 to 6 years, during which sexual interest, curiosity, and pleasurable experience in boys center on the penis, and in girls, to a lesser extent, the clitoris.
phobia: A persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus) that results in a compelling desire to avoid it. This often leads either to avoidance of the phobic stimulus or to enduring it with dread.
piblokto: A culture specific syndrome of Eskimos involving attacks of screaming, crying, and running naked through the snow
preconscious: Thoughts that are not in immediate awareness but that can be recalled by conscious effort.
pregenital: In psychoanalysis, refers to the period of early childhood before the genitals have begun to exert the predominant influence in the organization or patterning of sexual behavior. Oral and anal influences predominate during this period.
pressured speech: Speech that is increased in amount, accelerated, and difficult or impossible to interrupt. Usually it is also loud and emphatic. Frequently the person talks without any social stimulation and may continue to talk even though no one is listening.
prevalence: Frequency of a disorder, used particularly in epidemiology to denote the total number of cases existing within a unit of population at a given time or over a specified period.
primary gain: The relief from emotional conflict and the freedom from anxiety achieved by a defense mechanism. Contrast with secondary gain.
primary process: In psychoanalytic theory, the generally unorganized mental activity characteristic of the unconscious. This activity is marked by the free discharge of energy and excitation without regard to the demands of environment, reality, or logic.
prodrome: An early or premonitory sign or symptom of a disorder
projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which what is emotionally unacceptable in the self is unconsciously rejected and attributed (projected) to others.
projective identification: A term introduced by Melanie Klein to refer to the unconscious process of projection of one or more parts of the self or of the internal object into another person (such as the mother). What is projected may be an intolerable, painful, or dangerous part of the self or object (the bad object). It may also be a valued aspect of the self or object (the good object) that is projected into the other person for safekeeping. The other person is changed by the projection and is dealt with as though he or she is in fact characterized by the aspects of the self that have been projected.
projective tests: Psychological diagnostic tests in which the test material is unstructured so that any response will reflect a projection of some aspect of the subject's underlying personality and psychopathology
prosopagnosia: Inability to recognize familiar faces that is not explained by defective visual acuity or reduced consciousness or alertness.
pseudocyesis: Included in DSM-IV as one of the somatoform disorders. It is characterized by a false belief of being pregnant and by the occurrence of signs of being pregnant, such as abdominal enlargement, breast engorgement, and labor pains.
pseudodementia: A syndrome in which dementia is mimicked or caricatured by a functional psychiatric illness. Symptoms and response of mental status examination questions are similar to those found in verified cases of dementia. In pseudodementia, the chief diagnosis to be considered in the differential is depression in an older person vs. cognitive deterioration on the basis of organic brain disease.
psychiatry: Psychiatry is the specialized branch of medicine/advanced practice nursing, which involves diagnosing, treating, studying, and preventing mental illness and behavioral conditions. While any nurse practitioner (NP) or physician (MD/DO) may encounter and treat common and uncomplicated mental illness, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners (PMHNP's) and psychiatric clinical nurse specialists (CNS's)--both of whom are licensed psychiatric advanced registered nurse practitioners (ARNP's)--specialize in these areas.*
Psychiatry involves the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, such as major depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety, utilizing medication, laboratory studies, and imaging studies performed by either a Psychiatrist or a Psychiatric ARNP. Accordingly, Psychiatry is the encompassing body of professional mental healthcare services provided by both psychiatrists and psychiatric ARNP's, delivering the same quality and scope of independent psychiatric care. Both professionals use the same billing procedure codes and diagnostic codes in their professional, specialized practice.
Psychiatry is a specialized mental healthcare practice, the scope of care provided by psychiatrist or psychiatric ARNP. Psychiatry can be used to title what some psychiatrists and psychiatric ARNP's practice.
In the state of Washington, these complementarily licensed Registered Nurses (RN’s)/Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners (ARNP’s), are nationally board certified, graduate level prepared (MSN/MN), exceptionally experienced, independent practitioners, scientists, health care professionals, psychiatric providers, and mental health care authorities, who specialize in the branch of advanced practice nursing and medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. They have significant clinical training in psychiatry and mental health, and typically have extensive practice and experience in general nursing and psychiatric nursing prior to entering graduate school.
Psychiatric ARNP's and psychiatrists have license to practice psychiatry and are at liberty to independently prescribe controlled medications as set forth by legislated guidelines established by state and federal provisions, and as implemented and overseen in part by the federal Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA).
Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses are prepared to independently provide individual, group and family counseling and psychotherapy, in addition to psychopharmacological management. ANCC Board Certification is obtained only after the completing academic and clinical program requirements in the earning of a specialized Master of Nursing (MN or MSN) Degree, completing supervised clinical practice hour requirements, and passing a rigorous national psychiatric and mental health advanced practice nursing examination. The process requires an internship under the auspices of an experienced preceptor and psychopharmacological provider for prescriptive practice.
All nursing practices, including the prescribing of medication, are regulated by state laws; therefore, licensing and scope of practice varies state by state. Some states only recognize the nurse practitioner (NP) credential for any prescriptive practice, while many states, like Washington, recognize board certified, master’s prepared psychiatric clinical nurse specialists who have successfully taken graduate courses in psychopharmacology for prescriptive practice. Advanced practice, independent psychiatric/mental health nurse practitioners provide psychiatry services in various arenas from clinics to hospitals in many capacities such as the following examples: private practice, ARNP operated clinic and offices, emergency psychiatric services in the ER, psychiatric home care, and substance abuse treatment.
The ARNP assesses and diagnoses health and psychiatric disorders and provides individual, group, and family psychotherapy. They focus on the differential diagnosis of medical disorders with psychiatric symptoms, and on medication therapy, providing a spectrum of psychiatric care, assessing, diagnosing, and managing the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders and mental health problems.
More about psychiatry: Although the Greeks recognized the significance of emotions in mental disorders, medieval thought emphasized demonic influence. From the Middle Ages until the time of the French physician Philippe Pinel (1745-1826), who instituted humanitarian reforms in the care of the mentally ill, there was no organized attempt to study or treat mental abnormalities or to provide decent institutional conditions for the mentally ill. Such 19th-century reformers as Dorothea Dix fought for improved conditions in asylums. The early 20th century saw the organization of the mental hygiene, dedicated to the prevention of mental disease through guidance clinics and education. Scientists of the period sought underlying causes of mental and nervous disorders.
The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin was the first to divide psychosis into the two general classifications of manic-depressive psychosis (manic-depressive disorder) and schizophrenia. Gradually, some psychiatrists, led by Sigmund Freud, turned to the behavior and emotional history of the patient as clues to the nature of psychoneurosis and psychosis. Hildegard E. Peplau's theoretical and clinical work led to the development of the distinct specialty field of psychiatric nursing and introduced Interpersonal Relations Theory. Today, a wide variety of treatment strategies are used in psychiatry, to combat many different psychological disorders. Psychiatry may involve physiological or psychological treatment, or a combination of the two. Physiological treatment generally involves the use of drugs influencing neurotransmitter functions in the brain.
Psychiatry providers are licensed advanced practice nurses and physicians, both of whom are specially trained to independently treat patients with mental disorders and to independently prescribe drugs. In recent years, psychological difficulties have lost some of the stigma they once had, and many people have sought psychiatric help who might have been reluctant to do so in the past.
How do psychiatric nurses differ from psychiatrists, social workers, and psychologists? Psychiatric nurses have degrees in nursing. Some of the roles of the Psychiatric ARNP overlap with the roles of psychologists, social workers and psychiatrists. For example, all usually can do counseling and/or psychotherapy. However, advanced practice nurses and psychiatrists can prescribe, whereas psychologists, social workers and counselors cannot.
Nurse Practitioners have prescribing privileges in the state of Washington, as is the case in the vast majority of other states, and like physicians, may prescribe all controlled substances within the their scope of their practice with the authority given them if they hold an active Drug Enforcement Agency Certificate.
The ARNP is licensed and board certified to independently provide comprehensive mental health care, psychotherapy and psychiatry services, including, but not limited to, medication management and psychotherapy. This includes independent authorization in prescribing schedule II-IV meds, without the need for any collaborative agreement or association under the license of an MD/DO, such as is required for PAs, who are labeled as “mid-level” practitioners/providers. The ARNP, on the other hand, is truly not “mid-level” by virtue of his/her independent practice at the top of their clinical field.
In contrast with psychology, psychiatry is practiced by psychiatrists and advanced practice psychiatric nurses (ARNPs) specializing in mental illness who may also prescribe drugs, order laboratory tests and evaluate results, administer and/or order psychological testing, and order imaging studies. Psychiatry foundations revolve around the evaluation of patients/clients from a bio-psychosocial perspective before prescribing treatment. In contrast, psychology limits its focus to the study of human behavior and thought processes, often performing psychological testing.
Psychiatric illnesses were for some time characterized as disorders of function of the mind rather than the brain, although the distinction is not always obvious. In the current state of knowledge this distinction does not always hold true, as many psychiatric conditions have physical etiologies.
For a long period of history, neurology and psychiatry were a single discipline, and following their division the tremendous advances in neurosciences (especially in genetics and neuroimaging) recently are bringing areas of the two disciplines back together. Indeed, in a 2002 review article in the American Journal of Psychiatry, Professor Joseph B. Martin, Dean of Harvard Medical School and a neurologist by training, wrote that "the separation of the (neurological versus psychiatric disorders) is arbitrary, often influenced by beliefs rather than proven scientific observations. And the fact that the brain and mind are one makes the separation artificial anyway" (Martin 2002). Therefore, with ongoing training, psychiatric ARNP's and psychiatrists do often have a senior role to play in the treatment of complicated neurological disorders such as refractory migraines and the treatment of pain and associated psychiatric/neurological pathways.
Psychiatry has become one of the most challenging of all healthcare specialties, having expanded its original pragmatic discipline that was part of general medicine to now include all of the vast intricacies of practical psychology. The work of Emil Kraepelin laid the foundations of scientific psychiatry. A neurologist, Sigmund Freud, used these same powers of medically-based observation to develop the field of psychoanalysis. For many years, Freudian theories dominated psychiatric thinking.
The discovery of lithium carbonate as a treatment for bipolar disorder (and shortly thereafter after by the development of typical antipsychotics for treatment of schizophrenia,) followed by the development of fields such as molecular biology and tools such as brain imaging has led to psychiatry re-discovering its origins in physical and observational medicine without losing sight of its humane dimension.
Despite criticism of psychiatry, the specialty is accepted as a core part of medical and nursing education in all medical and nursing schools in the U.S. and most around the world. Nonetheless, misdiagnosis (one common example, unipolar depression instead of bipolar depression) remains a problem in some cases, prolonging the suffering for those patients. Also, different individuals respond differently to a given psychiatric drug; this can lead to some patients experiencing a prolonged trial-and-error process.
*Titles: The following terms, in no particular order, as accurate, inaccurate, confusing, limiting, obscure, demeaning, or misleading as they may be, are some of the many titles being used by health care professionals, the insurance industry, and the public in their labeling/titling from state to state of the Psychiatric ARNP: Nurse Registered Nurse (RN), Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse (APPN), Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner (APPNP), Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner (PNP--not to be confused with Pediatric Nurse Practitioner), Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist (Psychiatric/Psych-CNS), Adult Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (APMHNP), Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP), Psychiatric Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (Psych-APRN), Psychiatric Nurse (PN), Nurse Practitioner (NP), Doctor (misnomer used by providers & the public), Psychiatrist (misnomer used by providers & the public), Psychiatric Primary Care Nurse Practitioner (PPCNP), Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP), Advanced Practice Nurse Practitioner (APNP), Advanced Practice Professional Nurse (APPN), Advance Practice Nurse (APN), Advanced Practitioner of Nursing (APN), Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), Certified Nurse Practitioner (CRNP), Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), Certified Clinical Nurse Specialist (CCNS), Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner (CRNP), Registered Nurse Practitioner (RNP), and, finally, Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist (PMHCN). The optional inclusion of the letters "BC" at the end of the applicable titles above would indicate that the holder thereof has been granted "Board Certification." However, this is often redundant, as ARNP's in the state of Washington, like other states, must have and maintain board certification. It is a licensing requirement.
References: Martin JB. The integration of neurology, psychiatry and neuroscience in the 21st century. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:695-704. Fulltext. PMID 11986119. Advanced practice psychiatric nurses: 2003 legislative update, Judith Haber, APRN, BC, PhD, FAAN, et al., Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, December 2003 Beyond asking your doctor, Layne Oliff, PharmD, MBA, Pharmaceutical Executive, February 2004 FAQ’s about psychiatric nursing, www.apna.org, American Psychiatric Nurses Association NPs and PAs: A growing sphere of influence, Elisabeth Pena, PharmaVoice, December 2003. Nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists in psychiatry, Q&A Questionnaire Design and Analysis LLC, May 2004. The professionalization of psychiatric nursing, Anita Boling, RN, MSN, CNS, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, October 2003. Resources American Psychiatric Nurses Association (703) 243-2443 www.apna.org1555 Wilson Blvd, Suite 602 Arlington, Virginia 22209 Current Psychiatry (201) 505-5887 www.CurrentPsychiatry.com110 Summit Avenue, Montvale NJ 07645 Prepared for CURRENT PSYCHIATRY October 2004 http://community.nursingspectrum.com/MagazineArticles
psychomotor agitation: Excessive motor activity associated with a feeling of inner tension. When severe, agitation may involve shouting and loud complaining. The activity is usually nonproductive and repetitious, and consists of such behavior as pacing, wringing of hands, and inability to sit still.
psychomotor retardation: Visible generalized slowing of movements and speech.
psychosexual development: A series of stages from infancy to adulthood, relatively fixed in time, determined by the interaction between a person's biological drives and the environment. With resolution of this interaction, a balanced, reality-oriented development takes place; with disturbance, fixation and conflict ensue. This disturbance may remain latent or give rise to characterological or behavioral disorders.
psychotic: This term has historically received a number of different definitions, none of which has achieved universal acceptance. The narrowest definition of psychotic is restricted to delusions or prominent hallucinations, with the hallucinations occurring in the absence of insight into their pathological nature. A slightly less restrictive definition would also include prominent hallucinations that the individual realizes are hallucinatory experiences. Broader still is a definition that also includes other positive symptoms of Schizophrenia (i.e., disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior). Unlike these definitions based on symptoms, the definition used in DSM-II and ICD-9 was probably far too inclusive and focused on the severity of functional impairment, so that a mental disorder was termed psychotic if it resulted in "impairment that grossly interferes with the capacity to meet ordinary demands of life." Finally, the term has been defined conceptually as a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing. Based on their characteristic features, the different disorders in DSM-IV-TR emphasize different aspects of the various definitions of psychotic.
psychotropic medication: Medication that affects thought processes or feeling states.
R
rationalization: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which an individual attempts to justify or make consciously tolerable by plausible means, feelings or behavior that otherwise would be intolerable. Not to be confused with conscious evasion or dissimulation. See also projection.
reaction formation: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which a person adopts affects, ideas, and behaviors that are the opposites of impulses harbored either consciously or unconsciously. For example, excessive moral zeal may be a reaction to strong but repressed asocial impulses.
reality principle: In psychoanalytic theory, the concept that the pleasure principle, which represents the claims of instinctual wishes, is normally modified by the demands and requirements of the external world. In fact, the reality principle may still work on behalf of the pleasure principle but reflects compromises and allows for the postponement of gratification to a more appropriate time. The reality principle usually becomes more prominent in the course of development but may be weak in certain psychiatric illnesses and undergo strengthening during treatment. reality testing The ability to evaluate the external world objectively and to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world. Falsification of reality, as with massive denial or projection, indicates a severe disturbance of ego functioning and/or of the perceptual and memory processes upon which it is partly based.
reciprocal inhibition: In behavior therapy, the hypothesis that if anxiety-provoking stimuli occur simultaneously with the inhibition of anxiety (e.g., relaxation), the bond between those stimuli and the anxiety will be weakened.
regression: Partial or symbolic return to earlier patterns of reacting or thinking. Manifested in a wide variety of circumstances such as normal sleep, play, physical illness, and in many mental disorders.
reinforcement: The strengthening of a response by reward or avoidance of punishment. This process is central in operant conditioning.
repetition compulsion: In psychoanalytic theory, the impulse to reenact earlier emotional experiences. Considered by Freud to be more fundamental than the pleasure principle. Defined by Jones in the following way: "The blind impulse to repeat earlier experiences and situations quite irrespective of any advantage that doing so might bring from a pleasure-pain point of view."
repression: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, that banishes unacceptable ideas, fantasies, affects, or impulses from consciousness or that keeps out of consciousness what has never been conscious. Although not subject to voluntary recall, the repressed material may emerge in disguised form. Often confused with the conscious mechanism of suppression. resistance One's conscious or unconscious psychological defense against bringing repressed (unconscious) thoughts into conscious awareness.
respondent conditioning: (classical conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning) Elicitation of a response by a stimulus that normally does not elicit that response. The response is one that is mediated primarily by the autonomic nervous system (such as salivation or a change in heart rate). A previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented just before an unconditioned stimulus that normally elicits that response. When the response subsequently occurs in the presence of the previously neutral stimulus, it is called a conditioned response, and the previously neutral stimulus, a conditioned stimulus.
residual phase: The phase of an illness that occurs after remission of the florid symptoms or the full syndrome.
S
screen memory: A consciously tolerable memory that serves as a cover for an associated memory that would be emotionally painful if recalled.
secondary gain: The external gain derived from any illness, such as personal attention and service, monetary gains, disability benefits, and release from unpleasant responsibilities. See also primary gain.
secondary process: In psychoanalytic theory, mental activity and thinking characteristic of the ego and influenced by the demands of the environment. Characterized by organization, systematization, intellectualization, and similar processes leading to logical thought and action in adult life. See also primary process; reality principle.
sensory extinction: Failure to report sensory stimuli from one region if another region is stimulated simultaneously, even though when the region in question is stimulated by itself, the stimulus is correctly reported.
separation anxiety disorder: A disorder with onset before the age of 18 consisting of inappropriate anxiety concerning separation from home or from persons to whom the child is attached. Among the symptoms that may be seen are unrealistic concern about harm befalling or loss of major attachment figures; refusal to go to school (school phobia) in order to stay at home and maintain contact with this figure; refusal to go to sleep unless close to this person; clinging; nightmares about the theme of separation; and development of physical symptoms or mood changes (apathy, depression) when separation occurs or is anticipated.
separation-individuation: Psychological awareness of one's separateness, described by Margaret Mahler as a phase in the mother-child relationship that follows the symbiotic stage. In the separation-individuation stage, the child begins to perceive himself or herself as distinct from the mother and develops a sense of individual identity and an image of the self as object. Mahler described four subphases of the process: differentiation, practicing, rapprochement (i.e., active approach toward the mother, replacing the relative obliviousness to her that prevailed during the practicing period), and separation-individuation proper (i.e., awareness of discrete identity, separateness, and individuality).
sex: A person's biological status as male, female, or uncertain. Depending on the circumstances, this determination may be based on the appearance of the external genitalia or on karyotyping.
sign: An objective manifestation of a pathological condition. Signs are observed by the examiner rather than reported by the affected individual.
shaping: Reinforcement of responses in the patient's repertoire that increasingly approximate sought-after behavior.
sick role: An identity adopted by an individual as a "patient" that specifies a set of expected behaviors, usually dependent.
signal anxiety: An ego mechanism that results in activation of defensive operations to protect the ego from being overwhelmed by an excess of excitement. The anxiety reaction that was originally experienced in a traumatic situation is reproduced in an attenuated form, allowing defenses to be mobilized before the current threat does, in fact, become overwhelming.
simultanagnosia: Inability to comprehend more than one element of a visual scene at the same time or to integrate the parts into a whole
sleep terror disorder: One of the parasomnias, characterized by panic and confusion when abruptly awakening from sleep. This usually begins with a scream and is accompanied by intense anxiety. The person is often confused and disoriented after awakening. No detailed dream is recalled, and there is amnesia for the episode. Sleep terrors typically occur during the first third of the major sleep episode.
social adaptation: The ability to live and express oneself according to society's restrictions and cultural demands.
somatic delusion: A delusion whose main content pertains to the appearance or functioning of one's body.
somatic hallucination: A hallucination involving the perception of a physical experience localized within the body (such as a feeling of electricity). A somatic hallucination is to be distinguished from physical sensations arising from an as-yet undiagnosed general medical condition, from hypochondriacal preoccupation with normal physical sensations, and from a tactile hallucination.
spatial agnosia: Inability to recognize spatial relations; disordered spatial orientation.
splitting: A mental mechanism in which the self or others are reviewed as all good or all bad, with failure to integrate the positive and negative qualities of self and others into cohesive images. Often the person alternately idealizes and devalues the same person.
stereotyped movements: Repetitive, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, mouthing of objects, self-biting, picking at skin or body orifices, hitting one's own body).
Stockholm syndrome: A kidnapping or terrorist hostage identifies with and has sympathy for his or her captors on whom he or she is dependent for survival.
stressor: Any life event or life change that may be associated temporally (and perhaps causally) with the onset, occurrence, or exacerbation of a mental disorder.
structural theory: Freud's model of the mental apparatus composed of id, ego, and superego.
stupor: A state of unresponsiveness with immobility and mutism
sublimation: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, by which instinctual drives, consciously unacceptable, are diverted into personally and socially acceptable channels.
substitution: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, by which an unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object is replaced by one that is more attainable or acceptable.
suggestibility: Uncritical compliance or acceptance of an idea, belief, or attribute.
suggestion: The process of influencing a patient to accept an idea, belief, or attitude suggested by the therapist.
superego: In psychoanalytic theory, that part of the personality structure associated with ethics, standards, and self-criticism. It is formed by identification with important and esteemed persons in early life, particularly parents. The supposed or actual wishes of these significant persons are taken over as part of the child's own standards to help form the conscience.
suppression: The conscious effort to control and conceal unacceptable impulses, thoughts, feelings, or acts.
symbiosis: A mutually reinforcing relationship between two persons who are dependent on each other; a normal characteristic of the relationship between the mother and infant child. See separation-individuation
symbolization: A general mechanism in all human thinking by which some mental representation comes to stand for some other thing, class of things, or attribute of something. This mechanism underlies dream formation and some symptoms, such as conversion reactions, obsessions, and compulsions. The link between the latent meaning of the symptom and the symbol is usually
symptom: A subjective manifestation of a pathological condition. Symptoms are reported by the affected individual rather than observed by the examiner.
syndrome: A grouping of signs and symptoms, based on their frequent co-occurrence, that may suggest a common underlying pathogenesis, course, familial pattern, or treatment selection.
synesthesia: A condition in which a sensory experience associated with one modality occurs when another modality is stimulated, for example, a sound produces the sensation of a particular color.
syntaxic mode: The mode of perception that forms whole, logical, coherent pictures of reality that can be validated by others.
systematic desensitization: A behavior therapy procedure widely used to modify behaviors associated with phobias. The procedure involves the construction of a hierarchy of anxiety-producing stimuli by the subject, and gradual presentation of the stimuli until they no longer produce anxiety.
T
tactile hallucination: A hallucination involving the perception of being touched or of something being under one's skin. The most common tactile hallucinations are the sensation of electric shocks and formication (the sensation of something creeping or crawling on or under the skin).
tangentiality: Replying to a question in an oblique or irrelevant way. Compare with circumstantiality.
temperament: Constitutional predisposition to react in a particular way to stimuli.
terminal insomnia: Awakening before one's usual waking time and being unable to return to sleep.
termination: The act of ending or concluding. In psychotherapy, termination refers to the mutual agreement between patient and therapist to bring therapy to an end. The idea of termination often occurs to both, but usually it is the therapist who introduces the subject into the session as a possibility to be considered. In psychoanalytic treatment, the patient's reactions are worked through to completion before the treatment ends. The early termination that is characteristic of focal psychotherapy and other forms of brief psychotherapy often requires more extensive work with the feelings of loss and separation.
therapeutic community: A term of British origin, now widely used, for a specially structured mental hospital milieu that encourages patients to function within the range of social norms.
therapeutic window: A well-defined range of blood levels associated with optimal clinical response to antidepressant drugs, such as nortriptyline. Levels above or below that range are associated with a poor response.
thought broadcasting: The delusion that one's thoughts are being broadcast out loud so that they can be perceived by others.
thought insertion: The delusion that certain of one's thoughts are not one's own, but rather are inserted into one's mind.
tic: An involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movement or vocalization.
token economy: A system involving the application of the principles and procedures of operant conditioning to the management of a social setting such as a ward, classroom, or halfway house. Tokens are given contingent on completion of specified activities and are exchangeable for goods or privileges desired by the patient.
tolerance: A characteristic of substance dependence that may be shown by the need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or the desired effect, by markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance, or by adequate functioning despite doses or blood levels of the substance that would be expected to produce significant impairment in a casual user.
transference: The unconscious assignment to others of feelings and attitudes that were originally associated with important figures (parents, siblings, etc.) in one's early life. The transference relationship follows the pattern of its prototype. The psychiatrist utilizes this phenomenon as a therapeutic tool to help the patient understand emotional problems and their origins. In the patient-physician relationship, the transference may be negative (hostile) or positive (affectionate). See also countertransference.
transitional object: An object, other than the mother, selected by an infant between 4 and 18 months of age for self-soothing and anxiety-reduction. Examples are a "security blanket" or a toy that helps the infant go to sleep. The transitional object provides an opportunity to master external objects and promotes the differentiation of self from outer world.
transsexualism: Severe gender dysphoria, coupled with a persistent desire for the physical characteristics and social roles that connote the opposite biological sex.
transvestism: Sexual pleasure derived from dressing or masquerading in the clothing of the opposite sex, with the strong wish to appear as a member of the opposite sex. The sexual origins of transvestism may be unconscious.
trichotillomania: The pulling out of one's own hair to the point that it is noticeable and causing significant distress or impairment.
U
unconscious: That part of the mind or mental functioning of which the content is only rarely subject to awareness. It is a repository for data that have never been conscious (primary repression) or that may have been conscious and are later repressed (secondary repression).
undoing: A mental mechanism consisting of behavior that symbolically atones for, makes amends for, or reverses previous thoughts, feelings, or actions.
urophilia: One of the paraphilias, characterized by marked distress over, or acting on, sexual urges that involve urine.
V
verbigeration: Stereotyped and seemingly meaningless repetition of words or sentences.
visual hallucination: A hallucination involving sight, which may consist of formed images, such as of people, or of unformed images, such as flashes of light. Visual hallucinations should be distinguished from illusions, which are misperceptions of real external stimuli.
voyeurism: Peeping; one of the paraphilias, characterized by marked distress over, or acting on, urges to observe unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are naked or in the process of disrobing, or who are engaging in sexual activity.
W
Wernicke's aphasia: Loss of the ability to comprehend language coupled with production of inappropriate language.
windigo: A culture specific syndrome of Canadians involving delusions of being possessed by a cannibal-istic monster (windigo), attacks of agitated depression, oral sadistic fears and impulses.
word salad: A mixture of words and phrases that lack comprehensive meaning or logical coherence; commonly seen in schizophrenic states.
Z
zeitgeist: The general intellectual and cultural climate of taste characteristic of an era.
zoophilia: One of the paraphilias, characterized by marked distress over, or acting on, urges to indulge in sexual activity that involves animals.
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The word ‘durst’ is the past tense of which English word? | Durst | Define Durst at Dictionary.com
durst
Archaic. simple past tense of dare .
dare
Spell
Syllables
verb (used without object), dared or (Archaic) durst; dared; daring; present singular 3rd person dares or dare.
1.
to have the necessary courage or boldness for something; be bold enough:
You wouldn't dare!
verb (used with object), dared or (Archaic) durst; dared; daring; present singular 3rd person dares or dare.
2.
to have the boldness to try; venture; hazard.
3.
to meet defiantly; face courageously.
4.
to challenge or provoke (a person) into a demonstration of courage; defy:
to dare a man to fight.
auxiliary verb
to have the necessary courage or boldness to (used chiefly in questions and negatives):
How dare you speak to me like that? He dare not mention the subject again.
noun
an act of daring or defiance; challenge.
Idioms
| Dare |
The English city of Lincoln lies on which river? | Unnecessary Knowledge | The past-tense of the English word “dare” is “durst”.
The past-tense of the English word “dare” is “durst”.
Link to this unnecessary knowledge:
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In English football, from which team did Aston Villa buy footballer Dion Dublin in 1998? | Dion Dublin (Soccer Player) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
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In the 1993â94 season, Dublin regained his fitness, but his first team chances were restricted by the excellent form of Eric Cantona.
In December 1993, Ferguson agreed a deal with Everton manager Howard Kendall, that would have seen Dublin moving to Goodison Park, but a member of Everton's board of directors, apparently feeling that Dublin was not worth the money Kendall had offered United, intervened to prevent the transfer going through â this incident led directly to Kendall's resignation as Everton manager and Dublin ended up staying at Old Trafford until the end of the season. … Read More
He managed five league appearances that season, scoring once in a 3â2 home win over Oldham Athletic in early April. He also managed a further goal in the Football League Cup second round first leg, as United were beaten 2â1 by Stoke City at the Victoria Ground. The goal against Oldham was the only competitive goal that Dublin scored for United at Old Trafford. Read Less
1994 - 1997 3 More Events
1994 25 Years Old He was left out of the FA Cup winning team, and failed to make enough appearances to merit another Premier League title winners medal, and shortly after the start of the 1994â95 season, he was sold to Coventry City for £2 million. … Read More
In four-and-a-half years with Coventry, Dublin established himself as one of the Premier League's top strikers and during the 1997â98 season won the first of his four England full caps. That season, he equalled the Coventry City record for most goals in a top division season with 23 goals in all competitions. Read Less
1995 26 Years Old Following Phil Neal's departure in 1995, the arrival of Ron Atkinson and Gordon Strachan would see Dublin fit into an attacking team in the typical Atkinson mould. … Read More
It included the likes of Noel Whelan, John Salako and Darren Huckerby to add to the already attack minded Peter Ndlovu. The addition of Gary McAllister, following Euro 96, should have provided mid table stability but the teams defensive frailties often undermined Dublin's scoring at the other end. This culminated in possibly one of the greatest escapes in Premiership history in May 1997. Sitting second from bottom, Coventry City needed favourable results elsewhere whilst needing an away win at White Hart Lane. This game followed on from an away win at Anfield (Dublin scoring in the dying seconds) and a home win against Chelsea. But at Tottenham Hotspur that afternoon, Dublin scored in the first half before Paul Williams netted to secure an unlikely 2â1 win. The game reached a nerve-racking climax which included a memorable late save from City keeper Steve Ogrizovic. Read Less
1997 28 Years Old …
The following season the Sky Blues improved at home and enjoyed a season of mid table security. Dublin formed an impressive partnership with Darren Huckerby which not only produced some memorable goals but also propelled the Sky Blues to the FA Cup Sixth Round against Sheffield United; a game they narrowly lost in a penalty shoot out. Read Less
The 1997â98 season also saw Dublin share elite status as the Premier League's top scorer with Blackburn's Chris Sutton and Liverpool's Michael Owen â each Englishman scoring 18 league goals. … Read More
During this season, Blackburn manager Roy Hodgson tabled a bid which Dublin rejected. He remained at Highfield Road and contributed to Coventry's best finish to date in the Premiership (11th). Read Less
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Great Aunt Ada Doom is a character in which novel by Stella Gibbons? | Dion Dublin takes up presenter role on BBC TV show Homes Under the Hammer | Daily Mail Online
Dion Dublin takes up presenter role on BBC TV show Homes Under the Hammer
Dion Dublin has been signed up to present Homes Under The Hammer
Former footballer will meet budding property developers for the BBC show
Dublin played for Manchester United, Coventry City and Aston Villa
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Dion Dublin has been named as the surprise new host of BBC television show Homes Under The Hammer.
The former Manchester United and Aston Villa striker-cum-centre-back joins the show's existing line-up of Martin Roberts and Lucy Alexander as a new presenter, with a role involving meeting budding property developers around the country.
Dublin - who has a long-held interest in the property market from his football career - will appear regularly on the 19th series of the programme later this year, following properties bought at auction and the renovations they undergo before being sold on again.
Dion Dublin is set to become the new presenter of BBC television show Homes Under The Hammer
The former Aston Villa hero will appear regularly on the 19th series of the programme later this year
The four-cap England international said: 'I am thrilled to be joining Martin and Lucy on Homes Under The Hammer. I have a passion for property and look forward to meeting people on the show who share that passion.'
After retiring in May 2008, Dublin has gone on to forge a career in television and radio punditry as well as launching his own percussion instrument, 'The Dube'.
Jo Street, Acting Controller of BBC Daytime, says: 'I am thrilled that Dion Dublin is joining the Homes Under The Hammer line-up. He shares Martin and Lucy's passion for properties and people and his warm personality make him the perfect addition to the family.'
Dublin, who has four caps for England, said he was thrilled to be joining, having held a long interest in property
Dublin - now 45 - started his career as a centre back with Norwich City but went on to make his name upfront with Cambridge United before signing for Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United in a £1million deal.
He received a Premier League winner's medal in his first year at the club despite making only four appearances due to suffering a broken leg early in the season.
In 1994, Dublin, now valued at £2m, moved on to Coventry City and rediscovered his prolific form, equalling a club record for goals in a top-flight season before moving to Aston Villa in 1998 for £5.75m.
Dublin poses with Sir Alex Ferguson upon signing with Manchester United in 1992 at Old Trafford
After making 189 appearances for the Villa Park club, Dublin later played for Leicester City and Celtic before returning to his first club Norwich, playing again at centre back in his few years as a player.
He retired in 1998, winning the Canaries' player of the year award in his final season and being applauded from the field at Carrow Road on his penultimate career appearance.
Despite Dublin's prolific goalscoring at a number of clubs during his career, he managed just four England caps with no goals scored and he was not included in a squad at any major tournament.
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In Scotland, what are breeks? | Tweed Shooting Breeks / Glennon Tweed Breeks -- Orvis
32
33
For Patagonia sizing, please refer to the Patagonia Shoe Size Chart, available on every Patagonia shoe and boot page.
In all instances, hold tape firm and level, but not tight.
a. Head: Using a flexible/soft tape measure, start 1" above the ear. Follow around head staying 1" above the ear. This will give your most accurate reading. Then refer to the chart for size.
b. Neck Circumference: Wrap tape around to the base of your front neck and allow room for wearing comfort. OR measure the collar length of a favorite shirt.
c. Sleeve Length: From the center back of your neck with your arm slightly bent, follow the tape around to your wrist bone.
d. Chest: Wrap a tape measure evenly around the fullest part under your arms.
e. Waist: Wrap tape around your natural waistline, or where you actually wear your pants.
f. Seat/Hip: Standing with your feet together, measure around the fullest part of your hip (approx. 7-8" below the waist). Don’t forget to keep the tape level.
g. Inseam: Best taken from an existing pair of pants you like. Measure along the garment inseam from the crotch seam to the hem.
h. Glove Hand: Measure all the way around the flat part of your hand, excluding the thumb, and around the widest part at the knuckles. Use the chart above to convert this measurement in inches to your corresponding glove size.
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| Trousers |
In which English town is the University of Teesside? | Shooting Breeks: Clothing | eBay
Shooting Breeks
Classic cut tweed breeks with two side pockets, Back pocket with buttoned flap closure. Smart to look at and comfortable to wear whilst out in the field. Derby Tweed Breeches / Plus Fours. We will tak...
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Mens Derby Tweed Shooting Breeks. Using Quality Heavyweight and durable Tweed these breeks are designed to withstand the toughest conditions. 00% Cotton Lined for Comfort and Warmth. 60% Wool, 25% Pol...
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Mens classic tweed breeks. durable heavyweight traditional tweed. Velcro adjustable calfs. Fully lined. 60% Wool 25% polyester 10 % Acrylic mix.
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Tweed shooting breeks. Button down rear pocket. shirt grip waistband. adjustable buckled leg fastening. Expat breathable waterproof drop liner.
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Not only functional and durable they look super smart too! Crafted from pure wool tweed these breeks come complete with a water repellent outer so no nasty surprises if caught in a shower whilst out i...
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Jack Pyke Pheasant Shooting Breeks. Jack Pyke Pheasant Shooting Socks. Matching Garters. Colour Green. Size 8 - 11. Acrylic Wool blend. Bookmark Us.
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Men's Derby GAME Tweed Jacket and / or Breeks. Derby Tweed Shooting Jacket In Sage or Dark Tweed. Derby Tweed and Sage Shooting Breeks / Plus Fours. 3 layer technology allowing the jacket to be waterp...
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Not only functional and durable they look super smart too! Crafted from pure wool tweed these breeks come complete with a water repellent outer so no nasty surprises if caught in a shower whilst out i...
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Manufactured from the same British mix wool Jack Orton tweed collection. The Lincoln features two side pockets and two button-down rear pockets, Made in the UK. Lincoln Tweed Breeks. Durable British m...
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The Hereford range is made with a traditional tweed patterned wool and benefits from a quilted waterproof lining. HSF Hereford Breeks. The traditional styling and durability of the HSF Hereford range ...
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Classic cut Tweed breeks with 2 side pockets, 1 rear pocket. Northern Ireland, The Scottish Isles, The Channel Islands and the.
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Cut to a traditional style HSF Moleskin trousers and Breeks are made with a classic dark green moleskin fabric that has been tailored to incorporate a rubber grip waist band and two front pockets. HSF...
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Jack Pyke Shooting Socks. Matching Garters. Choice of design, colour & price. Size 8 - 11. Acrylic Wool blend.
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Traditional mens's tweed country style breeks ideal for hunting/shooting wear. Classic cut hard wearing, heavyweight derby tweed breeks. Tweed Breeks. Made from a high quality tweed fabric including 6...
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Classic cut tweed breeks with two side pockets, Back pocket with buttoned flap closure. Smart to look at and comfortable to wear whilst out in the field. Derby Tweed Breeches / Plus Fours. 60% Wool; 2...
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This is a pair of Hucklecote Tweed Shooting breeks, ideal for the shooting season. Main colour is green with light blue, red, & purple check running through the tweed. Tweed outer is water resistant.
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Sherwood Forest Windsor Tweed Waterproof Breeks. Colour Olive Mustang Check. •80% Wool 20% Nylon. •Waterproof and Breathable.
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Pure new wool tweed Hucklecote breeks size 36" fully lined.In green with blue green and orange lines to form check.im also selling the matching jacket 46"chest.
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Made in the UK, premium quality breeks designed to last. With a classic cut and tapered legs which includes velcro adjustable calf strips which fit comfortably with socks. A strong front brass fly zip...
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Double turn over hunting shooting socks with garter flashes. SOCK COLOUR BOTTLE GREEN (WOOL ACRYLIC NYLON MIX). Ideal to wear with breeks. GARTER BURGUNDY (100% WOOL). size M 6-8.5.
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A classic pair of shooting breeks, The Seeland Woodcock Breeks have all the features you would want:-. Adjustable leg hem. Gusset at hem. Back pockets on both sides.
Shooting Socks
About Shooting Breeks
For centuries, autumn has ushered in the game hunting season. This is when stylish and practical shooting breeks become the attire for the hunter that wants a classic, traditional look. The knee length breeches, also known as plus twos or plus fours, gather at the knee or calf so that they tuck easily into hunting boots to provide protection and warmth. While many manufacturers make these trousers from high quality tweed, new fabrics are becoming popular because of their lightweight and waterproof features. Moleskin and cotton shooting breeks are soft and durable, as well as wind and water-resistant. They have details including buckled or velcro cuffs, flap pockets, and comfort-grip waistbands that allow for fluid movement while stalking prey in a field. The overhang of the trousers helps to deflect water before it enters the top of the boots. eBay's large collection of outdoor sportswear includes traditional wool tweed breeks and modern olive green moleskin breeks. These trousers provide comfort and functionality while you enjoy the sport of kings.
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Which was the first country to stage football’s European Championship final twice? | Sweden v Portugal European Under-21 Championship final: how the players rate | Football | The Guardian
European Under-21 Championship
Sweden v Portugal European Under-21 Championship final: how the players rate
Portugal’s William Carvalho and Bernardo Silva have shone so far but John Guidetti has put indifferent club football times behind him to excel for Sweden
Portugal's William Carvalho has covered more ground than any other player in the 2015 European Under-21 Championship. Photograph: Christian Hofer/Getty Images
Monday 29 June 2015 10.03 EDT
Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 08.47 EDT
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Portugal take on Sweden in the Under-21 European Championship final on Tuesday as favourites after their 5-0 humbling of Germany. However, Sweden were impressive too in their dismantling of Denmark in the semi-finals and will look to spring a surprise again. Here we rate the players in the two teams’ probable starting line-ups.
Portugal
José Sá, goalkeeper, Marítimo: second choice at Marítimo but has excelled here. Conceded only one goal in four matches and although he does have a strong defence in front of him, has pulled off some spectacular stops, too. A brilliant block to deny Germany’s Amin Younes at 2-0 in the semi-final came seconds before Portugal added the game-killing third before half-time. Rating 7/10
Ricardo Esgaio, right-back, Sporting: one of the batch of Sporting youngsters in the squad. Not as attacking as Guerreiro on the other flank but has been a solid performer and has played every minute of every game so far; one of five Portuguese players to do so. Rating 7/10
Paulo Oliveira, centre-back, Sporting: rangy and quietly effective central defender who has marshalled the back line to great effect after forcing his way into the Sporting side last season, where he has a €45m buyout clause. A threat at set pieces. Rating 7/10
Tiago Ilori, centre-back, Liverpool: the Hampstead-born centre-back spent last season on loan at Bordeaux, where he played alongside the Sweden striker Isaac Kiese Thelin. A thigh injury has hindered his tournament but he should be fit for the final. Has set his sights on pushing for a first-team place at Liverpool next season and is still eligible to play for either Portugal, England or Nigeria. Rating 7/10
Raphaël Guerreiro, left-back, Lorient: tremendously quick and the chief provider of width on the left flank, with Sérgio Oliveira tending to play very centrally. His substitution with just under half an hour to go against Germany in the showed just how important he is to this side. Will presumably not be a Lorient player by the time next season starts. Rating 8/10
William Carvalho, defensive midfield, Sporting: a colossus at the base of midfield and, along with Bernardo Silva, the star of the tournament. Physically imposing but has an easy, laconic style that belies the fact that he covered more ground than any other player in the group stages. Rating 9/10
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Portugal’s Bernardo Silva has picked up two man-of-the-match awards at the European Under-21 Championship. Photograph: Lee Smith/Reuters
João Mário, right-midfield, Sporting: pacy, tricky and, like his captain, Oliveira, his importance to the side has been somewhat overlooked such is the shadow cast by the players at the two ends of the midfield diamond. Popped up with the winner against England and added another against Germany. Will be a mainstay of the Sporting side next season. Rating 8/10
Sérgio Oliveira, left-midfield, Porto: captain of the side and a vital cog, despite his contributions not catching the eye as much as his midfield colleagues. Part of the side who finished runners-up in the Under-20 World Cup in 2011. Was unlucky not to open the scoring against Germany in the semi-final with a shot that pinged back off a post. Rating 7/10
Bernardo Silva, attacking midfield, Monaco: in Portugal’s four matches, Carvalho has taken two man-of-the-match awards, Silva the other two. Plays at the tip of the diamond but is essentially the main central attacker, with the two nominal forwards often pushing wide. Has enjoyed a quite wonderful tournament thus far. Rating 9/10
Ivan Cavaleiro, striker, Benfica: crashed home the third goal against Germany – quite possibly the pick of the bunch – just before half-time. Has grabbed his chance after being left out of the team to face Italy . Crafty and creative on the ball, he plays most of his club football on the wing and has been linked with a move to join his team-mate Bernardo Silva at Monaco. Rating 8/10
Ricardo, striker, Porto: scored twice in the play-off victory over Holland that took the team to the tournament and, like Cavaleiro, was left out of the team against Italy before returning to the starting lineup against Sweden and Germany. Should keep his place, although Ricardo Horta is pushing for a spot after scoring the fifth and final goal in the semi-final. Rating 7/10
Sweden
Patrik Carlgren, goalkeeper, AIK: has begun the Allsvenskan season as first choice at AIK but has at times looked a little shaky during this tournament. His poor punch from a late corner gave Jesse Lingard the chance to smash home England’s winner in the group stage. Rating 6/10
Pinterest
Sweden’s Filip Helander has impressed on the field and in the facial hair stakes. Photograph: BPI/Rex Shutterstock
Alexander Milosevic, centre-back, Besiktas: will be the one to bring out the ball from the back. Sent off half an hour into the opening game against Sweden and was a costly absentee in the defeat by England. Has returned strongly to lead the back four against Portugal and Denmark. Already has four caps for the senior side. Rating 7/10
Filip Helander, centre-back, Malmo: lost his place in the final group game against Portugal, despite a very impressive display against England, but Baffo’s shoulder injury suffered in that game meant Helander was back in for the semi-final. Impressive beard. Rating 6/10
Ludwig Augustinsson, left-back, FC Copenhagen: probably the most eye-catching member of the Sweden defence and the only one to have played every minute of every game. Better going forward than Lindelof and with the midfield tending towards narrow, he will be expected to provide attacking width. His battle with João Mário should be one to watch. Rating 7/10
Abdullah Khalili, right-midfield, Mersin İdmanyurdu: has looked lively, despite – or perhaps because of – a full Turkish Super League season behind him and has played on both flanks in this tournament. Both wide players look to tuck in and compress the space inside, so it will be interesting to see if he can contend with the forward raids of Raphaël Guerreiro from left-back. Rating 6/10
Oscar Lewicki, central midfield, Malmo: joined Bayern Munich as a 16-year-old but now back with the club where he spent many of his teenage years. Tends to sit as the slightly deeper of the two central midfielders and prompts attacks but has scored a couple of crucial goals – not least the 88th-minute winner that gave Sweden a 4-3 aggregate victory in the play-off against France. Rating 7.5/10
Oscar Hiljemark, central midfield, PSV: the captain and veteran of 36 under-21 internationals – he will break the Sweden record for caps in the final. Only two starts for PSV last season but has impressed with his tenacity here – although he faces a tough task in his personal battle with Carvalho for midfield supremacy. Rating 7/10
Simon Tibbling, left-midfield, Groningen: the second-youngest member of the squad, his 89th-minute goal against Portugal in the final group game took them through to the last four and meant he ousted Branimir Hrgota on the left of midfield for the semi-final. Scored the second in that game and surely did enough to keep his place. Rating 7/10
John Guidetti, striker, Manchester City: one of the most sought-after young strikers in Europe three years ago but his club career has stalled since. Looks much happier in a Sweden shirt this tournament than he did in a Celtic one last season and is the talisman for, and chief cheerleader of, the large Swedish contingent in the stands. Scored twice and has done enough to ensure something of a scramble for his signature when he becomes a free agent in a few days. Rating 8/10
| Italy |
What items were issued to British pilots in World War ll, which could be soaked in water and unfold to reveal a map for escape if the pilot was captured? | UEFA EURO 1980 - History – UEFA.com
Hrubesch and Germany double up
With eight teams now involved instead of four, the hopefuls were divided into two groups, from which the winners were to advance directly to the final. In another change to procedure, one of those eight places went automatically to Vincenzo Bearzot's hosts, but without suspended striker Paolo Rossi they faced an uphill struggle in a section also featuring England, Belgium and Spain.
If little was expected of Spain, England had stormed through qualifying and possessed a world-class striker in 1978 and 1979 European Footballer of the Year, Kevin Keegan. The Hamburger SV ace was unable to find the target, however, and after opening with a 1-1 draw against Belgium, England’s ambitions evaporated with a 1-0 loss to Italy. Italy had kicked off with a goalless draw against Spain, and they too crashed out after being held to the same scoreline by Belgium, who were suddenly through to their first major final thanks to a fine squad and excellent coaching from Guy Thys.
In the other half of the draw, West Germany had voyaged south with a revitalised team driven by Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and 20-year-old Bernd Schuster. A playmaker in the Günter Netzer mould, Schuster had few equals in world football at the time. "I don't think I have ever seen such a perfect player," enthused team-mate Horst Hrubesch. "Bernd was the outstanding player in the team. He connected the whole thing."
The Germans began by gaining revenge on Czechoslovakia, who had beaten them in the 1976 final, and made sure of a berth in the final with an equally satisfying 3-2 success against rivals the Netherlands. Two late Dutch goals almost cancelled out a hat-trick from Klaus Allofs, but Jupp Derwall's side held on before completing the group phase by drawing 0-0 with Greece.
With no semi-finals under the new format, the next match brought together Italy and the Czechs to decide third place. It was the holders who prevailed, reasserting their penalty shoot-out prowess after a disappointing contest ended 1-1. That proved to be the last time the third-place play-off was ever held.
Fortunately, the final itself provided more entertainment despite the much-fancied Germans taking an early lead when Hrubesch fired home after ten minutes. Second-half pressure resulted in a penalty for Belgium, which René Vandereycken dispatched, but just as in 1976 West Germany scored late on – and this time it was the winner. Hrubesch, who was only in the side because of Klaus Fischer’s broken leg, was the hero again as he headed in Rummenigge's corner to reclaim the European crown.
©UEFA.com 1998-2011. All rights reserved.
Last updated: 28/03/16 14.53CET
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In which year was the Ford Anglia car first produced in the UK? | Ford Anglia is First Produced | World History Project
1939
Ford Anglia is First Produced
The Ford Anglia was a British car from Ford in the UK. It was related to the Ford Prefect and the later Ford Popular.
The Ford Anglia name was applied to four models of car between 1939 and 1967.
1,594,486 Anglias were produced, before it was replaced by the new Ford Escort.
The patriotically named first Ford Anglia, launched soon after Britain declared war on Germany in early September 1939,[3] and given the internal Ford model code of E04A, was a facelifted version of the Ford 7Y, a simple vehicle aimed at the cheap end of the market, with few features. Most were painted Ford black. Styling was typically late-1930s, with an upright radiator. There were standard and de-luxe models, the latter having better instrumentation and, on pre war models, running boards. Both front and rear suspensions used transverse leaf springs and the brakes were mechanical.
A bulge at the back enabled a spare wheel to be removed from its vertical outside stowage on the back of the car and stowed flat on the boot floor and usefully increased luggage space, although some back seat leg room was sacrificed to the luggage space, being reduced from 43¾ inches in the Ford 7Y to 38½ inches in the Anglia.[3]
The domestic market engine was the 933cc straight-4 side-valve engine familiar to drivers of predecessor models since 1933.[3] The 1172 cc straight-4 engine from the Ford Ten was fitted for some export markets, including North America where imports began for model year 1948; these cars used the slightly more aerodynamic "three-hole" grille from the 1937-8 Ford Ten 7W, prefacing the 1949 E494A facelift. They also had sealed beam headlights and small, separate parking lights mounted underneath as well as dual tail lights, into which flashing turn signals could be added without adding additional lights.
The car retained a vacuum-powered wiper with its tendency to slow down or stop above about 40 mph (64 km/h), the point at which the suction effect from the induction manifold disappeared: however, the Anglia's wipers were supported by a vacuum reservoir which partially addressed the propensity to stop entirely when the car was accelerated.[3]
A contemporary road test commended the Anglia's ability to pull away from 5 or 6 mph (8 or 10 km/h) in top gear.[3] Compulsory driving tests had only recently been introduced in the UK: most potential buyers would approach the vehicle without the benefit of formal driving tuition. The cars did have synchromesh between second and top gears, but not between first and second,[3] so that many would have sought, wherever possible, to avoid en route changes down to first.
The 2-door Anglia is similar to the 4-door E93A Ford Prefect.
Production, hindered by the closure of Ford's factory during the Second World War, ceased in 1948 after a total of 55,807 had been built. Initial sales in England actually began in early 1940. Production was suspended in early 1942, and resumed in mid 1945. In Australia, the E04A was built from 1940–1945, and again from 1946-1948.
| one thousand nine hundred and forty |
Dame Mary Lesley Perkins is a co-founder of which chain of UK opticians? | Ford Anglia | Classic Cars Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[ show ]
Anglia E04A (1939–1948)
The patriotically named first Ford Anglia, launched soon after Britain declared war on Germany in early September 1939, and given the internal Ford model code of E04A, was a facelifted version of the Ford 7Y, a simple vehicle aimed at the cheap end of the market, with few features. Most were painted Ford black. Styling was typically late-1930s, with an upright radiator. There were standard and deluxe models, the latter having better instrumentation and, on pre-war models, running boards. Both front and rear suspensions used transverse leaf springs, and the brakes were mechanical.
A bulge at the back enabled a spare wheel to be removed from its vertical outside stowage on the back of the car and stowed flat on the boot floor, which usefully increased luggage space. Some back seat leg room was sacrificed to the luggage space, being reduced from 43¾ inches in the Ford 7Y to 38½ inches in the Anglia.
The domestic market engine was the 933 cc straight-4 side-valve engine familiar to drivers of predecessor models since 1933. The 1172 cc straight-4 engine from the Ford Ten was fitted for some export markets, including North America, where imports began for model year 1948; these cars used the slightly more aerodynamic "three-hole" grille from the 1937-8 Ford Ten 7W, prefacing the 1949 E494A facelift. They also had sealed beam headlights and small, separate parking lights mounted underneath, as well as dual tail lights, into which flashing turn signals could be added without adding additional lights.
The car retained a vacuum-powered wiper with its tendency to slow down or stop above about 40 mph (64 km/h), the point at which the suction effect from the induction manifold disappeared; however, the Anglia's wipers were supported by a vacuum reservoir, which partially addressed the propensity to stop entirely when the car was accelerated.
A contemporary road test commended the Anglia's ability to pull away from 5 or 6 mph (8 or 10 km/h) in top gear. Compulsory driving tests had only recently been introduced in the UK. Most potential buyers would approach the vehicle without the benefit of formal driving tuition. The cars did have synchromesh between second and top gears, but not between first and second, so many would have sought, wherever possible, to avoid en route changes down to first.
The 2-door Anglia is similar to the 4-door E93A Ford Prefect.
Production, hindered by the closure of Ford's factory during the Second World War, ceased in 1948 after a total of 55,807 had been built. Initial sales in Britain actually began in early 1940. Production was suspended in early 1942, and resumed in mid 1945. In Australia, the E04A was built from 1940–1945, and again from 1946-1948.
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Anglia A54A (Australia: 1946–48)
The Australian-built Anglia A54A used the chassis and front panels of the English E04A and was offered in 4-door sedan, tourer, coupe utility and panel van body styles. The 8HP 933cc engine was used and all models featured running boards.
Three different types of radiator grille were fitted to A54A models. Both the original and the revised E04A grilles were used and a third style, unique to the A54A, was introduced in 1948. This featured a centrally placed vertical chrome strip.
Anglia E494A (1949–1953)
The 1949 model, code E494A, was a makeover of the previous model with a rather more 1940s style front-end, including the sloped, twin-lobed radiator grille. Again it was a very spartan vehicle and in 1948 was Britain's lowest priced four wheel car.
An Anglia tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1948 had a top speed of 57 mph (92 km/h) and could accelerate from 0-50 mph (80 km/h) in 38.3 seconds. A fuel consumption of 36.2 miles per imperial gallon (7.80 L/100 km; 30.1 mpg-US) was recorded. The test car cost £309 including taxes.
Including all production, 108,878 were built. When production as an Anglia ceased in 1953, it continued as the extremely basic Ford Popular until 1959.
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Anglia A494A (Australia: 1949–53)
The Australian built A494A Anglias of the 1949 to 1953 period shared the frontal styling and 90 inch wheelbase chassis of their English E494A counterparts but differed in many other ways, notably in the range of body styles offered. A494As where produced in 4-door saloon, 2-door tourer, 2-door coupe utility and 2-door roadster utility models. All body styles had running boards, and the boot of the Australian saloon was less prominent than that of the English saloon. The 933cc 8 HP unit was initially the only engine offered, but the 1172 cc 10 HP engine was available from 1950.
At the time of its introduction, the A494A Tourer was the cheapest new car on the Australian market.
Anglia 100E (1953–1959)
In 1953, Ford released the 100E, designed by Lacuesta Automotive. It was a completely new car, its style following the example of the larger Ford Consul introduced two years earlier and of its German cousin by featuring a modern three-box design. The 100E was available as a two-door Anglia and a four-door Prefect. During this period, the old Anglia was available as the 103E Popular, touted as the cheapest car in the world.
Internally there were individual front seats trimmed in PVC, hinged to allow access to the rear. The instruments (speedometer, fuel gauge and ampmeter) were placed in a cluster around the steering column and the gear change was floor mounted. A heater and radio were optional extras.
Under the bonnet the 100E still housed an antiquated, but actually new, 36 bhp (27 kW; 36 PS) side-valve engine sharing the bore and stroke of the old unit but now with larger bearings and inlet valves and pump-assisted cooling. The three-speed gearbox was retained. Some models were fitted with a semi-automatic "Manumatic" gearbox. A second wind-screen wiper was now included at no extra cost, although the wipers' vacuum-powered operation was also retained: by now this was seen as seriously old-fashioned and the wipers were notorious for slowing down when driving up steep hills, or coming to a complete rest when trying to overtake. The separate chassis construction of the previous models was replaced by unit construction and the front suspension used Macpherson struts, with anti-roll bar and semi-elliptic leaf springs at the rear. The car's 87-inch (2,200 mm) wheelbase was the shortest of any Anglia, but the front and rear track were increased to 48 inches (1,200 mm), and cornering on dry roads involved a degree of understeer: the steering took just two turns between locks, making the car responsive and easy to place on the road, although on wet roads it was too easy to make the tail slide out. A rare option for 1957 and 1958 was Newtondrive clutchless gearchange. The electrical system became 12 volt.
The 100E sold well; by the time production ceased in 1959, 345,841 had rolled off the production line. There were from 1955 two estate car versions, similar to the 300E vans but fitted with side windows, folding rear seats and a horizontally split tailgate. This necessitated relocating the fuel tank. These were the basic Escort and better appointed Squire, which sported wood trim down the sides. This feature has become a common feature of some Ford estates/station wagons ever since. The basic van variant was badged as a Thames product, as were all Ford commercials following the dropping of the Fordson badge.
An Anglia saloon tested by the British Motor magazine in 1954 had a top speed of 70.2 mph (113.0 km/h) and could accelerate from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 29.4 seconds. A fuel consumption of 30.3 miles per imperial gallon (9.32 L/100 km; 25.2 mpg-US) was recorded. The test car cost £511 including taxes.
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Anglia 105E (1959–1968)
The final Anglia model, the 105E, was introduced in 1959. Its American-influenced styling included a sweeping nose line, and on deluxe versions, a full-width slanted chrome grille in between prominent 'eye' headlamps. (Basic Anglias featured a narrower, painted grille.) Its smoothly sloped line there looked more like a 1950s Studebaker (or even early Ford Thunderbird) than the more aggressive-looking late-'50s American Fords, possibly because its British designers used wind-tunnel testing and streamlining. Like late-'50s Lincolns and Mercurys and the Citroën Ami of France, the car sported a backward-slanted rear window (so that it would remain clear in rain, according to contemporary marketing claims). In fact, this look was imported from the 1958 Lincoln Continental, where it had been the accidental result of a design specification for an electrically opening (breezeway) rear window. As well as being used, by Ford, on the Consul Classic, this look was also copied by Bond, Reliant and Invacar, for their three wheelers. The resulting flat roofline gave it excellent rear headroom. It had muted tailfins, much toned-down from its American counterparts. An estate car joined the saloon in the line-up in September 1961. The instrument panel had a red light for the generator and a green one for the oil pressure.
The new styling was matched by a new engine, something that the smaller Fords had been needing for some time—a 997 cc overhead-valve straight-4 with an oversquare cylinder bore, that became known by its "Kent" code name. Acceleration from rest was still sluggish (by the standards of today), but it was much improved from earlier cars. Also new for British Fords was a four-speed (manual) gearbox with synchromesh on the top three forward ratios: this was replaced by an all-synchromesh box in September 1962 (on 1198 powered cars). The notoriously feeble vacuum powered windscreen wiper set-up of earlier Anglias were replaced with (by now) more conventional windscreen wipers powered by their own electric motor. The Macpherson strut independent front suspension used on the 100E was retained.
In October 1962, twenty four year old twin brothers Tony and Michael Brookes and a group of friends took a private Anglia 105e fitted with the Ford £13 Performance Kit to Montlhery Autodrome near Paris and captured 6 International Class G World Records averaging 83.47 mph (134.33 km/h). These were 4,5,6 and 7 days and nights and 15,000, and 20,000 kilometres. The Anglia's strength and durability meant that no repairs were required whatsoever other than tyre changes.
The car's commercial success has subsequently been overshadowed by the even greater sales achieved by the Cortina: in 1960, when 191,752 Anglias left Ford's Dagenham plant in the 105E's first full production year, it set a new production-volume record for the Ford Motor Company. From October 1963, production continued at Ford's new Halewood plant at Merseyside alongside the newly introduced Corsair models. The Anglia Super introduced in September 1962 for the 1963 model year shared the longer stroke 1198 cc version of the Ford Kent 997 cc engine of the newly introduced Ford Cortina. The Anglia Super was distinguished by its painted contrasting-coloured side stripe.
A new Anglia saloon tested by the British Motor magazine in 1959 had a top speed of 73.8 mph (118.8 km/h) and could accelerate from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 26.9 seconds. A fuel consumption of 41.2 miles per imperial gallon (6.86 L/100 km; 34.3 mpg-US) was recorded. The test car cost £610 including taxes of £180.
The old 100E Anglia became the new 100E Popular and the four-door Prefect bodyshell remained available as the new Ford Prefect (107E) which had all 105E running gear, including engine and brakes, while the 100E Escort and Squire remained available, unchanged. In 1961 the Escort and Squire were replaced by the 105E Anglia estate. Both cars are popular with hot rodders to this day, helped by the interchangeability of parts and the car's tuning potential. The 100E delivery van also gave way to a new vehicle based on the 105E. Identical to the Anglia 105E back to the B post, the rest of the vehicle was entirely new.
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Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)
The Anglia Torino 105E was developed by the Italian subsidiary of Ford, using the chassis and mechanical components of the 105E Saloon, with new body panels. The Torino was styled by Giovanni Michelotti and built by Officine Stampaggi Industriali. 10,007 examples were sold in Italy and the model was also marketed in Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg.
Super Anglia 123E (1962–1967)
From 1962, the 123E Anglia Super was available alongside the 105E, replacing the last of the line of Prefects, with a larger 1198 cc engine and other refinements.
The same car was also sold in Europe. One Europe-only variant was the Anglia Sportsman that carried its spare tyre on the back, somewhat similar to the continental kit often seen in the United States. Chrome bumper overriders, broad whitewall tyres, and optionally a side stripe kicking up at the end into the tail-lights/fin were also fitted.
Towards the end of the run Ford experimented with two colours of metallic paint on the Anglia, "Blue Mink" and "Venetian Gold". 250 were made in the Blue and 500 were made in the Gold, so they are both quite rare.
Anglia saloons were provided with various levels of trim. The base model was the Standard, and this sported no chromework, painted rear light surrounds, steel slatted grille and limited interior trim. The deluxe had a chrome side strip, chrome rear lights, glovebox lid, sun visor and full width chrome radiator grille. The top of the range was the Super, which had twin chrome side strips, contrasting coloured roof and side flash, plusher interior trim, together with the 1198 cc engine and a gearbox with synchromesh on first gear.
Optional extras were the mechanical upgrade of a Deluxe to a Super, retaining the Deluxe trim, or the upgrade of a Deluxe to a Super trim, but retaining the 997 cc engine, an option rarely taken up.
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Media and Celebrity Connections
The most famous Ford Anglia is probably the blue 105E that appeared in both book and film versions of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J. K. Rowling. Ron Weasley's father charmed it so that it was capable of driving and flying by itself, as well as turning invisble.
An identicle blue Ford Anglia to the one in the Harry Potter movies made a special appearance on two episodes of Batman .
Roland Rat drove a pink 1957 100E, the 'Ratmobile'.
Vyvyan drove a yellow Anglia with flames in the sitcom The Young Ones.
Anglia also made appearances as police cars in Z-Cars and Heartbeat. Also, in Heartbeat, a black 100E served as Sgt. Oscar Blaketon's car from series 3 to series 7. A 1960 blue-ish Deluxe version served as John Strangway's car in the James Bond film Dr. No.
Famous past owners include Roald Dahl and Margaret Thatcher, who drove a 105E Deluxe.
Evolution of the Ford Anglia
Ford Anglia E04A
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Former Wimbledon tennis player John McEnroe was born in which country? | John McEnroe | Tennis Database Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
In addition to John McEnroe's skill on the tennis court and championship career, he is best known for his aggressive and intense playing style as well as his rivalry with Swedish tennis player Bjorn Borg. "If you play John, you must play your best. He doesn't have any weaknesses," said Borg of McEnroe in the Lincoln Library of Sports Champions. In the 1980 Wimbledon final, which Mike Lupica of Esquire called the most famous match ever, Borg found out just how tenacious the talented and controversial southpaw from Queens, New York, really was. Unfortunately, mention of McEnroe is just as likely to call to mind images of abused racquets and berated linesmen as it is the devastating serves and volleys that led to 17 Grand Slam titles.
Personal Life
Edit
John Patrick McEnroe was born on February 16, 1959, in Wiesbaden, Germany, where his father, John McEnroe, Sr., was serving in the United States Air Force and his mother, Kay McEnroe, was a surgical nurse. He was the oldest of three sons. In 1963, his family moved to Douglaston, Queens, New York, where he was raised. At an early age, he exhibited unusually developed eye-hand coordination and athletic ability. According to his father, when John, Jr. was only two years of age, he could strike a ball with a plastic bat, and at age four he could hit it a considerable distance.
While McEnroe exhibited qualities of a tennis prodigy, he enthusiastically played many other sports. However, it soon became obvious that he possessed a great deal of natural ability on the tennis court. Oddly, although he won several Junior tournaments, and moved steadily upward in rank, he was never rated number one on the National Junior circuit. In 1970, McEnroe was placed under the tutelage of Tony Palafox, a former Davis Cup player for Mexico and Harry "Hop" Hopman, a former Australian Davis Cup coach, at the Port Washington (Long Island) Tennis Academy.
McEnroe attended Trinity School, a prestigious and expensive Ivy League preparatory school in Manhattan, where he was known to be funny, witty, and rowdy. He did above average scholastically—although by his own admission, he could have done better if it weren't for his many sports activities: four years of soccer and tennis; two years of basketball. At the age of 16, McEnroe received a six-month suspension from the Port Washington Tennis Academy for an adolescent prank. As a result, his parents switched the young talent to the Cove Racquet Club, where Palafox had also moved.
Career
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A pivotal series of events in McEnroe's career took place in 1977, after he graduated from high school. He was given the opportunity to play in Europe, where he won the French Juniors Tournament. Aiming for the Junior's title at Wimbledon, he had to pull out of the event when he qualified for the men's competition. Not only did he qualify for this important tournament, but he advanced to the semi-finals, where he was beaten by the more experienced Jimmy Connors, who won in four sets. At that time, McEnroe became the youngest man ever to reach the Wimbledon semi-finals. He also solidified his reputation as one of tennis' "bad boys" along with Jimmy Connors and Ilie Nastase. His disturbing and emotional outbursts were directed at linesman, opponents, and himself. Pete Axthelm from Newsweek noted later, "He is a young man who raised perfectly placed strokes to a high art form, only to resort to tantrums that smear his masterpieces like graffiti." Although McEnroe played somewhat inconsistently for the remainder of the year, he was voted Tennis magazine's Rookie of the Year for 1977.
McEnroe at a young age
That fall, McEnroe attended Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, on a tennis scholarship. He led the school's tennis team to the NCAA Championship in 1978. After his freshman year he decided to turn pro. In the summer of 1978, McEnroe was eliminated in the first round at Wimbledon but reached the semi-finals of the U.S. Open. By the end of that year, he was ranked sixth in the world in singles and fifth in doubles. It was during this time that McEnroe began his long commitment to Davis Cup play (earlier seeds may have been planted by Palafox and Hop's involvement in the Davis Cup). Tony Trabert, then Davis Cup coach, took a risk with the 19-year-old McEnroe, who handled the pressure well, winning his matches against England to help clinch the first U.S. Davis Cup victory in six years. In the next four months, McEnroe won four singles championships, including an important (and portentous) victory over Bjorn Borg on his home turf in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1978, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) recognized him with a Newcomer of the Year Award and ranked him number four in the world, behind Borg, Connors and Vilas. In his first six months as a pro, he earned nearly half a million dollars.
After decisive victories over both Connors and Borg in 1979, McEnroe's playing style matured. It was an interesting contrast to the machine-gun like attacks of Connors and Borg. Like his idol, Rod Laver, McEnroe used finesse to keep his opponents off guard. His serve did not overpower, but he had extremely quick reflexes and an uncanny court sense—he seemed to know instinctively where to place his shots. Arthur Ashe, the late tennis champion, summed up his style in an interview with Sports Illustrated's Curry Kirkpatrick, "Against Connors and Borg, you feel like your being hit with a sledge hammer, but McEnroe is a stiletto."
As his talent came to public attention, so did his "superstar" personality. At no tournament did his comments and disruptive actions stand out more than they did at Wimbledon, which was run by the traditional All England Club. Whether there was any truth to his claims or not, McEnroe believed that the Wimbledon umpires were out to get him. "I get screwed by the umpires in this place," he was quoted as saying. There is a theory that these disruptions were beneficial to McEnroe. "He's the only player in the history of the game to go berserk and play better tennis," said George Plimpton in Esquire. Needless to say, the All England Club and the British fans were happy to see McEnroe lose in the fourth round at the 1979 Wimbledon tournament. Later that year McEnroe bounced back and won his first United States Open Championship, defeating fellow New Yorker Vitas Gerulaitis. McEnroe became the youngest player to win the U.S. Open since 1948. Shortly after his U.S. Open triumph, he led the U.S. Davis Cup team to victory over Argentina, Australia, and Italy to allow the team to retain the cup.
In 1980, one of tennis' most notorious rivalries between McEnroe and the unflappable Swede, Bjorn Borg, took shape. It began in July of that year at the Wimbledon finals. Although Borg started the first set erratically, the remaining four sets saw both players in top form. The highlight of the match took place in the fourth set, which went into a tiebreaker. It took 22 minutes and 34 points for McEnroe to finally win the set. But Borg emerged victorious (1-6, 7-5, 6-3, 6-7, 8-6). It was Borg's fifth consecutive Wimbledon title, but it also showed the world that McEnroe had the stamina and mental toughness to be a top player.
The rivals met again at the U.S., Open where McEnroe found himself defending the title against a determined Borg as he had yet to win at Flushing Meadow. In a match with as many games as their famous Wimbledon final, McEnroe emerged the winner (7-6, 6-1, 6-7, 5-7, 6-4). McEnroe then set his sights on Wimbeldon. The 1981 Wimbledon tournament saw McEnroe and Borg once again in the final. This time McEnroe ended Borg's five-year reign as he won in four sets (4-6, 7-6, 7-6, 6-4). That same year, in September, McEnroe defended his U.S. Open title once again against Borg (4-6, 6-2, 6-4, 6-3). Borg, perhaps feeling that his reign was over, retired after this defeat. McEnroe became the only man since Bill Tilden to win three consecutive U.S. Open titles. 1982 was not a good year for McEnroe as he failed to win any major tournaments. He was back in form in 1983, winning his second Wimbledon by crushing Chris Lewis (6-2, 6-2, 6-2). He also captured his 28th singles victory in Davis Cup play—a record.
In 1984, McEnroe won 82 of 84 matches, including his fourth WCT final, his third U.S. Pro Indoor Championship and his second Grand Prix Masters title. He captured his third Wimbledon title, soundly defeating Connors (6-1, 6-1, 6-2), and his fourth U.S. Open title (beating Ivan Lendl 6-3, 6-4, 6-1). This victory was to mark the last Grand Slam title of his career.
After having won a total of seven Grand Slam titles in singles and seven in doubles, and being number one in ATP year-end rankings from 1981 to 1984, McEnroe began to decline in 1985. Although he won eight singles titles that year, none of them were Grand Slam events. Several factors may have contributed to McEnroe's decline. First, McEnroe was notoriously negligent in his training. Second, it was, perhaps ironically, his tantrums, thought to pump him up while he was champion, that contributed to his fall. His 1990 default from the Australian Open for bouncing his racquet and yelling numerous obscenities happened at a time when he seemed to have his game together. Sally Jenkins summed it up in an article for Sports Illustrated, "McEnroe's seven Grand Slam titles amount to about half of what he could have won had he bothered to train properly and gain control of his temper."
In 1986, McEnroe took a sabbatical and married actress Tatum O'Neil, his girlfriend of two years (after the birth of their first child, Kevin) and retreated to his Malibu, California home. His break from tennis did not last long as he came back in August to face Boris Becker in a tournament in Stratton Mountain, Vermont. The match invited comparisons to the earlier Borg-McEnroe rivalries. Unfortunately, his comeback never fully took shape. He continued as a Davis Cup player and his successes in Cup play earned him more press than his occasional singles titles. McEnroe, who has four children, divorced O'Neil in 1992. He married singer Patty Smyth in April of 1997. The couple has two daughters.
Post-retirement
Edit
In 1995, McEnroe began to call matches with the U.S.A. coverage of the French Open. This began his present broadcasting career. He is a network television commentator for both NBC and CBS at Wimbledon, the French Open and the U.S. Open. He currently competes in a select number of tournaments and special events, largely for charity. Most of his charity work targets children's causes and he devotes a good deal of time to the Arthur Ashe foundation for the defeat of AIDS. In 1999, McEnroe was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and was named captain of the Davis Cup team.
Unlike many top tennis players, tennis was not the end-all-be-all for McEnroe. He has always enjoyed a wide range of activities. An avid rock fan and guitar player, he occasionally plays at charity events. His interest in art led him to open the John McEnroe Art Gallery in New York City which features up-and-coming young artists. Although his lack of single-minded devotion may have brought his tennis career to a halt, his charitable activities have brought to the public eye a side of McEnroe that was unseen during his reign as champion. McEnroe debuted his eponymous talk show on CNBC in 2004; the show was canceled six months later due to poor viewership.
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Actor | Soundtrack
John McEnroe was born on February 16, 1959 in Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany as John Patrick McEnroe Jr. He is an actor, known for Wimbledon (1937), McEnroe/Borg: Fire & Ice (2011) and The Chair (2002). He has been married to Patty Smyth since May 23, 1997. They have two children. He was previously married to Tatum O'Neal . See full bio »
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Who wrote the novel ‘Across the River and Into the Trees’? | Across the River and Into the Trees: Ernest Hemingway, Boyd Gaines: 9780743566032: Amazon.com: Books
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Chapter One
They started two hours before daylight, and at first, it was not necessary to break the ice across the canal as other boats had gone on ahead. In each boat, in the darkness, so you could not see, but only hear him, the poler stood in the stern, with his long oar. The shooter sat on a shooting stool fastened to the top of a box that contained his lunch and shells, and the shooter's two, or more, guns were propped against the load of wooden decoys. Somewhere, in each boat, there was a sack with one or two live mallard hens, or a hen and a drake, and in each boat there was a dog who shifted and shivered uneasily at the sound of the wings of the ducks that passed overhead in the darkness.
Four of the boats went on up the main canal toward the big lagoon to the north. A fifth boat had already turned off into a side canal. Now, the sixth boat turned south into a shallow lagoon, and there was no broken water.
It was all ice, new-frozen during the sudden, windless cold of the night. It was rubbery and bending against the thrust of the boatman's oar. Then it would break as sharply as a pane of glass, but the boat made little forward progress.
"Give me an oar," the shooter in the sixth boat said. He stood up and braced himself carefully. He could hear the ducks passing in the darkness, and feel the restless lurching of the dog. To the north he heard the sound of breaking ice from the other boats.
"Be careful," the poler in the stern said. "Don't tip the boat over."
"I am a boatman, too," the shooter said.
He took the long oar the boatman handed him and reversed it so he could hold it by the blade. Holding the blade he reached forward and punched the handle through the ice. He felt the firm bottom of the shallow lagoon, put his weight on the top of the wide oar-blade, and holding with both hands and, first pulling, then shoving, until the pole-hold was well to the stern, he drove the boat ahead to break the ice. The ice broke like sheets of plate glass as the boat drove into it, and onto it, and astern the boatman shoved them ahead into the broken passage.
After a while, the shooter, who was working hard and steadily and sweating in his heavy clothes, asked the boatman, "Where is the shooting barrel?"
"Off there to the left. In the middle of the next bay."
"Should I turn for it now?"
"As you wish."
"What do you mean, as I wish? You know the water. Is there water to carry us there?"
"The tide is low. Who knows?"
"It will be daylight before we get there if we don't hurry."
The boatman did not answer.
All right, you surly jerk, the shooter thought to himself. We are going to get there. We've made two-thirds of the way now and if you are worried about having to work to break ice to pick up birds, that is altogether too bad.
"Get your back in it, jerk," he said in English.
"What?" the boatman asked in Italian.
"I said let's go. It's going to be light."
It was daylight before they reached the oaken staved hogshead sunk in the bottom of the lagoon. It was surrounded by a sloping rim of earth that had been planted with sedge and grass, and the shooter swung carefully up onto this, feeling the frozen grasses break as he stepped on them. The boatman lifted the combination shooting stool and shell box out of the boat and handed it to the shooter, who leaned over and placed it in the bottom of the big barrel.
The shooter, wearing his hip boots and an old combat jacket, with a patch on the left shoulder that no one understood, and with the slight light places on the straps, where stars had been removed, climbed down into the barrel and the boatman handed him his two guns.
He placed them against the wall of the barrel and hung his other shell bag between them, hanging it on two hooks built into the wall of the sunken barrel. Then he leaned the guns against each side of the shell bag.
"Is there water?" he asked the boatman.
"No water," the boatman said.
"Can you drink the lagoon water?"
"No. It is unhealthy."
The shooter was thirsty from the hard work of breaking the ice and driving the boat in and he felt his anger rise, and then held it, and said, "Can I help you in the boat to break ice to put out the decoys?"
"No," the boatman said and shoved the boat savagely out onto the thin sheet ice that cracked and ripped as the boat drove up onto it. The boatman commenced smashing at the ice with the blade of his oar and then started tossing decoys out to the side and behind him.
He's in a beautiful mood, the shooter thought. He's a big brute, too. I worked like a horse coming out here. He just pulled his weight and that's all. What the hell is eating him? This is his trade isn't it?
He arranged the shooting stool so he would have the maximum swing to left and right, opened a box of shells, and filled his pockets and opened another of the boxes of shells in the shell bag so he could reach into it easily. In front of him, where the lagoon lay glazed in the first light, was the black boat and the tall, heavily built boatman smashing with his oar at the ice and tossing decoys overboard as though he were ridding himself of something obscene.
It was getting lighter now and the shooter could see the low line of the near point across the lagoon. Beyond that point he knew there were two other shooting posts and far beyond it there was more marsh and then the open sea. He loaded both his guns and checked the position of the boat that was putting out decoys.
From behind him, he heard the incoming whisper of wings and he crouched, took hold of his right hand gun with his right hand as he looked up from under the rim of the barrel, then stood to shoot at the two ducks that were dropping down, their wings set to brake, coming down dark in the gray dim sky, slanting toward the decoys.
His head low, he swung the gun on a long slant, down, well and ahead of the second duck, then without looking at the result of his shot he raised the gun smoothly, up, up ahead and to the left of the other duck that was climbing to the left and as he pulled, saw it fold in flight and drop among the decoys in the broken ice. He looked to his right and saw the first duck a black patch on the same ice. He knew he had shot carefully on the first duck, far to the right of where the boat was, and on the second, high out and to the left, letting the duck climb far up and to the left to be sure the boat was out of any line of fire. It was a lovely double, shot exactly as he should have shot, with complete consideration and respect for the position of the boat, and he felt very good as he reloaded.
"Listen," the man in the boat called. "Don't shoot toward the boat."
I'll be a sad son of a bitch, the shooter said to himself. I will indeed.
"Get your decoys out," he called to the man in the boat. "But get them out fast. I won't shoot until they are all out. Except straight overhead."
The man in the boat said nothing that could be heard.
I can't figure it, the shooter thought to himself. He knows the game. He knows I split the work, or more, coming out. I never shot a safer or more careful duck in my life than that. What's the matter with him? I offered to put the dekes out with him. The hell with him.
Out on the right now, the boatman was still chopping angrily at the ice, and tossing out the wooden decoys in a hatred that showed in every move he made.
Don't let him spoil it, the shooter told himself. There won't be much shooting with this ice unless the sun should melt it later on. You probably will only have a few birds, so don't let him spoil it for you. You don't know how many more times you will shoot ducks and do not let anything spoil it for you.
He watched the sky lightening beyond the long point of marsh, and turning in the sunken barrel, he looked out across the frozen lagoon, and the marsh, and saw the snow-covered mountains a long way off. Low as he was, no foothills showed, and the mountains rose abruptly from the plain. As he looked toward the mountains he could feel a breeze on his face and he knew, then, the wind would come from there, rising with the sun, and that some birds would surely come flying in from the sea when the wind disturbed them.
The boatman had finished putting out the decoys. They were in two bunches, one straight ahead and to the left toward where the sun would rise, and the other to the shooter's right. Now he dropped over the hen mallard with her string and anchor, and the calling duck bobbed her head under water, and raising and dipping her head, splashed water onto her back.
"Don't you think it would be good to break more ice around the edges?" the shooter called to the boatman. "There's not much water to attract them."
The boatman said nothing but commenced to smash at the jagged perimeter of ice with his oar. This ice breaking was unnecessary and the boatman knew it. But the shooter did not know it and he thought, I do not understand him but I must not let him ruin it. I must keep it entire and not let him do it. Every time you shoot now can be the last shoot and no stupid son of a bitch should be allowed to ruin it. Keep your temper, boy, he told himself.
Copyright © 1950 by Ernest Hemmingway
Copyright renewed © 1978 by Mary Hemmingway --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
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‘Good ‘Ol Boys’ by Waylon Jennings was the theme tune to which US tv series? | Across the River and into the Trees : Ernest Hemingway : 9780099909606
Across the River and into the Trees
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The War is just over. In Venice, a city elaborately and affectionately described, the American Colonel, Richard Cantrell, falls passionately in love with Renata, a young Italian countess who has 'a profile that could break your or anyone else's heart'. Cantrell is embittered, war-scarred and old enough to be Renata's father, but he is overwhelmed by the selflessness and freshness of the love she is offering. But this is no fairy tale. The fighting may be ended, but the wounds of war have not yet healed. And for some, the longed-for peace has come too late. A lesser known classic by one of the great American writers of the twentieth century, Across the River And Into The Trees is still vintage Hemingway. show more
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"He can perform prodigies. He can fascinate us by pure evocation, by the tensity of the situation" Times Literary Supplement "The most important author since Shakespeare" New York Times "He can perform prodigies. He can fascinate us by pure evocation, by the tensity of the situation" Times Literary Supplement "The most important author since Shakespeare" The New York Times Book Review show more
Review Text
As Hemingway's first in ten years, this has a waiting and eager audience, but this reader, at any rate, found the novel a bitter disappointment after his For Whom The Bell Tolls The magic of the Hemingway atmosphere- this time Venice and the countryside and early morning in a duck blind - this is still here. And stark against it is an American Colonel, seeking to recapture the glamor of the Venice he knew in World War I, torn by hatred and disillusion, aware that his life is ebbing fast, his semblance of physical fitness an illusion produced by drugs that fooled even the medical officer, and yet clutching at the drama of first one thing, then another - the adventure in the duck blind - the greater and more tenuous adventure of a love freely given. The pattern is there for another Farewell to Arms but the development has an acidity, a cruelty, a harshness that robs it of even a shadow of illusion or appeal on an emotional level. Frankly, I found it difficult reading. There's crassness, lack of subtlety, needless vulgarity in the content, while the style has the erratic abruptness, elisions, and awkwardness that characterizes Hemingway at his least successful..... The promotion will send this off with a bang; the serialization should not be a vital consideration, as the novel has been almost rewritten since that text. Extensive advertising. (Kirkus Reviews) show more
About Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Chicago in 1899 as the son of a doctor and the second of six children. After a stint as an ambulance driver at the Italian front, Hemingway came home to America in 1919, only to return to the battlefield - this time as a reporter on the Greco-Turkish war - in 1922. Resigning from journalism to focus on his writing instead, he moved to Paris where he renewed his earlier friendship with fellow American expatriates such as Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein. Through the years, Hemingway travelled widely and wrote avidly, becoming an internationally recognized literary master of his craft. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, following the publication of The Old Man and the Sea. He died in 1961. show more
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St Gallen Airport is in which European country? | St. Gallen Airport Arrivals and Departures | Flight Information
St. Gallen
St. Gallen Airport
St. Gallen-Airport is one of the smaller airports in Switzerland. It is an international airport with more than 0.1m passengers per year (incoming, outgoing and transit). The runways are located 16 hours away from Atlanta, GA and from here the shortest possible connection is a 2 Stop Over flight. This is a Long Distance flight as defined by the European Union.
From the city center of St. Gallen to the terminals you will need approx. 27 minutes by car, as the distance is about 18 miles. To have a look at the St. Gallen-Airport Flight Information please check the "Arrivals & Departures" section. And if you plan to visit Switzerland please keep in mind that the official currency is "Swiss Franc". Just use the currency converter in the field "Money".
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Passengers per Year 115,710 (2012)
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In ancient Rome, what was a scutum? | Car Rental Switzerland - Europcar
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In medicine, a penectomy is the removal of what? | Penectomy Medical Definition | Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary
: surgical removal of the penis
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| Penis |
Which scientist was offered the presidency of Israel in 1952 by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion? | There are many medications used to treat penile conditions. Some of the more common medications are:
Antibiotics and antifungals to treat infections
Decongestants to help reduce blood flow to the penis
Intracavernous injection of alpha-agonists to reduce blood flow to the penis in cases of priapism
Clostridium hitolyticum to treat Peyronie’s disease
Steroid cream to treat phimosis
Minimally invasive penile procedures
Cryoablation, otherwise known as cryosurgery, uses liquid nitrogen to freeze tissue and kill cancer cells. It is sometimes used to treat early-stage penile cancer.
Laser therapy can be used to treat certain penile conditions. When used to treat penile cancer, laser therapy emits a powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells on the surface of the penis. It can also destroy growths on the penis, such as genital warts and vascular tumors on the penis (cutaneous hemangiomas of the penis).
Circumcision, or removal of the foreskin on the penis, may be necessary for certain penile conditions. For example, circumcision can be used to treat recurrent or severe balanitis. It may also be recommended for phimosis and paraphimosis depending on the severity of the conditions and the symptoms they cause. Circumcision may also be used to treat cancer that is confined to the foreskin.
Aspiration is a procedure that can be used to drain blood from the penis in cases of priapism.
Penile Surgery
Penectomy, also known as amputation of the penis,is a common and effective treatment for some stages of penile cancer. It is usually reserved for cancer that has spread deep into the penis. Penectomy can be either partial or total. A partial penectomy involves removing the end of or part of the penis, and a total penectomy involves removing the entire penis. Other surgical procedures may need to be done along with penectomy to create pathways for urine excretion.
Penile Prosthesis, otherwise known as a penile implant or penis implant, is a device implanted in the penis to help men get an erection. A penile prosthesis must be surgically inserted into the penis. There are two main types of prostheses: semi-rigid and inflatable. Semi-rigid implants are always firm, so positioning of the penis can be an issue. Inflatable implants can be inflated for sexual activity and deflated when an erection is not necessary. Two- and three-piece inflatable implants are available. Usually penile implants are inserted when men have been unable to maintain an erection even after non-surgical treatments for erectile dysfunction, such as medications and penis pumps. Some men with Peyronie’s disease also get penile implants to help correct the painful curve of the penis that results from the disease.
Mohs surgery, also known as microscopically controlled surgery or microsurgery, is used to remove cancer cells while preserving as much of the surrounding healthy tissue as possible. During Mohs surgery, a surgeon removes layers of the affected tissue a little at a time, checking to see if there is any evidence of cancer in that layer. If there is, he or she removes the next layer and repeats the process until they find a cancer-free layer. Surgeons must be trained to perform Mohs surgery because it is a highly specialized technique that requires specific training. It can be used to treat some cancers that have not spread to deep tissue, such as early-stage penile cancer.
Urethral repair surgeries can be performed to correct birth defects, such as hypospadias and epispadias. Oftentimes, these defects will also require additional surgery. For example, both defects may involve a short or abnormally curved penis, so surgery to straighten and lengthen the penis may also be necessary.
General cancer treatments
In addition to surgery, penile cancer may need to be treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both.
Chemotherapy treats cancer by killing rapidly growing cells, which includes cancer cells. There are many types of chemotherapy drugs. Sometimes they are used alone, and sometimes they are used in conjunction with other chemotherapy drugs. Typically, they are injected into a vein through an IV, and they travel throughout the body to attack cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs can be very effective at finding and killing cancer cells that have spread to other areas of the body. Low-dose chemotherapy is often used together with radiation therapy.
Radiation therapy uses energy beams to destroy cancer cells. It can be used by itself or in conjunction with other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy. There are two basic types of radiation therapy – external beam radiation that is given externally and internal radiation that is injected directly into the areas affected by cancer (such as brachytherapy for prostate cancer treatment).
Learn more about penile conditions
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In the UK, what was the first Welsh football team to play in the Premier League? | Wales In The English Premier League: A Potted History Of A Cross-Border Anomaly - Pitch Invasion
Wales In The English Premier League: A Potted History Of A Cross-Border Anomaly
May 31, 2011
Swansea City will become the first Welsh team to play in the English Premier League in the 2011-2012 season, following their victory in the Championship play-off final on Monday. As I write, thousands are out on the streets of Swansea celebrating as the team bus drives through the southern Welsh city.
While to fans of MLS it may seem normal for a league to span two countries, the existence of Swansea in the Premier League, Cardiff City in the Football League and Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay further down in the English system remains a subject of some controversy to UEFA and within Welsh and English football. A potted history of Welsh football is in order to explain this anomaly.
The Welsh national association is one of the oldest in the world, founded in 1876, 13 years after the English FA and three years after the Scottish FA. Its original hotspot was in North Wales, mainly around Wrexham, where the sport had crossed the border from Cheshire in England. In south Wales though, rather than Association Football taking hold, it was Rugby Football that became the most popular organised game in the country in the late nineteenth century.
This distinction can be seen in the contrast between the country’s biggest professional clubs – Wrexham in the north date back to 1872, while in the south of the country Cardiff were founded in 1899 and Swansea in 1913. This delayed national development provided an immediate impediment to a strong Welsh league developing in the crucial early decades of organised football in Great Britain, and was unlike the story in Scotland, to contrast to another English neighbour. Challenging issues of north-south transit in Wales also proved to be a challenge to national play in the country.
Welsh participation in the English league system thus dates back to the country’s oldest club, Wrexham. Located close to the border with England adjacent to the Northwest hub of English football, it actually proved to be more profitable for the club to play in the English Combination minor league that ran from 1890 to 1911 than in the nascent Welsh League, with the inferior competition in Wales dettering spectators and players alike (Wrexham briefly played in the Welsh league from 1894-1896, easily winning it both seasons they participated in). Wrexham eventually rose up the English system to the Football League, and the newer professional Welsh clubs such as Swansea and Cardiff followed them across the border in the early twentieth century.
Cardiff had the strongest run of success in English competition in the twentieth century, winning the FA Cup in 1927, three years after finishing as runners-up in the Football League’s top division. Swansea themselves rose to the top flight in 1981 after three successive promotions from the basement division under John Toshack. They finished in sixth place in the 1981-82 season, but just as quickly fell back to the bottom tier by 1986, thankfully the Betfred promo code wasn’t around or a lot of people might have lost out a lot of money on the game.
Meantime, the Welsh teams playing in the English league system were still allowed to compete in the Welsh Cup, of course dominating it. This provided Welsh clubs with a route to European competition. This issue has proven to be controversial: in the early 1990’s, a national Welsh Premier League was established, featuring both professional and semi-pro clubs, with all Welsh clubs invited to join it. The professional clubs from four of Wales’ biggest conurbations – Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and Wrexham – all refused to join, remaining in the English system. Clubs playing in the English league system were thus banned from participating in the Welsh Cup in 1995, removing that route to European competition for clubs such as Swansea and Cardiff – though that may be about to change .
The Welsh Premier League even had considerable trouble attracting the smaller Welsh teams, issuing sanctions that forced clubs such as Merthyr Tydfil (now Merthyr Town) to take court action to be able to play their home games in the English system within Welsh borders. The Welsh Premier League struggles due to the absence of clubs such as Swansea, though it does allow for some glorious moments for some very small clubs in European competition – the champions of the league qualify for the UEFA Champions League, with Barry Town beating an admittedly weakened FC Porto team 3-1 at Jenner Park in Wales in 2001 (they still lost 9-3 on aggregate, though!).
Despite consistently trailing in bookmaker’s odds, Swansea City’s promotion to the Premier League is a fantastic achievement, and brings a touch of Welsh exotica to the league – along with a welcome commitment to continue playing attractive soccer from their manager Brendan Rodgers.
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Which part of Peter Pan was kept in a drawer in the Darling household? | Euro 2016: Ashley Williams - Wales' English captain on his journey to the top - BBC Sport
Euro 2016: Ashley Williams - Wales' English captain on his journey to the top
By Michael Pearlman
Ashley Williams has had two separate spells as captain of Wales
Euro 2016: England v Wales
Venue: Stade Bollaert-Delelis, Lens Date: Thursday, 16 June Kick-off: 14:00 BST
Coverage: Live on BBC TV One, S4C, BBC 5 Live, BBC Radio Wales, BBC Radio Cymru, the BBC Sport website and app
Ashley Williams grew up supporting England but will lead out Wales in Thursday's Euro 2016 'Battle of Britain' in the biggest game between two of football's oldest rivals.
But why the 31-year-old defender lines up wearing the Welsh dragon, not the Three Lions of England, is an extraordinary coincidence and thanks to the inquisitive detective skills of former Wales youth coach Brian Flynn.
"I was playing for Stockport County," Wolverhampton-born Williams recalled. "Luckily we had [Wales goalkeeper] Wayne Hennessey on loan, so Brian Flynn came to watch.
"He liked me during the game and recognised that I had a Welsh surname.
John Toshack was Williams' first Wales manager and the man who made him captain for the first time
"Then Wales called Stockport to check if 'Williams' had any Welsh roots and they asked me and I said 'yes'.
"Then I got the call-up by the manager John Toshack."
Enemy becomes a friend
Williams, the former Drayton Manor Park fairground worker, has certainly enjoyed a 'Roy of The Rovers' career from non-league part-timer at Hednesford Town to being one of the Premier League's best defenders and a League Cup-winning captain.
Former England captain Rio Ferdinand has wondered why a top club has not attempted to prise Williams from Swansea City and many pundits would argue that Wales' 'Mr Dependable' will be the finest defender on show in Thursday's crucial Group B fixture.
Williams acknowledges he dreamed of starring at a major tournament when he was growing up in the West Midlands - but envisaged it being with Wales' fiercest rivals and opponents on Thursday.
"I did grow up in England and followed the England football team," he told BBC Wales Sport.
"It is a bit strange for me, but I am the captain of Wales, all my loyalties lie with Wales and the football team.
"Wales was not on my radar - I can't say it was. I never imagined when I was growing up being at a major tournament as anything other than a fan.
Who is Wales' captain?
International honours: 59 caps for Wales (1 goal)
Born: 23 August 1984 in Wolverhampton, England
Clubs: Hednesford Town, Stockport County, Swansea City
"My grandad on my mother's side was Welsh and I am very grateful for that. It is all I have known for ages.
"Mum and dad are really proud. I have lived in Wales for nine years now and every time I play for Wales and the national anthem is played, my mother gets emotional.
"A few of my English friends now support Wales and then there are a few who support England who want tickets, but I have told them none of them can have tickets just to watch England!"
Waiting is over
Williams wasn't just missed by England. He was also released by West Bromwich Albion as a 16-year-old and waited on tables before his big professional chance with Stockport.
Flynn's investigative nature transformed Williams' career and life.
John Toshack and Brian Flynn oversaw many debuts during their tenure with the Wales national side, including that of Ashley Williams
Within 48 hours of his Wales debut in Luxembourg in March 2008, Williams had signed for Swansea and was about to start a journey that would take him from League One to the Europa League and Euro 2016.
Leading Wales in their first major finals since the 1958 World Cup is among Williams' "proudest moments".
But his European Championship debut looked as if it would end prematurely as he started limping in the second half of Saturday's memorable win over Slovakia.
The Swans centre-back took a kick to the leg during the 2-1 victory in Bordeaux .
Williams finished the game but required treatment to ease swelling although he insists "it's fine" for Thursday's meeting with the land of his father.
Williams' appearance history suggests he, of all players, will proudly lead out his adopted nation in arguably the biggest game in their history in Lens.
Ashley Williams played 169 consecutive games for Swansea
For a start, no-one has played more Premier League games since Swansea's promotion in 2011 than Williams.
England goalkeeper Joe Hart is the only one that comes close.
And the man hailed as Wales' Mr Indestructible has missed just eight Wales games in eight years since his first cap 59 games ago - and only two of those absences were because of injury.
"I could never have imagined being in this position when I was down in the lower leagues," admitted Williams.
"I am looking forward to it massively. We have all worked so hard to get to this point."
And none work harder than the captain, Wales' own West Midlands warrior.
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Who was the first US President to speak in Westminster Hall in London? | Obama .. Full Speech .. Westminster Hall .. London - YouTube
Obama .. Full Speech .. Westminster Hall .. London
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Published on Dec 6, 2012
President Obama's historical address to the British Parliament in London's Westminster Hall. Obama is the first American President to be invited to speak in this historiallly important British building
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How many tiles are at there in a Double-12 set of dominoes? | Queen Elizabeth II welcomes President Obama, first lady - The Washington Post
Queen Elizabeth II welcomes President Obama, first lady
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By Scott Wilson May 24, 2011 Follow @PostScottWilson
LONDON — President Obama will outline in a speech Wednesday how much the world has changed since the U.S.-British partnership emerged victorious from World War II, but also argue that the relationship remains the cornerstone of global security.
The theme, outlined by administration officials here Tuesday, is part celebration of the military partnership, which has waged war in three Muslim nations over the past decade, and part reassurance that the heavy cost has been essential.
Obama will deliver the address, characterized by advisers as “the anchor speech” of his six-day European trip , to the British Parliament at Westminster Hall, becoming the first American leader to do so in that historic venue.
But his argument, directed at the European public, will be politically challenging. Britain and several other European members of NATO are sharply cutting back spending and public services to rebalance budgets strained by the weak global economy — something the United States hasn’t done to the same extent.
In making his case to a war-weary Europe, Obama will describe the U.S.-European partnership as one that goes beyond a military alliance, declaring that shared political values are helping inspire the rising demand for democracies in the Arab world.
“He’ll speak to the fact that we’ve obviously come through a very difficult decade, but in some respects we’re turning a corner,” Ben Rhodes, a U.S. deputy national security adviser, told reporters.
Obama came to office promising to reinvigorate the various U.S. alliances with Europe, which the previous administration divided into “old Europe” and the newer democracies of Central and Eastern Europe that more fully supported U.S. counterterrorism policies.
But his attention to strengthening U.S. ties to other parts of the world, particularly Asia, worried some European leaders, who thought he was taking the relationship for granted. His swing through four nations this week is, in part, an effort to dispel those misgivings.
While still popular with the European public, Obama has left some European leaders struggling to understand an administration that, in the case of Libya, has been willing to cede leadership to NATO.
“People in Europe misperceived him as a global president, a Dali Obama come to save the world,” said Constanze Stelzenmueller, a transatlantic fellow with the German Marshall Fund in Berlin. “Now they know differently, but they still like him, and he commands great respect and popularity in Europe. But for the policy elites, the picture is quite different.”
His address at Westminster Hall will be the most substantive event of the trip so far after a start heavy with ceremony.
On Tuesday, Queen Elizabeth II welcomed Obama and the first lady, Michelle Obama, for his first state visit here. The official greeting took place just before noon at Buckingham Palace.
The Obamas walked up the red carpet to the palace door, where the queen, her ubiquitous handbag in the crook of her arm, greeted them with a handshake and smile. Prince Philip stood by her side.
The first couple gave the queen a handmade, leather-bound album containing original photographs of the June 1939 visit to the United States of her parents, King George VI and consort Elizabeth, known more recently as the queen mother.
Inside the palace, the Obamas also met with Prince William and his new wife, Princess Catherine, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, who tried to keep a low profile to avoid distracting from the visit. In honor of their recent wedding, the Obamas donated six MacBook computers to the Northern Ireland chapter of PeacePlayers International, a nonprofit organization on the royal couple’s wedding registry.
Afterward, as the Obamas watched from a palace terrace, a military band played the national anthems. Cannons sounded a 41-gun salute, and Obama, with Prince Philip, inspected the Scots Guards.
Waiting outside the palace, hairdresser Joan Lewis, 52, said she wanted a glimpse of Obama “because this is part of my black history, and I’m very proud of him.”
“There isn’t any airs or graces about him,” she said.
Many lined the streets and gathered outside the Obamas’ tour sites on a warm and clear afternoon.
The Obamas visited Westminster Abbey and laid a wreath at a tomb, surrounded by poppies, in memory of “the unknown warrior.” Obama wrote in the guest book, “It is a great privilege to commemorate our common heritage and common sacrifice,” but added the wrong date, “24 May 2008.”
Obama also paid a courtesy call at 10 Downing St. to see Prime Minister David Cameron, with whom he will hold more extensive meetings Wednesday.
The leaders made an unannounced visit to the Globe Academy, a math and performing arts school with a high percentage of poor children.
About a dozen students showed the men their design projects, and when someone suggested an investor might want to finance one of them, Obama had a reference at hand. “Donald Trump?” he asked. “I have a connection to him.”
The two men then shucked their jackets and played table tennis with the kids.
The evening ended with a state dinner at Buckingham Palace, where Obama, in white tie and tails, toasted the alliance as “a commitment that speaks to who we are.”
Staff writers Anthony Faiola and Karla Adam contributed to this report.
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Which English comedian’s real name is Royston Vasey? | Roy Chubby Brown Discography at Discogs
Profile:
Born: February 3 1945 Grangetown, Redcar, England
Roy 'Chubby' Brown the self proclaimed 'crudest and rudest' comedian was born in the depressed steel-making town Grangetown. He left home when he was 14.
His blue-period came to the fore after an appearance on Opportunity Knocks in the mid seventies where he came fourth to a spoon player.
His manager George Forster suggested that he should go completely blue as there were so many clean comedians around struggling to make a living.
At first he had difficulty with the swearing but now it is the swearing that the people come to expect.
He is really poking fun at himself and male inadequacy, a third of his audience are women who can relate his act to the men in their lives.
"I decided to go right over the top and be the rudest man in the country and I haven't looked back."
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Composer Jean Sibelius was born in which country? | The League of Gentlemen - How is The League of Gentlemen abbreviated?
The League of Gentlemen - How is The League of Gentlemen abbreviated?
http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/The+League+of+Gentlemen
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The League of Gentlemen (UK fantasy football league)
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References in periodicals archive ?
SPOTLIGHT Career: In 1997 the quartet won the Perrier Award, and their subsequent radio series, On the Town with The League of Gentlemen, set in the fictional town of Spent, won a Sony Award.
THURSDAY; Heat in In SPOTLIGHT ON... Reece Shearsmith
I was at the National Television Awards a few months ago, I'd just arrived and was a bit flustered because I didn't have my ticket and I was trying to find the people I was meant to be sat with, when a guy came up to me and started telling me what a big fan he was of The League Of Gentlemen.
WORLD Tonight: Partner bailed
Last of the Summer Wine, filmed in and around Holmfirth, and The League of Gentlemen, which starred former Bretton College students Steve Pemberton and Mark Gatiss, will be among the subjects in a new publication, The British TV Sitcom Quiz Book.
Local briefs: TV quiz book
DESPITE being one of Britain's most popular comedians, the only times you'll have seen Roy "Chubby" Brown on TV in the past 18 years is guesting on The League Of Gentlemen as the mayor of Royston Vasey (Brown's real name) or on the Frank Skinner Show.
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In which year was the Battle of Britain? | Battle of Britain - World War II - HISTORY.com
Battle of Britain
A+E Networks
Introduction
In the summer and fall of 1940, German and British air forces clashed in the skies over the United Kingdom, locked in the largest sustained bombing campaign to that date. A significant turning point of World War II, the Battle of Britain ended when Germany’s Luftwaffe failed to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force despite months of targeting Britain’s air bases, military posts and, ultimately, its civilian population. Britain’s decisive victory saved the country from a ground invasion and possible occupation by German forces while proving that air power alone could be used to win a major battle.
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On June 17, 1940, the defeated French signed an armistice and quit World War II . Britain now stood alone against the power of Germany’s military forces, which had conquered most of Western Europe in less than two months. But Prime Minister Winston Churchill rallied his stubborn people and outmaneuvered those politicians who wanted to negotiate with Adolf Hitler . But Britain’s success in continuing the war would very much depend on the RAF Fighter Command’s ability to thwart the Luftwaffe’s efforts to gain air superiority. This then would be the first all-air battle in history.
Did You Know?
The battle received its name from a speech Winston Churchill delivered to the British House of Commons on June 18, 1940, in which he stated "The Battle of France is over. I expect the Battle of Britain is about to begin."
In fact, Britain’s situation was more favorable than most of the world recognized at the time. Britain possessed an effective air defense system, first-rate fighter pilots, and a great military leader in Air Marshal Hugh Dowding. On the other hand, the Germans had major problems: they had no navy left after the costly conquest of Norway, their army was unprepared for any form of amphibious operations, and the Luftwaffe had suffered heavy losses in the west (the first two factors made a seaborne attack on the British Isles impossible from the first).
Even more serious, the Germans had poor intelligence and little idea of British vulnerabilities. They wasted most of July in waiting for a British surrender and attacked only in August. Although air strikes did substantial damage to radar sites, on August 13–15 the Luftwaffe soon abandoned that avenue and turned to attacks on RAF air bases. A battle of attrition ensued in which both sides suffered heavy losses (an average loss of 21 percent of the RAF’s fighter pilots and 16 percent of the Luftwaffe’s fighter pilots each month during July, August, and September).
For a time the advantage seemed to swing slightly in favor of the Germans, but a combination of bad intelligence and British attacks on Berlin led the Luftwaffe to change its operational approach to massive attacks on London. The first attack on London on September 7 was quite successful; the second, on September 15, failed not only with heavy losses, but also with a collapse of morale among German bomber crews when British fighters appeared in large numbers and shot down many of the Germans. As a result, Hitler permanently postponed a landing on the British Isles and suspended the Battle of Britain.
The Reader’s Companion to Military History. Edited by Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker. Copyright © 1996 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
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Which country’s national football team was knocked out of the 1998 FIFA World Cup despite scoring six goals in their last match? | Battle of Britain: Flypast for 75th anniversary of 'Hardest Day' - BBC News
BBC News
Battle of Britain: Flypast for 75th anniversary of 'Hardest Day'
18 August 2015
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Media captionThe WW2 aircraft took off from Biggin Hill one after the other before getting into formation
Aircraft including 18 Spitfires and six Hurricanes have flown over south-east England to mark 75 years since the Battle of Britain's "Hardest Day".
The event recalled 18 August 1940, when Bromley's Biggin Hill and other South East military bases came under attack from the German Luftwaffe.
It became known as the "hardest day" as both sides recorded their greatest loss of aircraft during the battle.
The Battle of Britain lasted throughout the summer of 1940.
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption The special commemoration honoured the pilots engaged in the 1940 battle
Media captionOrganiser Colin Hitchin: "We need to hear those Merlin engines roaring"
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption The day was marked with three flight formations
Image caption Crowds of more than 3,000 people flocked to the airport to see the aircraft
It was the first major campaign fought entirely in the air.
BBC reporter Clark Ainsworth at Biggin Hill
What a sight. Watching those iconic World War Two aircraft take to the skies above Biggin Hill was something to behold. Spectators gasped as they then circled the airfield in formation.
The roar of the Merlin engines and the grace with which the Hurricane and especially the Spitfires, climb, bank, dive and weave through the air is a joy to behold.
All the aircraft have now landed with spectators invited to see them up close and take pictures.
And although they are beautiful to look at on the ground, it is in the sky where they truly shine.
The Hardest Day commemorations in pictures
The Luftwaffe flew 850 sorties, involving 2,200 aircrew, while the RAF resisted with 927 sorties, involving 600 aircrew. The RAF and German Air Force lost 136 aircraft in one day.
The special commemoration, staged from the former RAF airfield at Biggin Hill, now a commercial airport, honours the pilots, engineers, armourers, operations staff and ground crews who faced attack that day.
Battle of Britain
3,000 aircrew served with RAF Fighter Command
20% were from the British Dominions and occupied European or neutral countries
544 RAF Fighter Command pilots were killed
2,500 Luftwaffe aircrew were killed
Source: RAF
BBC iWonder - Why do we love the Spitfire?
More than 3,000 spectators went to Biggin Hill to see the aircraft including squadron leader Tony Pickering who flew on the "Hardest Day".
Image caption Tony Pickering said he always thought about the people in the factories who made the aircraft
He said: "I don't think I was ever afraid. You've got to make sure you don't get too enthusiastic. You couldn't take on the German air force by yourself.
"It's lovely to see these aircraft. Beautifully designed aircraft and there's no doubt about it. The people who made them... they did a good job."
Will Curtis, managing director of Biggin Hill Airport, said it was remarkable that the Spitfire was "still a joy to fly", adding that "real credit" goes to its designer RJ Mitchell.
He said: "It is as finely tuned and as well-balanced, if not better balanced, than a modern aircraft."
The day was marked with three flight formations, which took off from the airport at 13:00 BST:
Grice flight: Eight aircraft will head south and west to fly over Surrey and West Sussex to the Solent, Isle of Wight, Portsmouth and return via Dunsfold
Mortimer flight: Eight aircraft will head over Eynsford, Chelsfield, Detling, Farningham, Downe and RAF Kenley
Hamlyn flight: Eight aircraft will fly over Sevenoaks, Yalding, Ashford and the former RAF Hawkinge, with a special salute over the Battle of Britain Memorial at Capel-Le-Ferne on the white cliffs of Dover
On 10 July, aircraft including Hurricanes and Typhoons took part in a flypast over Buckingham Palace as part of the 75th anniversary.
Image caption Men in period costume re-enacting a fighter pilot scramble at Biggin Hill Airport
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Epping Forest is in which English county? | Epping Forest | district, England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com
district, England, United Kingdom
Eastbourne
Epping Forest, district, administrative and historic county of Essex , England . It occupies the southwestern part of the county at the northeastern edge of Greater London . The name also refers to an ancient tract of woodland that crosses the district. The original forest was a royal hunting ground that was gradually enclosed; only through opposition by holders of common rights was it in part saved by act of Parliament in 1878. The remaining 9 square miles (23 square km) passed to the care of the Corporation of the City of London .
Waltham Abbey Church, Waltham Abbey, Epping Forest, Essex, Eng.
JohnArmagh
The market town of Epping serves the area as a prosperous suburban shopping centre. Other modern suburbs within the district include Chigwell , Waltham Abbey, and Ongar. Area 131 square miles (340 square km). Pop. (2001) 120,896; (2011) 124,659.
Learn More in these related articles:
Essex (county, England, United Kingdom)
administrative, geographic, and historic county of eastern England. It extends along the North Sea coastline between the Thames and Stour estuaries. The administrative county covers an area within the larger geographic county, which in turn covers a part of the original historic county of Essex....
London (national capital, United Kingdom)
city, capital of the United Kingdom. It is among the oldest of the world’s great cities—its history spanning nearly two millennia—and one of the most cosmopolitan. By far Britain’s largest metropolis, it is also the country’s economic, transportation, and cultural...
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Date Published: May 03, 2013
URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Epping-Forest
Access Date: January 18, 2017
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In medicine, exsanguination is commonly known as what? | Find A Grave: Epping Cemetery
Epping Cemetery
Last Name
Cemetery notes and/or description:
Epping is a small market town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England. It is located 17 miles north-east of the centre of London towards the northern end of Epping Forest on a ridge of land between the River Roding and River Lea valleys, 3.5 miles north-east of Loughton, 4.6 miles south of Harlow and 10.9 miles north-west of Brentwood. It is north-east of junction 26 (Waltham Abbey, Loughton A121) of the M25 motorway and south-west of junction 7 (Harlow) of the M11 motorway.The town retains a rural appearance being surrounded by Epping Forest and working farmland, and has many very old buildings, many of which are Grade I and II listed buildings. "Epinga", a small community of a few scattered farms and a chapel on the edge of the forest, is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. However, the settlement referred to is known today as Epping Upland. It is not known for certain when the present day Epping was first settled. By the mid 12th century a settlement known as Epping Heath (later named Epping Street), had developed south of Epping Upland as a result of vigorous clearing of the forest for cultivation. In 1253 King Henry III conveyed the right to hold a weekly market in Epping Street, which helped to establish the town as a centre of trade and has continued to the present day. The cemetery can be found in Bury Lane-it is divided into two sections-the original and an extension. The former has a consecrated section and an unconsecrated, The extension is available for burials of people of all faiths or those of no religion. Both sections have a space for Roman Catholics.
(text by Geoffrey Gillon)
All enquiries to Council Offices, Epping Hall, St Johns Road
Epping CM16 5JU
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What is Beauty’s name in the Disney film ‘Beauty and the Beast’? | Beast | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas
Beast in Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas.
In the midquel, which takes place not long after the Beast rescued Belle from the wolves, much to the Beast's frustration, Belle wants to celebrate Christmas and throw a real Christmas party. The Beast hates the idea of Christmas, for it was the very day when the Enchantress cast the spell on him and the entire castle ten years ago; he also was ungrateful for his gift that day, a storybook. While the Beast sits most of the preparations out, a treacherous servant plots to have Belle thrown out of the castle: Forte the Pipe Organ, since he is far more appreciated by the Beast while under the spell.
Unknown to the Beast, Belle writes him a special book which he doesn't see until later on. She also meets Forte later on in a chance meeting. Forte tells her that the Beast's favorite Christmas tradition when he was a child was the Christmas tree. Belle becomes frustrated, for no tree she has seen on the grounds has been tall enough to hang ornaments. He then lies to Belle, saying that a perfect tree can be found in the woods beyond the castle. Reluctant to go against the Beast's orders that she never leave the castle, Belle leaves nonetheless in order to find the perfect tree. When Belle does not arrive to see the Beast's Christmas present to her, he begins to suspect that she is not there at all. When Mrs. Potts explains that the household cannot find her, the Beast becomes enraged. He goes to Forte to ask for advice, and Forte lies to him that Belle has abandoned him. The Beast finds Belle in the woods and saves her in time from drowning, since she fell through thin ice.
Still believing that Belle disobeyed him by leaving the grounds, the Beast ruthlessly throws her into the dungeon. But when Forte goads him into destroying the rose to end his suffering, the Beast finds Belle's book in the West Wing and reads it, coming to his senses and realizing that all Belle wants is for him to be happy. Releasing Belle from the dungeon, the Beast prepares to join in the Christmas festivities. But Forte does not give up and even goes as far as to attempt to destroy the entire castle with Beethoven's 5th. Fortunately, the Beast finds him in time and destroys his keyboard with Franz Schubert's Symphony No 8. Losing his balance (and his pipes), Forte falls from the wall he is leaned up against and is silenced forever. Despite his intentions, the Beast mourns Forte's death with Belle comforting him. When he and the other servants are returned to normal, the Prince and Belle give Chip, Mrs. Potts' son, a book to read, which he loves. As the Prince and Belle come out to the balcony, he gives her something too: a rose.
Belle's Magical World
Beast in Beauty and the Beast: Belle's Magical World.
In the final entry of the franchise, made up of four segments from a presumably failed television series, Belle teaches the Beast a thing or two about life itself, consideration and manners. He appears only in the first and fourth segments, and in a cameo in the third.
In the first part, The Perfect Word, the Beast and Belle have a bitter falling out at dinner when the Beast demands that Cogsworth opens the windows to cool him down, despite the fact that he is the only one hot and there is a cold wind, and angrily strikes his servant, Webster, a long-tongued dictionary. Despite Lumière and Cogsworth's please, the Beast refuses to apologize for his behavior, until Webster, Crane, and LePlume forge a letter of apology from the Beast to Belle. All is settled until the Beast realizes that it was a forgery. He furiously banishes Webster, Crane, and LePlume from the castle, but Belle brings them back from the woods, and the Beast soon learns to forgive them, as their intentions were good.
In the fourth (and final) part, The Broken Wing, the Beast loses his temper with Belle again when she brings an injured bird into the castle, as he dislikes birds. As he tries to chase the bird out, however, he falls over on the stairs and hits his head hard, knocking him unconscious and later stripping him of his hatred for birds. However, his selfishness still remains, and he locks the bird in a cage in his room, demanding that it sings for him whenever he demands it. The bird, terrified, refuses, until Belle teaches the Beast that the bird will only sing when he's happy. The Beast lets the bird out, and learns to consider others before himself.
Earlier on, in the third segment, Mrs. Potts' Party, the Beast makes several cameos sleeping in his bed in the West Wing. The dialogue between Lumière and Cogsworth shows that he had spent the entire previous night mending leaks in the castle roof, and is still resting. An argument between Lumière and Cogsworth about Mrs. Potts' favorite flowers lead to them having to hide several bunches of flowers around the Beast's bed. At one point, the Beast begins to smell one of the flowers and almost wakes up, but it is removed just in time, and he falls asleep again.
House of Mouse
Beast in House of Mouse.
The Beast made recurring cameo appearances in the animated series House of Mouse, again voiced by Robby Benson. One of the Beast's most notable appearances is where The Angry Villagers perform the song " Let's Slay the Beast ". After the performance ended, the Beast (hiding under a table) asks Belle if it is over.
In " Not So Goofy ", the Beast was seen struggling to scratch his back until Goofy arrived and scratched it for him.
In " The Stolen Cartoons ", the Beast turning from his human to beast form was used as a visual reference when Daisy noticed the crowd getting ugly.
In the episode " Goofy for a Day " the Penguin Waiters fancily prepare the Beast for fine dining during the song " Soup or Salad, Fries or Biscuits, Extra Olives, Donuts ".
In " Rent Day ", the Beast was seen when he offers Mickey The Enchanted Rose to give to Aladdin for Jasmine if Mickey manages to find a book for Belle, and is seen again when he sees Goofy and says Goofy's not what he ordered.
In " Pluto Saves the Day ", the Beast was seen with the kittens playing around him with Lumière shown along.
The Beast was also a secondary guest character in the film Mickey's Magical Christmas as well as Mickey's House of Villains , where Donald Duck tries to scare him but he scares, only to be scared away when the Beast responds with an annoyed roar.
Cameos and other appearances
In 1992 , Beast made an animated/live-action appearance alongside Belle and Chip at the 64th Academy Awards ceremony, where they awarded Daniel Greaves the Oscar for Short Film (Animated) for Manipulation. [7]
The Beast as one of the Sultan's figurines in Aladdin.
The Beast makes a cameo appearance in Aladdin as one of the Sultan 's toys.
The Beast and Belle were featured in one of the Disney parody trailers for Lilo & Stitch . Here, the Beast and Belle are having their famous ballroom dance when Stitch was seen above on the chandelier, when it suddenly plummets to the ground. The Beast is left looking confused as an enraged Belle storms off to her room.
The Beast made a cameo appearance at the end of The Lion King 1½ in the form of a silhouette alongside Belle and other Disney characters.
The Beast is mentioned by Belle while singing to Sofia in the Sofia the First episode " The Amulet and the Anthem " and is shown in a clip from the song " Human Again ".
The Beast makes a cameo appearance along with Belle in the Mickey Mouse episode " The Adorable Couple ", where Donald Duck accidentally bumps into them while dancing, angering the Beast and prompting him to beat up the duck.
An emoticon version of the Beast (as well as the Prince) also appears in the Beauty and the Beast entry of the As Told by Emoji short series.
Live-action appearances
Main article: Rumplestiltskin
In Once Upon a Time, the complex Rumplestiltskin serves the role of the Beast.
The role of the Beast in Once Upon a Time, rather than being a prince who is cursed, is actually Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ). He had gained Belle ( Emilie de Ravin ) in a trade for saving her kingdom from an army of Ogres who were invading. Originally having intended her to be his servant while living in his castle, the two form a bond similar to that of the original fairy tale. Their bond would only grow stronger when Belle would speak with the man about the son whom he lost. Though unlike the original fairy tale and animated Disney classic, the two do not end up together due to an argument. Though despite going their separate ways he still holds strong feelings for her, keeping a special chipped tea cup as a reminder of her.
Descendants
Beast in Descendants.
The Beast appears in the Disney Channel original film. Here, he and Belle are the rulers of Auradon, a modern-day kingdom inhabited by various Disney characters, and the parents of a young prince named Ben . He is played by Dan Payne .
At the beginning of the story, his son decides to allow the children of some of the worst villains (namely Maleficent , the Evil Queen , Jafar and Cruella De Vil ) to be transferred from the Isle of the Lost to Auradon . King Beast is initially furious with the idea, but Ben convinces him that the sins of the parents should not be passed on to their children as well. He is dismayed when Ben introduces Mal , the daughter of Maleficent, as his new girlfriend to his parents, and even more so when a fight erupts that results in Chad Charming being put under a temporary sleeping spell.
On Ben's Coronation Day, the Beast passes his crown to his son and thereon his throne. He witnesses the return of Maleficent and also Mal and her friends' heroic deed by defeating her, resulting them all on Auradon's good graces.
Beast is shown to be very sarcastic, to the point of playfully insulting his wife that he only married her because his only other option was a teapot .
Beauty and the Beast (2017)
The Beast in the 2017 film.
The Beast will appear in the upcoming 2017 remake, played by Dan Stevens . In this version, Beast is kinder and wittier, and has a very dry, English sense of humor.
Printed material
The New Adventures of Beauty and the Beast
This two-part comic series released by Disney Comics took place a few years prior to the first film. He appears in two of the three story arcs of the first issue. In the first arc, "Bewitched", he is roaring in an apparent tantrum, scaring the other staff members. Eventually, they arrive at his quarters, and Beast merely asks them where his Music Box was, with Mrs. Potts telling him that it was likely in the library, with it being revealed that his tantrum from earlier was due to being unable to nap from not finding the music box. The story proper also covered Beast's backstory, which Mrs. Potts relayed to Chip. Specifically: He was shown as a child to be very bratty, and got irritated when an apparent old crone stopped traffic, resulting in his hitting her and Lumière and Cogsworth scolding him before attempting to apologize by the then-long disappeared woman (who had secretly turned into a crow and flew off). The prince later noted that she was most likely a witch (it would later turn out he was right in more ways than one). It later showed his time as an adult, where he was on a hunting trip and was about to target a fawn, despite Lumière's suggestions against it, although a crow (strongly implied to be the enchantress in disguise) managed to interfere with the shot. They then covered some positives to the prince, namely he was kind to Chip as a toddler, and he was a gifted learner and scholar. In the third arc, Bewildered, the Beast had learned to be educated in an attempt to become nicer at the behest of his servants, which included trying to read poetry (despite Beast insisting that the curse robbed him of his ability to read any books, let alone poetry). Fifi (identified as Marie in this comic) and Lumière also attempted to give dating advice to the Beast, although it didn't work due to his accidentally shredding the pages, resulting in Beast accidentally destroying his cherished toy, the music box, during one of his rages. This plot element would later be reused for an episode of House of Mouse, specifically when they tried the same with Goofy with similar success (or lack thereof).
In the second issue, he appeared in both story arcs. In "Elsewhere", he appeared very briefly in the end when panning away from Maurice and Belle returning to their village. In "Elsewhen," starting where Elsewhere left off, the Beast, having clearly given up hope of ever becoming human again (with it being implied that the rose had just started to wilt), decided to try living in the wild, although this resulted in his falling off a cliff and being knocked out, with Chip and Sultan discovering the Beast's unconscious body during a thunderstorm due to his absence. He was ultimately saved by the servants after Chip had Sultan warn them of the Beast's current status, eventually lashing out against his servants, although he managed to save Chip from being destroyed when he revealed he was the one who saved the Beast's life, also sleeping with Chip on his hand. In both stories, there was foreshadowing to the events of the film.
Beauty and the Beast Marvel Comics
This 13-issue series of comics, similar to the midquels, took place sometime between Belle's imprisonment at his castle (presumably right after Beast gave Belle the library) and the curse being lifted in the original film.
The Beast and Belle on the cover of Issue #1 of the Marvel Comics series.
In the first issue , he had a dream where Belle restored him to his original form, but ended up enraged upon seeing he is still a monster upon waking up, resulting in him causing an uproar that was scaring the other servants (who already were having a hard time preparing for the wardrobe's surprise birthday party). After being confronted by Belle regarding the Beast's recent behavior, he admitted his rage was due to the nightmare he experienced upon waking up. He then agreed to hold the surprise party, albeit reluctantly.
In the second issue , he ended up becoming impatient due to the wardrobe taking too long. He eventually chowed down on a meal (albeit in an animalistic fashion), and eventually nearly canceled the party due to the wardrobe not arriving. However, they eventually managed to get the party under way after Belle agreed to try out one of her dresses to make her feel better (as she was upset that she, a former opera star, was forced by the spell into becoming a wardrobe and thus be less than useful). Beast ended up participating in the resulting festivities but left due to feeling that Belle will never love him, largely because of his appearance.
In the third issue , the Beast, as a suggestion by some of the servants, decided to accompany Belle on a walk on the Castle grounds. Because of the Beast's skulking around, however, this resulted in disaster due to them arguing. After making up, they then continued with their walk. The fourth issue continued with this, where Lumière ended up overestimating it with this action and sent letters to the Beast and Belle for the Grand Harvest Festival. However, the Beast, because he no longer knew how to read thanks to the curse, burned the letter, which resulted in another near-disaster. Belle eventually confronted him on this (having overheard Lumière and Cogsworth's argument about the former's botching of the event due to Chip opening the window for Belle to hear while she was reading). The Beast eventually decided to admit on the advice of his staff to Belle that he could not read the letter, with her promising to teach him.
In the fifth issue , the Beast, true to his word, attempted to learn how to read, but he ended up getting frustrated at his lack of progress, causing Belle to think she may have misjudged him. The Beast realized he may have messed up, and believed her to have been the object of many men's desires at her village and thus further fueling his self-loathing and doubts. Lumière then offered to have the Beast compose a poem. However, the Beast got the wrong idea and had him finish it under his name after giving a few inputs to the letter. Belle eventually saw through this and attempted to have him learn to read and write by himself in the next issue .
In the seventh issue , the Beast witnessed Belle and Chip playing in the snow, wishing he could be out there with them. In the eighth issue , after demanding to know the commotion behind the servant's panic, learned that Belle and Chip got lost in the blizzard. He then consulted his magic mirror to locate Belle near the snowman that Belle and Chip had created earlier and immediately rushed out to find them. Unfortunately, the blizzard was becoming extremely thick that he couldn't find them. He eventually managed to find them when Belle's bouquet of Holly bushels were blown towards him. After locating them both, he managed to get them back into the castle, and tended to her side. He then thanked her for saving his life, as because of her, he began realizing his own life was not "meaningless" after all. In the ninth issue , the Beast felt a lot of guilt for Belle and Chip nearly being killed in the snowstorm. He also had breakfast served to Belle in bed, although her recovery and meeting the Beast downstairs made this unnecessary. Eventually, after Lumière and Cogsworth arranged for Belle to have a portrait done for her, the Beast managed to find it after they unveiled it. Although impressed, he initially guessed that she was sad before correcting himself and saying she was pensive (although Chip's later comment about the painting implies that "sad" was in fact the true emotion Belle was expressing in the painting).
The tenth issue takes place the day afterwards, with the Beast briefly roaring. Beast almost shuts Cogsworth and Lumière out, although because Lumière persisted, he explained his problem: Despite his second analysis, he realized Belle was indeed sad in the painting, and was caught in a conflict of how to make her happy. He then at Lumière's suggestion decided to go outside to converse with Belle, which he did after a delay where Belle accidentally hit the Beast in the snout with a snowball. However, upon hearing Belle express a desire to find hollies, he left to try to locate holly bushels in the forest, and managed to decorate the castle with them. The Beast then, after dinner, showed Belle the bushels inside the castle.
In the eleventh issue , set some time afterwards, the Beast and Belle were reading in the library again. When Belle felt chilly, the Beast removed his cloak in an attempt to keep her warm, although Belle moved out of the way when she discovered the cause was from the window being ajar. When Belle was devastated that her favorite book was ruined, Beast attempted to cheer her up by stating that there were thousands of other books, also unintentionally and obliviously hurting her feelings when telling her it was a "silly book." The Beast eventually realized his error when Belle did not come down for dinner, and his servants told him about her being hurt by his earlier comment. He also decided (from Chip's suggestion) to have the book fixed.
In the twelfth issue , taking place where the eleventh issue left off, as a result of guilt from his earlier insensitivity towards the ruining of Belle's favorite book due to a storm, Beast attempted to have the book rebound immediately, as well as trying to rehearse, to his own discomfort, how to deliver the book. Taking Mrs. Potts' advice regarding being himself once the book was rebounded, he then attempted to surprise Belle with the book, but he ended up dissuaded after the Wardrobe gave an opera performance before he could even give the book to her, feeling the majestic performance outclassed his attempt at fixing the book. However, when Belle came to see him and he explained what happened, he then gave her the book.
In the final issue , the Beast reflected on how things might have turned out differently had he let the old woman in. He eventually snapped when the footstool dog escaped and attempted to enter the West Wing due to disturbing him, causing even Mrs. Potts to have doubts about whether the Beast can ever break the curse. He eventually came down to dinner and had a meal with Belle. However, the planned dessert ended up ruined by the footstool dog who kept jumping out and back in. Despite this, he was touched that Belle made the dessert and wasn't upset about it being ruined. They then shared a moment near the fire. In addition, a flashback was shown giving hints to the Beast's childhood prior to the curse. His parents spoiled him immensely, and they even threw an extravagant party, yet he ended up bored by it. In addition, he formerly had an Arabian horse named " Thunder ", whom he frequently rode yet never gave him any love and compassion. When about to ride him one instance, the horse fled, with the prince ordering everyone to retrieve it. Deep down, he missed the horse and presumably felt remorse for his treatment of it. Thunder eventually was adopted by an enchantress who gave it love.
Aside from the main serial, Issue 5 of Disney Comic Hits had the Beast eventually supplying Belle with a carriage as a present during the winter as a suggestion from Chip, after he had initially had an angry outburst to Belle.
Disney Adventures Magazine comics
Some of the issues of Disney Adventures Magazine included comic stories for the film, either reprint of the Marvel series or entirely new stories to tie into new releases of the film.
Although he doesn't appear in the story " Time Flies! ", he is mentioned by Cogsworth, as he panicked at the possibility of the Beast entering a rage due to the preparations for dinner apparently being late (unaware that it was actually only a few hours away and it was at the wrong time due to Lumière stealing his winder as a prank).
The Beast has a direct appearance in the story " Sittin' Pretty! ". In it, Beast is going through one of his rages again, particularly how he can get Belle to love him due to his hideous appearance. Lumière then gets the idea of giving the Beast a spa makeover, with Cogsworth, Chip, and Fifi chiming in. Eventually, Belle comes in and notices that Beast looks ridiculous, as well as adorable, catching Beast off-guard.
In one story, the Beast ended up becoming bitter even more than usual, although he later worked with Belle and the others to save Chip after he got lost in the forest during a blizzard. The story also implied that, prior to Belle, there was a blond woman he was betrothed to, but she had disappeared, eventually resulting in his bitterness.
Beauty and the Beast: Belle's Royal Wedding
In the short story following the events of the film, Belle and the Prince prepare for their upcoming nuptials. Belle is fitted for her wedding dress while the Prince returns to Belle's village to get her the perfect gift for the wedding. After searching around, the Prince finds a flower shop and requests for roses, as they were Belle's favorite.
Eventually, the wedding day arrives for the young couple. During the ceremony, the Prince proceeded to give Belle a book as his gift so they could "write their adventures together." Belle then reveals her surprise: she invited all the villagers to the wedding. Because the Prince spent most of his life unloved, Belle wanted to show the Prince how loved he is by the kingdom. The Prince loves the gift, and the two embrace as the festivities commence.
The Beast Within: A Tale of Beauty's Prince
The Beast appears in the novel as the main character, written by Serena Valentino. Detailing the Beast's past when he was a prince, it is explained that he used to be good friends with Gaston and was beloved by the court and villagers. However, when he discovered that a woman named Circe (whom he was betrothed to) was in reality a farmer, he was quick to reject her despite being at first smitten by her looks. When she returns disguised as a beggar woman, the Prince showed no mercy towards her wish to forgive him, and so she and her three sisters cursed him with the spell that would turn him into a monster. Soon, the Prince's fear gets the better of him and he decides to marry a princess named Tulip in hopes of loving her. Unfortunately, as the castle begins to endure more phenomenon, he becomes infuriated and throws Tulip out when he believes she has deceived him into thinking she loved him. Eventually, his transformation finishes and with it the dissipation of memories of his past life as he slowly descends into an animalistic mindset. When he does meet Belle, however, he comes to love her. The sisters attempt to prevent the Beast from breaking the spell by manipulating the arrival of Gaston and the mob, and nearly the Beast's death. However, Circe brings the Beast to life and restores him to human form, allowing the Prince to live happily with Belle.
Video game appearances
Beauty and the Beast: A Board Game Adventure
The game was basically the plot of the original film adapted into a video board game, although it was mostly based on the ending of the film. In addition, Beast also makes a brief appearance in the commercial for the game, where he pops up from behind the Game Boy Color and yells at Lumière and Mrs. Potts to shut up after the latter two entered an argument due to Lumière causing things to set on fire due to his wild movements while presenting the game. Robby Benson reprised the role in this brief appearance.
Kingdom Hearts series
The Beast is a recurring character in the Kingdom Hearts series. He plays a major role in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II as an ally to Sora and his friends.
His story prior to Kingdom Hearts is basically the same as in the movie. During the time he and Belle were getting to know each other, Belle was captured by the Heartless , and the Beast's world, along with all of his servants, was swallowed by the darkness. In a rare occurrence of most Disney characters in the game, Beast appeared outside of his homeworld due to its demise, but was able to escape to Hollow Bastion because of his love for Belle. However, he is confronted by Riku when he learns that Belle is within the castle, and is harmed by the boy when he demands her returned to him. The Beast then finds an ally in Sora and aids him and his friends with fighting the Heartless and Maleficent . When the Princesses of Heart, including Belle, finally awaken, the Beast happily reunites with her. After Sora's victory over the darkness, Beast and Belle are able to return to their restored home.
The Beast appears in a minor role in Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories as an illusion of the real Beast, crafted from Sora's memories of him. Like before, he tries to rescue Belle but is cruelly rejected by her (although she was only pretending in order to fool Maleficent). Despite this, the Beast states his own feelings for her, which moves Belle to sacrifice her own heart to save his when Maleficent tries to steal it. Maleficent's defeat restores Belle's heart, and the two reconcile.
In 358/2 Days , the Beast makes an appearance back in his homeworld, but is met with constant attacks from the Heartless, forcing him to keep fighting them which places stress between him and Belle. He finally stops when he realizes that his servants and Belle are safe. However, the Beast is contacted by Xaldin of Organization XIII soon after, who begins to turn the Beast against Belle in a plot to turn him into a Heartless with his Nobody as a weapon for the Organization. Continuing into Kingdom Hearts II , Xaldin had nearly completed his plan, while the Beast had grown aggressive towards both his staff and Belle. The return of Sora, Donald , and Goofy manages to bring the Beast back to his senses and decides to help his friends confront Xaldin after learning that the Organization member was using him. After Xaldin escapes, the Beast tries to fix things with Belle. Things take a turn for the worse when Xaldin steals the enchanted rose, sending the Beast into despair. The Beast tells Sora and the others to leave the castle believing he will never be able to break the curse, but Sora convinces him to fight back, giving Beast the courage to reclaim the rose from Xaldin. However, Belle is kidnapped by Xaldin with the rose, with Xaldin forcing the Beast to choose between her and the rose. Although the Beast chooses Belle, Belle takes action and escapes from Xaldin, taking the rose with her. The group is able to defeat Xaldin, where afterwards, Beast asks Belle to stay with him, which she accepts, much to the Beast's joy. At the end of the game, the Beast appears to have turned back into a human, indicating that the curse was broken.
Kinect Disneyland Adventures
The Beast appears as a meet-and-greet character near The Matterhorn in Fantasyland . One of the tasks that the Beast gives to the player is to find lost pages for one of Belle's books. Right after, the Beast asks the player to find red crystals so he can create a crystal rose and place it on the cover of Belle's book as a gift. Once the book is prepared, the Beast becomes nervous pondering on the possibility of her not liking her gift so he asks the player to take it to her instead.
Musical
Terrence Mann as Beast in the stage musical.
In the stage adaptation of the film, the Beast 's role in the story, in addition to his character development, is expanded considerably. The role was originated by Terrence Mann, while the final performances of the Beast were portrayed by Steve Blanchard. The stage version, at the start, portrays the Beast as more physically abusive and mentally unsettled.
Unlike the film, where the singing performance of Beast was only utilized during " Something There ", several new songs were written for the Beast, including " How Long Must This Go On? ", where the Beast reflects his mistake in turning away the Enchantress, and his longing for forgiveness. In " If I Can't Love Her ", the Beast contemplates on his decaying humanity and the hardships of the curse that befell the castle. This was driven out of physically harming Belle prior, though he admitted harm was not his intention, revealing the curse has begun overtaking his physical actions. He is also given a reprise of this song, shortly after releasing Belle from the castle.
Like the film, Beast and Belle are shown to bond through books, though the stage version elaborates on this further. After being read a book aloud, Beast discovers the power of literature, and how it can take him to a world of fantasy, and be used as an escape from the pressures and despair of his cursed life—something Belle openly relates to.
Disney Parks
The Beast in live form, as seen in The Golden Mickeys.
The Beast appears in the Disney Parks as a meetable character in both his beast and human forms. Also, his likeness is commonly featured throughout the theme parks as well, specifically in the Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland , which, notably, features his castle .
In California, the Beast can be seen in throughout the original version of World of Color .
For meet-and-greets, he can sometimes be found at the Disneyland Hotel .
Walt Disney World Resort
The Beast can be seen alongside Belle during the Festival of Fantasy parade at the Magic Kingdom.
In Disney's Hollywood Studios , he can be spotted during Fantasmic! , and stars in the Beauty and the Beast live stage show.
For meet-and-greets, the Beast is usually only found at the Be Our Guest Restaurant at dinnertime and during special events, but occasionally appears at the France Pavilion in Epcot .
In Shanghai, Beast is featured on the Beauty and the Beast display in Voyage to the Crystal Grotto . There is also a statue inside of the Shanghai Disneyland Hotel depicting Beast and Belle ballroom dancing.
Differences from the source material
While the Beast keeps much of his original character continuity from the French fairy tale version by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, there are quite a few differences to be accounted for:
The Beast's curse had no time limit in the original version, and only required that he learn love and gain a woman's love in return to break the spell. In addition, in the original tale, Beast alone was cursed, not anyone else, and also took care of his property by himself.
The Beast's confrontation with Belle's father was a lot more tame in the original version, simply telling her dad to trade his daughter for his life. In addition, in the original version, he only became angered when Maurice tried to steal a rose, and in fact was implied to have allowed him to stay at the castle generously.
The rose had no direct link to the curse in the original version.
Originally, the Beast permitted Belle to leave under a time limit to visit her family instead of actually freeing her to save her dad.
Beast's death was not caused from a rival suitor knifing him in the back, but from a broken heart from Belle being late in returning due to her wicked sisters manipulating her into staying past the deadline.
As noted above, the Beast's personality was, while somewhat gruff, also more kind and simple to begin with.
Several of these actually were included in the Original Screenplay , but ended up cut due to Jeffrey Katzenberg demanding a rewrite.
Gallery
The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Beast .
Trivia
The screenshot from The D Show implied the Beast's real name being Adam.
It is stated in products licensed by Disney (such as the 1998 video game The D Show which was developed by Cyberflix) that Adam is the Prince's name. However, it is actually not his name, as it has been stated in the directors' commentary included in the Beauty and the Beast DVD/Blu-ray as well as the Disney.com FAQ that the character has never had an actual name; he is only referred to as "The Beast" or "the Prince". It was mentioned the writers and producers were so busy that they forgot to give him a name. In an interview with Glen Keane, Keane admitted that the Beast never had an alternative name prior to the film's events. [8]
Regardless, the name Adam has still ended up being used in some licensed Disney Prince / Disney Princess merchandise items. [9] [10]
However, it's possible that some animators and crew members did refer to The Prince as 'Adam' during production, as Paige O'Hara , the voice actress to Belle , recently confirmed it during a fan Q&A while adding "Disney will always deny it." [11] However, it's unknown if the name was given to the character during production on the original film or during production on one of the film's sequel projects.
Despite the skepticism behind the Beast's real name, there seems to be Biblical inspiration for giving the name as " Adam ": According to Glen Keane in a bonus featurette on the Diamond Edition Blu-ray of Beauty and the Beast, when animating the Beast's transformation sequence back to his (now-adult) human form, Glen Keane kept a quote from the Bible with him, from 2 Corinthians 5:17: "If any man is in Christ, he is a new creation: The old things has passed away, and all things have become new!", stating how his time working on the film had been a nigh-religious experience for him.
According to the first stained-glass window featured in the film's opening sequence, the Prince's family motto is " vincit qui se vincit " (lit. "He Conquers Who Conquers Himself"), which is rather ironic, seeing as the Prince/Beast, who comes from this family, is a character who needs to learn to master himself and learn self-restraint.
Although the Beast and Belle are technically co-protagonists of the film, various members of the production staff, including Howard Ashman , considered Beast the protagonist.
The Beast is the first male character in a Disney fairy tale to have a role that is equally as significant as the female protagonist's .
Though the Beast's official age is not mentioned in the movie, it is strongly indicated by the narrator's statement that the rose "would bloom until his 21st year." As the rose has already begun to wilt by the time Belle arrives at the castle, it is very likely that the Beast is 20 years (i.e. on their 21st year) of age by this point. This has been confirmed by Glen Keane, and also in the filmmakers commentary for the extended edition, where it is specifically stated that the Beast's/Prince's 21st birthday would occur at some point after the enchanted rose has lost all of it's petals and the curse had either been broken, or else become permanent.
During the song "Be Our Guest" Lumière states "for ten years, we've been rusting", implying the spell that had changed them all had been active for that amount of time. This, along with the statement the rose would wither by the Beast's 21st birthday, would imply he was cursed at age 10/11.
When looking at his shredded portrait in the West Wing however, as well as his appearance in the flashback the sequel , he was likely closer to the age of a teenager when the Enchantress appeared at his door, and ten years was possibly a metaphor for how they never have company, not an actual statement of how long the curse has been active.
Perhaps to avoid this implication, the Broadway musical instead states that the rose "would bloom for many years".
In the Descendants universe, Belle hinted Beast had married her at the age of 28 when commenting on when he made a good decision as their son is being crowned King at the age of 16. This suggests that either Beauty and the Beast took place seven years before Descendants or Beast met Belle at a different age in this continuity.
The Beast is the first male protagonist to not "save" his female counterpart near the film's climax. He does, however, save Belle from a vicious wolf attack roughly at the film's turning point.
Casting of the Beast was a true challenge, considering the fact the directors were searching for someone who could alternate between a deep, gruff and rather uninviting voice to a soft, prince-like tone. When Robby Benson surprisingly auditioned for the role, the casting directors were both shocked and pleased, and immediately cast him. Critics claim Benson did the role so well that they couldn't even tell it was him.
Several animals were used during the process of designing and animating the Beast, such as wildebeests, bears, lions and wolves.
During the fight with Gaston , the Beast says only two words to him: "Get out."
One of the concept artworks for the Beast bore a large resemblance to the character of the same name from the X-Men series from Marvel Comics. Coincidentally, both characters are now owned by Disney, which acquired Marvel in 2009.
Ironically, one of the "Beautiful & Beastly Mail" correspondences in the second issue of the Beauty and the Beast Marvel Comics actually requested for a crossover between the two beasts, with Barbara Slate stating that, while one isn't in the works, if they do have one, expect "fur to fly." [12]
The Beast is one of Disney's most unpredictable characters because at first glance he's a fierce monster but behind the intimidating face is a loving heart, which he displays toward Belle at the end of the film.
As mentioned above, because the viewers of the film grew more attached to the character's beastly form, most merchandising featuring the Beast tries to aim for the use of this form, not his human form. This is also why Beast's human form rarely ever appears as a Meet-and-Greet Character at the Disney Parks, as most patrons prefer to interact with the Beast. [4]
Glen Keane went to the Los Angeles Zoo to study animals for the Beast's looks and personality. When he studied a six-hundred-pound antisocial gorilla, Caesar, and tried to draw him, Caesar charged at him and slammed against the bars. Keane knew this was how Belle would feel when she first caught sight of the Beast.
In the movie Enchanted , Robert Philip wears a suit very similar to the Beast's during the ball scene.
When the Beast is getting his hair cut for Belle , the hair style he is given is the same as the Cowardly Lion's from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.
One of the considered voice actors for the Beast during development was Laurence Fishburne .
Other than the opening prologue to the story, the Beast was never actually identified as a prince during the events of the first film.
Originally, when he was planning dinner, the Beast was to bring in a carcass of a slain deer and explicitly chow down on it in front of Belle in a more animalistic manner. However, the scene ended up deleted because the writers realized such a scene would actually have the audience view the Beast with disgust instead of sympathy. Nonetheless, the Beast hunting for his food in a more animalistic manner is still implied in the film with the presence of a rotting ribcage being seen briefly in the West Wing.
In the Special Edition of the film, because of the addition of "Human Again", the scene where Beast roars in despair at having to let Belle go was slightly altered to include glass shattering to imply that Beast, while still filled with despair at having to do this, ended up smashing up the then-recently restored West Wing in order to have the song connect better with the main film where it was still tarnished during the climax.
According to Alan Menken , in the 2017 adaptation, one of the new songs written for the film will be a love song called "Forever Mine" and will be sung by the Beast after he lets Belle go, effectively taking the place of " If I Can't Love Her (Reprise) " from the musical. [13]
The Beast's death scene originally had a more cheery underscore, as heard on the first soundtrack, the Special Edition credits, and a DVD bonus feature, but the film itself had a more somber underscore, which had been retained on the Special Edition soundtrack.
The Beast's personality in the 2017 film is closer to the one in the original fairy tale.
External links
Beast on Wikipedia
References
| Belle |
Moorfield’s Hospital in London specialises in the treatment of which part of the body? | Dan Stevens Cast As The Beast In ‘Beauty And The Beast’ Movie - Hollywood Life
Dan Stevens To Star Opposite Emma Watson In…
Dan Stevens To Star Opposite Emma Watson In ‘Beauty & The Beast’ Movie
Wed, March 4, 2015 10:31pm EST by Chris Rogers 4 Comments
Getty/Courtesy of Disney
So exciting! Dan Stevens, the breakout star of ‘Downton Abbey,’ is reportedly in negotiations to play the Beast in Disney’s live-action retelling of ‘Beauty and the Beast.’ He’ll star opposite Emma Watson, who has already been cast as Belle!
Dan Stevens , 32, will allegedly play the Beast in Disney’s live-action remake of their tale as old as time — Beauty and the Beast! The Downton Abbey actor is in negotiations for the role, a new report claims, which will put him opposite Emma Watson , 24, in the highly-anticipated flick.
Dan Stevens Cast As The Beast In ‘Beauty And The Beast’ Movie
Emma has already been cast as Belle , the “Beauty” of the movie, so it’s exciting to finally see that Dan has been cast as her love interest, according to The Hollywood Reporter .
Dan previously played Matthew Crawley on Downton Abbey before his character died in a horrific car crash at the end of the third season.
And thankfully, Dan’s not the only casting news of the day. Earlier, it was announced that Luke Evans will play Gaston. This is so exciting!
‘Beauty And The Beast’ Movie — Will It Be A Musical?
Beauty and the Beast, which is a French fairytale, tells the story of a young woman who takes her father’s place as a prisoner in a beast’s castle. She eventually falls in love with him before he turns into a prince.
The studio has not yet confirmed if the retelling will be a musical, but Emma sort of implied that when she announced her casting on Facebook.
“It was such a big part of my growing up, it almost feels surreal that I’ll get to dance to ‘Be Our Guest’ and sing ‘Something There.’ … Time to start some singing lessons,” she said .
What do YOU think, HollywoodLifers? Are you happy Dan Stevens will be playing The Beast? Vote in our poll and tell us how you feel!
— Chris Rogers
| i don't know |
Which English singer entertained the crowds on Centre Court at Wimbledon in 1996 when rain stopped play ? | UK: WIMBLEDON TENNIS: CLIFF RICHARD SINGS AS RAIN STOPS PLAY | AP Archive
UK: WIMBLEDON TENNIS: CLIFF RICHARD SINGS AS RAIN STOPS PLAY
Showing 1 of 1623 | Tennis Aus Open Sampras
UK: WIMBLEDON TENNIS: CLIFF RICHARD SINGS AS RAIN STOPS PLAY
UK: WIMBLEDON TENNIS: CLIFF RICHARD SINGS AS RAIN STOPS PLAY
Restrictions: NO REUSE OR RESALE
Duration:00:02:10:24
Wimbledon, London, July 3, 1996
1. Wide shot of crowd at Wimbledon - raining
2. Various close ups of people with umbrellas
3. Cliff Richard singing "Living Doll" with tennis stars in background including Conchita Martinez, Gigi Fernandez, Martina Navratilova, Ines Gorrachetigui, Patricia Tarabini, Caroline Vis, Pam Shriver, Virginia Wade, Christian Singer, Mariaan De Swardt and Liz Smylie
4. Cutaway to crowd
5. Cliff Richard singing and dancing with corporal Lorna Waud
6. Wide shot of crowd with umbrellas
7. Cliff Richard singing "I'm all shook up"
8. Close up of Martina Navratilova
9. Cutaway to crowd - applause
10. SOUNDBITE: Cliff Richard
11. Wide shot of centre court covered with tarpaulin
12. Wide shot of Cliff and tennis players - zoom
13. Crowd applauding
14. Close up of Cliff Richard
15. Men waiting to lift covering off centre court
Storyline
Go to top
English/Nat
Cliff Richard stepped out of the shadows at Wimbledon when rain stopped play to bring smiles to disappointed tennis fans with a rendition of some of his greatest hits.
Rain may have put paid to any tennis on centre court, but Sir Cliff - the day's court jester - was determined to keep the crowds entertained.
Umbrellas were brought out and smiles turned to down-turned faces as the rain stared to pour down on Britain's summer tennis festival at Wimbledon.
But to the rescue - pop star, Cliff Richard.
The spontaneous live concert performed by Cliff Richard - himself a mad tennis fan - was suggested by the All-England Club, which provided him with a microphone
He was supported by a chorus line of past and present stars of Wimbledon, like Virginia Wade, Martina Navratilova and Conchita Martinez.
Backing vocals came from the reinvigorated centre court crowd who soon forgot the rain and began dancing and singing along to the old favourite "Living Doll."
All joined in and one lucky lady, Corporal Lorna Waud, had the pleasure of dancing with Sir Cliff.
She later told reporters it was the best day of her life
Cliff Richard went on to perform a medley of his greatest hits from the 1970s and 1980s to the joy of the now rocking crowd,
The former Shadow appeared even more elated by his special performance on tennis' World arena than the crowd.
SOUNDBITE:
"I never thought that I would actually play centre court (laughter). And how could anyone ever have dreamed up backing vocal group like this?"
SUPER CAPTION: Cliff Richard
The anti-rain dance appeared to take effect as the rain eased off and the crowd hoped to see the quarter-final dual between defending champion Pete Sampras and Richard Krajicek.
But the pair had barely played a game before the heavens opened again.
Categories
| Cliff Richard |
What number shirt did footballer Bobby Moore wear when he played for West Ham? | Cliff Richard - The Ultimate Pop Star
Cliff Richard - The Ultimate Pop Star
Home - Brief History of the Ultimate Pop Star from Harry to Cliff to Sir Cliff
From a young lad in India, aged 2 to a young lad at the RAH, aged 69 years, 11 months and 30 days.
Cliff Richard | I'm Dreaming Of A White Christmas |
A brief history of the man who loves Rock and Roll and became the first real Rock and Roll singer in the U.K.
Harry Rodger Webb was born the first child of Dorothy Marie Webb and Rodger Webb in Kings English Hospital , Victoria Street, Lucknow, Inida, weighing 9 lbs on 14th October 1940. His parent names were Rodger and Dorothy Webb, who lived in Dehra Dun, but because there were no hospitals there Dorothy had to travel 300 miles to Lucknow. Due to the unrest they left their home in Howrah on 21st August 1948 by train to Bombay and boarded the Ranchi. The boat started its journey on the 24th August through the Arabian Sea , docked at Aden on the 29th and then sailed through the Red Sea towards the Suez canal. It docked at Port Said on 2nd September and then sailed across the Mediterranean to arrive at Tilbury Docks on Monday 13th September 1948.
1958
It all started at the. A singer was at the front of his band The Drifters, dressed in white shirt and black trousers. John Foster was in the Five Horseshoes, Burford Street, Hoddesdon drinking with his mates at the bar. He watches the singer and is impressed, he walks over and gives them his phone number and promises a spot for them at the 2 I's Coffee Bar which was the place to be, that Saturday.
A young girl by the name of Jan Vane approached Cliff at the 2 I's and asked him if he had a fan club, he laughed and said no. The Cliff Richard Fan Club was started.
Cliff plays Ripley Ballroom
Cliff Quotes - Marriage is my ultimate aim, but not until I am 27
I think teenagers are great, but I am one of them
Expresso Bongo was released
I would like to make a western with Elvis and would pick Sandra Dee as the actress to play against him, she's fab.
USA tour.
Elvis mentioned 3 singers he liked before going in the army and one was Cliff.
Six and a half thousand people pack Blackpool's Opera House and several hundred fans smash down a door to get to Cliff.
Cliff buys a Ford Thunderbird.
Cliff sings the Ding Dongs in Cherry Wainers song Happy Like a Bell.
Comedian Charlie Drake and singer Cliff stir gigantic pudding with the large wooden spoons,
1961
Cliff tours South Africa -In the greatest scenes of mass hysteria that Cliff had produced to date, 3,000 screaming fans greeted him and the Shadows at the airport. The hysteria didn't stop at the airport as fans lined the route from the airport to the hotel and it was estimated 10,000 fans were waiting in front of the hotel, chanting "We want Cliff".
Cliff is unaware of the apartheid situation so offers to do a second concert for Black citizens with the proceeds going to Salisbury Society for Handicapped Africans.
A Cliff Richard shirt is designed for a mail order firm in black and white. Price 32s/6d
Cliff's Dad dies, aged 57
The Young Ones was classed as best musical Britain has ever made and the single goes straight to No. 1
Cliff buys a Hillman Automatic for his mother
Cliff suffers with laryngitis and is offered medicine
Cliff buys a Chevrolet for his mom.
Cliff and Shads send autographed Easter eggs to fans in hospital
Cliff attends a bull fight in Spain. He states he wasn’t impressed and wouldn't go to another.
A fan writes a report in the paper to say that Cliff fans should pull their socks up and not let Britain's King of Talent be beaten by a flash in the pan group like the Beatles.
Cliff wins American poll honour, as most promising singer
The ABC Theatre in Church Street Blackpool opened on 31st May 1963 with the summer season stage show "Holiday Carnival" starring Cliff Richard and The Shadows.
Summer Holiday released
Cliff appears in Aladdin Pantomime with The Shadows
Wonderful Life was Cliff's third film
Cliff buys a holiday home in Portugal
1965
When Cliff is interviewed by the press, they suggest he may retire to his holiday home in Portugal.
Cliff quotes –
The truth is sooner or later I do hope to retire from the business, let's face it, that's the ultimate ambition of most entertainers. We can't go on forever and the time must come when we have to quit. I would rather leave while I am at the top than wait for the public to turn its back on me.
I never eat breakfast or lunch, occasionally, I may have cheese and biscuits, as I have to look after my figure.
I would like to get married eventually, I have had a couple of false alarms.
I arrange my work to have weekends free for youth activities. All my friends are teachers.
Cliff received NME trophy for being voted Top British Singer for the sixth time.
Cliff goes on holiday to Norfolk Broads with the Young Crusaders
Cliff voted top British singer for the eighth time.
Cliff takes O level in Religious Instruction in Lewes in Sussex. He is put in a room on his own and five masters of the school took turns to watch he doesn’t cheat. He comments, imagine cheating in a R.I. exam.
Cliff goes on holiday to Cornwall with the Crusaders then to his villa in Portugal.
Cliff Richard Ltd is formed
Finders Keepers is recorded at Pinewood Studios. The film was shot on the south coast and the studios. Doubles were used for the shots in Spain which included some of the far distance opening shots on the train.
Cliff’s mother Dorothy marries former Chauffeur, Derek Bodkin. Cliff didn’t know until the morning of the wedding.
Cliff performs at a Billy Graham Convention.
Cliff’s fan club closes.
Cliff sells Rookswood for £43,500 and moves in with Bill Latham and his mother.
Cliff states he would like to film Wuthering Heights.
Thurderbirds are Go EP is released containing three Shadows Tracks and a vocal from Cliff. Puppet figures appear of Cliff and the Shadows in the film. The plot is as follows -
That night, Alan dreams about Lady Penelope. Eew, puppet dreams! Alan dreams that he goes to the "real" Swinging Star, a nightclub in space. Entertainment is provided by Cliff Richard Jr. The song Cliff sings harks back to a more innocent time, back when pop music was wholesome and singers expressed only respect and love:
A shooting star will shoot you
Mars will go to war
The man on the moon will jump on you
If you don't love me no more
Cliff quotes -
I would like to take up teaching as I have to think ahead, because I can't expect to remain a star for the rest of his life. If I do retire it will be in the region of five years time.
Cliff plays Buttons in Cinderella with The Shadows as Broker's Men, Terry Scott and Hugh Lloyd as Ugly Sisters, Peter Gilmore as The Prince, Tudor Davies as Dandini, Jack Douglas as Baron Hardup, Pippa Steele as Cinderella and speciality act The Adorable Tanya - a baby elephant. Sharon Osbourne (Arden) is part of the Aida Foster Children for this production.
1967
Cliff quotes -
I want to get out of the business, because I feel I have to. I want to be an ordinary teacher in an ordinary school. It wont' be a complete break, I’ll still be make records. The reason I can't go on as I am, is the public get fed up with a pop singer talking about religion.
1968
Cliff sings Congratulations and comes second in the Eurovision. It is announced that 56 versions of Congratulations are to be released around the world and Cliff recorded the song for release in nearly every country in Europe. Germany whose votes lost us the contest placed a 150,000 advance order. It reaches the top of the charts in Holland, Denmark, Belgium Sweden and Norway.
Cliff plays Riley in Matter of Diamonds
http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/278357?view=synopsis
Two a Penny film opened in London in June 1968. Cliff played Jamie Hopkins, an art student and wants to make money quickly so begins to deal in drugs. Jamie and his girl friend Carol go to a Billy Graham revivalist meeting, and Carol is immediately converted. Soon after, Jamie is caught stealing drugs. As Carol continues to draw away from Jamie, he begins to see the religious light, and they are reunited.
Cliff cuts a 650 lb Christmas pudding for the Mental Health Trust at London's Carlton Towers Hotel.
A letter is published in Disc and Music Echo stating that "having Seen Cliff Richard, I am convinced he's going to reach the class and status of Frank Sinatra".
Cliff comments on peoples changing attitude towards Christmas.
Cliff performs at the London Palladium in November, but it is reported that there was a weak supporting bill and therefore the audience figures were low. Cliff stats it was a bad time of year as there is no money in November.
A reporter states that Cliff’s concerts with the Settlers, were boring, and that the Devil still has all the best songs.
Cliff reveals he will do a show called Cliff in Scotland and that he will wear a kilt.
1969
Cliff sings with the Settlers at RAH in aid of the homeless refugees in Biafra.
Cliff takes part in a 12 minute colour film about the John Groom Childrens Home in Kent and sings a song called Thank you.
Cliff states that his first thrill in show business was when he was impersonated by Benny Hill.
Peter Kaye is praised by the press for his impersonation of Cliff on BBC TV
Cliff sings carols with the Crusaders and raises £20.00.
Cliff states he had a jacket made out of Black Watch tartan material.
1970
The press comment - You never hear of Cliff being nasty to anyone, he never swears and has never forgotten his fans. I'm sure he will still be with us in the 1980's
Cliff is described as mechanically charming, which upsets Cliff, he comments - Some people knock me for trying to be pleasant and friendly
1971
Flying Machine, is Cliff's first single not to make the Top 30 but it tops the charts in Denmark and Malaysia.
Cliff receives the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Services to British Music
Cliff sings Power to all our Friends in Luxembourg.
Cliff appears in BBC series the Case, with Olivia Newton John and Tim Brooke-Taylor
Produced as a joint project between the BBC and the Swedish broadcasting authorities It was a comedy based around Cliff trying to get rid of a stolen suitcase of money which he inadvertantly picked up on his way to Sweden.
Olivia features for about 12 minutes with very little dialogue but performing three songs. She sings an otherwise unreleased duet with Cliff - Close To You and two solos Just A Little Too Much and Banks of the Ohio.
1973
Take my High is premiered.
Cliff plays his first football match in 20 years for the Buzz Allstars 11 versus Collalera Christian Choir.
Cliff appears as Bottom at Cheshunt School in Midsummer Nights Dream
Brand New Song is released but doesn't make the charts.
Cliff's next song for the Eurovision, Power to all our Friends, is released and is his sixtieth song.
He is asked if he could foresee another 60. Cliff quoted -
I don't really think so, it takes a long time to make 60 records. What I really want is a big hit, as I haven't had one for quite a few years, but some people seem to think I have because for some reason I get a lot of airplay.
Cliff embarks on a gospel tour.
Cliff only releases one single called You Keep Me Hangin On.
1975
Its Only Me You Left Behind and Honky Tonk Angel are released. Neither makes the charts.
Cliff is interviewed and asked why he had sung Honky Tonk Angel and he refused to sing it again.
1976
Cliff records Miss You Nights and makes his first appearance in the single charts since July 1974, also released in the U.S.
Cliff visits America promoting I'm Nearly Famous LP as Devil Woman is played on San Franciscan radio stations and Devil Woman enters the Cashbox and Billboard charts reaching No. 6 in the Billboard Chart and No. 5 in the Cashbox chart to give Cliff his 3rd hit in the US.
Cliff complained about the language in the NME and it is reported that he refuses to have the NME in his house.
Cliff performs in Kalamandir Auditorium in New Delhi. He visits Mother Theresa of Calcutta and the homes of the destitute and dying.
The Cliff Richard movement Tear Fund concert in 1976 raised over £37,000 providing a generator for a hospital in India and vehicles for many countries.
Advert for Devil woman stated "Every DJ said Miss You Nights was Cliff Richard's best single for many years. They'll say the same, and more about his new one. Quite simply, it's probably the greatest rock single of 1976"
1977
Cliff quotes –It is the first generation of forty year olds who dig rock and roll and when I am sixty I am going to love rock, it will be our music.
1978
Cliff and the Shads reunite to play a two week 20th anniversary show at the London Palladium
1979
A No. 1 for Cliff -
11 years and 124 days since he last tops the charts with Congratulations, Cliff gets a No. 1 with We Don't Talk Anymore, knocking down the Boomtown Rats with I don't like Mondays.
Cliff walks along the Mall to Buckingham Palace with 1000's of people singing carols accompanying himself on the guitar and performs on a specially constructed stage facing Buckingham Palace. The Queen and Prince Charles join in the carols from the balcony of the Palace and later Cliff is received in the Royal residence after the celebrations which mark the end of the Year of the Child.
Cliff sets the alarms off in a store where he had buys a shirt. The assistant was so mesmerised at serving Cliff, she forgot to remove the anti-shoplifting device. Cliff saw the funny side and commented that he was glad he wasn't buying a dress for Sue Barker, as he would have feared the comments of him walking out the shop with a dress.
1980
Cliff receives his OBE IN 1980 - Dressed in black suit, red tie, red rose and bright red training shoes,
Cliff quotes -
I haven't got any morning dress so I thought I would wear something colourful. I have been to the palace before and I noticed that there is a lot of red about. I have always been a firm Royalist and have followed the Royal Family since I was a child.
Cliff is invited to Selfridge store to design his own shop window. Cliff's window is on a traditional religious theme "Christmas through the eyes of a child".
1981
Cliff tours America, his song Little in Love is No. 17 in the charts and he performs on John Kelly in LA, John Davidson show, Dionne Warwick Solid Gold Show, Merv Griffin show, and continues onto Ontario and New York and flies on Concorde.
Cliff sings with a choir of 400 girls to raise money for St Brendan's school, Clevedon, Bristol, the headmaster, John Davey had been Cliff's school teacher who helped him to pass his O level in R.I. in 1965.
Cliff embarks on a tour of US and Canada for a month While playing in America Cliffs equipment goes missing from a tour truck worth £40,000
1982
Cliff is interviewed by 8 Australian newspapers and 9 radio stations over a period of 14 hours.
The Only way Out recorded
1983
Cliff dines with Princess Anne and Tim Rice.
12th December is the start of Cliff's own pro-celebrity tennis tournament which is staged at the Conference Centre, Brighton. Participating are Hank, Trevor Eve, Mike Read, Sue Barker, Sue Mappin, Jo Durie and Ann Hobbs. The round robin tournament is won by Trevor and Anne.
Cliff celebrates 25 years and has six weeks of sell out concerts
1984
Cliff and Bill Latham go to Haiti and visit a place called La Gonave. Cliff is upset by what he sees and writes a song called La Gonave about his experiences there.
Cliff discusses the musical Time with Dave Clark
Cliff makes She's so Beautiful video in the Lake District
Cliff dines at the House of Commons
Cliff attend a Christians in Sport service and opens Addlestone District Health Centre in Surrey and opens a new X ray unit at Weybridge Hospital
1986
Cliff takes dance lessons at Pineapple Studios and makes a film for Living Doll with the Young Ones.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/artists/r/richard_cliff/clips/living_doll.shtml
Time opens at the Dominion Theatre with Cliff playing Chris Wilder "Rock Star"
The world premiere opened on 9th April and it ran for 2 years. Cliff was later replaced by David Cassidy. An album was released in the UK and USA and the other artistes that appeared on the album were Freddie Mercury, Julian Lennon, Murray Head, Dionne Warwick, Burt Bacharach, Richard Carpenter, Leo Sayer, Ashford and Simpson, Dusty Springfield, John Christie, John Helms, Mike Moran and Paul Milkes-Kingston. The Dominion hosted the musical Time, which required reconstructing the theatre to accommodate the show's effects including a holographic floating head of Akash, played by Sir Laurence Olivier. The production was derived from the musical The Time Lord and Cliff plays rock musician Chris Wilder who has been transported to the High Court of the Universe in the Andromeda Galaxy. The Time Lord has come to earth to find out what the earth's people are doing in their quest for peace. Chris Wilder has to defend the planet.
Sir Laurence Olivier released a spoken single Theme from Time and it reached No. 27 in the Australian charts.
Cliff escapes a car crash. He was involved in a five car motorway pile up in torrential rain. His Golf GTI was a write-off as another car swerved and braked hard. Cliff was helped from the wreckage and walked away unhurt but shaken. The police called a mini-cab to take him to the theatre where he was appearing in Time and he continued with the show as normal.
1987
Some People recorded
Cliff Takes part in Its a Royal Knockout with Prince Edward, the Duchess of York and a host of other celebrities at Alton Towers.
The show featured members of the Royal Family alongside sporting and showbiz celebrities. It was conceived and organised by Prince Edward who had been keen to develop a career in TV and theatre after he left the Royal Marines. The show featured Prince Edward, The Princess Royal, The Duke and Duchess of York as team captains, each of whom supported a different charity. The contestants competed in ridiculous and somewhat humiliating games; for example in one round they dress up as giant vegetables and throw fake hams at each other. The event raised over £1 million for the WWF, Save the Children, Shelter for the Homeless and the Duke of Edinburgh International Project.
1988
Mistletoe & Wine makes No. 1.
Bookies William Hill to lose £10,000 if Cliff Richard tops the Christmas charts with Mistletoe and Wine.
A 47 date UK tour and 200,000 tickets sold out within 72 hours of going on sale
Cliff plays at Savvas Club in Usk, South Wales
Cliff records his 100th single The Best Of Me.
THE EVENT
The biggest challenge for Cliff ever, was the Event at Wembley Stadium, it was a make or break decision, the weather could be bad or he could have problems with his throat.
The tickets went on sale for one night and sell out in a single weekend, a second concert was arranged for the next night which also sold out. 144,000 tickets had been sold for the two nights.
The Dallas Boys and the Vernon Girls have reformed for the show and the Kalin Twins are scheduled to appear Their last appearance with Cliff was in 1958, when they were the stars of the show.
· 14 cameras are used taking 41 miles of film,
· To record the event over 60,000 feet of 48 track digital tape are used
· 120 technicians are involved with 1,510,000 watts of lighting and 2150,000 watts of sound are used.
· The stage is 400 ft long, 15 ft high and 150 ft deep.
· The weight suspended over the stage is approx 14 tons.
· 90 artists take part in the show
· 3,000 people are involved checking tickets, selling merchandise, controlling the crowds, filming and recording.
· 3,485 meals are served
· Cliff sings forty-five songs and makes five costume changes
· At the end of the show Cliff sings From a Distance and was so overcome he was in tears but managed to finish the song and left the stage in tears. He was only a boy from Cheshunt.
Cliff reads lessons for the Wishing Well Appeal Thanksgiving Service at Westminster Abbey and attends Bill Graham conventions. Billy lunches with Cliff at home.
1990
Cliff & Shadows perform at Knebworth. Artists include Tears for Fears, Pink Floyd, Status Quo, Elton John, Paul McCartney and Robert Plant also appear which was in Aid of the Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy Clinic.
Cliff's 1990 tour is a record breaker. 28 dates, beginning with a record breaking 12 nights at Birmingham NEC in November. Similar format to the Event.
Saviours Day video is shot at Durdle Dor in Dorset. On the day of the filming there were posters advertising that Cliff was going to be filming for the video and stating that they wanted extras. It was a warm September day and it was stated that they needed to be dressed in winter clothes. The charity shops were raided for scarves and hats. Cliff sung on the top of Durdle Dore and helicopters filmed him from above. A No. 1 Written by Chris Eaton and produced by Cliff Richard and Paul Moessl, "Saviour's Day" was the 13th UK No. 1
Cliff reaches 50 and has party with friends at home, when midnight strikes he pronounces he doesn't feel any different.
Cliff switches on Oxford Street Christmas lights.
Cliff dines with Frank Dunlop to discuss Wuthering Heights
Cliff attends a reception at 10 Downing Street
Records song for the Trainer TV series More to Life, written by Simon May and Mike Read. It reaches No. 21 on the charts.
Stated in paper -
Cliff has been acclaimed as a modern day Saint because he can get up and wiggle his bum in a devilish way and still be holy.
Sits for a model of himself at the Rock Circus
Wins spectacle Wearer of the Year Award
Flies to Uganda for Tear Fund and records a documentary
Lunches at the House of Commons and stays for Question Time
Commences on a tour called Access All Areas
Celebrates the 10th Birthday of the tennis tournament at the NIA Birmingham with Michael Ball, Roy Castle and Frank Bruno among the guests.
1993
Cliff performs on Michael Ball's show but is unable to play guitar because he has a broken bone in his left hand.
Records with Tammy Wynette This Love as part of Tammy's 25 years in showbusiness. Tammy commented on recording with Cliff as a breathtaking experience stating Cliff has one of the best voices she has ever heard and includes the memory of that day as one of the highlights.
Cliff Richard's favourite Bible Stories is published, containing 42 stories selected by Cliff.
Ian Samwell presented with a platinum disc for sales of Move It at CR Fan Club convention in Torrence, California.
Cliff awarded Mens Head of the Year
Heathcliff box office opens
Cliff visits Haworth to visit the home of Emily Bronte and walks to Top Withens and the ruined farmhouse that is said to have inspired her.
Cliff drives to Portugal
Cliff performs for 250 people at the Byfleet village hall to raise money for the repairs to the local church.
The Hit List Tour commences
Cliff performs in the Royal Variety Show with ONJ and sings songs from Heathcliff.
Cliff became Sir Cliff when he received his knighthood
Cliff grows his hair and puts on weight to act the part of Heathcliff
Radio 2 ban Cliff's Misunderstood Man as they state the guitar section as being too noisy at the end of the track
1996
It rains at Wimbledon and Cliff is asked to do an impromptu performance. A quote follows by the media "The ageing popster’s rendition of ‘Singing in the Rain’, backed by an implausible choir of women tennis stars Virginia Wade, Martina Navratilova, Pam Shriver, Gigi Fernandez and Conchita Martinez, stunned sodden centre-court spectators".
Cliff talks in the Mail as to how he was bullied at school and used to have to fight day in and out with the bullies.
Cliff starts rehearsing for Heathcliff and hits Jimmy Johnston's nose, resulting in stitches in a fight scene. Cliff said he enjoyed the scene, but it also frightened him that he was enjoying being violent.
1997
Heathcliff starts its run -
The show was a runaway success, and gave Cliff his highest selling video ever, topping the UK video charts for two months upon its 1998 release.
Cliff appears in Coronation Street
Cliff sings Abide with Me at the Cup final
1998
40 Years in showbusiness and Cliff is feeling a little "WICKED"
The Real album is recorded and "Can't Keep This Feeling in" is released by an unknown artist called Blacknight 001. ...................
Newspaper article -
Sir Cliff Richard this week has the perfect answer to Chris Evans and the other DJs who have condemned him as a wrinkly old has-been. His new single, Can't Keep This Feeling In, is number 10 in the charts, vying for position with Spacedust, Fatboy Slim and B'witched. The 58-year-old Richard has received satisfying proof that good pop music, like jazz, can be made by musicians of any vintage and that ageism is as absurd and self-defeating in the pop charts as anywhere else.
For years he had chafed against the refusal of cutting-edge radio stations to play his records, not for any lack of quality but simply because of his age, his bran-wholesome image and long-time involvement in evangelical Christianity.
Finally, he resorted to desperate measures - albeit possibly breaching St Paul's definition of perfect truth. As well as the regular single of Can't Keep This Feeling In, a heavily remixed rap version was released under the pseudonym Blacknight (the name of his new record label) and subtitled the Step Child mix after Step Child, the producer who did the electronic doctoring. Without Richard's halo around it, the track was instantly playlisted by youth-oriented stations all over the country, including some that had previously blacklisted him.
Hardcore rap and soul DJs, who would have committed hara-kiri on their turntables rather than play a Cliff Richard record, went overboard for Blacknight. Dirty Den at KLIMAXX FM predicted the supposed newcomer's debut single would "do big things on the urban scene". E-Ze at Juice 105 FM called it "wicked rap with a good feel". DJ Pugwash at Unique FM said it had "street flava" and Kurt Gee at Rebel FM hailed it as a "cool toon". The release of the same song in ordinary format proved that Richard did not have to resort to such subterfuges and that he did not need validation from Dirty Den and DJ Pugwash either.
Choice FM interview the unknown artist Blacknight and ask who he is, Cliff states -
I am Cliff Richard
Proving a point for Cliff, they stopped playing the record.
Opens Roy Castle Lung Cancer Centre in Liverpool sporting a new very short hairstyle.
Breaks records with the longest ever residence at Londons RAH. He plays 32 dates. 90,000 tickets for 20 dates sell out in 36 hours so a further 12 are added.
Suffers with a chest infection and is advised not to release his single Vita Mia as the extra workload of promoting the single would affect his health.
Appears at Althrop for the Concert for Diana.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/hi/entertainment/121635.stm
Sir Cliff Richard, who headlined the event, said -
"This is our first opportunity to pay tribute to a wonderful, compassionate woman. She struck a chord in all our hearts. I would like to think we have found a true icon and if we can keep it alive a lot of people will be helped by money raised in her name."
The full line-up of stars taking part in the concert was as follows: Andrea Quinn, the BBC Concert Orchestra, the Chicken Shed Theatre Company, Chris de Burgh, David Hasselhoff, Edward Higginbottom, Jasper Carrott, Jimmy Ruffin, Julian Lloyd Webber, Lawrence Gowan, Lesley Garrett, the Lighthouse Family, Maxim Vengerov, Miriam Stockley, Peter Robinson, The Royal Academy of Music, Sir Cliff Richard, the College of New College, Oxford, the Soweto String Quartet, T'Pau, Vincenzo la Scola,
The Cliff Richard sweet pea is launched.
Later Cliff appears on Chris Evans Channel 4 show, TFI Friday -
During the interview Richard admitted that before appearing on the programme he had never seen it. Whether or not the ginger-haired maestro was annoyed by this sacrilege is not known. But last week on his Virgin Radio breakfast show, Evans announced that as the station's owner - as well as its chief DJ - he wanted the organisation's entire stock of Cliff Richard records "thrown out".
None the less, it became clear that by attacking pop music's equivalent of the Queen Mother, Evans might have gone too far, even for him. Virgin Radio's London offices were picketed by outraged Cliff fans (or "saddoes" as the red-haired one kindly dubbed them). A national newspaper has started a reader campaign against what it terms "the mad mullah" of the airwaves to make him rescind his Cliff Richard fatwa. And as if in divine judgment, figures just released show that Evans's Virgin show has lost half a million listeners in recent months.
Richard says he has nothing personal against Evans. "He was nice to me on his show - then he turns round and slags me off something rotten. But you've got to respect the success he's had. He started all this, and I think I've come out of it slightly better. People now realise there are other pop gurus around."
Chris Evans refuses to play Cliff and smashes his records as he said he was rude to him on his show. Cliff comments that he hadn't been rude to him.
1999
Jill Dando a good friend of Cliff is shot on her doorstep and Cliff is devastated by the news. He questioned why God had allowed this to happen to such a lovely person. Cliff's first encounter with Jill was arranged as a surprise by turning up as her Prince Charming at the Opera Ball in Vienna. Cliff became a good and valued friend. She learnt tennis so she could partner him at his tournament. When he went to dinner at her home, she hid most of her vast collection of his recordings to disguise from him just how great a fan she really was!
Sir Cliff Richard, Ms Dando's childhood heart-throb, was among those speaking warmly of the Crimewatch and holiday presenter, as well as performing a touching song This Love as a celebration of Jill's life. Cliff admitted to being emotional during the performance but gritted his teeth and tried to stay vibrant. Among the guests was her friend, the broadcaster Carol Vorderman, BBC newsman John Simpson, sports presenter Des Lynam and former BBC political editor John Cole and BBC director-general, Sir John Birt.
Cliff's Mom's health deteriorates and it becomes clear that she doesn't recognise Cliff.
Cliff has the highest sales for the year 2000 calendar.
Cliff announces he is taking the year 2000 off, there will be no concerts and nothing in his diary for a year for the first time since he started in 1958.
Millennium Prayer is written to form part of the Share Jesus International production, Hopes and Dreams . Cliff sings on the CD released containing the songs from the production. Steve (Dylan) Deal, Cliff and Paul Field. Steve won two Ivan Novella awards
Cliff decides it would make a good single for the Millennium.
Millennium Prayer - The controversy of a charity single -
· After 41 years Cliff quits EMI in charity disc dispute - EMI rejected the song because it was not the right material for them.
· Radio 2 snubs Cliff's new Christmas song. They stated it did not have broad enough appeal
· It was panned by the critic's and many radio stations refused to play it.
· Premier Radio asks listeners to boycott Radio 2. Fans protest outside Broadcasting house.
· Cliff beats Radio ban as Millennium Prayer nears No. 1. Cliff sells 61,915 copies while Boyzone sells only 55,599.
· Sir Cliff zooms into No. 2.
· Proceeds of the single went to aid charity Childrens Promise.
· Cliff celebrates as his single reached the top of the charts knocking off Wamdue Projects King of my Castle.
· It became Cliff's 14th No. 1 hit and the third highest selling single of his career.
Some reports -
Congratulations - but I'm sorry mate, I still hate the song - Oh Lord, I never thought my column would one day be dedicated to Cliff Richard. What's more I never believed the Lord's Prayer sung to the tune of Old Lang Syne would have made it to the top. But I kneel to a greater power a miracle has been performed.
Cliff has practically no radio play and his song was almost universally derided when it was first released. Everyone including me considered the song a huge mistake but against all odds Millennium Prayer has triumphed.
Why Cliff struck a chord. He's the only one reminding us of the true meaning of the Millennium.
George Michael brands Cliff's single vile.
2000
Cliff celebrates his 60th birthday with an 8 day cruise on the Seabourne Goddess 1 which departs from St Tropez, calling at Monte Carlo, Barcelona, Palma and Malaga. The journey is quite rough and most of the guests are travel sick. Alan Park, Cliff's keyboard player marries on board and Cliff gives the bride away. Shirley Bassey sings Happy Birthday to Cliff.
http://www.songsofshirleybassey.co.uk/info/articl37.html
Cliff receives an outstanding achievement away at the South Bank Awards in London.
Hearts on Fire was Cliff's only performance in the year. This was arranged previously, so he promised to honour it.
Cliff hands over a cheque to Children's Promise for £1 million.
Cliff buys a new home in Barbados.
Cliff opens new Christian offices in Dudley.
What are you doing? Don't you realise we get famous people in here? Sit down.
Waiter to Cliff Richard when he tried to take photographs in a Hollywood Restaurant.
2001
Wanted album is released
Cliff photographed in red trunks on the beach of Barbados, which appears in many magazines and papers with comments about Cliff still having a good figure at the age of 60.
Rumours that Cliff is to play Dracula.
Cliff releases his first red wine from his Portuguese vineyard called Vida Nova meaning New Life.
Start of the World Tour.
Cliff Flies to Nashville to record Somethings goin on album. .
The songwriters asked him questions on what he liked in life and they recorded songs to suit his ideals -
· Moments with friends and a cup of coffee - Simplicity
· Cars - What car
· Faith and God - Faithful one.
The 'Living Doll' singer said: "Don't think for a minute that I've abandoned my ambition to break through in the States"
His spokesman said: "It has always niggled him that he has failed to make a success of things in America"
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/features/2003/03/12/cliff.shtml
Cliff, the Musical is the brainchild of two Twickenham-based producers - Colin Rozee and Trevor Payne.
Over the last year the pair has been working with ex-BBC Radio One jock Mike Read to bring their creation to the West End.
Cliff appears in Party at the Palace for the Queens 50th Jubilee with other artistes including Paul McCartney, Atomic Kitten and Ozzy Ozbourne.
2004
Cliff receives the The Ultimate Pop Star award due to the fact that he has sold more singles in the UK than any other music artist, ahead of the Beatles in second place and Elvis Presley in third.
1. Cliff Richard (20,969,006)
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What was the name of the President of Granada who was executed during the 1983 coup? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 25 | 1983: US troops invade Grenada
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1983: US troops invade Grenada
United States marines and army rangers have invaded the Caribbean island of Grenada, seized the country's two airports and taken Cuban and Soviet prisoners.
The action, which has shocked the world, was ordered by President Ronald Reagan following a bloody coup by Cuban-trained military who executed Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, and at least 13 of his associates.
Backed by helicopter gunships, 1,900 US troops were airlifted to Pearls airport in the north of the island at dawn. They were followed a few hours later by 300 soldiers from six other Caribbean countries.
The invasion of this former British colony has angered British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher who spoke with President Reagan last night to try to dissuade him from military action.
But the Pentagon has expressed a "sense of outrage" that she refused to participate in the invasion despite America's support during the Falklands conflict last year.
Reagan's reasons
The US Secretary of Defense, Caspar Weinberger, said three US soldiers were killed as they fought members of a Cuban work force building a runway at Point Salinas Airport.
Other US officials said 30 Soviet advisers and 600 Cubans had been arrested. The Caribbean Broadcasting Corp owned by the Barbados government reported four Cubans dead.
President Reagan announced the attack at a news conference in the White House four hours after his troops had landed.
At his side was the prime minister of Dominica, Eugenia Charles, who is also chair of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).
The president said the US had taken military action after an appeal by the OECS, Jamaica and Barbados who were worried about the security of the region following last week's coup.
He also wanted to ensure the safety of a thousand Americans living in Grenada, including about 600 students and teachers at St George's University medical school.
Grenada gained its independence in 1974 and five years later there was a popular revolution led by the New Jewel Movement which brought the charismatic Marxist leader, Maurice Bishop, to power.
The coup leaders - Hudson Austin and Bernard Coard, Mr Bishop's former deputy - objected to the prime minister's policy of developing closer ties with the United States.
| Maurice Bishop |
The Ebro River is in which country? | 30 years on: The legacy of Reagan's invasion of Grenada | Al Jazeera America
30 years on: The legacy of Reagan's invasion of Grenada
Commentary: Reagan's invasion of tiny Caribbean island boosted US military and paved way for future interventions
October 25, 2013 6:15AM ET
U.S. troops guarding suspected members of the People's Revolutionary Army of Grenada during the Urgent Fury invasion of the island after a Marxist coup.
Matthew Naythons/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
American troops who hit the beaches on the tiny Caribbean island of Grenada exactly 30 years ago were bit players in a geopolitical comic opera. The invaders used photocopies of tourist maps, since the U.S. military had no maps of its own for the country. Communication was so confused that one officer had to call his base in North Carolina from a pay phone to request air cover. After an American bomb was mistakenly dropped on a mental hospital, dazed patients wandered aimlessly as heavily armed fighters emerged from surrounding cinnamon and allspice plantations, lending a surreal quality to the operation.
Grenada is a lovely dot of real estate. Natives like to say it is "just south of paradise, just north of frustration." Its population at the time of the invasion was 90,000, equivalent to that of Fargo, N.D. In 1983 one of the oddest battles of the Cold War was fought there.
Timing was the reason President Ronald Reagan launched the invasion. Americans were still demoralized from their defeat in Vietnam and the humiliating hostage crisis in Iran. Marxist-led insurgents had seized power in Nicaragua and were ascendant in El Salvador and Guatemala. A senior British officer who watched the Grenada invasion from nearby Barbados, Maj. Mark Adkin, wrote afterward that it was launched because of "the intense desire of the president and his advisers to raise U.S. prestige, particularly at home and in the armed forces, where morale and self-respect had fallen substantially since Vietnam."
In 1979, a handful of leftists calling themselves the New Jewel Movement seized power in Grenada. Their charismatic leader, the British-educated Maurice Bishop, turned out to be an admirer of Fidel Castro. Some of his comrades, however, considered him insufficiently radical. In October 1983, they deposed and executed him. That gave Reagan his chance.
Reagan had come into office pledging to restore American glory and was looking for a place to flex the country's military muscle. He had sent Marines to intervene in Lebanon's civil war, but that had not provided the quick victory he wanted. He was spending a weekend at Augusta National Golf Club when, at 2:27 on the morning of Oct. 23, he was awakened and given one of the worst pieces of news he would hear as president. The Marine barracks in Beirut had been destroyed in a suicide-bomb attack, killing 241 servicemen.
There was no easy way to repair this damage, and Reagan quickly ordered U.S. troops to abandon Lebanon. But by felicitous coincidence, the attack happened at the same time that Bishop's executioners in Grenada were trying to consolidate their new regime. Reagan had ordered preparations for an invasion before leaving Washington for his golfing weekend. He gave the final go-ahead after the Beirut attack.
As the Grenada operation was being hurriedly planned at the Pentagon, service rivalries reared their head. All branches of the armed forces insisted on participating. The result was a cobbled-together force that led to everything from shouting matches between officers to the discovery that each service used different radio frequencies and could not reach the others.
The invasion of Grenada was code-named Operation Urgent Fury, but it was neither urgent nor furious.
At first, Reagan seemed uncertain about whether to call for the invasion. His first order was to send only a warship, in case American students on the island requested evacuation. "There are not going to be any landings or anything like that," a Navy spokesman assured the press on Oct. 21. Four days later — two days after the Beirut bombing — the first of what became more than 7,000 U.S. troops stormed ashore.
On the morning of Oct. 25, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of Britain, which considered itself the ultimate legal authority in Grenada because the island is part of the Commonwealth, warned Reagan that an invasion "will be seen as intervention by a Western country in the internal affairs of a small independent nation, however unattractive its regime."
"She was very adamant and continued to insist that we cancel our landings on Grenada," Reagan later wrote in his autobiography. "I couldn't tell her that it had already begun."
The invading force met light resistance, including from a small cadre of Cubans. Nineteen Americans were killed. Within days, New Jewel leaders had been rounded up, and Grenada was quiet again. U.S. troops departed a couple of months later.
In public, Reagan and his aides justified their invasion with three arguments. First, they depicted Grenada's regime as murderous, anti-American and supported by Cuba. This was true, but it did not make Grenada a threat to the United States. Second, they said they needed to protect the lives of American students, although the students did not appear to be in danger. Third, they produced a letter signed by the governor general of Grenada, Paul Scoon, asking for intervention. It later turned out that the letter had been written in Washington, backdated and delivered to Scoon to sign after the invasion began.
The real reason for the operation was Reagan's belief that the U.S. needed a victory — any victory, anywhere. After the United Nations passed a resolution condemning the invasion as a "flagrant violation of international law," he brushed it off by saying that the resolution "didn't upset my breakfast at all." Several members of Congress visited Grenada to bask in the glory, among them Rep. Dick Cheney of Wyoming, who said the invasion proved that the United States was once again "steady and reliable."
An orgy of self-congratulation followed the triumph. A total of 8,612 medals were awarded to participants — most of them to desk officers who never came within a thousand miles of the island. "Our days of weakness are over!" Reagan exulted in a speech to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society in New York. "Our military forces are back on their feet and standing tall."
The invasion of Grenada was code-named Operation Urgent Fury, but it was neither urgent nor furious. It was carried out mainly to serve perceived political needs inside the United States. Geostrategic reasons were secondary. The United States subdued a nation whose entire population could have fit inside the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Calif. That this thrilled so many Americans suggests the enduring appeal of military victory, no matter how small or insignificant.
The Reagan administration never made any attempt to negotiate with Grenada's leaders or to evacuate American students peacefully. Its goal was not to resolve a tense situation but to destroy a regime that Reagan said was planning to "export terror and undermine democracy." The same approach would be used six years later in Panama, where the United States rejected a plan by the National Guard to depose the strongman, Manuel Antonio Noriega, because it wished not only to remove a leadership group but also to wipe out an entire governing system that it considered hostile.
Operation Urgent Fury was also an extreme example of asymmetric warfare. It was meant above all as a show of force, and it stunned the Central American and Caribbean left. Inside the Reagan administration, it was seen as a triumph. It gave senior officials a sense of momentum, which propelled them to intensify U.S. support for pro-U.S. regimes in El Salvador and Guatemala and for Contra rebels fighting the Sandinista government of Nicaragua.
One final legacy of this invasion is what did not happen afterward. It would have been cheap and simple for the United States to turn Grenada into a model of Caribbean prosperity and thereby to suggest that being conquered by Americans is a good thing. Instead, the U.S. quickly moved on. In 2007 Grenada co-hosted the Cricket World Cup in a brand-new $40 million stadium. It was paid for by the People's Republic of China.
Opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of Al Jazeera America.
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In which English city is the Cartwright Hall Art Gallery? | Cartwright Hall Art Gallery, Bradford | National Lottery Good Causes
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Cartwright Hall Art Gallery, Bradford
The City of Bradford Metropolitan Council used National Lottery funding to convert a gallery for its permanent collection of South Asian Fine and Decorative Arts.
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About the project
This project received a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, which awards money raised by National Lottery players to transform museums, galleries, libraries and archives, and improve the collections of art, objects and literature that they hold for generations to come. From Belfast to Norwich and Swansea to Shetland, museums and libraries across the country have benefitted from Lottery cash. Some of these have modern new buildings, while others have been redeveloped in historic buildings, or had their facilities improved so that everyone can visit and enjoy them. As well as making a difference to the venues themselves, the Heritage Lottery Fund also assists museums, galleries and libraries in acquiring new objects and collections, to help their visitors discover as much as possible about our history. For example, many important British paintings have been prevented from becoming part of foreign collections so that communities in the UK can continue to learn from them. For this reason the Heritage Lottery Fund also supports education projects in museums, galleries and libraries, and helps to make archive collections more accessible by awarding grants for cataloguing, digitisation, online resources and community outreach projects.
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Dean Castle Country Park
Dean Castle Country Park is one of the hundreds of parks and open spaces in Britain that have been revitalised using money from The National Lottery, awarded by the Heritage Lottery Fund.
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A luce is the name for which fully grown fish? | Cartwright Hall Art Gallery | Culture24
Cartwright Hall Art Gallery
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Cartwright Hall is Bradford's civic art gallery and offers an exciting programme of contemporary exhibitions, with four permanent galleries displaying works from our art collections. The collections consist mainly of 19th and 20th century British art, with strong collections of international contemporary prints and contemporary South Asian art and crafts.
In 2008 Cartwright Hall re-opened its upper galleries with Connect, a new permanent exhibition funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. Connect makes connections between works of art from different cultures and times. This transcultural concept combines over two hundred Eastern and Western works of art displayed according to the universal themes of People, Place and Imagination.
Our Learning Team runs a programme of workshops and events for schools, groups and individuals. Many of Cartwright Hall's facilities are available for hire. Please contact Reception for information in advance of your visit 01274 431212.
Cartwright Hall has been collecting prints for over one hundred years and its collection includes works by master printmakers such as Francisco Goya, William Blake and Walter Sickert and by modern masters - Pop Artists Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and Richard Hamilton. We also have the four major series of prints produced by David Hockney; Six Fairy Tales from the Brothers Grimm, The Blue Guitar, A Rake’s Progress and Illustrations of the Poetry of C. P. Cavafy. For enquires regarding the print collection please contact [email protected]
Cartwright Hall is set in the magnificent, Green Flag-awarded grounds of Lister Park, with a boating lake, adventure playground and Mughal Gardens. There is a privately run cafe in the Lister Park boat house which opens seasonally.
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Dakahlia, Ghabia and Helwan are governorates of which country? | Egypt Governorates
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Updates:
On 2015/04/24, Ahram Online reported that President El-Sisi has canceled Egypt's daylight saving time. On 2016/04/28, Ahram Online reported that Egypt's daylight saving time was reinstated, at least for 2016.
Sorin Cosoveanu notified me that Egypt created three new governorates on 2014-08-17. Central Sinai is being formed from parts of South Sinai and North Sinai. Al-Alamein is splitting from Matruh. The third is Al-Wahhat Al-Bahariya, also known as Wahat or Oases; from the maps I've seen, it appears to be formed from parts of Al Jizah and Al Wadi al Jadid. (Note that there was a governorate called Bahariya Oases in 1947. It's the name of a landform, whether or not it's an administrative division.) At the same time, there are many territorial adjustments to the other governorates. The smaller governorates will acquire desert land from the large, sparsely populated ones. In theory, this will allow the small ones to move their surplus population outward and release arable land for cultivation. Confirmation is provided by source [10].
Looking further ahead, the government envisages the creation of governorates called 10 Ramadan and 26 January in the vicinity of Cairo. Recalling the brief career of Helwan and Sixth of October, I wonder whether these changes will remain in effect.
Egypt stopped observing daylight saving time from 2010 to 2013, but it is resuming it in 2014.
Update 6 to "Geopolitical Entities and Codes" was dated 2011-11-30. For Egypt, it rescinded the FIPS codes that had been assigned to Helwan and Sixth of October governorates. ISO 3166-2 deleted the same governorates on 2014-10-29.
Update 1 to the U.S. standard "Geopolitical Entities and Codes" is dated 2010-08-20. It assigns FIPS codes to the three newest governorates, Al Uqsur, Helwan, and Sixth of October. Newsletter II-2, an update to the ISO 3166-2 standard, is dated 2010-06-30. It assigns ISO codes to Helwan and Sixth of October governorates.
ISO 3166-2 has come out in a second edition, dated 2007-12-15. This contains the ISO code for Luxor, as shown below.
Country overview:
Cairo
Egypt had been part of the Ottoman Empire before 1879. The British military occupied it in 1882, setting up a government subservient to British interests, although it remained technically a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire. On 1914-11-18, Great Britain declared Egypt to be its protectorate. After World War I, with Turkey defeated, Egypt was granted a large measure of independence, effective as of 1922-02-28. A constitutional monarchy was established. In 1952, the monarchy fell to a coup led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser's government formed a union with Syria, the United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), on 1958-02-01. Egypt and Syria became regions of the U.A.R. Syria withdrew from the union on 1961-09-29. Egypt continued to call itself the U.A.R. until 1971-09-01. On that date, a loose federation was formed, the Federation of Arab Republics, comprising Egypt, Syria, and Libya. Egypt's official name became the Arab Republic of Egypt. In the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel occupied the Sinai Peninsula up to the banks of the Suez Canal, later withdrawing to a cease-fire line a few kilometers to the east. The canal remained closed from 1967 to 1975. The Sinai was restored to Egypt in stages by the terms of the peace treaty negotiated at Camp David and signed on 1979-03-26.
Other names of country:
L: Governorates of Lower (downstream) Egypt
U: Governorates of Upper Egypt
PC: Egypt uses five-digit postal codes. The first two digits indicate the governorate.
Population: 2006-11-11 census (source [3]).
Further subdivisions:
See the Markazes of Egypt page.
Egypt's subdivisions at the secondary level include markazes and kisms. The markazes are more rural than the kisms. Some small areas in port cities are under the separate jurisdiction of a police department. There are also territories, mostly desert, that are not in any of those subdivisions.
Territorial extent:
Egypt ceded two sparsely inhabited areas to Libya in 1919 and 1926. These cessions left the border in its modern position, following the meridian of 25� East quite closely.
The legal boundary between Egypt and Sudan follows the parallel of 22� North, except for a small jog where the Nile crosses it. At the Nile, Sudan owns territory north of that parallel, mostly inundated by Lake Nasser. However, near the Red Sea, the administrative boundary deviates from the legal boundary. There is a small region in Sudan, south of 22�, administered by Egypt, and a larger area in Egypt, north of the parallel, administered by Sudan.
Egypt owns some islands in the Red Sea. They belong to Al Bahr al Ahmar governorate. The largest of them include Jazīrat Shākir and Jazīrat Zabarjad.
for Egypt lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions.
Origins of names:
Al Fayyūm: from Coptic Fiom: the lake
Al Gharbīyah: Arabic for Western
Al Iskandarīyah: founded by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.
Al Ismā`īlīyah: named for Ismail Pasha (1830-1895), viceroy of Egypt during the building of the Suez Canal
Al Jīzah: Egyptian er-ges-her: beside the great pyramid
Al Qāhirah: Arabic for the victorious one, an epithet of the planet Mars, which was in the ascendant when construction began on 969-07-06
Ash Sharqīyah: Arabic for Eastern
As Suways: after a nearby spring, Bīr Suweis
Aswān: Ancient Egyptian suanit: market
Asyūt: Ancient Egyptian syawt: guardian
Būr Sa`īd: Arabic for Port Said, which was named for Mohammed Said Pasha, viceroy of Egypt when work began on the Suez Canal
Change history:
There have been numerous border adjustments. Typically, one of the smaller governorates annexes adjacent territory from a frontier governorate.
According to source [6], the divisions of Egypt in 1913 were as follows. El-Arish is in what is now Shamal Sīnā' (North Sinai).
Name
Typ: D = frontier district; G = (urban) governorate;
L = province of Lower Egypt; U = province of Upper Egypt.
Pop-47: 1947-03-26 census.
Pop-37: 1937 census.
~1950: Kafr ash Shaykh governorate split from Gharbiya. Canal governorate split into Ismailia, Port Fuad, Port Suez, and Western-Qantara governorates (source [7]).
~1960: Capital of Girga governorate moved from Girga to Sūhāj, and name changed to match.
1980s: Several sources show a governorate named At Tahrīr (Liberation), capital Nasr. This governorate was apparently swallowed up by the growth of the governorates of Al Iskandarīyah and Al Buhayrah.
~1984: Sīnā' governorate split into Janūb Sīnā' (South) and Shamal Sīnā' (North).
~1987: Name of Marsā Matrūh governorate, and its capital, changed to Matrūh.
2008-04-17: By decree of President Hosni Mubarak, Helwan governorate split from Al Qāhirah; Sixth of October governorate split from Al Jīzah. According to source [4], "The final borders of Helwan, Fayoum, Beni Sweif, Minya, and Sixth of October governorates will be fixed by the beginning of May [2008]...."
2009-12-07: Luxor governorate officially split from Qina by Hosni Mubarak. I saw evidence as early as 2001-08-10 that this split had occurred, but apparently it was misleading.
2011-04-12: By Supreme Council of Armed Forces decree no. 63, Helwan governorate merged with Al Qāhirah, and Sixth of October governorate merged with Al Jīzah, reversing the changes of 2008-04-17. During their brief existence, Helwan had HASC code EG.HW, ISO HU, FIPS EG30, and capital Helwan; Sixth of October had the respective codes EG.SO, SU, EG29, and its capital was Sixth of October City.
2014-08-17: Central Sinai governorate formed from parts of South Sinai and North Sinai. Al-Alamein governorate split from Matruh. Al-Wahhat Al-Bahariya governorate, also known as Wahat or Oases, formed from parts of Al Jīzah and Al Wadi al Jadid (tentative). Other governorates transferred territory to their neighbors. These changes are not yet shown in the table.
Other names of subdivisions:
Spelling notes:
Place names are officially written in Arabic script. Some names may be translated, but most are transliterated or transcribed into the Roman alphabet. There are many possible methods of transliteration. Some of this variety is shown in the table of variant names.
The initial elements Ad, Al, As, Ash, At, and Az are articles. Sometimes, especially in older sources, they are spelled Ed, El, Es, and so on. Sometimes they are connected to the following word with hyphens. Some sources omit them entirely.
I have not attempted to reproduce the "dot below" diacritical mark that modifies some h's, s's, and t's. The ayn is shown as a back apostrophe (`), and the hamza as an apostrophe (').
Ad Daqahlīyah: Dacahlia, Dagahlia, Dakahlieh, Dakahliya, Dakalieh, Daqahlīya (variant); Dakahlia, Dekahlia (Anglicized)
Al Bahr al Ahmar: Mar Rojo (Spanish); Mar Rosso (Italian); Mar Vermelho (Portuguese); Mer Rouge (French); Red Sea (Anglicized); R�da havet (Swedish); R�dehavet (Norwegian); Rotes Meer (German)
Al Buhayrah: Beheira, Behera (Anglicized); El Buhayra (variant); B�h�ra (French)
Al Fayyūm: El Faiyum, el Fayoum, Faium, Faiyūm, Fayum (variant); Fayoum, Fayyum (Anglicized)
Al Gharbīyah: al-Garbīyah, Al Gharbya, El Gharbiya, Garbia, Gharbieh, Gharbīya (variant); Gharbia (Anglicized)
Al Iskandarīyah: Alejandr�a (Spanish); Alessandria (Italian); Alexandria (Anglicized); Alexandrie (French); El Iskandariya (variant)
Al Ismā`īlīyah: Ismailia (Anglicized); Isma�lia (French); Isma'iliya (variant)
Al Jīzah: El Giza, El Gīzah, Gizeh (variant); Giza (Anglicized); Guiz�h (French)
Al Minūfīyah: Menoufieh, Menufia, Menūfīya, Minūfīya, Munufia (variant); Menoufia, Minufia, Monofiya (Anglicized)
Al Minyā: Minia, Minieh (variant); Menia, Minya (Anglicized)
Al Qāhirah: Cairo (English, Portuguese); El Cairo (Spanish); El Qahira (variant); Il Cairo (Italian); Kairo (Danish, German, Norwegian, Swedish); Le Caire (French); Каир (Russian)
Al Qalyūbīyah: Caliubia, Kalioubieh, Kalioubiya, Qaliyubia, Qalyubiya (variant); Kalyobiya, Kalyoubia, Kalyubia (Anglicized)
Al Uqsur: Al-Qusur, Al-Uqsor (variant); Luxor, Luxur City (Anglicized)
Al Wādī al Jadīd: El-Wadi El-Gidid (variant); New Valley (Anglicized); Novo Vale (Portuguese); Ouādi El Guedīd (French); Southern Desert (obsolete)
Ash Sharqīyah: Charkieh, Sharqia, Sharqīya, Sharquia (variant); Sharkia, Sharqeia (Anglicized)
As Suways: El Suweiz, Es Suweis (variant); Suez (Anglicized)
Aswān: Assouan (French); Assu� (Portuguese); Assuan (Italian, Norwegian); Assu�n (Spanish); Aswan (Anglicized); Syene (ancient)
Asyūt: Assiout (French); Assiut, Assyut (variant); Asyout, Asyut (Anglicized)
Banī Suwayf: Bani Souwaif, Beni Suef (Anglicized); Beni Souef (French)
Būr Sa`īd: Canal (obsolete); Port Said (Anglicized); Port-Sa�d (French)
Dumyāt: Damietta (Anglicized, Italian); Damiette (French); Dumiāt (variant)
Janūb Sīnā': Sina al-Janubiyah, Sina' al-Janūbīyah, Sinai al Janūbīa (variant); South Sinai (Anglicized); Sud Sina� (French)
Kafr ash Shaykh: Kafr ash Shaikh, Kafr ash-Shayk, Kafr el Sheik (variant); Kafr el Sheikh (Anglicized)
Matrūh: Marsā Matrūh, Mersa Matruh, Western Desert (obsolete); Matrouh (Anglicized, French)
Qinā: Kena, Qena (Anglicized); Quena (variant)
Shamal Sīnā': Nord Sina� (French); North Sinai (Anglicized); Sina ash-Shamālīyah, Sinai ash Shamālīya (variant)
Sūhāj: Girga, Girgeh (obsolete); Sawhāj, Sohag (variant); Suhag (Anglicized)
Population history:
| Egypt |
Former French President Charles de Gaulle said ‘How can you govern a country which has 246 varieties of ‘what’? | List of the 29 Governorates in Egypt
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By Amanda Briney
Egypt , officially called the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a republic located in northern Africa. It shares borders with Gaza Strip, Israel, Libya and Sudan and its boundaries also include the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean and Red Sea and it has a total area of 386,662 square miles (1,001,450 sq km). Egypt has a population of 80,471,869 (July 2010 estimate) and its capital and largest city is Cairo.
In terms of local administration, Egypt is divided into 29 governorates that are administered by a local governor. Some of Egypt's governorates are very densely populated, like Cairo, while others have small populations and large areas like New Valley or South Sinai.
The following is a list of Egypt's 29 governorates arranged in terms of their area. For reference, capital cities have also been included.
1) New Valley
Area: 145,369 square miles (376,505 sq km)
Capital: Kharga
Area: 81,897 square miles (212,112 sq km)
Capital: Marsa Matruh
Area: 78,643 square miles (203,685 sq km)
Capital: Hurghada
Area: 32,878 square miles (85,153 sq km)
Capital: Giza
Area: 12,795 square miles (33,140 sq km)
Capital: el-Tor
Area: 10,646 square miles (27,574 sq km)
Capital: Arish
Area: 6,888 square miles (17,840 sq km)
Capital: Suez
Area: 3,520 square miles (9,118 sq km)
Capital: Damanhur
Area: 2,895 square miles (7,500 sq km)
Capital: Helwan
Area: 1,614 square miles (4,180 sq km)
Capital: Zagazig
Area: 1,340 square miles (3,471 sq km)
Capital: Mansura
Area: 1,327 square miles (3,437 sq km)
Capital: Kafr el-Sheikh
Area: 1,034 square miles (2,679 sq km)
Capital: Alexandra
Area: 982 square miles (2,544 sq km)
Capital: Shibin el-Kom
Area: 873 square miles (2,262 sq km)
Capital: Minya
Area: 750 square miles (1,942 sq km)
Capital: Tanta
Area: 705 square miles (1,827 sq km)
Capital: Faiym
Area: 693 square miles (1,796 sq km)
Capital: Qena
Area: 599 square miles (1,553 sq km)
Capital: Asyut
Area: 597 square miles (1,547 sq km)
Capital: Sohag
Area: 557 square miles (1,442 sq km)
Capital: Ismailia
Area: 510 square miles (1,322 sq km)
Capital: Beni Suef
Area: 386 square miles (1,001 sq km)
Capital: Banha
Area: 262 square miles (679 sq km)
Capital: Aswan
Area: 227 square miles (589 sq km)
Capital: Damietta
| i don't know |
Pattie Boyd, George Harrison’s first wife, was cast as a schoolgirl fan in which Beatles film? | Pattie Boyd famous for marriages to George Harrison and Eric Clapton ties knot | Daily Mail Online
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She was the woman who inspired three of the greatest love songs of all time and was at the heart of the most famous love triangle in rock history.
Married to both George Harrison and Eric Clapton, model Pattie Boyd was one of the most envied women in the world.
Yesterday at the age of 71, she wed for a third time – with a soundtrack provided by her Irish terrier Freddie who did his best to upstage the bride and her new groom, property developer Rod Weston.
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Pattie Boyd has tied the knot for the third time, this time with Rod Weston at Chelsea Registry Office, Chelsea Old Town Hall, in London
Pattie, photographed with Rod and their dog Freddie, was famously married to both George Harrison and Eric Clapton in the past
The couple look delighted as their leave the town hall to a shower of confetti
The setting was very rock and roll; Chelsea Register Office on the King’s Road, where so many of pop’s leading men and women have married over the years.
But that’s where any similarity with Pattie’s famous past began and ended.
There were still splashes of style, of course, from the Bentley that took the happy couple to their wedding breakfast at the uber-trendy Beaumont Hotel in Mayfair to the presence of Pattie’s fellow Sixties model Edina Ronay.
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But there were no groupies or hangers-on as there had been when she married Clapton in 1979 or Harrison in 1966 – just a handful of close friends and family who threw confetti as Pattie and Rod, who have been together almost 25 years, emerged from the cream-painted Rossetti Room arm in arm.
And in a nod to the tradition of the bride wearing something borrowed, Patti wore a hat owned by her late friend Pat Booth, the model turned best-selling author who died of cancer in 2009.
Friends of the couple, who live in Kensington, feared they would never tie the knot. ‘It’s almost our silver anniversary so we thought we had better get on with it,’ said Weston, 61.
George Harrison (who died in November 2001) and Pattie Boyd, 21, leave Epsom Registrar Office after their marriage in January 1966
Eric Clapton married Pattie Boyd, the ex-wife of his friend George Harrison, in 1979
Since settling down with Weston, Pattie, a former Vogue cover girl, has turned herself into an accomplished photographer and her pictures have been exhibited all over the world.
With the death of John Lennon’s ex-wife Cynthia last month, convent-educated Pattie is now the sole surviving first wife of a Beatle.
Born in Somerset, she met Harrison on the set of A Hard Day’s Night in 1964, when she was cast as a schoolgirl in The Beatles’ first film.
They were married two years later when she was 21 and Harrison, 22. He later wrote the song Something for her.
It was by no means the only famous song composed for the bewitching beauty.
The 70-year-old model, photographer and author, has found love for the third time with Weston
Pattie showcased her age-defying good looks and sartorial prowess in a chic silver and blue coat jacket and silver dress
She accessorised her look with silver sandals and an oversized hat, and carried a posy of flowers as her guests showered her and her new husband with confetti
Eric Clapton, who pursued her passionately, rhapsodised about her refusal to abandon Harrison for him with his anguished and electrifying hit Layla. He also wrote his most famous ballad, Wonderful Tonight, for her.
In her 2007 memoir, Wonderful Today, Pattie broke 35 years of silence to describe how after years of mutual anguish which pushed Clapton to the brink of a drug-induced breakdown, she eventually left Harrison to marry Clapton.
Her affair with the guitarist started in 1970 after he played Layla to her for the first time.
She said: ‘He played it to me two or three times, all the while watching my face intently for my reaction. My first thought was, “Oh God, everyone’s going to know this is about me.’’
Pattie, now 71, met property developer Rod back in 1991 and he became her long-term partner
Pattie with her mother and Diana and sister Jenny at her wedding on Thursday
Pattie, who has graced the cover of Vogue numerous times, and had three of arguably the greatest love songs ever written for her, has had some of the most high-profile relationships of all time
The first time that Pattie tied the knot was to George Harrison in January 1966 and legend Paul McCartney was best man
‘I was married to Eric’s close friend George Harrison, but Eric had been making his desire for me clear for months.
‘But with the realisation that I had inspired such passion and creativity, the song got the better of me. I could resist no longer.’
Later that day, Clapton confronted Harrison and said: ‘I have to tell you, man, that I’m in love with your wife.’ They finally got together in 1974, marrying five years later.
But while the songs have gone into rock history the marriage did not last and they split up in 1984.
For Pattie, life these days is a lot less complicated and the bridge-playing former rock chick is happy to start a new chapter in her extraordinary life.
| hard day s night |
July 1938 saw the first ascent of the North Face of which Alpine mountain? | Pattie Boyd: 'My hellish love triangle with George and Eric' - Part One | Daily Mail Online
Pattie Boyd: 'My hellish love triangle with George and Eric' - Part One
Last updated at 08:58 06 August 2007
George Harrison wrote the love song Something for his wife Pattie Boyd. Eric Clapton wrote Layla for her. Theirs was the most extraordinary love triangle in rock history.
Now, after four decades of silence, the woman who drove two music legends wild tells the raw, unexpurgated story of her life...
We met secretly at a flat in South Kensington. Eric Clapton had asked me to come because he wanted me to listen to a new number he had written.
He switched on the tape machine, turned up the volume and played me the most powerful, moving song I had ever heard. It was Layla, about a man who falls hopelessly in love with a woman who loves him but is unavailable.
He played it to me two or three times, all the while watching my face intently for my reaction. My first thought was: 'Oh God, everyone's going to know this is about me.'
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I was married to Eric's close friend, George Harrison, but Eric had been making his desire for me clear for months. I felt uncomfortable that he was pushing me in a direction in which I wasn't certain I wanted to go.
Scroll down to view an exclusive video interview with Pattie...
But with the realisation that I had inspired such passion and creativity, the song got the better of me. I could resist no longer.
That evening I was going to the theatre to see Oh! Calcutta! with a friend and then on to a party at the home of pop impresario Robert Stigwood. George didn't want to go to the show or the party.
After the interval at Oh!Calcutta! I came back to find Eric in the next seat, having persuaded a stranger to swap places with him. Afterwards we went to Robert's house separately but we were soon together. It was a great party and I felt elated by what had happened earlier in the day but also deeply guilty.
During the early hours, George appeared. He was morose and his mood was not improved by walking into a party that had been going on for several hours and where most of the guests were high on drugs.
He kept asking 'Where's Pattie?' but no one seemed to know. He was about to leave when he spotted me in the garden with Eric. It was just getting light, and very misty. George came over and demanded: 'What's going on?'
To my horror, Eric said: 'I have to tell you, man, that I'm in love with your wife.'
I wanted to die. George was furious. He turned to me and said: 'Well, are you going with him or coming with me?'
I had met George six years previously, in 1964, when he was filming A Hard Day's Night. Britain and most of Europe was in the grip of Beatlemania.
John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr were mobbed everywhere they went, and at their concerts thousands of hysterical teenagers cried and screamed so loudly that no one could hear the music.
Shortly before they started shooting A Hard Day's Night, The Beatles took America by storm. In February 1964 they appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, one of America's most prestigious programmes, and attracted an audience of 73million.
I was a model, working with some of the most successful photographers in London, including David Bailey and Terence Donovan. I was appearing in newspapers and magazines such as Vanity Fair and Vogue, but in March my agent sent me along to a casting session for a film.
Scroll down to view an exclusive video interview with Pattie...
She called later to tell me I had been offered the part of a schoolgirl fan in a Beatles film. On first impressions, John seemed more cynical and brash than the others, Ringo the most endearing, Paul was cute and George, with velvet-brown eyes and dark chestnut hair, was the best-looking man I had ever seen. At a break for lunch I found myself sitting next to him. Being close to him was electrifying.
Almost the first thing he said to me was: 'Will you marry me?' He was joking but there was a hint of seriousness. We got together soon after that and married two years later on January 21, 1966. I was 21, he was 22. I was so happy and so much in love. I thought we would be together and happy for ever.
Three years later, in 1969, George wrote a song called Something. He told me in a matter-of-fact way that he had written it for me. I thought it was beautiful and it turned out to be the most successful song he ever wrote, with more than 150 cover versions.
Frank Sinatra said he thought it was the best love song ever written. George's favourite version was the one by James Brown. Mine was the one by George Harrison, which he played to me in our kitchen.
But, in fact, by then our relationship was in trouble. Since a trip to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram in India in 1968, George had become obsessive about meditation. He was also sometimes withdrawn and depressed.
My moods started to mirror his and at times I felt almost suicidal. I don't think I was ever in any real danger of killing myself but I got as
far as working out how I would do it: put on a diaphanous Ossie Clark dress and throw myself off Beachy Head.
Scroll down to view an exclusive video interview with Pattie...
And there were other women, which really hurt me. George was fascinated by the god Krishna who was always surrounded by young maidens. He came back from India wanting to be some kind of Krishna figure, a spiritual being with lots of concubines. He actually said so.
No woman was out of bounds. I was friendly with a French girl who was going out with Eric Clapton. When she and Eric broke up, she came to stay with us at our house, Kinfauns, in Esher, Surrey.
She didn't seem remotely upset about Eric and was uncomfortably close to George. Something was going on between them but when I questioned George he told me my imagination was running away with me, that I was paranoid.
I left to stay with friends and within days George phoned to say the
girl had gone. I returned home but I was shocked that he could do such a thing to me. I felt unloved and miserable.
It was around this time that Eric began to come over to our house. He and George had become close friends, writing and recording music together.
Eric's guitar playing was held in awe by his fellow musicians. Graffiti declaring 'Clapton is God' had been scrawled on the London Underground, and he was an incredibly exciting performer to watch. He looked wonderful on stage, very sexy.
But when I met him he didn't behave like a rock star – he was surprisingly shy and reticent. I was aware that Eric found me attractive and I enjoyed the attention he paid me.
It was hard not to be flattered when I caught him staring at me or when he chose to sit beside me. He complimented me on what I was wearing and the food I had cooked, and he said things he knew would make me laugh. Those were all things that George no longer did.
One night in December 1969 I took my 17-year-old sister Paula to see Eric play in Liverpool. Paula was very pretty and a bit of a wild child, and that night Eric fell for her. After the show we all went to a restaurant and everyone was quite drunk and raucous. When the rest of us went back to the hotel, we left Eric and Paula dancing.
The next night Eric was playing in Croydon and again Paula and I went to watch, and again there was a wild after-show party, this time at Eric's Italianate manor house, Hurtwood Edge in Ewhurst, Surrey. Soon after, Paula moved in with Eric.
In March 1970, George and I moved into a new house. Friar Park was a magnificent Victorian Gothic pile near Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, with 25 bedrooms, a ballroom, a library, a formal garden of 12 acres and a further 20 acres of land.
One morning shortly after moving in, a letter arrived for me with the words 'express' and 'urgent' written on the envelope. Inside I found a small piece of paper. In small, immaculate writing, with no capital letters, I read: 'dearest l,'as you have probably gathered, my own home affairs are a galloping farce, which is rapidly degenerating day by intolerable day . . . it seems like an eternity since i last saw or
spoke to you!'
He needed to ascertain my feelings: id I still love my husband or did I
have another lover? More crucially, did I still have feelings in my heart for him? He had to know, and urged me to write. 'please do this, whatever it may say, my mind will be at rest . . .'all my love, e.'
I assumed it was from some weirdo.
I got fan mail occasionally – when I wasn't getting hate mail from George's fans. I showed it to George and others who were at the house. They laughed and dismissed it, as I had.
That evening the phone rang. It was Eric. 'Did you get my letter?' he asked.
Exclusive video interview...
| i don't know |
The famous ‘Seven Ages of Man’ speech is delivered in which Shakespeare play? | William Shakespeare – The Seven Ages of Man ("All the world's a stage") | Genius
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About “The Seven Ages of Man ("All the world's a stage")”
In William Shakespeare’s As You Like It , the sad Jacques delivers these lines as a monologue in Act II, Scene vii .
The monologue is centered on a conceit comparing life to a play. Jacques borrows this conceit from Duke Senior, who remarks after learning of Orlando’s misfortunes that
This wide and universal theatre
Presents more woeful pageants than the scene
Wherein we play in
Jacques, renowned for his cynical wit, immediately responds by blowing this conceit out of proportion. According to Jacques, man essentially plays seven parts in his lifetime:
Quick in quarrel , shrunk shank , and turning toward are among the many instances of alliteration in this poem.
What is compared to the stage in the first two lines? How are the two related?
The world is represented metaphorically as a stage, and humans are compared to the actors who work upon it.
Does the poem present a negative view of life
The poem presents a somewhat nihilistic, hopeless view of life.
What kind of audience does it target?
Plays, such as the one (As You Like It) from which this was taken, were one of the only art forms targeted to appeal not only to the aristocracy, but to the general public living in London, England in the late 16th century.
How does the seven ages of man describe the persona of the character?
Jacques' view of the seven stages of man is bleak, reinforcing the melancholic quality of his character.
What is the fifth age of man?
The fifth age of man is the justice , or judge.
What is the seventh stage of man?
While it is tempting to read the seventh stage as death, in the metaphor, death would be an exit from the stage, rather than an act occurring on the stage. A man can’t play the part of a dead person, but rather with death leaves the stage.
Instead, the seventh act is extreme old age, a second helplessness, the first being the “mewling and puking” infant in the nurse’s arms.
Why did William Shakespeare write this monologue?
Even while it’s impossible to know why William Shakespeare wrote anything, we might note that this monologue follows the ancient order of the planetary spheres. Each of the roles played by man at some age corresponds to a planetary personality, beginning with the Moon.
This order is determined by orbital period, from shorter to longer: Moon (the mewling infant in Nurse’s arms), Mercury (the schoolboy), Venus (the lover), Mars (the soldier), Jupiter (the round-bellied justice), Saturn (the old man).
Absent this list is the Sun, which in terms of orbital period falls between Venus and Mars. On a related note, the Seventh Age, the dissolution in which all characteristics are lost, has no planet.
In the old planetary cosmology, the sphere beyond Saturn was the divine realm, the realm of the stars. It’s tempting, given this, to identify the Seventh Age with the Sun, in whose brightness the specific qualities of the light of an individual candle (metaphorically, the qualities of the individual self) are completely lost… “sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.”
How does a man appear in the sixth stage of life ?
He appears to be an old man.
In lines 13 and 14 what is compared to reputation ?
Reputation is described as a “bubble.” This might be understood as an inflation, a puffing up. The soldier seeks to distinguish himself, to earn a reputation that will inflate his status, “even in the cannon’s mouth” – which is to say, even facing the mouth of death. The soldier in the fourth stage is seeking exactly the inflation of status achieved by the Justice in the fifth.
how man is the mocked in this poem
It’s not a poem, but a passage, and man is not mocked.
"The Seven Ages of Man ("All the world's a stage")" Track Info
| As You Like It |
What was known as the ‘National Razor’ during the French Revolution? | Quotations from Shakespeare's As You Like It
Quotations from Shakespeare's As You Like It
As You Like It is packed with unforgettable quotations that have become a part of present-day culture. The most famous passage, and one of the most eloquent in all of English literature, is Jaques' speech on the seven ages of man, which begins "All the world's a stage."
Fleet the time carelessly, as they did in the golden world. (1.1.127)
Let us sit and mock the good housewife Fortune from her wheel, that her gifts may henceforth be bestowed equally. (1.2.36)
Fortune reigns in gifts of the world. (1.2.39)
Always the dullness of the fool is the whetstone of the wits. (1.2.59)
How now, wit! whither wander you? (1.2.61)
Well said: that was laid on with a trowel. (1.2.113)
Your heart's desires be with you! (1.2.214)
One out of suits with fortune. (1.2.263)
My pride fell with my fortunes. (1.2.269)
Sir, you have wrestled well, and overthrown
More than your enemies. (1.2.272)
Hereafter, in a better world than this,
I shall desire more love and knowledge of you. (1.2.302)
Thus must I from the smoke into the smother;
From tyrant duke unto a tyrant brother. (1.2.306)
O, how full of briers is this working-day world! (1.3.13)
Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold. (1.3.110)
We'll have a swashing and a martial outside,
As many other mannish cowards have
That do outface it with their semblances. (1.3.125)
Hath not old custom made this life more sweet
Than that of painted pomp? Are not these woods
More free from peril than the envious court?
Here feel we but the penalty of Adam,
The seasons' difference; as, the icy fang
And churlish chiding of the winter's wind,
Which, when it bites and blows upon my body,
Even till I shrink with cold, I smile and say,
'This is no flattery.' (2.1.2)
Sweet are the uses of adversity,
Which like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head;
And this our life, exempt from public haunt,
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,
Sermons in stones, and good in everything. (2.1.13)
The big round tears
Coursed one another down his innocent nose,
In piteous chase. (2.1.39)
Unregarded age in corners thrown. (2.3.46)
Therefore my age is as a lusty winter,
Frosty, but kindly. (2.3.55)
Thou art not for the fashion of these times,
Where none will sweat but for promotion. (2.3.59)
In thy youth thou wast as true a lover
As ever sighed upon a midnight pillow. (2.4.28)
If thou remember'st not the slightest folly
That ever love did make thee run into,
Thou hast not loved. (2.4.36)
We that are true lovers run into strange capers. (2.4.55)
Thou speakest wiser than thou art ware of. (2.4.58)
I shall ne'er be ware of mine own wit till I break my shins against it. (2.4.60)
Under the greenwood tree
Who loves to lie with me,
And turn his merry note
Unto the sweet bird's throat,
Come hither, come hither, come hither:
Here shall he see
But winter and rough weather. (2.5.1)
Who doth ambition shun
And loves to live i' the sun,
Seeking the food he eats,
And pleased with what he gets. (2.5.39)
I met a fool i� the forest,
A motley fool. (2.7.13)
And then he drew a dial from his poke,
And looking on it with lack-lustre eye,
Says very wisely, �It is ten o�clock:
Thus we may see,� quoth he, �how the world wags.� (2.7.21)
And so, from hour to hour, we ripe and ripe,
And then from hour to hour, we rot and rot:
And thereby hangs a tale. (2.7.27)
O worthy fool! One that hath been a courtier,
And says, if ladies be but young and fair,
They have the gift to know it: and in his brain,--
Which is as dry as the remainder biscuit
After a voyage,--he hath strange places crammed
With observation, the which he vents
In mangled forms. (2.7.38)
My lungs began to crow like chanticleer,
That fools should be so deep-contemplative;
And I did laugh sans intermission
An hour by his dial. (2.7.33)
I must have liberty
Withal, as large a charter as the wind,
To blow on whom I please. (2.7.48)
Oppress�d with two weak evils, age and hunger. (2.7.134)
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel,
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lined,
With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
His youthful hose well saved a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again towards childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness, and mere oblivion,
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. (2.7.139)
Blow, blow, thou winter wind,
Thou art not so unkind
As man's ingratitude:
Thy tooth is not so keen,
Because thou art not seen,
Although thy breath be rude.
Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the green holly:
Most friendship is feigning, most loving mere folly.
Then heigh-ho! the holly!
This life is most jolly.(2.7.175)
I earn that I eat, get that I wear,
owe no man hate,
glad of other men's good,
content with my harm. (3.2.79)
From the east to western Ind,
No jewel is like Rosalind. (3.2.96)
O wonderful, wonderful, and most wonderful wonderful! and yet again wonderful, and after that, out of all whooping! (3.2.205)
It is as easy to count atomies as to resolve the propositions of a lover. (3.2.247)
Answer me in one word. (3.2.215)
Do you not know I am a woman? when I think, I must speak. (3.2.240)
I do desire we may be better strangers. (3.2.277)
Time travels in divers paces with divers persons. (3.2.328)
Truly, I would the gods had made thee poetical. (3.3.17)
I am not a slut, though I thank the gods I am foul. (3.3.41)
Down on your knees,
And thank heaven, fasting, for a good man's love. (3.5.57)
I pray you, do not fall in love with me,
For I am falser than vows made in wine. (3.5.73)
You were better speak first, and when you were gravelled for lack of matter, you might take occasion to kiss. (4.1.76)
Men are April when they woo, December when they wed: maids are May when they are maids, but the sky changes when they are wives. (4.1.154)
Forever and a day. (4.1.151)
The horn, the horn, the lusty horn
Is not a thing to laugh to scorn. (4.2.18)
"So so" is good, very good, very excellent good: and yet it is not; it is but so so. (5.1.25)
Oh! how bitter a thing it is to look into happiness through another man's eyes. (5.2.49)
'Tis like the howling of Irish wolves against the moon. (5.2.121)
It was a lover and his lass,
With a hey, and a ho, and a hey nonino,
That o'er the green cornfield did pass,
In the spring time, the only pretty ring time,
When birds do sing, hey ding a ding, ding;
Sweet lovers love the spring. (5.3.18)
Here comes a pair of very strange beasts, which in all tongues are called fools. (5.4.37)
He uses his folly like a stalking-horse,
and under the presentation of that he shoots his wit. (5.4.112)
Quotations compiled by John Bartlett (Familiar Quotations, 1882).
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What was the name of the consort of Britain’s Queen Victoria? | Queen Victoria - British History - HISTORY.com
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British royalty. Queen of Great Britain (1837–1901) and (from 1876) Empress of India, born in London, United Kingdom, the only child of George III’s fourth son, Edward, and Victoria Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg, sister of Leopold, King of the Belgians. Taught by Lord Melbourne, her first prime minister, she had a clear grasp of constitutional principles and the scope of her own prerogative, which she resolutely exercised in 1839 by setting aside the precedent which decreed dismissal of the current ladies of the bedchamber, thus causing Peel not to take up office as prime minister. In 1840 she married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and had four sons and five daughters.
Did You Know?
Victoria's 63-year reign is the longest of any female monarch in history. Her great-great-granddaugther, England's current Queen Elizabeth II, will surpass Victoria's record should she remain on the throne until September 2015.
Strongly influenced by her husband, with whom she worked in closest harmony, after his death (1861) she went into lengthy seclusion, neglecting many duties, which brought her unpopularity and motivated a republican movement. But with her recognition as Empress of India, and the celebratory golden (1887) and diamond (1897) jubilees, she rose high in her subjects’ favor, and increased the prestige of the monarchy. She had strong preferences for certain prime ministers (notably Melbourne and Disraeli) over others (notably Peel and Gladstone), but following the advice of Albert did not press these beyond the bounds of constitutional propriety. At various points in her long reign she exercised some influence over foreign affairs, and the marriages of her children had important diplomatic, as well as dynastic implications in Europe.
She died at Cowes, Isle of Wight, England, UK, and was succeeded by her son as Edward VII. Her reign, the longest in English history, saw advances in industry, science (Darwin’s theory of evolution), communications (the telegraph, popular press), and other forms of technology; the building of the railways and the London Underground, sewers, and power distribution networks; bridges and other engineering feats; a vast number of inventions; a greatly expanded empire; unequal growth of wealth, with class differences to the fore; tremendous poverty; increase in urban populations, with the growth of great cities like Manchester, Leeds, and Birmingham; increased literacy; and great civic works, often funded by industrial philanthropists.
Biography courtesy of BIO.com
| Albert, Prince Consort |
Lechon is a dish made with which meat? | Yvonne's Royalty Home Page: Names of Queen Victoria's male-line descendants
Names of Queen Victoria's male-line descendants
Author's Note
This document contains the names of Queen Victoria, and those of her male-line descendants from 1840 to the present time. (An exception is the inclusion of the children of her granddaughter, Princess Louise, Princess Royal, Duchess of Fife, because they were created Princess of Great Britain in 1905.) Each entry lists the names which the descendant received at his or her christening, the name by which he or she was formally known, and (when known) the name (usually a nickname) by which he or she was known to the family. Where applicable, the entry also contains the name by which the descendant became known at his or her accession.
Introduction
If there was anything guaranteed to unnerve Queen Victoria's children and grandchildren, it was the naming of their new baby. The Queen had definite ideas about what her children's names should be, and what her children's children's names should be. She believed she was the head of a family, as well as the head of a dynasty. Queen Victoria desired, therefore, that her name and that of her husband, the Prince Consort, be perpetuated amongst their descendants, as she explained in a letter to her eldest son, Bertie, ten days after the birth of his second child in 1865:
"Of course you will add Albert at the end, like your brothers, as you know we [Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort] settled long ago that all dearest Papa's male English descendants should bear that name, to mark our line, just as I wish all the girls to have Victoria after theirs! I lay great stress on this; and it is done in a great many families." (King George V, p. 4)
'Marking' the family line with a particular name was something very important to Queen Victoria. She had previously spoken about this to Bertie following the birth of his first child in January 1864, when she told him what his own son's name would be, while at the same time informing him what she expected his regnal name to be:
"Respecting your own names, and the conversation we had, I wish to repeat, that it was beloved Papa's wish, as well as mine, that you should be called both, when you became King, and it would be impossible for you to drop your Father's. It would be monstrous, and Albert alone, as you truly and amiably say, would not do, as there can be only one Albert! You will begin a new line, as much as the Tudors and Brunswicks, for it will be the Saxe-Coburg line united with the Brunswick, and for the two united names will mark it, in the way we all wish, and your son will be known by the two others, as you are by Albert Edward." (Queen Victoria in her Letters and Journals, pp 179-180)*
It was one thing to request the name Victoria or Albert be added to the string of names of a child, but Queen Victoria went one step further by sometimes choosing the names of her grandchildren without consulting the parents, as she did for the firstborn child of the Prince and Princess of Wales in 1864. She decreed her grandchild's name to be Albert Victor, and added to the parents' distress by informing others what the child's name was before informing the parents.
Despite the pressure Queen Victoria brought to bear on her children and grandchildren, she was rarely successful in having a child named after herself or her husband. When the Prince and Princess of Wales's third child was born in 1867, she told them to name their infant daughter after her. The parents had already made their choice, and would not budge, and named their daughter Louise after the Princess of Wales's mother. Queen Victoria was equally unsuccessful when the Duke and Duchess of Connaught's third child was born in 1886. She wanted the infant named Victoria, but the parents remained firm about their choice of Patricia. (The Duke and Duchess called their daughter Patsy, but to the Queen she was Victoria Patricia.)
Time did not relax Queen Victoria's determination to involve herself in the naming of her descendants. In 1894, she tried to impose her choice of name on the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York:
"I am most anxious naturally that he should bear the name of his beloved Great Grandfather, a name which brought untold blessings to the whole Empire & that Albert should be his 1st name." (Royal Children, pp 73-74)
To emphasize her point, the Queen reiterated an earlier refrain:
"This will be the Coburg line, like formerly the Plantagenet, the Tudor, ... the Stewart, & the Brunswicks" (Queen Mary, p. 301)
It didn't matter. George and May stuck to their choice of Edward. (They included Albert, but as the second of the child's seven names.) The following year, the Queen got her wish when the Duke and Duchess of York named their second child Albert. (He could hardly have been given any other name, especially as he had been born on December 14, the thirty-fourth anniversary of the death of Queen Victoria's beloved husband, the Prince Consort.)
Queen Victoria and parents did not always clash over the first name of a newborn. The Queen, however, reserved the right to complain if her choices for the additional names did not meet with her approval. When the Duke and Duchess of Connaught's second child was born in 1883, all were in agreement that the child should be named Arthur. As to his other names, Queen Victoria did not want to have Patrick among them because Ireland had 'behaved so dreadfully'. The Queen eventually relented when her son, the Duke of Connaught, pointed out to her that Patrick was the name of one of Scotland's saints, and was also one of the names she had given him at his birth.
* Some thirty-seven years later, when the Queen was no longer able to impose her will, the Prince of Wales chose not to take his formal name Albert Edward as his regnal name. He had previously explained to his mother in 1864 that he understood her wishes "about his bearing two names, 'although no English Sovereign has ever done so yet, and you will agree with me that it would not be pleasant to be like "Louis Napoleon", "Victor Emmanuel", "Charles Albert" etc., although no doubt there is no absolute reason why it should not be so.' (Edward VII, Prince & King, p. 365). The new king explained his choice of name in his accession speech: "I have resolved to be known by the name of Edward, which has been borne by six of my ancestors. In doing so I do not undervalue the name of Albert, which I inherit from my ever-lamented great and wise father, who by universal consent is I think deservedly known by the name of Albert the Good, and I desire that his name should stand alone." (Edward VII, Prince & King, p. 366)
Some Observations
All four of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's sons had Albert amongst their names. (One son had Albert as his formal name, although it was part of a compound name, Albert Edward.)
Three of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's five daughters had Victoria amongst their names. (One daughter had Victoria as her formal name.)
All six of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's male-line grandsons had Albert amongst their names. (None of these grandsons had Albert as his formal, single name, although one had it as part of his formal, compound name, Albert Victor.)
All ten of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's male-line granddaughters had Victoria amongst their names. (One of these granddaughters had Victoria as her formal, single name, and another had it as part of her formal, compound name, Victoria Melita.)
Four of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's male-line great-grandsons had Albert amongst their names. (One of these great-grandsons had Albert as his formal name.)
One of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's male-line great-granddaughters had Victoria amongst her names. (None of these great-granddaughters had Victoria as her formal name, either as a single name or as a compound name.)
Of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's female-line grandchildren, one grandson was named after his grandfather (Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg in 1869), and two granddaughters were named after the Queen (Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine in 1863, and Princess Viktoria of Prussia in 1866). Another granddaughter had Victoria as part of her compound name (Princess Victoria Eugénie of Battenberg) in 1887. No female-line great-grandchildren were named after Queen Victoria or the Prince Consort, although two great-granddaughters had Victoria amongst their names.
Names of Queen Victoria and Her Male-Line Descendants
N.B.: Descendants whose names include Victoria or Albert are indicated in bold UPPERCASE type.
1. Victoria, Queen of Great Britain (1819-1901)
- names received at christening: Alexandrina VICTORIA
- known formally as: Alexandrina Victoria (until her accession)
- known to the family as: Drina (as a young child)
- name assumed at accession: Victoria
1.1. Princess Victoria of Great Britain, Princess Royal (1840-1901)
- names received at christening: VICTORIA Adelaide Mary Louisa
- known formally as: Victoria
- known to the family as: Pussy or Pussette (as a young child), Vicky (when older)
1.2. Edward VII, King of Great Britain (1841-1910)
- names received at christening: ALBERT Edward
- known formally as: Albert Edward
- known to the family as: Bertie
- name assumed at accession: Edward
1.2.1. Prince Albert Victor of Great Britain, Duke of Clarence and of Avondale (1864-1892)
- names received at christening: ALBERT Victor Christian Edward
- known formally as: Albert Victor
- known to the family as: Eddy
1.2.2. George V, King of Great Britain (1865-1936)
- names received at christening: George Frederick Ernest ALBERT
- known formally as: George
- known to the family as: Georgie
- name assumed at accession: George
1.2.2.1. Edward VIII, King of Great Britain (later Duke of Windsor) (1894-1972)
- names received at christening: Edward ALBERT Christian George Andrew Patrick David
- known formally as: Edward
- known to the family as: David
- name assumed at accession: Edward
1.2.2.2. George VI, King of Great Britain (1895-1952)
- names received at christening: ALBERT Frederick Arthur George
- known formally as: Albert
- known to the family as: Bertie
- name assumed at accession: George
1.2.2.2.1 Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain (1926- )
- names received at christening: Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
- known formally as: Elizabeth
- known to the family as: Lilibet
- name assumed at accession: Elizabeth
1.2.2.2.1.1. Prince Charles of Great Britain, Prince of Wales (1948- )
- names received at christening: Charles Philip Arthur George
- known formally as: Charles
- known to the family as: Charles
1.2.2.2.1.1.1. Prince William of Great Britain (1982- )
- names received at christening: William Arthur Philip Louis
- known formally as: William
- known to the family as: William
1.2.2.2.1.1.2. Prince Henry of Great Britain (1984- )
- names received at christening: Henry Charles ALBERT David
- known formally as: Henry
- known to the family as: Harry
1.2.2.2.1.2. Princess Anne of Great Britain, Princess Royal (1950- )
- names received at christening: Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise
- known formally as: Anne
- known to the family as: Anne
1.2.2.2.1.3. Prince Andrew of Great Britain, Duke of York (1960- )
- names received at christening: Andrew ALBERT Christian Edward
- known formally as: Andrew
- known to the family as: Andrew
1.2.2.2.1.3.1. Princess Beatrice of Great Britain (1988- )
- names received at christening: Beatrice Elizabeth Mary
- known formally as: Beatrice
- known to the family as: Beatrice
1.2.2.2.1.3.2. Princess Eugenie of Great Britain (1990- )
- names received at christening: Eugenie VICTORIA Helena
- known formally as: Eugenie
- known to the family as: Eugenie
1.2.2.2.1.4. Prince Edward of Great Britain, Earl of Wessex (1964- )
- names received at christening: Edward Antony Richard Louis
- known formally as: Edward
- known to the family as: Edward
1.2.2.2.1.4.1. Princess Louise of Great Britain (Lady Louise Windsor) (2003- )
- names received at christening: Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary
- known formally as: Louise
- known to the family as: Louise
1.2.2.2.2. Princess Margaret of Great Britain (1930-2002)
- names received at christening: Margaret Rose
- known formally as: Margaret Rose (as a child)
- known to the family as: Margaret
1.2.2.3. Princess Mary of Great Britain, Princess Royal (1897-1965)
- names received at christening: VICTORIA Alexandra Alice Mary
- known formally as: Mary
- known to the family as: Mary
1.2.2.4. Prince Henry of Great Britain, Duke of Gloucester (1900-1974)
- names received at christening: Henry William Frederick ALBERT
- known formally as: Henry
- known to the family as: Harry
1.2.2.4.1. Prince William of Great Britain (1941-1972)
- names received at christening: William Henry Andrew Frederick
- known formally as: William
- known to the family as: William
1.2.2.4.2. Prince Richard of Great Britain, Duke of Gloucester (1944- )
- names received at christening: Richard Alexander Walter George
- known formally as: Richard
- known to the family as: Richard
1.2.2.4.2.1. Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster (1974- )
- names received at christening: Alexander Patrick Gregers Richard
- known formally as: Alexander
- known to the family as: Alexander
1.2.2.4.2.2. Lady Davina Windsor (1977- )
- names received at christening: Davina Elizabeth Alice Benedikte
- known formally as: Davina
- known to the family as: Davina
1.2.2.4.2.3. Lady Rose Windsor (1980- )
- names received at christening: Rose VICTORIA Birgitte Louise
- known formally as: Rose
- known to the family as: Rose
1.2.2.5. Prince George of Great Britain, Duke of Kent (1900-1942)
- names received at christening: George Edward Alexander Edmund
- known formally as: George
- known to the family as: Georgie
1.2.2.5.1. Prince Edward of Great Britain, Duke of Kent (1935- )
- names received at christening: Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick
- known formally as: Edward
- known to the family as: Eddie
1.2.2.5.1.1. George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews (1962- )
- names received at christening: George Philip Nicholas
- known formally as: George
- known to the family as: George
1.2.2.5.1.1.1. Edward Windsor, Baron Downpatrick (1988- )
- names received at christening: Edward Edmund Maximilian George
- known formally as: Edward
- known to the family as: Edward
1.2.2.5.1.1.2. Lady Marina-Charlotte Windsor (1992- )
- names received at christening: Marina-Charlotte Alexandra Katharine Helen
- known formally as: Marina-Charlotte
- known to the family as: Marina-Charlotte
1.2.2.5.1.1.3. Lady Amelia Windsor (1995- )
- names received at christening: Amelia Sophia Theodora Mary Margaret
- known formally as: Amelia
- known to the family as: Amelia
1.2.2.5.1.2. Lady Helen Windsor (1964- )
- names received at christening: Helen Marina Lucy
- known formally as: Helen
- known to the family as: Helen
1.2.2.5.1.3. Lord Nicholas Windsor (1970- )
- names received at christening: Nicholas Charles Edward Jonathan
- known formally as: Nicholas
- known to the family as: Nicholas
1.2.2.5.2. Princess Alexandra of Great Britain (1936- )
- names received at christening: Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel
- known formally as: Alexandra
- known to the family as: Pud
1.2.2.5.3. Prince Michael of Great Britain (1942- )
- names received at christening: Michael George Charles Franklin
- known formally as: Michael
- known to the family as: Michael
1.2.2.5.3.1. Lord Frederick Windsor (1979- )
- names received at christening: Frederick Michael George David Louis
- known formally as: Frederick
- known to the family as: Freddie
1.2.2.5.3.2. Lady Gabriella Windsor (1981- )
- names received at christening: Gabriella Marina Alexandra Ophelia
- known formally as: Gabriella
- known to the family as: Ella
1.2.2.6. Prince John of Great Britain (1905-1919)
- names received at christening: John Charles Francis
- known formally as: John
- known to the family as: Johnnie, Johnny
1.2.3. Princess Louise of Great Britain, Princess Royal (1867-1931)
- names received at christening: Louise VICTORIA Alexandra Dagmar
- known formally as: Louise
- known to the family as: Looloo, Louise
1.2.3.1. Lady Alexandra Duff, later Princess Alexandra of Great Britain (in 1905), 2nd Duchess of Fife (1891-1959)
- names received at christening: Alexandra VICTORIA Alberta Edwina Louise
- known formally as: Alexandra
- known to the family as: Alix
1.2.3.2. Lady Maud Duff, later Princess Maud of Great Britain (in 1905) (1893-1945)
- names received at christening: Maud Alexandra VICTORIA Georgina Bertha
- known formally as: Maud
- known to the family as: Maudie
1.2.4. Princess Victoria of Great Britain (1868-1935)
- names received at christening: VICTORIA Alexandra Olga Mary
- known formally as: Victoria
- known to the family as: Toria
1.2.5. Princess Maud of Great Britain (1869-1938)
- names received at christening: Maud Charlotte Mary VICTORIA
- known formally as: Maud
- known to the family as: Harry, Maudie
1.2.6. Prince John of Great Britain (1871)
- names received at christening: Alexander John Charles ALBERT
- known formally as: John
- known to the family as: Johnnie
1.3. Princess Alice of Great Britain (1843-1878)
- names received at christening: Alice Maud Mary
- known formally as: Alice
- known to the family as: Fatima (as a young child), Alee, Alice
1.4. Prince Alfred of Great Britain, Duke of Edinburgh (later Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) (1844-1900)
- names received at christening: Alfred Ernest ALBERT
- known formally as: Alfred
- known to the family as: Affie
1.4.1. Prince Alfred of Great Britain, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1874-1899)
- names received at christening: Alfred Alexander William Ernest ALBERT
- known formally as: Alfred
- known to the family as: Young Affie, Young Alfred
1.4.2. Princess Marie of Great Britain (1875-1938)
- names received at christening: Marie Alexandra VICTORIA
- known formally as: Marie
- known to the family as: Missy
1.4.3. Princess Victoria Melita of Great Britain (1876-1936)
- names received at christening: VICTORIA Melita
- known formally as: Victoria Melita
- known to the family as: Ducky
1.4.4. Princess Alexandra of Great Britain (1878-1942)
- names received at christening: Alexandra Louise Olga VICTORIA
- known formally as: Alexandra
- known to the family as: Sandra
1.4.5. Prince N
of Great Britain (1879)
- names received at christening: not christened (stillborn)
- known formally as: not applicable
- known to the family as: not applicable
1.4.6. Princess Beatrice of Great Britain (1884-1966)
- names received at christening: Beatrice Leopoldine VICTORIA
- known formally as: Beatrice
- known to the family as: Baby Bea (Baby Bee)
1.5. Princess Helena of Great Britain (1846-1923)
- names received at christening: Helena Augusta VICTORIA
- known formally as: Helena
- known to the family as: Lenchen
1.6. Princess Louise of Great Britain (1848-1939)
- names received at christening: Louise Caroline Alberta
- known formally as: Louise
- known to the family as: Loo-Loo, Loosy
1.7. Prince Arthur of Great Britain, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850-1942)
- names received at christening: Arthur William Patrick ALBERT
- known formally as: Arthur
- known to the family as: Arthur
1.7.1. Princess Margaret of Great Britain (1882-1920)
- names received at christening: Margaret VICTORIA Charlotte Augusta Norah
- known formally as: Margaret
- known to the family as: Daisy
1.7.2. Prince Arthur of Great Britain (1883-1938)
- names received at christening: Arthur Frederick Patrick ALBERT
- known formally as: Arthur
- known to the family as: Young Arthur
1.7.2.1. Prince Alastair of Great Britain (later Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught) (1914-1943)
- names received at christening: Alastair Arthur
- known formally as: Alastair
- known to the family as: Alastair
1.7.3. Princess Patricia of Great Britain (1886-1974)
- names received at christening: VICTORIA Patricia Helena Elizabeth
- known formally as: Patricia
- known to the family as: Patsy
1.8. Prince Leopold of Great Britain, Duke of Albany (1853-1884)
- names received at christening: Leopold George Duncan ALBERT
- known formally as: Leopold
- known to the family as: Leo
1.8.1. Princess Alice of Great Britain (1883-1981)
- names received at christening: Alice Mary VICTORIA Augusta Pauline
- known formally as: Alice
- known to the family as: Little Alice (as a child)
1.8.2. Prince Charles Edward of Great Britain, Duke of Albany (later Karl Eduard, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) (1884-1954)
- names received at christening: Leopold Charles Edward George ALBERT
- known formally as: Charles Edward (he had been known officially as Leopold for a short time as a very young infant)
- known to the family as: Charlie
1.8.2.1. Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince of Great Britain (1906-1972)
- names received at christening: Johann Leopold Wilhelm ALBERT Ferdinand Victor
- known formally as: Johann Leopold
- known to the family as: Leopold
1.8.2.2. Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Princess of Great Britain (1908-1972)
- names received at christening: Sibylla Calma Marie Alice Bathildis Feodora
- known formally as: Sibylla
- known to the family as: Bylla
1.8.2.3. Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince of Great Britain (1909-1943)
- names received at christening: Dietmar Hubertus Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp
- known formally as: Hubertus
- known to the family as:
1.8.2.4. Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Princess of Great Britain (1912-1983)
- names received at christening: Caroline Mathilde Helene Ludwiga Augusta Beatrice
- known formally as: Caroline Mathilde
- known to the family as: Calma
1.8.2.5. Prince Friedrich Josias of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince of Great Britain (later Titular Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1932, then Titular Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1954) (1918-1998)
- names received at christening: Friedrich Josias Carl Eduard Ernst Kirill Harald
- known formally as: Friedrich Josias
- known to the family as:
1.9. Princess Beatrice of Great Britain (1857-1944)
- names received at christening: Beatrice Mary VICTORIA Feodore
- known formally as: Beatrice
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The charreada, or charreria, rodeo originated in which country? | Mexican Rodeo | What is Mexican Charreria?
A charreada is a Mexican rodeo, and in Jalisco it is very popular a real recognized sport with strict rules and lots of competitions. In some ways it is Mexican for NASCAR. Both men and women compete, wearing colorful Mexican cowboy costumes trimmed in silver studs. The horsemen show off there lasso ability and make their mounts dance to a live Mariachi band, while vendors go through the stands selling drinks and and snacks.
The peculiar figure of Mexican charro is a symbol of our nationality. From one perspective, historical figure of the Mexican charro, dating back to colonial times, when the estates of mixed farming economy, known as estancias or ranches originated. However, the first contact of the indigenous people of America with the horse as transportation employee, dates back to the time of the conquest.
Throughout the colonial period and at the time of Independence, abounded important events in our history in which the man on horseback played a vital role in both fights, and in the maintenance of peace and thanks their exploits charros consolidated figure.
The charra party starts with the general parade participants and charros Adelitas Skirmish some who walk on their steeds the ring and render honors to the Mexican flag. Then it happens, according to the established order, the different fates.
Charreria in Guadalajara Mexico
Charreria competitions are held in Guadalajara every Sunday in different locations, competitions lasts approximately two hours. During the Mariachi Festival, the Mexican National Charro Championship will be held September the first weekend in September.
A charreada is held within a marked-off area of an arena consisting of a lane 12 meters (13 yards) wide by 60 meters (66 yards) long leading into a circle 40 meters (44 yards) in diameter.
The participants must wear traditional charro clothing while performing.
Preceding the events is an opening ceremony in which the organizations and participants parade into the arena on horseback, usually accompanied by a mariachi band playing.
The charreada itself consists of a number of scoring events staged in a particular order�nine for the men and one for the women. Two or more teams, called asociaciones, compete against each other. Teams can compete to become state, regional, and national champions. The competitors are judged by both style and execution. Unlike rodeos, most charreadas do not award money to the winners.This is due to the fact that charreadas are considered an amateur sport, not professional. Under Mexican laws it would be illegal to receive a monetary reward for participating in a charreada. At times there are such prizes as saddles or horse trailers.
Charreria
Men's events
Cala de Caballo (Test of the horse); The charro puts his horse though various commands to demonstrate his ability and the horse's training. Controlled slide, left and right half, full, and triple turns, dismount and mount, and reverse walk are performed.
Piales en Lienzo (Roping of the feet); a horseman must throw a lariat, let a wild mare run through the loop catching it by the hind legs. Three opportunities are given. Points are awarded for distance needed to stop the mare. This is done in the rectangular portion of the arena;
Colas en el Lienzo, or Coleadero (Arena bull tailing) similar to bull dogging except that the rider does not dismount; the charro rides alongside the left side of the bull, wraps its tail around his right leg, and tries to cause the bull fall and roll as he rides past it. Points are given for technique, time, and roll of the bull.
Jineto de Toro similar to the rodeo event. Bulls are smaller, between 990 and 1320 pounds, and are ridden until they stop bucking. Two hands can be used on the bullrope. Points are given for technique. The charro cannot fall off, he must dismount and land upright. After the charro dismounts the bull he must remove the bullrope and bellrope so the Terna en el Ruedo can follow.
Terna en el Ruedo (Team of three); a team roping event in which three charros attempt to rope a bull - one by its neck, one by its hind legs, and the last then ties its feet together. They have a maximum of 10 minutes. Points are awarded for rope tricks and time.
Jineteo de Yegua (Bareback on a wild mare); similar to bareback bronc riding. Yegua means mare. A wild mare is riden with a bullrope. Two hands are used and the legs are held horizontally to the ground.
Manganas a Pie (Roping on foot) a charro on foot (pie) has three opportunities to rope a wild mare by its front legs and cause it to fall and roll once. The wild mare is chased around the ring by three mounted charros. Points are awarded for time and rope tricks as long as the horse is roped and brought down. Extra points are given for the tir�n del ahorcado (hanged pull) in which the rope is around the charro's neck and he uses his body to cause the mare to fall and roll. Points for all three attempts are cumulative. Eight minutes are given.
Manganas a Caballo
or (Roping from horseback); a charro on horseback has three opportunities to rope a wild mare by its front legs and cause it to fall and roll once. The wild mare is chased around the ring by three mounted charros. Points are awarded for time and rope tricks as long as the horse is roped and brought down. Points for all three attempts are cumulative. Eight minutes are given.
El Paso de la Muerte (The pass of death) a charro riding bareback, with reins, attempts to leap from his own horse to the bare back of a wild horse without reins and ride it until it stops bucking. The most dangerous part of this is if the charro performing the pass falls under three other mounted charros that are chasing the wild mare around the arena ring. This is done backwards at times for show.
Charreria in Guadalajara
Women's event
Escaramuza (Skirmish): Since the 1950's, this breath-taking event adds beauty and elegance to the Charreada. During this event a team of 8-12 women riding sidesaddle and dressed in colorful Adelita dresses perform a variety of precision riding techniques. Years of training by the rulebook make this event art, sport, and an extension of the culture that is Charreria. It is usually held between the Coleadero and the Jineteo de Toro.
| Mexico |
The city of Belgrade lies at the confluence of the River Sava and which other river? | CHARREADA san antonio charro association charreada charros
CHARREADA
Four hundred years of tradition in caring for large animals on ranches are behind the competition known as Charreada. Handed down from generation to generation, this precursor of the American Rodeo, is performed in a lienzo (arena), which is shaped like a key hole. Each competitor is dressed in the traditional suit (traje) of the charro. On his head, is the wide brim sombrero, which to protects him from the sun and acts as a helmet. The brim, also serves a shock absorber, to shield the head and neck if the charro is thrown to the ground. The body fitting suit is more then vanity. It’s made that way, to insure there is no flapping cloth to be caught by the horns of steers. His chaps are the same. The botinas, or little boots he rides with, protect his feet from the stirrups. On his botinas, he has his spurs.
The saddle of the charro, has a wide horn. This helps safeguard the charro from being pitched off and from being hung up as sometimes happens on a western saddle, when the horn pushes into the diaphragm and then is caught by the rib cage. There are two grips at the back of the saddle, in case the charro needs to hold on because of a pitch or some other unexpected act of his horse. All in all, it is a very practical and safe way to ride.
The charreada begins with the sound of Marcha Zacatecas.This symbolizes the charro’s history as the miniate-man of Mexico. Charros were more then vaqueros, they were an integral part of the military, fighting in all the wars of Mexico. A description of the army of Villa by an American reporter, speaks of the soldiers who were clad in the “short charro jacket”
The desfila, or parade accompanying the march, consist of the teams of competitors. This is a major distinction between the charreada and the American Rodeo. In the rodeo, the competitors compete between each other. In the charreada, in keeping with the Hispanic idea of sociality, the competition is between teams. Historically these teams were centered around the hacienda. Now, the teams are most often, centered around families. It is not unusual to find second, third, forth and even fifth generation Charros, with fathers, sons, mothers, daughters, aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews, competing together.
After the teams enter, the Marcha Dragona is played. At this time, the flag of Mexico or in the United States, the flags of both countries are presented. The honor guard consist of Charro caring ceremonial machetes. The national anthem is played and the flags retire.
There are of nine suertes (events) in Charreada. In the first, Cala de Caballo; (Horse reining) a charro gallops his horse the length of the lienzo, and slides to a stop. He then rapidly pivots the horse on each hind leg; for a minimum of three revolutions in both directions. Then he does two half turns, after which the Charro backs the horse down the lienzo. This was what a seller did to show a prospective buyer, how well his horse was trained.
Piiales is one of the most controversial of the events. In it, you rope the hind legs of a running horse and bring it to a stop. Doing this has about the same effect as a shoe string tackle in football and causes less injury to the animal then throwing a rope around its neck.
To compete in Colas en Lienzo; (Bull Tailing) you must grab the tail of a running bull, wrap it around your leg, and pull it to the ground. This event developed, when charros determined that it was easier to move a steer by grabbing its tail and directing it to where you wanted to bring it down. This causes less trauma on the animal, then roping it and dragging it by the neck.
One of the most exciting and colorful events of the Charreada is the Escaramuza, the girls side saddle team. The origin of this event is somewhat clouded. The romantic story holds that the women of the revolution would ride their horses to raise dust to distract the enemy, while the men attacked from the rear. The less romantic story says that a charro saw the flag ceremony in the Houston rodeo and brought it bach to Mexico and started the Mexican Carousal. During their performance, the girls of the Escaramuza dressed in the traditional ranchera dress, race around the arena, barely missing each other as they crisscross making energetic patterns.
The rules for Jineteo de Torros (bull ridding) are quite simple. You ride until the bull stops bucking, or you fall off.
After the bull has been ridden, the next event is Terna, or team roping. This event most readily distinguishes the difference between the American Rodeo and the Charreada, In the American Rodeo, the idea is to get the steer caught quickly and efficiently. In Charreada the emphasis is on style. The header must twirl his rope around his horse at least three times and spring it over his head before he catches the head of the bull. He then makes a bosal (halter) by flipping his wrist and sending a loop down the rope to catch the bull’s muzzle, to minimize the trauma on the animal. The second roper, twirls his rope around his horse just like the first or throws it like a yo yo, and catches the back legs and then the animal is dropped.
Jineteo de Yegua or bare back riding has the same rules as bull riding.
This is followed by Mangana, which is done on horse and on foot. (a caballo or a pia) In the first, the roper on horseback twirls his rope around his horse, springing it over his head at least once, while a wild horse is chased around the arena. As the horse passes, the rider, must catch the front legs.
In the second, the roper, while standing on the ground, twirls the rope around himself, jumping through and back through the loop as a wild horse is chased around the arena. When the horse is next to him, he catches the front legs.
Paso de Muerte (Pass of death) is the final event. In it, a rider jumps from his galloping horse onto the back of a galloping wild horse and rides until it stops bucking.
Charreada is sometime called the national sport of Mexico, but it is more then that, it is a Tradition. This is because the relationship between men and horses is an integral part of the Mexican psyche, as exhibited in their language. A gentleman is Mexico is called a caballero or horseman. Even the brakes on vehicles are called frenos or the same name given to a bit for a horse. Just look at the charro movies of Jorge Negrete, Pedro Infante, Antonio Aguilar, and Vicente Fernandez. They are the identical type of adventure that was made famous by Roy Rogers and John Wayne. Each cinema exhibits the tradition of their respective country and in both cases it is a tradition worthy of preservation.
That is why we say:If you like Rodeo, you’ll love CHARREADA.
©
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In which country was athlete Eric Liddell born? | Eric Liddell Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com
Medals: 1 Gold, 1 Bronze (2 Total)
Biography
After showing brilliant promise as an all-round sportsman at Elthiam College, Eric Liddell won international honors at rugby football and athletics when he went up to Edinburgh University. Born in China in the aftermath of the Boxer rising, Liddell first entered the Scottish Championships as a 19-year-old in 1921 and scored the first of his five successive victories in the 100 yards and the 200 yards and the 220 yards. He also won the 440 yards in 1924 and 1925. At the AAA Championships, Liddell won the 100 yards and 200 yards in 1923 and the 440 yards in 1924. His time of 9.7 seconds for 100 yards in 1923 stood as a British record for 35 years.
Liddell won seven caps on the wing for Scotland, the first of which came against France at the Stade Colombes which was also the venue for his Olympic triumph, and scored four tries for his country. He gave up rugby for 1923-24 season in order to concentrate on his Olympic preparation. He opened the 1924 traction season with a brief visit to America in April, where he finished second in the 200 yards and fourth in the 100 yards at the Penn Relays. When the program was announced for the Paris Olympic Games, Liddell immediately forsook any idea of running the 100 metres as the preliminaries were scheduled to be held on a Sunday. Following this decision, he naturally chose to use the AAA Championships as a final tune-up for the two events on which he had set his adjusted Olympic sights. He won the 440 yards, finished second behind the South African [Howard Kinsman] in the 220 yards and then went to Paris for the Olympic Games.
After wining a bronze medal in the 200 metres, he improved his personal best by more than one second in the semi-finals of the 400 metres. In a classic final, Liddell, drawn in the outside lane, set a devastating pace, which with head back and arms flailing he somehow managed to maintain to the tape, coming home in 47.6 seconds for a new Olympic, European and British record. Back at Stamford Bridge after the Games for the British Empire vs. USA match, Liddell again ran inside 48 seconds as he made up six yards on the Olympic silver medalist [Horatio Fitch] in the 4×440 yards relay.
After the 1924 track season, Liddell spent an increasing amount of time on his religious duties and after winning three events in the 1925 Scottish Championships he returned to China to join his father as a missionary. He did not give up athletics completely and in 1929 at a meeting in Tientsin, he ran 49.1 seconds to beat the celebrated German runner [Otto Peltzer] over 400 metres. Peltzer pressed Liddell to train for the 800 metres at the 1932 Olympic Games, but Liddell ran his last race in 1930 when he won the North China Championship.
Over the next decade, Liddell devoted all his energies to the Church and became a legend in the London Missionary Society, but in March 1943 he was interned in a Japanese concentration camp. The privations suffered in camp took their toll of even the fittest and Eric Liddell died in captivity at the age of 43. Although partly fictionalized, the film [Chariots of Fire] is a fitting tribute to this memorable man.
Personal Bests\: 100y – 9.7 (1923); 220y – 21.6 (1923); 400 – 47.6 (1924).
Results
| China |
Thon Buri was the capital of which Asian country during the 18th Century? | A Short Biography Of Eric Liddell.
Biography
Hello there,
I’m Patricia Liddell-Russell, Eric Liddell’s eldest daughter. My sisters and I are great supporters of the work of the Eric Liddell Centre. It’s a fantastic place doing amazing work for the people of Edinburgh in Scotland. I have noticed that the pages about my Dad on this website get far more hits than any other pages. Clearly you’re interested in Dad but also appreciate the work the ELC is doing in Dad’s name. Can you please help me support them by giving an online donation, right now, to their work? The Centre is looking to raise £4,440 in donations at the moment to improve the facilities on offer in the Centre by replacing 150 of the Centre’s seats which have become unsafe from over 30 years use.
Click here to give them a donation now: http://bit.ly/169xuCr (Although the amounts shown are in £GBP, you can pay using your own credit or debit card wherever you live in the world. Any amount you choose to give will automatically get converted into your own currency on your card’s statement.)
God bless,
A Short Biography of Eric H. Liddell (1902 – 1945)
The Liddell Family in 1920. Back Row: Eric, Rob. Front Row: Jenny, Ernest, Mrs Liddell
Eric Henry Liddell was born on 16th January 1902 in Tientsin (Tianjin) I North China, second son of the Rev. & Mrs. James Dunlop Liddell who were missionaries with the London Mission Society.
He was educated from 1908 to 1920 at Eltham College, Blackheath, a school for the sons of missionaries. Eric, with his older brother Rob, were left at their boarding school while their parents and sister, Jenny, returned to China.
During the boys’ time at Eltham College, their parents, sister and new brother Ernest came home on furlough two or three times and were able to be together as a family – mainly living in Edinburgh.
In 1920, Eric joined his brother Rob at Edinburgh University to read for a BSc in Pure Science. He graduated after the Paris Olympiad in 1924. To find out more about his life in Edinburgh click here .
Athletics and rugby played a large part in Eric’s University life. He ran in the 100 yards and the 220 yards for Edinburgh University and later for Scotland. He played rugby for Edinburgh University and in 1922 played in seven Scottish Internationals with A.L. Gracie.
Eric crossing the Japanese lines in approximately 1938
As a result of having insufficient time for both running and rugby, he chose the former, aiming for the 100 meters in the Paris Olympics. When he learned that the heats were to be run on a Sunday, he switched to the 400 metre competition as he was not prepared to run on a Sunday. He won a gold medal for the 400 metres and a bronze medal for the 200 metres at the Paris Olympics.
After the Olympics and his graduation he returned to North China where he served as a missionary from 1925 to 1943 – first in Tientsin (Tainjin) and later in Siaochang. During his first furlough in 1932 he was ordained as a minister. On his return to China, he married Florence Mackenzie (of Canadian missionary parentage) in Tientsin in 1934. They had three daughters; Patricia, Heather and Maureen, who now all live in Canada.
Dedication of Memorial Stone to Eric Liddell, Weifang, North China 1991
Living in China in the 1930s was potentially very dangerous and in 1937 Eric was sent to Siaochang where he joined his brother Rob. He was now crossing the Japanese army lines.
In 1941 life in China was becoming so dangerous that the British Government advised British nationals to leave. Florence and the children left for Canada.
During 1941 – 1943 Eric stayed in Tientsin, then in 1943 he was interned in Weishien camp until his death in 1945.
There are a number of good biographies of Eric Liddell available. Please see our books page for details.
Our Magic Circle: Reflections of Eric Liddell by His Daughter Maureen
Lecture by Lord Puttnam about Eric Liddell
The life of Olympian Eric Liddell is remembered in a lecture by Oscar-winning producer Lord David Puttnam. Lord Puttnam, who made the Academy Award winning film Chariots of Fire about Liddell's triumph at the 1924 Olympics, gave his talk as part of the Edinburgh Lectures series.
If you have found this information useful...
...why not make a small donation to help the Eric Liddell Centre's work supporting people in need?
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Japanese baseball player, Ichiro Suzuki, joined which US baseball team in 2001? | Ichiro Suzuki | Japanese baseball player | Britannica.com
Japanese baseball player
Ichiro Suzuki, (born October 22, 1973, Kasugai , Japan), professional baseball player, the first nonpitcher to shift from Japanese professional baseball to the American major leagues.
Ichiro Suzuki, 2006.
AP
Suzuki played baseball from an early age. Upon finishing high school, he was drafted by the Orix Blue Wave of the Japanese Pacific League (see also Japanese baseball leagues ). He saw limited action during his first two seasons, because his manager disliked the young player’s unorthodox batting style—a sort of pendulum motion created by kicking the front foot back and then striding forward with the swing. In 1994 a new manager gave Suzuki a starting spot on the team and let him swing the way he liked. He responded in amazing fashion, lifting his batting average to .400 during the season and finishing at .385—the second best batting mark in the history of Japanese baseball. He collected 210 hits, a record for one season. Through 2000 he won seven consecutive Pacific League batting titles, posted a career average of .353, and led his team to two pennants. He was not a power hitter, but his speed and bat control were unmatched. He was also considered among the top outfielders, with the strongest, most accurate throwing arm in the league. Suzuki threw right-handed but batted left-handed.
By 2000 Suzuki had established himself as the best baseball player in Japan and had begun his quest for stardom in the United States . He spent two weeks in the Seattle Mariners ’ 1999 spring training camp as part of a U.S.-Japan player exchange. A Japanese player in an American lineup was no longer quite the rarity it once had been; several Japanese pitchers, most notably Hideo Nomo and Hideki Irabu, had crossed the Pacific to play in the major leagues. Suzuki became the first nonpitcher to make the transition when he signed a three-year contract with the Mariners in November 2000. Because pitchers in the United States threw harder than their Japanese counterparts, some observers believed that Japanese hitters would struggle at the plate.
Suzuki made his major league debut with the Mariners on April 2, 2001. He answered his critics with a stellar season, capturing the American League (AL) Rookie of the Year award and a Gold Glove. His batting average in the 2001 regular season was .350, and it was .421 in the postseason games. In 2004 Suzuki broke George Sisler ’s 84-year-old record for most hits in a single season, ending the year with 262 hits and a .372 batting average. Five years later, in 2009, he became the all-time leader in hits by a Japanese player, with 3,086 for his career in both Japan and the United States, and later in the year he recorded his 2,000th major league hit, reaching that plateau faster than any other player in history except Al Simmons. He collected more than 200 hits—and was named to the AL All-Star team—in each of his first 10 seasons with the Mariners. Not only did his 10 200-hit seasons tie Pete Rose ’s all-time record, they also set the mark for most consecutive years in which a player reached the 200-hit plateau.
Britannica Stories
| Seattle Mariners |
Which mountain range separates Spain and France? | Ichiro Suzuki Stats, Fantasy & News | MLB.com
Ichiro Suzuki Stats
Ichiro Suzuki MLB Career Stats
AVG
Born: 10/22/1973 in Kasugai, Japan
High School: Aikoudai Meiden, Aichi, Japan
Debut: 4/2/2001
Note: Opponent can be found on current team or on team when both players met.
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Ichiro Suzuki Pitch Breakdown [Catcher Perspective]
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Ichiro Suzuki Base Hits Breakdown [Catcher Perspective]
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Ichiro Suzuki Home Run Breakdown [Catcher Perspective]
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Marlins outfielder Ichiro Suzuki finished the 2016 regular season with a .291 average, one home run, 22 RBIs, 48 runs scored and 10 stolen bases.
October 5, 2016 at 1:21 PM ET
AL Rookie of the Year
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Miami Marlins signed free agent RF Ichiro Suzuki.
October 30, 2014
RF Ichiro Suzuki elected free agency.
December 19, 2012
New York Yankees signed free agent RF Ichiro Suzuki.
November 3, 2012
RF Ichiro Suzuki elected free agency.
July 23, 2012
Seattle Mariners Traded RF Ichiro Suzuki to New York Yankees; New York Yankees Traded RHP D.J. Mitchell to Seattle Mariners and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees Traded RHP Danny Farquhar to Tacoma Rainiers.
April 15, 2009
Ichiro Suzuki roster status changed by Seattle Mariners.
April 3, 2009
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Ichiro Suzuki Bio Info
Ichiro (ee-chee-row) Suzuki (soo-zoo-kee)... resides in Kobe, Japan, with wife, Yumiko... graduated from Aikoudai Meiden High School in March 1992... was the first Japanese position player to sign with a Major League club... was the third Japanese player to sign with the Mariners: RHP Kazuhiro Sasaki (12/18/99) and RHP Mac Suzuki (9/5/93)... helped lead Japan to back-to-back titles in the World Baseball Classic in 2006 and 2009...voted 2001 Seattle P-I Sports Star of the Year... won the Buck Leonard Legacy Award (2001, 2004), the James "Cool Papa" Bell Legacy Award (2001) and the Larry Doby Legend Award (2001) from the Negro League Baseball Museum... was voted Players' Choice AL Most Outstanding Player in 2004... was a finalist for the 2007 Hank Aaron Award... was Mariners nominee for 2008 Heart and Hustle Award... was named to the Sporting News All-Decade team (2000's)...won the Fielding Bible Award in 2006, 2009 and 2010.
2015
In 89 games started, hit .235 (78x332) with five doubles, five triples, a home run, 19 RBI, and nine steals...Was one of seven qualifying MLB outfielders to post perfect 1.000 fielding percentage; only other Marlins' OF to accomplish the feat was Juan Encarnacion in 2003...Has 498 career SB, most among active players...Enters 2016 one triple shy of tying Yutaka Fukumoto for career mark for Japanese player (115)... Made first career pitching appearance on October 4 at Philadelphia; only two other players have ever pitched in an MLB game after producing as many career MLB hits as Ichiro (2,935): Ty Cobb and Wade Boggs...Had 24 hits in August, most hits in a month in his career since July 2013 (29)...Recorded 10,000th PA on August 25, joining Alex Rodriguez, Adrian Beltre and Jimmy Rollins as only active players with 10,000+ PA...203...Became oldest player in Club history with four-plus hits, going 4x5 on Aug. 18 at Milwaukee at 41 years, 301 days (previously, Andre Dawson, 4 H, 41 years & 272 days old)...Became 38th player in MLB history to reach 2,900 hits on July 29 vs. Washington...Had 45 plate appearances as a pinch hitter (9x42, 3 bb), the most of his career, far surpassing previous high of 15 in 2014...His nine pinch hits were tied for 16th in MLB...Recorded season-high four hits on August. 18 at Milwaukee; first four-hit game since July 28, 2013 vs. Tampa Bay...On April 29 vs. the Mets, hit first home run with Miami, and just third of career in an NL park (July 6, 2001 at the Dodgers, June 14, 2010 at St. Louis)...Became first Japanese player in Club history with a PH appearance on Opening Day vs. Atlanta (April 6); it was also his first career appearance at Marlins Park.
2014
Owns 4,122 hits between career in Japan and Major League Baseball (1,278 in Japan, 2,844 with Mariners and Yankees)...Recorded 4,000th career hit on August 21, 2013 vs. Toronto, becoming third player to reach 4,000-hit plateau when considering hits from the highest levels in U.S. and Japan, joining Pete Rose (4,256) and Ty Cobb (4,191)...Has 50 career games with four-or-more hits, the most of any active player, ahead of Alex Rodriguez and Albert Pujols (41 each)...Since 2001, has most hits (2,844) and multi-hit games (855) in ML...Owns three of top 17 single-season hit totals in the Modern Era (since 1900): 262 in 2004, 242 in 2001 and 238 in 2007. Joins Fred Lindstrom (1928 and '30) and Rogers Hornsby (1921-22) as only players with multiple seasons of 230-or-more hits...Had 2,696 career Major League hits through his 2,000th career game on July 14, 2013. According to Elias, only ?ve players who debuted since 1900 collected more hits through their ?rst 2,000 career games: Ty Cobb (2,796), George Sisler (2,753), Al Simmons (2,743), Rogers Hornsby (2,715) and Paul Waner (2,707)...Owns eight seasons with at least 200 hits and 100 runs (2001-08), joining Lou Gehrig as only players in Modern Era to reach plateaus eight times in their careers. Willie Keeler (1894-1901) is only other player to do so in eight consecutive seasons...His 37 career leadoff home runs rank sixth all-time...Recorded at least 150 hits in each of ?rst 12 ML seasons (2001-12), joining Paul Waner (?rst 14 from 1926-39), Richie Ashburn (?rst 13 from 1948-60) and Albert Pujols (first 12 from 2001-12) as only players to accomplish feat in Live Ball Era. Had streak snapped in 2013 (136 hits)...Owns 43 hitting streaks of at least 10 games in career, marking sixth most double-digit hitting streaks in ML since 1903 (Ty Cobb-66, Hank Aaron-48, Tris Speaker-47, Derek Jeter-46 and Al Simmons-44)...Owns 11 seasons (2001-11) withat least 50 multi-hit games, ?fth-most over the last 70 years behind Pete Rose (15), Stan Musial (14), Derek Jeter (14) and Tony Gwynn (13)...With 20 steals in 2013, became just third player who debuted in Majors since 1900 to record at least 20 steals in each of ?rst 13 seasons, joining Rickey Henderson (?rst 23 seasons, 1979-2001) and Ozzie Smith (first 16 seasons, 1978-93)...Has played in a ML-high 2,204 games during 14 seasons. Combined to miss only 35 games in ?rst 12 ML seasons (2001-12). Played in 1,749 of Seattle's 1,782 games from 2001-11, including 1,733 starts (97.3 percent)...Has played in at least 155 games in 11 different seasons, tied for ?fth-highest total in ML history behind Cal Ripken (15), Pete Rose (15), Eddie Murray (12) and Billy Williams (12).
2013
Hit .262 (136-for-520) with 15 doubles, 3 triples, 7HR and 35RBI in 150 games (109 starts in RF, nine in CF, eight in LF and two at DH) with the Yankees... His 136H were his fewest in any season of his Major League career, snapping his stretch of recording at least 150H in each season from 2001-12... Batted fifth in the Yankees' starting lineup in three straight games (5/3-5 vs. Oakland) after never previously hitting in that slot in the Majors... Went hitless in a career-high-tying five straight games from 5/11-15 (third time, also 7/1-6/12 and 7/31-8/5/05, both with Seattle)… snapped an 0-for-22 stretch with a seventh-inning single in 5/16 loss vs. Seattle... Hit a solo HR and was 3-for-4 with 2R and 3RBI in 6/19 Game 1 win vs. the Dodgers… was his first home run at Yankee Stadium in 2013 and his first overall homer since 5/10 at Kansas City, snapping a 115AB homerless stretch... Hit ninth-inning "walk-off" solo HR and was 2-for-5 in 6/25 win vs. Texas… was his second career "walk-off" home run (also 9/18/09 vs. the Yankees w/ Seattle off Mariano Rivera)… was his first "walk-off" hit as a Yankee and the fifth such hit of his career (first since 6/2/10 vs. Minnesota)... Played in his 2,000th career Major League game in 7/14 loss vs. Minnesota, hitting a solo HR and going 3-for-5 with 2R and 2RBI... Recorded his 4,000th career hit (2,722 in the Majors and 1,278 in Japan) with a first-inning single to left off R.A. Dickey and was 1-for-4 in 8/21 win vs. Toronto… became the third player to reach the 4,000-hit plateau when considering hits from the highest levels in the U.S. and Japan-also Pete Rose (4,256) and Ty Cobb (4,191)... Snapped a 131AB homerless stretch dating back to 7/14 with a two-run HR in 8/30 win vs. Baltimore.
2012 Batted .283 (178-for-629) with 77 R, 28 doubles, 6 triples, 9 HRs, 55 RBIs and 29 SB in 162 combined games between Seattle and the Yankees...was acquired by the Yankees along with cash considerations from Seattle in exchange for RHPs D.J. Mitchell and Danny Farquhar on 7/23...Played in 162 games in 2012, tying the Cubs' Starlin Castro, Detroit's Prince Fielder and Baltimore's Adam Jones for the Major League lead...has played in at least 155 G in 11 different seasons, tying for the fifth-highest total in Major League history behind Cal Ripken-15, Pete Rose-15, Eddie Murray-12 and Billy Williams-12...Hit .322 (73-for-227) with 28 R, 13 doubles, 1 triple, 5 HRs, 27 RBIs, 5 BB and a .340 OBP in 67 games with the Yankees...Made 56 starts in LF (26), RF (24), CF (five) and DH (one) with the Yankees...had made just one start in LF in his career prior to 2012 (2001 ALCS Game 5 w/ Seattle at the Yankees)...according to Elias, had started 1,798 Major League games in the outfield prior to the game (1,533 in RF, 265 in CF)...the last player to start in LF for the first time in the regular season after starting as many games at other OF positions was Kenny Lofton (1,932 GS in CF and RF) before starting in LF for the 2007 Cleveland Indians...His 73 H after the trade mark the most by a Yankees midseason acquisition who played for another team since David Justice had 84 H for the 2000 Yankees after being acquired from Cleveland...Hit 5 HRs (all at Yankee Stadium) in 58 G with the Yankees after hitting 4 HRs in his first 95 G to start the year with Seattle...Opened the season with Seattle...in 95 games (93-RF/2-DH), batted .261 (105-for-402) with 49 R, 15 doubles, 4 HRs, 28 RBIs and 15 SB (in 17 attempts)...Went 4-for-5 in Seattle's Opening Day win vs. Oakland in Tokyo on 3/28...tied the Mariners' Opening Day record for hits (also Ken Griffey Jr. on Opening Day in 1990)...owns a Mariners-record 17 OD hits...Began the season batting .338 (26-for-77) with nine multi-hit games over his first 18 road games...Recorded his 100th career outfield assist in 5/11 loss at Yankee Stadium, throwing out Robinson Cano at second base...had the day off on 5/30 at Texas, snapping streak of 150 straight games played (since 6/11/11)...Homered twice in 6/2 win at Chicago-AL for his first multi-homer game since 8/21/10 at Yankee Stadium...Collected the 2,500th hit of his MLB career in 6/19 win at Arizona as part of a 4-for-5 day...Made his Yankees debut in 7/23 win at Seattle, batting eighth and playing right field...with 2,533 H, had the third-highest total by any player at the time of his debut for the Yankees, behind only Paul Waner (3,151 in 1944) and Ivan Rodriguez (2,584 in 2008)-credit: Elias...Hit safely in each of his first 12 G as a Yankee from 7/23-8/5, the longest hitting streak by a Yankee acquired during the season and tying the longest hitting streak for any player to begin his Yankees career (also Don Slaught - 1988)...Had exactly 1 H in each of the 12 games, a franchise record for most consecutive games with exactly one hit...did not strike out during the stretch, marking the longest streak of "one-hit" games with zero strikeouts by any Major League player in the Live Ball Era (surpassed Enos Slaughter-1939 and Yogi Berra-1953 who each had 10-game stretches with exactly 1 H and 0 K)...According to Elias, was the longest streak of its kind in the Majors since Willy Aybar had exactly 1 H in 13 consecutive games in 2006 w/Los Angeles-NL...Batted in the leadoff position for the first time as a Yankee in 7/25 win at Seattle, going 1-for-5...Hit solo HR - his 100th career HR and first as a Yankee - and was 1-for-4 with 1 SB in 7/30 loss vs. Baltimore...snapped a 188-AB homerless stretch...Struck out in his second at-bat in 8/6 loss at Detroit, snapping a stretch of 55 consecutive plate appearances without a K...also snapped a stretch of 49 plate appearances without a walk or strikeout since joining the Yankees...according to the Elias Sports Bureau, marked the longest such streak for a Yankee since Steve Sax, who went 55 PA without walking or striking out in 1991...Tied his career high with 5 RBIs in 8/10 win at Toronto (also 9/20/03 at Oakland and 8/17/04 at Kansas City, both with Seattle)...started the game in CF, his first appearance at the position since starting there on 6/15/08 vs. Washington (w/ Seattle)...Batted .526 (10-for-19) with 4 R, 1 double, 1 triple, 2 HRs and 2 RBIs in seven games (six starts) on the Yankees' seven-game homestand from 8/13-19...Hit his 300th career double in the eighth inning of 8/16 loss vs. Texas...collected his first three-hit game with the Yankees in the contest, going 3-for-3 with 1 R...Hit two solo HRs in 8/19 win vs. Boston, recording his seventh career multi-HR game and second of the season (also 6/2 w/ Seattle at Chicago-AL)...was his second career multi-HR game at the current Yankee Stadium (also 8/21/10 w/ Seattle-2 HR off Javier Vazquez)...came as the No. 8 batter in the starting lineup, becoming the third different Yankee to record a multi-homer game as the eighth batter (also Russell Martin on 6/10 vs. the Mets and Eric Chavez on 4/20 at Boston)...Batted .385 (35-for-91) in September, trailing only Minnesota's Joe Mauer (.388) for the highest September batting average in the AL...also had 9 SB during the month, his highest stolen base total in a calendar month since April 2011 (10 SB)...Hit safely in 10 straight games (with an at-bat) from 9/15-26, batting .465 (20-for-43) with 10R, 4 doubles, 2 HRs and 5 RBIs over the stretch...recorded multiple hits in a season-high five straight games from 9/19-22...Collected 9 H in the three-game series vs. Toronto from 9/19-20, marking the ninth time in his career he collected at least 9 H in a three-game series and first since 5/15-17/07 vs. Los Angeles-AL (also 9 H)...according to the Elias Sports Bureau, became the first player in franchise history to record at least 9 H, 1 HR and 4 SB in a series of three or fewer games, and the first Major Leaguer with such a series since Colorado's Ellis Burks in Sept. 1996 vs. Atlanta (10 H, 1 HR, 4 SB in three games)...Combined to go 7-for-8 in both games of 9/19 doubleheader vs. Toronto...marked the first time he collected at least 3 H in each of two games on the same day...was his third time collecting at least 6 H in a doubleheader: also 6/8/03 at the Mets (6-for-11) and 8/3/04 at Baltimore (6-for-6)...became the seventh Yankee since 1969 to record at least 3 H in each game of a doubleheader, joining Derek Jeter (2008), Johnny Damon (2006), Willie Randolph (1987), Dave Winfield (1983), Matty Alou (1973) and Roy White (1972)...according to Elias, became the fourth player in the Modern Era (since 1900) to record at least 7 H and 4 SB on one day: also the Dodgers' Maury Wills on 8/7/60 (7 H/4 SB), and Detroit's Johnny Neun on 7/9/27 (7 H/5 SB) and Ty Cobb on 10/2/1907 (7 H/4 SB)...Was 4-for-4 with 1 double, 1 RBI and 4 SB in 9/19 Game 2 win vs. Toronto...tied his career high in SB (third time) and recorded his second career game with at least 4 H and 4 SB (also 7/20/04 vs. Boston)...became the first Major Leaguer with at least 4 H and 4 SB in the same game since Texas' Julio Borbon on 8/15/09 vs. Boston...also joined Rickey Henderson (4/11/88 at Toronto - 5 H, 4 SB) as the only players in franchise history to accomplish the feat...along with Kenny Lofton (twice), Rickey Henderson (twice) and Carl Crawford (twice), are the only players with multiple such games in the Live Ball Era...became the first Yankee to steal four bases in a game since Tony Womack did so twice in May 2005...was 3-for-4 with 2 R and 1 double in 9/19 Game 1 win vs. Toronto...Hit solo HR and was 2-for-4 with 2 R, 1 double and 3 RBIs in 9/20 win vs. Toronto...hit safely in seven consecutive plate appearances from his final PA in 9/19 Game 1 win through his fourth-inning double on 9/20 (all off four different LHP)...marked the most consecutive PA with a hit by a Yankee since Bernie Williams did so in nine straight PA from 8/14-16/02 (credit: Elias)...Was named AL "Player of the Week" for the period ending 9/23...during the stretch, batted a Major League-leading .600 (15-for-25) with 7 R, 3 doubles, 2 HRs, 5 RBIs and 6 SB with five multi-hit games in six contests...was his fourth career "Player of the Week" award and first since September 2010...Hit .394 (28-for-71) with 14 R, 6 doubles, 2 HR, 9 RBIs, 2 BB and 8 SB over his last 16 games of the season...Batted .275 (11-for-40) with 3 R, 2 doubles, 1 HR and 5 RBIs in nine postseason games with the Yankees in 2012...collected 4 H in ALCS Game 1 vs. Detroit, the most in a playoff game by a Yankee since Derek Jeter went 5-for-5 in 2006 ALDS Game 1 vs. Detroit...marked the most hits by a Yankee in an ALCS game since 2004 - Hideki Matsui (4-for-5) and Gary Sheffield (4-for-5) in Game 3 at Boston. 2011 Ranked amongst AL leaders in several offensive categories: Games (161, T1st), At-bats (677, 1st), Stolen Bases (40, 3rd), Singles (154, 3rd), Plate Appearances (721, 4th), Multihit Games (59, T5th), Intentional Walks (13, T6th) and Hits (184, 9th)...Had string of 10 consecutive 200-hit seasons snapped...tied with Pete Rose for most 200-hit seasons in a career...led Majors in hits in each of 5 previous seasons...Recorded career-lows in hits (184 - previous low was 206 in '05) and batting average (.272 - previous low was .303 in '05)...had string of 10 consecutive seasons batting .300 and named an All-Star snapped...Set Mariners all-time hits record on the 10th anniversary of his Major League debut April 2 at Oakland (debuted 4/2/01)...passed Edgar Martinez with career hit 2,248 on a 9th inning infield single...joins Todd Helton (COL-2,363), Derek Jeter (NYY-3,088) and Michael Young (TEX-2,061) as active players who are their current team's all-time hits leader...Hit 4 leadoff home runs, T5th-most in the Majors (6/28 vs. ATL, 8/13 vs. BOS, 8/22 at CLE, 9/8 vs. KC)...36 career leadoff ranks 6th all-time...Recorded 10 leadoff extra base hits (2B - 5, HR - 4, 3B - 1)...has 129 leadoff XBH in his career (2B - 78, HR - 36, 3B - 15), most among active players and 4th-most dating back to 1974: 1. R. Henderson - 215, 2. C. Biggio - 168, 3. P. Molitor - 130...Notched 59 multi-hit games, T5th in the AL...11th season (consecutive) with at least 50 multi-hit games, ranking 5th-best over the last 70 years: 1. P. Rose - 15, 2. S. Musial - 14, 3. T. Gwynn - 13, 3. D. Jeter - 13, 5. Ichiro - 11...11 consecutive 50+ multi-hit games ranks 3rd-best during the same time frame: 1. S. Musial - 14 (1943-57, DNP in '45), 2. T. Gwynn - 12 (1984-95), 3. Ichiro - 11 (2001-11)...Ranked 3rd in AL with 40 stolen bases (in 47 att.)...5th season with 40+ steals and 11th straight with 25+...only the second player in club history to record back-to-back season with 40+ steals (also: Julio Cruz, 1979-82)...since 2001, is one of 4 players to record at least 5 seasons with 40+ SB: 1. J. Pierre (9), 2. C. Crawford (7), T3. Ichiro (5) and C. Figgins (5)...Did not play June 10 at Detroit, snapping string of 255 consecutive games played dating back to Sept. 1, 2009 (3rd-longest streak in club history). Recorded three double-digit hitting streaks (13 G - Aug. 17-30, 11 G - June 11-23, 10 G - Aug. 3-14)...has 40 single-season hitting streaks of at least 10 games in his career...dating back to 1918, records show that Ichiro has the 5th most (tied) double-digit hitting streaks: 1. Ty Cobb (65), 2. Hank Aaron (44), 3. Al Simmons (42), 4. Stan Musial (41), 5. Ichiro (40), Derek Jeter (40) and Pete Rose (40)...Tied for team lead with 7 OF assists (T14th in AL)...recorded 97 career OF assists, tied for ML lead since his debut in 2001 (also: Carlos Beltran & Jeff Francoeur)...Made 10th career Opening Day start (RF), T3rd-most in club history (Edgar - 15, Griffey Jr. - 13, Dan Wilson - 10)...Recorded MLB hit #2,400 Sept. 1 vs. LAA...has 2,428 MLB hits, 8th-most among active players and T109th all-time...3,706 all-time hits counting career in Japan...Made 10 starts at designated hitter (151 in RF)...hit .341 (14x41) as a DH in 2011, and is a career .361 hitter (56x155) in 36 starts at DH...Recorded pair of stolen bases June 15 vs. LAA, #400 & #401 in MLB, #600 in pro career (199 SB in Japan)...Recorded season-high 4 hits (3x, last: 9/9 vs. KC)...has 46 career 4+ hit games in his career...since his debut in 2001, leads all players in 4+ hit games (Albert Pujols is 2nd w/37)...1st among all active players with 46 4+ hit games (Ivan Rodriguez is 2nd with 44)...Combined for 3,706 hits in his professional career (MLB - 2,428; Japan - 1,278)...only Pete Rose (4,256), Ty Cobb (4,191) and Hank Aaron (3,771) have more career hits. 2010 Recorded his 10th consecutive 200-hit season and named to his 10th consecutive All-Star Game (9th as starter). ...Won 10th consecutive Gold Glove...tied the AL record with Ken Griffey Jr. and Al Kaline... 6th OF and 16th position player with 10 GG in a career. ...Led the Majors in hits (214) for the 5th consecutive season, and 7th time in his career (2001-242, '04-262, '06-224, '07-238, '08-213, '09-225, '10- 214)...tied ML record with Ty Cobb and Pete Rose as the only players to lead the Majors in hits 7 seasons in a career...is the only player to lead the AL or NL in hits in 5 straight seasons...has led the AL in hits in 7 of 10 seasons (record is 8 by Ty Cobb). ...Recorded 200th hit Sept. 23 at Toronto (G#152)...tied Pete Rose for most 200-hit seasons in a career (10), breaking the AL record of 9 by Ty Cobb...already holds record for consecutive 200-hit seasons in a career. ...Led the AL in hits (214), multi-hit games (69), games (162), infield hits (59), singles (175) and at-bats (680)...also T5th in stolen bases (42) and 7th in batting average (.315). ...Named American League Player of the Week for Sept. 20-26, his 3rd AL weekly honor... hit .444 (12x27), 4 R, 2 2B, 2 BB, 2 K. ...Started all 162 games (RF - 160, DH - 2), tying Matt Kemp (LAD) for Major League lead... played in 192 consecutive games, the longest active streak in the AL (2nd in Majors behind Kemp - 202) and T8th-longest in club history. ...Recorded at least one hit in 130 of 162 games...reached base safely in 137 games...has not gone hitless in 3 consecutive games since May 2007. ...Notched 10th consecutive season batting at least .300 with 25 steals...becomes the 4th player during the modern era (since 1901) to record as many consecutive .300, 25 SB seasons (Ty Cobb - 13, Honus Wanger - 12, Ichiro - 10, Tris Speaker - 10). ...Named to 10th consecutive All-Star game (went 0x2), the longest active streak in the Majors, tying Ken Griffey Jr. as the franchise leader in consecutive All-Star selections (1990-99)...9th time to start Midsummer classic in leadoff position, breaking the all-time record set by Willie Mays and Rod Carew. ...Tied career-high with 4 stolen bases Aug. 4 vs. Texas (also: 7/20/04 vs. BOS)...recorded 4th career 40-steal season...the 11th player with a 40-steal season at age 35 or older, first since Ricky Henderson in 1997-98. ...Recorded 4 double-digit hitting streaks, including season-high 14-gamer June 29- July 15...has 37 double-digit hitting streaks in his career, 2nd-most among active players (Derek Jeter - 39). ...Combined for 3,522 hits in his professional career (MLB - 2,244; Japan - 1,278)...only Pete Rose (4,256), Ty Cobb (4,191), Hank Aaron (3,771) and Stan Musial (3,630) have more career hits. Recorded his 10th consecutive 200-hit season and named to his 10th consecutive All-Star Game (9th as starter). ...Won 10th consecutive Gold Glove...tied the AL record with Ken Griffey Jr. and Al Kaline... 6th OF and 16th position player with 10 GG in a career. ...Led the Majors in hits (214) for the 5th consecutive season, and 7th time in his career (2001-242, '04-262, '06-224, '07-238, '08-213, '09-225, '10- 214)...tied ML record with Ty Cobb and Pete Rose as the only players to lead the Majors in hits 7 seasons in a career...is the only player to lead the AL or NL in hits in 5 straight seasons...has led the AL in hits in 7 of 10 seasons (record is 8 by Ty Cobb). ...Recorded 200th hit Sept. 23 at Toronto (G#152)...tied Pete Rose for most 200-hit seasons in a career (10), breaking the AL record of 9 by Ty Cobb...already holds record for consecutive 200-hit seasons in a career. ...Led the AL in hits (214), multi-hit games (69), games (162), infield hits (59), singles (175) and at-bats (680)...also T5th in stolen bases (42) and 7th in batting average (.315). ...Named American League Player of the Week for Sept. 20-26, his 3rd AL weekly honor... hit .444 (12x27), 4 R, 2 2B, 2 BB, 2 K. ...Started all 162 games (RF - 160, DH - 2), tying Matt Kemp (LAD) for Major League lead... played in 192 consecutive games, the longest active streak in the AL (2nd in Majors behind Kemp - 202) and T8th-longest in club history. ...Recorded at least one hit in 130 of 162 games...reached base safely in 137 games...has not gone hitless in 3 consecutive games since May 2007. ...Notched 10th consecutive season batting at least .300 with 25 steals...becomes the 4th player during the modern era (since 1901) to record as many consecutive .300, 25 SB seasons (Ty Cobb - 13, Honus Wanger - 12, Ichiro - 10, Tris Speaker - 10). ...Named to 10th consecutive All-Star game (went 0x2), the longest active streak in the Majors, tying Ken Griffey Jr. as the franchise leader in consecutive All-Star selections (1990-99)...9th time to start Midsummer classic in leadoff position, breaking the all-time record set by Willie Mays and Rod Carew. ...Tied career-high with 4 stolen bases Aug. 4 vs. Texas (also: 7/20/04 vs. BOS)...recorded 4th career 40-steal season...the 11th player with a 40-steal season at age 35 or older, first since Ricky Henderson in 1997-98. ...Recorded 4 double-digit hitting streaks, including season-high 14-gamer June 29- July 15...has 37 double-digit hitting streaks in his career, 2nd-most among active players (Derek Jeter - 39). ...Combined for 3,522 hits in his professional career (MLB - 2,244; Japan - 1,278)...only Pete Rose (4,256), Ty Cobb (4,191), Hank Aaron (3,771) and Stan Musial (3,630) have more career hits. 2009 Recorded his record-breaking 9th consecutive 200-hit season, named to his 9th consecutive All-Star Game (8th as a starter) and won 9th straight Gold Glove...added 3rd career Silver Slugger Award...Earned Fielding Bible Award as top fielding right fielder in baseball...Set ML record with 5th season of at least 220 hits...Hall of Famers Rogers Hornsby and Jesse Burkett each had 4 seasons of 220+ hits...Named to the Sporting News American League All-Star team...Led the AL in hits (225), multi-hit games (73), infield hits (59), intentional walks (15) and day batting average (.400)...also ranked 2nd in batting avg (.352) and had the longest hitting streak in the AL (27 games)...Hit 11 home runs, 2nd-most of his career (15 in '05)...31 doubles were 3 shy of careerhigh (34 in '01) and 46 extra base hits were 4th-most in his career...Has led the AL in hits in 6 of 9 seasons (record is 8 by Ty Cobb)...became first player to lead a league (AL or NL) in hits 4 consecutive seasons...first to lead the Majors in hits 4 consecutive seasons (previous record was 2 by 9 players -- last Tony Gwynn, 1994-95)...Led the Majors in hits for the 6th time in his career (2001-242, '04-262, '06-224, '07- 238, '08-213, '09-225)...joins Ty Cobb-7 and Pete Rose-7 as the only players during the modern era to lead the Majors in hits 6-or-more seasons in a career...Recorded hit #200 in G#2 Set. 13 at Texas with infield single...first player in MLB history to record 9 consecutive 200-hit seasons...tied the AL record for 200-hit seasons in a career with Ty Cobb...Pete Rose holds the all-time record with 10 200-hit seasons...Tallied career hit #2,000 with leadoff double Sept. 6 at Oakland...reached the milestone in 1,402 career games, 2nd-fastest in history (Al Simmons, 1,390 games)...Named to 9th consecutive All-Star game, the longest active streak in the Majors and one shy of Ken Griffey Jr. as the franchise leader in consecutive All-Star selections (1990- 99)...8th time to start Midsummer classic in leadoff position, tying the all-time record by Willie Mays and Rod Carew...Club-record 27-game hitting streak, May 6-June 3 (.398/47x118)...broke his own record of 25 games set in 2007... only the 3rd player with 2 streaks of 25 or more games in the last 20 seasons (Nomar Garciaparra and Vladimir Guerrero)...was his 7th career 20-game streak, tied with George Sisler for 4thmost 20+ game hitting streaks all-time, just one streak shy of all-time mark of 8 (Keeler, Cobb, Rose)...Recorded 22-game home hitting streak, June 6-Aug. 7 (.474/46x97)...longest hitting streak in Safeco Field history and T2nd-longest home hitting streak in club history (H. Reynolds, 25 G, 1991)...19 games with 3+ hits...199 career games with 3+ hits since his debut in 2001, 46 more than any other player (Jeter - 153)... most 3-hit games over a 9-year span since Al Simmons had 206 from 1925-33...Held hitless in consecutive games Sept. 26- 27, snapping a string of 180 consecutive games without going hitless in back-toback games... he was previously held hitless in consecutive games Aug. 13-15, 2008 (last 41 of '08, first 139 of '09)...the 180-game streak was the longest since Doc Cramer in 1934-35 (192 G)...recorded at least one hit in 128 of 146 games in '09...On the disabled list from March 31-April 15 with severe fatigue (stomach ulcer)...missed first Opening Day, having his string of 197 consecutive games played snapped...Missed 16 games during the season, after missing only 16 games in previous 8 seasons with the Mariners...has played in 1,426 games since debut (most in MLB), missing only 32 out of a possible 1,458 games...Ejected on Sept. 26 at Toronto by home plate umpire Brian Runge for arguing balls and strikes...first career ejection...Led the Majors in singles (179) for the 8th time in his career (ML record) and 6th straight season...led AL in singles in each of his 9 seasons...Recorded a hit in 60 of 63 games, May 6-July 17 (.383/106x277)...first player since Joe DiMaggio in 1941 (hit in 75 of 78) to record at least one hit in 60 of 63 games...Tied career-high with 7 consecutive multi-hit games (4th time), June 20-27 (.594/19x32)... one off club record held by Desi Reliford (2002)...Led Majors with 73 multi-hit games...5th time to post 70 or more multi-hit games in a season...622 multi-hit games are the most over a 9-year span during the live-ball era (since 1920)...the 2nd-highest total is 581 by Rogers Hornsby (1920-28, 1921-29)...Reached base safely in career-high 43 consecutive games (4/28-G#2-6/14)...streak was T2nd-longest in club history (47 G - Alvin Davis, 1984; 43 G - Edgar Martinez, 2001)...Belted career leadoff HR #30 Aug. 4 at KC...T10th all-time with Tony Phillips...Tied (4/15 vs. LAA) and broke (4/16 vs. LAA) the all-time Japanese hits record with 3,086 career hits, passing Isao Harimoto...Hit 28th career leadoff home run in Mariners 1-0 victory over the Rays on April 23... marked the 22nd time in ML history and 2nd in Mariners history for a leadoff homer to stand as the only run in a 1-0 victory (Greg Briley, 6/19/92 at MIN)...Recorded 26 steals, fewest season total of his career...recorded SB#20 July 19 at Cleveland, becoming 9th player to steal 20 or more bases in each of his first 9 seasons...Made season debut April 15 vs. the Angels, going 2-for-5 with a grand slam...4th career grand slam (first since 8/25/05 at TEX)...became 4th Mariner to hit a grand slam home run in his first game of the season...also: Jay Buhner (6/1/90 vs. DET), Jim Presley (4/8/86 vs. CAL) and Leon Roberts (4/9/78 vs. MIN)...Led the AL with 15 intentional walks...3rd time to lead the AL in IBB...recorded only 32 total walks, the fewest by either league's IBB leader since the stat was first tracked in 1955...previous record: 39, by Garry Templeton in 1984 Recorded 3 walk-off hits...first career game-ending hit July 28 vs. Toronto, his 1,953rd career hit (came in 91st possible walk-off at-bat)...had gameending hits in back-to-back games, Sept. 17 vs. CWS (1B) and Sept. 18 vs. NYY (2-run homer off M. Rivera)...Helped lead Japan to the World Baseball Classic title for the second time (also 2006)...batted .273 (12x44) with 7 runs, 2 doubles, one triple and 5 RBI in 9 games... recorded GWRBI with 2-run single in the 10th inning vs. Korea in the Championship. 2008 Recorded 8th consecutive 200-hit season, named to his 8th consecutive All-Star Game (7th as a starter), won 8th straight gold glove and scored 100 runs for the 8th straight season...Tied for the Major League lead with Dustin Pedroia with 213 hits...213 hits are T6th-most in club history...became the first player to lead the Majors in hits (either outright or tied) in each of three consecutive seasons...has led the AL in hits in 5 of 8 seasons...became first player to lead the AL in hits in three consecutive seasons since Kirby Puckett (1987-89)...Led the Majors in hits for the fifth time in his career (2001-242, '04-262, '06-224, '07-238, '08-213)...joins Ty Cobb-7, Pete Rose-7, Stan Musial-5 and Tony Gwynn-5 as the only players during the modern era to lead the Majors in hits 5-or-more seasons in a career...Set the modern Major League record with his eighth consecutive 200-hit season...joins Willie Keeler (1894-1901) as the only other player in history to record 8 consecutive 200-hit seasons...became only the sixth player in history to record 8-or-more 200-hit seasons in a career...Tied Lou Gehrig's modern ML record by recording at least 200 hits and 100 runs in eight seasons in a career...Ichiro and Willie Keeler (1894-1901) are the only players to achieve this in consecutive seasons...Made 8th consecutive trip to the All-Star game, starting in right field and batting leadoff...7th time in his career to start the Mid Summer Classic...went 1-for-3 with an outfield assist...AL won 4-3 in 15 inn...Tied for the AL lead in hits (213), and ranked 7th in batting average (.310), 3rd in multi-hit games (58) and 7th in runs (103)...also ranked in the top 10 in the AL in batting average on the road (.305/10th), batting average vs. RHP (.320/5th), at-bats (686/1st), intentional walks (12/T5th), hardest to strikeout (11.5/5th), hardest to double-up (85.8/6th) and games played (162/T2nd)...Appeared in all 162 games, making 161 starts (CF-69, RF-90, DH-2)...has played in 197 consecutive games dating back to Aug. 26, 2007, the 5th-longest active streak in the Majors...has played in 807 of the Mariners last 810 games over the last five seasons...Hit HR#4 July 19 vs. Cleveland, snapping a string of 40 consecutive singles and 136 plate appearances without an extra base hit...Ranked 3rd in the AL with 43 stolen bases (34 prior to All-Star break, 9 post-ASG)...third time in his career to surpass 40 steals in a season...Recorded his 300th career stolen base June 11 at Toronto...one of just 28 players to record 300-or-more steals in the first 8 seasons of career...also just the 16th player in ML history with 8 consecutive seasons of 30-or-more steals...only Ricky Henderson (15) has more consecutive seasons of 30-or-more steals to open a career...Career SB#291 on May 18 vs. San Diego, breaking Julio Cruz's franchise record...recorded 18 SB in May, most in any month of his career...Recorded Major League hit #1,800 Sept. 25 vs. LAA...reached the milestone in 1,277 career games, fastest by any player since Al Simmons reached the milestone in 1,242 games...also recorded career hit #1,600 (4/8 at BAL) and #1,700 (7/3 vs. DET) ...Reached 3,000 hits for his career (Japan + Mariners) July 29 at Texas...has recorded 1,805 hits in 1,280 games with Seattle, coupled with 1,278 hits with the Orix Blue Wave...Led the Majors with 180 singles...set ML record with 7th season leading the Majors in singles...Named the Mariners winner of the 2008 Heart and Hustle award given annually by the Major League Baseball Players Alumni Association...award honors an active player who "demonstrates a passion for the game of baseball and best embodies the values, spirit and tradition of the game."...Went 5-for-5 on June 29 at San Diego, tying a single-game career-high in hits...7th career 5-hit game, T3rd-most by any player since 1956...has recorded 37 games with 4-or-more hits, the most over any 8-year span since the period from 1985-92 when Wade Boggs had 38 and Kirby Puckett had 37...Season-high 17-game hitting streak, July 26-Aug. 12 (.395/30x76)...also had a 16-game streak Sept. 7-23 (.338/23x68)...has recorded 29 career hitting streaks of 10-or-more games in his career...Moved into 2nd place on Japan's all-time hit list on May 1 after going 3-for-5 at NYY...needs 3 hits to set all-time Japan hits record (Isao Harimoto, 3,085)...Ranked T5th in the AL with 11 outfield assists...since 2001, has recorded 78 outfield assists, most in the AL and 4th-most in the Majors...recorded career-high 5 errors...Hit leadoff home runs April 7 at Baltimore and Aug. 9 vs. Tampa Bay...27 career leadoff HR, 14th All-Time. 2007 Finished second in the AL batting race at .351 (238x678) behind Magglio Ordoñez (.363)...became the only active player to record three full seasons hitting .350-or-higher (.350 in 2001, .372 in 2004)...named MVP of All-Star game in San Francisco...went 3-for-3 with the first inside-the-park home run in ASG history...2nd Mariner to win ASG MVP honors (Ken Griffey Jr. - 1992)...first Mariner to homer in an ASG since Alex Rodriguez in 1998 (at Colorado)...4th leadoff hitter in ASG history to be named MVP (Bo Jackson - 1989, Joe Morgan - 1972, Willie Mays - 1968)...also among AL leaders in infield hits (53/1st), stolen bases (37/T4th), runs (111/8th), on-base percentage (.396/9th), hitting streak (25/2nd), intentional walks (13/T3rd), batting average at home (.365/T4th), batting average on the road (.337/5th), RISP batting average (.397/2nd), batting average during the day (.341/T5th), batting average at night (.355/3rd), batting average vs. RHP (.358/1st), games played (161/T3rd) and toughest to double-up (96.9 AB per GIDP/6th)...238 hits ranked T16th in ML history...became the first player in the modern era (since 1900) to record three seasons of 230-or-more hits...joins Freddy Lindstrom (1928, 1930) and Rogers Hornsby (1921-22) as only players with at least two seasons of 230+ hits...played 1,000th career MLB game May 24 at Tampa Bay...1,414 hits in first 1,000 MLB games ranked 2nd all-time since 1900 (Al Simmons, 1,443)...recorded career-high and club record 25-game hitting streak May 7-June 1 (.411/46x112)...broke old record of 24 games by Joey Cora set in 1997...recorded at least one hit in 56 of 59 games (May 7-July 8), batting .399 (101x253) during that stretch...set AL record with 41st consecutive stolen base on May 3 at Boston...streak ended at 45 consecutive steals (5/17), falling short of ML record of 50 set by Tim Raines...hit four leadoff HR (4/15 vs. TEX, 4/17 vs. MIN, 5/25 at KC, 7/6 vs. BAL)...recorded seven consecutive multi-hit games May 13-20 (.567/17x30), falling one short of club record (Desi Relaford)...hit in seven consecutive plate appearances May 13-16...set club record for highest FLD% as CF (.998)...made one error (9/12 vs. OAK) in 433 total chances...signed 5-year contract extension (thru 2012) on July 13. 2006 Ichiro saw his streak of consecutive games played end at 396. Ichiro collected his 200th hit of the season against Kansas City on Sept. 16. He swiped 39 consecutive bases without being caught -- a new club record and an American League single-season record. Ichiro, who had 224 hits, led the American League in hits for the third time in his career. 2005 Recorded his fifth consecutive 200-hit season, collected his fifth straight Gold Glove, was named to his fifth consecutive All-Star Game and scored 100 runs for the fifth straight year...First player in ML history to record at least 200 hits in first five seasons...became only the sixth player in ML history to record five consecutive 200-hit seasons...Among the AL leaders in at-bats (679/1st), hits (206/2nd), triples (12/2nd), intentional walks (23/2nd), multi-hit games (60/3rd), batting average vs. LHP (.352/3rd), steals (33/5th), runs (111/T8th) and outfield assists (10/T4th)...One of six AL players (including Raul Ibanez) to play in all 162 games...Set new club record with 12 triples (prev: H. Reynolds, 11 in 1988)...Collected career hit #1000 on June 14 vs. PHI (single in 1st, off Jon Lieber) to become the third player since 1900 with 1,000 hits in less than 700 games (696); also the third player to collect 1,000 hits in first five seasons...Plated 500th run June 25 at San Diego in his 707th game...Was 1-for-2 with 2 RBI in All-Star Game in Detroit; played centerfield and rightfield...Third 0x6 of career July 31 vs. CLE (also: 6/22/05 vs. OAK & 7/22/03 at MIN)...Batted .364 (40x110) in July, hitting safely in 23 of 27 games...Third career 2-HR game July 30 vs. CLE (first since 6/17/03 vs. ANA)...Ended longest slump of career (0x22) August 6 at CWS...Hit in season-high 13-straight games Aug. 6-19...Hit third career grand slam homer in the 9th inning on Aug. 25 at TEX...Hit fifth lead-off home run of season, 17th of career, Aug. 29 vs. NYY...Homered in consecutive games for second time in career, Aug. 29-30...Hit six home runs in Aug., a career-high monthly total (prev: 4, 8/04 & 5/03)...Became third player in '05 to get three IBB's in game Sept. 27 (also: Guerrero, Delgado); three intentional walks matched club record...Recorded 200th hit of season in 2nd inning off Oak's Kirk Saarloos Sept. 30...Had second 4-hit game Sept. 30 vs. OAK (also: 9/10 vs. Balt.)...24th career 4+ hit game. 2004 Established all-time ML single-season hit record with 262 hits, passing George Sisler's mark of 257 hits (1920)...also established the all-time ML mark for most hits over any four-year span, with 924...previous mark was 918 by Bill Terry (1929-1932)...his 262 hits were 46 more than AL runner-up (Michael Young, Tex. - 216), the largest hit differential ever in one league by a first- and second-place finisher...previous mark was 44, by Stan Musial (228) over Dixie Walker (184) in the NL in 1946...became first player ever with 200 hits in each of first four years in the Majors...led the Majors, and established a club record with .372 batting average...5th Mariner to win a batting title, and second Mariner to win two batting titles (Edgar Martinez, 1992, 1995)...set club record with 80 multi-hit games, the most in the Majors during the Division Play era (1969)...set ML record for most singles with 225...led Majors with 57 infield hits...hit three lead-off home runs, extending his club record to 12 career lead-off home runs...lead-off homers came April 30 at Detroit; Aug. 15 vs. New York & Aug. 17 at Kansas City...had a career-high 5 hits four times (July 29 at Ana.; Aug. 3 at Bal. #1; Sept. 4 at Chi.; Sept. 21 at Ana.), becoming just 5th player ever with four 5+-hit games in a season...joins Tony Gwynn, 1993; Stan Musial, 1948; Ty Cobb, 1922; Willie Keeler, 1897...had 50 hits in a month three times (50 in May, 51 in July, 56 in August)...he is the first player with consecutive 50-hit months since Joe Medwick in 1936 (50 in July, 52 in August)...the 56 hits in August were a club record for hits in a month and the most hits in a month by a player since Jeff Heath had 58 hits in August, 1938...became first player with four 50-hit months (also 51 hits in Aug. 2001) in a career since Pete Rose (Aug. 1966; Aug. 1968; July 1973; Sept. 1979)...recorded 36 stolen bases, 2nd in the AL, becoming first Mariner ever with four straight seasons with 30+ stolen bases...reached base safely in 40-straight games, April 29-June 13, a new career-high...collected 2,000th hit of pro career (US & Japan) with single in 5th inning May 21 vs. Detroit...matched club record for right fielders with two outfield assists June 12 vs. Montreal...finished 3rd in the AL with 12 outfield assists...elected to start in All-Star Game; was 1x4 with one run scored in Mid-Summer Classic in Houston...led ML with 704 at bats, just the 3rd player ever with 700 at bats in a season, joining Willie Wilson (705 in 1980) & Juan Samuel (701 in 1984)...led AL (2nd in Majors) with .372 batting average with runners in scoring position (45x121)...led AL with 19 intentional walks...also was third-hardest player to strikeout (12.1 PA/K) and 4th-toughest to double-up (117.3 AB/GIDP)...had a 21-game hit streak, tied for 2nd-longest in the AL, July 4-29...third 20+-game hit streak of his career...only game not played was July 10 at Chicago...set career-high with four stolen bases July 20 vs. Boston...tied career-high with 5 RBI Aug. 17 at Kansas City, going 4x4, with a home run and 2 runs scored...left game on Aug. 18 with mild concussion after being hit by a pitch...was 4x7 and a home run short of the cycle Aug. 21 at Detroit...recorded 200th hit of the season, a home run, on Aug. 26 vs. Kansas City, becoming the fastest player, by date, to reach 200 hits in the Division Play era...200th hit came in team-game #126, the fastest to 200 hits in team games since 1930: Bill Terry (#119) and Chuck Klein (#125)...had eight hits in eight at-bats over two games Sept. 21-22...recorded hit #257 & #258 Oct. 1 vs. Texas, both off Ryan Drese, tying and passing George Sisler...hit #257 was a single in the first inning to left field...hit #258 was single in the third inning to center...final hit, #262, came Oct. 3 vs. Texas, a single to center in the 8th inning off Brian Shouse. 2003 Led Majors with 66 multi-hit games; also ranked among AL leaders in hits (2nd), batting average (7th), runs (T7th), triples (T8th) and stolen bases (5th)...had 12 outfield assists, fourth-most in the AL...batted .359 (75x209) vs. left-handed pitchers, 3rd-best in the AL and the highest among left-handed hitters...recorded 212 hits, becoming just the third ML player with 200+ hits in each of first three ML seasons...hit .389 (44x113) in May, leading the Majors with 44 hits in the month...had a 13-game hit streak May 8-22 (25x55/.455)...hit lead-off home run May 17 at Detroit, his first of three lead-off home runs on the season (also: June 17 vs. Ana, July 8 vs. Bal)...batted .386 (44x114) in 26 games in June, including a 19-game hit streak June 4-24...hit two home runs, his first career multi- home run game, June 17 vs. Anaheim, going 4x4 with four runs scored...had seven- consecutive multi-hit games July 1-8, going 14x31/.452...led Majors in All-Star balloting for third consecutive season with 2,130,708 votes; was 0x1 with two walks in the Mid- Summer Classic...hit first career grand slam July 18 at Kansas City; slam put Mariners ahead 6-3 in the 9th...hit second career grand slam Aug. 15 vs. Boston...had a career- high 5 RBI Sept. 20 at Oakland, going 4x6 with two doubles...hit just .259 (75x290) after the All-Star break, including .242 (29x120) in August and .273 (30x110) in Sept...struck out just once every 10.5 at bats, the 7th-best ratio in the AL. 2002 Finished among AL leaders in hits (2nd), at bats (3rd), multi-hit games (3rd), triples (T3rd), batting average (4th), stolen bases (T4th), runs (9th) and on-base percentage (10th)...also led the AL with 15 caught stealings and a club-record 27 intentional walks... became first Mariner ever with two 200+ hit seasons, and just the 6th player in ML history with 200+ hits in first two ML seasons...set record for most hits in first two ML season with 450...established club record with five lead-off home runs...led the Majors with a .404 batting average (44x109) in May, hitting safely in 25 of 27 games...stole three bases May 10 vs. Boston...batted third for first time in the Majors June 2-4 (8x14), including 4x5 June 2 at Baltimore...hit first lead-off home run of the season June 6 at Oakland...had 15- game hit streak May 22-June 6 (30x63/.476)...hit second lead-off home run June 29 vs. Colorado...was not held hitless in consecutive games until June 7-8 vs. Cubs (0x8)...had 124 hits at the All-Star break, second-most in club history...led Majors in All-Star ballotting (2,516,016 votes) for second straight season; was starting right-fielder in All-Star Game (0x2)...homered twice July 13 at Tampa Bay, his first career multi-home run game, including 3rd lead-off home run...started in center field in three straight games, Aug. 17-19 (4x11), his first games in center in regular-season ML game...hit 4th lead-off home run Sept. 9 at Texas...bases- loaded walk in 11th inning to end game in 6-5 win Sept. 16 vs. Texas...hit 5th lead-off home run Sept. 24 vs. Oakland...led Majors with 54 infield hits, including nine bunt hits...hit .356 (64x180) off left-handers, 4th-best in the AL... batted .361 (43x119) with runners in scoring position, 8th-best in the AL...6th in the AL with a .334 road batting average (109x326)...struck out just once per every 11.7 plate appearances, 4th-best in the AL. 2001 Became the first Japanese-born position player to play in the Majors and was voted AL MVP and Rookie of the Year by the BBWAA, becoming just the second player ever to win both awards in the same season (Fred Lynn, 1975)...led the Majors in batting average and stolen bases, the first player to do so since Jackie Robinson (1949)...became just second rookie ever to lead either league in batting, joining Tony Oliva (1964)...set ML rookie record for singles...set AL rookie mark for hits and at bats...set club record with 242 hits, becoming just the third rookie since 1964 to collect 200 hits (Nomar Garciaparra, 1997; Kevin Seitzer, 1987)...his 242 hits were the most in the Majors since 1930...also set club records for most games hit safely (135, tying the ML mark), multi-hit games and infield singles...among league leaders in runs scored, total bases & triples...56 stolen bases led the AL and third-most in club history...was AL Rookie of the Month for April, May, August and September...23-game hit streak April 22-May 18 tied for longest in the Majors (Moises Alou); second-longest in club history...made ML debut April 2, starting in right field and going 3x5...broke a 7-7 tie in the 10th inning with his first Major League home run, a two-run shot (Jeff Zimmerman) in Seattle's 9-7 win April 6 in Texas...recorded first outfield assist of the season (9-5) April 11 in Oakland...had 15-game hit streak April 4-20 (26x65/.400)...was home run short of the cycle in consecutive games, May 12 & 13 in Toronto... tied club record with seven consecutive multi-hit games, May 12-19...had 23-game hit streak April 22-May 18 (44x114/.386)...reached safely in 38 consecutive games before 0x4 June 4 (SF, RBI)...had two hits in the 1st inning June 29... struck out as a pinch-hitter in the top of the 7th inning, before a two-run game-tying home run in the top of the 9th inning (Jeff Zimmerman) in Mariners 9-7 win July 2 in Texas...was home run short of cycle July 3 in Texas...hit 1st lead-off home run July 6 at LA (K. Brown)...batted .347 with a club-record 134 hits in the first half...voted to start All-Star Game; led Majors w/3,373,035 votes; just sixth rookie ever voted to start an All-Star Game (1st since Sandy Alomar in 1990) and first rookie outfielder to start an All-Star Game since Tony Oliva in 1964...started in center field and was 1x3 including an infield single off Randy Johnson in the first inning in the Midsummer Classic...lined out as a pinch hitter Aug. 2 to end 11-game hit streak (18x46)...had 21-game hit streak Aug. 3-24 (42x93/.452)...0x5 Aug. 26 vs. Cleveland snapped 21-game hit streak & streak of hitting safely in 32 previous starts (60x139/.432)...became the first Major League player with three hit streaks of 15 or more games in a season since 1980 (Cecil Cooper) and the first Major Leaguer with two hit streaks of 20+ games since 1996 (Juan Gonzalez)...collected 200th hit Aug. 28 in team game #132; matching Darin Erstad (2000) as fastest in the Majors to 200 hits since Joe Medwick in 1935 (131 games) and the fastest in the AL since Al Simmons in 1925 (125 games)...had a Major League-leading 51 hits in August, just the second Mariner ever with 50 hits in a month (Rodriguez, 54 hits in Aug. 1996). 2000 Notched his Japanese-record seventh consecutive batting title, hitting a career-best .387 with the Orix Blue Wave...his season was cut short when he strained a right rib cage muscle on August 28...came back to play the field in the final game of the season...led the league in on-base percentage for the fifth time in his career with a .460 mark...named to the Pacific League "Best Nine" end-of-season All-Star Team for the seventh consecutive year...won his seventh-straight Gold Glove Award. 1999 Season was cut short after breaking the ulna bone in his right hand when he was hit by a pitch in late August...led the league in average (.343) for sixth straight season...his .412 on base percentage was tops in the league for the fourth time...named to his sixth All-Star team and won his sixth Gold Glove Award...collected his 1,000th hit on April 20 against Nippon in the Tokyo Dome...hit his 100th home run on July 6 against Seibu. 1998 Batted .358 to lead the league for the fifth time in 1998...had more walks (43) than strikeouts (35) for the fourth straight season...won his fifth Gold Glove Award and named to his fifth All-Star Team. 1997 Led the league in average (.345) for the fourth straight season...went a Japanese-record 216 straight plate appearances without striking out from April 16-June 25...also earned fourth consecutive All-Star appearance and Gold Glove Award. 1996 Was named league MVP for third consecutive year in 1996...his .356 average and .422 on-base percentage led the league for the third straight season. 1995 Led the Pacific League with a career-high 49 stolen bases in 1995...named League MVP for the second consecutive year...also led the league in RBI (80) in addition to batting (.342)...set a career-high with 25 home runs. 1994 Named Pacific League MVP and won his first league batting title...hit .385 with 13 home runs and 54 RBI...set Japanese baseball record with 210 hits in just 130 games...led the league with a .445 on-base percentage... reached base safely in 69 consecutive games from May 21-Aug. 26. 1993 Split time between the two clubs in 1993, hitting .371 with eight home runs in 48 games in the minors...batted .188 with a home run in 64 at-bats with the major league Blue Wave...hit first pro home run June 12 off the Kinetsu Buffalos' Hideo Nomo. 1992 Hit .366 in 58 games before he was called up to the majors where he batted .253 in 40 games. 1991 Selected by Orix in the fourth round of the Japanese Draft, in November.
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How many counters, or pieces, does each player start with in a game of backgammon? | How Many Counters Does Each Player Have at the Start of a Game of Backgammon | uk.QACollections.com
How Many Counters Does Each Player Have at the Start of a Game of Backgammon
How Many Counters Does Each Player Have at the Start of a Game of Backgammon?
Each Player as 15 counters in a Backgammon. The counters are also known as checkers, draughts, stones, men or chips. Backgammon is one of the oldest board games, with archaeological evidence up to ... Read More »
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Which Welsh singer was born Gaynor Hopkins? | Backgammon online free – Games on Microsoft Store
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Backgammon is one of the oldest board games for two players. The playing pieces are moved according to the roll of dice, and a player wins by removing all of his pieces from the board before his opponent. Backgammon is a member of the tables family, one of the oldest classes of board games in the world. Although luck is one of the determining factors in the outcome, strategy plays a more important role in the long run. With each roll of the dice, players must choose from numerous options for moving their checkers and anticipate possible counter-moves by the opponent. Backgammon playing pieces are known variously as checkers, draughts, stones, men, counters, pawns, discs, pips, chips, or nips. Rules of classic backgammon are rather simple. The objective is to remove (bear off) all of one's own checkers from the board before one's opponent can do the same. The checkers are, in the most often-played variants, scattered at first, and may be blocked or hit by the opponent. To start the game, each player rolls one die, and the player with the higher number moves first using the numbers shown on both dice. If the players roll the same number, they must roll again as the first move cannot be a doublet. After rolling the dice, players must, if possible, move their checkers according to the number shown on each die. The same checker may be moved twice as long as the two moves are distinct. If a player rolls two of the same number, called doubles, that player must play each die twice. For any roll, if a player can make moves corresponding to the numbers on both dice, that player is compelled to do so. If players cannot use the number from either die in a roll, given the position of their checkers, then that turn is over and the turn passes to the opponent. If moves can be made according to either one die or the other, but not both, the higher number must be used. If one die is unable to be moved, but such a move is made possible by the moving of the other die, that move is compulsory. In the course of a move, a checker may land on any point that is unoccupied or is occupied by one or more of the player's own checkers. It may also land on a point occupied by exactly one opposing checker, or "blot". In this case, the blot has been "hit", and is placed in the middle of the backgammon board on the bar that divides the two sides of the playing surface. A checker may never land on a point occupied by two or more opposing checkers; thus, no point is ever occupied by checkers from both players simultaneously. There is no limit to the number of checkers that can occupy a point at any given time. Checkers placed on the bar by being hit re-enter the game through the opponent's home board. Checkers may not enter on points that are occupied by two or more opposing checkers—these points are blocked. Checkers can enter on points occupied by a single opposing checker—this opposing checker is hit and goes to the bar, the same as any hit checker. A player may not move any other checkers until all checkers on the bar belonging to that player have re-entered the board. When all of a player's checkers are in that player's home board, that player may start removing them; this is called "bearing off". If one player has not borne off any checkers by the time that player's opponent has borne off all fifteen, then the player has lost a gammon, which counts for double a normal loss. If the losing player has not borne off any checkers and still has checkers on the bar or in the opponent's home board, then the player has lost a backgammon, which counts for three times a normal loss. Backgammon game features: - singleplayer game with strong AI (master of backgammon) - multiplayer game on one device (hot seat) - you can play backgammon online with friends - "cloud" scoreboards and leaderboards - online shop with 12 unique backgammon gameboards - achievements and rewards - comprehensive analytics of dice rolls - random.org dice generation for fair game
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Which Hollywood actor died in 1955 when his car collided with another car near Cholane, California? | James Dean - Biography - IMDb
James Dean
Biography
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Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (2) | Trade Mark (6) | Trivia (110) | Personal Quotes (26) | Salary (3)
Overview (5)
5' 8" (1.73 m)
Mini Bio (2)
James Byron Dean was born February 8, 1931 in Marion, Indiana, to Mildred Marie (Wilson) and Winton A. Dean, a farmer turned dental technician. His mother died when Dean was nine, and he was subsequently raised on a farm by his aunt and uncle in Fairmount, Indiana. After grade school, he moved to New York to pursue his dream of acting. He received rave reviews for his work as the blackmailing Arab boy in the New York production of Gide 's "The Immoralist", good enough to earn him a trip to Hollywood. His early film efforts were strictly bit parts: a sailor in the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis overly frantic musical comedy Sailor Beware (1952); a GI in Samuel Fuller 's moody study of a platoon in the Korean War, Fixed Bayonets! (1951) and a youth in the Piper Laurie - Rock Hudson comedy Has Anybody Seen My Gal (1952).
He had major roles in only three movies. In the Elia Kazan production of John Steinbeck 's East of Eden (1955) he played Caleb, the "bad" brother who couldn't force affection from his stiff-necked father. His true starring role, the one which fixed his image forever in American culture, was that of the brooding red-jacketed teenager Jim Stark in Nicholas Ray 's Rebel Without a Cause (1955). George Stevens ' filming of Edna Ferber 's Giant (1956), in which he played the non-conforming cowhand Jett Rink who strikes it rich when he discovers oil, was just coming to a close when Dean, driving his Porsche Spyder race car, collided with another car while on the road near Cholame, California on September 30, 1955. He had received a speeding ticket just two hours before. James Dean was killed almost immediately from the impact from a broken neck. He was 24. His very brief career, violent death and highly publicized funeral transformed him into a cult object of apparently timeless fascination.
Light brown hair greased back
Impulsive emotional acting style
Known for playing well-meaning but deeply troubled characters
The red jacket, white T-shirt and blue jeans from Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
Trivia (110)
Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (#42) (1995).
Ranked #33 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997]
The famous Failure Analysis Associates, from Menlo Park, California, reconstructed and recreated all details of the accident at the same approximate time on September 30 and have concluded that James Dean was travelling 55 to 56 mph when the fateful accident occurred, thereby proving he had not been speeding, as rumor had it.
Most of his so-called affairs with various starlets were made up by the Warner Brothers public relations. He did have love affairs with Pier Angeli and Liz Sheridan .
He also worked as a "stunt tester" on the game show Beat the Clock (1950), testing the safety of the stunts that some of the studio audience members would later perform. However, he proved so agile at completing the stunts that his results could not be used to set time limits for contestants to complete them. So he was reluctantly released.
Following his untimely death, he was interred at Park Cemetery in Fairmount, Indiana, which is nearly 2,300 miles from where he perished in his fatal car crash on the intersection leading to Cholame, California.
Reportedly, Dean was very much in love with Pier Angeli and they planned to marry, but her mother blocked the union because Dean was not Catholic and she helped arrange Pier's marriage to Vic Damone . Before she committed suicide, Pier wrote that Dean was the only man she had ever really loved.
Briefly studied dance with Katherine Dunham .
Won the Bloom Award as "Best Newcomer" for early Broadway work in "The Immoralist".
He was issued a speeding ticket only two hours and fifteen minutes before his fatal accident.
He is the subject of the songs "James Dean" by Eagles and "Mr. James Dean" by Hilary Duff . He is mentioned in the lyrics of many other songs, including "Rock On" by David Essex , "Electrolite" by R.E.M. , "Jack and Diane" by John Mellencamp , "Vogue" by Madonna , "We Didn't Start the Fire" by Billy Joel , "Forever" by Skid Row , "American Pie" by Don McLean , "Speechless" by Lady Gaga , "Walk on the Wild Side" by Lou Reed , "Rather Die Young" by Beyoncé Knowles , "Choke On This" by Senses Fail , "Blue Jeans" by Lana Del Rey , "Style" by Taylor Swift and "Ghost Town" by Adam Lambert .
Was the first actor to receive an Academy Award nomination posthumously, for his role in East of Eden (1955). However, he did not win.
Cousin of Marcus Winslow Jr.
Only actor in history to receive more than one Oscar nomination posthumously.
Pictured on a 32¢ US commemorative postage stamp in the Legends of Hollywood series, originally issued on Monday, June 24, 1996.
Pledged Sigma Nu fraternity but dropped out of college before being initiated.
As promotion for Rebel Without a Cause (1955), Dean filmed an interview with actor Gig Young for the "Behind the Camera" segment of the ABC series "Warner Bros. Presents" in July 1955. Dean told Young, "I used to fly around quite a bit, you know, I took a lot of unnecessary chances on the highway.... Now when I drive on the highway, I'm extra cautious." When asked if he had advice for young drivers, Dean concluded the interview, "Take it easy driving. The life you might save might be mine." Dean died soon afterward and the interview was never aired.
Donald Turnupseed, the driver of the other car involved in Dean's accident, died of cancer in 1995. Turnupseed could not swerve out of the way of Dean's Porsche Spyder, but he successfully swerved journalists who frequently pestered him for interviews about the accident.
He is one of several famous and tragic figures from history to be featured on the sleeve artwork of the album "Clutching at Straws" by rock band Marillion (released in 1987).
East of Eden (1955) was the only one of the three movies in which he had major roles to be released while he was alive.
One of only five male actors to be posthumously nominated for an Academy Award as best actor in a leading role. The others were Spencer Tracy , Peter Finch , Massimo Troisi and Heath Ledger .
Contrary to popular belief, Dean's middle name was not taken from Lord Byron , but from a relative, "Byron" Dean.
During the filming of Giant (1956), he and Rock Hudson did not get along. This tension heightened their onscreen clashes. However, according to Hudson's ex-wife Phyllis Gates , he cried after hearing the news of Dean's untimely death. Gates wrote, "Rock couldn't be reached. He was overcome by guilt and shame, almost as though he himself had killed James Dean.".
At the time of his untimely death, James Dean did not leave behind a will, so most of his possessions went to his father, Winton Dean, whose relationship with him was distant at best.
In her book "Dizzy and Jimmy", Liz Sheridan claims she and Dean were engaged.
Dean's acting breakthrough came on Broadway in the drama "See the Jaguar", despite its run of only four days.
He was voted the 22nd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly.
Attended and graduated from Santa Monica College, a California junior college that boasts its elite drama program. Went on to UCLA but left after appearing in one stage production, as Malcolm in "Macbeth", as he was anxious to get his acting career started.
According to "The Mutant King", David Dalton 's 1974 biography of James Dean, the rumor that Dean was a masochist who liked to have cigarettes stubbed out on his naked body can be traced to a pencil sketch of his called "The Human Ashtray". The sketch featured a human body, in the guise of an ashtray, with many cigarette stubs in it. Dalton speculates that the sketch has nothing to do with Dean's sexual proclivities but much to do with the fact that he was a heavy smoker.
Marlon Brando , in his 1994 autobiography "Songs My Mother Taught Me", says that Dean, who idolized him, based his acting on him and his lifestyle on what he thought Brando's lifestyle was.
Elia Kazan , in his 1988 autobiography "A Life", says that during the production of East of Eden (1955), he had to have Dean move into a bungalow near his on the Warner Brothers lot to keep an eye on him, so wild was his nightlife.
Director Elia Kazan did not believe that Dean would have been able to sustain the momentum of his career. He felt that Dean's career, had he lived, would have sputtered out, as he was not well-trained and relied too much on his instincts, as opposed to his idol Marlon Brando , who, contrary to what people believed, had been very well-trained by his acting teacher Stella Adler and relied on that training to create his characters.
His favorite book was "The Little Prince" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry . James Franco - who played Dean in the biopic James Dean (2001), voiced The Fox in the animated film adaptation of the book, The Little Prince (2015).
He was voted the 30th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere magazine.
Was named #18 greatest actor on the 50 Greatest Screen Legends list by the American Film Institute.
Loved playing practical jokes on friends and reading.
Had a fondness for auto racing and had purchased the 1955 Porsche Spyder sports car, one of only 90 made of that year model, planning to participate in the upcoming races in Salinas, California on October 1, 1955.
He was descended largely from early British settlers to America.
Received posthumous Oscar nominations for his his first and last ever screen performances: East of Eden (1955) and Giant (1956).
Imitating Marlon Brando , he also bought a Triumph motorcycle. Instead of Brando's 650cc 6T Thunderbird model, which he used in the film The Wild One (1953), he bought the smaller 500cc TR5 Trophy model. This Triumph featured in a famous series of photographs by Phil Stern , the motorcycle itself being recovered, restored and currently displayed at the "James Dean Museum" in Fairmount, Indiana.
Lost his two front teeth in a motorcycle accident in his youth.
President Ronald Reagan referred to Dean as "America's Rebel".
His tastes in music were eclectic. He liked African Tribal music and Afro-Cuban music, as well as classical ( Béla Bartók , Igor Stravinsky ); jazz/blues ( Billie Holiday ) and pop ( Judy Garland and Frank Sinatra ). His favourite song was Holiday's "When Your Lover Has Gone" and his favourite album was Sinatra's "Songs for Young Lovers".
His first professional acting gig was in a Coca-Cola commercial, handing out bottles of Coke to teenagers who were riding a merry-go-round.
His final screen test for East of Eden (1955) was shot with Paul Newman , who also was in the final running for one of the roles. Originally, director Elia Kazan had considered casting Marlon Brando and Montgomery Clift in the roles of the two brothers, but they were too old to play teenagers as they were both in the their 30s in 1954. Newman's age, 29, also put him at a disadvantage. Dean, 23 years old and Richard Davalos , aged 19, were cast as the fraternal twins.
At the time of his untimely death, Dean was signed to appear in Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956) at MGM and The Left Handed Gun (1958) at Warner Brothers. Both roles subsequently were taken by Paul Newman and helped make him a star. Newman's career may very well have been retarded if Dean had lived as, while still alive, they competed for the same roles ( East of Eden (1955)).
Signed a nine-picture, $1-million deal with Warner Brothers before his untimely death. He did not live long enough to honor that deal.
Like his hero Marlon Brando (Dean had been separated from his own father as a child and was distant from him. Brando apparently served as a role model for Dean) Dean wanted to write. He told gossip columnist Hedda Hopper that writing was his supreme ambition.
According to Marlon Brando , Dean would often call him, leaving messages with Brando's answering service. Brando would sometimes listen, silently, as Dean instructed the service to have Brando call back. Brando, disturbed that Dean was copying his lifestyle (motorcycle, bongo drums) and acting techniques, did not return his calls. The two met at least three times: on the set of East of Eden (1955); on the set of Désirée (1954) and at a party, where Brando took Dean aside and told him he had emotional problems that required psychiatric attention.
While a struggling actor in the 1950s, he once lived at 19 West 68th Street, off Manhattan's Central Park West.
Was good friends with Martin Landau .
His performance as Jim Stark in Rebel Without a Cause (1955) is ranked #43 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006).
Just before his untimely death, his agent, Jane Deacy , negotiated a 9-picture deal over six years with Warner Brothers worth $900,000. Dean's next project was to be a television version for NBC of Emlyn Williams ' play "The Corn is Green", in which he was to star with Judith Anderson . His next film was to be Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956), a biopic of boxer Rocky Graziano , for which Warners were loaning him to MGM and in which he was replaced by Paul Newman . Newman also replaced him in the role of Billy the Kid in The Left Handed Gun (1958). Three other roles with which he was being linked were the leads in Gun for a Coward (1957), The Sea Wall (1957) and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958).
Was Oscar nominated in two-thirds of his films, a record which will probably never be bettered.
Known to have loved animals as he spoke fondly of being raised around cows, pigs and chickens when he was young. He also was given a Siamese kitten named Marcus as gift by Elizabeth Taylor .
Was terribly nearsighted and wore thick glasses when not on the screen.
Was biggest idol of Elvis Presley .
His closest and most intimate friend for the last five years of his life was William Bast .
Much like Dean himself was with Marlon Brando , Elvis Presley emulated and idolized Dean. He would talk to friends for hours about his reverence for Dean, and got into acting as a way of following in Dean's footsteps. He confessed to his friends and close ones that Dean had the acting career he always wanted.
His father inherited his estate, which was valued at the time of his death at $96,438.44 after taxes. The bulk of the estate came from his life insurance policy as well as $6,750 in insurance claims from his Porsche Spyder. His checking account had a balance of $3,256.48.
While filming The Swan (1956) in Hollywood, Alec Guinness he met James Dean , just days before the young actor's death. Sir Alec later recalled predicting that Dean would die in a car crash: when Dean showed Guinness his newly-bought Porsche, Guinness advised him to "Get rid of that car, or you'll be dead in a week!" Guinness unfortunately proved right.
At the time of his untimely death, he was signed to play Al Francis on the television series Playwrights '56 (1955) (episode "The Battler"). The role went instead to Paul Newman .
Rolf Weütherich, the German auto mechanic who was riding with Dean in the passenger seat during his fatal auto crash, was thrown from the car by the impact and received multiple injuries. After Dean's death, he fell into a depression from the trauma of the incident and made several suicide attempts. He died in Germany in 1981 in an auto accident similar to the one that James Dean died in.
Mentor and friends with Dennis Hopper .
One of only six actors to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for his first screen appearance. The other five actors are: Orson Welles , Lawrence Tibbett , Alan Arkin , Paul Muni and Montgomery Clift .
According to Dennis Hopper , he once threatened to kill a director with a switchblade.
According to Elizabeth Taylor , Dean was molested consistently by a trusted clergy member at age 11 and in a state of having been bereft of his mother.
Former lover William Bast wrote a book about their relationship titled "Surviving James Dean".
Was very close friends with Elizabeth Taylor .
Lived in Los Angeles, California from the ages of six to nine before his mother's death.
He had originally majored in pre-Law but switched to Drama, which angered his father.
Was a mediocre student in high school although he was a very popular athlete.
He suffered from very erratic mood swings and it is believed that he may have had undiagnosed Bipolar Disorder.
He did a promo for Highway Safety on Warner Brothers Presents (1955), just prior to his untimely death. He was wearing his costume from Giant (1956). His last line, "The life you save could be mine.".
One version of how Dean acquired the nickname "Little Bastard" was that Warner Brothers stunt driver Bill Hickman , who was known as "Big Bastard", bestowed it on him. But another more vouched for version is that studio boss Jack Warner once referred to Dean as a "little bastard" after the young star had refused to give up his trailer parked on the temporary spot assigned it during production of East of Eden (1955).
In 1952 when Dean and two friends hitchhiked to Indiana, Clyde McCullough, catcher for the Major League Pittsburgh Pirates gave them a ride from the end of the Pennsylvania Turnpike to Des Moines, where he was scheduled to play and exhibition game.
His headstone was stolen twice but recovered.
At the time of his untimely death, Dean was set to star in Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956) at MGM, a loan-out from his home studio Warner Brothers in exchange for Elizabeth Taylor 's services in Dean's last film Giant (1956).
Actor James Whitmore , whose class Dean was attending recommended to the actor that he apply to the Actors Studio. Among his friends at the studio were Roddy McDowall , Vivian Nathan and David A. Stewart .
On the night Dean was killed, four of his co-stars: Sal Mineo , Natalie Wood , Nick Adams and Richard Davalos , were all having dinner together in New York. The conversation turned to Dean, his new Porsche, and speculation that his speeding would cause him to have an accident during the coming year.
His three well-known film characters in Rebel Without a Cause (1955), East of Eden (1955) and Giant (1956) share some odd similarities. The full name of all of his three roles are formed by eight letters (Jim Stark, Cal Trask and Jett Rink); all of them are finished with a 'K'; and two of them have a surname with the exact same letters (Stark and Trask).
Was a skilled painter and excelled in art class.
Dean said on numerous occasions that he did not expect to live past age 30.
Before his acting career took off, Dean would often sleep in his car once he could not afford rent.
Had an interest in bullfighting.
He was posthumously awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1719 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960.
The character Phillip J. Fry on the animated comedy series Futurama (1999) is based on his look in Rebel Without a Cause (1955).
Leonardo DiCaprio is said to have admired James Dean and mentioned that watching Dean's performance in East of Eden (1955) was one of the factors that influenced him to become an actor.
His fragrance of choice was Knize Ten.
Jack L. Warner forbade Dean to ride his Triumph 500cc TR5 motorcycle and his Porsch Spyder while under contract at Warner Brothers Studio. Jack Warner's concession to Dean was that Warner allowed Dean to race the Porsch Spyder on professional auto racing track meets. The Warner contract and the agreement, nevertheless, did not prevent Dean from driving the Triumph motorcycle and his "Little Bastard" Spyder in Hollywood and the San Fernando Valley. That Friday morning on October 30th, the Porsch was to be mounted on a tow vehicle's car trailer transporting Dean's car and Dean and his pit crew team to the Salinas racing track. Dean had already decided to drive the Porsch himself, and the pit team crew were to follow him with the car trailer in tow. Vern Lanegrasse was one of the few Hollywoodites recognizing Dean driving, with his mechanic Rolf Weütherich sitting in the passenger seat, as Dean stopped in traffic at the Hollywood intersection of Fountain and Vine streets at 9:45 a.m. heading North.
He was originally cast as Joseph Dufresne in The Sea Wall (1957). After his death, the role went to Anthony Perkins .
He was considered to star as Charles A. Lindbergh in The Spirit of St. Louis (1957), which went went to James Stewart .
He was originally cast as Steven W. Holte in The Cobweb (1955), which later went to John Kerr .
He turned down the lead role in The Egyptian (1954), which went to Edmund Purdom .
He was originally set to star in King Creole (1958). After his death, the film was retooled from a gritty urban drama to a vehicle for Elvis Presley .
He was offered the lead role in The Silver Chalice (1954), but he and his agent thought the script was poor and he passed on it. This became Paul Newman 's film debut, to his great embarrassment. While shooting East of Eden (1955), Dean went over to visit Newman on the set of this film, where he met the love of his short life, Pier Angeli , Newman's co-star.
He was originally considered for the lead role of Curly in Oklahoma! (1955), which went to Gordon MacRae .
Many of Dean's friends at the time thought the silver Porsche 550 Spyder was too high-powered for him and, indeed, days before he died, Alec Guinness , who was in Hollywood filming The Swan (1956), had a premonition that he would die behind its wheel. Dean had bumped into Guinness at the Villa Capri, a local Hollywood celebrity hangout often frequented by Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , and the Hollywood celebrity-gentry. Dean was so proud of the car that he insisted upon showing the silver 550 Spyder to Guinness, where the race car was parked outside in front of the Villa Capri's street foyer entrance. Dean, a self-confessed speed freak, laughed off the suggestion. There was no way he could have known that Guinness's warning would become - chillingly - a reality.
In August 2005, Volo Auto Museum in Illinois offered a $1 million reward to anyone producing the missing Porsche Spyder 550 chassis. To date, no one has come forward with the car chassis body. To claim Volo Auto Museum's $1 million reward, as was suggested the reward figure may be too low, that the chassis owner could write his own check. First, the chassis has to be found. A French author recently penned an account in his book which again contradicts Barris' version of the car's ownership and handling after the crash. According to Robert Puyal in his book, "Behind the Wheel: The Great Automobile Aficionados", Dean's wreck was purchased by "the federal road safety services and used it for educational purposes during an exhibition tour. After the television show "Brad Meltzer's Lost History", which aired in 2014, a man contacted Volo Auto Museum with the claim that he knew where the car was. His tale is crazy, and sounds like the plot to a box office hit, but after a polygraph test his story was confirmed. He was six years old and present as his father and some other men put the cursed 550 Spyder behind a false wall in an undisclosed building somewhere in Washington State.
The interiors of East of Eden (1955) were all filmed on studio sound stage sets at the Warner Brothers Burbank Studio lot. During on set filming, portable star dressing rooms were parked adjacent exterior walls of the sound stages, near the stage's crew/cast entry door; positioned on a studio alley and/or street between the studio's sound stages. Dean, assigned one of these dressing rooms, actually lived, day and night, in the assigned dressing room trailer during the filming of this movie. Studio boss Jack L. Warner , told that Dean would not move out of his trailer when the studio wanted to move the dressing room rig, to relocate the dressing room trailer to another location, Warner shouted, "That little bastard better get out of that trailer... or else...".
The original California certificate of ownership for the Porsche 550 Spyder lists James Dean's address - 14611 Sutton Street, Sherman Oaks, California. Inquiries asking about James Dean's Porsche 550 Spyder serial numbers and the vehicle VIN number result in only three numbers one needs to know; the race car was built before VIN numbers were assigned vehicles, therefore there is no VIN #; the trans-axle's serial number is #10046, was bought by Dr. Williams Eschrid of Burbank. The trans axle, found in 2001, appeared in Connecticut in the drive train of noted Porsche collector, Jack Stiles. He traced the serial number through Porsche records while assembling his Spyder for racing and learned it was from Dean's old car. The engine number is P90059, last seen in California shortly after the insurance company sold it to Troy McHenry, which has not been seen since. The automobile body serial number is #0055. The chassis-car body vanished in 1960 after being part of a Highway Traffic Safety Seminar Exhibit. After the accident, the engine was sold to Dr. Troy McHenry in Beverly Hills for use in his Lotus race car. The engine still belongs to the son of Dr. McHenry in California. Dr. Williams Eschrid of Burbank bought the trans axle for his race special. Both Doctors suffered serious crashes during a race in Pomona on October 22, 1956. Dr. McHenry's Lotus went off the road, hit a tree and he perished. Dr. Eschrid's car overturned on the track and he escaped with injuries. Neither Doctor had ever crashed before that meet. George Barris's estate still owns one of the doors from the wreck. It was on display at Volo Museum back in 2005.
The California State Route #46 highway near Cholame, the site of the Dean car crash has a roadside monument marking the crash site location. Since the 1955 accident, a new highway was relocated correcting the "V" intersection of the two intersecting route #46 (from Bakersfield to the California Coast San Simeon Highway #1) and #41 (Cholame to Fresno) roadways, moved northeast of the original roadway intersection crash site. The original actual crash site is located perpendicular to the monument in a far flung unmarked open field of tumbleweeds and broken up black asphalt debris.
James Dean, with time on his side during down times of filming, often, daily, frequented gay bars in mornings, afternoons and evenings in both Hollywood, Studio City and North Hollywood. Dean became a local "feature fixture" sitting on his commandeered bar stool at the end of the bar at North Hollywood's saloon "The Barn" where he would observe the clientèle action, a friend and a pal for the bar keep-tender's "saloon-barn" owner Eddie Klotz. The bar building had previously been a small volunteer theater for thespians and talented craft technicians to audition their talents. The front of the property had a large parking area for the patrons of the theater's performance schedule. Dean would usually arrive on his Triumph 500cc TR5 motorcycle, parked at the bar's main entrance.
As Dean's movie career began to "take off" in 1954, he became interested in developing an auto racing career. Dean originally purchased an MG after arriving in Hollywood from New York City; followed then by upgrading into two vehicles, a Triumph 500cc TR5 motorcycle and a white Porsche 356 Super Speedster, after filming East of Eden (1955). He started to race his Porsche 356-car, with the race car identification number "23f" painted in black on the doors, the hood and trunk bonnet, and his motorcycle. Just before filming began on Rebel Without a Cause (1955), Dean competed in his first professional race car rally event at the Palm Springs Road Races, held in Palm Springs, California, on March 26-27, 1955. Dean, competing in Production D Class, achieved first place in the novice class, and second at the main event. In May of that same year, Dean's raced in the Minter Field Bakersfield race, where Dean finished first in his class and third overall. During the Bakersfield event, Dean met racer and German Porsche mechanic Rolf Weutherick. Dean had hoped to compete in the Indianapolis 500, but was prevented due to his filming schedule. Dean's final race in the Porsche 356 Super Speedster occurred in Santa Barbara's Road Races on Memorial Day, May 30, 1955. Dean was unable to finish the rally due to a blown piston ending Dean's rally race participation. Dean dangerously liked speed. Jack L. Warner forbade Dean to ride his Triumph 500cc TR5 motorcycle and to drive his white Porsche 356 Super Speedster while under contract at Warner Brothers Studio. Warner barred him from all racing during the production of Giant (1956). Warner's concession to Dean was that Warner allowed Dean to only race the Porsche 356 Super Speedster on professional auto racing track meets. The Warner studio contract included insurance liability -- Warner's agreement with Dean, that he not drive the vehicles, nevertheless, did not prevent Dean from driving the Triumph motorcycle and his Porsche Speedster in Hollywood and the San Fernando Valley. Dean's desire to enter the big car class in his next race prompted him to order a Bristol from an English dealer. Rolf Wutherlich met Dean by accident on the Hollywood streets with Dean exchanging information about his plan for the new race car acquisition. This was the class for cars with larger, more powerful engines. Rolf remembered that Porsche was bringing in a new 550 Spyder and it was at Competition Motors. Rolf told Jimmy about this car and that it might be just what he needed to make his dreams come true. The next day, Jimmy came to Competition Motors to look at the car. He drove it around the block and said he'd buy it. Dean commented that it was like 'taking hold of a thunderbolt.' Dean paid $7,000 for it and made it conditional on Rolf - to personally check and go over the Porsche 550 Spyder before each race Dean entered. Rolf agreed because he couldn't think of anything he would like better. Upon the completion of the feature film's principle photography on the Warner Brother's Studio sound stages, in September 1955, Dean replaced his "white" Porsche 356 Super Speedster with a new "silver" Porsche 550 Spyder. Dean had finished filming his scenes and the movie was in post-production giving Dean an open window to race again. Dean was scheduled to compete in a rally-racing event in Salinas, California. Accompanying the actor to the race event was film-stunt coordinator Bill Hickman, who had trained Dean in driving manoeuvres and race tricks; Life-Collier-Magazine photographer Sanford "Sandy" Roth; the German mechanic Rolf Weutherich, from the Porsche factory, who had maintained Dean's white Porsche 356 and now, his new silver Porsche 550 Spyder. On that uneventful Friday morning, September 30th, the Porsche Spyder was to be mounted behind Dean's white Ford (faux woody-town-car-station) wagon, which had an attached tow-car carrier-trailer for the 550 Spyder. Dean and Rolf devised a plan to drive - "to break it in" - since "Giant" was still in production at the time of purchase and insurance rules prevented Dean from racing. Dean's next race would actually be the first time he spent any driving of his new Porsche 550 - to gain some experience before the meet, driving the 550 from Hollywood to the Salinas airstrip track, convinced that it was a good plan. Dean now already to drive the silver Porsche himself, the crew team to follow as a caravan, with Hickman driving the Ford station wagon and attached car-carrier-trailer in tow. That Friday September 30th morning, NBC (Sunset Boulevard and Vine Street studio) TV Page staff division supervisor Vern Lanegrasse, one of the few and last Hollywoodites to recognize Dean driving with his mechanic Rolf Weütherich sitting in the passenger seat, as Dean was stopped in traffic at the Hollywood Ranch Market intersection of North Vine Street and Fountain Avenue, heading North. En route to Salinas, both Dean and Hickman, South of Bakersfield, were pursued, pulled over by highway patrol police officer Otie V. Hunter for speeding (near-100-mph) around 3:30 p.m. After Officer Hunter handed Hickman his speeding ticket, and then another one to Dean, Officer Hunter made his own personal examination of the new Porsche Spyder, lecturing Dean - "Slow down, you don't have to win the race to Salinas." After being stopped and ticketed by Officer Hunter, Dean and Weutherich in the silver Porsche and Hickman and Roth in the Ford station wagon continued on their way, agreeing to meet at a highway refueling point. While near Highway #466 and Highway #33, Dean spotted a gray Mercedes Benz. Dean pulled in to Blackwell's Corner garage to look at the Benz, driven by owner Lance Reventlow, son of Barbara Hutton, with Bruce Kessler, who told Dean that they had received speeding tickets in their Mercedes Benz coupe earlier in the day on the same Bakersfield highway stretch by the same highway patrol officer Otie V. Hunter. At Blackwell's Corners to wait for Hickman, Dean bought a coke. Arriving at Blackwell's Corner garage, Bill Hickman was perturbed that the sluggish Ford station wagon just couldn't keep up with the Porsche, and that the photographer Sandy Roth wanted to get some pictures of Dean driving the silver Porsche 550 Spyder on the road. Hickman warned Dean, not to drive too fast, adding that he could hardly see the Spyder because of its silver colour and low height. The Porsche actually seemed to blend in with the silvery gray highway around it. Dean spoke with Hickman and they agreed to wait up at Paso Robles for dinner. After a monotonous trail, two hours and 150 miles later, a long road curve at the crest of the straight narrow #466 highway's Westward downhill grade, desert flanking either side of the road-way, Dean rapidly accelerated, headed downhill on the long descent into the valley below, passing John R. White, who was buzzing down the highway ahead of Dean. John R. White also saw the white and black East-bound Ford coupe-sedan up ahead that was coming from the opposite direction, apparently to make a left turn to cut across Dean's path. The area was considered dangerous, because it harbored a notorious "black spot" - with a bright twilight sunset in Dean's eye view-horizon-perspective nearly blinding his sight. Around 5:15 p.m., Dean driving West-bound on Highway #466 (now called State Route #46) near Cholame when a 1950 Ford Tutor coupe painted white, with the top, side door-window belt fender line and trunk top-lid panel painted black, pulled out in front of them. Dean seeing the other car, told Weutherick, "That guy has to see us. he has to stop!" 23-year-old Donald Turnupseed, driving his white and black Ford Tutor, had been traveling East on Highway #466, his destiny to Fresno, planned turning onto Highway #4l; joining #466 at a V intersection with no stop sign nor turning left lane on the two lane country road. With twilight, viewing the approaching horizon, Turnupseed did not see Dean's low profile speeding "lil bastard silver Porsche bullet." Turnupseed was attempting to make a left turn onto Highway #41. Unfortunately, Turnupseed had already started to make his turn before he saw the roaring Porsche traveling quickly toward him. Turnupseed floored his Ford's brakes, the car continued to roll thirty feet onto the highway. Without time to turn, the resulting collision was swift and violent. The two cars smashed head-on. The collision with the Porsche was enough to send the 1,500 pound Spyder - flipping - 49 feet into the air, landing on the opposite side of the adjacent roadway fence line; the frail Porsche demolished, leaving it little more than a mangled mass of metal, so badly damaged that police officers at the accident scene described it as "looking like it exploded." The injuries among the three involved in the crash varied greatly. Turnupseed only received minor injuries from the accident; his Ford totaled with front end/engine damage. Dean cracked his head against the steering wheel crushing most of his skull. He was thrown backwards so hard his neck snapped. The head was almost severed from the body. Dean died instantly. Rolf Weutherich's head hit the dashboard and he was catapulted out of the car, lucky to be thrown from the Spyder convertible suffering serious head injuries, a jaw-bone broken and a left thigh-bone shattered-broken leg, surviving the crash. However, James Dean was killed, only 24-years-old. Dean's body had been force-pushed, trapped into the Porsche's passenger seat from the crash impact. The accident was witnessed by a number of passerby who stopped to help. A woman with nursing experience attended Dean detecting a weak pulse, but "death appeared to have been instantaneous." About an hour later, Dean died in route to the emergency room, pronounced dead of a broken neck and massive internal injuries on arrival at the Paso Robles War Memorial Hospital at 6:20 p.m. PST. Dean's funeral was held on October 8, 1955, at the Fairmount Friends Church in Fairmount, Indiana. The coffin remained closed to conceal his mutilated corpse. An estimated 600 mourners were in attendance, while another 2400 fans gathered outside of the building during the grave site procession.
After the automobile accident, George Barris acquired the Dean Porsche car-wreckage sending the crunched metal frame on an extended exhibition for a "California Highway Traffic Driving Safety Seminar Exhibit" tour across the United States. After a lengthy touring and exhibition schedule, in New Orleans, the Porsche wreck was loaded on a rail-road-car for it's return to Los Angels. The railroad-car's side wooden doors were sealed, pad-locked, secured for the return trip. Upon arrival in the downtown Los Angeles railroad yard, unsealing the doors, the Porsche was not inside the railroad-car. An investigation followed with no solution to the mystery of the Porsche's theft and disappearance. The whereabouts of Dean's death-car '130' Porsche has never been solved. Discrepancies in accounts relating to the remains of Dean's Porsche have been made by George Barris - who said the race car was loaded onto a flat bed truck carriage in Miami, Florida, for return to his California shop. The theft of the Porsche car wreckage has never been solved.
Dean had known George Barris since Rebel Without a Cause (1955), as Barris supervised the famous 'chicken' race car scene and customized one of the hot rods in the film. Dean had purchased his new rare Porsche 550 Spyder, a serious low production race car. It was one of 90 made for competition purposes. You could call it a road car, but only die hard enthusiasts could love it on long trips. Dean's new "silver $7,000 1955 Porsche 550 Spyder" race-car with a red leather interior, had been acquired during Dean's stint on Giant (1956) - specialized by having the number "130" painted in a numerical black script on the passenger side doors, "130" painted black on both the front Porsche's nose hood and rear trunk engine-deck-hinged-bonnet above the engine grill air-grate. "Little Bastard", also painted in black script, was on the back rear-bottom bonnet beneath the engine air-grate of the silver Porsche - this was Dean's nickname given to him by both his studio boss Jack L. Warner and Bill Hickman, his driving teacher, an actor, stuntman, who Dean called "Big Bastard". Dean Jeffries, who rented a space at George Barris' Kustom Car shop in Compton, California, painted the specialized Porsche Spyder car's graphics. Dean Jeffries also painted two red racing stripes, matching the red leather upholstery, on the rear flanks of the chassis.
Of his three major films, East of Eden (1955), Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and Giant (1956), he lived to see the release of only the first film. Dean died in an automobile accident on Friday, September 30, 1955, and on the day before his death, his "Eden" co-star Richard Davalos opened on Broadway, creating the role of Rodolpho in the original production of Arthur Miller 's "A View from the Bridge", and the day after Dean's untimely death "Eden" co-star Lois Smith opened on Broadway in Sally Benson's play "The Young and Beautiful". Ironically, a few years after Dean's appearance in the film "East of Eden" - Walter McGinn, played Dean's film role of Caleb Trask in the 1968 premiere Broadway new musical adaptation of "Eden", - "Here's Where I Belong" - also died in a car accident (March 31, 1977, at age 40).
Personal Quotes (26)
Only the gentle are ever really strong.
Gratification comes in the doing, not in the results.
Dream as if you'll live forever. Live as if you'll die today.
An actor must interpret life and, in order to do so, must be willing to accept all the experiences life has to offer. In fact, he must seek out more of life than life puts at his feet. In the short span of his lifetime, an actor must learn all there is to know, experience all there is to experience, or approach that state as closely as possible. He must be superhuman in his efforts to store away in the core of his subconscious everything that he might be called upon to use in the expression of his art.
It was an accident, although I've been involved in some kind of theatrical function or other since I was a child: in school, music, athletics. To me, acting is the most logical way for people's neuroses to manifest themselves, in this great need we all have to express ourselves. To my way of thinking, an actor's course is set even before he's out of the cradle.
To grasp the full significance of life is the actor's duty; to interpret it his problem and to express it his dedication. Being an actor is the loneliest thing in the world. You are all alone with your concentration and imagination, and that's all you have. Being a good actor isn't easy. Being a man is even harder. I want to be both before I'm done.
Studying cows, pigs and chickens can help an actor develop his character. There are a lot of things I learned from animals. One was that they couldn't hiss or boo me. I also became close to nature and am now able to appreciate the beauty with which this world is endowed.
[when told he was too short to be an actor] How can you measure acting in inches?
[to Hedda Hopper ] Trust and belief are two prime considerations. You must not allow yourself to be opinionated. You must say, "Wait. Let me see". And above all, you must be honest with yourself.
When an actor plays a scene exactly the way a director orders, it isn't acting. It's following instructions. Anyone with the physical qualifications can do that. So the director's task is just that to direct, to point the way. Then the actor takes over. And he must be allowed the space, the freedom to express himself in the role. Without that space, an actor is no more than an unthinking robot with a chest-full of push-buttons.
If a man can bridge the gap between life and death... I mean, if he can live on after his death, then maybe he was a great man.
[on acting] You can do "Hamlet" while performing cartwheels... as long as the audience sees your eyes - you can make the performance real.
(When speaking to a friend) Death can't be considered, because if you're afraid to die there's no room in your life to make discoveries.
I think I am going to make it because on one hand I am like Clift saying help me and of the other hand I am Brando saying, "Screw you!", and somewhere in between is "James Dean".
I think the prime reason for existence, for living in this world, is discovery.
Being an actor is the loneliest thing in the world. You are all alone with your concentration and imagination, and that's all you have.
My purpose in life does not include a hankering to charm society.
The cinema is a very truthful medium because the camera doesn't let you get away with anything. On stage you can even loaf a little, if you're so inclined.
To me, acting is the most logical way for people's neuroses to manifest themselves.
[Being asked about his sexual orientation] No, I am not a homosexual. But, I'm also not going to go through life with one hand tied behind my back.
[on the risk of racing cars] What better way to die? It's fast and clean and you go out in a blaze of glory!
The only greatness for man is immortality.
There is no way to be truly great in this world. We are all impaled on the crook of conditioning.
You can't show some far off idyllic conception of behavior if you want the kids to come and see the picture. You've got to show what it's really like, and try to reach them on their own grounds.
[on raising children and teenagers] I think the one thing this picture shows that's new is the psychological disproportion of the kids' demands on the parents. Parents are often at fault, but the kids have some work to do, too.
Being a good actor isn't easy. Being a man is even harder. I want to be both before I'm done.
Salary (3)
| James Dean |
Who did the former British king, Edward Vlll marry in June 1937? | Remembering James Dean, too fast to live, too young to die | Las Vegas Review-Journal
Remembering James Dean, too fast to live, too young to die
Remembering James Dean, too fast to live, too young to die
Richard Meyer displays a photograph showing the aftermath of a car crash that killed U.S. actor James Dean in 1955 at the intersection of Highways 46 and 41 near Cholame, California September 30, 2005. Fans of the actor came to the site to pay respects on the 50th anniversary of his death. Dean was killed when his Porsche 550 Spyder, nicknamed "Little Bastard," collided with a car driven by a student at the intersection. - RTXNTIC
Remembering James Dean, too fast to live, too young to die
A replica of a Porsche 550 Spyder, similar to that owned and driven by U.S. actor James Dean in 1955, is seen near the intersection of Highways 46 and 41 near Cholame, California September 30, 2005. Fans of the actor came to the site to pay respects on the 50th anniversary of Dean's death. Dean was killed when his car, nicknamed, "Little Bastard," collided with a car driven by a student at the intersection. - RTXNTIF
Remembering James Dean, too fast to live, too young to die
A portrait of U.S. actor James Dean hangs from a fence near the intersection of Highways 46 and 41 near Cholame, California September 30, 2005. Fans of the actor came to the site to pay respects on the 50th anniversary of his death. Dean was killed when his Porsche 550 Spyder, nicknamed "Little Bastard," collided with a car driven by a student at the intersection. - RTXNTID
Remembering James Dean, too fast to live, too young to die
“Along came a Spyder and picked up a rider
“And took him down the road to eternity ...”
— The Eagles, from “James Dean”
On Wednesday, it will have been 59 years since they buried James Dean in his boyhood home of Fairmount, Ind.
On Sept. 30, 1955, the Hollywood legend was killed when his tiny sports car — a silver Porsche 550 Spyder that would become as iconic as its driver — rammed into a 1950 Ford Tudor driven by a 23-year-old California college student named Donald Turnupseed in a Y-shaped intersection on Route 466 (now State Route 46) in central California.
James Dean was 24 when the Highway Patrolmen loaded him into the ambulance.
Many people do not recall that Dean was driving to an automobile race in Salinas, Calif., when fate intervened on a late Friday afternoon.
The man riding with him, Rolf Wutheric, was Dean’s racing crew chief. Wutheric survived the wreck. But he, too, would die behind the wheel when his car crashed into a residence in Germany in 1981. Wutheric had been drinking. They said he had never gotten over the death of his friend James Dean.
After coming across a notice that said it had been almost 60 years since Dean had died, I came across a cool photo of the Spyder 550 — not the original one, because the original one was smashed like a beer can in the accident. The photo was taken in the Spaghetti Bowl amid ominous gray clouds that were digitally enhanced.
“I knew he had died in (a similar) car; I did not know he was on his way to an auto race,” said John Afravi, who owns a local studio called Digital Macdaddy Photographers and shot those images of the Spyder.
Afravi said the replica of Dean’s racer is owned, or least was owned, by Celebrity Cars Las Vegas, which has a showroom in the Palazzo Hotel. It looks identical to Dean’s car, save for the big black No. 130 — Dean’s racing number — on the hoods and doors, and another smaller decal on back that said “Little Bastard.” That was the nickname movie stuntman and Dean’s pal Bill Hickman had bestowed upon the actor.
James Dean may not have been the greatest actor-turned-racecar driver; if he was, maybe he could have avoided that crash. He still was learning his way around the track but he was pretty quick, having won his class in regional races at Palm Springs and Bakersfield in 1954.
The automotive website Jalopnik in 2012 named Dean the fourth-greatest celebrity racer of all time, with only Paul Newman, Steve McQueen and James Garner slotted ahead of him.
Warner Brothers would not allow Dean to race during the filming of “Giant,” the 1956 movie that was released after his death.
He had traded in his Porsche Speedster for the Spyder as soon as “Giant” was in the can. Dean had planned to tow the racecar on a trailer behind his station wagon before it was suggested that driving the nimble little 550 up to Salinas would give him more “seat time” behind the wheel.
James Dean might have been a badass. But he drove a Ford Country Squire, like your old man.
At 3:30 p.m. on Sept. 30, 1955, Dean was stopped by California Highway Patrolman O.V. Hunter for driving 65 mph in a 55-mph zone just south of Bakersfield. Dean decided to bypass Bakersfield — always a prudent choice — before meeting up with other racers who were headed to the races in Salinas.
They agreed to have dinner in Paso Robles.
It was about 5:45 p.m. that Donald Turnupseed’s black-and-white Ford crossed the center line, headed for Fresno, at a high rate of speed.
They said James Dean’s car was traveling at a high rate of speed, too, about 85 mph, though I have seen re-creations that estimate he might have been traveling only a few mph above the speed limit, based on the distance his car traveled after impact and other factors.
But if James Dean had to die, people almost wanted him to be speeding, or doing something else rebellious.
As the Eagles sang, he was a “low-down bad refrigerator who was just too cool for school.” Guys like him are not supposed to go out while driving the speed limit, looking both ways and making hand signals.
There’s this YouTube video showing actor Gig Young, dressed like your high school guidance counselor, interviewing Dean about his auto racing career, and about driving responsibility. During most of their two-minute conversation, Dean sits slumped in a chair smoking a cigarette, fiddling with a lariat and smirking.
He looks like a total badass even while filming a public service announcement.
He says he “showed well” at Palm Springs and Bakersfield but now he “drives on the highway extra cautious, because no one knows what they’re doing half the time.”
“I find myself being very, very cautious on the highway. I don’t have the urge to speed on the highway,” says the low-down bad refrigerator.
Gig Young calls him “Jimmy” as if they are pals, and then James Dean says he’s gotta go back to the set. His last bit of advice to youngsters: “Take it easy driving; the life you save might be mine.”
Las Vegas Review-Journal sports columnist Ron Kantowski can be reached at [email protected] or 702-383-0352. Follow him on Twitter: @ronkantowski.
| i don't know |
In human anatomy, an ossicle is a very small what? | Bones of the Ear - Anatomy Pictures and Information
Home > Skeletal System > Bones of the Head and Neck > Bones of the Ear
Bones of the Ear
The bones of the ear, also known as the auditory ossicles, are the three smallest bones in the human body. These bones play an important role in the sense of hearing by transmitting sounds to the inner ear.
Anatomy
The three auditory ossicles – the malleus, incus, and stapes – are tiny bones found in the middle ear. Each bone is named in Latin for its shape:
Malleus means hammer or mallet
Incus means anvil
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Full Bones of the Ear Description
[Continued from above] . . .
The hammer-like malleus is the most lateral of the ossicles and has a large, rounded head on its superior end, which tapers to a narrow neck and handle on its inferior end. It is connected to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, at the handle and forms a synovial joint with the incus at the head.
The anvil-like incus is the middle ossicle that forms synovial joints with the malleus on its lateral side and the stapes on its medial side. The incus is widest where it meets the malleus and tapers to a thinner projection known as the lenticular process where it meets the stapes.
The stirrup-shaped stapes is the smallest ossicle with a hollow space in the middle. The stapes begins with a tiny cylindrical head where it meets the incus before splitting into two parallel columns of bone known as the anterior and posterior crus. These columns end suddenly at the flat, oblong base that rests within the oval window and conducts sounds into the inner ear.
Physiology
The main function of the auditory ossicles is the conduction of sounds to the inner ear where they transduced into nerve signals and sent onward to the brain. Sound waves entering the ear pass through the auditory canal of the outer ear and trigger vibrations in the tympanic membrane. These vibrations are conducted into the malleus, which is connected to the tympanic membrane through its handle region. The malleus conducts its vibrations into the incus through its synovial joint and the incus likewise conducts vibrations into the stapes. Finally, the vibrations of the stapes push its base back and forth through the oval window to form new waves in the endolymph of the inner ear.
The secondary function of the auditory ossicles is the attenuation of sound waves to control the volume of sounds reaching the inner ear. A pair of skeletal muscles, the tensor tympani and stapedius, contract to reduce the vibration of the malleus and stapes in response to loud sounds. Sound attenuation is very important in daily life by limiting the sounds produced during chewing and the sound of one’s own voice while talking.
Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor
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Which ex-Playboy Bunny sang in a band called ‘Wind in the Willows’ before becoming the singer in one of the most famous bands of the 1970’s and 80’s? | Middle Ear Anatomy, Function & Diagram | Body Maps
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Middle ear
Also known as the tympanic cavity, the middle ear is an air-filled, membrane-lined space located between the ear canal and the Eustachian tube, cochlea, and auditory nerve. The eardrum separates this space from the ear canal. The area is pressurized.
The eardrum acts as a natural boundary between the middle ear and the ear canal. Pressure in the middle ear is maintained through the Eustachian tubes, which are closed when not in use. Each time a person swallows, the Eustachian tubes open and allow fresh air to enter into the tympanic cavity. This maintains a constant pressure gradient. Sometimes, this pressure is not equalized with the environment outside the head, and this is often the reason why some people experience discomfort in airplanes and at higher elevations
The cavity also plays a very important role in a person's ability to hear. Inside the middle ear, three small bones (ossicles) form a chain and conduct sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. Once in the fluid-filled inner ear, sounds are converted into nerve impulses and sent to the brain.
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Lee Brilleaux was the vocalist in which 1970’s band? | Dr Feelgood
Dr Feelgood
by • Artists - D , Music - 1970s • Tags: Pub rock
Although they never strayed from their gritty R&B based sound, Dr Feelgood was a fixture of England's Pub Rock scene since the early 70s.
While they were comparative latecomers to the scene - not playing their first London pub gig until July 1973 - they burst out of Canvey Island (Essex) like a force nine gale, and it wasn't long before they were showing everybody else how it was done.
The secret of their success lay not so much in their music - a sharply defined beat group R&B which harked straight back to the early Stones and The Pretty Things - but in their image and attitude, both built on naked aggression.
Plus, in singer Lee Brilleaux and guitarist Wilko Johnson - zig-zagging around the stage like a broken Dalek - they boasted two bona fide gold-plated stars (the NME would later dub them 'the new Jagger and Richards'.) They also had a brutally effective rhythm section called Sparko and The Big Figure, who looked like debt collectors . . .
The Feelgoods signed to United Artists late in the summer of 1974 and recorded their first album, Down By The Jetty, with the late Vic Maile producing. Its black and white sleeve and apparently mono sound mix captured the band's musical character perfectly. It was ultimately their live album, Stupidity, which was to rocket them to the top of the charts in 1976.
Dr Feelgood constantly travelled England, playing to sold-out clubs across the country - venues where rough rock & roll bands could pound out R&B, pop and simple three-chord rock.
With their devoted following, they proved that these clubs were profitable and helped pave the way for the success of punk rock in England. Punk bands played the same bars and clubs that Dr Feelgood, Brinsley Schwarz and other pub rockers played in the early 70s.
Without Dr Feelgood, Stiff Records would not have existed either. Vocalist and harmonica wizard Lee Brilleaux stumped up the original £400 that Jake Riviera used to found the label.
In 1977, amid much acrimony, Wilko Johnson - Pete Townshend to Brilleaux's Roger Daltrey, the songwriter, the Moody One - was fired from the band. He was replaced by Hammersmith-born John 'Gypie' Mayo.
Outside songwriters like Mickey Jupp and Nick Lowe took up some of the slack and the Feelgoods started having hits like She's A Wind-Up, Milk And Alcohol and Down At The Doctors - the latter famed for Brilleaux's off-hand announcement: "Eight bars on the pianna", followed immediately by an eight-bar bass and drum break.
Gradually the hits slowed down. Mayo left, replaced by US expatriate and bar-band veteran Johnny Guitar, and then - virtually in mid-tour - the backroom stalwarts, Figure and Sparko, also flew the coop.
Over the years the band's line-up changed frequently, with Lee Brilleaux (pictured at right) the only constant member. Brilleaux's energy never diminished as he got older - his consistently vibrant live performances were the reason why Dr Feelgood was such a concert draw.
Even though he had been performing for twenty years, Brilleaux remained a force to be reckoned with when he was on stage, right until his untimely death.
I once had the absolute pleasure of meeting Lee Brilleaux at a party in Sydney, Australia. It was the mid 80s and Dr Feelgood had just finished a series of gigs which took my breath away and were unwinding at a bash at the home of Gary Hosie ( The Sets , Mustard Club ) and the late Don Hosie - vocalist with Sydney R&B legends, Stupidity (themselves named after the Feelgoods classic live album).
Lee Brilleaux passed away on 7 April 1994 from throat cancer. He will be sadly missed by a great many people. Veteran Pete Gage took on the role of singer and the group was reborn and continues to gig today.
Gypie Mayo passed away in 2013.
Lee Brilleaux
| Dr. Feelgood |
The Curtis Cup is a challenge trophy contested by women in which sport? | DR FEELGOOD - Bandhistory
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DR FEELGOOD
HOW EVERYTHING HAS STARTED (1967-1971)
THE FRISCO BAY JUG BAND
Jeff Shaw - Mick Townshend - Rico Burt - Lee - Sparko - Chris
Lee and his friend Chris Fenwick were influenced by the American blues- and folkmusic and formed the 'Southside Jug Band' in 1967. This band later became 'The Fix' which was followed by 'The Pigboy Charlie Band', showing more of Lee's passion for Rock'n'Roll and Rhythm'n'Blues. Sparko played the guitar in that time but when Wilko from an India-trip returned to Southend in 1971 he switched to the bass to give way for Wilko's Mick Green -influenced guitar style. A clever decision. Also Chris realized he was better in managing the band than in playing an instrument - the future showed how much he was right! Wilko was into the 60ties British Rock'n'Roll with its band Johnny Kidd and the Pirates. Him and Lee made the audiences going crazy with their unique performances. Dr Feelgood was born. The name was taken from a Pirates song. The band made a short tour through Holland and then supported the former Tornado ('Telstar') from the 60's - Heinz. Drummer Big Figure came into the band and Will Birch (Drummer of Southend band Kursaal Flyers) suggested they should try to play in London. First gig in the capital was the Tally Ho in Camden in 1973.
THE WILKO YEARS (1972-1977)
Lee Brilleaux - Wilko Johnson - John 'Big Figure' Martin - John B. 'Sparko' Sparks
(Three 'John's' in the band - good reason for giving themselves nicknames.
Or was it really just to confuse the tax man?)
For being very convincing on stage Dr Feelgood got a record deal with United Artists. The first single was released - 'Roxette', written by Wilko. It was followed by the first album ' Down By The Jetty ' - produced in mono(!) by Vic Maile. The picture of the cover had been taken on Canvey Island close to a pub called 'The Lobster Smack'. Very successful was 'The Naughty Rhythms Tour' with Kokomo and Chilli Willi and The Red Hot Peppers. All of the boys survived touring in two busses through the UK. Surely it was a crazy enjoyable time! The 2nd album ' Malpractice ' reached No.17 in the charts and the single 'Back in the Night' was released. Constant gigging kept the bands time short, no chance to go into a studio for producing new songs, the 3rd album 'Stupidity' was recorded live. Capturing the raw live energy of Dr Feelgood on vinyl came out as a very wise decision. Rocket-alike 'Stupidity' shot into the charts: No.1album! Special document of this time is a live video of a gig on homeground in Southend Kursaal. Well, the band happily enjoyed the success they deserved, but success also carried more stress in its bag. More gigs to play, more towns to go, more countries to travel, less sleep, less time to chill out, missing the ones at home - the bill followed and shocked the fans as well as the media: During the recordings of the 4th album ' Sneakin' Suspicion ' differend opinions about Lew Lewis' song 'Lucky Seven' made Wilko and Dr Feelgood split. The UNlucky - many more as only seven - fans were upset and worried. Wilko - the unique guitar-maniac of the Feelgoods was gone - would someone else be able to replace him? While searching for a new guitarist Henry McCulloch and guest Tim Hinkley joined in to honour tour commitments.
... the next John stepped in ...
Sparko - Lee - John 'Gypie' Mayo - The Big Figure
The job to replace Wilko was given to an unknown guitarist of a jazz funk band in Harlow: Gypie Mayo . In the time of one week he had to learn all the groups material to be ready then to take off to go on UK-tour. And he made it! He never imitated Wilko, and his own style, talent and ability to play many different kinds of music enlarged the musical possibilities of the band. Similar to Wilko Gypie gave Dr Feelgood his personal stamp. Also his instrumentals 'Greaseball', 'Keeka Smeeka' and 'Hi-Rise' f.e. enriched the variety of the Feelgood songs. Lee and Gypie wrote a lot of good songs together but the Feelgoods biggest hit 'Milk and Alcohol' was written by Gypie and Nick Lowe (Rockpile) who later produced some of their records. Gypie was -and still is- one of the best and most sensitive and talented guitarists I have ever met. Unfortunately some years later the hard life on the road made him problems. In 1981 he left Dr Feelgood to go back home to his family in Southend.
40 Long Road in Canvey. Well known as the "Feelgood House". This place was under a cloud
of all decent people. Some album cover shots had been taken inside of this house. F.e. the backside
picture of "Let it roll". By the way, the bar you can see on the cover was built by Sparko!
The time with Gypie was the most successful period in the Feelgoods history. The 5th and first album with Gypie on guitar ' Be Seeing You ' was produced by Nick Lowe. It includes songs like 'She's a wind up', 'Looking back', 'As long as the price is right'. 1979 Richard Gottehrer produced the 6th album ' Private Practice '. Single-outtakes were 'Down at the doctors' (written by the songwriting-genius but unfortunately most underrated songwriter Mickey Jupp from Southend) and 'Milk and Alcohol'. Nick Lowe wrote its lyrics on a fag packet! 1979 also saw the release of the brilliant live album ' As It Happens ' which was followed immediately by a studio production of Mike Vernon: ' Let It Roll '. The 9th album - again produced by Nick Lowe - ' A Case Of The Shakes ', was billed as 'Perfect for Parties'. Listen to it and find out why... The last album for United Artists ' On The Job ' also is the last recording of this Feelgood line-up and great live document of the unknown guitarist who came as 'another John' and went away as the one and only 'Gypie'.
THREE DOCTORS PLUS ONE BISHOP (1981-1982)
... and again, another John in the band ...
Sparko - The Big Figure - Lee - Johnny Guitar
To get to know the Feelgoods searched for a new guitarist made lots of guitarists all over the land to grab their guitars and buy a railway ticket to the Feelgood headquarter Canvey Island. Barry Martin, who earlier had helped out in times of need for a guitarist, would have loved to join into Dr Feelgood, but at that time the ball had started rolling for his band The Hamsters (External link to The Hamsters Official Website ) and so he could not leave his bandmates. Lee had to look out for someone else. About 50 guys have been auditioned, including Gordon Russell who that day was sent back home but a short time later became the follower of John Crippen aka Johnny Guitar who now made the race. Johnny was member of 'The Count Bishops' who recorded for the Chiswick label. The first Dr Feelgood single with him 'Waiting for a Saturday night' was issued by Chiswick as well as the next album ' Fast Women, Slow Horses ' which again was produced by Vic Maile. Maybe fast women were the reason for Big Figure and Sparko to leave the band, who knows... With seeing them leaving Lee lost a rhythm section which always was perfect for the raw, powerful and unique Feelgood-R'n'B. With them the base, the foundation was gone. 1982 Lee made the decision to end up Dr Feelgood after he honoured touring commitments in Europe with Buzz Barwell and Pat McMullen as rhythm section.
Addition Feb. 2004: Buzz Barwell has moved to Denmark shortly after leaving Dr Feelgood, where he got married and played in other bands since. On January 31st, 2004 he died and was buried at his birthday, February 5th in Denmark.
THE DOCTOR IS IN - WITH NEW ASSISTENTS (1982-1989)
Gordon Russell - Phil Mitchell - Kevin Morris - Lee Brilleaux
Just three month passed by when Lee and his friend and manager Chris relaunched Dr Feelgood because there still was much interest in the band. Gordon Russell , the young guitarist they once sent back home at the auditions, now was offered the chance to join Dr Feelgood. Southend boys Kevin Morris , who many years ago played drums in the 'Pigboy Charlie Band', the embryonic Dr Feelgood, and Phil Mitchell (bass), an old schoolmate, formed the new rhythm section. Dr Feelgood were ready to make out prescribtions again! The 12th and first album with Lee's brandnew line-up ' Doctors Orders ' was produced by Mike Vernon and released by Demon Records. The very bluesy mini-album ' Mad Man Blues ' was released in 1985 and includes the songs 'Tore down', 'Rock me baby' and 'Dust my broom'. Many years earlier Lee lent 400 quid to Jake Riviera and Dave Robinson to make it possible for them to start the Stiff Record label. It was a good investment because now they took the Feelgoods and promoted them in a very unusual way: The cover of the next album ' Brilleaux ' shows Lee with a harmonica in his mouth (which was a bit smaller sized as an usual one, by the way). Posters of this picture were sticked in every underground station in London. The 'Brilleaux' album was produced by Kursaal Flyers drummer Will Birch, a friend of the Feelgoods since the very beginning. He created a new sound with the single 'Don't wait up' and 'Come over here' which was just one of many songs Gordon had written for the band. Pip Williams produced album No.15 ' Classic ' which was the first release of the Feelgoods own record label Grand Records. Dave Edmunds produced the single 'See you later Alligator' which became a hit in Scandinavia and saw its special presentation in a funny video clip showing the band on stage in a small smoky club with a beautiful blonde lady sitting in the audience. Dave also was involved in the re-make of 'Milk and Alcohol (New Recipe)'. Everything worked well. The band was on their flight back home from touring New Zealand when tragedy struck: Gordon's baby had died. He was devastated and after a French tour he settled over to France to start a new life. The band tried in vain to change his mind. The first chapter in the 'Feelgood Book' with a very tragic end.
FROM PRIMO TO DOWN AT THE DOCTORS (1989-1994)
Phil Mitchell - Kevin Morris - Steve Walwyn - Lee Brilleaux
The new chapter of the Feelgoods brought back the blues with a raw edge plus loads of feeling to the band with Steve Walwyn , who comes from the Midlands. He played with Chevy, Steve Marriott, Roger Chapman and few other bands. One of his very first gigs with Dr Feelgood became recorded as the ' Live In London '-album (Town and Country Club/Kentish Town). All in all it was the fourth live album and the 16th of the full list. Also made was a 2nd live video 'Live Legends' which shows how quickly and well Steve fitted into the band. Him and Lee were totally nervous that night. There was a huge wall of tv sets very close to the stage and Steve told me, it was horrible seeing an 'oversized himself' such close 'standing' beside! Similar to Wilko and Gypie Steve has got an own unique style and much power which straight worked perfectly together with Lee's indiscribable personality. Always it was a big pleasure during a solo to see Lee pushing Steve higher and higher and Steve gave it back in return. Will Birch produced the ' Primo '-album which contents the 'Down by the Jetty Blues', a song which illustrates the sea and Canvey Island. The Mickey Jupp song 'Standing at the crossroads' must have reminded Lee on all the decisions he had to make during the Feelgood history. While recording 'Primo' Phil left the band after being in Dr Feelgood for eight years. Dave Bronze joined in, who is a top session musician, good songwriter and producer. During the recordings of the 18th album 'The Feelgood Factor' Lee revealed to the band members that he was seriously ill with lymphoma. He had kept the fact as long as possible. Finishing the recordings of the album with a perfect result was a personal triumph for Lee. He went to hospital for receiving chemo-therapy and the band stopped touring. Lee was too ill to work and stayed at home with his family. Together with his friend Chris he opened the Dr Feelgood Music Bar in Canvey Island. There Lee made his final two appearances with Steve, Dave, Kevin and Ian Gibbons (The Kinks), as guest on keyboards, in January 1994. Precious document: album No. 19 (the 5th live album) ' Down At The Doctors ' with the cover photo taken in front of the bar, Lee posing in the same style and clothes (it really was the same coat!) as on the cover shot of the album 'Sneakin' Suspicion' which was made with the first line up in 1977.
DOWN AT THE DOCTORS
Dr Feelgood Music Bar - January 23rd, 24th, 25th 1994
The day before the first show I was at the rehearsals. Lee sat on a barchair on stage, he was looking pale and horribly thin - but, as always, gave 100%. His harmonica told of the blues in his heart, he sung with his soul filled of the pain about knowing what will come. I had to go outside, unable to hide my tears.
Why him? Why this wonderful person? Why this gentleman and one of the best frontmen ever? So many years Lee had made countless people happy and feel good with the songs he sung. It simply wasn't fair! He never gave up, he passed all the crossroads and survived. This time life wasn't willing to offer him neither a crossroad to pass nor another mountain to climb.
In the following two nights in the Dr Feelgood Music Bar Lee was brilliant and strong as never before. My soul started bleeding when he sang 'I live the life I love, I love the life I live' - What must have been going on in his mind when he sang these words, being in the situation he was in... What a (real) man! A great performer at any time. What a personality!
After the second nights show I went into the small dressing room where Lee was sitting in chat with a friend. I took the chance to thank him for everything, then asked if he allows me to give him a kiss. 'With pleasure', he said, and - believe me or not - his eyes told me he'd known exactly what was going on in my mind when we said good bye to each other. It was the last time we've met and both of us had known. Well, he did not tell me he has to die, so I did not really know, it was more a sad feeling in my heart, I could not explain and tried not to think about it. Very strange this was.
Few days later I had to go back home to Germany with the suspicion we never would meet again in this life. I am absolutely grateful for every second I stayed in the same room with Lee, no matter if he was on stage or private.
Lee has got a place in my heart as long as I live and wherever I am or may go.
Always I will keep his memory alive and his records spinning.
I met the Feelgoods the first time at June 22, 1991 in Germany.
Since that day my way of thinking and feeling, all my life has changed.
It was the best what ever happened to me:
Meeting Lee Brilleaux and most of the ones who shared stages with him in Dr Feelgood.
Gabi Schwanke, Germany
Above text was originally written when I set up this website in 1996, more than 2 and a half year after Lee's death. I was crying while typing, because it still hurt(s). Obviously I did not use the perfect formulations to describe painful memories and feelings. Recently I was attacked in a public forum for publishing an autograph at the Memorabilia page (a regular Lee promo photo signed by Lee at his last show). Yep, I have to admit - after re-reading the review, it sounds as if I would have been aware at the shows, that Lee will die soon. Sorry if the text has supplied this impression. At Lee's last shows I did not know that Lee would die more than 2 months later. I always hoped that Lee would recover; until the morning of April 8th 1994, when manager Chris brought me the terrible news about Lee's passing the night before. Hope this sets things clear. Some slight modifications have been made to the text, now hopefully it is easier to get the message I want to pass along with the review.
~ Gabi - March 7, 2004
THE HELPING HAND (1991)
Craig Rhind
When Dave Bronze made a break to honour commitments in the reformed Procul Harum Craig replaced him at few live dates in 1991making a very good job on the bassguitar till Dave returned. Craig got his own band 'The Razors' and plays with Steve Walwyn in 'The GB's' since few years. Of course, Steve plays guitar in the GB's (whenever time allows) but also is doing the lead vocals.
THE LAST LINE-UP WITH LEE (1990-Spring 1994)
Kevin Morris - Lee Brilleaux - Steve Walwyn - Dave Bronze
Steve on guitar, Kevin and Dave, the solid rhythm section, this was the last Dr Feelgood line up with Lee Brilleaux. When Lee died in April 1994 the band stopped all activities. Steve joined The Big Town Playboys (External link to my Big Town Playboys Website ), an energetic and fantastic Rock'n'Roll band from the Midlands, fronted by Mike Sanchez, an absolutely brilliant boogie pianist and singer. Kevin earned a living touring with 'Love Affair' (who can forget the 60's chart buster 'Everlasting Love'?) and stepped into 'cymbals and drums selling business'. Dave, already mentioned earlier, joined Eric Clapton's band and is usy in the music-scene in several ways. He writes great songs, also has produced the last albums of Dr Feelgood.
LEE BRILLEAUX died in the late evening of April 7th, 1994
just one month before his 42nd birthday.
With him the British Rhythm'n'Blues scene had lost one of their
greatest performers and a very special front- and Gentleman.
Everyone who had known him will miss him.
ON THE ROAD AGAIN (1995-July 1999)
Kevin Morris - Phil Mitchell - Pete Gage - Steve Walwyn
(Tip: Listen to the 20th album " On The Road Again " - do not stop till it reaches its (funny) end!)
Many requests of fans and promoters plus the fact the remaining bandmembers wanted to follow Lee's wish to keep Dr Feelgood going. Kevin and Steve were in the band for more years as other bands exist and their lifes were shaken in two ways: Having lost a very good friend and main man of the band plus the fact of stopping to play the Feelgood songs, something they always enjoyed, as anyone will know who heard and saw them at a Dr Feelgood gig. Phil Mitchell, Feelgood bassist in the early 80's was willing to step on stage again - the difficult search for a singer who was good and curageous enough to become the follower of Lee started. Recommended by Steve the first one at the auditions was Sam Powell, singer and mean harp player of the Hangover Blues Band (External link to Hangover Blues Band Official Website ) and a big fan of Dr Feelgood. Also rumours whispered names as such of Dennis Greaves' (singer and guitarist) and Mike Sanchez' (Steve's mate from the Big Town Playboys). In the end Kevin's, Steve's and Phil's choose was a semi pro multitalent from Bath: With Pete Gage at front Dr Feelgood recorded ' On The Road Again ' and were ready to go there.
READY TO FACE THE NEXT CENTURY (August 1999- ?)
Kevin Morris - Phil Mitchell - Robert Kane - Steve Walwyn
A new face in the family is Robert Kane, who directly came from the Animals II to now front Dr Feelgood. The band had met him several times at gigs and always admired him as a singer. At those times who would have thought he will become a member of Dr Feelgood some day - but here he is. Great news for the fans is the fact, the band straight will go into the studio to record a new album ( Chess Masters ). An interesting project for any Blues and Rhythm'n'Blues fan which will be released by EMI Records.
This one is personal: How good finally to see a promo shot which shows the band quite happy and smiling! Have had enough of the serious ones where the Feelgoods more were looking like solicitors or such alike boring people and definately gave a wrong imagination of the boys. Whoever knows them will agree when I say, they are very kind and humourous guys and it's easy to share a good time with them.
More details about the line-up change and new frontman Robert are to find here .
Have a look at the QUESTIONAIRE I passed on to all Feelgoods in May 1997.
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Who was Prime Minister of Australia at the beginning of World War ll? | Australia's Wartime Prime Ministers
Five Prime Ministers served Australia during the war years. Explore the stories of those who worked for them.
On 26 April 1939, Robert Menzies was sworn in as the 12th Prime Minister of Australia, after he had been elected leader of the United Australia Party. Arthur Fadden followed Menzies on 29 August 1941 but after his coalition government lost majority support in the House of Representatives, John Curtin became Prime Minister on 7 October 1941. Following Curtin’s death on 5 July 1945, the Deputy Prime Minister Frank Forde acted as Prime Minister until the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party elected Ben Chifley as its new leader. Chifley was sworn in as Prime Minister on 13 July 1945.
Four of the five Prime Ministers who led Australia during the Second World War dining together.
John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. Records of the Curtin Family. Five Australian Prime Ministers dine, 1942. Fadden, Hughes, Curtin, Menzies and Chifley. JCPML00376/90
| Robert Menzies |
LADE (Lineas Aereas del Estado) is the national airline of which country? | Australian Governments 1939-1945
During the official wartime period, Australia had five prime ministers - Robert Menzies, Arthur Fadden, John Curtin, Frank Forde and Ben Chifley.
Australian governments in the lead-up to war
In the federal elections held in October 1937, the United Australia Party (UAP) - Country Party Coalition Government was returned to office, winning 43 seats in the House of Representatives (27 UAP and 16 Country Party). The Australian Labor Party (ALP), led by John Curtin, won 29 seats and two seats were won by conservative Independents. In the Senate Labor made gains, winning 16 seats, while the UAP won 3; from July 1938 the Senate had 20 coalition and 16 ALP Senators. Joseph Lyons, as leader of the UAP, the larger party in the coalition, was Prime Minister. The Deputy Leader of the UAP, Robert Menzies, served as Attorney-General and Minister of Industry while Earle Page led the Country Party.
On 20 March 1939 Menzies resigned from the coalition ministry in protest at Cabinet's decision, under pressure from the Country Party, to repeal the pension provisions in the recently passed National Insurance Bill. Menzies was thus a backbencher when less than a month later, on 7 April, Prime Minister Joseph Lyons suddenly died. Lyons had driven from The Lodge in Canberra to Sydney, when he suffered a heart attack, dying in hospital in Sydney on Good Friday.
Deputy Prime Minister Earle Page formed an interim administration until the UAP, lacking a deputy leader due to Menzies' resignation, could elect a new leader. In the party room meeting of 18 April 1939, Menzies was elected leader of the UAP and two days later in Parliament, Page launched a vitriolic attack on Menzies, giving vent to the years of political hostility and personal bitterness between the two men.
Page refused to serve in a government headed by Menzies and withdrew the Country Party from the coalition. The new government which took office on 26 April consisted only of UAP members and relied on Country Party support to remain in office.
26 April 1939 to 28 August 1941
Minority United Australia Party Government
26 April 1939 to 14 March 1940
When war broke out in September 1939, Robert Menzies was Prime Minister of Australia, heading a minority UAP Government. He had been leader for just over four months when, in a radio broadcast at 9.15 pm on Sunday 3 September, he informed the Australian people that ‘in consequence of a persistence by Germany in her invasion of Poland, Great Britain has declared war upon her, and that, as a result, Australia is also at war’.
With the coming of war, Earle Page offered Country Party support to form a composite government but Menzies refused, unwilling to allow Page a role in the Cabinet. The Country Party elected Archie Cameron as leader soon after but it was not until 14 March 1940 that a UAP-Country Party Coalition Government was formed, after the government had lost a by election to Labor following the resignation of Richard Casey to become Australia’s first ambassador to Washington. Cameron acceded to Menzies' right to final say over who would hold Cabinet posts.
United Australia Party-Country Party Coalition Government
14 March 1940 to 28 August 1941
The Menzies Coalition Government was seriously weakened in August 1940 when three senior ministers were amongst those killed when a Royal Australian Air Force plane crashed while approaching Canberra’s airfield. The ministers, James Fairbairn, Henry Gullett and Geoffrey Street, were strong and loyal supporters of Menzies.
The political situation changed dramatically after the federal election held some five weeks later on 21 September. Following the ballot the ALP and the Coalition parties (23 UAP and 13 Country Party) each held 36 seats in the House of Representatives, leaving two Victorian Independents, Alex Wilson and A.W. Coles, holding the balance of power. In the Senate, the UAP and Country Party won 16 Senate seats and Labor won 3; from July 1941 the Senate had 19 government and 17 Labor Senators.
Menzies had hoped for a clear decision but the Coalition Government now relied on the support of the two Independents to remain in office. ALP leader John Curtin, while supporting the war effort, resisted Menzies' offers to form an all party national government. Menzies was forced to make compromises in his ministry, with Earle Page taking on the position of Minister for Commerce. Menzies also reluctantly accepted Curtin's proposal for the establishment of an Advisory War Council on which Government and Opposition would have equal representation, and which the Government could inform and consult on all matters to do with the conduct of the war.
In the wake of the federal election, Archie Cameron lost the Country Party leadership and in October 1940, Arthur Fadden became acting leader, also taking on the role of Treasurer. He was confirmed as leader of the Country Party on 12 March the following year.
Menzies left for London in late January 1941, returning to Australia in May and Fadden was acting Prime Minister over this four month period. On Menzies return, he found the coalition deep in political intrigue. Under pressure from his own party and his coalition partner to resign, he he stood down as Prime Minister and as leader of the UAP on 28 August 1941. WM Hughes replaced Menzies as UAP leader and a joint UAP-Country Party meeting chose Arthur Fadden to lead the Coalition government. Fadden was sworn in as Prime Minister the next day.
29 August to 7 October 1941
United Australia Party-Country Party Coalition Government
29 August to 7 October 1941
The UAP-Country Party Coalition Government continued in office with the minority party now providing the leader. Prime Minister Fadden's Government however lasted only 40 days. On 3 October 1941 it was defeated during the budget debate on a no confidence motion when the two Independents, Wilson and Coles, crossed the floor to vote with Labor. Fadden was unable to retain majority support in the House of Representatives and he advised the Governor-General that ALP leader John Curtin should be commissioned as Prime Minister.
7 October 1941 - 5 July 1945
Minority Australian Labor Party Government
7 October 1941 to 21 August 1943
Curtin was sworn in as prime minister on 7 October but without a majority in either House of Parliament, though the position was eased a little when the non Labor Speaker and Chairman of Committees in the House of Representatives, W M Nairn (UAP) and JH Prowse (Country Party), both agreed to remain in those positions.
However, party political matters returned to the forefront in 1943 when the threat of invasion by Japan was significantly diminished. On June 21 Nairn and Prowse resigned ahead of a no confidence motion against the Curtin Government. Aided by Coles’ vote, the Labor Government survived by the narrow margin of 27 votes to 26.
Australian Labor Party Government
21 August 1943 to 5 July 1945
Labor's position improved dramatically with the Curtin Government's landslide win in the federal election of 21 August giving Labor 49 seats in the House of Representatives to the Coalition’s 23 (14 UAP and 9 Country Party) and two Independents (Coles and Wilson). In the Senate, the ALP won all 19 Senate seats contested; from 1 July 1944 the ALP had 22 Senate seats to 14 for the Coalition, the first time since the conscription split in 1916 that Labor had controlled both Houses of the Commonwealth Parliament.
Curtin's health deteriorated in his last year as prime minister. He suffered a coronary occlusion in November 1944, resumed official duties in late January 1945 and was unwell again from late April. While he lived to see the end of the War in Europe, Curtin died on 5 July 1945, some six weeks before the end of the War in the Pacific. Deputy Leader Francis Forde took over the prime ministership until the ALP Caucus elected Joseph Chifley as leader.
6 July 1945 to 13 July 1945
Australian Labor Party Government
6 July 1945 to 13 July 1945
Frank Forde was Prime Minister for only eight days, from 6 July to 13 July 1945, the shortest term for any Australian prime minister.
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Strangers Gate is an entrance to which famous park? | Who named the gates of Central Park? | Ephemeral New York
The “Undesirables” sent back from Ellis Island »
Who named the gates of Central Park?
When Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were just about done building Central Park in the early 1860s, there was one more thing to consider: the entrances.
While rich New Yorkers desired grand, ornate gates like in the urban parks in London and Paris, Olmsted and Vaux opted for low sandstone openings—symbolizing an accessible city refuge that would be open to all.
They chose names for the 20 planned entrances that referenced who would use the park, reports an 1864 Harper’s article:
“The first broad generalization will be something like this: Artisan, Artist, Merchant, Scholar. Descending to subdivision of these heads we shall have Cultivator or Agriculturalist, Hunter, Fisherman, Woodman, Minor, Mariner, Warrior, Engineer, Inventor, Explorer.”
Actually almost all did end up as official names, though most weren’t carved into the sandstone entrances until the 1990s.
Women’s Gate is at 72nd Street and Central Park West; Scholars’ Gate at Fifth Avenue and 60th Street. A complete list is here.
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Tags: Artists' Gate , building Central Park , Calvert Vaux , central park , Central Park entrances , Frederick Law Olmstead , gates to Central Park , New York in the 1860s , Scholars Gate , Strangers' Gate , Women's Gate
This entry was posted on May 15, 2010 at 3:07 am and is filed under central park , Random signage . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response , or trackback from your own site.
26 Responses to “Who named the gates of Central Park?”
May 15, 2010 at 3:47 am | Reply
Having put quite a bit of study into this there are some interesting misunderstandings about the Gates out there. The Greensward Map, published and sold by the Greensward Foundation, has a few of the gates misplaced or misnamed, calling the Gate of All Saints the Prophets Gate, and adding the entirely fictitious Students Gate. Several places online list the entrance to the Conservatory Garden as the Vanderbilt Gate, though there is no sign for it, and I can find no evidence of it ever being called that. A commemorative booklet quoting Olmstead’s reasoning behind each occupation, published and distributed in 1926 by the Central Park Association calls the Warriors Gate the Army and Navy Gate. My personal favorite is the press release for Christo’s “Gates” instillation refers to the gates and names an Emigrants Gate and an Explorers Gate, neither of which exist.
wildnewyork
May 15, 2010 at 1:42 pm | Reply
Olmstead: “The city, although metropolitan by position, is cosmopolitan in its associations and sympathies, and is ever ready to extend a courteous welcome to all peaceably disposed “Strangers” or “Foreigners” who may be led by inclination or business to spend their time within its boundaries; this welcome being offered, however, not merely a matter or courtesy but as a recognition of that fact that it is highly important, both to the general and particular interests of the whole nation, that its cities should be visited, and its institutions studied and comprehended by intelligent and industrious travelers from other countries, for by such means only can unworthy prejudices be removed, and incorrect estimates rectified.”
Quoted in the 1926 pamphlet I mentioned above, originally taken from the 1866 Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Central Park. The pamphlet erroneously places the Strangers Gate at 110 and Eighth Ave.
wildnewyork
[…] Ephemeral New York spots “subway mosaics that supply a little history” and answers the question, “Who named the gates of Central Park?” […]
Michael Miscione
July 23, 2010 at 5:46 am | Reply
First of all, Olmsted and Vaux were nowhere “just about done building Central Park in the early 1860s.” Secondly, Frederick Law Olmsted did not — I repeat, DID NOT — name the gates of the park. This article and the worshipful comments that follow are yet another example of how people blindly attribute everything in the park to Olmsted. The names were chosen by a committee, consisting of three members of the Central Park Commission: H.G. Stebbins, C.H. Russell, and Andrew H. Green. They also authored the quote that Cully wrongly attributes to Olmsted (you will find it in the 1861 — not 1866 — Central Park Annual Report, on page 132). Once again, Andrew H. Green, the real driving force behind the creation of the park, gets forgotten by the “Cult of Olmsted.” ~ Michael Miscione, the Manhattan Borough Historian
Michael Miscione
July 23, 2010 at 7:17 pm | Reply
A clarification to a cite in my above post is in order. The quote came from the Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Central Park. It mostly concerned the work that took place in 1861, but it was published in 1862.
Altair
On the subject of the gates, when was the Hunter’s Gate and the transverse road relocated from 79th Street to 81st street?
(and when was Naturalist’s Gate named?)
Kevin C
June 10, 2013 at 9:11 pm | Reply
I found a partial answer to my question: the entrance to the drive at 77th and the diversion of the transverse road to 81st Streets was completed in October and November 1882, as part of the development of the Museum of Natural History and Manhattan Square. Prior to 1882, the #2 transverse road came out at 79th. [the New York Times reported the completion 1 October 1882].
Richard
September 8, 2015 at 1:38 pm
Actually, the transverse road #2 (79th St) entrance on Central Park West was not aligned with 81st Street until sometime after 1954. You can clearly see the entrance is south of 81st by a short way on the 1954 USGS 1954/1956/1959 Central Park Quadrangle map. When I was very young I remember them finishing up on the north wall, sidewalk of the transverse.
Kevin C.
September 9, 2015 at 4:06 pm
Richard –
Thanks for your ground-truth! I had in the past looked at the USGS maps of 1947 and 1956, both of which show the traverse drive intersecting CPW about 200′ south of 81st Street entrance to the West Drive. I should not have questioned the accuracy of those maps.
Richard
September 10, 2015 at 11:08 am
I’ve been trying to hammer down the date for the re-routing of transverse #2 from south of 81st to alignment with 81st. I found one of Norman Garbush’s maps of Manhattan that shows the transverse south and also shows the Polo Grounds, which were demolished in mid-1964, so it’s likely that the change was made sometime between 1963 and 1965. I was born in 1959 so my memory of seeing the tail-end of the construction is accurate.
BTW – There was an additional un-named gate on Central Park West between 87th & 88th that was removed 10 or 15 years ago when they added an entrance on the north side of transverse number 3. I’ve been looking for photos of it and have found nothing.
Kevin C.
September 10, 2015 at 12:35 pm
I imagine that finding the precise date for the mid-century work might be done in the Municipal Archives’ records. But your earlier note sent me to the USGS aerial photos (single photo series) for more evidence; those are on-line. Unfortunately the single frame series is only episodic, and from the late 1930s into the early 1960s. The 1954 image shows #2 intersecting CPW south of 81st, as you’ve already noted.
There are obvious alterations in the fabric of the wall along CPW. Dating those changes is another matter, of course.
March 16, 2015 at 6:52 pm | Reply
BTW – not listed in my list is the East 76th Street Gate that was added at the behest of Robert Moses.
Omitted or missing from the list provided in the New York Times article by my friend Doug Martin is the “Inventor’s Gate” misspelled as “Inventers” on the Hingich’s map. It was undoubtedly designated such as nearby is the statue of Samuel Finley Breese Morse, a painter of modest talent who gained wide fame for his invention of the code language that gained popular usage on the telegraph.
The Hingrich map, also omits the possessive apostrophe for “Childrens” gate. My instinctive editing typed it in as “Children’s.”
edlaing
When was the ‘Naturalist’s Gate’ on Central Park West named?
—-
A committee* of the Commissioners reported on ‘the nomenclature of the gates of the park’ in the Fifth Annual Report:
“A list of twenty names is thus obtained that seems to be somewhat appropriate for the object in view. We have the Artizan, the Artist, the Merchant, the Scholar, the Cultivator, the Warrior, the Mariner, the . Engineer, the Hunter, the Fisherman, the Woodman, the Miner, the Explorer, the Inventor, the Foreigner, the Boys, the Girls, the Women, the Children, and All Saints”
that was April 1862. Obviously, not the last word.
[Stebbins, Russell & Green]
March 17, 2015 at 12:59 am
The Naturalist’s Gate seems to be the same location as the “Hunter’s Gate” in front of the New York Museum of Natural History, and I am going to guess that this was a decision that Henry Stern had some durm to strang in, as Teddy Roosevelt would have been the hunter who helped fill the museum, but others would have looked for a gentler description of the activity that provided the carcases for taxidermy to to the capable artistry or Carl Akeley and others.
As for the “twenty” gates . . . show me the “twenty” without using the extra gate cut by Robert Moses at E.76th St. I get 19 from the 1875 map. I really don’t feel any personal stake in this question. I’m just observing from the records I have at my disposal, with all due respect to any data others are able to uncover.
edlaing
March 17, 2015 at 2:36 am
Got it. The last word is whatever the current Parks Commissioner and Conservancy decides to declare. Agreed. The notion of reviving the names of the gates was a point of interest to Henry Stern and perhaps less so since he retired.
There were a lot of interesting personalities who were advocating the names being suggested to the various committees that formed leading up to and including the implementation of the final designs upon Central Park. There was the evolving matter of differentiating between the gates for pedestrians and transportation, certainly. And no one envisioned the world of competing pedestrians, walkers, runners, skaters, skate boarders, bikers, horses, bicycles, cars, motorcycles, Segways, etc.
There were the devotees of Shakespeare, the nut who let the starlings loose in America, the champions of Emerson, Thomas Cole, Thoreau, Teddy Roosevelt, Henry George. They all were in some way at the opposite end of the spectrum of another. Then there was Boss Tweed and Tammany v. the reformers and the like of Charles Patrick Daly who championed Olmsted & Vaux.
Rather remarkable it all got done. I’m just wondering what that 20th gate might have been.
edlaing
| Central Park |
ANZAC Day, Australia’s annual holiday to remember its war dead, is held during which month of the year? | History of the Bronx Zoo : NYC Parks
New York Aquarium
History of the Bronx Zoo
The Bronx Zoo is one of the most famous zoos in the world. In 1898, the City of New York allotted 250 acres of Bronx Park to the New York Zoological Society to build a park aimed at preserving native animals and promoting zoology. The Bronx Zoo opened in 1899 and remains one of the largest wildlife conservation parks in the United States, housing 4,000 animals representing more than 650 species.
Several architectural features at the zoo are official city landmarks, including the entire area from the Rainey Gate entrance on Fordham Road (itself landmarked in 1967) to the far end of Astor Court at Zoo Center (landmarked in 2000). The buildings in Astor Court were designed by the firm of Heins & Lafarge, who also designed the original plans for the cathedral of St. John the Divine in Manhattan's Morningside Heights and many of the subway station details on the IRT line. Another landmarked feature, the Rockefeller Fountain, was built by Italian sculptor Biagio Catella in 1872, donated to the Zoological Society by William Rockefeller in 1903, and moved to its present spot in 1910 (in 2008 the fountain was restored). Another historic landmark is a souvenir from the Ice Age known as the Rocking Stone overlooking the Buffalo Range. The stone is a rough cube of pinkish granite, resting on a granite slab base; even though it is roughly seven feet high and 30 tons, it is balanced perfectly and cannot be moved.
A great deal of the ongoing work at the zoo is unseen to visitors. The Wildlife Society supports conservation efforts as far away as Africa and sends its animals around the country to breed. In fact, the Society has been at the forefront of conservation and field research since its earliest days, beginning with a successful effort to save the American bison from extinction in 1907. The Society helped advocate for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska, which opened in 1960, and assisted and worked to establish wildlife preserves in countries such as Tanzania, Kenya, China, and Argentina.
The zoo made strides to pull animals out of cages early on, especially with the groundbreaking African Plains habitat, the first exhibit of which opened in 1940 when “Lion Island” debuted. The zoo's Skyfari aerial tram opened in 1973, and in 1977 the Wild Asia exhibit opened on 38 acres of previously undeveloped land. Its specially designed monorail takes visitors through an Asian wild animal habitat, and at its opening featured elephants, lions, tigers, rhinoceroses, and deer. In 1999, the $43 million Congo Gorilla Forest opened, featuring several different climates and a viewing tunnel for visitors. The zoo's $8.5 million Tiger Mountain exhibit opened in 2003, allowing visitors an eye-level (actually eye-to-eye level: the Siberian tigers are behind two-inch-thick glass) view where once the animals could be seen only via a Monorail ride. The habitat features heated rocks and cooled water, allowing the tigers a climate-controlled environment. The exhibit is an outgrowth of a partnership between American and Russian biologists, one of the fruits of the zoo's research missions. The zoo's most recent addition, Madagascar!, which opened in 2008, highlights the unique habitat of the African island, including four types of lemurs, crocodiles, and hissing cockroaches.
Notable animals over the years have included Pattycake, the much-loved thirty-something gorilla born in the Central Park Zoo in 1972 and relocated to the Bronx Zoo in 1982, and Samantha the Python, who when she died in 2002 was over 30 years old, 26 feet long, and 275 pounds. Three famous elephants, Patty, Maxine, and Happy, are still in the zoo, although the officials announced that the pachyderms may be moved to another institution if one or more of them dies (elephants do not survive well outside a group setting). Patty and Maxine (along with LaVerne, who died) are named for the Andrews Sisters.
The Bronx Zoo has many monuments presented to the city including Paul Manship's expressive Rainey Memorial Gate, featuring 22 full-sized sculpted animals rising above on a vine-like pattern located at the Fordham Road entrance to the zoo, and the aforementioned Rockefeller Fountain.
| i don't know |
In the book ‘The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe’ by C.S. Lewis, what type of creature is Maugrim? | SparkNotes: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe: Character List
The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe
C. S. Lewis
Plot Overview
Analysis of Major Characters
Aslan - The king and god of Narnia. The noble lion sacrifices his life so that the Witch will spare Edmund. After being resurrected the next morning, Aslan rises and defeats the White Witch once and for all. In the context of the book's Christian allegory, Aslan represents Christ.
Read an in-depth analysis of Aslan.
The White Witch - This evil queen of Narnia places a spell on the land so that it is winter and never Christmas. The Witch is the "Emperor's hangman," as Mr. Beaver says, and she has the right to kill any Narnian traitor. She wields a wand that turns creatures and people to stone. The wand also produces the Turkish Delight that enslaves Edmund and makes him greedy. The Witch kills Aslan, and it is only after he rises from the dead that he defeats her. Like any malicious character, the Witch, an embodiment of evil, could represent Satan, or she may be a servant of Satan. "She calls herself the Queen of Narnia thought she has no right to be queen at all, and all the Fauns and Dryands and Naiads and Dwarfs and Animals—at least all the good ones—simply hate her."
Read an in-depth analysis of The White Witch.
Peter Pevensie - Peter is the oldest of the Pevensie children, and he is noble and courageous. He matures into a young man during his first few days in Narnia. He immediately proves himself after protecting Susan from a ferocious wolf. Aslan knights him, and eventually crowns him the High King of Narnia. During his reign he is known as King Peter the Magnificent.
Susan Pevensie - The second oldest of the Pevensie children, Susan is the beauty among the Pevensies. She is sweet and kind, and perhaps a little bland. Santa Claus gives her a horn to blow if she ever finds herself in a dangerous situation. When she becomes queen at Cair Paravel, she is known as Queen Susan the Gentle.
Edmund Pevensie - The third oldest Pevensie child, Edmund is a brat for most of The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe. Edmund is spiteful and mean, and likes to tease his sister, Lucy. His greed for the enchanted Turkish Delight leads him to act as a traitor against his siblings. Edmund joins forces with the White Witch, but eventually sees the error of his ways and returns to the good side.
Lucy Pevensie - The youngest Pevensie is cheerful, kind, and brave. This curious, happy-go-lucky girl is the first of the children to venture into Narnia. Later, she urges her siblings to search for her friend, Tumnus, when they find that the faun's home is ransacked. In the beginning, she is the protagonist, although Aslan fills that role later in the novel. We view much of the action through her optimistic eyes, as a foil to the skeptical eyes as Edmund. Santa Claus gives Lucy a cordial, which she uses to heal the wounded following the battle with the Witch's troops. She is known as Queen Lucy the Valiant.
Tumnus - Lucy meets Tumnus, a faun, on her first excursion into Narnia. He initially intends to kidnap her and bring her to the White Witch. Tumnus does not go through with it, and he spares her life. For his crime, the Witch ransacks his home and petrifies him. Later, Aslan rescues Tumnus from the spell. Kind, sensitive, and caring, Tumnus and Lucy become fast friends once it is settled that he is not going capture her. He also makes a mean cup of tea.
Professor Kirke - Professor Kirke is a slightly eccentric, elderly professor. He takes care of the Pevensie children so they can escape the air raids in London during World War II. Wise and open-minded, he helps Peter and Susan understand that Narnia may indeed exist.
Mr. Beaver - Mr. Beaver is Tumnus's friend, and he aids the Pevensie children in the search for the petrified faun. Mr. Beaver introduces the Pevensies to Santa Claus and ultimately brings them to the Stone Table and Aslan
Mrs. Beaver - She is Mr. Beaver's wife. Mrs. Beaver is kindly, good-natured, motherly, and a good cook.
Dwarf - The dwarf is one of the Witch's evil henchman and is her right-hand man.
Maugrim - Maugrim is a wolf and the chief of the Witch's Secret Police. Peter murders the evil wolf after Maugrim chases Susan up a tree.
Father Christmas - Father Christmas is also known as Santa Claus and he makes a cameo appearance in the land of Narnia. He explains that Christmas has arrived in Narnia and as a gift, gives special tools to each of children.
Emperor-over-the-Sea - We never meet him, but he is Aslan's father and the ultimate God of Narnia. He is the Father, while Aslan is the Son, in the Christian trinity. There does not seem to be a clear Holy Spirit in Narnia.
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| Gray wolf |
‘The Virgin on the Rocks’ is the work of which artist? | The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (book) | The Chronicles of Narnia Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (book)
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The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (book)
Book information
― Peter Pevensie (Chapter 6) [src]
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, often shortened to LWW, was written by C. S. Lewis and published in 1950. It records the adventure of four ordinary English children - Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie - who found their way into the magical land of Narnia by way of a wardrobe that they stumbled across in an old house.
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe was the first of the Chronicles of Narnia to be written and published, but it comes second in the chronological history of Narnia.
Contents
Lucy Looks into a Wardrobe .
Lucy Pevensie hiding in the woods
What Lucy found There
A Day with the Beavers
What Happened After Dinner
In the Witch 's House
The Spell Begins to Break
Deep Magic from the Dawn of Time
The Triumph of the Witch
Deeper Magic from Before the Dawn of Time
What Happened about the Statues
The Hunting of the White Stag
About Narnia
Time
The events of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe occured between 1000 and 1015 NY , and in 1940 AD on Earth . After their reign of more than a decade in Narnia, the children returned to Earth at the exact moment they left (see Narnian Time for more information).
Atmosphere
In Narnia, the atmosphere felt different than Earth's- as if the air was sweeter - and it stirred in the children--and all other visitors from our world--feelings of bravery and maturity.
Events Summary
Inside the Wardrobe
Because of the dangers of World War II , the four Pevensie children were sent away from London to the home of Professor Digory Kirke , who lived in a large old house with many rooms useful for hiding and exploration.
While exploring the house with her siblings, Lucy decided to investigate an old wardrobe she found in one of the remote rooms. Upon entering the wardrobe, Lucy found herself walking through trees, rather than the expected coats. She pressed on and found herself standing in the middle of a snowy wood next to a lamp-post , where she met Tumnus the Faun , who invited her to his home for tea. He later told her that he had intended to hand her over to the White Witch , the usurping Queen of Narnia. The faun, feeling guilty for what he had planned to do, helped Lucy find her way back to the wardrobe, despite the risk that the White Witch would find him out and punish him.
Later, Lucy tried to tell her siblings about the strange land she had found, but they did not believe her. During a game of hide-and-seek, Lucy returned to the country in the wardrobe, and Edmund followed her so he could go on teasing her about her "imaginary" country. Although he denied it when the older children asked him, soon all four of them had gone into the wardrobe and seen Narnia. Susan, the most sensible of them, wanted to return home, but Lucy convinced Peter that they needed to help her new friend, Mr. Tumnus, who was arrested.
The Prophecy
"...down at Cair Paravel there are four thrones and it's a saying in Narnia time out of mind that when two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve sit on those four thrones, then it will be the end only of the White Witch's reign but of her life..."
― Mr. Beaver [src]
The four children were soon found by Mr. Beaver , who took them home, introduced them to his wife Mrs. Beaver, and they had dinner. He told them of Aslan the Great Lion, and a Prophecy that said when two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve sat upon the four thrones at Cair Paravel, all Narnia would be put to rights.
While they were talking they found out that Edmund had slipped away and they decided to flee, after realizing that he would tell where they were to the White Witch.
On their journey, they met Father Christmas, who gave Lucy a cordial made from the juice of fireflowers that would heal others with a single drop, and a dagger, and gave Susan bow and arrows, and a horn which could bring help whenever it was blown; and Peter a sword and a shield.
"Come out, Mrs Beaver. Come out, Sons and Daughters of Adam. It's all right! It isn't Her!"
―C.S Lewis [src]
Later, after they arrived at Aslan's Camp , while Susan and Lucy were having fun near the woods, two wolves attacked them. Susan called for help with her horn and Peter and Aslan came to their rescue. Peter killed Maugrim , one of the wolves, in his first fight, and Aslan let the other wolf go, followed by centaurs and eagles from Aslan's army. That wolf led them right to Edmund, whom they rescued.
Later, the Witch requested an audience with Aslan. There, she claimed that since Edmund was a traitor, according to the Deep Magic, his blood belonged to her. Eventually, she and Aslan went inside the tent, where they reached an agreement that she would kill him later that night, but renounce her claim on Edmund. Aslan eventually went, though without telling anyone. However Lucy and Susan saw him leaving, and followed. There, they saw Aslan being killed, after which the Witch's army left.
In the morning, just as they were about to leave, they heard the Stone Table crack. When they turned around to look, they saw Aslan standing before them, who revealed to them the Deeper Magic from before the Dawn of Time stated that when "a willing victim is killed in a traitor's stead, the Table would crack and even death would start working backwards."
Afterwards, they went to the Witch's castle, and revived all the statues. Lucy found Mr. Tumnus, begged Aslan to revive him, and soon afterward she and the revived Faun were dancing happily. They then joined the battle between Aslan's army, and the Witch's, which had started earlier that morning.
When it was all over, after Aslan had killed the Witch, the children were crowned High King Peter the Magnificent, Queen Susan the Gentle, King Edmund the Just, and Queen Lucy the Valiant.
Back to London
The four of them ruled over Narnia for many years, and grew into adults. The land prospered under them, and the time of their rule became known as the Golden Age of Narnia. But one day, as they were hunting a White Stag in the woods, they came across a lamppost, and soon they were tumbling back out of the wardrobe in the back room of the Professor's house.
Adaptations
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe has been made into the following films for theater and television: -
Behind the Scenes
Dedication
The book is dedicated to C.S. Lewis's goddaughter, Lucy Barfield , a remarkable young girl who Lewis both based and named the fictional Lucy after.
In May 1949, Lewis sent her the completed manuscript of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, with a letter.
In October 1950, when the book was published, this letter became its dedication: -
MY DEAR LUCY,
I wrote this story for you, but when I began it I had not realized that girls grow quicker than books. As a result you are already too old for fairy tales, and by the time it is printed and bound you will be older still. But some day you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again. You can then take it down from some upper shelf, dust it, and tell me what you think of it. I shall probably be too deaf to hear, and too old to understand, a word you say, but I shall still be
your affectionate Godfather,
| i don't know |
Sir Robert Chiltern, Viscount Goring and Mrs Marchmont are characters in which Oscar Wilde play? | SparkNotes: An Ideal Husband: Character List
An Ideal Husband
Plot Overview
Analysis of Major Characters
Note: Critics often describe Wilde's characters as one-dimensional. This uni-dimensionality is on the one hand an effect of Wilde's borrowing from stock characters of the popular theater and, as discussed in the Context, his emphasis on artifice on the other. Notably, with regards to the latter, Wilde introduces his characters through playful references to art objects and aesthetic stereotypes. We will report on his characters accordingly.
Sir Robert Chiltern - Sir Robert is the play's "tragic" hero, a government official who owes his success and fortune to secret scandal. As the stage notes indicate, Sir Robert is a "personality of mark" with a manner of impeccable distinction; the contrast between his chiseled jaw and romantic eyes suggests a violently willed separation of thought and emotion in his personality. Sir Robert suffers from certain divided loyalties as well. Extremely ambitious, Sir Robert remains tied, even at present, to his mentor Baron Arnheim' s gospels of wealth and power, gospels that emphasize the domination of others over all else. On the other hand, love has driven him to hide his past in the desperate hope of remaining the ideal husband to his wife. Conscious of what his success has c ost him, Sir Robert suffers from a decidedly nervous and harried temperament.
Read an in-depth analysis of Sir Robert Chiltern.
Lady Gertrude Chiltern - A woman of grave Greek beauty and twenty-seven years of age, Lady Chiltern embodies the Victorian new woman: upright, virtuous, educated, politically engaged, and active in her husband's career. She is the play's sentimental heroine, a sort of moral absol utist who worships her ideal husband and cannot brook the revelation of his secret past. In terms of Wilde's other plays, Lady Chiltern recalls the puritanical Lady Windermere.
Read an in-depth analysis of Lady Gertrude Chiltern.
Mrs. Cheveley - One of the play's wittiest and most well dressed characters, Mrs. Cheveley is the vicious and opportunistic villainness, a disciple of the deceased Baron Arnheim who values wealth and power above all. She stands as foil to the virtuous and earnest Lady Ch iltern, being cast throughout the play as a sort of monstrous femme fatale. Notably, Mrs. Cheveley is continuously imagined as the product of "horrid combinations" that evoke her duplicity. To take a few examples of how the play constructs her dou ble-dealing: one character in Act I describes her as the "unnatural" union of daytime genius and nighttime beauty. More viciously, Act III describes her as lamia-like—that is, reminiscent of a female demon, half woman and half snake. One could perha ps draw parallels between Mrs. Cheveley and the adventuresome Mrs. Erlynne from Lady Windermere's Fan.
Read an in-depth analysis of Mrs. Cheveley.
Lord Goring - Of impeccable dress and inimitable wit, Lord Goring is the play's thirty-something dandified philosopher, an idle aristocrat who serves as a thinly veiled double for Wilde himself. Irreverent, wry, and dangerously clever, Goring "plays with the world" and in doing so rejects ideals of duty, respectability, and responsibility. As with Wilde's other dandies, he functions as a figure for modern art of living and the aestheticist creed, particularly in his encounters with his stuffy father, Lord Caversham . Expounding a philosophy of love and forgiveness, Goring also figures as savior and helpmate to the Chilterns, teaching Lady Chiltern in particular of the dangers in idealizing one's husband. In terms of Wilde's other plays, Goring recalls the dandified Lord Illingworth in A Woman of No Importance.
Read an in-depth analysis of Lord Goring.
Mabel Chiltern - An exemplar of English prettiness, Mabel, Sir Robert's younger sister, embodies what Wilde describes as the "fascinating tyranny of youth" and "astonishing courage of innocence." Pert and clever, Mabel flirtatiously matches Lord Goring's wit throughout t he play and their somewhat unconventional union serves as a foil to the other marriages and would-be engagements that compose the plot. Mabel acts much like Cecily in The Importance of Being Earnest.
Lord Caversham - Father to Lord Goring, Lord Caversham, described as a "fine Whig type," is a stuffy, serious, and respectable gentleman who is firmly opposed to the excesses of his dandified son. Continually he urges his son to marry and adopt a career, posing Sir Robert as model. Caversham appears as a figure for the old-fashioned against a son who makes and masters the art of modern living.
Lady Markby - A pleasant and popular woman with "gray hair à la marquise and good lace," Lady Markby appears at the dinner party in Act I and visits Lady Chiltern in II, both times with Mrs. Cheveley in arm. Lady Markby is emblematic of an older generation of So ciety women, bemoaning the effect of politics and the higher education of women on married life. In this sense, she counterpoises the Victorian new woman embodied by Lady Chiltern.
Lady Basildon and Mrs. Marchmont - Lady Basildon and Mrs. Marchmont are described as "types of exquisite fragility" with an affection of manner of delicate charm, ideal subjects for the French Rococo painter Watteau. Never developed into major characters, these women frivolously banter on a number of topics throughout Act I; notable ones include the dreariness of politics, being serious, education, and so on. Like Watteau's figures, they are perhaps more decorative than anything else, though—as the insightfulness of their conversatio ns suggests—one can never underestimate the decorative on Wilde's stage.
Vicomte de Nanjac - Vicomte de Nanjac, attaché at the French Embassy in London, is a young man famous for his ties and Anglomania. He appears in Act I at Sir Robert's dinner party as a sort of comic figure, his malapropisms and awkward speech posed against the polishe d repartee of the other guests.
Mr. Montford - A "perfectly groomed" young dandy and secretary to Sir Robert. He appears briefly in Act I and escorts Mrs. Marchmont to dinner.
Phipps - A "mask with a manner" who serves Lord Goring. Phipps is the ideal butler. Absolutely impassive, he reveals nothing of his intellect or emotions and "represents the dominance of form." Phipps appears briefly at the beginning of Act IV in a comic interlud e with Lord Goring.
James - A minor character, James is Lord Goring's footman and appears to show Mrs. Cheveley into Lord Goring's library in Act III and withdraws when Phipps gives him a glassy stare.
Mason - Butler to Sir Robert Chiltern, Mason is another minor character who announces each guest at the dinner party in Act I.
Harold - Sir Robert's footman. He appears briefly in Act IV.
| An Ideal Husband |
Who was murdered with an ice pick in 1940 by Ramon Mercader? | An Ideal Husband Characters from LitCharts | The creators of SparkNotes
An attaché at the French Embassy, and an amusing guest of the Chilterns.
Tommy Trafford
Mabel Chiltern’s dull admirer, who proposes to her more often than she would like.
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Who plays psychiatrist Dr Buddy Rydell in the 2003 film ‘Anger Management’? | Dustin Putman's Review: Anger Management (2003) - [TheMovieBoy]
Anger Management (2003)
Directed by Peter Segal
Cast: Adam Sandler, Jack Nicholson, Marisa Tomei, John Turturro, Luis Guzman, Allen Covert, Lynne Thigpen, Heather Graham, Woody Harrelson, Krista Allen, January Jones, Kevin Nealon, John C. Reilly, Harry Dean Stanton, Lori Heuring, Kurt Fuller, Rudolph W. Giuliani, Clint Black
2003 101 minutes
(for crude sexual content and language).
Reviewed by Dustin Putman, April 12, 2003.
Notwithstanding Paul Thomas Anderson's challenging 2002 film, " Punch-Drunk Love ," Adam Sandler has been known to play one of two different types of characters, each surrounded by the same basic plot conventions and a tried-and-true love interest. Sandler's normal, sweet-guy roles have unquestionably been more successful, such as his best picture, 1998's "The Wedding Singer" (opposite Drew Barrymore), 1999's " Big Daddy " (Joey Lauren Adams), and 2002's " Mr. Deeds " (Winona Ryder), while his more goofy, mean-spirited parts have fallen flat, as in 1995's "Billy Madison" (Bridgette Wilson), 1998's " The Waterboy " (Fairuza Balk), and 2000's " Little Nicky " (Patricia Arquette). Despite falling into the former, statistically more promising category, "Anger Management" goes against the odds to place as one of Sandler's weaker, more slapdash efforts.
This time, Sandler is paired with not only Marisa Tomei (2001's " In the Bedroom "), but Jack Nicholson (2002's " About Schmidt "), an acting legend who automatically gives the film a level of prestige it doesn't deserve. Despite the talent involved, director Peter Segal (2000's " Nutty Professor II: The Klumps ") and screenwriter David Dorfman let all the respective parties down, offering no one the kind of high-level comedic material they deserve. There is the occasional laugh in "Anger Management," to be sure, but it is an undoubted certainty that each and every funny moment can be accounted to the performers' skills, rather than to standout or original writing.
David Buznik (Adam Sandler), a soft-spoken and mild-mannered ad executive for animal products with a sweet girlfriend named Linda (Marisa Tomei), is the epitome of bland kindness. When a misunderstood argument occurs on a plane trip, David suddenly finds himself sentenced to anger management sessions, taught by the wildly unorthodox Dr. Buddy Rydell (Jack Nicholson). And when a second misconstrued run-in with the law leaves David facing jail time, he instead agrees to allow Buddy to move in with him, acting as his psychiatrist for the next thirty days. As Buddy sets out to "cure" David, David suddenly finds his world turned upside down by the doctor's irrational and outrageous methods.
With the unlikely pairing of Adam Sandler and Jack Nicholson, "Anger Management" had what it took to create genuine comic hilarity out of their differing personalities, but chooses not to take advantage of it. As the put-upon David, Adam Sandler playswellone of his most restrained characters to date, but there is not a hint of complexity in him. As for Dr. Buddy Rydell, who in one of the film's brighter scenes forces himself into David's bed only to forwardly confess that he likes "to sleep in the nude," Jack Nicholson slums through the proceedings, given little more to do than exaggerate his famous eyebrow-raising mannerism.
In the inevitable romantic subplot, Marisa Tomeiwho, when given the chance, can give extraordinarily nuanced performancesis the movie's biggest missed opportunity. Tomei, who won an Academy Award for her unforgettably hilarious turn in 1992's "My Cousin Vinny," has such sharp comic timing that it is nearly a criminal act for this movie to waste her abilities. As Linda, Tomei pops up every now and again to stand around and look patient. No attempt is made to turn her into an actual character; the viewer is never even clued into what she does for a living. The less said about the chemistry between she and Sandler, the better.
That leaves a handful of the supporting characters to attempt to salvage the day. Luis Guzman (2000's " Traffic "), as the hostile, effeminate Lou, and John Turturro (2002's " Collateral Damage "), as fellow anger management assignee Chuck, brighten up every scene they are in. In smaller roles still, Heather Graham (2001's " Sidewalks of New York "), as a sultry, unstable bargoer, and Woody Harrelson (1999's " EdTV "), as a transvestite, are surprisingly funny. Even former Mayor of New York Rudy Guiliani shows up in the climax, but his cameo is groan-inducing in the extreme.
It is a shame director Peter Segal has chosen to botch the finished product of "Anger Management." Even when there are laughs to be found, the movie is strictly a perfunctory affair, bawdy on the outside and hollow on the inside. By playing things safe around every corner, it is stripped of a solid reason for being. A biting satire could have been made out of the topic of anger management classes, but "Anger Management" is, unfortunately, not that picture.
© 2003 by Dustin Putman
| Jack Nicholson |
What is the study of lakes and other bodies of freshwater? | Odd couple / Nicholson and Sandler play opposites in senseless comedy of contrasts - SFGate
Odd couple / Nicholson and Sandler play opposites in senseless comedy of contrasts
By Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle
Published 4:00 am, Friday, April 11, 2003
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ANGER MANAGEMENT:
Comedy. Starring Adam Sandler and Jack Nicholson . Directed by Peter Segal . (PG-13. 110 minutes. At Bay Area theaters.)
Buried inside even the most crassly commercial film, it's possible to locate some original spark, some smothered little locus of purity, that made somebody think, "Wouldn't it be wonderful if we made this movie!"
But "Anger Management," which pairs Adam Sandler and Jack Nicholson, is about nothing but ca-ching ca-ching and dollar signs. It's a comedy that doesn't call for a review so much as a prospectus.
Laughs in the moment give way to a malaise moments later. Is this what comedy is now? In "Anger Management" we get an idiotic premise in place of a story, toilet humor in place of wit and celebrity cameos in place of jokes. "Oh, there's John McEnroe . Oh, there's Rudy Giuliani . Oh, there's John C. Reilly ." That's what the movie wants us to think, instead of, oh, there's no script. Oh, there's no comic spirit. Oh, there's no point in sitting here.
Yet -- and this might be the most frustrating thing of all -- "Anger Management" isn't all bad. It isn't good, either, but it's better than it deserves to be, and if one sits and watches, the laughs do come, a few. (Most of the best jokes were in the trailer.)
Sandler plays Dave, a mild-mannered executive secretary who enters a Kafkaesque nightmare in which he's mistakenly labeled a menace to society and assigned an anger management counselor. The counselor (Nicholson), of course, turns out to be enraging.
As Nicholson movies go, "Anger Management" is beyond slumming, but as a showcase for Sandler, it has its advantages. Sandler usually plays infantile boors, and his pictures are all about how infantile boors are wonderful fellows with innate wisdom. (It's not really a Sandler movie if it doesn't celebrate the most obnoxious traits as virtues in disguise.)
"Anger Management" may be ultimately about how a fellow learns to unlock the infantile boor within. But for most of the picture, Sandler just plays a normal, repressed guy, and as a consequence, he's more appealing than usual.
The movie even gives him a chance to do some acting. He has a nice scene in a bar in which he's forced by Buddy (Nicholson), the counselor, to approach a beautiful woman ( Heather Graham ) with a coarse pickup line. His embarrassed, halting speech isn't played for preciousness but is comic and well-timed. He also has some good moments observing the explosive antics of John Turturro , who plays a member of his anger therapy group. Sandler's true calling may be as a straight man.
But it's the pairing of Sandler and Nicholson that's the movie's reason for being. Through a court order, Buddy moves into Dave's apartment and accompanies him everywhere -- he even sleeps with him in the same bed. So we get Nicholson at his most relentless, devious and invasive, and Sandler, known for his slow-burn explosiveness, forced to put up with him.
This could have worked, if the story were involving or remotely believable. But Buddy's therapeutic regime makes no sense at all, and neither does the plot. In fact, "Anger Management" makes even less sense when all is explained in the movie's last minutes. In the absence of any grounding or element to support the Nicholson-Sandler pairing, the matchup is revealed for what it is, arbitrary. And not a little cynical.
At one point, Buddy tries ostensibly to calm Dave by forcing him to sing "I Feel Pretty" from "West Side Story." The moment is emblematic of the whole of "Anger Management," in that it's neither funny nor witty nor particularly original. It's there only so that we might take delight in the spectacle of Nicholson and Sandler -- not the characters -- acting silly. That delight is limited.
This same misguided comic strategy can be found in the use of celebrity cameos. When Buddy throws Dave into the backseat with a tall, German transvestite prostitute, there's nothing in the script to make any viewer crack a smile. The joke is only in that the transvestite is played by Woody Harrelson , who's not the most likely candidate for spike heels. -- Advisory: This film contains crude, sexual humor.
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Which US President had the nickname ‘Mr Nice Guy’, because of his clean-cut image? | Gerald Ford vs James Buchanan - U.S. Presidents Comparison
Millard Fillmore
Issues
Ideology scores for these presidents are adapted from the VoteMatch political philosophy quiz developed by OnTheIssues.org . For each president, OnTheIssues has collected votes, excerpts from speeches, press releases, and other public statements related to each question and then scored them using a methodology that attempts to assign a liberal or conservative viewpoint.
Scores closer to -10 generally mean that a president has a more liberal viewpoint, while scores closer to +10 mean a president has a more conservative viewpoint. Scores of 0 mean either that there is not enough public data to assign an opinion to a president or a president's statements are too neutral to describe a viewpoint.
Individual Rights
Domestic Policy
Domestic Politics
Gerald Ford inherited a presidency presiding over a much-troubled nation. The wounds of the Vietnam War had not yet begun to heal, President Nixon's Watergate scandal had made a mockery of once-respected institutions, and the American standard of living was being steadily eroded by runaway inflation. Ford's task was made all the more difficult by a combative Congress elected in 1974. The Watergate Class, almost exclusively Democratic, fought Ford on nearly every matter. The president was reduced to governing by veto: sixty-six times he exercised his veto power. Only twelve were overridden. His Whip Inflation Now (WIN) crusade failed badly.
At his inauguration, Buchanan made his position clear: states should decide the legality of slavery within their borders. Two days later, the Supreme Court handed down a decision on a slave named Dred Scott, who argued that his residence in a free state made him a free man. The court disagreed, claiming that Scott was a piece of property without the rights of citizenship. One implication of the court's decision was that slavery could not be excluded from any U.S. territories. Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 as an opponent of slavery's expansion prompted South Carolina and six other states to secede and form the Confederacy while Buchanan was still in office, before Lincoln was even inaugurated. The lame duck Buchanan tried to appease the South to no avail.
Domestic Accomplishments
Presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. His Whip Inflation Now (WIN) crusade urging the public to rein in spending and consumption failed badly
Controversially granted a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal
Signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, which established special education throughout the United States
Effectively presided over the dissolution of the Union by failing to deal with secessionary forces and pinning his hopes on the legal system to resolve the slavery issue.To further complicate the issue, the Dred Scott decision, which held that slavery could not be excluded from any US territories, was handed down by the Supreme Court two days after Buchanan's inauguration
Presided over the "Bleeding Kansas" political confrontation between anti-slavery Free-Soilers and pro-slavery settlers. Buchanan's pro-slavery position led to an ugly rift with northern Democratic leader Stephen A. Douglas
Sent the Army to depose Mormon Governor of the Utah Territory Brigham Young in the belief that the Mormons were in open rebellion against the US
Was stymied in his legislative agenda by the ascension of Republicans to power in the House of Representatives in 1858, the beginning of his term
GDP
Foreign Policy
Foreign Politics
The debacle of Vietnam inspired Congress to severely curtail the powers of the president in matters of foreign policy. Within this context, Gerald Ford attempted to assert America's leadership role in the world. Congress thwarted his request to issue emergency funds for South Vietnam just before it fell to Communist forces. He was similarly denied when he sought aid for anti-Marxist guerrillas in Angola. Ford saw such limitations of his authority in international matters as "raising the possibility of a dangerous erosion of the president's ability to govern."
With his hands full at home, Buchanan's foreign policy was limited to attempts to influence the Americas. Efforts to annex Cuba derailed because the island would surely have entered the Union as a slave state. An American named William Walker was arrested for establishing a dictatorship in Nicaragua but Walker claimed to be acting as Buchanan's agent and was freed. American ships maneuvered Britain away from claims to American colonies and ground troops massed on Mexico's northern border. All of these clumsy coercive activities increased international enmity towards the United States.
Foreign Accomplishments
| Gerald Ford |
What is the capital of the Yukon Territory in Canada? | Gerald Ford vs James Buchanan - U.S. Presidents Comparison
Millard Fillmore
Issues
Ideology scores for these presidents are adapted from the VoteMatch political philosophy quiz developed by OnTheIssues.org . For each president, OnTheIssues has collected votes, excerpts from speeches, press releases, and other public statements related to each question and then scored them using a methodology that attempts to assign a liberal or conservative viewpoint.
Scores closer to -10 generally mean that a president has a more liberal viewpoint, while scores closer to +10 mean a president has a more conservative viewpoint. Scores of 0 mean either that there is not enough public data to assign an opinion to a president or a president's statements are too neutral to describe a viewpoint.
Individual Rights
Domestic Policy
Domestic Politics
Gerald Ford inherited a presidency presiding over a much-troubled nation. The wounds of the Vietnam War had not yet begun to heal, President Nixon's Watergate scandal had made a mockery of once-respected institutions, and the American standard of living was being steadily eroded by runaway inflation. Ford's task was made all the more difficult by a combative Congress elected in 1974. The Watergate Class, almost exclusively Democratic, fought Ford on nearly every matter. The president was reduced to governing by veto: sixty-six times he exercised his veto power. Only twelve were overridden. His Whip Inflation Now (WIN) crusade failed badly.
At his inauguration, Buchanan made his position clear: states should decide the legality of slavery within their borders. Two days later, the Supreme Court handed down a decision on a slave named Dred Scott, who argued that his residence in a free state made him a free man. The court disagreed, claiming that Scott was a piece of property without the rights of citizenship. One implication of the court's decision was that slavery could not be excluded from any U.S. territories. Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 as an opponent of slavery's expansion prompted South Carolina and six other states to secede and form the Confederacy while Buchanan was still in office, before Lincoln was even inaugurated. The lame duck Buchanan tried to appease the South to no avail.
Domestic Accomplishments
Presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. His Whip Inflation Now (WIN) crusade urging the public to rein in spending and consumption failed badly
Controversially granted a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal
Signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, which established special education throughout the United States
Effectively presided over the dissolution of the Union by failing to deal with secessionary forces and pinning his hopes on the legal system to resolve the slavery issue.To further complicate the issue, the Dred Scott decision, which held that slavery could not be excluded from any US territories, was handed down by the Supreme Court two days after Buchanan's inauguration
Presided over the "Bleeding Kansas" political confrontation between anti-slavery Free-Soilers and pro-slavery settlers. Buchanan's pro-slavery position led to an ugly rift with northern Democratic leader Stephen A. Douglas
Sent the Army to depose Mormon Governor of the Utah Territory Brigham Young in the belief that the Mormons were in open rebellion against the US
Was stymied in his legislative agenda by the ascension of Republicans to power in the House of Representatives in 1858, the beginning of his term
GDP
Foreign Policy
Foreign Politics
The debacle of Vietnam inspired Congress to severely curtail the powers of the president in matters of foreign policy. Within this context, Gerald Ford attempted to assert America's leadership role in the world. Congress thwarted his request to issue emergency funds for South Vietnam just before it fell to Communist forces. He was similarly denied when he sought aid for anti-Marxist guerrillas in Angola. Ford saw such limitations of his authority in international matters as "raising the possibility of a dangerous erosion of the president's ability to govern."
With his hands full at home, Buchanan's foreign policy was limited to attempts to influence the Americas. Efforts to annex Cuba derailed because the island would surely have entered the Union as a slave state. An American named William Walker was arrested for establishing a dictatorship in Nicaragua but Walker claimed to be acting as Buchanan's agent and was freed. American ships maneuvered Britain away from claims to American colonies and ground troops massed on Mexico's northern border. All of these clumsy coercive activities increased international enmity towards the United States.
Foreign Accomplishments
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